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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Cornier
Grand Cornier
["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]
Coordinates: 46°03′08″N 7°36′42″E / 46.05222°N 7.61167°E / 46.05222; 7.61167Mountain in Switzerland Grand CornierNorth face of the Grand Cornier above the Zinal GlacierHighest pointElevation3,962 m (12,999 ft)Prominence430 m (1,410 ft)Parent peakDent BlancheListingAlpine mountains above 3000 mCoordinates46°03′08″N 7°36′42″E / 46.05222°N 7.61167°E / 46.05222; 7.61167GeographyGrand CornierLocation in Switzerland LocationValais, SwitzerlandParent rangePennine AlpsClimbingFirst ascent16 June 1865 by Edward Whymper, Christian Almer, Michel Croz and F. BinerEasiest routePD+ The Grand Cornier is a 3,962 m (12,999 ft) mountain in the Pennine Alps in Switzerland. It lies 2 km (1.2 mi) north from the Dent Blanche. The first ascent of the mountain was made via the east ridge by Edward Whymper, Christian Almer, Michel Croz and F. Biner on 16 June 1865. The Mountet hut (2,886 m (9,469 ft)) and Moiry hut (2,825 m (9,268 ft)) are used for the normal ascent routes. See also Alps portal List of mountains of the Alps above 3000 m List of mountains of Switzerland References Collomb, Robin G., Pennine Alps Central, London: Alpine Club, 1975 External links "Grand Cornier". SummitPost.org. This article about a mountain, mountain range, or peak located in Valais is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Josef_Batthy%C3%A1ny
Károly József Batthyány
["1 References","2 Sources","3 External links"]
Hungarian general and field marshal PrinceKároly József BatthyányPortrait of Karl Joseph BatthyányNative nameKároly József BatthyányBirth nameKároly József BatthyányBorn28 April 1697RohoncDied15 April 1772 (1772-04-16) (aged 74)Vienna, AustriaAllegiance Holy Roman EmpireRankField marshalRelations Theodor von Strattman (Grand-Father) Eleonore Batthyány-Strattmann (Mother) Count Károly József Batthyány of Németújvár (Hungarian: németújvári gróf Batthyány Károly József, Károly József Batthyány, German: Karl Josef Graf Batthyány, Croatian: Karlo Josip grof Baćan; 28 April 1697, Rohonc – 15 April 1772, Vienna) was a Hungarian general and field marshal. He served as ban (viceroy) of Croatia from 1743 to 1756. Károly József Batthyány was born in 1697, the son of Hungarian count Adam II. Batthyány and German countess Eleonore Strattmann. He served in the Austrian army under Prince Eugene of Savoy in the war against the Turks, and participated in the battles in Peterwardein, Temeswar and Belgrade. He commanded in 1734, as a general Imperial troops at the Rhine against France, and in 1737 against the Turks. From 1739 to 1740, he was the envoy at the Berlin Court, but returned, however, after the outbreak of the First Silesian War with Prussia. In the War of Austrian Succession (1744), he served again as a corps commander. He faced the French under General Ségur in the Battle of Pfaffenhofen on 15 April 1745. In spite of numerical inferiority, he won a huge victory. Batthyány then united forces with Field Marshal Otto Ferdinand von Abensberg und Traun, defeated the French again and forced them back over the Rhine. In 1746, he served under the command of Charles of Lorraine in Belgium and took part in the Battle of Rocoux, in 1747. Serving under the command of the Duke of Cumberland, he executed an exemplary withdrawal in Lauffeldt. After the war, Empress Maria Theresa elevated him to the rank of prince (imperial title) on 3 January 1764., he later served as an advisor to the crown prince and later Emperor Joseph II of Austria. Batthyány was married three times, to Maria Anna Barbara von Waldstein, then to Maria Theresa Countess von Strattmann, and finally to Maria Antonia Nemetujvari Countess Batthyány, daughter of his brother Lajos. He spent his old age in Vienna, where he died in 1772. References ^ Biographisches Lexikon zur Geschichte Südosteuropas 2. Sources Wilhelm Edler von Janko: Batthyány, Karl Josef. In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Bd. 2, S. 133–134. "Biographisches Lexikon zur Geschichte Südosteuropas". Biographisches Lexikon zur Geschichte Südosteuropas (in German). External links List of Bans of Croatia Preceded byWenzel Anton, Prince of Kaunitz Authorized minister in the Austrian Netherlands(plenipotentiary) 1746–1747 Succeeded byMarchese Antoniotto Botta Adorno Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Belgium People Deutsche Biographie
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Batthyány","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_II._Batthy%C3%A1ny"},{"link_name":"Eleonore Strattmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleonore_Batthy%C3%A1ny-Strattmann"},{"link_name":"Prince Eugene of Savoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Eugene_of_Savoy"},{"link_name":"Peterwardein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Petrovaradin"},{"link_name":"Temeswar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temeswar"},{"link_name":"Belgrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade"},{"link_name":"First Silesian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesian_Wars"},{"link_name":"War of Austrian Succession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_Austrian_Succession"},{"link_name":"Battle of Pfaffenhofen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Pfaffenhofen"},{"link_name":"Otto Ferdinand von Abensberg und Traun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Ferdinand_von_Abensberg_und_Traun"},{"link_name":"Charles of Lorraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Charles_Alexander_of_Lorraine"},{"link_name":"Battle of Rocoux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Rocoux"},{"link_name":"Duke of Cumberland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Cumberland"},{"link_name":"Lauffeldt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lauffeld"},{"link_name":"Maria Theresa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Theresa"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Biographisches_Lexikon_zur_Geschichte_S%C3%BCdosteuropas_2''-1"},{"link_name":"Joseph II of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_II_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Lajos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lajos_Batthy%C3%A1ny_(palatine)"}],"text":"Count Károly József Batthyány of Németújvár (Hungarian: németújvári gróf Batthyány Károly József, Károly József Batthyány, German: Karl Josef Graf Batthyány, Croatian: Karlo Josip grof Baćan; 28 April 1697, Rohonc – 15 April 1772, Vienna) was a Hungarian general and field marshal. He served as ban (viceroy) of Croatia from 1743 to 1756.Károly József Batthyány was born in 1697, the son of Hungarian count Adam II. Batthyány and German countess Eleonore Strattmann. He served in the Austrian army under Prince Eugene of Savoy in the war against the Turks, and participated in the battles in Peterwardein, Temeswar and Belgrade.He commanded in 1734, as a general Imperial troops at the Rhine against France, and in 1737 against the Turks. From 1739 to 1740, he was the envoy at the Berlin Court, but returned, however, after the outbreak of the First Silesian War with Prussia.In the War of Austrian Succession (1744), he served again as a corps commander. He faced the French under General Ségur in the Battle of Pfaffenhofen on 15 April 1745. In spite of numerical inferiority, he won a huge victory. Batthyány then united forces with Field Marshal Otto Ferdinand von Abensberg und Traun, defeated the French again and forced them back over the Rhine.In 1746, he served under the command of Charles of Lorraine in Belgium and took part in the Battle of Rocoux, in 1747. Serving under the command of the Duke of Cumberland, he executed an exemplary withdrawal in Lauffeldt.After the war, Empress Maria Theresa elevated him to the rank of prince (imperial title) on 3 January 1764.,[1] he later served as an advisor to the crown prince and later Emperor Joseph II of Austria.Batthyány was married three times, to Maria Anna Barbara von Waldstein, then to Maria Theresa Countess von Strattmann, and finally to Maria Antonia Nemetujvari Countess Batthyány, daughter of his brother Lajos. He spent his old age in Vienna, where he died in 1772.","title":"Károly József Batthyány"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wilhelm Edler von Janko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Edler_von_Janko&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allgemeine_Deutsche_Biographie"},{"link_name":"\"Biographisches Lexikon zur Geschichte Südosteuropas\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biolex.ios-regensburg.de/BioLexViewview.php?ID=535"}],"text":"Wilhelm Edler von Janko: Batthyány, Karl Josef. In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Bd. 2, S. 133–134.\n\"Biographisches Lexikon zur Geschichte Südosteuropas\". Biographisches Lexikon zur Geschichte Südosteuropas (in German).","title":"Sources"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explosions
Explosion
["1 Causes","1.1 Astronomical","1.2 Chemical","1.3 Electrical and magnetic","1.4 Mechanical and vapor","1.5 Nuclear","2 Properties","2.1 Force","2.2 Velocity","2.3 Evolution of heat","2.4 Initiation of reaction","2.5 Fragmentation","3 Notable examples","3.1 Chemical","3.2 Nuclear","3.3 Volcanic","3.4 Stellar","3.5 Airbursts/Impact events","3.6 Transport/Aviation","3.7 Other","4 Etymology","5 See also","6 References"]
Sudden release of heat and gas For other uses, see Explosion (disambiguation). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Explosion" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Explosion of unserviceable ammunition and other military items The explosion of the Castle Bravo nuclear bomb. An explosion is a rapid expansion in volume of a given amount of matter associated with an extreme outward release of energy, usually with the generation of high temperatures and release of high-pressure gases. Explosions may also be generated by a slower expansion that would normally not be forceful, but is not allowed to expand, so that when whatever is containing the expansion is broken by the pressure that builds as the matter inside tries to expand, the matter expands forcefully. An example of this is a volcanic eruption created by the expansion of magma in a magma chamber as it rises to the surface. Supersonic explosions created by high explosives are known as detonations and travel through shock waves. Subsonic explosions are created by low explosives through a slower combustion process known as deflagration. Causes For an explosion to occur, there must be a rapid, forceful expansion of matter. There are numerous ways this can happen, both naturally and artificially, such as volcanic eruptions, or two objects striking each other at very high speeds, as in an impact event. Explosive volcanic eruptions occur when magma rises from below, it has dissolved gas in it. The reduction of pressure as the magma rises causes the gas to bubble out of solution, resulting in a rapid increase in volume, however the size of the magma chamber remains the same. This results in pressure buildup that eventually leads to an explosive eruption. Explosions can also occur outside of Earth in the universe in events such as supernovae, or, more commonly, stellar flares. Humans are also able to create explosions through the use of explosives, or through nuclear fission or fusion, as in a nuclear weapon. Explosions frequently occur during bushfires in eucalyptus forests where the volatile oils in the tree tops suddenly combust. Astronomical The nebula M1-67 around Wolf–Rayet star WR 124 is the remnants of a stellar explosion, which is currently observed as six light years across Among the largest known explosions in the universe are supernovae, which occur after the end of life of some types of stars. Solar flares are an example of common, much less energetic, explosions on the Sun, and presumably on most other stars as well. The energy source for solar flare activity comes from the tangling of magnetic field lines resulting from the rotation of the Sun's conductive plasma. Another type of large astronomical explosion occurs when a meteoroid or an asteroid impacts the surface of another object, or explodes in its atmosphere, such as a planet. This occurs because the two objects are moving at very high speed relative to each other (a minimum of 11.2 kilometres per second (7.0 mi/s) for an Earth impacting body). For example, the Tunguska event of 1908 is believed to have resulted from a meteor air burst. Black hole mergers, likely involving binary black hole systems, are capable of radiating many solar masses of energy into the universe in a fraction of a second, in the form of a gravitational wave. This is capable of transmitting ordinary energy and destructive forces to nearby objects, but in the vastness of space, nearby objects are rare. The gravitational wave observed on 21 May 2019, known as GW190521, produced a merger signal of about 100 ms duration, during which time is it estimated to have radiated away nine solar masses in the form of gravitational energy. Chemical The most common artificial explosives are chemical explosives, usually involving a rapid and violent oxidation reaction that produces large amounts of hot gas. Gunpowder was the first explosive to be invented and put to use. Other notable early developments in chemical explosive technology were Frederick Augustus Abel's development of nitrocellulose in 1865 and Alfred Nobel's invention of dynamite in 1866. Chemical explosions (both intentional and accidental) are often initiated by an electric spark or flame in the presence of oxygen. Accidental explosions may occur in fuel tanks, rocket engines, etc. Electrical and magnetic A capacitor that has exploded A high current electrical fault can create an "electrical explosion" by forming a high-energy electrical arc which rapidly vaporizes metal and insulation material. This arc flash hazard is a danger to people working on energized switchgear. Excessive magnetic pressure within an ultra-strong electromagnet can cause a magnetic explosion. Mechanical and vapor Strictly a physical process, as opposed to chemical or nuclear, e.g., the bursting of a sealed or partially sealed container under internal pressure is often referred to as an explosion. Examples include an overheated boiler or a simple tin can of beans tossed into a fire. Boiling liquid expanding vapor explosions are one type of mechanical explosion that can occur when a vessel containing a pressurized liquid is ruptured, causing a rapid increase in volume as the liquid evaporates. Note that the contents of the container may cause a subsequent chemical explosion, the effects of which can be dramatically more serious, such as a propane tank in the midst of a fire. In such a case, to the effects of the mechanical explosion when the tank fails are added the effects from the explosion resulting from the released (initially liquid and then almost instantaneously gaseous) propane in the presence of an ignition source. For this reason, emergency workers often differentiate between the two events. Nuclear Main articles: Nuclear explosion and Effects of nuclear explosions In addition to stellar nuclear explosions, a nuclear weapon is a type of explosive weapon that derives its destructive force from nuclear fission or from a combination of fission and fusion. As a result, even a nuclear weapon with a small yield is significantly more powerful than the largest conventional explosives available, with a single weapon capable of completely destroying an entire city. Properties Force A breaching charge exploding against a test door during training Explosive force is released in a direction perpendicular to the surface of the explosive. If a grenade is in mid air during the explosion, the direction of the blast will be 360°. In contrast, in a shaped charge the explosive forces are focused to produce a greater local explosion; shaped charges are often used by military to breach doors or walls. Velocity The speed of the reaction is what distinguishes an explosive reaction from an ordinary combustion reaction. Unless the reaction occurs very rapidly, the thermally expanding gases will be moderately dissipated in the medium, with no large differential in pressure and no explosion. As a wood fire burns in a fireplace, for example, there certainly is the evolution of heat and the formation of gases, but neither is liberated rapidly enough to build up a sudden substantial pressure differential and then cause an explosion. This can be likened to the difference between the energy discharge of a battery, which is slow, and that of a flash capacitor like that in a camera flash, which releases its energy all at once. Evolution of heat The generation of heat in large quantities accompanies most explosive chemical reactions. The exceptions are called entropic explosives and include organic peroxides such as acetone peroxide. It is the rapid liberation of heat that causes the gaseous products of most explosive reactions to expand and generate high pressures. This rapid generation of high pressures of the released gas constitutes the explosion. The liberation of heat with insufficient rapidity will not cause an explosion. For example, although a unit mass of coal yields five times as much heat as a unit mass of nitroglycerin, the coal cannot be used as an explosive (except in the form of coal dust) because the rate at which it yields this heat is quite slow. In fact, a substance that burns less rapidly (i.e. slow combustion) may actually evolve more total heat than an explosive that detonates rapidly (i.e. fast combustion). In the former, slow combustion converts more of the internal energy (i.e. chemical potential) of the burning substance into heat released to the surroundings, while in the latter, fast combustion (i.e. detonation) instead converts more internal energy into work on the surroundings (i.e. less internal energy converted into heat); c.f. heat and work (thermodynamics) are equivalent forms of energy. See Heat of Combustion for a more thorough treatment of this topic. When a chemical compound is formed from its constituents, heat may either be absorbed or released. The quantity of heat absorbed or given off during transformation is called the heat of formation. Heats of formations for solids and gases found in explosive reactions have been determined for a temperature of 25 °C and atmospheric pressure, and are normally given in units of kilojoules per gram-molecule. A positive value indicates that heat is absorbed during the formation of the compound from its elements; such a reaction is called an endothermic reaction. In explosive technology only materials that are exothermic—that have a net liberation of heat and have a negative heat of formation—are of interest. Reaction heat is measured under conditions either of constant pressure or constant volume. It is this heat of reaction that may be properly expressed as the "heat of explosion." Initiation of reaction A chemical explosive is a compound or mixture which, upon the application of heat or shock, decomposes or rearranges with extreme rapidity, yielding much gas and heat. Many substances not ordinarily classed as explosives may do one, or even two, of these things. A reaction must be capable of being initiated by the application of shock, heat, or a catalyst (in the case of some explosive chemical reactions) to a small portion of the mass of the explosive material. A material in which the first three factors exist cannot be accepted as an explosive unless the reaction can be made to occur when needed. Fragmentation Fragmentation is the accumulation and projection of particles as the result of a high explosives detonation. Fragments could originate from: parts of a structure (such as glass, bits of structural material, or roofing material), revealed strata and/or various surface-level geologic features (such as loose rocks, soil, or sand), the casing surrounding the explosive, and/or any other loose miscellaneous items not vaporized by the shock wave from the explosion. High velocity, low angle fragments can travel hundreds of metres with enough energy to initiate other surrounding high explosive items, injure or kill personnel, and/or damage vehicles or structures. Notable examples Chemical Main article: Largest artificial non-nuclear explosions 1626 Wanggongchang Explosion 1717 Siege of Belgrade (1717) 1887 Nanaimo mine explosion 1917 Halifax Explosion 1917 Battle of Messines 1921 Oppau explosion 1944 Bombay explosion West Loch disaster 1944 Port Chicago disaster 1944 RAF Fauld explosion 1947 Cádiz Explosion 1947 Texas City disaster 1960 Nedelin catastrophe 1969 Soviet N1 rocket explosion 1974 Flixborough disaster 1977 Iri station explosion 1988 PEPCON disaster, Henderson, Nevada 1988 Poole explosion 1994 Port Neal fertilizer plant explosion 2001 AZF (factory) 2004 Ryongchon disaster 2005 Hertfordshire Oil Storage Terminal fire 2008 Gërdec explosions 2009 Cataño oil refinery fire 2013 West Fertilizer Company explosion 2015 Tianjin explosions 2020 Beirut explosion 2023 Starship explosion Nuclear Trinity test Ivy Mike Castle Bravo Tsar Bomba 1945 Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Volcanic Main article: Volcanic Explosivity Index Minoan eruption Eruption of Vesuvius in 79 AD 1257 Samalas eruption 1883 eruption of Krakatoa 1980 Mount St. Helens eruption 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora 1991 Mount Pinatubo eruption 2022 Hunga-Tonga Hunga-Ha'apai eruption Oruanui eruption Toba supereruption Yellowstone Caldera Stellar SN 1006 SN 1572 Kepler's Supernova Solar storm of 1859 Airbursts/Impact events Main article: Impact event Meteor Crater Chichxulub impact 2013 Chelyabinsk airburst Theia impact Tunguska event Transport/Aviation September 11 attacks Lac-Mégantic rail disaster 2023 Ohio train derailment Pan Am Flight 103 TWA Flight 800 Tenerife airport disaster Other Chernobyl disaster 2007 New York City steam explosion Etymology Classical Latin explōdō means "to hiss a bad actor off the stage", "to drive an actor off the stage by making noise", from ex- ("out") + plaudō ("to clap; to applaud"). The modern meaning developed later: Classical Latin: "to drive an actor off the stage by making noise" hence meaning "to drive out" or "to reject" In English: Around 1538: "drive out or off by clapping" (originally theatrical) Around 1660: "drive out with violence and sudden noise" Around 1790: "go off with a loud noise" Around 1882: first use as "bursting with destructive force" See also Explosion at Wikipedia's sister projects Definitions from WiktionaryQuotations from Wikiquote Combustion Deflagration Detonation Dust explosion Standards for electrical equipment in potentially explosive environments Explosion protection Explosive limit Fuel tank explosion Implosion (mechanical process): opposite of explosion Internal combustion engine Mushroom cloud Piston engine Plofkraak Total body disruption, a cause of death typically associated with explosion Underwater explosion References ^ Kissane, Karen (2009-05-22). "Fire power equalled 1500 atomic bombs". The Age. Melbourne. Archived from the original on 2009-05-27. ^ Van Der Sluys, M. V.; Lamers, H. J. G. L. M. (2003). "The dynamics of the nebula M1-67 around the run-away Wolf-Rayet star WR 124". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 398: 181–194. arXiv:astro-ph/0211326. Bibcode:2003A&A...398..181V. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20021634. S2CID 6142859. ^ Koeberl, Christian; Sharpton, Virgil L. "Compiled by Christian Koeberl and Virgil L. Sharpton". ^ "115 Years Ago: The Tunguska Asteroid Impact Event - NASA". 2023-07-05. Retrieved 2023-11-07. ^ Siegel, Ethan (15 February 2020). "Ask Ethan: Could Gravitational Waves Ever Cause Damage On Earth? Starts With A Bang". Forbes. Retrieved 7 September 2020. ^ Dubnikova, Faina; Kosloff, Ronnie; Almog, Joseph; Zeiri, Yehuda; Boese, Roland; Itzhaky, Harel; Alt, Aaron; Keinan, Ehud (2005-02-01). "Decomposition of Triacetone Triperoxide Is an Entropic Explosion". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 127 (4): 1146–1159. doi:10.1021/ja0464903. PMID 15669854. ^ wikt:explode#Etymology Authority control databases National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Japan Czech Republic Poland Other NARA
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Explosion (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explosion_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_detonation_erupts_as_U.S._Marines_with_the_1st_Explosive_Ordnance_Disposal_Company,_Combat_Logistics_Regiment_2_conduct_a_demolition_operation_in_Helmand_province,_Afghanistan,_March_17,_2013_130317-M-KS710-206.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CastleBravo2.gif"},{"link_name":"Castle Bravo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_Bravo"},{"link_name":"volume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volume"},{"link_name":"energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy"},{"link_name":"temperatures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperatures"},{"link_name":"gases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas"},{"link_name":"volcanic eruption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcano"},{"link_name":"Supersonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supersonic"},{"link_name":"high explosives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_explosive"},{"link_name":"detonations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detonation"},{"link_name":"shock waves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shock_wave"},{"link_name":"Subsonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/subsonic"},{"link_name":"low explosives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_explosive"},{"link_name":"combustion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combustion"},{"link_name":"deflagration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deflagration"}],"text":"For other uses, see Explosion (disambiguation).Explosion of unserviceable ammunition and other military itemsThe explosion of the Castle Bravo nuclear bomb.An explosion is a rapid expansion in volume of a given amount of matter associated with an extreme outward release of energy, usually with the generation of high temperatures and release of high-pressure gases. Explosions may also be generated by a slower expansion that would normally not be forceful, but is not allowed to expand, so that when whatever is containing the expansion is broken by the pressure that builds as the matter inside tries to expand, the matter expands forcefully. An example of this is a volcanic eruption created by the expansion of magma in a magma chamber as it rises to the surface. Supersonic explosions created by high explosives are known as detonations and travel through shock waves. Subsonic explosions are created by low explosives through a slower combustion process known as deflagration.","title":"Explosion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"volcanic eruptions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcano"},{"link_name":"impact event","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_event"},{"link_name":"magma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magma"},{"link_name":"pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure"},{"link_name":"supernovae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supernova"},{"link_name":"explosives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explosives"},{"link_name":"nuclear fission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fission"},{"link_name":"fusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fusion"},{"link_name":"nuclear weapon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weapon"},{"link_name":"bushfires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushfires"},{"link_name":"eucalyptus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucalyptus"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"For an explosion to occur, there must be a rapid, forceful expansion of matter. There are numerous ways this can happen, both naturally and artificially, such as volcanic eruptions, or two objects striking each other at very high speeds, as in an impact event. Explosive volcanic eruptions occur when magma rises from below, it has dissolved gas in it. The reduction of pressure as the magma rises causes the gas to bubble out of solution, resulting in a rapid increase in volume, however the size of the magma chamber remains the same. This results in pressure buildup that eventually leads to an explosive eruption. Explosions can also occur outside of Earth in the universe in events such as supernovae, or, more commonly, stellar flares. Humans are also able to create explosions through the use of explosives, or through nuclear fission or fusion, as in a nuclear weapon. Explosions frequently occur during bushfires in eucalyptus forests where the volatile oils in the tree tops suddenly combust.[1]","title":"Causes"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:M1-67_%26_WR124.png"},{"link_name":"M1-67","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1-67"},{"link_name":"Wolf–Rayet star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf%E2%80%93Rayet_star"},{"link_name":"WR 124","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WR_124"},{"link_name":"stellar explosion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar_explosion"},{"link_name":"light years","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_years"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"supernovae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supernovae"},{"link_name":"stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star"},{"link_name":"Solar flares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_flares"},{"link_name":"explodes in its atmosphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airburst"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Tunguska event","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunguska_event"},{"link_name":"meteor air burst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteor_air_burst"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Black hole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_hole"},{"link_name":"binary black hole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_black_hole"},{"link_name":"gravitational wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_wave"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Forbes2020-5"},{"link_name":"GW190521","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GW190521"}],"sub_title":"Astronomical","text":"The nebula M1-67 around Wolf–Rayet star WR 124 is the remnants of a stellar explosion, which is currently observed as six light years across[2]Among the largest known explosions in the universe are supernovae, which occur after the end of life of some types of stars. Solar flares are an example of common, much less energetic, explosions on the Sun, and presumably on most other stars as well. The energy source for solar flare activity comes from the tangling of magnetic field lines resulting from the rotation of the Sun's conductive plasma. Another type of large astronomical explosion occurs when a meteoroid or an asteroid impacts the surface of another object, or explodes in its atmosphere, such as a planet. This occurs because the two objects are moving at very high speed relative to each other (a minimum of 11.2 kilometres per second (7.0 mi/s) for an Earth impacting body[3]). For example, the Tunguska event of 1908 is believed to have resulted from a meteor air burst.[4]Black hole mergers, likely involving binary black hole systems, are capable of radiating many solar masses of energy into the universe in a fraction of a second, in the form of a gravitational wave. This is capable of transmitting ordinary energy and destructive forces to nearby objects, but in the vastness of space, nearby objects are rare.[5] The gravitational wave observed on 21 May 2019, known as GW190521, produced a merger signal of about 100 ms duration, during which time is it estimated to have radiated away nine solar masses in the form of gravitational energy.","title":"Causes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"oxidation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidation"},{"link_name":"Frederick Augustus Abel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Augustus_Abel"},{"link_name":"Alfred Nobel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Nobel"},{"link_name":"dynamite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamite"}],"sub_title":"Chemical","text":"The most common artificial explosives are chemical explosives, usually involving a rapid and violent oxidation reaction that produces large amounts of hot gas. Gunpowder was the first explosive to be invented and put to use. Other notable early developments in chemical explosive technology were Frederick Augustus Abel's development of nitrocellulose in 1865 and Alfred Nobel's invention of dynamite in 1866. Chemical explosions (both intentional and accidental) are often initiated by an electric spark or flame in the presence of oxygen. Accidental explosions may occur in fuel tanks, rocket engines, etc.","title":"Causes"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Exploded_Electrolytic_Capacitor.jpg"},{"link_name":"capacitor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitor"},{"link_name":"electrical arc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_arc"},{"link_name":"arc flash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arc_flash"},{"link_name":"switchgear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switchgear"},{"link_name":"magnetic pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_pressure"},{"link_name":"electromagnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnet"}],"sub_title":"Electrical and magnetic","text":"A capacitor that has explodedA high current electrical fault can create an \"electrical explosion\" by forming a high-energy electrical arc which rapidly vaporizes metal and insulation material. This arc flash hazard is a danger to people working on energized switchgear. Excessive magnetic pressure within an ultra-strong electromagnet can cause a magnetic explosion.","title":"Causes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boiling liquid expanding vapor explosions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BLEVE"},{"link_name":"propane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propane"}],"sub_title":"Mechanical and vapor","text":"Strictly a physical process, as opposed to chemical or nuclear, e.g., the bursting of a sealed or partially sealed container under internal pressure is often referred to as an explosion. Examples include an overheated boiler or a simple tin can of beans tossed into a fire.Boiling liquid expanding vapor explosions are one type of mechanical explosion that can occur when a vessel containing a pressurized liquid is ruptured, causing a rapid increase in volume as the liquid evaporates. Note that the contents of the container may cause a subsequent chemical explosion, the effects of which can be dramatically more serious, such as a propane tank in the midst of a fire. In such a case, to the effects of the mechanical explosion when the tank fails are added the effects from the explosion resulting from the released (initially liquid and then almost instantaneously gaseous) propane in the presence of an ignition source. For this reason, emergency workers often differentiate between the two events.","title":"Causes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"nuclear explosions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_explosion"},{"link_name":"nuclear weapon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weapon"},{"link_name":"nuclear fission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fission"}],"sub_title":"Nuclear","text":"In addition to stellar nuclear explosions, a nuclear weapon is a type of explosive weapon that derives its destructive force from nuclear fission or from a combination of fission and fusion. As a result, even a nuclear weapon with a small yield is significantly more powerful than the largest conventional explosives available, with a single weapon capable of completely destroying an entire city.","title":"Causes"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Defense.gov_photo_essay_090818-M-8752R-138.jpg"},{"link_name":"shaped charge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaped_charge"}],"sub_title":"Force","text":"A breaching charge exploding against a test door during trainingExplosive force is released in a direction perpendicular to the surface of the explosive. If a grenade is in mid air during the explosion, the direction of the blast will be 360°. In contrast, in a shaped charge the explosive forces are focused to produce a greater local explosion; shaped charges are often used by military to breach doors or walls.","title":"Properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"battery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(electricity)"},{"link_name":"capacitor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitor"},{"link_name":"camera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera"}],"sub_title":"Velocity","text":"The speed of the reaction is what distinguishes an explosive reaction from an ordinary combustion reaction. Unless the reaction occurs very rapidly, the thermally expanding gases will be moderately dissipated in the medium, with no large differential in pressure and no explosion. As a wood fire burns in a fireplace, for example, there certainly is the evolution of heat and the formation of gases, but neither is liberated rapidly enough to build up a sudden substantial pressure differential and then cause an explosion. This can be likened to the difference between the energy discharge of a battery, which is slow, and that of a flash capacitor like that in a camera flash, which releases its energy all at once.","title":"Properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"entropic explosives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropic_explosion"},{"link_name":"acetone peroxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetone_peroxide"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"pressures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure"},{"link_name":"nitroglycerin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitroglycerin"},{"link_name":"in the form of coal dust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_dust_explosion"},{"link_name":"combustion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combustion"},{"link_name":"combustion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combustion"},{"link_name":"chemical potential","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_potential"},{"link_name":"detonation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detonation"},{"link_name":"heat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat"},{"link_name":"work (thermodynamics)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work_(thermodynamics)"},{"link_name":"Heat of Combustion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_of_Combustion"},{"link_name":"heat of formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_of_formation"},{"link_name":"exothermic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exothermic"}],"sub_title":"Evolution of heat","text":"The generation of heat in large quantities accompanies most explosive chemical reactions. The exceptions are called entropic explosives and include organic peroxides such as acetone peroxide.[6] It is the rapid liberation of heat that causes the gaseous products of most explosive reactions to expand and generate high pressures. This rapid generation of high pressures of the released gas constitutes the explosion. The liberation of heat with insufficient rapidity will not cause an explosion. For example, although a unit mass of coal yields five times as much heat as a unit mass of nitroglycerin, the coal cannot be used as an explosive (except in the form of coal dust) because the rate at which it yields this heat is quite slow. In fact, a substance that burns less rapidly (i.e. slow combustion) may actually evolve more total heat than an explosive that detonates rapidly (i.e. fast combustion). In the former, slow combustion converts more of the internal energy (i.e. chemical potential) of the burning substance into heat released to the surroundings, while in the latter, fast combustion (i.e. detonation) instead converts more internal energy into work on the surroundings (i.e. less internal energy converted into heat); c.f. heat and work (thermodynamics) are equivalent forms of energy. See Heat of Combustion for a more thorough treatment of this topic.When a chemical compound is formed from its constituents, heat may either be absorbed or released. The quantity of heat absorbed or given off during transformation is called the heat of formation. Heats of formations for solids and gases found in explosive reactions have been determined for a temperature of 25 °C and atmospheric pressure, and are normally given in units of kilojoules per gram-molecule. A positive value indicates that heat is absorbed during the formation of the compound from its elements; such a reaction is called an endothermic reaction. In explosive technology only materials that are exothermic—that have a net liberation of heat and have a negative heat of formation—are of interest. Reaction heat is measured under conditions either of constant pressure or constant volume. It is this heat of reaction that may be properly expressed as the \"heat of explosion.\"","title":"Properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"catalyst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalyst"}],"sub_title":"Initiation of reaction","text":"A chemical explosive is a compound or mixture which, upon the application of heat or shock, decomposes or rearranges with extreme rapidity, yielding much gas and heat. Many substances not ordinarily classed as explosives may do one, or even two, of these things.A reaction must be capable of being initiated by the application of shock, heat, or a catalyst (in the case of some explosive chemical reactions) to a small portion of the mass of the explosive material. A material in which the first three factors exist cannot be accepted as an explosive unless the reaction can be made to occur when needed.","title":"Properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass"},{"link_name":"structural material","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_material"},{"link_name":"strata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strata"},{"link_name":"rocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_(geology)"},{"link_name":"soil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil"},{"link_name":"sand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sand"}],"sub_title":"Fragmentation","text":"Fragmentation is the accumulation and projection of particles as the result of a high explosives detonation. Fragments could originate from: parts of a structure (such as glass, bits of structural material, or roofing material), revealed strata and/or various surface-level geologic features (such as loose rocks, soil, or sand), the casing surrounding the explosive, and/or any other loose miscellaneous items not vaporized by the shock wave from the explosion. High velocity, low angle fragments can travel hundreds of metres with enough energy to initiate other surrounding high explosive items, injure or kill personnel, and/or damage vehicles or structures.","title":"Properties"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notable examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wanggongchang Explosion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanggongchang_Explosion"},{"link_name":"Siege of Belgrade (1717)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Belgrade_(1717)"},{"link_name":"Nanaimo mine explosion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanaimo_mine_explosion"},{"link_name":"Halifax Explosion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halifax_Explosion"},{"link_name":"Battle of Messines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Messines_(1917)"},{"link_name":"Oppau explosion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oppau_explosion"},{"link_name":"1944 Bombay explosion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1944_Bombay_explosion"},{"link_name":"West Loch disaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Loch_disaster"},{"link_name":"Port Chicago disaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Chicago_disaster"},{"link_name":"RAF Fauld explosion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Fauld_explosion"},{"link_name":"Cádiz Explosion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1diz_Explosion"},{"link_name":"Texas City disaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_City_disaster"},{"link_name":"Nedelin catastrophe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nedelin_catastrophe"},{"link_name":"N1 rocket explosion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N1_rocket#Launch_history"},{"link_name":"Flixborough disaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flixborough_disaster"},{"link_name":"Iri station explosion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iri_station_explosion"},{"link_name":"PEPCON disaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PEPCON_disaster"},{"link_name":"Henderson, Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henderson,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"1988 Poole explosion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_Poole_explosion"},{"link_name":"Port Neal fertilizer plant explosion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Neal_fertilizer_plant_explosion"},{"link_name":"AZF (factory)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AZF_(factory)"},{"link_name":"Ryongchon disaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryongchon_disaster"},{"link_name":"2005 Hertfordshire Oil Storage Terminal fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Hertfordshire_Oil_Storage_Terminal_fire"},{"link_name":"2008 Gërdec explosions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_G%C3%ABrdec_explosions"},{"link_name":"2009 Cataño oil refinery fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Cata%C3%B1o_oil_refinery_fire"},{"link_name":"West Fertilizer Company explosion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Fertilizer_Company_explosion"},{"link_name":"2015 Tianjin explosions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Tianjin_explosions"},{"link_name":"2020 Beirut explosion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Beirut_explosion"},{"link_name":"2023 Starship explosion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX_Starship_orbital_test_flight"}],"sub_title":"Chemical","text":"1626 Wanggongchang Explosion\n1717 Siege of Belgrade (1717)\n1887 Nanaimo mine explosion\n1917 Halifax Explosion\n1917 Battle of Messines\n1921 Oppau explosion\n1944 Bombay explosion\nWest Loch disaster\n1944 Port Chicago disaster\n1944 RAF Fauld explosion\n1947 Cádiz Explosion\n1947 Texas City disaster\n1960 Nedelin catastrophe\n1969 Soviet N1 rocket explosion\n1974 Flixborough disaster\n1977 Iri station explosion\n1988 PEPCON disaster, Henderson, Nevada\n1988 Poole explosion\n1994 Port Neal fertilizer plant explosion\n2001 AZF (factory)\n2004 Ryongchon disaster\n2005 Hertfordshire Oil Storage Terminal fire\n2008 Gërdec explosions\n2009 Cataño oil refinery fire\n2013 West Fertilizer Company explosion\n2015 Tianjin explosions\n2020 Beirut explosion\n2023 Starship explosion","title":"Notable examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Trinity test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_test"},{"link_name":"Ivy Mike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_Mike"},{"link_name":"Castle Bravo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_Bravo"},{"link_name":"Tsar Bomba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsar_Bomba"},{"link_name":"1945 Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki"}],"sub_title":"Nuclear","text":"Trinity test\nIvy Mike\nCastle Bravo\nTsar Bomba\n1945 Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki","title":"Notable examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Minoan eruption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thera_eruption"},{"link_name":"Eruption of Vesuvius in 79 AD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eruption_of_Mount_Vesuvius_in_79_AD"},{"link_name":"1257 Samalas eruption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257_Samalas_eruption"},{"link_name":"1883 eruption of Krakatoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1883_eruption_of_Krakatoa"},{"link_name":"1980 Mount St. Helens eruption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_eruption_of_Mount_St._Helens"},{"link_name":"1815 eruption of Mount Tambora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1815_eruption_of_Mount_Tambora"},{"link_name":"1991 Mount Pinatubo eruption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_eruption_of_Mount_Pinatubo"},{"link_name":"2022 Hunga-Tonga Hunga-Ha'apai eruption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Hunga_Tonga%E2%80%93Hunga_Ha%CA%BBapai_eruption_and_tsunami"},{"link_name":"Oruanui eruption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oruanui_eruption"},{"link_name":"Toba supereruption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toba_catastrophe_theory"},{"link_name":"Yellowstone Caldera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellowstone_Caldera"}],"sub_title":"Volcanic","text":"Minoan eruption\nEruption of Vesuvius in 79 AD\n1257 Samalas eruption\n1883 eruption of Krakatoa\n1980 Mount St. Helens eruption\n1815 eruption of Mount Tambora\n1991 Mount Pinatubo eruption\n2022 Hunga-Tonga Hunga-Ha'apai eruption\nOruanui eruption\nToba supereruption\nYellowstone Caldera","title":"Notable examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SN 1006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SN_1006"},{"link_name":"SN 1572","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SN_1572"},{"link_name":"Kepler's Supernova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepler%27s_Supernova"},{"link_name":"Solar storm of 1859","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrington_Event"}],"sub_title":"Stellar","text":"SN 1006\nSN 1572\nKepler's Supernova\nSolar storm of 1859","title":"Notable examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Meteor Crater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteor_Crater"},{"link_name":"Chichxulub impact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicxulub_crater"},{"link_name":"2013 Chelyabinsk airburst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelyabinsk_meteor"},{"link_name":"Theia impact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theia_(planet)"},{"link_name":"Tunguska event","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunguska_event"}],"sub_title":"Airbursts/Impact events","text":"Meteor Crater\nChichxulub impact\n2013 Chelyabinsk airburst\nTheia impact\nTunguska event","title":"Notable examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"September 11 attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_attacks"},{"link_name":"Lac-Mégantic rail disaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lac-M%C3%A9gantic_rail_disaster"},{"link_name":"2023 Ohio train derailment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Ohio_train_derailment"},{"link_name":"Pan Am Flight 103","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_103"},{"link_name":"TWA Flight 800","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TWA_Flight_800"},{"link_name":"Tenerife airport disaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenerife_airport_disaster"}],"sub_title":"Transport/Aviation","text":"September 11 attacks\nLac-Mégantic rail disaster\n2023 Ohio train derailment\nPan Am Flight 103\nTWA Flight 800\nTenerife airport disaster","title":"Notable examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chernobyl disaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster"},{"link_name":"2007 New York City steam explosion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_New_York_City_steam_explosion"}],"sub_title":"Other","text":"Chernobyl disaster\n2007 New York City steam explosion","title":"Notable examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Classical Latin explōdō means \"to hiss a bad actor off the stage\", \"to drive an actor off the stage by making noise\", from ex- (\"out\") + plaudō (\"to clap; to applaud\"). The modern meaning developed later:[7]Classical Latin: \"to drive an actor off the stage by making noise\" hence meaning \"to drive out\" or \"to reject\"In English:Around 1538: \"drive out or off by clapping\" (originally theatrical)\nAround 1660: \"drive out with violence and sudden noise\"\nAround 1790: \"go off with a loud noise\"\nAround 1882: first use as \"bursting with destructive force\"","title":"Etymology"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_of_Independence_of_the_Mexican_Empire
Declaration of Independence (Mexico)
["1 Background","2 Drafting and signing","3 Text","3.1 Signatories","3.2 Absent Signatories","4 History of the three original documents","4.1 Provisional Governmental Board – first original declaration","4.2 Bravo/Ruiz de Velasco – second original declaration","4.3 Regency of the Empire – third original declaration","5 Gallery","6 See also","7 References","8 Bibliography","9 External links"]
Document proclaiming Mexican independence from Spain, ratified 28 September 1821 Declaration of Independence of the Mexican EmpireOriginal copy of the DeclarationRatifiedSeptember 28, 1821LocationNational ArchivesAuthor(s)Juan José Espinosa de los MonterosSignatories33 members of the board and Agustín de IturbidePurposeTo declare independence from Spanish Empire The Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire (Spanish: Acta de Independencia del Imperio Mexicano) is the document by which the Mexican Empire declared independence from the Spanish Empire. This founding document of the Mexican nation was drafted in the National Palace in Mexico City on September 28, 1821, by Juan José Espinosa de los Monteros, secretary of the Provisional Governmental Board. Three copies of the act were executed. One was destroyed in a fire in 1909. The other two copies are in the Museo Histórico de Acapulco Fuerte de San Diego in Acapulco and in the General Archive of the Nation in Mexico City. The document is 52.9 centimeters (20.8 in) wide and 71.8 centimeters (28.3 in) high. Background Entry of the Trigarante Army to México City. On September 27, 1821, eleven years and eleven days after the Grito de Dolores, the Army of the Three Guarantees headed by Agustín de Iturbide entered Mexico City, concluding the Mexican War of Independence. On September 28, Iturbide installed the Provisional Governing Board, comprising 38 people. The board was chaired by Antonio Pérez Martínez y Robles, and Juan José Espinosa de los Monteros was secretary. The board immediately elected the five members of the Regency of the Empire. On October 13 of the same year, Ramón Gutiérrez del Mazo, the first political chief of Mexico City, distributed a proclamation with the Declaration of Independence so all the people could read it, especially the courts, governors and military authorities, for them to publish it nationwide. Drafting and signing On the afternoon of September 28, members of the Board met at the National Palace to draft the Declaration of Independence of the newly independent nation. The resulting two documents were drafted in its final form by Juan José Espinosa de los Monteros, Secretary of the Board. The acts were signed by 33 of the 38 members of the Board and Iturbide as President of the Regency of the Empire. Juan O'Donojú, last Superior Political Chief of New Spain, Francisco Severo Maldonado, José Domingo Rus, José Mariano de Almanza and Miguel Sánchez Enciso did not sign the documents, but in the acts was written: Place of signature Juan O'Donojú and later his signature was added in the printed copies. The signatures of other four members were not added. Juan Jose Espinosa de los Monteros signed twice in each act, once as a member of the Board and the second as secretary, so that the acts contain 35 signatures and the designated to O'Donojú. A copy of the act was for the government and one for the board, the last one was later sent to the Chamber of Deputies. None of the former insurgents—such as Guadalupe Victoria, Vicente Guerrero or Nicolás Bravo—signed the Declaration of Independence; the reason is unknown but probably because they wanted a Republic not an Empire. Text Entrance of the Trigarante Army by La Garita de Belén to Mexico City. Declaration of the independence of the Mexican Empire, issued by its Sovereign Junta, assembled in the Capital on September 28, 1821. The Mexican Nation, which for three hundred years had neither had its own will, nor free use of its voice, leaves today the oppression in which it has lived. The heroic efforts of its sons have been crowned today, and consummated in an eternal and memorable enterprise, which a spirit superior to all admiration and praise, out of love and for the glory of its Country started in Iguala, continued, and brought to fruition, overcoming almost insurmountable obstacles. Restored then this part of the North to the exercise of all the rights given by the Author of Nature and recognized as unalienable and sacred by the civilized nations of the Earth, in liberty to constitute itself in the manner which best suits its happiness and through representatives who can manifest its will and plans, it begins to make use of such precious gifts and solemnly declares by means of the Supreme Junta of the Empire that it is a Sovereign nation and independent of old Spain with which henceforth it will maintain no other union besides a close friendship in the terms prescribed by the treaties; that it will establish friendly relationships with other powers, executing regarding them whatever declarations the other sovereign nations can execute; that it will constitute itself in accordance to the bases which in the Plan of Iguala and the Treaty of Córdoba the First Chief of the Imperial Army of the Three Guarantees wisely established and which it will uphold at all costs and with all sacrifice of the means and lives of its members (if necessary); this solemn declaration, is made in the capital of the Empire on the twenty-eighth of September of the year one thousand eight hundred and twenty-one, first of Mexican Independence Amen. Signatories The following is the list of the people who signed the Declaration of Independence, the names are written like in the acts. Juan O'Donoju did not sign but his name was written in the acts. Of the 38 members of the Provisional Governmental Board only 34 signed the document (including the aforementioned firm O'Donoju). The signatures of Francisco Severo Maldonado, José Domingo Rus, José Mariano de Almanza and Miguel Sánchez Enciso did not appear to have suffered a possible impairment due to illness. Agustín de Iturbide Antonio Obispo de Puebla Lugar de la firma de O'Donojú Manuel de la Bárcena Matías de Monteagudo José Yáñez Licenciado Juan Francisco Azcárate Juan José Espinosa de los Monteros José María Fagoaga José Miguel Guridi y Alcocer El Marqués de Salvatierra El Conde de Casa de Heras y Soto Juan Bautista Lobo Francisco Manuel Sánchez de Tagle Antonio de Gama y Córdoba José Manuel Sartorio Manuel Velázquez de León Manuel Montes Argüelles Manuel de la Sota Riva El Marqués de San Juan de Rayas José Ignacio García Illueca José María de Bustamante José María de Cervantes y Velasco Juan Cervantes y Padilla José Manuel Velázquez de la Cadena Juan Horbegoso Nicolás Campero El Conde de Jala y de Regla José María Echevers y Valdivieso Manuel Martínez Mancilla Juan Bautista Raz y Guzmán José María Jáuregui José Rafael Suárez Pereda Anastasio Bustamante Isidro Ignacio de Icaza Juan José Espinosa de los Monteros – Vocal Srio Absent Signatories Juan O'Donojú Francisco Severo Maldonado History of the three original documents Mexico's declaration of Independence as an Empire drafted on September 28, 1821 Three originals of the document were created and signed. Provisional Governmental Board – first original declaration One copy was given to the Provisional Governmental Board, which was later put on display in the Chamber of Deputies until 1909, when fire destroyed the location. Bravo/Ruiz de Velasco – second original declaration The Ruiz de Velasco family were the original owners for 128 years of the Acta de Independencia del Imperio Mexicano de 1821. This document was passed down through generations from Nicolás Bravo. On August 22, 1987, Pedro Ruiz de Velasco de la Madrid gave the document as a gift to Mexico. José Francisco Ruiz Massieu, Governor of Guerrero, accepted this gift and secured this historical document in the Museo Historico de Acapulco Fuerte de San Diego in Acapulco in the State of Guerrero. Regency of the Empire – third original declaration A third copy was given to the Regency of the Empire, which remained at the National Palace and was stolen in 1830. Foreign Minister Lucas Alamán made this reference about the theft: "There is not in the republic another copy (handwritten) that the one in session hall of the Chamber of Deputies, the other was sold by an unfaithful employee to a curious traveler from France." Alamán wanted to get the record during his tenure as foreign minister but failed even when he offered a lot of money for it. Decades later, the act was acquired by Emperor Maximilian I, although it is unknown how and where he got it. The act contains in the back the figure of the ex libris of Maximilian's library. After Maximilian's execution, Agustin Fischer, confessor of the emperor, took the document out of the country. Some time later, the act appeared in Spain in the library of antiquarian Gabriel Sánchez. It is also unknown how he got it, but is a fact that the act has in the back the stamp of the Spanish antiquarian library. Sánchez sold the document to the Mexican historian Joaquín García Icazbalceta, who preserved it and passed it down to his son Luis García Pimentel. Florencio Gavito Bustillo lived in France and there he was contacted by Luis García Pimentel, who offered to sell him the Declaration of Independence. After buying the act for 10 thousand pesos he returned to Mexico with the intention of delivering the act to the Mexican government himself, but he died of leukemia in 1958. Gavito expressed in his will the wish that the act should be delivered to the president. The Mexican government sent the document for opinions of authenticity. The opinions were ready on November 14, 1961. The ceremony to deliver the act was held on November 21 of the same year. Florencio Gavito Jauregui, son of Gavito Bustillo gave the act to the president Adolfo López Mateos. In the ceremony were also Gustavo Díaz Ordaz, Secretary of the Interior and Jaime Torres Bodet, Secretary of Education. The act was put on display for a while in Chapultepec Castle and then it was withdrawn and sent to the General Archive of the Nation. In 2008, the restoration works on the act began and it was exhibited for a month at the Palace of Lecumberri. In 2010 it was put on display at the National Palace as part of the celebration of the bicentennial of the beginning of Mexico's independence. The National Institute of Anthropology and History was concerned about the exposure of the act and recommended not to expose it to more time because it does not have a special system for that. The act is protected between two flyleaves made with acid-free materials in the vault of the General Archive of the Nation under climate monitoring. Experts of the National Autonomous University of Mexico are working on a system of preservation and exhibition of historical documents in order to permanently exhibit the act in the near future. Gallery Rear of the act. Cover of the certificate of authenticity of the act. Photography of the destroyed act. Proclamation with the text of the act. See also Act of Independence of Central America Solemn Act of the Declaration of Independence of Northern America References ^ a b c "Resguardó descendiente de Nicolás Bravo una de tres copias del Acta de Independencia" (in Spanish). ^ "Acta de Independencia, sana". Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia. August 24, 2010. Archived from the original on July 29, 2020. Retrieved September 28, 2018. ^ "27 de septiembre de 1821 Consumación de la Independencia". SEDENA. Archived from the original on September 30, 2011. Retrieved March 24, 2014. ^ "Discurso de Agustín de Iturbide al instalar la Junta". 500 años de México en documentos. Retrieved March 24, 2014. ^ "El Ejército Trigarante toma la capital e instituye la Junta Provisional Gubernativa". Memoria Política de México. Archived from the original on April 12, 2018. Retrieved March 24, 2014. ^ "Proclama de Agustín de Iturbide". Archivo General de la Nación. Archived from the original on August 3, 2009. Retrieved March 24, 2014. ^ "Bando del Acta de Independencia del Imperio Mexicano..." SEDENA. Archived from the original on August 3, 2011. Retrieved March 24, 2014. ^ "PONEN AL ALCANCE DOCUMENTOS DE LA INDEPENDENCIA". Azteca 21. Archived from the original on September 23, 2011. Retrieved March 24, 2014. ^ "1821 Acta de Independencia del Imperio Mexicano". Memoria Política de México. Retrieved March 24, 2014. ^ "El Acta de Independencia del Imperio Mexicano... guarda buen estado". Azteca 21. Archived from the original on December 3, 2011. Retrieved March 24, 2014. ^ a b Alamán, Lucas. Historia de Méjico. Desde los primeros movimientos que prepararon su independencia en el año 1808 hasta la época presente. pp. 259–261. ^ "Historia México". Historia México. Retrieved March 24, 2014. ^ "CONFORMACIÓN DE MÉXICO COMO NACIÓN". Prezi. Archived from the original on March 25, 2014. Retrieved March 24, 2014. ^ "El triunvirato de Guadalupe Victoria, Nicolás Bravo y Celestino Negrete". INEHRM. Archived from the original on March 25, 2014. Retrieved March 24, 2014. ^ "Paleografía". Archivo General de la Nación. Archived from the original on June 24, 2009. Retrieved March 24, 2014. ^ "Celebra SEGOB los 187 años de la firma del acta de Independencia". Presidencia de la Republica. Retrieved March 24, 2014. ^ Diaz Clave, Enrique (August 19, 2016). "Donan al Gobierno de Guerrero el Acta de la Independencia". Excelsior – El Periodico de la Vida Nacional. Retrieved October 21, 2017. ^ "Acta de Independencia de México" (PDF). p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 3, 2011. Retrieved March 24, 2014. ^ "Afirman que el Acta de Independencia guarda buen estado". Archived from the original on October 31, 2010. Retrieved March 24, 2014. ^ a b "Ficha Acta de Independencia del Imperio Mexicano, 1821". Archived from the original on February 15, 2011. Retrieved March 24, 2014. ^ "Acta de Independencia, manuscrito que da fe del nacimiento de México". Archived from the original on January 30, 2010. Retrieved March 24, 2014. ^ "Un acta de Independencia fugitiva". El siglo de Torreón. September 16, 2010. Retrieved March 24, 2014. ^ "Invaluable regalo a México". Diario de Yucatán. Retrieved March 24, 2014. ^ "México expone tesoros de 200 años de historia en Palacio Nacional". CNN. Retrieved March 24, 2014. ^ "En riesgo Acta de Independencia: INAH". El Universal. Archived from the original on March 25, 2014. Retrieved March 24, 2014. ^ "Acta de Independencia, en buen estado: INAH". El Universal. Archived from the original on March 25, 2014. Retrieved March 24, 2014. ^ "Diseñan en la UNAM exhibidores para resguardar el Acta de Independencia". Universidad Pedagógica Nacional. Retrieved March 24, 2014. Bibliography Vicente Riva Palacio (1880) México a través de los siglos Volume IV: "México Independiente". Mexico City, Cumbre. External links Wikisource has original text related to this article: Acta de independencia del Imperio Mexicano México in documents Photograph of the original Act of Independence of the Mexican Empire of the Nation's General Archive Acta de Independencia del Imperio mexicano. 500 años de México en documentos. Consulted on November 4, 2009. Mexico portal
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"Mexican Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Mexican_Empire"},{"link_name":"Spanish Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Empire"},{"link_name":"National Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Palace_(Mexico)"},{"link_name":"Provisional Governmental Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_Governmental_Board"},{"link_name":"Fuerte de San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_of_San_Diego"},{"link_name":"Acapulco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acapulco"},{"link_name":"General Archive of the Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archivo_General_de_la_Naci%C3%B3n_(Mexico)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-suracapulco.mx-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire (Spanish: Acta de Independencia del Imperio Mexicano) is the document by which the Mexican Empire declared independence from the Spanish Empire. This founding document of the Mexican nation was drafted in the National Palace in Mexico City on September 28, 1821, by Juan José Espinosa de los Monteros, secretary of the Provisional Governmental Board.Three copies of the act were executed. One was destroyed in a fire in 1909. The other two copies are in the Museo Histórico de Acapulco Fuerte de San Diego in Acapulco and in the General Archive of the Nation in Mexico City.[1]The document is 52.9 centimeters (20.8 in) wide and 71.8 centimeters (28.3 in) high.[2]","title":"Declaration of Independence (Mexico)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Generales_del_Trigarante.jpg"},{"link_name":"Trigarante Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_the_Three_Guarantees"},{"link_name":"México City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9xico_City"},{"link_name":"Grito de Dolores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grito_de_Dolores"},{"link_name":"Army of the Three Guarantees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_the_Three_Guarantees"},{"link_name":"Agustín de Iturbide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_de_Iturbide"},{"link_name":"Mexican War of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_War_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Entry of the Trigarante Army to México City.On September 27, 1821, eleven years and eleven days after the Grito de Dolores, the Army of the Three Guarantees headed by Agustín de Iturbide entered Mexico City, concluding the Mexican War of Independence.[3] On September 28, Iturbide installed the Provisional Governing Board, comprising 38 people. The board was chaired by Antonio Pérez Martínez y Robles, and Juan José Espinosa de los Monteros was secretary.[4][5] The board immediately elected the five members of the Regency of the Empire.[6]On October 13 of the same year, Ramón Gutiérrez del Mazo, the first political chief of Mexico City, distributed a proclamation with the Declaration of Independence so all the people could read it, especially the courts, governors and military authorities, for them to publish it nationwide.[7]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Palace_(Mexico)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Juan O'Donojú","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_O%27Donoj%C3%BA"},{"link_name":"Superior Political Chief of New Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_viceroys_of_New_Spain"},{"link_name":"Francisco Severo Maldonado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Severo_Maldonado"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Chamber of Deputies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Mexico)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alaman-11"},{"link_name":"Guadalupe Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalupe_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Vicente Guerrero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicente_Guerrero"},{"link_name":"Nicolás Bravo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Bravo"},{"link_name":"Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic"},{"link_name":"Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"On the afternoon of September 28, members of the Board met at the National Palace to draft the Declaration of Independence of the newly independent nation. The resulting two documents were drafted in its final form by Juan José Espinosa de los Monteros, Secretary of the Board.[8] The acts were signed by 33 of the 38 members of the Board and Iturbide as President of the Regency of the Empire. Juan O'Donojú, last Superior Political Chief of New Spain, Francisco Severo Maldonado, José Domingo Rus, José Mariano de Almanza and Miguel Sánchez Enciso did not sign the documents, but in the acts was written: Place of signature Juan O'Donojú and later his signature was added in the printed copies. The signatures of other four members were not added.[9] Juan Jose Espinosa de los Monteros signed twice in each act, once as a member of the Board and the second as secretary, so that the acts contain 35 signatures and the designated to O'Donojú.[10] A copy of the act was for the government and one for the board, the last one was later sent to the Chamber of Deputies.[11] None of the former insurgents—such as Guadalupe Victoria, Vicente Guerrero or Nicolás Bravo—signed the Declaration of Independence; the reason is unknown but probably because they wanted a Republic not an Empire.[12][13][14]","title":"Drafting and signing"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Entrada_del_Trigarante.JPG"},{"link_name":"Plan of Iguala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_of_Iguala"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Córdoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_C%C3%B3rdoba"}],"text":"Entrance of the Trigarante Army by La Garita de Belén to Mexico City.Declaration of the independence of the Mexican Empire, issued by its Sovereign Junta, assembled in the Capital on September 28, 1821.\nThe Mexican Nation, which for three hundred years had neither had its own will, nor free use of its voice, leaves today the oppression in which it has lived.\nThe heroic efforts of its sons have been crowned today, and consummated in an eternal and memorable enterprise, which a spirit superior to all admiration and praise, out of love and for the glory of its Country started in Iguala, continued, and brought to fruition, overcoming almost insurmountable obstacles.\nRestored then this part of the North to the exercise of all the rights given by the Author of Nature and recognized as unalienable and sacred by the civilized nations of the Earth, in liberty to constitute itself in the manner which best suits its happiness and through representatives who can manifest its will and plans, it begins to make use of such precious gifts and solemnly declares by means of the Supreme Junta of the Empire that it is a Sovereign nation and independent of old Spain with which henceforth it will maintain no other union besides a close friendship in the terms prescribed by the treaties; that it will establish friendly relationships with other powers, executing regarding them whatever declarations the other sovereign nations can execute; that it will constitute itself in accordance to the bases which in the Plan of Iguala and the Treaty of Córdoba the First Chief of the Imperial Army of the Three Guarantees wisely established and which it will uphold at all costs and with all sacrifice of the means and lives of its members (if necessary); this solemn declaration, is made in the capital of the Empire on the twenty-eighth of September of the year one thousand eight hundred and twenty-one, first of Mexican Independence\n\nAmen.","title":"Text"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Agustín de Iturbide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_de_Iturbide"},{"link_name":"Antonio Obispo de Puebla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Joaqu%C3%ADn_P%C3%A9rez_Mart%C3%ADnez"},{"link_name":"Lugar de la firma de O'Donojú","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_O%27Donoj%C3%BA"},{"link_name":"Manuel de la Bárcena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manuel_de_la_B%C3%A1rcena&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Matías de Monteagudo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mat%C3%ADas_de_Monteagudo"},{"link_name":"José Yáñez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Isidro_Y%C3%A1%C3%B1ez"},{"link_name":"Licenciado Juan Francisco Azcárate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Francisco_Azc%C3%A1rate_y_Ledesma"},{"link_name":"Juan José Espinosa de los Monteros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Espinosa_de_los_Monteros&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"José María Fagoaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Fagoaga"},{"link_name":"José Miguel Guridi y Alcocer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Miguel_Guridi_y_Alcocer"},{"link_name":"El Marqués de Salvatierra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_de_Cervantes_y_Velasco"},{"link_name":"El Conde de Casa de Heras y Soto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_de_Heras_Soto"},{"link_name":"Juan Bautista Lobo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan_Bautista_Lobo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Francisco Manuel Sánchez de Tagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Manuel_S%C3%A1nchez_de_Tagle"},{"link_name":"Antonio de Gama y Córdoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antonio_de_Gama_y_C%C3%B3rdoba&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"José Manuel Sartorio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Manuel_Sartorio&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Manuel Velázquez de León","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Vel%C3%A1zquez_de_Le%C3%B3n&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Manuel Montes Argüelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Montes_Arg%C3%BCelles&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Manuel de la Sota Riva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manuel_de_la_Sota_Riva&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"El Marqués de San Juan de Rayas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mariano_de_Sardaneta_y_Llorente"},{"link_name":"José Ignacio García Illueca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ignacio_Garc%C3%ADa_Illueca"},{"link_name":"José María de Bustamante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Bustamante"},{"link_name":"José María de Cervantes y Velasco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Cervantes_y_Velasco"},{"link_name":"Juan Cervantes y Padilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan_Cervantes_y_Padilla&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"José Manuel Velázquez de la Cadena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Manuel_Vel%C3%A1zquez_de_la_Cadena&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Juan Horbegoso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Orbegozo"},{"link_name":"Nicolás Campero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Campero_Bustamante"},{"link_name":"El Conde de Jala y de Regla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pedro_Jos%C3%A9_Romero_de_Terreros&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"José María Echevers y Valdivieso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Echevers_y_Valdivieso&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Manuel Martínez Mancilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Mart%C3%ADnez_Mancilla&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Juan Bautista Raz y Guzmán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan_Bautista_Raz_y_Guzm%C3%A1n&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"José María Jáuregui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_J%C3%A1uregui"},{"link_name":"José Rafael Suárez Pereda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Rafael_Su%C3%A1rez_Pereda&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Anastasio Bustamante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anastasio_Bustamante"},{"link_name":"Isidro Ignacio de Icaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isidro_Ignacio_de_Icaza&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Signatories","text":"The following is the list of the people who signed the Declaration of Independence, the names are written like in the acts. Juan O'Donoju did not sign but his name was written in the acts. Of the 38 members of the Provisional Governmental Board only 34 signed the document (including the aforementioned firm O'Donoju). The signatures of Francisco Severo Maldonado, José Domingo Rus, José Mariano de Almanza and Miguel Sánchez Enciso did not appear to have suffered a possible impairment due to illness.[15]Agustín de Iturbide\nAntonio Obispo de Puebla\nLugar de la firma de O'Donojú\nManuel de la Bárcena\nMatías de Monteagudo\nJosé Yáñez\nLicenciado Juan Francisco Azcárate\nJuan José Espinosa de los Monteros\nJosé María Fagoaga\nJosé Miguel Guridi y Alcocer\nEl Marqués de Salvatierra\nEl Conde de Casa de Heras y Soto\nJuan Bautista Lobo\nFrancisco Manuel Sánchez de Tagle\nAntonio de Gama y Córdoba\nJosé Manuel Sartorio\nManuel Velázquez de León\nManuel Montes Argüelles\nManuel de la Sota Riva\nEl Marqués de San Juan de Rayas\nJosé Ignacio García Illueca\nJosé María de Bustamante\nJosé María de Cervantes y Velasco\nJuan Cervantes y Padilla\nJosé Manuel Velázquez de la Cadena\nJuan Horbegoso\nNicolás Campero\nEl Conde de Jala y de Regla\nJosé María Echevers y Valdivieso\nManuel Martínez Mancilla\nJuan Bautista Raz y Guzmán\nJosé María Jáuregui\nJosé Rafael Suárez Pereda\nAnastasio Bustamante\nIsidro Ignacio de Icaza\nJuan José Espinosa de los Monteros – Vocal Srio","title":"Text"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Juan O'Donojú","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_O%27Donoj%C3%BA"},{"link_name":"Francisco Severo Maldonado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Severo_Maldonado"}],"sub_title":"Absent Signatories","text":"Juan O'Donojú\nFrancisco Severo Maldonado","title":"Text"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Acta_de_Independencia_3024x4032.jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-suracapulco.mx-1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alaman-11"}],"text":"Mexico's declaration of Independence as an Empire drafted on September 28, 1821Three originals of the document were created and signed.[1][11]","title":"History of the three original documents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Provisional Governmental Board – first original declaration","text":"One copy was given to the Provisional Governmental Board, which was later put on display in the Chamber of Deputies until 1909, when fire destroyed the location.[16]","title":"History of the three original documents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nicolás Bravo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Bravo"},{"link_name":"Pedro Ruiz de Velasco de la Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Ruiz_de_Velasco"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"José Francisco Ruiz Massieu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Francisco_Ruiz_Massieu"},{"link_name":"Governor of Guerrero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Guerrero"},{"link_name":"Fuerte de San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_of_San_Diego"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-suracapulco.mx-1"}],"sub_title":"Bravo/Ruiz de Velasco – second original declaration","text":"The Ruiz de Velasco family were the original owners for 128 years of the Acta de Independencia del Imperio Mexicano de 1821. This document was passed down through generations from Nicolás Bravo. On August 22, 1987, Pedro Ruiz de Velasco de la Madrid gave the document as a gift to Mexico.[17] José Francisco Ruiz Massieu, Governor of Guerrero, accepted this gift and secured this historical document in the Museo Historico de Acapulco Fuerte de San Diego in Acapulco in the State of Guerrero.[1]","title":"History of the three original documents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Palace_(Mexico)"},{"link_name":"Lucas Alamán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucas_Alam%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"foreign minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretariat_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Mexico)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Maximilian I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximilian_I_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-actaespa%C3%B1a-20"},{"link_name":"Joaquín García Icazbalceta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Garc%C3%ADa_Icazbalceta"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-actaespa%C3%B1a-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"pesos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_peso"},{"link_name":"leukemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukemia"},{"link_name":"president","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Adolfo López Mateos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolfo_L%C3%B3pez_Mateos"},{"link_name":"Gustavo Díaz Ordaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustavo_D%C3%ADaz_Ordaz"},{"link_name":"Secretary of the Interior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Interior_(Mexico)"},{"link_name":"Jaime Torres Bodet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaime_Torres_Bodet"},{"link_name":"Secretary of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_Education_(Mexico)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Chapultepec Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapultepec_Castle"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Palace of Lecumberri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Lecumberri"},{"link_name":"bicentennial of the beginning of Mexico's independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celebration_of_Mexican_political_anniversaries_in_2010"},{"link_name":"National Institute of Anthropology and History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instituto_Nacional_de_Antropolog%C3%ADa_e_Historia"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"flyleaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/flyleaf"},{"link_name":"acid-free","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid-free_paper"},{"link_name":"National Autonomous University of Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Autonomous_University_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"Regency of the Empire – third original declaration","text":"A third copy was given to the Regency of the Empire, which remained at the National Palace and was stolen in 1830. Foreign Minister Lucas Alamán made this reference about the theft:[18]\"There is not in the republic another copy (handwritten) that the one in session hall of the Chamber of Deputies, the other was sold by an unfaithful employee to a curious traveler from France.\"Alamán wanted to get the record during his tenure as foreign minister but failed even when he offered a lot of money for it.[citation needed]Decades later, the act was acquired by Emperor Maximilian I, although it is unknown how and where he got it. The act contains in the back the figure of the ex libris of Maximilian's library. After Maximilian's execution, Agustin Fischer, confessor of the emperor, took the document out of the country.[19][20]Some time later, the act appeared in Spain in the library of antiquarian Gabriel Sánchez. It is also unknown how he got it, but is a fact that the act has in the back the stamp of the Spanish antiquarian library. Sánchez sold the document to the Mexican historian Joaquín García Icazbalceta, who preserved it and passed it down to his son Luis García Pimentel.[20][21]Florencio Gavito Bustillo lived in France and there he was contacted by Luis García Pimentel, who offered to sell him the Declaration of Independence. After buying the act for 10 thousand pesos he returned to Mexico with the intention of delivering the act to the Mexican government himself, but he died of leukemia in 1958. Gavito expressed in his will the wish that the act should be delivered to the president.[citation needed]The Mexican government sent the document for opinions of authenticity. The opinions were ready on November 14, 1961.[citation needed]The ceremony to deliver the act was held on November 21 of the same year. Florencio Gavito Jauregui, son of Gavito Bustillo gave the act to the president Adolfo López Mateos. In the ceremony were also Gustavo Díaz Ordaz, Secretary of the Interior and Jaime Torres Bodet, Secretary of Education.[22][23]The act was put on display for a while in Chapultepec Castle and then it was withdrawn and sent to the General Archive of the Nation.[citation needed]In 2008, the restoration works on the act began and it was exhibited for a month at the Palace of Lecumberri. In 2010 it was put on display at the National Palace as part of the celebration of the bicentennial of the beginning of Mexico's independence. The National Institute of Anthropology and History was concerned about the exposure of the act and recommended not to expose it to more time because it does not have a special system for that.[24][25]The act is protected between two flyleaves made with acid-free materials in the vault of the General Archive of the Nation under climate monitoring. Experts of the National Autonomous University of Mexico are working on a system of preservation and exhibition of historical documents in order to permanently exhibit the act in the near future.[26][27]","title":"History of the three original documents"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vicente Riva Palacio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicente_Riva_Palacio"},{"link_name":"Volume IV: \"México Independiente\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/mxicotravsde04tomorich#page/12/mode/2up"}],"text":"Vicente Riva Palacio (1880) México a través de los siglos Volume IV: \"México Independiente\". Mexico City, Cumbre.","title":"Bibliography"}]
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[{"title":"Act of Independence of Central America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Independence_of_Central_America"},{"title":"Solemn Act of the Declaration of Independence of Northern America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solemn_Act_of_the_Declaration_of_Independence_of_Northern_America"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie-Therese_Bourgeois_Chouteau
Marie-Thérèse Bourgeois Chouteau
["1 Early life","2 Relationship with Laclède","3 Legacy and success in St. Louis","4 Challenges to the legend","5 References"]
American matriarch (1733–1814) Oil on board portrait of Madame Marie Therese Bourgeois Chouteau Marie-Thérèse Bourgeois Chouteau (January 14, 1733 – August 14, 1814) was the matriarch of the Chouteau fur trading family, which founded communities throughout the Midwest. She is considered the "Mother" of St. Louis, and was influential in its founding and development. She helped lead it to becoming an important American town and the Gateway to the West. Early life This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Born in New Orleans on January 13, 1733, she had a French father (Nicolas Bourgeois) and Spanish mother (Marie Joseph Tarare). Shortly after she turned six years old, her father died, leaving her mother, her two siblings, and her. The following year, Marie-Therèse's mother remarried, to Nicholas Pierre Carco. Marie-Thérèse lived with her mother and stepfather until she married. They were unable to provide her with a dowry. It is thought that she returned to their household when her marriage fell apart four years later. At the age of 15, on September 20, 1748, Marie-Therèse married René Auguste Chouteau, Sr., an older tavern keeper and baker. Her family had arranged it, and believed it would be good, given their daughter's limited prospects. According to commonly accepted histories, René deserted her after she gave birth to René Auguste Chouteau, Jr., in 1749. Her husband returned to France. Neither the Catholic Church nor the state allowed divorce. Afterward, Marie-Therèse Chouteau referred to herself as a widow, as it gave her more legal and social rights. As a widow, she could own property and have custody over her children. Relationship with Laclède Chouteau began a relationship with fur trader Pierre Laclède around 1755. With him, she had four children: Jean Pierre in 1758, Marie Pelagie (1760), Marie Louise (1762), and Victoire Chouteau (1764). They were baptized in the cathedral in New Orleans, with Rene Chouteau recorded as the father for each child. A French merchant and official in New Orleans sponsored an expedition north on the Mississippi River to seek additional places for a trading post. He hired Laclède (who also took Auguste Chouteau, Junior, his stepson and Marie-Therese's legal son with Rene) to find a good site for another settlement. Laclede and Chouteau are largely credited with founding a post in 1764. It was called St. Louis in honor of France's patron saint. That year Marie-Therese traveled with her other four children to the new, developing colony. At first, she lived with most other settlers at the trading post. Laclède is said to have built her a stone house in 1767. During this time, she kept owned and marketed cattle, kept bees, and conducted business. A few years later, the elder René Chouteau returned to New Orleans and demanded that authorities make her join him. In 1774 Louisiana Governor Luis de Unzaga ordered her to return. She delayed and the order was generally ignored by officials. The elder Chouteau died in New Orleans in 1776. Though now the legal widow could have married Laclède, she refrained from doing so. By this time, Laclède had fallen into a lot of debt. She did not want to be legally responsible for paying off his creditors, and he died in 1778. Legacy and success in St. Louis Laclède died in 1778. Marie-Therèse continued to live in the stone house Laclède had built for her. She continued to be an influential figure in the St. Louis colony. In addition, she helped her sons with controlling the fur trade; these sons later became leaders in St. Louis government and business for the years to follow. Her daughters as well were successful in their own rights. Given her large fortune made from her businesses, Chouteau helped them marry well by giving them large dowries. Also suitors wanted to be affiliated with the influential Chouteau family. Madame Chouteau died on August 14, 1814. She was buried on the grounds of the Basilica of St. Louis, King of France. (This is now within the grounds of the Gateway Arch National Park). During the cholera epidemic of 1849, bodies were dug up from this area to reinter them at Calvary and Bellefontaine cemeteries. Chouteau's remains were not found or reinterred. Challenges to the legend Contemporary 21st-century histories of St. Louis attribute a founding role in the city to Auguste Chouteau , including The First Chouteaus: RIVER BARONS OF EARLY ST. LOUIS (2000) by William E Foley and C David Rice ISBN 0-252-06897-1 and Before Lewis and Clark: The Story of the Chouteaus, the French Dynasty That Ruled America's Frontier (2004) by Shirley Christian ISBN 0-374-52958-2. Challenges have been made to elements of the matriarch's history, including by some descendants. Part of the challenges seemed to be efforts to show that Marie-Therese Chouteau did not have a relationship outside of marriage. Other challenges arose from conflicting documentation in formal records. Laclède and Marie Therese were said to have had a common law marriage. Laclède was thought to have assigned part of his property to her and their children to protect them financially. This was to enable her to maintain the appearance that she was in a proper civil law relationship with the elder Rene Chouteau. Records at the St. Louis Cathedral (New Orleans) indicate that all the Chouteau children were baptized there, with Rene Chouteau recorded as the father, even after he was documented elsewhere as having returned to France. According to a 1934 article, records in the colony did not affirm that Laclède left an inheritance to the Chouteaus. But the elder Rene Chouteau did leave an estate to his widow and children with his surname. Nicolas de Finiels, a French officer serving the Spaniards, notes no founding role for Auguste Chouteau in his 1790s account of the settlement. (His account was not published in English until decades later.) He noted that there was already a hamlet at the site of St. Louis before the official founding of the city. The first St. Louis city directory was published in 1820. Its historical introduction made no mention of Auguste Chouteau's having had a role in founding the settlement. By this time Anglo Americans had taken over dominance of the city. In 1847, when the city had its first celebration of its past, Chouteau's name was not mentioned at all. The earliest St. Louis historian, Wilson Primm, dismissed the story of Auguste Chouteau. According to him, Auguste Chouteau's role in the founding is based only on his testimony in an 1820s land dispute, and on an unsigned manuscript "Journal" attributed to him in 1857, when his surviving son, Gabriel Chouteau, announced finding it. References ^ a b Marie Therèse Bourgeois Chouteau (Madame Chouteau) ^ "STATION 3: Marie Therese Bourgeois Chouteau (Madame Chouteau). Lewis and Clark, the National Bicentennial Exhibition" (PDF). Missouri Historical Society. 2003. ^ Chronicles of Oklahoma, Volume 12, No. 2 June, 1934 Marie Therese Bourgeois Chouteau (1733-1814). AAUW. 1991. ISBN 9780252019159. Retrieved March 21, 2016. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Madame_Chouteau.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chouteau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chouteau"},{"link_name":"Midwest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwest"}],"text":"Oil on board portrait of Madame Marie Therese Bourgeois ChouteauMarie-Thérèse Bourgeois Chouteau (January 14, 1733 – August 14, 1814) was the matriarch of the Chouteau fur trading family, which founded communities throughout the Midwest. She is considered the \"Mother\" of St. Louis, and was influential in its founding and development. She helped lead it to becoming an important American town and the Gateway to the West.","title":"Marie-Thérèse Bourgeois Chouteau"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_people"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_people"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nps.gov-1"},{"link_name":"René Auguste Chouteau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Auguste_Chouteau"}],"text":"Born in New Orleans on January 13, 1733, she had a French father (Nicolas Bourgeois) and Spanish mother (Marie Joseph Tarare).[1] Shortly after she turned six years old, her father died, leaving her mother, her two siblings, and her. The following year, Marie-Therèse's mother remarried, to Nicholas Pierre Carco. Marie-Thérèse lived with her mother and stepfather until she married. They were unable to provide her with a dowry. It is thought that she returned to their household when her marriage fell apart four years later.At the age of 15, on September 20, 1748, Marie-Therèse married René Auguste Chouteau, Sr., an older tavern keeper and baker. Her family had arranged it, and believed it would be good, given their daughter's limited prospects. According to commonly accepted histories, René deserted her after she gave birth to René Auguste Chouteau, Jr., in 1749. Her husband returned to France. Neither the Catholic Church nor the state allowed divorce. Afterward, Marie-Therèse Chouteau referred to herself as a widow, as it gave her more legal and social rights. As a widow, she could own property and have custody over her children.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pierre Laclède","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Lacl%C3%A8de"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Jean Pierre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Pierre_Chouteau"},{"link_name":"St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Louisiana Governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_Governor"},{"link_name":"Luis de Unzaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_de_Unzaga"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nps.gov-1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Chouteau began a relationship with fur trader Pierre Laclède around 1755.[2] With him, she had four children: Jean Pierre in 1758, Marie Pelagie (1760), Marie Louise (1762), and Victoire Chouteau (1764). They were baptized in the cathedral in New Orleans, with Rene Chouteau recorded as the father for each child.A French merchant and official in New Orleans sponsored an expedition north on the Mississippi River to seek additional places for a trading post. He hired Laclède (who also took Auguste Chouteau, Junior, his stepson and Marie-Therese's legal son with Rene) to find a good site for another settlement. Laclede and Chouteau are largely credited with founding a post in 1764. It was called St. Louis in honor of France's patron saint.That year Marie-Therese traveled with her other four children to the new, developing colony. At first, she lived with most other settlers at the trading post. Laclède is said to have built her a stone house in 1767. During this time, she kept owned and marketed cattle, kept bees, and conducted business.[citation needed]A few years later, the elder René Chouteau returned to New Orleans and demanded that authorities make her join him. In 1774 Louisiana Governor Luis de Unzaga ordered her to return. She delayed and the order was generally ignored by officials. The elder Chouteau died in New Orleans in 1776.[1] Though now the legal widow could have married Laclède, she refrained from doing so. By this time, Laclède had fallen into a lot of debt. She did not want to be legally responsible for paying off his creditors, and he died in 1778.[citation needed]","title":"Relationship with Laclède"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Basilica of St. Louis, King of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_of_St._Louis,_King_of_France"},{"link_name":"Gateway Arch National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gateway_Arch_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Calvary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvary_Cemetery_(St._Louis)"},{"link_name":"Bellefontaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellefontaine_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Laclède died in 1778. Marie-Therèse continued to live in the stone house Laclède had built for her. She continued to be an influential figure in the St. Louis colony.In addition, she helped her sons with controlling the fur trade; these sons later became leaders in St. Louis government and business for the years to follow. Her daughters as well were successful in their own rights. Given her large fortune made from her businesses, Chouteau helped them marry well by giving them large dowries. Also suitors wanted to be affiliated with the influential Chouteau family.Madame Chouteau died on August 14, 1814. She was buried on the grounds of the Basilica of St. Louis, King of France. (This is now within the grounds of the Gateway Arch National Park). During the cholera epidemic of 1849, bodies were dug up from this area to reinter them at Calvary and Bellefontaine cemeteries. Chouteau's remains were not found or reinterred.[citation needed]","title":"Legacy and success in St. Louis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-252-06897-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-06897-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-374-52958-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-374-52958-2"},{"link_name":"common law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_law"},{"link_name":"civil law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_(area)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Cathedral (New Orleans)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Cathedral_(New_Orleans)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Wilson Primm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilson_Primm&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Contemporary 21st-century histories of St. Louis attribute a founding role in the city to Auguste Chouteau , including The First Chouteaus: RIVER BARONS OF EARLY ST. LOUIS (2000) by William E Foley and C David Rice ISBN 0-252-06897-1 and Before Lewis and Clark: The Story of the Chouteaus, the French Dynasty That Ruled America's Frontier (2004) by Shirley Christian ISBN 0-374-52958-2.Challenges have been made to elements of the matriarch's history, including by some descendants. Part of the challenges seemed to be efforts to show that Marie-Therese Chouteau did not have a relationship outside of marriage. Other challenges arose from conflicting documentation in formal records.Laclède and Marie Therese were said to have had a common law marriage. Laclède was thought to have assigned part of his property to her and their children to protect them financially. This was to enable her to maintain the appearance that she was in a proper civil law relationship with the elder Rene Chouteau.[citation needed]Records at the St. Louis Cathedral (New Orleans) indicate that all the Chouteau children were baptized there, with Rene Chouteau recorded as the father, even after he was documented elsewhere as having returned to France. According to a 1934 article, records in the colony did not affirm that Laclède left an inheritance to the Chouteaus. But the elder Rene Chouteau did leave an estate to his widow and children with his surname.[3]Nicolas de Finiels, a French officer serving the Spaniards, notes no founding role for Auguste Chouteau in his 1790s account of the settlement. (His account was not published in English until decades later.) He noted that there was already a hamlet at the site of St. Louis before the official founding of the city. [citation needed]The first St. Louis city directory was published in 1820. Its historical introduction made no mention of Auguste Chouteau's having had a role in founding the settlement. By this time Anglo Americans had taken over dominance of the city. In 1847, when the city had its first celebration of its past, Chouteau's name was not mentioned at all.[citation needed]The earliest St. Louis historian, Wilson Primm, dismissed the story of Auguste Chouteau. According to him, Auguste Chouteau's role in the founding is based only on his testimony in an 1820s land dispute, and on an unsigned manuscript \"Journal\" attributed to him in 1857, when his surviving son, Gabriel Chouteau, announced finding it.[citation needed]","title":"Challenges to the legend"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rezaul_Kabir_(EastEnders)
List of EastEnders characters (1986)
["1 John Fisher","2 Jan Hammond","3 Brad Williams","4 Charlie Cotton","5 James Willmott-Brown","6 Vicki Fowler","7 Carmel Jackson","8 Harry Reynolds","9 Tessa Parker","10 Pat Butcher","11 Eddie Hunter","12 Irene","13 Colin Russell","14 Tom Clements","15 Dr Singh","16 Barry Clark","17 Rezaul Kabir","18 Others","19 References"]
EastEnders characters introduced in 1986 EastEnders logo The following is a list of characters that first appeared in the BBC soap opera EastEnders in 1986, by order of first appearance. All characters were introduced by the show's co-creator Julia Smith. The first character to be introduced during the year is John Fisher (Dave Dale), a drag queen hired for The Queen Victoria pub. Jan Hammond (Jane How), the long-term mistress of Den Watts (Leslie Grantham), was introduced in January. March sees the first appearances of The Firm mobster Brad Williams (Jonathan Stratt), Dot Cotton's (June Brown) husband Charlie Cotton (Christopher Hancock) and new brewery area manager James Willmott-Brown (William Boyde). The newborn daughter of Michelle Fowler (Susan Tully), Vicki Fowler (Emma Herry), was introduced in May. Judith Jacob and Pam St. Clement made their debuts as health visitor Carmel Jackson and Pat Butcher, the former wife of Pete Beale (Peter Dean), in June. June also sees the beginning of a new storyline, The Banned, which introduces Harry Reynolds (Gareth Potter), Tessa Parker (Josephine Melville) and Eddie Hunter (Simon Henderson). Irene (Katherine Parr), the aunt of Lofty Holloway (Tom Watt), begins appearing from July. Michael Cashman and Donald Tandy joined the cast as middle-class yuppie Colin Russell and army war veteran Tom Clements respectively in August. New general practitioner Jaggat Singh (Amerjit Deu) and Barry Clark (Gary Hailes), a love interest for Colin, make their first appearances in November. Rezaul Kabir (Tanveer Ghani), the cousin of Naima Jeffery (Shreela Ghosh), is introduced in December. Additionally, multiple other characters appear throughout the year. John Fisher John FisherEastEnders characterPortrayed byDave DaleFirst appearanceEpisode 9828 January 1986 (1986-01-28)Last appearanceEpisode 10827 February 1986 (1986-02-27)ClassificationFormer; guestIn-universe informationOccupationDrag queen John Fisher, played by Dave Dale, is a drag queen who is hired by publican Angie Watts (Anita Dobson) in January 1986 to perform for the premier drag night at The Queen Victoria public house. Following the publicity over Angie's drink driving case, she and her husband, Den (Leslie Grantham), worry that the brewery who owns the pub might find cause to cancel their tenancy, and 'free entertainment' is seen as a way to bolster the evening trade. The first drag night is a success until Pete Beale (Peter Dean) starts heckling the performer. John mistakes Pete's intent, thinking he wants to join in with the act. John playfully takes Pete's pint on-stage and Pete leaps after it, causing a tussle to ensue. Seconds later, Den finds himself on the floor breaking up the pair. The surprise arrival of Den's mistress, Jan Hammond (Jane How), prompts Den to close the pub early, so the act is halted prematurely. Sharon Watts (Letitia Dean) is quite impressed with the drag artiste and thinks him to be a caring and sensitive person. When he mentions that his other job is delivering 'kiss-o-grams', she hatches a plan for starting her own business. John performs several more drag evenings in The Vic. His last appearance is on 27 February 1986. Jan Hammond Jan HammondEastEnders characterPortrayed byJane HowDuration1986–1987, 2002–2003First appearanceEpisode 10030 January 1986 (1986-01-30)Last appearanceEpisode 259426 September 2003 (2003-09-26)ClassificationFormer; regularIn-universe informationOccupationArt gallery workerPub landladyHusbandDario Chimisso (1987–) Jan Hammond, played by Jane How, appears in 1986 as the long-term mistress of Den Watts (Leslie Grantham). Jan is considered by the locals as a posh upper-class sort of woman and works at an art gallery. Den has an affair with her while he is still married to Angie Watts (Anita Dobson). She is always hated by Angie and Den's adopted daughter Sharon Watts (Letitia Dean) but she tries her best to get along with her. She moves into The Queen Victoria at one point on Den's insistence, but is not much of a landlady so moves out soon after. Den tries to leave Angie for Jan so he tells Angie he is leaving her. Angie grows desperate and to stop him from leaving her she tells him that she only has six months to live. Den believes her but discovers many months later that she is lying while they are on holiday in Venice. Den serves Angie divorce papers on Christmas Day 1986. Eventually, Jan grows tired of Den not having a proper relationship with her, so she ends their affair after he refuses to leave Walford with her. She leaves Walford in 1987 and goes on to marry a man called Dario Chimisso (Marino Mase) on a gondola in Venice. She makes a brief return in 2002 for Angie's funeral. She returns to give Sharon a portrait that Den had left with her many years earlier. She briefly returns again in 2003 in a lead-up to Den's return 14 years since he has been shot and presumed dead by an employee of the gangland organisation The Firm. Den's long lost son Dennis Rickman (Nigel Harman) tracks Jan down and she reveals that Den had survived the shooting and came to her for help. With her help, Den was able to flee to Spain to protect himself and his family. Brad Williams Brad WilliamsEastEnders characterPortrayed byJonathan StrattDuration1986–1989First appearanceEpisode 1094 March 1986 (1986-03-04)Last appearanceEpisode 42323 February 1989 (1989-02-23)ClassificationFormer; regularIn-universe informationOccupationGangster Brad Williams, played by Jonathan Stratt, is a mobster heavy for the East End gangster organisation known as The Firm. He is of low importance within the organisation and is generally used as an errand boy. He is first seen in March 1986 and over the next two years he appears occasionally to inform Den Watts (Leslie Grantham) of his bosses' orders. Den works in league with the Firm on a variety of dodgy dealings. Towards the end of 1987 Brad is instructed to scare graphic designer Colin Russell (Michael Cashman), who is a jury member in a trial for an associate of the Firm. Brad and Den put pressure on Colin to give a verdict of 'not guilty' at the trial, and when he refuses Brad steals his keys and vandalises his flat, causing all sorts of problems for Colin. During 1988 Brad is seen more frequently, turning up to aid the running of the Firm's business in Walford, Strokes winebar, which is being managed by Den and is really a front for an illegal gambling den. The petty criminal Darren Roberts (Gary McDonald) manages to get on the wrong side of Brad when he tries to play him off against the owner of The Dagmar, James Wilmott-Brown (William Boyde). The Firm's money lending business, 'Walford Investments', are in the process of securing the takeover of James' ailing winebar, albeit against his wishes. Darren, sensing an opportunity, promises to provide James protection against the Firm, whilst all the while attempting to get onto the Firm's payroll via Brad. Incensed by Darren's audacity, Brad takes him aside and gives him a severe beating, and Darren leaves Walford shortly after. In July 1988, Den discovers Kathy Beale (Gillian Taylforth) after she had been raped by James Wilmott-Brown, and instantly seeks revenge. He demands retribution from his contacts within the Firm, Brad and Joanne Francis (Pamela Salem), and is enraged when they refused to act. Den manages to persuade Brad to help him anyway by conning him into thinking that James' downfall will please his bosses and Den watches with glee as the Dagmar burns down in flames. However the resulting police investigation puts the Firm's business in serious jeopardy. They then decide that to put a halt to the investigation either Brad or Den have to take the blame for the arson attack. Neither Brad nor Den is willing to take the blame, and both are then involved in a personal war to persuade the other to take the rap. Brad immediately calls on the services of Rod Norman (Christopher McHallem), via threats, and forces him to give the police a tip off about Den. The police begin questioning Den and realising that he has gotten in way over his head, he decides that he will accept the blame for the arson, but instead of serving time in prison, he decides to flee the country to avoid arrest. The Firm agree to this and Den is taken into hiding. However the Firm subsequently set up a hit on Den, which fails when he escapes from hiding and turns himself into the police to avoid the Firm's heavies. As the Firm busy themselves with ways in which to silence Den from inside, Brad causes more grief by doing a bit of moonlighting; breaking into several people's houses on the Square with an accomplice who works as a cab driver for Ali Osman (Nejdet Salih). The burglaries result in a greater police presence in the area. The Firm are not impressed and Gregory Mantel (Pavel Douglas) – a superior member of the Firm – threatens Brad with serious repercussions should his deviance continue. Brad stops the burglaries, but his accomplice continues without him and is eventually caught by the police and is quick to implicate Brad. The investigating officer, D.I. Ashley, decides to use this piece of information to manipulate the dimwitted Brad. He threatens to put him in prison unless he acts as an informant. Brad is forced to relay information on The Firm. Strokes is closed down as a result and various members of the Firm are arrested. With the Firm under threat from the police, Gregory Mantel decides that Den has to be the informant and makes arrangements to have him eliminated. On the day of Den's trial, Mantel's heavies break Den out of custody and take him to the Firm's headquarters, where he is greeted by Brad. Brad imprisons him in a room to await the arrival of Mantel. However, Den is not about to go down without a fight and knowing how easily influenced Brad is, he makes one last attempt to secure his freedom. He plays upon Brad's fears, relaying that he had heard that Brad is to be the next victim on the Firm's hit-list. Brad is easily swayed and he decides to help Den escape. He lures the other gang member, Marco, into the cell where an awaiting Den jumps him and throws him to the floor, whilst Brad locks him up in Den's place. The two then escape from the headquarters, and Brad speeds off in his car, leaving Den to fend for himself. Brad immediately goes to the police and hands himself in. He promises to confess everything he knows regarding the arson, Den, and the Firm. Meanwhile, Mantel, who is furious with Brad's betrayal, tracks Den down, he is shot and presumed dead for over 14 years. However he returns to Walford in 2003, revealing that he had faked his own death to secure his survival. It is also revealed that a man named Brad has been charged for the arson attack of the Dagmar. Subsequently, Den is no longer wanted by the police. Charlie Cotton Main article: Charlie Cotton Charlie Cotton, played by Christopher Hancock, is a recurring character, introduced in March 1986 as the estranged husband of Dot Cotton (June Brown). He appears in stints until producers made the decision to kill the character off-screen in 1991, to aid development of characters connected to him. June Brown was openly against the killing of Charlie. Charlie appears one last time, in October 2000, as an apparition, warning his son Nick to change his ways. Charlie comes and goes throughout his duration in the show; he is first seen 13 months after the soap's launch in 1986. Depicted as bigamous and a conman, Charlie typically reappears in the show whenever he needs money or temporary accommodation and, because of Dot's Christian ideals regarding forgiveness, Charlie always is permitted to return. According to Christopher Hancock, Charlie is "a truly revolting character, a loser" and the character has been described as a "despicable small-time villain lazy and pathetic". Author Kate Lock has described Charlie as a "sly, shifty, weaselly man". To become the character of Charlie, Hancock wore stick-on sideburns. James Willmott-Brown Main article: James Willmott-Brown James Willmott-Brown, played by William Boyde, is an ex-army officer, arriving in Albert Square in March 1986 as the area manager for 'Luxford and Copley', the brewery that owns The Queen Victoria. By December, he decides to move to the square and buys Debbie Wilkins's (Shirley Cheriton) house at 43 Albert Square when she sells it following her fiancé, Andy's (Ross Davidson), death. He and Debbie later have a fling, but it doesn't progress into anything serious. Pat Wicks (Pam St. Clement) takes a shine to him and tries seducing him on several occasions, but is rebuffed each time. During the early years, he is friendly with Colin Russell (Michael Cashman). Vicki Fowler Main article: Vicki Fowler Vicki Fowler, played by Emma Herry from the character's birth in 1986 to 1988, Samantha Leigh Martin from 1988 to 1995, and Scarlett Johnson from 2003 to 2004, is the daughter of Michelle Fowler (Susan Tully). The character is born in the serial, and was conceived in a controversial storyline about teenage pregnancy. Exploiting a whodunnit angle, at the time of the first showing, viewers were not initially told who was the father, and press interest in the fledgling show escalated as journalists attempted to guess. The audience finally discovered his identity in October 1985 in episode 66. Written by series co-creator/script-editor Tony Holland and directed by co-creator/producer Julia Smith, it was considered a landmark episode in the show's history. 4 possible suspects are seen leaving the Square early in the episode: Tony Carpenter (Oscar James), Ali Osman (Nejdet Salih), Andy O'Brien (Ross Davidson), and Den Watts (Leslie Grantham). As Michelle waits by their rendezvous point, a car pulls up and the fluffy white legs of the soap landlord's poodle Roly leap out of a car and give it all away: Den Watts is the father Michelle's baby. After this storyline the programme started to appear in newspaper cartoons as it moved more and more into the public mainstream. The character of Vicki was written out in 1995, after the actress who played Vicki's mother decided to leave the soap. After an 8-year absence, she was reintroduced by Executive Producer Louise Berridge in 2003 as a rebellious teenager. Carmel Jackson Main article: Carmel Jackson Carmel Jackson (also Roberts), played by Judith Jacob, is a health visitor, introduced in a recurring, minor role in 1986. Producers saw potential in the character. Script writers were asked to develop more prominent storylines, and Carmel became a regular character. She is portrayed as a well-meaning, caring individual who is forever getting everyone's problems dumped on her. She is featured in storylines about domestic violence and various family and career upsets. Jacob remained in the role until 1989, when she opted to leave. Off-screen, the character has been the subject of criticism regarding the portrayal of her profession from the Health Visitors Association. In July 1984, before EastEnders went to air, the show's creators, Tony Holland and Julia Smith, attended an opening evening at the Anna Scher Theatre School in North London, to find actors for roles in their upcoming serial. According to Holland and Smith, Anna Scher's school was unlike many other drama schools, where students were "ironed out", all looking and sounding the same. At Anna Scher's school, students' natural personalities and accents were encouraged, "her students aren't taught how to act, they're helped to dig inside themselves and be." In Holland and Smith's own words, this was "just the sort of non-acting that was looking for". Harry Reynolds Main article: The Banned (EastEnders) § Harry Reynolds Harry Reynolds, played by Gareth Potter, is a college friend of Kelvin Carpenter (Paul J. Medford) who first appears along with Tessa Parker (Josephine Melville) in June 1986. Both Harry and Tessa have radical Marxist beliefs and it isn't long before they manage to recruit Kelvin to the same way of thinking. Tessa Parker Main article: The Banned (EastEnders) § Tessa Parker Tessa Parker, played by Josephine Melville, is a college friend of Kelvin Carpenter (Paul J. Medford) and Harry Reynolds (Gareth Potter) who first appears in June 1986. Both Harry and Tessa have radical Marxist beliefs and it isn't long before they manage to recruit Kelvin to the same way of thinking. Tessa soon discovers that she and Kelvin have more in common than their beliefs. She finds him attractive and they start dating. Pat Butcher Main article: Pat Butcher Pat Evans (also Wicks and Butcher) is played by Pam St. Clement from 1986 to 2016. Pat is also played by Emma Cooke in a soap 'bubble' Pat and Mo: Ashes to Ashes, delving into her past with sister-in-law Mo Harris, which first aired in 2004. Pat is the third-longest-running character in the soap, coming after Ian Beale (Adam Woodyatt), who has featured in the soap since it first aired, and Dot Branning (June Brown). The character of Pat was conceived by the creators of EastEnders, Tony Holland and Julia Smith, in 1984. Although not one of the serial's original protagonists, Pat is referred to in the character outline of Pete Beale, who appeared on-screen in EastEnders first episode, as written by Smith and Holland in their book, EastEnders: The Inside Story: " married very young to Pat – it turned out to be a total disaster. They were too young, rushing into a difficult life for all the wrong reasons, and truthfully, was a vicious shrew... divorced and married Kathy when he was 24...His two sons by his first marriage are nineteen and twenty and he hardly sees them..." On 7 July 2011, it was announced that St. Clement had quit EastEnders. The actress revealed that she wanted to try other things, saying "I have enjoyed 25 and a half wonderful years in EastEnders creating the character of Pat but feel it's time to hang up her earrings. Leaving the EastEnders 'family' will be akin to a bereavement. But I'm looking forward to the other work and life opportunities that I will have the time to pursue." Pat left later in the year and executive producer Bryan Kirkwood said her departure was a "fitting" storyline. Pat's son David Wicks (Michael French) returned for her departure. Eddie Hunter Main article: The Banned (EastEnders) § Eddie Hunter Eddie Hunter, played by Simon Henderson, is a flamboyantly dressed friend of Simon Wicks (Nick Berry) and he is first seen in Albert Square in June 1986. Eddie and Simon were part of a band, and before Simon came to Walford, he had borrowed money from loan sharks and was left owing them huge amounts of money that he couldn't pay back. Eddie was happy to leave Simon with the debt and disappeared to work as a redcoat in Clacton, so the band dissolved. However, when the debts are finally repaid, Simon decides to regroup and he contacts Eddie to rejoin the band. The reformed group, known as "The Banned", consist of Simon, Eddie, Kelvin Carpenter (Paul J. Medford), Sharon Watts (Letitia Dean), Ian Beale (Adam Woodyatt) and Harry Reynolds (Gareth Potter). Eddie is the lead guitarist. Irene IreneEastEnders characterPortrayed byKatherine ParrDuration1986–1987First appearanceEpisode 1443 July 1986 (1986-07-03)Last appearanceEpisode 24416 June 1987 (1987-06-16)ClassificationFormer; recurringIn-universe informationNephewsLofty Holloway Irene (credited as Aunty Irene), played by Katherine Parr, is the aunt of Lofty Holloway (Tom Watt) – his mother's sister. Lofty does not have a close relationship with his stern mother, but he dotes on his aunt Irene and she is the only relative he has contact with. untie Irene first appears in July 1986, when her nephew Lofty and his fiancée Michelle Fowler (Susan Tully) visit her in the nursing home where she lives. She has been told that she only had six months to live, as she has terminal cancer. She tells Michelle that she had been in love with a man in 1938, but he was killed in an accident and she had never married. She attends Lofty and Michelle's wedding in September 1986, only to see her beloved nephew jilted at the altar. Later in the year Lofty and Michelle sort out their differences and finally get married. Irene worries that Michelle is merely using Lofty, but Michelle promises she will not hurt him. Satisfied, Irene gives their union her blessing and also pays for their honeymoon as a wedding gift. Irene visits Lofty and Michelle in March 1987, giving Lofty instructions about her funeral. Irene worries that Lofty will not cope once she has gone and tries to make him accept that she will soon be dead. Lofty is distressed at the prospect of losing his aunt and cries into her lap. In June 1987 Lofty visits Irene at the hospital. She is in obvious pain and can no longer see. The following episode Lofty hears that his aunt has finally succumbed to the cancer that had been slowly killing her for years. He attends her funeral on 23 June 1987. Colin Russell Main article: Colin Russell (EastEnders) Colin Russell, played by Michael Cashman, is a middle-class yuppie described as an amiable chap with a kind heart who often ends up being used by the less considerate locals. He is Walford's first on-screen gay resident and when his sexuality is eventually revealed it causes shockwaves around the Square. Colin is EastEnders' first homosexual character. Introduced in August 1986, Colin was one of the more popular characters in the early years of the programme. At first the audience and the residents of Walford were kept in the dark about the fact that Colin was gay. This changed by the end of the year, at which time Colin acquired a young boyfriend named Barry Clark (Gary Hailes). Colin was one of the most controversial characters of his time – mainly because gay-orientated content was still relatively rare on prime-time television during the mid-1980s. Gay characters that existed were usually farcical, camp parodies, created purely for comic relief, such as Mr Humphries in the situation comedy, Are You Being Served?. Tom Clements Tom ClementsEastEnders characterPortrayed byDonald TandyDuration1986–1988First appearanceEpisode 15926 August 1986 (1986-08-26)Last appearanceEpisode 33521 April 1988 (1988-04-21)ClassificationFormer; regularIn-universe informationOccupationPotman Tom Clements, played by Donald Tandy between 1986 and 1988, is an army war veteran. Tom is first seen in Albert Square in August 1986. He lives with his spinster sister in the council house at Number 25 Albert Square and he initially works for the council as custodian of the community centre. Tom accepts an offer to work as potman at The Queen Victoria public house. He is paid in pints and occasional cash-in-hand. He has an allotment and competes with Arthur Fowler (Bill Treacher) in the growing of leeks and marrows. Tom's leeks are damaged by Roly the dog, which Tom initially accuses Arthur of doing. Tom then takes Arthur's leeks and enters them into the Walford & District Allotment Society Show and wins first prize. After his sister dies, Tom seeks the female company of Dot Cotton (June Brown) and Pat Wicks (Pam St. Clement), but Dot remains faithful to her marriage vows and Pat thinks Tom is too old for her boisterous lifestyle. Later, Tom swaps lodgings with Dot and moves next door to the flat at Number 23A Albert Square. After feeling unwell, Tom stumbles into the pub toilets and dies of a heart attack on 21 April 1988. As he has no close relatives or friends surviving, Dot takes it upon herself to arrange his funeral and dispose of his personal belongings. She is named executor of his will, and is further shocked to find that Tom carried a small picture of her in his pocket. Dot asks Ian Beale (Adam Woodyatt) to cater for the wake. She is furious when she is the only one who attends Tom's funeral. Dr Singh Dr SinghEastEnders characterPortrayed byAmerjit DeuDuration1986–1987First appearanceEpisode 1806 November 1986 (1986-11-06)Last appearanceEpisode 30331 December 1987 (1987-12-31)ClassificationFormer; regularIn-universe informationOccupationGeneral practitioner Dr Jaggat Singh, played by Amerjit Deu, first arrives in Albert Square in November 1986. He is employed by Dr Harold Legg (Leonard Fenton) as a locum to cover the surgery for him several days a week. Naima Jeffery (Shreela Ghosh) shows a romantic interest in Jaggat and they go on several dates. Naima's cousin Rezaul Kabir (Tanveer Ghani) is furious as Jaggat is a Sikh and Naima is Muslim, and he tries to provoke Jaggat into a fight in The Queen Victoria one night. However, Jaggat just laughs off Rezaul's aggression and they eventually become friends. In the end nothing serious ever develops between Jaggat and Naima anyway, as Naima ends the relationship to marry Farrukh – a suitor from Bangladesh. Having Lou Beale (Anna Wing), Ethel Skinner (Gretchen Franklin) and Dot Cotton (June Brown) as patients sharpens his interest in the elderly and Jaggat leaves the Square in December 1987 for full-time work with old people in a Northern home. Shortly before leaving, he persuades Ethel to move into sheltered housing at Prosper Estate. Barry Clark Main article: Barry Clark (EastEnders) Barry Clark, played by Gary Hailes, is a cockney barrow-boy, and an unlikely partner for the gay, middle-class yuppie, Colin Russell (Michael Cashman). He is much younger than his middle-aged boyfriend and as such Colin's role is almost paternal. Barry is open about his sexuality to everyone except his volatile father – and when he is finally told he takes the news so badly that Barry turns straight just to appease him – although he is never very successful at it. Barry is one half of Walford's first homosexual couple. His boyfriend, Colin, had already been introduced to the show several months prior to Barry's arrival and he had proven to be an extremely popular addition to the cast. Both the audience and the residents of Walford had been kept in the dark about the fact that Colin was gay. This changed upon Barry's first scene on-screen, whereby the audience learnt that he had spent the night with Colin after picking him up the night before (off-screen) at a gay club. Colin and Barry were two of the most controversial characters of their time – mainly because gay-orientated content was still relatively rare on prime time television during the mid-1980s. Gay characters that existed were usually farcical camp parodies, created purely for comic relief, such as Mr. Humphries in the situation comedy, Are You Being Served?. Rezaul Kabir Rezaul KabirEastEnders characterPortrayed byTanveer GhaniDuration1986–1988First appearanceEpisode 19011 December 1986 (1986-12-11)Last appearanceEpisode 3057 January 1988 (1988-01-07)ClassificationFormer; regularIn-universe informationOccupationShopkeeperFirst cousinsNaima Jeffery Rezaul Kabir, played by Tanveer Ghani, arrives in Albert Square in December 1986. He is Naima Jeffery's (Shreela Ghosh) cousin and had been sent by Naima's family to help her run her grocery store, First Til Last. Naima is extremely angry about Rezaul's arrival, but her family are adamant that he has to stay, so she begrudgingly puts up with his presence. Rezaul is rather bossy, pretentious, chauvinistic and arrogant, and instantly tries to take over the running of the shop. On his first night, Rezaul puts forth a scheme to increase the shop's profits and asks for a month's trial. Naima agrees to the trial. Rezaul then proceeds to mark up the shop's items to unreasonably high prices as well as steal money from the till. Naima is furious and to make matters worse it soon becomes clear that Rezaul has amorous intentions towards her. Naima isn't remotely interested in Rezaul so she sets about finding herself a new boyfriend to put him off. She starts dating the Square's new doctor, Jaggat Singh (Amerjit Deu). Rezaul, a Muslim, becomes very envious when he sees them together and tells Naima that she is making a fool of herself, smiling and fawning over a Sikh. This culminates in Rezaul trying to pick a fight with Dr. Singh in The Queen Victoria one night, almost getting himself barred in the process. In April 1987, Naima and Rezaul get into a shouting match when he tells her that her family have decided she has to marry him. He is furious when she flatly refuses, but later admits that he is actually relieved and tells her he doesn't want to marry her either. Naima's defiance displeases her family and they subsequently break off all ties with her. Rezaul, it seems, is rather impressed with Naima and tells her that she is no ordinary Bengali girl as he'd first thought. Things between Naima and Rezaul improve after this, and when Naima's family eventually send over another of her cousins for her to marry, he goes out of his way to help their blossoming romance. After Naima leaves England to live in Bangladesh, Rezaul runs The First Til Last in her place for a while. Whilst managing the shop, he catches Charlie Cotton (Christopher Hancock) shoplifting and makes a citizen's arrest. Charlie then has to appear at the Magistrates' Court and is given a £50 fine. When Naima's family sell the shop to Ashraf Karim (Aftab Sachak) at the end of the year, Rezaul leaves Walford to resume his studies. His last appearance is in January 1988. Others Character Date(s) Actor Circumstances Mrs Woods 16 January–22 May (4 episodes) Jennie Lee A social worker assigned to pregnant Michelle Fowler. Beresford 21–30 January Winston Crooke Members of the gang known as The Firm, targeting people for protection money, mostly Naima Jeffrey, Ali and Sue Osman and Tony Carpenter. Tony is able to fight off Beresford but several weeks later is menaced in the market. Vic (aka "The Crusher") Peter Corey Neville Agard 28 January Gordon Case A corporate lawyer who is in a relationship with Hannah Carpenter. Hannah and her daughter, Cassie Carpenter, live with Neville, but Cassie tells her father, Tony Carpenter, that Neville spanked her, but when Tony finds out she was looking for Christmas presents, he opines that Neville was right to spank her. Cassie later has a broken arm and tells Tony she fell but admits to Kelvin that Neville pushed her; when Tony threatens violence against Neville, Cassie goes back to saying it was an accident. Neville's only appearance is when Tony meets him and he insists that Cassie was injured in a fall and Cassie admits that she slipped while trying to get away from being smacked. Hannah still plans to marry Neville, but arrives in Walford in tears one day with Cassie and tells Tony that Neville was about to hit Cassie with a riding crop. Cassie reveals that he has hit her with the crop before and that her broken arm was not an accident. Tony confronts Neville off-screen and returns home with Hannah and Cassie's belongings and a cut lip but refuses to say what happened. "Uncle" 13 February 1986–28 July 1988(6 episodes) Leonard Maguire A Jewish pawnbroker and friend of Albert and Lou Beale from the Second World War years, whose real name is never mentioned. He is a semi-regular character and his first appearance on screen is in February 1986, when he visits Lou after 20 years to return Albert's watch, which Lou had recently given to her grandson, Simon Wicks. Simon had pawned it to pay loan sharks after he borrowed £1,500 for his failed band and after he could pay no more, he came to Walford to hide from them. However, they followed him and he was subsequently forced to pay twice that amount. While Lou's son-in-law Arthur Fowler is in prison, Uncle loans his wife Pauline money and he later helps Lou with her will. Uncle appears again on Christmas Day 1987 and reminisies with Lou, Ethel Skinner, Dot Cotton and Doctor Legg about Christmases during the Second World War. He also brings a Christmas present for Lou. Uncle makes his penultimate appearance just prior to Lou's death, when she leaves him a pair of old spectacles. His last appearance is in July 1988 when he attends Lou's funeral. "Uncle" is an East End nickname for a pawnbroker. Wilf 4 March 1986 – 16 July 1987 (4 episodes) Uncredited A member of The Firm and a colleague of Brad Williams. They take money from the café and shop and threaten Tony Carpenter and his children. Later, Wilf arrives at the Queen Vic with Brad disguised as gas men under the pretence of dealing with Den Watts's cooker. Actually they are there to get Trevor Smith out of the Vic and away to safety. Trevor changes clothes with Wilf, so Trevor leaves as one of the Gas Men, while Wilf remains upstairs for several hours to make it look right. Wilf returns in July 1987 with Brad as they have a task for Den, which involves Den having to travel immediately to Morocco to pick up some "gear" on behalf of the Firm, which Den then has to bring back to the UK. Den is promised that payment by the Firm will be enough to clear Den's large debts with the brewery and the bank. Mr Pavasars 11–13 March (2 episodes) Sydney Arnold A lonely Latvian man who purchases Willy from a pet shop after he goes missing. One evening DS Quick spots Mr Pavasars walking Willy and takes Ethel Skinner, (Willy's real owner), to Mr Pavasars the following day to try and get Willy back. Mr Pavasars says the dog is called Rasputin and Lou Beale, who has also come along with DS Quick and Ethel offers Mr Pavasars money for Willy, after which, Ethel brings Willy home. Jill 13 March Beth Ellis A marriage guidance counsellor who Angie Watts has been visiting. Angie's husband, Den Watts, visits her to let her know that Angie cannot make her scheduled appointment. Whilst there, Den opens up to her about his relationship with Angie and his mistress, Jan Hammond. Paula 25 March Uncredited A customer in the café. Mrs Andrews 10 April Uncredited A customer at the fruit and veg stall on the market. Nigel Dean 17 April Anthony Jackson A carpet salesman who visits Pauline Fowler and her mother Lou Beale with carpet samples and they decide on a carpet to buy. Later, Nigel is in The Queen Victoria pub and engages Lofty Holloway in gambling in a card game. Lofty wins £1, so Ali Osman, who says he knows it is a con but knows how the con works, gambles with Nigel. Initially Ali keeps winning, but then starts losing. Ali then raises the stakes to £5, but Ali accuses Nigel of cheating and using a hidden card. Pete Beale finds the hidden card, and Sharon Watts breaks up their fight herself and throws Nigel out of the Vic. Nigel attempts to take the pot of money accumulated by the gambling, but Ali does not let him. George 1 May Uncredited A man delivering beer barrels to Den Watts along with his unnamed colleague (played by Martyn Whitby), who offers Den an extra barrel for cash at half price. Den agrees, so he asks George to put the extra barrel in the basement of The Queen Victoria pub. Mr Gill 6–8 May (2 episodes) Raymond Brody Mr Gill, although he is never named on screen, first appears in Naima Jeffrey's shop. He at first appears to be very friendly and compliments her on her shop's recent conversion. The atmosphere suddenly changes when Mr Gill tells Naima she has already had a visit from two of his representatives Beresford and Victor. It becomes clear very quickly that Mr Gill is there to obtain more protection money from Naima, although Mr Gill is more subtle about it. Mr Gill tells Naima that it would be terrible if there was fire in the shop, especially soon soon after the conversion. Naima is terrified when Mr Gill tells her that her business would suffer if Naima were to be permanently disabled. Naima eventually hands Mr Gill a wad of notes and he leaves. Later Naima speaks to Pete Beale and Kathy Beale on their stall while observing Mr Gill from distance and asks them if they recognise him. Pete says he does not know Mr Gill, but Kathy says she does know Mr Gill and so does Pete if he'll stop to think about it. Kathy tells Naima that Mr Gill is part of The Firm, that threatened Naima previously. Kathy says that Mr Gill is a lot closer to the top of the pile. Mr Gill next appears in the Vic and asks for Dennis Watts, who is not in. Mr Gill has a scotch, which is on the house at the behest of Angie Watts, as both she and Mr Gill know who each other are. Mr Gill doesn't leave a message for Den and tells Angie that he will be in touch. Mr Gill next appears in the Cafe and speaks to Sue Osman. He tells Sue that "Jasper Scannell sent me Mrs Osman. To have you fill an envelope". Sue challenges Mr Gill saying that she thought that that game was over. Mr Gill replies that it is over and that this is a new game called Double Your Money. Mr Gill next arrives in the Vic and encounters Angie. Mr Gill has a message for Den from Den's 'cousin', but Den is in the bath. Mr Gill refuses to leave Angie a message for Den and sits down at the bar saying he will wait for Den. After this Mr Gill is not seen again. Mr Makepeace 8 May John Grillo Dot Cotton's bank manager, who she meets to talk about cheques of hers that have been cashed by someone else. He explains that cheques can be stolen by removing them from a chequebook at irregular intervals so they go unnoticed and that the cheques were cashed because the person presenting the cheques chose young and inexperienced cashiers who do not know who 'D Cotton' is, but says a fifth cheque was presented to a cashier who knows Dot. He describes the person who presented the cheque, and it matches the description of her son, Nick Cotton. Trevor Smith 8–15 May (3 episodes) George Irving Wanted by the police for the armed robbery of a bank in Walford, Trevor has the protection of the East End criminal organisation known as The Firm. They contact publican, Den Watts, and instruct him to hide Trevor in his pub for several days, to escape the police. Den is against this, but he has little choice in the matter. When Trevor arrives he tries to take over and intimidates Den's wife, Angie Watts, and daughter, Sharon Watts, and also unnerves Den. Den tries to stand up to him but it has no effect as Den and Trevor do not get on. After Trevor leaves, a bet on the horses that Trevor had Den put down on his behalf wins and Den keeps the winnings of over £1200 for himself. It is later reported in the local newspaper that Trevor has been arrested in Basingstoke. DS Quick is suspicious since the police thought that Trevor was hiding in Walford and the arrest occurred due to a tip off the police received from someone in Walford. Later Den talks privately to Michelle Fowler and implies that he provided the tip off about Trevor. Lizzie Burton 29 May Sharon D. Clarke A woman on the maternity ward along with Michelle Fowler who is having her fourth child. Michelle asks Lizzie if she had ever contemplated life with her children but without her husband. Lizzie says she had thought about it, but it scared her too much to dwell upon it. Elaine 5 June Michele Winstanley A single mother on Michelle Fowler's maternity ward. She gave both her children up for adoption, and tells Michelle she is arrogant for thinking she can bring up a baby on her own. Mr Adcock 17 June Sebastian Abineri An officer from the DHSS who comes to assess Debbie Wilkins to see if she is eligible for Social Security. Debbie prepares for his visit by labelling everything in the house separately between her and her former partner, Andy O'Brien, to prove they are not cohabiting as partners, as Debbie is claiming unemployment benefit. Mr Adcock first encounters Debbie in Naima Jeffrey's shop where she works, but neither he nor Debbie know who each other are. When he arrives at her home, he says he thinks he recognises her, but cannot remember from where. Debbie says Andy still lives in her home. Andy arrives and has a bag of laundry, and Mr Adcock sees a shop uniform in the bag. Mr Adcock then remembers Naima wearing the uniform and wonders if Debbie was wearing one as well. Debbie and Andy simultaneously give different explanations. Mr Adcock then continues the interview. Dave 24 June Christopher Karallis A guitarist who auditions for the band that Simon Wicks, Kelvin Carpenter, Sharon Watts, Ian Beale and Harry Reynolds are forming. Dave plays the guitar badly and Harry rejects him. Johnny Earthquake 24 June G.B. (Zoot) Money A man who auditions for the band that Simon Wicks, Kelvin Carpenter, Sharon Watts, Ian Beale and Harry Reynolds are forming. Johnny says he was once in a band called "Johnny Earthquake and the Tremors". His age puts Sharon off but they agree to give him a fair chance. He brings his own alcohol and performs "Be-Bop-A-Lula". The members of the band are unimpressed with Johnny's audition, his drinking and his sexist attitude, so he is asked to leave. DC Dunningham 10 July Uncredited A detective constable who accompanies WPC Alison Howard when she visits Sue Osman to ask where her husband, Ali Osman, is, as he may know something about Dr Legg's stolen car. Owen Hughes 22–31 July (4 episodes) Philip Brook Mark Fowler's Welsh friend who comes to Albert Square with Mark after they worked together on a farm in Wales. He is first seen sleeping rough in the Fowlers' doorway with Mark, waiting for the family to wake up and let them in. Mark's father, Arthur Fowler, is fascinated by Owen's strange conversations about marrows, and he also talks constantly about the band Pink Floyd. Mark and Owen stay with Lofty Holloway in his flat, but he complains about Owen's body odour. Owen and Mark are soon hounded out of Albert Square by Tony Carpenter, after he discovers his 11-year-old daughter Cassie Carpenter smoking cannabis, which she stole from Owen. They leave in a hurry on Owen's motorbike and Owen is never seen again. Sam 14 August Uncredited A boy who runs out into the street after his ball, while his mother (played by Carol Harrison) attends to his brother, Joey. Sam runs out into the path of an oncoming truck and is saved by Andy O'Brien. Andy is knocked over by the truck and is killed. Mr Barry 14–21 August (2 episodes) Uncredited The truck driver who causes Andy O'Brien's death. He arrives to apologise to Andy's fiancée, Debbie Wilkins, to say how bad he feels about it but this only makes Debbie angry and she orders him to leave. The character's face is not seen in his second appearance. Staff Nurse Sandra Marsh 19 August Érin Geraghty A nurse who works at the same hospital as Andy O'Brien. After Andy dies, she appears at the home of Andy's fiancée, Debbie Wilkins, telling her that Andy was an organ donor and he has saved somebody's life. She also explains that she identified Andy's body and contacted his parents in Glasgow to inform them of his death. She is credited as Staff Nurse Marsh. Ronnie 26 August Uncredited A woman who leads Pauline Fowler's creative expression classes. Sam Sangers 4 September Alan Ford A conman who tries to con Debbie Wilkins out of her deceased boyfriend, Andy O'Brien's possessions, until Pauline Fowler gets involved and sends him away. Monty Kreitman 16 September Charles Rea A solicitor who is blackmailed by Dr Legg to handle Dot Cotton's shoplifting case. Wally Ashton 18 September Unknown Wally Ashton is a local councillor who appears on the judging panel at The Queen Victoria for a 'Glamorous Granny' competition. Sicily Barnes and Sonia Marples are competitors. Wally and his fellow judges, Dr Legg and James Willmott-Brown, declare Pauline Fowler the winner, Sicily second and Sonia third place. Sicily gets a trophy for coming second, and the compère, Den Watts, comments on Sicily's gold-coloured jacket. Sonia wins a bottle of wine. Sonia Marples Sicily Barnes The Reverend Hodges 25 September – 2 October (3 episodes) Vincent Pickering The vicar who is due to conduct Michelle Fowler and Lofty Holloway's wedding ceremony, but Michelle jilts Lofty. The Reverend Hodges visits Michelle in the aftermath and offers support but Michelle tells him that she is handling everything and asks him to leave. He also visits Lofty to offer support and Lofty questions God's role with regard to how events at the wedding unfolded. Mr Grant 9–28 October (2 episodes) Graeme Eton A psychiatrist who Angie Watts goes to see having been referred by Dr Legg following results of tests that show liver damage due to excessive alcohol consumption. Angie discusses her drinking problem and her reasons for drinking. Angie visits Mr Grant a second time and tells him that she has stopped drinking and that she has now got everything she ever wanted out of her marriage. Angie then gets very upset and reveals to Mr Grant that all this happening because she has lied to her husband, Den Watts, and has told him that she is dying. Justine 30 October Alisa Bosschaert Justine is a prostitute who turns up at the café looking for Ali Osman. She was ordered to arrive at the Café as she was told that she and Ali would have a date. When questioned by Ali and Sue Osman, Justine says she gets all sorts of calls and demands and describes herself as "very much a social service". It finally dawns on Justine that the call that she received was a hoax. Sue and Ali know that Mary Smith was behind the hoax call, which is part of her revenge scheme against Ali and particularly Mehmet Osman. Justine then goes to The Queen Victoria, where she meets a lorry driver and his co-worker, Bri, and three Chinese men, all of whom were sent to the café as pranks, and she joins them for a drink. Alisa Bosschaert is uncredited in this episode. Adele 6 November Lisa Lancashire Adele and Gina are girls that Kelvin Carpenter knows and he tells Ian Beale about them and invites them to his home. Adele quickly rebuffs Kelvin's advances and rejects his offer of alcohol, saying she knows about his amorous reputation. Kelvin's father, Tony Carpenter arrives home and Kelvin introduces Adele to him. Tony then finds Ian and Gina kissing in the kitchen. Gina Charlotte Edwards DS West 11 November 1986 – 5 January 1989 Leonard Gregory A police officer who investigates the report of a burglary at 45 Albert Square and interviews the Fowler family. The following day, he and his colleague PC Gifford take Arthur Fowler to the police station where they question him for five hours until Arthur admits to staging the burglary to cover his crime of stealing his Christmas Club's money to pay for his daughter Michelle Fowler's wedding. West then formally arrests Arthur, who is shocked by this as he never expected to be arrested. West is present at Arthur's trial in May 1987, where it is questioned by Arthur's solicitor about how Arthur cooperated when he was arrested. Arthur sentenced to 28 days' imprisonment for the theft. The following week, West apologises to Arthur's wife, Pauline Fowler, at Debbie Wilkins and Terry Rich's engagement party. West investigates money laundering at the Queen Vic and questions Frank Butcher (Mike Reid) and Pat Wicks (Pam St. Clement) about the thousands of pounds going through the pub's till. West then speaks to previous landlord Den Watts (Leslie Grantham) about the matter. Following the arson on the Dagmar, West continually visits Den Watts on remand at Dickens Hill in order to press him for further information, to which Den is resistant to volunteer. Mrs McCabe 11 November Yvonne Gilan A woman works for The Samaritans and interviews Kathy Beale, who wants to volunteer for the charity. During the interview, Kathy answers her questions by opening up about her being raped at the age of 14, telling her what would make her a good listener and why she wants to volunteer. PC Gifford 13 November – 16 December Albert Welling A police officer who is present while Arthur Fowler waits at the police station to talk to DS West about a burglary at his home. Arthur makes small talk with a largely silent Gifford who notices Arthur becoming increasingly stressed during the interview. Several weeks later, Gifford arrives at The Queen Vic and warns Den Watts about people pedalling dodgy merchandise on the market at the precise moment when Mandy, a contact of Den's, is about to bring boxes of cassette tapes into the pub to be sold. Den and Simon Wicks fabricate a story that the side door is stuck when Mandy knocks the door and Den asks Gifford to help him open it and they exit through the front door, buying enough time for Simon to let Mandy into the pub. Den tells Gifford the door has a habit of sticking and unsticking. Gifford leaves but before he does he tells Den to tell Mandy he will catch up with her later and that she ought to get herself a new van. Dario Chimisso 18–20 November(2 episodes) Marino Mase An Italian lawyer who takes Jan Hammond to Venice, Italy, to attend the wedding of Dario's sister. Dario and Jan were once lovers but she ended their relationship when his parents wanted them to marry, though Dario hopes to rekindle their romance. In Venice, Jan accidentally bumps into Den Watts, from whom she has recently split; he is there on a second honeymoon with his wife Angie Watts. Den is jealous of Jan's friendship with Dario, even though she claims it is platonic on her part. However, in August 1987, Jan sends Den a letter informing him that she and Dario had got married on a gondola in Venice. This news upsets Den, although it amuses his ex-wife, Angie. Gavin 25 November Nick Orchard A steward on the Orient Express, who serves Den Watts and Angie Watts when they board the train in Venice and during their entire journey, during their second honeymoon. Mandy 16 December Uncredited A contact of Den Watts's who brings cassette tapes to The Queen Victoria for him to sell. Eamon 30 December Aaron Harris A customer in The Queen Victoria who Pat Wicks points out to Mary Smith, saying that he is quite shy and telling her that if she sits with him, Eamon will probably buy her a drink and maybe her dinner. Mary sits with him and he offers her a drink. Later, when Mary suggests that Eamon come back to her flat he is reluctant. He tells her that he would like to see her again and gives her some money and tells her to buy herself something nice. Mary confirms to Pat that Eamon paid for her dinner. References ^ a b c "Christopher Hancock". The Independent. 19 November 2004. Retrieved 23 May 2009. ^ Lock, Kate (2000). EastEnders Who's Who. BBC Books. ISBN 0-563-55178-X. ^ a b c d Brake, Colin (1995). EastEnders: The First 10 Years: A Celebration. BBC Books. ISBN 0-563-37057-2. ^ a b c Smith, Julia; Holland, Tony (1987). EastEnders – The Inside Story. Book Club Associates. ISBN 0-563-20601-2. ^ a b c "Pat set to hang up earrings". Sky News. 7 July 2011. Archived from the original on 11 July 2011. Retrieved 7 July 2011. ^ Daniels, Colin (6 November 2011). "'EastEnders' Pat Evans exit plot details emerge". Digital Spy. Retrieved 6 November 2011. ^ "THU 03-JUL-87", walford.net. Retrieved 27 April 2007. ^ "TUE 31-MAR-87", walford.net. Retrieved 27 April 2007. ^ a b "Gay TV Characters", RainbowNetwork.com. Retrieved 30 December 2006. ^ a b Kingsley, Hilary (1990). The EastEnders Handbook. BBC books. ISBN 0-685-52957-6. ^ Munroe, Josephine (1994). The EastEnders Programme Guide. Virgin Books. ISBN 0-86369-825-5. ^ "Pawnbrokers". BBC. 13 November 2014. Retrieved 16 November 2018. ^ "Sam Sangers", walford.net. Retrieved 22 April 2007. vteEastEnders charactersPresent characters Kathy Beale Sharon Watts Ian Beale Martin Fowler Cindy Beale Phil Mitchell Sonia Fowler Peter Beale Billy Mitchell Kat Slater Mo Harris Patrick Trueman Alfie Moon Bobby Beale Yolande Trueman Stacey Slater Freddie Slater Jean Slater Honey Mitchell Dean Wicks Chelsea Fox Denise Fox Lauren Branning Janet Mitchell Jay Brown Jack Branning Kim Fox Lily Slater Linda Carter Johnny Carter Callum Highway Suki Panesar Zack Hudson Harvey Monroe Ravi Gulati Nish Panesar Former characters AJ Ahmed Iqra Ahmed Masood Ahmed Della Alexander Johnny Allen Ruby Allen Chantelle Atkins Gray Atkins Aunt Sal Tom Banks Geoff Barnes Clare Bates Debbie Bates Laurie Bates Nigel Bates Jane Beale Laura Beale Lou Beale Lucy Beale Pete Beale Steven Beale Polly Becker Adam Best Manda Best Abi Branning Alice Branning April Branning Bradley Branning Derek Branning Jim Branning Joey Branning Max Branning Suzy Branning Tanya Branning Aidan Brosnan Diane Butcher Frank Butcher Janine Butcher Liam Butcher Mo Butcher Pat Butcher Ricky Butcher Tiffany Butcher Kelvin Carpenter Tony Carpenter Mick Carter Nancy Carter Shirley Carter Stan Carter Tina Carter Zsa Zsa Carter Lorna Cartwright Barry Clark Christian Clarke Paul Coker Richard Cole Julie Cooper Ashley Cotton Charlie Cotton (1986) Charlie Cotton (2014) Dot Cotton Dotty Cotton Nick Cotton Tom "Rocky" Cotton Stella Crawford Cora Cross Rainie Cross Whitney Dean Beppe di Marco Bruno and Luisa di Marco Gianni di Marco Rosa di Marco Ray Dixon Jase Dyer Huw Edwards Steve Elliot Nellie Ellis Barry Evans Natalie Evans Roy Evans Fatboy Ferreira family Conor Flaherty Mary Flaherty Fred Fonseca Arthur Fowler Bex Fowler Lisa Fowler Mark Fowler Michelle Fowler Pauline Fowler Ruth Fowler Vicki Fowler Libby Fox Joanne Francis Jodie Gold Vanessa Gold Marge Green Nina Harris Dexter Hartman Julie Haye Alex Healy Christine Hewitt Ted Hills Tony Hills Garry Hobbs Lynne Hobbs Lofty Holloway Vincent Hubbard Andy Hunter Alan Jackson Bianca Jackson Billie Jackson Blossom Jackson Carmel Jackson Carol Jackson Robbie Jackson Naima Jeffery Saeed Jeffery Al Jenkins Greg Jessop Lucas Johnson Danielle Jones Naomi Julien Gita Kapoor Sanjay Kapoor Karim family Kush Kazemi Yusef Khan Tony King Harold Legg Donna Ludlow Joe Macer Ryan Malloy Jill Marsden Afia Masood Amira Masood Shabnam Masood Syed Masood Tamwar Masood Zainab Masood Lilly Mattock Josie McFarlane Poppy Meadow Darren Miller Demi Miller Keith Miller Mickey Miller Rosie Miller Rob Minter Archie Mitchell Ben Mitchell Danny Mitchell Glenda Mitchell Grant Mitchell Jamie Mitchell Kate Mitchell Little Mo Mitchell Louise Mitchell Peggy Mitchell Ronnie Mitchell Roxy Mitchell Sam Mitchell Tiffany Mitchell Vinnie Monks Dana Monroe Anthony Moon Danny Moon Eddie Moon Jake Moon Michael Moon Nana Moon Spencer Moon Tyler Moon Trevor Morgan Rod Norman Andy O'Brien Mercy Olubunmi Ali Osman Mehmet Osman Sue Osman Mel Owen Steve Owen Annie Palmer George Palmer Lola Pearce Minty Peterson Frankie Pierre Paul Priestly Irene Raymond Louise Raymond Simon Raymond Terry Raymond Dennis Rickman Binnie Roberts Roly Willy Roper Matthew Rose Colin Russell Mandy Salter Trevor Short Lydia Simmonds Ethel Skinner Charlie Slater Sean Slater Zoe Slater Leon Small Babe Smith Gus Smith Mary Smith Dan Sullivan Gavin Sullivan Dawn Swann Celestine and Etta Tavernier Clyde Tavernier Hattie Tavernier Jules Tavernier Karen Taylor Keanu Taylor Kelly Taylor Heather Trott Anthony Trueman Paul Trueman Owen Turner Angie Watts Chrissie Watts Den Watts Wellard Carl White Carly Wicks David Wicks Joe Wicks Kevin Wicks Lorraine Wicks Simon Wicks Debbie Wilkins Cindy Williams James Willmott-Brown Willy May Wright Lists of characters By year: 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Others: Flaherty family Dickens Hill inmates The Banned band members Characters from spin-offs
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EastEnders.svg"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"EastEnders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EastEnders"},{"link_name":"Julia Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Smith_(producer)"},{"link_name":"John Fisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#John_Fisher"},{"link_name":"drag queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag_queen"},{"link_name":"The Queen Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Queen_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Jan Hammond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Jan_Hammond"},{"link_name":"Jane How","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_How"},{"link_name":"Den Watts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_Watts"},{"link_name":"Leslie Grantham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Grantham"},{"link_name":"Brad Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Brad_Williams"},{"link_name":"Dot Cotton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dot_Cotton"},{"link_name":"June Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_Brown"},{"link_name":"Charlie Cotton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Cotton"},{"link_name":"Christopher Hancock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Hancock"},{"link_name":"James Willmott-Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#James_Willmott-Brown"},{"link_name":"William Boyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Boyde"},{"link_name":"Michelle Fowler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Fowler"},{"link_name":"Susan Tully","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Tully"},{"link_name":"Vicki Fowler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Vicki_Fowler"},{"link_name":"Judith Jacob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judith_Jacob"},{"link_name":"Pam St. Clement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pam_St._Clement"},{"link_name":"health visitor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_visitor"},{"link_name":"Carmel Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Carmel_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Pat Butcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Butcher"},{"link_name":"Pete Beale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Beale"},{"link_name":"Peter Dean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Dean_(actor)"},{"link_name":"The Banned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Banned_(EastEnders)"},{"link_name":"Harry Reynolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Harry_Reynolds"},{"link_name":"Tessa Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Tessa_Parker"},{"link_name":"Eddie Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Eddie_Hunter"},{"link_name":"Irene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Irene"},{"link_name":"Katherine Parr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katherine_Parr_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Lofty Holloway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lofty_Holloway"},{"link_name":"Tom Watt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Watt_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Michael Cashman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Cashman"},{"link_name":"Donald Tandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Tandy"},{"link_name":"yuppie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuppie"},{"link_name":"Colin Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Colin_Russell"},{"link_name":"Tom Clements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Tom_Clements"},{"link_name":"general practitioner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_practitioner"},{"link_name":"Jaggat Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Jaggat_Singh"},{"link_name":"Barry Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Barry_Clark"},{"link_name":"Gary Hailes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Hailes"},{"link_name":"Rezaul Kabir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Rezaul_Kabir"},{"link_name":"Tanveer Ghani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanveer_Ghani"},{"link_name":"Naima Jeffery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naima_Jeffery"},{"link_name":"Shreela Ghosh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shreela_Ghosh"},{"link_name":"other characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Others"}],"text":"EastEnders logoThe following is a list of characters that first appeared in the BBC soap opera EastEnders in 1986, by order of first appearance. All characters were introduced by the show's co-creator Julia Smith. The first character to be introduced during the year is John Fisher (Dave Dale), a drag queen hired for The Queen Victoria pub. Jan Hammond (Jane How), the long-term mistress of Den Watts (Leslie Grantham), was introduced in January. March sees the first appearances of The Firm mobster Brad Williams (Jonathan Stratt), Dot Cotton's (June Brown) husband Charlie Cotton (Christopher Hancock) and new brewery area manager James Willmott-Brown (William Boyde). The newborn daughter of Michelle Fowler (Susan Tully), Vicki Fowler (Emma Herry), was introduced in May. Judith Jacob and Pam St. Clement made their debuts as health visitor Carmel Jackson and Pat Butcher, the former wife of Pete Beale (Peter Dean), in June. June also sees the beginning of a new storyline, The Banned, which introduces Harry Reynolds (Gareth Potter), Tessa Parker (Josephine Melville) and Eddie Hunter (Simon Henderson). Irene (Katherine Parr), the aunt of Lofty Holloway (Tom Watt), begins appearing from July. Michael Cashman and Donald Tandy joined the cast as middle-class yuppie Colin Russell and army war veteran Tom Clements respectively in August. New general practitioner Jaggat Singh (Amerjit Deu) and Barry Clark (Gary Hailes), a love interest for Colin, make their first appearances in November. Rezaul Kabir (Tanveer Ghani), the cousin of Naima Jeffery (Shreela Ghosh), is introduced in December. Additionally, multiple other characters appear throughout the year.","title":"List of EastEnders characters (1986)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"drag queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag_queen"},{"link_name":"Angie Watts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angie_Watts"},{"link_name":"Anita Dobson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anita_Dobson"},{"link_name":"The Queen Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Queen_Victoria"},{"link_name":"public house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_house"},{"link_name":"Den","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_Watts"},{"link_name":"Leslie Grantham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Grantham"},{"link_name":"Pete Beale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Beale"},{"link_name":"Peter Dean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Dean_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Jan Hammond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Hammond"},{"link_name":"Jane How","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_How"},{"link_name":"Sharon Watts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharon_Watts"},{"link_name":"Letitia Dean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letitia_Dean"}],"text":"John Fisher, played by Dave Dale, is a drag queen who is hired by publican Angie Watts (Anita Dobson) in January 1986 to perform for the premier drag night at The Queen Victoria public house. Following the publicity over Angie's drink driving case, she and her husband, Den (Leslie Grantham), worry that the brewery who owns the pub might find cause to cancel their tenancy, and 'free entertainment' is seen as a way to bolster the evening trade.The first drag night is a success until Pete Beale (Peter Dean) starts heckling the performer. John mistakes Pete's intent, thinking he wants to join in with the act. John playfully takes Pete's pint on-stage and Pete leaps after it, causing a tussle to ensue. Seconds later, Den finds himself on the floor breaking up the pair. The surprise arrival of Den's mistress, Jan Hammond (Jane How), prompts Den to close the pub early, so the act is halted prematurely.Sharon Watts (Letitia Dean) is quite impressed with the drag artiste and thinks him to be a caring and sensitive person. When he mentions that his other job is delivering 'kiss-o-grams', she hatches a plan for starting her own business. John performs several more drag evenings in The Vic. His last appearance is on 27 February 1986.","title":"John Fisher"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jane How","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_How"},{"link_name":"Den Watts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_Watts"},{"link_name":"Leslie Grantham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Grantham"},{"link_name":"art gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_gallery"},{"link_name":"Angie Watts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angie_Watts"},{"link_name":"Anita Dobson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anita_Dobson"},{"link_name":"Sharon Watts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharon_Watts"},{"link_name":"Letitia Dean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letitia_Dean"},{"link_name":"The Queen Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Queen_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Dario Chimisso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Dario_Chimisso"},{"link_name":"Marino Mase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marino_Mase"},{"link_name":"Dennis Rickman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Rickman"},{"link_name":"Nigel Harman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Harman"}],"text":"Jan Hammond, played by Jane How, appears in 1986 as the long-term mistress of Den Watts (Leslie Grantham). Jan is considered by the locals as a posh upper-class sort of woman and works at an art gallery. Den has an affair with her while he is still married to Angie Watts (Anita Dobson). She is always hated by Angie and Den's adopted daughter Sharon Watts (Letitia Dean) but she tries her best to get along with her. She moves into The Queen Victoria at one point on Den's insistence, but is not much of a landlady so moves out soon after. Den tries to leave Angie for Jan so he tells Angie he is leaving her. Angie grows desperate and to stop him from leaving her she tells him that she only has six months to live. Den believes her but discovers many months later that she is lying while they are on holiday in Venice. Den serves Angie divorce papers on Christmas Day 1986.Eventually, Jan grows tired of Den not having a proper relationship with her, so she ends their affair after he refuses to leave Walford with her. She leaves Walford in 1987 and goes on to marry a man called Dario Chimisso (Marino Mase) on a gondola in Venice. She makes a brief return in 2002 for Angie's funeral. She returns to give Sharon a portrait that Den had left with her many years earlier. She briefly returns again in 2003 in a lead-up to Den's return 14 years since he has been shot and presumed dead by an employee of the gangland organisation The Firm. Den's long lost son Dennis Rickman (Nigel Harman) tracks Jan down and she reveals that Den had survived the shooting and came to her for help. With her help, Den was able to flee to Spain to protect himself and his family.","title":"Jan Hammond"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jonathan Stratt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jonathan_Stratt&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Den Watts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_Watts"},{"link_name":"Leslie Grantham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Grantham"},{"link_name":"Colin Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Russell_(EastEnders)"},{"link_name":"Michael Cashman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Cashman"},{"link_name":"Darren Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darren_Roberts_(EastEnders)"},{"link_name":"Gary McDonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_McDonald_(actor)"},{"link_name":"James Wilmott-Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Wilmott-Brown"},{"link_name":"William Boyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Boyde"},{"link_name":"Kathy Beale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathy_Beale"},{"link_name":"Gillian Taylforth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillian_Taylforth"},{"link_name":"Joanne Francis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanne_Francis"},{"link_name":"Pamela Salem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamela_Salem"},{"link_name":"Rod Norman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod_Norman"},{"link_name":"Christopher McHallem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_McHallem"},{"link_name":"moonlighting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/moonlighting"},{"link_name":"Ali Osman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Osman"},{"link_name":"Nejdet Salih","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nejdet_Salih"},{"link_name":"Gregory Mantel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Mantel"},{"link_name":"Pavel Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavel_Douglas"}],"text":"Brad Williams, played by Jonathan Stratt, is a mobster heavy for the East End gangster organisation known as The Firm. He is of low importance within the organisation and is generally used as an errand boy. He is first seen in March 1986 and over the next two years he appears occasionally to inform Den Watts (Leslie Grantham) of his bosses' orders. Den works in league with the Firm on a variety of dodgy dealings.Towards the end of 1987 Brad is instructed to scare graphic designer Colin Russell (Michael Cashman), who is a jury member in a trial for an associate of the Firm. Brad and Den put pressure on Colin to give a verdict of 'not guilty' at the trial, and when he refuses Brad steals his keys and vandalises his flat, causing all sorts of problems for Colin.During 1988 Brad is seen more frequently, turning up to aid the running of the Firm's business in Walford, Strokes winebar, which is being managed by Den and is really a front for an illegal gambling den. The petty criminal Darren Roberts (Gary McDonald) manages to get on the wrong side of Brad when he tries to play him off against the owner of The Dagmar, James Wilmott-Brown (William Boyde). The Firm's money lending business, 'Walford Investments', are in the process of securing the takeover of James' ailing winebar, albeit against his wishes. Darren, sensing an opportunity, promises to provide James protection against the Firm, whilst all the while attempting to get onto the Firm's payroll via Brad. Incensed by Darren's audacity, Brad takes him aside and gives him a severe beating, and Darren leaves Walford shortly after.In July 1988, Den discovers Kathy Beale (Gillian Taylforth) after she had been raped by James Wilmott-Brown, and instantly seeks revenge. He demands retribution from his contacts within the Firm, Brad and Joanne Francis (Pamela Salem), and is enraged when they refused to act. Den manages to persuade Brad to help him anyway by conning him into thinking that James' downfall will please his bosses and Den watches with glee as the Dagmar burns down in flames. However the resulting police investigation puts the Firm's business in serious jeopardy. They then decide that to put a halt to the investigation either Brad or Den have to take the blame for the arson attack. Neither Brad nor Den is willing to take the blame, and both are then involved in a personal war to persuade the other to take the rap.Brad immediately calls on the services of Rod Norman (Christopher McHallem), via threats, and forces him to give the police a tip off about Den. The police begin questioning Den and realising that he has gotten in way over his head, he decides that he will accept the blame for the arson, but instead of serving time in prison, he decides to flee the country to avoid arrest. The Firm agree to this and Den is taken into hiding. However the Firm subsequently set up a hit on Den, which fails when he escapes from hiding and turns himself into the police to avoid the Firm's heavies.As the Firm busy themselves with ways in which to silence Den from inside, Brad causes more grief by doing a bit of moonlighting; breaking into several people's houses on the Square with an accomplice who works as a cab driver for Ali Osman (Nejdet Salih). The burglaries result in a greater police presence in the area. The Firm are not impressed and Gregory Mantel (Pavel Douglas) – a superior member of the Firm – threatens Brad with serious repercussions should his deviance continue. Brad stops the burglaries, but his accomplice continues without him and is eventually caught by the police and is quick to implicate Brad. The investigating officer, D.I. Ashley, decides to use this piece of information to manipulate the dimwitted Brad. He threatens to put him in prison unless he acts as an informant. Brad is forced to relay information on The Firm. Strokes is closed down as a result and various members of the Firm are arrested. With the Firm under threat from the police, Gregory Mantel decides that Den has to be the informant and makes arrangements to have him eliminated.On the day of Den's trial, Mantel's heavies break Den out of custody and take him to the Firm's headquarters, where he is greeted by Brad. Brad imprisons him in a room to await the arrival of Mantel. However, Den is not about to go down without a fight and knowing how easily influenced Brad is, he makes one last attempt to secure his freedom. He plays upon Brad's fears, relaying that he had heard that Brad is to be the next victim on the Firm's hit-list. Brad is easily swayed and he decides to help Den escape. He lures the other gang member, Marco, into the cell where an awaiting Den jumps him and throws him to the floor, whilst Brad locks him up in Den's place. The two then escape from the headquarters, and Brad speeds off in his car, leaving Den to fend for himself.Brad immediately goes to the police and hands himself in. He promises to confess everything he knows regarding the arson, Den, and the Firm. Meanwhile, Mantel, who is furious with Brad's betrayal, tracks Den down, he is shot and presumed dead for over 14 years. However he returns to Walford in 2003, revealing that he had faked his own death to secure his survival. It is also revealed that a man named Brad has been charged for the arson attack of the Dagmar. Subsequently, Den is no longer wanted by the police.","title":"Brad Williams"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Christopher Hancock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Hancock"},{"link_name":"Dot Cotton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dot_Cotton"},{"link_name":"June Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_Brown"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-who-2"},{"link_name":"sideburns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sideburns"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-1"}],"text":"Charlie Cotton, played by Christopher Hancock, is a recurring character, introduced in March 1986 as the estranged husband of Dot Cotton (June Brown). He appears in stints until producers made the decision to kill the character off-screen in 1991, to aid development of characters connected to him. June Brown was openly against the killing of Charlie. Charlie appears one last time, in October 2000, as an apparition, warning his son Nick to change his ways. Charlie comes and goes throughout his duration in the show; he is first seen 13 months after the soap's launch in 1986.[1] Depicted as bigamous and a conman, Charlie typically reappears in the show whenever he needs money or temporary accommodation and, because of Dot's Christian ideals regarding forgiveness, Charlie always is permitted to return. According to Christopher Hancock, Charlie is \"a truly revolting character, a loser\" and the character has been described as a \"despicable small-time villain [...] lazy and pathetic\".[1] Author Kate Lock has described Charlie as a \"sly, shifty, weaselly man\".[2] To become the character of Charlie, Hancock wore stick-on sideburns.[1]","title":"Charlie Cotton"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Boyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Boyde"},{"link_name":"Albert Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Square"},{"link_name":"The Queen Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Queen_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Debbie Wilkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debbie_Wilkins"},{"link_name":"Shirley Cheriton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley_Cheriton"},{"link_name":"Andy's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_O%27Brien_(EastEnders)"},{"link_name":"Ross Davidson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Davidson"},{"link_name":"Pat Wicks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Wicks"},{"link_name":"Pam St. Clement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pam_St._Clement"},{"link_name":"Colin Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Russell_(EastEnders)"},{"link_name":"Michael Cashman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Cashman"}],"text":"James Willmott-Brown, played by William Boyde, is an ex-army officer, arriving in Albert Square in March 1986 as the area manager for 'Luxford and Copley', the brewery that owns The Queen Victoria. By December, he decides to move to the square and buys Debbie Wilkins's (Shirley Cheriton) house at 43 Albert Square when she sells it following her fiancé, Andy's (Ross Davidson), death. He and Debbie later have a fling, but it doesn't progress into anything serious. Pat Wicks (Pam St. Clement) takes a shine to him and tries seducing him on several occasions, but is rebuffed each time. During the early years, he is friendly with Colin Russell (Michael Cashman).","title":"James Willmott-Brown"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Samantha Leigh Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samantha_Leigh_Martin"},{"link_name":"Scarlett Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarlett_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Michelle Fowler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Fowler"},{"link_name":"Susan Tully","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Tully"},{"link_name":"whodunnit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whodunnit"},{"link_name":"Tony Carpenter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Carpenter"},{"link_name":"Oscar James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_James"},{"link_name":"Ali Osman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Osman"},{"link_name":"Nejdet Salih","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nejdet_Salih"},{"link_name":"Andy O'Brien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_O%27Brien_(EastEnders)"},{"link_name":"Ross Davidson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Davidson"},{"link_name":"Den Watts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_Watts"},{"link_name":"Leslie Grantham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Grantham"},{"link_name":"Roly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roly"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-first10years-3"},{"link_name":"cartoons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartoon"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-insidestory-4"},{"link_name":"Louise Berridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Berridge"}],"text":"Vicki Fowler, played by Emma Herry from the character's birth in 1986 to 1988, Samantha Leigh Martin from 1988 to 1995, and Scarlett Johnson from 2003 to 2004, is the daughter of Michelle Fowler (Susan Tully). The character is born in the serial, and was conceived in a controversial storyline about teenage pregnancy. Exploiting a whodunnit angle, at the time of the first showing, viewers were not initially told who was the father, and press interest in the fledgling show escalated as journalists attempted to guess. The audience finally discovered his identity in October 1985 in episode 66. Written by series co-creator/script-editor Tony Holland and directed by co-creator/producer Julia Smith, it was considered a landmark episode in the show's history. 4 possible suspects are seen leaving the Square early in the episode: Tony Carpenter (Oscar James), Ali Osman (Nejdet Salih), Andy O'Brien (Ross Davidson), and Den Watts (Leslie Grantham). As Michelle waits by their rendezvous point, a car pulls up and the fluffy white legs of the soap landlord's poodle Roly leap out of a car and give it all away: Den Watts is the father Michelle's baby.[3] After this storyline the programme started to appear in newspaper cartoons as it moved more and more into the public mainstream.[4] The character of Vicki was written out in 1995, after the actress who played Vicki's mother decided to leave the soap. After an 8-year absence, she was reintroduced by Executive Producer Louise Berridge in 2003 as a rebellious teenager.","title":"Vicki Fowler"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Judith Jacob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judith_Jacob"},{"link_name":"health visitor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_visitor"},{"link_name":"Tony Holland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Holland"},{"link_name":"Julia Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Smith_(producer)"},{"link_name":"Anna Scher Theatre School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Scher_Theatre_School"},{"link_name":"North London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_London"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-insidestory-4"}],"text":"Carmel Jackson (also Roberts), played by Judith Jacob, is a health visitor, introduced in a recurring, minor role in 1986. Producers saw potential in the character. Script writers were asked to develop more prominent storylines, and Carmel became a regular character. She is portrayed as a well-meaning, caring individual who is forever getting everyone's problems dumped on her. She is featured in storylines about domestic violence and various family and career upsets. Jacob remained in the role until 1989, when she opted to leave. Off-screen, the character has been the subject of criticism regarding the portrayal of her profession from the Health Visitors Association. In July 1984, before EastEnders went to air, the show's creators, Tony Holland and Julia Smith, attended an opening evening at the Anna Scher Theatre School in North London, to find actors for roles in their upcoming serial. According to Holland and Smith, Anna Scher's school was unlike many other drama schools, where students were \"ironed out\", all looking and sounding the same. At Anna Scher's school, students' natural personalities and accents were encouraged, \"her students aren't taught how to act, they're helped to dig inside themselves and be.\" In Holland and Smith's own words, this was \"just the sort of non-acting that [EastEnders] was looking for\".[4]","title":"Carmel Jackson"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kelvin Carpenter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvin_Carpenter"},{"link_name":"Paul J. Medford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_J._Medford"},{"link_name":"Tessa Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Tessa_Parker"},{"link_name":"Josephine Melville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephine_Melville"},{"link_name":"Marxist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxist"}],"text":"Harry Reynolds, played by Gareth Potter, is a college friend of Kelvin Carpenter (Paul J. Medford) who first appears along with Tessa Parker (Josephine Melville) in June 1986. Both Harry and Tessa have radical Marxist beliefs and it isn't long before they manage to recruit Kelvin to the same way of thinking.","title":"Harry Reynolds"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Josephine Melville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephine_Melville"},{"link_name":"Kelvin Carpenter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvin_Carpenter"},{"link_name":"Paul J. Medford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_J._Medford"},{"link_name":"Harry Reynolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Harry_Reynolds"},{"link_name":"Marxist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxist"},{"link_name":"dating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dating"}],"text":"Tessa Parker, played by Josephine Melville, is a college friend of Kelvin Carpenter (Paul J. Medford) and Harry Reynolds (Gareth Potter) who first appears in June 1986. Both Harry and Tessa have radical Marxist beliefs and it isn't long before they manage to recruit Kelvin to the same way of thinking. Tessa soon discovers that she and Kelvin have more in common than their beliefs. She finds him attractive and they start dating.","title":"Tessa Parker"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pam St. Clement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pam_St._Clement"},{"link_name":"Pat and Mo: Ashes to Ashes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EastEnders_spin-offs"},{"link_name":"Mo Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo_Harris"},{"link_name":"Ian Beale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Beale"},{"link_name":"Adam Woodyatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Woodyatt"},{"link_name":"Dot Branning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dot_Branning"},{"link_name":"June Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_Brown"},{"link_name":"Tony Holland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Holland"},{"link_name":"Pete Beale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Beale"},{"link_name":"EastEnders: The Inside Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EastEnders_books"},{"link_name":"Kathy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathy_Beale"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-insidestory-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SkyNews-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SkyNews-5"},{"link_name":"Bryan Kirkwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan_Kirkwood"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SkyNews-5"},{"link_name":"David Wicks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Wicks"},{"link_name":"Michael French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_French"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Pat Evans (also Wicks and Butcher) is played by Pam St. Clement from 1986 to 2016. Pat is also played by Emma Cooke in a soap 'bubble' Pat and Mo: Ashes to Ashes, delving into her past with sister-in-law Mo Harris, which first aired in 2004. Pat is the third-longest-running character in the soap, coming after Ian Beale (Adam Woodyatt), who has featured in the soap since it first aired, and Dot Branning (June Brown). The character of Pat was conceived by the creators of EastEnders, Tony Holland and Julia Smith, in 1984. Although not one of the serial's original protagonists, Pat is referred to in the character outline of Pete Beale, who appeared on-screen in EastEnders first episode, as written by Smith and Holland in their book, EastEnders: The Inside Story: \"[Pete] married very young to Pat – it turned out to be a total disaster. They were too young, rushing into a difficult life for all the wrong reasons, and truthfully, [Pat] was a vicious shrew...[Pete] divorced [Pat] and married Kathy when he was 24...His two sons by his first marriage are nineteen and twenty and he hardly sees them...\"[4] On 7 July 2011, it was announced that St. Clement had quit EastEnders.[5] The actress revealed that she wanted to try other things, saying \"I have enjoyed 25 and a half wonderful years in EastEnders creating the character of Pat but feel it's time to hang up her earrings. Leaving the EastEnders 'family' will be akin to a bereavement. But I'm looking forward to the other work and life opportunities that I will have the time to pursue.\"[5] Pat left later in the year and executive producer Bryan Kirkwood said her departure was a \"fitting\" storyline.[5] Pat's son David Wicks (Michael French) returned for her departure.[6]","title":"Pat Butcher"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Simon Wicks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Wicks"},{"link_name":"Nick Berry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Berry"},{"link_name":"Albert Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Square"},{"link_name":"Walford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walford"},{"link_name":"loan sharks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loan_shark"},{"link_name":"redcoat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butlins_Redcoats"},{"link_name":"Clacton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clacton"},{"link_name":"Kelvin Carpenter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvin_Carpenter"},{"link_name":"Paul J. Medford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_J._Medford"},{"link_name":"Sharon Watts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharon_Watts"},{"link_name":"Letitia Dean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letitia_Dean"},{"link_name":"Ian Beale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Beale"},{"link_name":"Adam Woodyatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Woodyatt"},{"link_name":"Harry Reynolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Harry_Reynolds"}],"text":"Eddie Hunter, played by Simon Henderson, is a flamboyantly dressed friend of Simon Wicks (Nick Berry) and he is first seen in Albert Square in June 1986. Eddie and Simon were part of a band, and before Simon came to Walford, he had borrowed money from loan sharks and was left owing them huge amounts of money that he couldn't pay back. Eddie was happy to leave Simon with the debt and disappeared to work as a redcoat in Clacton, so the band dissolved. However, when the debts are finally repaid, Simon decides to regroup and he contacts Eddie to rejoin the band. The reformed group, known as \"The Banned\", consist of Simon, Eddie, Kelvin Carpenter (Paul J. Medford), Sharon Watts (Letitia Dean), Ian Beale (Adam Woodyatt) and Harry Reynolds (Gareth Potter). Eddie is the lead guitarist.","title":"Eddie Hunter"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Katherine Parr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katherine_Parr_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Lofty Holloway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lofty_Holloway"},{"link_name":"Tom Watt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Watt_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Michelle Fowler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Fowler"},{"link_name":"Susan Tully","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Tully"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Irene (credited as Aunty Irene), played by Katherine Parr, is the aunt of Lofty Holloway (Tom Watt) – his mother's sister. Lofty does not have a close relationship with his stern mother, but he dotes on his aunt Irene and she is the only relative he has contact with.\nuntie Irene first appears in July 1986, when her nephew Lofty and his fiancée Michelle Fowler (Susan Tully) visit her in the nursing home where she lives. She has been told that she only had six months to live, as she has terminal cancer. She tells Michelle that she had been in love with a man in 1938, but he was killed in an accident and she had never married.[7]She attends Lofty and Michelle's wedding in September 1986, only to see her beloved nephew jilted at the altar. Later in the year Lofty and Michelle sort out their differences and finally get married. Irene worries that Michelle is merely using Lofty, but Michelle promises she will not hurt him. Satisfied, Irene gives their union her blessing and also pays for their honeymoon as a wedding gift.Irene visits Lofty and Michelle in March 1987, giving Lofty instructions about her funeral.[8] Irene worries that Lofty will not cope once she has gone and tries to make him accept that she will soon be dead. Lofty is distressed at the prospect of losing his aunt and cries into her lap. In June 1987 Lofty visits Irene at the hospital. She is in obvious pain and can no longer see. The following episode Lofty hears that his aunt has finally succumbed to the cancer that had been slowly killing her for years. He attends her funeral on 23 June 1987.","title":"Irene"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michael Cashman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Cashman"},{"link_name":"yuppie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuppie"},{"link_name":"Walford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walford"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-first10years-3"},{"link_name":"Barry Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Clark_(Eastenders)"},{"link_name":"Gary Hailes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Hailes"},{"link_name":"prime-time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime-time"},{"link_name":"camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_(style)"},{"link_name":"parodies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parodies"},{"link_name":"Mr Humphries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Are_You_Being_Served%3F#Mr_Wilberforce_Clayborne_Humphries"},{"link_name":"Are You Being Served?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Are_You_Being_Served%3F"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Characters-9"}],"text":"Colin Russell, played by Michael Cashman, is a middle-class yuppie described as an amiable chap with a kind heart who often ends up being used by the less considerate locals. He is Walford's first on-screen gay resident and when his sexuality is eventually revealed it causes shockwaves around the Square. Colin is EastEnders' first homosexual character. Introduced in August 1986, Colin was one of the more popular characters in the early years of the programme.[3] At first the audience and the residents of Walford were kept in the dark about the fact that Colin was gay. This changed by the end of the year, at which time Colin acquired a young boyfriend named Barry Clark (Gary Hailes). Colin was one of the most controversial characters of his time – mainly because gay-orientated content was still relatively rare on prime-time television during the mid-1980s. Gay characters that existed were usually farcical, camp parodies, created purely for comic relief, such as Mr Humphries in the situation comedy, Are You Being Served?.[9]","title":"Colin Russell"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Donald Tandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Tandy"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EEHandbook-10"},{"link_name":"Albert Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Square"},{"link_name":"The Queen Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Queen_Victoria"},{"link_name":"public house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_house"},{"link_name":"pints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pint"},{"link_name":"cash-in-hand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash-in-hand"},{"link_name":"Arthur Fowler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Fowler"},{"link_name":"Bill Treacher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Treacher"},{"link_name":"Roly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roly"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EEHandbook-10"},{"link_name":"Dot Cotton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dot_Cotton"},{"link_name":"June Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_Brown"},{"link_name":"Pat Wicks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Wicks"},{"link_name":"Pam St. Clement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pam_St._Clement"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-programme-11"},{"link_name":"Ian Beale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Beale"},{"link_name":"Adam Woodyatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Woodyatt"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-first10years-3"}],"text":"Tom Clements, played by Donald Tandy between 1986 and 1988,[10] is an army war veteran. Tom is first seen in Albert Square in August 1986. He lives with his spinster sister in the council house at Number 25 Albert Square and he initially works for the council as custodian of the community centre. Tom accepts an offer to work as potman at The Queen Victoria public house. He is paid in pints and occasional cash-in-hand. He has an allotment and competes with Arthur Fowler (Bill Treacher) in the growing of leeks and marrows. Tom's leeks are damaged by Roly the dog, which Tom initially accuses Arthur of doing. Tom then takes Arthur's leeks and enters them into the Walford & District Allotment Society Show and wins first prize.[10] After his sister dies, Tom seeks the female company of Dot Cotton (June Brown) and Pat Wicks (Pam St. Clement), but Dot remains faithful to her marriage vows and Pat thinks Tom is too old for her boisterous lifestyle.[11] Later, Tom swaps lodgings with Dot and moves next door to the flat at Number 23A Albert Square. After feeling unwell, Tom stumbles into the pub toilets and dies of a heart attack on 21 April 1988. As he has no close relatives or friends surviving, Dot takes it upon herself to arrange his funeral and dispose of his personal belongings. She is named executor of his will, and is further shocked to find that Tom carried a small picture of her in his pocket. Dot asks Ian Beale (Adam Woodyatt) to cater for the wake. She is furious when she is the only one who attends Tom's funeral.[3]","title":"Tom Clements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Albert Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Square"},{"link_name":"Harold Legg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Legg"},{"link_name":"Leonard Fenton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Fenton"},{"link_name":"locum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locum"},{"link_name":"Naima Jeffery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naima_Jeffery"},{"link_name":"Shreela Ghosh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shreela_Ghosh"},{"link_name":"Rezaul Kabir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Rezaul_Kabir"},{"link_name":"Tanveer Ghani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanveer_Ghani"},{"link_name":"Sikh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh"},{"link_name":"Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim"},{"link_name":"The Queen Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Queen_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"Lou Beale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Beale"},{"link_name":"Anna Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Wing"},{"link_name":"Ethel Skinner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethel_Skinner"},{"link_name":"Gretchen Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gretchen_Franklin"},{"link_name":"Dot Cotton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dot_Cotton"},{"link_name":"June Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_Brown"}],"text":"Dr Jaggat Singh, played by Amerjit Deu, first arrives in Albert Square in November 1986. He is employed by Dr Harold Legg (Leonard Fenton) as a locum to cover the surgery for him several days a week.Naima Jeffery (Shreela Ghosh) shows a romantic interest in Jaggat and they go on several dates. Naima's cousin Rezaul Kabir (Tanveer Ghani) is furious as Jaggat is a Sikh and Naima is Muslim, and he tries to provoke Jaggat into a fight in The Queen Victoria one night. However, Jaggat just laughs off Rezaul's aggression and they eventually become friends. In the end nothing serious ever develops between Jaggat and Naima anyway, as Naima ends the relationship to marry Farrukh – a suitor from Bangladesh.Having Lou Beale (Anna Wing), Ethel Skinner (Gretchen Franklin) and Dot Cotton (June Brown) as patients sharpens his interest in the elderly and Jaggat leaves the Square in December 1987 for full-time work with old people in a Northern home. Shortly before leaving, he persuades Ethel to move into sheltered housing at Prosper Estate.","title":"Dr Singh"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gary Hailes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Hailes"},{"link_name":"cockney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cockney"},{"link_name":"barrow-boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costermonger"},{"link_name":"yuppie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuppie"},{"link_name":"Colin Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Russell_(EastEnders)"},{"link_name":"Michael Cashman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Cashman"},{"link_name":"paternal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paternal"},{"link_name":"straight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterosexuality"},{"link_name":"Walford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walford"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-first10years-3"},{"link_name":"gay club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay_club"},{"link_name":"camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_(style)"},{"link_name":"parodies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parodies"},{"link_name":"Mr. Humphries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Are_You_Being_Served%3F_characters#Mr._Wilberforce_Clayborne_Humphries"},{"link_name":"Are You Being Served?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Are_You_Being_Served%3F"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Characters-9"}],"text":"Barry Clark, played by Gary Hailes, is a cockney barrow-boy, and an unlikely partner for the gay, middle-class yuppie, Colin Russell (Michael Cashman). He is much younger than his middle-aged boyfriend and as such Colin's role is almost paternal. Barry is open about his sexuality to everyone except his volatile father – and when he is finally told he takes the news so badly that Barry turns straight just to appease him – although he is never very successful at it. Barry is one half of Walford's first homosexual couple. His boyfriend, Colin, had already been introduced to the show several months prior to Barry's arrival and he had proven to be an extremely popular addition to the cast.[3] Both the audience and the residents of Walford had been kept in the dark about the fact that Colin was gay. This changed upon Barry's first scene on-screen, whereby the audience learnt that he had spent the night with Colin after picking him up the night before (off-screen) at a gay club. Colin and Barry were two of the most controversial characters of their time – mainly because gay-orientated content was still relatively rare on prime time television during the mid-1980s. Gay characters that existed were usually farcical camp parodies, created purely for comic relief, such as Mr. Humphries in the situation comedy, Are You Being Served?.[9]","title":"Barry Clark"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tanveer Ghani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanveer_Ghani"},{"link_name":"Albert Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Square"},{"link_name":"Naima Jeffery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naima_Jeffery"},{"link_name":"Shreela Ghosh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shreela_Ghosh"},{"link_name":"Jaggat Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaggat_Singh"},{"link_name":"The Queen Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Queen_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Bengali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_people"},{"link_name":"Charlie Cotton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Cotton"},{"link_name":"Christopher Hancock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Hancock"},{"link_name":"Ashraf Karim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashraf_Karim"},{"link_name":"Aftab Sachak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aftab_Sachak"}],"text":"Rezaul Kabir, played by Tanveer Ghani, arrives in Albert Square in December 1986. He is Naima Jeffery's (Shreela Ghosh) cousin and had been sent by Naima's family to help her run her grocery store, First Til Last. Naima is extremely angry about Rezaul's arrival, but her family are adamant that he has to stay, so she begrudgingly puts up with his presence. Rezaul is rather bossy, pretentious, chauvinistic and arrogant, and instantly tries to take over the running of the shop. On his first night, Rezaul puts forth a scheme to increase the shop's profits and asks for a month's trial. Naima agrees to the trial. Rezaul then proceeds to mark up the shop's items to unreasonably high prices as well as steal money from the till. Naima is furious and to make matters worse it soon becomes clear that Rezaul has amorous intentions towards her.Naima isn't remotely interested in Rezaul so she sets about finding herself a new boyfriend to put him off. She starts dating the Square's new doctor, Jaggat Singh (Amerjit Deu). Rezaul, a Muslim, becomes very envious when he sees them together and tells Naima that she is making a fool of herself, smiling and fawning over a Sikh. This culminates in Rezaul trying to pick a fight with Dr. Singh in The Queen Victoria one night, almost getting himself barred in the process.In April 1987, Naima and Rezaul get into a shouting match when he tells her that her family have decided she has to marry him. He is furious when she flatly refuses, but later admits that he is actually relieved and tells her he doesn't want to marry her either. Naima's defiance displeases her family and they subsequently break off all ties with her. Rezaul, it seems, is rather impressed with Naima and tells her that she is no ordinary Bengali girl as he'd first thought.Things between Naima and Rezaul improve after this, and when Naima's family eventually send over another of her cousins for her to marry, he goes out of his way to help their blossoming romance. After Naima leaves England to live in Bangladesh, Rezaul runs The First Til Last in her place for a while. Whilst managing the shop, he catches Charlie Cotton (Christopher Hancock) shoplifting and makes a citizen's arrest. Charlie then has to appear at the Magistrates' Court and is given a £50 fine. When Naima's family sell the shop to Ashraf Karim (Aftab Sachak) at the end of the year, Rezaul leaves Walford to resume his studies. His last appearance is in January 1988.","title":"Rezaul Kabir"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Others"}]
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null
[{"reference":"\"Christopher Hancock\". The Independent. 19 November 2004. Retrieved 23 May 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/christopher-hancock-533730.html","url_text":"\"Christopher Hancock\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent","url_text":"The Independent"}]},{"reference":"Lock, Kate (2000). EastEnders Who's Who. BBC Books. ISBN 0-563-55178-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EastEnders_books","url_text":"EastEnders Who's Who"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-563-55178-X","url_text":"0-563-55178-X"}]},{"reference":"Brake, Colin (1995). EastEnders: The First 10 Years: A Celebration. BBC Books. ISBN 0-563-37057-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Brake","url_text":"Brake, Colin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EastEnders_spin-offs#Non-fiction_books","url_text":"EastEnders: The First 10 Years: A Celebration"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-563-37057-2","url_text":"0-563-37057-2"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Julia; Holland, Tony (1987). EastEnders – The Inside Story. Book Club Associates. ISBN 0-563-20601-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Smith_(producer)","url_text":"Smith, Julia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Holland","url_text":"Holland, Tony"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EastEnders_spin-offs#Non-fiction_books","url_text":"EastEnders – The Inside Story"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-563-20601-2","url_text":"0-563-20601-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Pat set to hang up earrings\". Sky News. 7 July 2011. Archived from the original on 11 July 2011. Retrieved 7 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110711062659/http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/x/Article/201107116026407","url_text":"\"Pat set to hang up earrings\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_News","url_text":"Sky News"},{"url":"http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/x/Article/201107116026407","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Daniels, Colin (6 November 2011). \"'EastEnders' Pat Evans exit plot details emerge\". Digital Spy. Retrieved 6 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/soaps/s2/eastenders/news/a349393/eastenders-pat-evans-exit-plot-details-emerge.html","url_text":"\"'EastEnders' Pat Evans exit plot details emerge\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Spy","url_text":"Digital Spy"}]},{"reference":"Kingsley, Hilary (1990). The EastEnders Handbook. BBC books. ISBN 0-685-52957-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EastEnders_spin-offs#Non-fiction_books","url_text":"The EastEnders Handbook"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-685-52957-6","url_text":"0-685-52957-6"}]},{"reference":"Munroe, Josephine (1994). The EastEnders Programme Guide. Virgin Books. ISBN 0-86369-825-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EastEnders_spin-offs#Non-fiction_books","url_text":"The EastEnders Programme Guide"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86369-825-5","url_text":"0-86369-825-5"}]},{"reference":"\"Pawnbrokers\". BBC. 13 November 2014. Retrieved 16 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/insideout/content/articles/2009/03/03/south_east_pawnbrokers_s15_w8_feature.shtml","url_text":"\"Pawnbrokers\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indulf_of_Scotland
Indulf
["1 Biography","2 Notes","3 References","4 External links"]
For the 6th century Gothic leader, see Indulf (6th century). King of Scots IndulfThe king's name (as Indolf filius Constantini) in the Chronicle of the Kings of AlbaKing of ScotsReign954–962PredecessorMalcolm ISuccessorDubDied962Cullen? or Monastery of St AndrewsBurialIonaIssueCuilén, King of AlbaAmlaíb, King of AlbaEochaidHouseAlpinFatherConstantine II, King of Alba Ildulb mac Causantín, anglicised as Indulf or Indulph, "Ildulb" is an Old Irish name derived from either the Old Norse name Hildulfr or the Old English name Eadwulf. It occurs in various contemporary Gaelic forms, such as Iondolbh, found in the Duan Albanach. The Latin Chronicle of the Kings of Alba uses Indolf and Idulfus. "Ildulb" was later rendered "Indulf" under Old French influence. Ildulb is used because by some historians because it correctly represents the name Hildulfr in Gaelic orthography; Eadwulf would perhaps be Idulb, hence that form is also used sometimes. The name never came into wider use in the Scottish world, or the Gaelic world more generally, and has no modern form. nicknamed An Ionsaighthigh, "the Aggressor" (died 962) was king of Alba from 954 to 962. He was the son of Constantine II; his mother may have been a daughter of Earl Eadwulf I of Bamburgh, who was an exile in Scotland. Biography Indulf was probably baptised in 927. According to William of Malmesbury, Æthelstan stood godfather to a son of Constantine at the Church of Dacre. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle dates the meeting of Æthelstan with the northern kings at Eamont to the 12 July 927. So, it is likely that this baptism occurred on, or around, the Feast of St Hildulf, which Alex Woolf suggests may be the source of his uncommon name. John of Fordun and others supposed that Indulf had been king of Strathclyde in the reign of his predecessor, based on their understanding that the kingdom of Strathclyde had become a part of the kingdom of Alba in the 940s. This, however, is no longer accepted. The Chronicle of the Kings of Alba says: "In his time oppidum Eden", usually identified as Edinburgh, "was evacuated, and abandoned to the Scots until the present day." This has been read as indicating that Lothian, or some large part of it, fell to Indulf at this time. However, the conquest of Lothian is likely to have been a process rather than a single event, and the frontier between the lands of the kings of Alba and Bernicia may have lain south and east of Edinburgh many years before Indulf's reign. Indulf's death is reported by the Chronicon Scotorum in 962, the Chronicle of the Kings of Alba adding that he was killed fighting Vikings near Cullen, at the Battle of Bauds. The Prophecy of Berchán, however, claims that he died "in the house of the same holy apostle, where his father ", that is at the céli dé monastery of St Andrews (Church of St Mary on the Rock). He was buried on Iona. Indulf was succeeded by Dub (Dub mac Maíl Coluim), son of his predecessor. His sons Cuilén and Amlaíb were later kings. Eochaid, a third son, was killed with Cuilén by the men of Strathclyde in 971. Notes ^ Walker, p. 97. ^ Skene, Chronicles, p. 94. ^ It is known a sister of Indulf married Olaf III Guthfrithson (Amlaíb mac Gofraidh) of the Uí Ímair and one of Indulf's sons was named Amlaíb. Walker suggests that Indulf's mother may have been a daughter of Earl Eadwulf, who was an exile in Alba. Eadwulf is rendered Ettulb in the Annals of Ulster, s.a. 913, where his death is reported. Walker, p. 97 ^ Woolf, From Pictland to Alba, pp. 192–193. ^ Duncan, pp. 40–41. ^ Duncan, p. 24; Early Sources, p.468, note 4. ^ Duncan, pp. 247–255; Smyth, pp. 221–223. ^ Early Sources, pp. 468–471; Duncan, p. 20 follows the Chronicle. References Anderson, Alan Orr, Early Sources of Scottish History AD 500–1286, volume 1. Reprinted with corrections. Paul Watkins, Stamford, 1990. ISBN 1-871615-03-8 Duncan, A.A.M., The Kingship of the Scots 842–1292: Succession and Independence. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, 2002. ISBN 0-7486-1626-8 Smyth, Alfred P. Warlords and Holy Men: Scotland AD 80–1000. Reprinted, Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 1998. ISBN 0-7486-0100-7 Walker, Ian W., Lords of Alba: The Making of Scotland. Sutton, Stroud, 2006. ISBN 0-7509-3492-1 External links CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts at University College Cork includes the Annals of Ulster, Tigernach, the Four Masters and Innisfallen, the Chronicon Scotorum, the Lebor Bretnach (which includes the Duan Albanach), Genealogies, and various Saints' Lives. Most are translated into English, or translations are in progress. (CKA) The Chronicle of the Kings of Alba Archived 15 June 2014 at the Wayback Machine Indulf at the official website of the British monarchy Indulf House of Alpin Died: 962 Regnal titles Preceded byMalcolm I King of Alba 954–962 Succeeded byDub vtePictish and Scottish monarchsMonarchs of the Picts (traditional) Drest I Talorc I Nechtan I Drest II Galan Erilich Drest III Drest IV Gartnait I Cailtram Talorc II Drest V Galam Cennalath Bridei I Gartnait II Nechtan II Cinioch Gartnait III Bridei II Talorc III Talorgan I Gartnait IV Drest VI Bridei III Taran Bridei IV Nechtan III Drest VII Alpín I Óengus I Bridei V Ciniod I Alpín II Talorgan II Drest VIII Conall Constantine (I) Óengus II Drest IX Uuen Uurad Bridei VI Ciniod II Bridei VII Drest X Monarchs of the Scots(traditional) Kenneth I MacAlpin Donald I Constantine I (II) Áed Giric Eochaid (uncertain) Donald II Constantine II (III) Malcolm I Indulf Dub Cuilén Amlaíb Kenneth II Constantine III (IV) Kenneth III Malcolm II Duncan I Macbeth Lulach Malcolm III Canmore Donald III Duncan II Donald III Edgar Alexander I David I Malcolm IV William I the Lion Alexander II Alexander III Margaret First Interregnum John Second Interregnum Robert I David II Robert II Robert III James I James II James III James IV James V Mary James VI1 Charles I1 Charles II1 James VII1 Mary II1 William II1 Anne1 1 also monarch of England and Ireland. vteEnglish, Scottish and British monarchsMonarchs of England until 1603Monarchs of Scotland until 1603 Alfred the Great Edward the Elder Ælfweard Æthelstan Edmund I Eadred Eadwig Edgar the Peaceful Edward the Martyr Æthelred the Unready Sweyn Edmund Ironside Cnut Harold Harefoot Harthacnut Edward the Confessor Harold Godwinson Edgar Ætheling William I William II Henry I Stephen Matilda Henry II Henry the Young King Richard I John Louis Henry III Edward I Edward II Edward III Richard II Henry IV Henry V Henry VI Edward IV Edward V Richard III Henry VII Henry VIII Edward VI Jane Mary I and Philip Elizabeth I Kenneth I MacAlpin Donald I Constantine I Áed Giric Eochaid Donald II Constantine II Malcolm I Indulf Dub Cuilén Amlaíb Kenneth II Constantine III Kenneth III Malcolm II Duncan I Macbeth Lulach Malcolm III Donald III Duncan II Edgar Alexander I David I Malcolm IV William I Alexander II Alexander III Margaret John Robert I David II Edward Balliol Robert II Robert III James I James II James III James IV James V Mary I James VI Monarchs of England and Scotland after the Union of the Crowns from 1603 James I & VI Charles I The Protectorate Oliver Cromwell Richard Cromwell Charles II James II & VII William III & II and Mary II Anne British monarchs after the Acts of Union 1707 Anne George I George II George III George IV William IV Victoria Edward VII George V Edward VIII George VI Elizabeth II Charles III Debated or disputed rulers are in italics. Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany People Deutsche Biographie
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indulf (6th century)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indulf_(6th_century)"},{"link_name":"anglicised","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglicisation"},{"link_name":"Old Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Irish"},{"link_name":"Old Norse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Norse"},{"link_name":"Old English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_English"},{"link_name":"Gaelic forms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goidelic_languages"},{"link_name":"Duan Albanach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duan_Albanach"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"Chronicle of the Kings of Alba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronicle_of_the_Kings_of_Alba"},{"link_name":"Old French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_French"},{"link_name":"Scottish world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"king of Alba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Alba"},{"link_name":"Constantine II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_II_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Eadwulf I of Bamburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eadwulf_IV_of_Bamburgh"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"For the 6th century Gothic leader, see Indulf (6th century).King of ScotsIldulb mac Causantín, anglicised as Indulf or Indulph, \"Ildulb\" is an Old Irish name derived from either the Old Norse name Hildulfr or the Old English name Eadwulf. It occurs in various contemporary Gaelic forms, such as Iondolbh, found in the Duan Albanach. The Latin Chronicle of the Kings of Alba uses Indolf and Idulfus. \"Ildulb\" was later rendered \"Indulf\" under Old French influence. Ildulb is used because by some historians because it correctly represents the name Hildulfr in Gaelic orthography; Eadwulf would perhaps be Idulb, hence that form is also used sometimes. The name never came into wider use in the Scottish world, or the Gaelic world more generally, and has no modern form.[1] nicknamed An Ionsaighthigh, \"the Aggressor\"[2] (died 962) was king of Alba from 954 to 962. He was the son of Constantine II; his mother may have been a daughter of Earl Eadwulf I of Bamburgh, who was an exile in Scotland.[3]","title":"Indulf"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William of Malmesbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_of_Malmesbury"},{"link_name":"Æthelstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86thelstan"},{"link_name":"Constantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_II_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Church of Dacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Andrew%27s_Church,_Dacre"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Saxon Chronicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle"},{"link_name":"Eamont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eamont_Bridge"},{"link_name":"St Hildulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidulf"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"John of Fordun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_Fordun"},{"link_name":"king of Strathclyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Strathclyde"},{"link_name":"kingdom of Strathclyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Strathclyde"},{"link_name":"kingdom of Alba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Alba"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Chronicle of the Kings of Alba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronicle_of_the_Kings_of_Alba"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Lothian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lothian"},{"link_name":"Bernicia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernicia"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Chronicon Scotorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronicon_Scotorum"},{"link_name":"Chronicle of the Kings of Alba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronicle_of_the_Kings_of_Alba"},{"link_name":"Vikings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikings"},{"link_name":"Cullen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cullen,_Moray"},{"link_name":"Battle of Bauds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bauds"},{"link_name":"The Prophecy of Berchán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Prophecy_of_Berch%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"céli dé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culdees"},{"link_name":"monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monastery"},{"link_name":"St Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Andrews"},{"link_name":"Church of St Mary on the Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St_Mary_on_the_Rock"},{"link_name":"Iona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iona"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Dub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dub,_King_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Cuilén","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuil%C3%A9n"},{"link_name":"Amlaíb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amla%C3%ADb,_King_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Strathclyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Strathclyde"}],"text":"Indulf was probably baptised in 927. According to William of Malmesbury, Æthelstan stood godfather to a son of Constantine at the Church of Dacre. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle dates the meeting of Æthelstan with the northern kings at Eamont to the 12 July 927. So, it is likely that this baptism occurred on, or around, the Feast of St Hildulf, which Alex Woolf suggests may be the source of his uncommon name. [4]John of Fordun and others supposed that Indulf had been king of Strathclyde in the reign of his predecessor, based on their understanding that the kingdom of Strathclyde had become a part of the kingdom of Alba in the 940s. This, however, is no longer accepted.[5]The Chronicle of the Kings of Alba says: \"In his time oppidum Eden\", usually identified as Edinburgh,[6] \"was evacuated, and abandoned to the Scots until the present day.\" This has been read as indicating that Lothian, or some large part of it, fell to Indulf at this time. However, the conquest of Lothian is likely to have been a process rather than a single event, and the frontier between the lands of the kings of Alba and Bernicia may have lain south and east of Edinburgh many years before Indulf's reign.[7]Indulf's death is reported by the Chronicon Scotorum in 962, the Chronicle of the Kings of Alba adding that he was killed fighting Vikings near Cullen, at the Battle of Bauds. The Prophecy of Berchán, however, claims that he died \"in the house of the same holy apostle, where his father [died]\", that is at the céli dé monastery of St Andrews (Church of St Mary on the Rock). He was buried on Iona.[8]Indulf was succeeded by Dub (Dub mac Maíl Coluim), son of his predecessor. His sons Cuilén and Amlaíb were later kings. Eochaid, a third son, was killed with Cuilén by the men of Strathclyde in 971.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Olaf III Guthfrithson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olaf_III_Guthfrithson"},{"link_name":"Uí Ímair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%C3%AD_%C3%8Dmair"},{"link_name":"Amlaíb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amla%C3%ADb_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Eadwulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eadulf_I_of_Bernicia"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"}],"text":"^ Walker, p. 97.\n\n^ Skene, Chronicles, p. 94.\n\n^ It is known a sister of Indulf married Olaf III Guthfrithson (Amlaíb mac Gofraidh) of the Uí Ímair and one of Indulf's sons was named Amlaíb. Walker suggests that Indulf's mother may have been a daughter of Earl Eadwulf, who was an exile in Alba. Eadwulf is rendered Ettulb in the Annals of Ulster, s.a. 913, where his death is reported. Walker, p. 97\n\n^ Woolf, From Pictland to Alba, pp. 192–193.\n\n^ Duncan, pp. 40–41.\n\n^ Duncan, p. 24; Early Sources, p.468, note 4.\n\n^ Duncan, pp. 247–255; Smyth, pp. 221–223.\n\n^ Early Sources, pp. 468–471; Duncan, p. 20 follows the Chronicle.","title":"Notes"}]
[]
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[{"Link":"http://celt.ucc.ie/index.html","external_links_name":"CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts"},{"Link":"http://www.kjhskj75z.talktalk.net/pictish.html#third","external_links_name":"(CKA) The Chronicle of the Kings of Alba"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140615163653/http://www.kjhskj75z.talktalk.net/pictish.html#third","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.royal.uk/indulf-r-954-962","external_links_name":"Indulf"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/316739277","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1023169916","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd1023169916.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_360_technical_specifications
Xbox 360 technical specifications
["1 Central processing unit","1.1 CPU data streaming","2 Graphics processing unit","3 Memory and system bandwidth","4 Audio and video","5 DVD storage","5.1 List of DVD drives","6 Hard drive storage","7 Networking","8 Motherboards","8.1 List of revisions","9 Connectivity to accessories","10 Physical appearance","10.1 Power supply","11 See also","12 Notes","13 References","14 External links"]
The Xbox 360 technical specifications describe the various components of the Xbox 360 video game console. The console features a port on the top when vertical (left side when horizontal) to which a custom-housed hard disk drive unit can be attached in sizes of either 20, 60, 120, 250, 320, 500 GB; and as of April 2015 all 2.5" SATA Hard Drives up to 2 TB, the user can use the format option from system settings to utilize the new HDD. Inside, the Xbox 360 uses the triple-core IBM designed Xenon as its CPU, with each core capable of simultaneously processing two threads, and can therefore operate on up to six threads at once. Graphics processing is handled by the ATI Xenos, which has 10 MB of eDRAM. Its main memory pool is 512 MB in size. Central processing unit Main article: Xenon (processor) Xbox 360 took a different approach to hardware compared to its predecessor. The XCPU, named Xenon at Microsoft and "Waternoose" at IBM, is a custom triple-core 64-bit PowerPC-based design by IBM. The CPU emphasized high floating point performance through multiple FPU and SIMD vector processors in each core. The SIMD vector processor (VMX128) was modified for the Xbox to include a dot-product instruction. The dot-product instruction took far less latency than discrete instructions. The VMX128 was also modified by the addition of direct 3D (D3D) compressed data format. This led to an approximate 50 percent savings in required band-width and memory footprint making the CPU having a theoretical peak performance of 115.2 GFLOPS, being capable of 9.6 billion dot products per second. Each core of the CPU was capable of simultaneous multithreading and was clocked at 3.2 GHz. However, to reduce CPU die size, complexity, cost, and power demands, the processor used in-order execution in contrast to the Intel Coppermine 128-based Pentium III used in the original Xbox, which used more complex out-of-order execution. The original chip used a 90 nm process, although a newer 65 nm process SOI revision was implemented on later models, which was in-turn superseded by a 45 nm combined CPU and GPU chip. A 21.6 GB/s front side bus, aggregated 10.8 GB/s upstream and downstream, connected Xenon with the graphics processor/northbridge. Xenon was equipped with an 8th way set associative 1 MB Level 2 cache on-die running at half CPU clock speed. This cache was shared amongst the three CPU cores. Each core had separate L1 caches, each containing a two-way set associative 32-Kbyte L1 instruction cache and a four-way set associative 32-Kbyte L1 data cache. The write-through data cache did not allocate cache lines on writes. The CPU also contained ROM storing Microsoft private encrypted keys, used to decrypt game data. The heat sink implemented to cool the Xenon CPU was composed of aluminum fins with a copper base, and a heat pipe. Newer revisions, which had a smaller core, do not feature the heat pipe or copper base. The heat sink was cooled by two 70 mm fans at the rear of the console on original-style consoles, while a single fan mounted on the side of the consoles was used in Xbox 360 S consoles. There were several types of fan used in Xbox 360s, which were produced by Nidec, Sunon, and Delta Electronics. CPU data streaming During read streaming into the CPU, a custom prefetch instruction, extended data cache block touch (xDCBT) prefetches data directly to the L1 data cache of the intended core, which skips putting the data in the L2 cache to avoid thrashing the L2 cache. Writes streaming from each core skip the L1 cache, due to its no-write allocation (avoids thrashing of high-bandwidth, transient, write-only data streams on the L1 cache), and goes directly to the L2 cache. The system allows for the GPU to directly read data produced by the CPU without going to main memory. In this specific case of data streaming, called Xbox procedural synthesis (XPS), the CPU is effectively a data decompressor, generating geometry on-the-fly for consumption by the GPU 3D core. Graphics processing unit Main article: Xenos (graphics chip) While the first Xbox's graphics processing unit was produced by Nvidia, the Xbox 360 had a chip designed by ATI called Xenos. The chip was developed under the name "C1" and "R500" was often used to refer to it. The GPU package contains two separate silicon dies, each built on a 90 nm process with a clock speed of 500 MHz; the GPU proper, manufactured by TSMC and a 10 MB eDRAM daughter-die, manufactured by NEC. Thanks to the daughter die, the Xenos can do 4× MSAA, z-buffering, and alpha blending with no appreciable performance penalty on the GPU. The GPU also houses additional capabilities typically separated into a motherboard chipset in PC systems, effectively replacing the northbridge chip. It has a theoretical peak of 240 GFLOPS. Early models of the GPU had reliability issues. This was fixed around mid 2008. Memory and system bandwidth Xbox 360 bandwidth and hardware scheme. The console features 512 MB of GDDR3 RAM clocked at 700 MHz with an effective transmission rate of 1.4 GHz on a 128-bit bus. The memory is shared by the CPU and the GPU via the unified memory architecture. This memory is produced by either Samsung or Qimonda. According to Mark Rein of Epic Games, Microsoft had originally planned on using only 256 MB of RAM, but the decision to increase it was based on Epic's upcoming Gears of War title. Epic had been arguing for Microsoft to increase the memory for some time, and Tim Sweeney had sent Microsoft screenshots of what Gears would look like at 256 MB, and then at their proposed 512 MB. Shortly thereafter, Epic was the first studio told of the new 512 MB size specification and claimed it cost them a billion dollars but felt it was better for gamers. The Xbox 360 has an extensive amount of bandwidth in comparison to its competition; however, this statistic includes the eDRAM logic to memory bandwidth, and not internal CPU bandwidths. The eDRAM internal logic to its internal memory bandwidth is 256 GB/s. The high bandwidth is used primarily for z-buffering, alpha blending, and antialiasing; it saves time and space on the GPU die. Between the eDRAM die and the GPU, data is transferred at 32 GB/s. The memory interface bus has a bandwidth of 22.40 GB/s and the Southbridge a bandwidth of 0.5 GB/s. Audio and video All games made for the Xbox 360 are required to support at least Dolby Digital 5.1 surround sound. The console works with over 256 audio channels and 320 independent decompression channels using 32-bit processing for audio, with support for 48 kHz 16-bit sound. Sound files for games are encoded using Microsoft's XMA audio format. An MPEG-2 decoder is included for DVD video playback. VC-1 or WMV is used for streaming video and other video is compressed using VC-1 at non-HD NTSC and PAL resolutions or WMV HD. The Xbox 360 also supports H.263 and H.264 MPEG-4 videos. Unlike the original Xbox, voice communication is handled by the console, not by the game code, allowing for cross-game communication. There is no voice echo to game players on the same console; voice only goes to remote consoles. Initially there were no digital video outputs such as DVI or HDMI on the Xbox 360; instead, HD-quality output could only be produced over YPBPR component video (used by both the 3 RCA component cable and the Japanese D-terminal cable) and later VGA (via a software update). An HDMI port was introduced to the Xbox 360 by July 2007 with the introduction of the Elite model. A wide array of SDTV and HDTV resolutions are supported by the console hardware; up to 1080p after the October 2006 software upgrade. While most games are rendered natively at 720p, the video from all games can be scaled by the hardware to whatever resolution the user has set in the console's settings; from 480i NTSC and 576i PAL all the way to 1080p HDTV. DVD storage DVD-ROM for Xbox 360 Xbox 360 is equipped with a 12× DVD drive, with a data transfer rate of 16.5 MB/s. The original production DVD drives were manufactured by LG, Samsung, and Sony. Beginning in November 2006, a new model the BenQ VAD6038 was introduced, which is said to run faster than the previous models and, in addition, is much quieter. There is a new drive by LiteOn. Games are stored on standard 8.5 GB dual-layer DVD-ROMs; however initially only 7.3 GB (6.8 GiB) were allocated to be used for games on the "Xbox Game Disc 2" (XGD2) early format. With the XGD3 later format introduced in 2011, the usable space was brought up to 8.3 GB (7.8 GiB). This marked an increase in available space for games from 85% to nearly 98%. In both formats, the unallocated space for games is used for anti-piracy security software. The option to apply a regional lockout to games is available to publishers, although DVD region codes are always enforced for movies. Microsoft has implemented methods to prevent hacking through the drive. Later drive models have the external debug triggering removed and black hard glue added to cover all the chip and controller pins. The drive is able to read both DVD±R and DVD±RW in addition to being able to play DVD-Video out of the box, unlike its predecessor, which required the purchase of an add-on remote. The system is also capable of playing standard CDs along with CD-R/RW, CD-DA, CD-ROM XA, CD-Extra, WMA-CD, MP3-CD, and JPEG Photo CD. Some users reported problems with the disc drive, as when a user changes the console's orientation, the inserted disc may brush against the drive's pickup assembly and incur scratches to it. The users manual advises against changing the console's position while there is a disc in the drive. Other users report experiencing disc scratching during normal horizontal usage. Announced at CES 2006 and first publicly shown at E3 2006, an external HD DVD drive was released in North America on November 7, 2006 (for US$199.99) and in Japan on November 17, 2006 (for ¥19,800). In the UK, France and Germany, the HD DVD drive was released for €199.99/£129.99. The HD DVD drive was bundled for a limited time with an Xbox 360 Universal Media Remote, as well as an HD DVD copy of Peter Jackson's King Kong. The drive plays HD DVD movies, although all Xbox 360 games will remain on the DVD format. Microsoft had no plans to include an internal HD DVD player in future Xbox 360 designs. The drive connects to the Xbox 360 via USB and contains two integrated USB ports on the rear. Games can not be played on the HD DVD drive. Microsoft has since discontinued the HD DVD add-on since the format was officially dropped by Toshiba. List of DVD drives Manufacturer(s) Model Firmware version(s) Notes Toshiba-Samsung TS-H943 MS25MS28 Hitachi-LG GDR-3120L 003200360040004600470058005900780079FL/FK DL10N (Xbox 360 S) 0500AA Philips & BenQ (PBDS) VAD6038 62430C64930C 04421C New FW after System Update 2.0.13146.0 version. (04421C) Philips & Lite-On (PLDS) DG-16D2S 74850C83850C v183850C v293450C 02510C New FW after System Update 2.0.13146.0 version. (02510C) DG-16D4S (Xbox 360 S) 950402250401027210711214 New FW after System Update 2.0.13146.0 version. (9504 → 0272) DG-16D5S (Xbox 360 S) A44511751532 Hard drive storage Original style Xbox 360 hard drives See also: Xbox 360 accessories → Detachable hard drives The Xbox 360 uses standard 2.5" SATA hard disk drives (HDDs) held within custom enclosures. These units have a custom connector to facilitate connection to the Xbox 360 and the drives themselves feature custom firmware (making stand-alone drives incompatible). The drives are detachable, making it possible to move data from one console to another, and to upgrade the size of drive on a console. The hard drives themselves are manufactured by various companies, including Fujitsu, Seagate, Samsung, Hitachi and Western Digital. Certain Western Digital hard disk drives can be modified with a program called HDDHackr to be used with the Xbox 360. Approximately 7 GB are reserved for system use (4 GB of that portion are reserved for game title caching and other hard drive specific elements in games that support the hard drive, and an additional 2 GB are reserved for use by the Xbox 360 backwards-compatibility software). The original Pro configuration of the system came with a 20 GB hard drive, which was also available to purchase separately (for the Core model, and later the Arcade model, which did not include a HDD). This was upgraded to 60 GB in September 2008, and the 60 GB HDD was also made available at retail. In April 2007, Microsoft released the Elite console, which included a black 120 GB HDD; a grey 120 GB drive was also later made available at retail. In November 2009, Microsoft released the "Super Elite" console, as a bundle with the highly anticipated game Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2. This console was like the typical black Elite, but with Call of Duty graphics added and for the first time included a 250 GB hard drive (which holds up to 228 GB of data after system information is stored). This was followed by various other 250 GB special/limited edition bundles. No standard (non-special edition) configuration of the original console ever included a 250 GB drive, but they were later made available at retail. In June 2010, Microsoft announced a new version of the console, the Xbox 360 S, which used a new form factor for its 250 GB hard drives. As such, original style hard drives cannot be used in Xbox 360 S consoles, and vice versa, without modification. In June 2011, Microsoft announced a specially branded Gears of War 3 Limited Collector's Edition Xbox 360 S console to coincide with the launch of Gears of War 3. At 320 GB, the included hard drive is the largest available for/with the original Xbox 360 model. In August 2014, Microsoft announced and released a new 500 GB hard drive for the Xbox 360 S console model, currently the largest hard drive available for or with any Xbox 360 model. Networking All versions of the Xbox 360 come with a built-in 10 to 100 Mbit/s wired Ethernet network adapter. The "Xbox 360 Wireless Adapter" (identifiable as white with one antenna) connects via a USB port and adds support for 802.11a and 802.11b/g Wi-Fi. This was replaced by the "Wireless N Adapter" (black with two antennas), which added support for 802.11n on both the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands. The original Xbox 360 model features a pair of notches on the rear of the console, above the USB socket, to which the adapter can be attached. Alternatively, a pair of fold-out feet on the adapter can be used to stand it up separately. The Xbox 360 S and Xbox 360 E consoles feature built-in support for 802.11b/g/n but on the 2.4 GHz band only. The Wireless and Wireless N Adapters can be used on these models to add support for the 5 GHz band (albeit the former losing support for 802.11n over 2.4 GHz) and will, in some cases, offer "... better range and bandwidth compared with the internal wireless feature ..." If this adapter is connected, the internal wireless adapter is disabled. The S and E models lack the notches for the adapter. Motherboards Microsoft avoids outright announcements of new motherboard production runs and their subsequent appearance in the market in part due to uneven distribution causing buyer's remorse and to prevent purchaser delay. However, several major (and many minor) motherboard revisions are introduced to reduce costs and to allow them to run cooler while consuming less power. Note that there is no clear divide between the appearance of motherboard revisions in retail. Due to individual stock production, distribution and rotation, it may become difficult to find specific versions. The power connectors on the back of these systems incorporate a "keying" system that will prevent plugging a (newer) lower-rated power supply into an older system (which needs more power). The keying system does, however, allow older power supplies to be connected to newer systems, as this poses no problem. The initial motherboard version was known as "Xenon" and used a 203 watt power supply, and lacked an HDMI video port. Later models had an improved GPU heatsink. The "Zephyr" revision was a redesigned motherboard adding the HANA and HDMI, but used the same 90 nm CPU as the Xenon. The "Falcon" incorporated a newer 65 nm CPU, and required less power so it came packaged with a 175 watt power supply. "Jasper" (released late November 2008) used both a 65 nm CPU and GPU, as well as 16, 256 or 512 MB of on-board flash memory. (This was to help run a then-recent Dashboard update. Without the addition of this internal memory, a hard disk drive or memory card is required.) The "Jasper" revision required even less power, and so the power supply was also reduced to 150 watts. The "Tonasket" revision is a minor upgrade of the "Jasper", moving to a new "Kronos" GPU with a 65 nm eDRAM, and adding a new Ring of Light/RF board called "XFreedom". The GPU heatsink returned to the original one used on the "Xenon". Xbox 360 S introduced a new motherboard version called "Trinity" with a 45 nm integrated CPU, GPU, and eDRAM, codename "Valhalla". It consisted of 2 dies, one for the XCGPU, and one for the eDRAM. In 2011 a second model of the Xbox 360 S motherboard has been released known as "Corona" which integrates the HANA chip into the southbridge chip, and used either the traditional 16 MB NAND, or a 4 GB "Phison" eMMC. "Corona" was used in both the Xbox 360 S and Xbox 360 E. In August 2014, the "Winchester" model was released, with a new XCGPU. This chip removes the heatspreader and integrated the eDRAM into the main die on the XCGPU. This version also patches the "Reset Glitch Hack". List of revisions Codename CPU GPU eDRAM HDMI Power Supply In Production Date Released Notes Xenon 90 nm 90 nm 90 nm No 203 W No November 2005 Original release. Later models had an improved GPU heatsink. Zephyr 90 nm 90 nm 90 nm Yes 203 W No April 2007 Redesigned motherboard. Introduced HDMI port and HANA chip. Improved GPU heatsink. Falcon 65 nm 90 nm 90 nm Yes 175 W No September 2007 Introduced 65 nm CPU, Different CPU heatsink. Opus 65 nm 90 nm 90 nm No 175 W No July 2008 Sometimes used as a replacement for Xenon motherboards which were sent to Microsoft for RROD repair. Same as Falcon, without HDMI. Jasper 65 nm 65 nm 90 nm Yes 150 W No November 2008 Introduced 65 nm GPU. Introduced 256 MB and later 512 MB NANDs in Arcade models. Elpis 90 nm 90 nm 90 nm No 203 W No Mid 2009 Used as a replacement for Xenon motherboards which were sent to Microsoft for RROD repair. Same as Xenon, but with an updated GPU. Tonasket 65 nm 65 nm 65 nm Yes 150 W No September 2009 Introduced 65 nm eDRAM. Introduced new "XFreedom" RF-module, new Kronos GPU revision. Return to original GPU heatsink Trinity 45 nm (combined chip) 65 nm Yes 135 W No June 2010 Motherboard redesign used in the Xbox 360 S. Combined CPU/GPU into XCGPU. Some versions had a 4 GB daughterboard. Corona 45 nm (combined chip) 65 nm Yes 120 W No August 2011 No more HANA chip. Used in the Xbox 360 S. Two versions: one with 4 GB MMC, one with standard 16 MB NAND. Waitsburg 45 nm (combined chip) 65 nm Yes 120 W No Early 2012 Removed post out from the cpu. Used in the Xbox 360 S. Two versions: one with 4 GB eMMC, one with standard 16 MB NAND. Stingray 45 nm (combined chip) 65 nm Yes 120 W No June 2013 Waitsburg made for use in the Xbox 360 E. Used in the Xbox 360 E. Two versions: one with 4 GB eMMC, one with standard 16 MB NAND. Winchester 32 nm (combined chip) Yes 120 W No August 2014 New XCGPU combining eDRAM into main die. It patches "Reset Glitch Hack". Released with 500 GB console bundles Connectivity to accessories An Xbox 360 Wireless Controller See also: Xbox 360 accessories The Xbox 360 features three USB 2.0 ports (two on the front, one on the back). The Xbox 360 S, however, has five USB 2.0 ports (two on the front, three in the back) along with a dedicated Kinect port. The Xbox 360 E has four ports (two on the front, two on the back) and a dedicated Kinect port. These are used for connection of accessories such as wired controllers, the wireless networking adapter, the Xbox Live Vision camera and USB storage devices. Although the number of wired controllers is limited by the number of ports, up to four may be used through the use of a USB hub. The Xbox 360 also features wireless connectivity of accessories via a proprietary 2.4 GHz radio system. This is mainly used to connect the official wireless controllers, but is also used for other devices such as the wireless racing wheel and wireless headsets. With the exception of some rhythm game controllers, and the Fanatec CSR wheel, this wireless connectivity is limited to first-party Microsoft accessories. The console can connect to Xbox Live over the Internet through a variety of networking interfaces. Original style consoles also have two front-mounted memory card slots for the system's proprietary Memory Unit. These can be used to transfer profile and game data from one Xbox 360 to another. Memory Units up to 512 MB are available from Microsoft. The "Arcade" model formerly came with a 256 MB Memory Unit, but with the Jasper motherboard revision of September 2008, the "Arcade" model began to include 256 MB of built-in flash memory. This was later increased to 512 MB. The memory card slots were replaced with USB ports on the newer Xbox 360 S models. The Universal Media Remote can be used to control several functions of the console, including the Windows Media Center functions if connected to the network. It communicates with the console via infrared through a receiver port on the front of the console. All standard controllers for the system feature a 2.5 mm headset jack to allow the use of wired headsets for voice chatting. The 2.5mm jack can also accept the chatpad accessory. Various other accessories for the console exist, such as decorative faceplates to change the physical appearance of the console. Physical appearance Left: Xbox 360 Elite, Right: Xbox 360 S with new-style controller The physical outline of the original style Xbox 360 is 31 by 8 by 26.8 centimetres (12.2 in × 3.1 in × 10.6 in) and is similar in form factor to its predecessor. It is slightly slimmer in every dimension and is slightly concave, while the original Xbox was noticeably convex. It comes as standard in either black or white, with other colors available as special editions. It was designed by Astro Studios in cooperation with Hers Experimental Design Laboratory. The original case has a concaveness to it; Astro Studios' president Brett Lovelady said that part of this was to keep an "X" shape to the console when looked at from the front, while it also served to help with cooling the system components, as the narrower section helped the console to "inhale" more air, particularly when placed in the vertical orientation. In June 2010 a redesign of the console, known as the Xbox 360 S, was announced. This version of the console retains the same basic shape but is noticeably smaller and more angular than the original version. It comes as standard in either matte or glossy black; like its predecessor, other colors are available as special editions. The front of the console features a "ring of light" that displays four illuminated quadrants in either red or green (Some special editions replaced the green for blue). When the lights turn red, the console has encountered an error, with the number of sectors illuminated informing the user what category the error falls into. Since the redesign of the console removed the red LEDs, this error reporting system is no longer used. The original Xbox 360 weighs approximately 3.5 kilograms (7.7 lb), about 350 grams heavier than the new Xbox. The new version weighs in at 2.9 kilograms (6.4 lb). Power supply The console uses an external power supply with a 10 A/100–120 V or 5 A/220-230 V (AC) input and DC output rated at 203/175/150/130/115 W (depending on revision). An estimated 2 W of power are used while the older versions of console are in standby mode giving a yearly usage of approximately 17.5 kWh. The new version uses around 0.5W while in standby. Saving the console size and weight, the power supply displaces 1,300 cubic centimetres (79 cu in). Xbox 360 power supplies are designed with keys in the plug to be forwards, but not backwards compatible. For example, a 203 watt supply would fit and work on a 175 watt console, but not the other way around. See also Xbox 360 technical problems Notes 1.^ Video output and system control chip. References ^ 1 GB = one billion bytes (109 B) ^ 1 TB = one thousand billion bytes (1012 B) ^ "Xbox 360 System Update for Preview Program Members – Now Supporting 2TB Hard Drives". Majornelson.com. 9 April 2015. Retrieved 2020-04-19. ^ "Xbox 360 Technical Specifications". Xbox.com. Archived from the original on 2008-08-22. Retrieved 2009-09-10. ^ "Xbox One vs. Xbox 360 Spec Comparison". www.digitaltrends.com. 22 May 2013. Retrieved 2020-04-21. ^ Leadbetter, Richard (2016-01-24). "The Making of The Witcher 2". Eurogamer. Retrieved 2020-04-21. ^ Xbox 360 vs. PlayStation 3: The Hardware Throwdown - IGN, 26 August 2010, retrieved 2020-04-21 ^ 1 MB = 10242 B ^ Brown, Jeffrey (2005-12-06). "Application-customized CPU design: The Microsoft Xbox 360 CPU Story". IBM. Archived from the original on 2006-09-22. Retrieved 2006-09-30. ^ Andrews, Jeff; Baker, Nick (2006-04-26). "Xbox 360 System Architecture" (PDF). IEEE Micro. 26 (2): 25–37. doi:10.1109/MM.2006.45. S2CID 18990105. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-08-08. Retrieved 2013-01-24. ^ Baumann, Dave (2006-06-13). "ATI Xenos: XBOX 360 Graphics Demystified". Beyond3D. Archived from the original on 2006-11-18. Retrieved 2006-12-27. ^ Wasson, Scott (2005-05-19). "Details of ATI's Xbox 360 GPU unveiled". The Tech Report, LLC. Retrieved 2020-11-07. ^ Bramwell, Tom (October 24, 2006). "Gears cost MS a billion dollars". Eurogamer. Retrieved February 8, 2020. ^ Douglass C., Perry (2005-05-20). "E3 2005: Microsoft's Xbox 360 vs. Sony's PlayStation 3". IGN. Archived from the original on 2006-09-26. Retrieved 2006-09-30. ^ Cross, Jason (2005-05-20). "Xbox 360 GPU Details". ExtremeTech. Archived from the original on January 4, 2007. Retrieved 2006-09-30. ^ McLain, Alex (2005-10-31). "Xbox 360 High Def Details". Microsoft Corporation. Archived from the original on April 24, 2007. Retrieved 2006-10-03. ^ Reimer, Jeremy (2006-10-30). "Microsoft prepares major update to Xbox Live". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on 2018-12-22. Retrieved 2006-10-31. ^ Bennett, Hugh. "Understanding Recordable & Rewritable DVD". Optical Storage Technology Association. Archived from the original on 2004-06-11. Retrieved 2006-12-18. ^ Hill, Brandon (2007-02-06). "Microsoft's Xbox 360 Gets New Internal Optical Drive". DailyTech. Archived from the original on 2007-09-30. Retrieved 2007-07-06. ^ "New Benq (LiteOn) drive in Xbox 360". Archived from the original on 2008-05-17. ^ Padilla, Raymond M. (2005-03-08). "We Got Next - Part One (Xbox)". GameSpy. Archived from the original on 2006-10-18. Retrieved 2006-11-13. ^ a b "Source: Xbox new disc format gains 1GB". Eurogamer. March 30, 2011. Retrieved August 19, 2021. Note: Eurogamer article numbers are in gibibytes, not gigabytes, see article talk on May 3, 2022{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link) ^ Farivar, Cyrus (2006-10-05). "Microsoft fires back at DVD firmware hack". Engadget. Archived from the original on 2018-12-22. Retrieved 2006-10-05. ^ a b "Xbox 360 technical specifications". Microsoft. Archived from the original on 2006-11-29. Retrieved 2006-09-30. ^ Miller, Jonathan (2005-12-05). "Xbox 360: Glitch In The System?". IGN. Archived from the original on 2007-10-13. Retrieved 2007-01-03. ^ a b Sinclair, Brendan (2006-09-27). "$199 360 HD-DVD drive coming in mid-November". GameSpot. Archived from the original on March 1, 2007. Retrieved 2006-10-02. ^ Berardini, César A. (2006-08-17). "HD DVD Xbox 360 Games: Another Rumor Debunked". TeamXbox. Archived from the original on 2006-11-15. Retrieved 2006-11-11. ^ Menendez, Cesar (2006-06-30). "No Internal HD DVD Plans". GamerscoreBlog. Archived from the original on 2006-10-20. Retrieved 2006-11-01. ^ Magrino, Tom (2008-02-27). "Microsoft drops 360's HD DVD player". GameSpot. Archived from the original on 2018-12-22. Retrieved 2008-02-25. ^ Burg, Dustin (2007-04-23). "Save some cash, use your own 120GB HDD". Joystiq. Archived from the original on 2015-01-28. Retrieved 2012-09-19. ^ "Microsoft Announces Modern Warfare 2 Xbox 360 Console Bundle". GamaSutra. September 16, 2009. Retrieved August 19, 2021. ^ "Gears 3 LCE Console and Controller Announced". Microsoft. June 7, 2011. Retrieved June 20, 2011. ^ Moser, Cassidee (2014-08-19). "Xbox 360 Gets a 500GB Media Hard Drive". IGN. Archived from the original on 2014-09-19. ^ "How to connect an Xbox 360 Wireless Networking Adaptor". Xbox. Archived from the original on January 1, 2015. Retrieved August 19, 2021. ^ "Xbox 360 Wireless Adapter Troubleshoot". Microsoft. Archived from the original on 2018-12-22. Retrieved 2018-07-28. ^ "How to set up the Xbox 360 Wireless N Networking Adapter". Xbox. Archived from the original on December 22, 2018. Retrieved August 19, 2021. ^ "Xbox 360 Networking Adapter". Microsoft. Archived from the original on 2016-02-05. Retrieved 2018-07-28. ^ Microsoft Xbox 360 Internal Memorandum 11952006; Announcement of new motherboards may cause consumers to delay purchases of existing units and some regions with slower inventory turnover may not see the newer units for some time ^ Heckendorn, Ben (2008-11-10). "New 65nm CPU *not found* in very new Xbox 360". Archived from the original on 2018-12-22. Retrieved 2008-11-10. ^ Heckendorn, Benjamin (2008-12-10). "Inside an Xbox 360 Jasper: Ben Heck dissects the mythical console, then tells you how to find one". Engadget. Archived from the original on 2018-02-01. ^ Miller, Ross (2010-03-18). "Leaked Xbox 360 'Valhalla' motherboard analyzed by Ben Heck". Engadget. Archived from the original on 2018-08-08. Retrieved 2012-09-19. ^ a b Shimpi, Anand Lal (2008-12-10). "Jasper is here: A look at the new Xbox 360". AnandTech. Archived from the original on 2018-12-22. Retrieved 2018-01-15. ^ "WeekendModder.com - Everyone can mod, Tutorials and Guides | Identify your console and motherboard type". weekendmodder.com. Retrieved 2024-03-31. ^ a b "Xbox 360 Technical Specifications". Microsoft. Archived from the original on 2008-12-24. ^ Kemp, David (2006-04-01). "Collaboration and the creation of the Xbox 360". Core77. Archived from the original on December 23, 2006. Retrieved 2006-12-28. ^ Sheffield, Brandon (July 12, 2005). "Interview: Astro A-Go-Go: Designing The Look of the Xbox 360". Gamasutra. Retrieved November 16, 2020. ^ Yam, Marcus (2010-06-22). "New Xbox 360 is Actually Called the Xbox 360 'S'". Tom's Guide. Archived from the original on 2012-12-27. Retrieved 2012-09-19. ^ a b Hollister, Sean (2010-07-02). "New Xbox 360 250GB review". Engadget. Archived from the original on 2013-01-24. Retrieved 2013-01-07. ^ Berardini, César A. (2006-06-19). "Game Console Energy Consumption". TeamXbox. Archived from the original on 2006-09-26. Retrieved 2006-11-18. ^ Cole, Vladimir (2005-12-06). "Xbox 360 power supply dunked in water to prove it's damned big". Joystiq. Archived from the original on 2006-03-16. Retrieved 2006-10-03. ^ Mrs, Lukies (2022-07-21). "Tech Device Repair". Retrieved 2022-08-29. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hard disk drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_disk_drive"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"IBM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM"},{"link_name":"Xenon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenon_(processor)"},{"link_name":"threads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thread_(computer_science)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Graphics processing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_graphics"},{"link_name":"ATI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATI_Technologies"},{"link_name":"Xenos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenos_(graphics_chip)"},{"link_name":"MB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megabyte"},{"link_name":"eDRAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EDRAM"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The console features a port on the top when vertical (left side when horizontal) to which a custom-housed hard disk drive unit can be attached in sizes of either 20, 60, 120, 250, 320, 500 GB;[1] and as of April 2015 all 2.5\" SATA Hard Drives up to 2 TB,[2][3] the user can use the format option from system settings to utilize the new HDD. Inside, the Xbox 360 uses the triple-core IBM designed Xenon as its CPU, with each core capable of simultaneously processing two threads, and can therefore operate on up to six threads at once.[4] Graphics processing is handled by the ATI Xenos, which has 10 MB of eDRAM.[5][6][7] Its main memory pool is 512 MB[8] in size.","title":"Xbox 360 technical specifications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Xenon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenon_(processor)"},{"link_name":"PowerPC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerPC"},{"link_name":"IBM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM"},{"link_name":"floating point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floating_point"},{"link_name":"FPU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floating_point_unit"},{"link_name":"SIMD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIMD"},{"link_name":"vector processors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_processor"},{"link_name":"dot-product instruction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dot-product_instruction"},{"link_name":"memory footprint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_footprint"},{"link_name":"GFLOPS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GigaFLOPS"},{"link_name":"dot products","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dot_product"},{"link_name":"simultaneous multithreading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simultaneous_multithreading"},{"link_name":"clocked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clock_rate"},{"link_name":"GHz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertz"},{"link_name":"in-order execution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out-of-order_execution#In-order_processors"},{"link_name":"Intel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel"},{"link_name":"Pentium III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentium_III"},{"link_name":"out-of-order execution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out-of-order_execution"},{"link_name":"90 nm process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/90_nanometer"},{"link_name":"65 nm process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/65_nanometer"},{"link_name":"SOI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_on_insulator"},{"link_name":"front side bus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_side_bus"},{"link_name":"northbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northbridge_(computing)"},{"link_name":"MB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megabyte"},{"link_name":"Level 2 cache","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Level_2_cache"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"aluminum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminum"},{"link_name":"copper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper"},{"link_name":"heat pipe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_pipe"},{"link_name":"Nidec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nidec"}],"text":"Xbox 360 took a different approach to hardware compared to its predecessor. The XCPU, named Xenon at Microsoft and \"Waternoose\" at IBM, is a custom triple-core 64-bit PowerPC-based design by IBM. The CPU emphasized high floating point performance through multiple FPU and SIMD vector processors in each core.\nThe SIMD vector processor (VMX128) was modified for the Xbox to include a dot-product instruction. The dot-product instruction took far less latency than discrete instructions. The VMX128 was also modified by the addition of direct 3D (D3D) compressed data format. This led to an approximate 50 percent savings in required band-width and memory footprint making the CPU having a theoretical peak performance of 115.2 GFLOPS, being capable of 9.6 billion dot products per second. Each core of the CPU was capable of simultaneous multithreading and was clocked at 3.2 GHz. However, to reduce CPU die size, complexity, cost, and power demands, the processor used in-order execution in contrast to the Intel Coppermine 128-based Pentium III used in the original Xbox, which used more complex out-of-order execution. The original chip used a 90 nm process, although a newer 65 nm process SOI revision was implemented on later models, which was in-turn superseded by a 45 nm combined CPU and GPU chip. A 21.6 GB/s front side bus, aggregated 10.8 GB/s upstream and downstream, connected Xenon with the graphics processor/northbridge. Xenon was equipped with an 8th way set associative 1 MB Level 2 cache on-die running at half CPU clock speed. This cache was shared amongst the three CPU cores.[9] Each core had separate L1 caches, each containing a two-way set associative 32-Kbyte L1 instruction cache and a four-way set associative 32-Kbyte L1 data cache. The write-through data cache did not allocate cache lines on writes. The CPU also contained ROM storing Microsoft private encrypted keys, used to decrypt game data. The heat sink implemented to cool the Xenon CPU was composed of aluminum fins with a copper base, and a heat pipe. Newer revisions, which had a smaller core, do not feature the heat pipe or copper base. The heat sink was cooled by two 70 mm fans at the rear of the console on original-style consoles, while a single fan mounted on the side of the consoles was used in Xbox 360 S consoles. There were several types of fan used in Xbox 360s, which were produced by Nidec, Sunon, and Delta Electronics.","title":"Central processing unit"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"thrashing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrashing_(computer_science)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"CPU data streaming","text":"During read streaming into the CPU, a custom prefetch instruction, extended data cache block touch (xDCBT) prefetches data directly to the L1 data cache of the intended core, which skips putting the data in the L2 cache to avoid thrashing the L2 cache. Writes streaming from each core skip the L1 cache, due to its no-write allocation (avoids thrashing of high-bandwidth, transient, write-only data streams on the L1 cache), and goes directly to the L2 cache.\nThe system allows for the GPU to directly read data produced by the CPU without going to main memory. In this specific case of data streaming, called Xbox procedural synthesis (XPS), the CPU is effectively a data decompressor, generating geometry on-the-fly for consumption by the GPU 3D core.[10]","title":"Central processing unit"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"graphics processing unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit"},{"link_name":"Nvidia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nvidia"},{"link_name":"ATI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATI_Technologies"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beyond3D-11"},{"link_name":"TSMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TSMC"},{"link_name":"eDRAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EDRAM"},{"link_name":"NEC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEC"},{"link_name":"MSAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multisample_anti-aliasing"},{"link_name":"z-buffering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z-buffering"},{"link_name":"alpha blending","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_blending"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"motherboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motherboard"},{"link_name":"chipset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chipset"},{"link_name":"northbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northbridge_(computing)"},{"link_name":"GFLOPS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GigaFLOPS"}],"text":"While the first Xbox's graphics processing unit was produced by Nvidia, the Xbox 360 had a chip designed by ATI called Xenos. The chip was developed under the name \"C1\" and \"R500\" was often used to refer to it.[11] The GPU package contains two separate silicon dies, each built on a 90 nm process with a clock speed of 500 MHz; the GPU proper, manufactured by TSMC and a 10 MB eDRAM daughter-die, manufactured by NEC. Thanks to the daughter die, the Xenos can do 4× MSAA, z-buffering, and alpha blending with no appreciable performance penalty on the GPU.[12] The GPU also houses additional capabilities typically separated into a motherboard chipset in PC systems, effectively replacing the northbridge chip. It has a theoretical peak of 240 GFLOPS. Early models of the GPU had reliability issues. This was fixed around mid 2008.","title":"Graphics processing unit"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:XBox_360_bandwidth_and_hardware.png"},{"link_name":"GDDR3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GDDR3"},{"link_name":"RAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_access_memory"},{"link_name":"effective transmission rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_data_rate"},{"link_name":"128-bit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/128-bit"},{"link_name":"unified memory architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shared_Memory_Architecture"},{"link_name":"Samsung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung"},{"link_name":"Qimonda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qimonda"},{"link_name":"Mark Rein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Rein_(software_executive)"},{"link_name":"Epic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_Games"},{"link_name":"Gears of War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gears_of_War"},{"link_name":"Tim Sweeney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Sweeney_(game_developer)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"bandwidth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"eDRAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EDRAM"},{"link_name":"eDRAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EDRAM"},{"link_name":"internal memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_storage"},{"link_name":"z-buffering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z-buffering"},{"link_name":"alpha blending","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_blending"},{"link_name":"antialiasing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatial_anti-aliasing"},{"link_name":"eDRAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EDRAM"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Southbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southbridge_(computing)"}],"text":"Xbox 360 bandwidth and hardware scheme.The console features 512 MB of GDDR3 RAM clocked at 700 MHz with an effective transmission rate of 1.4 GHz on a 128-bit bus. The memory is shared by the CPU and the GPU via the unified memory architecture. This memory is produced by either Samsung or Qimonda.According to Mark Rein of Epic Games, Microsoft had originally planned on using only 256 MB of RAM, but the decision to increase it was based on Epic's upcoming Gears of War title. Epic had been arguing for Microsoft to increase the memory for some time, and Tim Sweeney had sent Microsoft screenshots of what Gears would look like at 256 MB, and then at their proposed 512 MB. Shortly thereafter, Epic was the first studio told of the new 512 MB size specification and claimed it cost them a billion dollars but felt it was better for gamers.[13]The Xbox 360 has an extensive amount of bandwidth in comparison to its competition;[14] however, this statistic includes the eDRAM logic to memory bandwidth, and not internal CPU bandwidths. The eDRAM internal logic to its internal memory bandwidth is 256 GB/s. The high bandwidth is used primarily for z-buffering, alpha blending, and antialiasing; it saves time and space on the GPU die. Between the eDRAM die and the GPU, data is transferred at 32 GB/s.[15] The memory interface bus has a bandwidth of 22.40 GB/s and the Southbridge a bandwidth of 0.5 GB/s.","title":"Memory and system bandwidth"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dolby Digital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolby_Digital"},{"link_name":"surround sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound"},{"link_name":"32-bit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/32-bit"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"XMA audio format","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XMA_audio_format"},{"link_name":"MPEG-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEG-2"},{"link_name":"VC-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VC-1"},{"link_name":"WMV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Media_Video"},{"link_name":"streaming video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming_video"},{"link_name":"HD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-definition_television"},{"link_name":"NTSC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTSC"},{"link_name":"PAL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAL"},{"link_name":"WMV HD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WMV_HD"},{"link_name":"H.263","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.263"},{"link_name":"H.264","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.264"},{"link_name":"MPEG-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEG-4"},{"link_name":"DVI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Visual_Interface"},{"link_name":"HDMI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDMI"},{"link_name":"YPBPR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YPbPr"},{"link_name":"component video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Component_video"},{"link_name":"D-terminal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-terminal"},{"link_name":"VGA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VGA"},{"link_name":"SDTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard-definition_television"},{"link_name":"HDTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-definition_television"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MajorDashboardUpdate2-17"},{"link_name":"scaled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_scaling"}],"text":"All games made for the Xbox 360 are required to support at least Dolby Digital 5.1 surround sound. The console works with over 256 audio channels and 320 independent decompression channels using 32-bit processing for audio, with support for 48 kHz 16-bit sound.[citation needed] Sound files for games are encoded using Microsoft's XMA audio format. An MPEG-2 decoder is included for DVD video playback. VC-1 or WMV is used for streaming video and other video is compressed using VC-1 at non-HD NTSC and PAL resolutions or WMV HD. The Xbox 360 also supports H.263 and H.264 MPEG-4 videos. Unlike the original Xbox, voice communication is handled by the console, not by the game code, allowing for cross-game communication. There is no voice echo to game players on the same console; voice only goes to remote consoles.Initially there were no digital video outputs such as DVI or HDMI on the Xbox 360; instead, HD-quality output could only be produced over YPBPR component video (used by both the 3 RCA component cable and the Japanese D-terminal cable) and later VGA (via a software update). An HDMI port was introduced to the Xbox 360 by July 2007 with the introduction of the Elite model. A wide array of SDTV and HDTV resolutions are supported by the console hardware;[16] up to 1080p after the October 2006 software upgrade.[17] While most games are rendered natively at 720p, the video from all games can be scaled by the hardware to whatever resolution the user has set in the console's settings; from 480i NTSC and 576i PAL all the way to 1080p HDTV.","title":"Audio and video"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Idolmaster_DVD-ROM_for_Xbox_360.jpg"},{"link_name":"data transfer rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_storage_media_writing_and_reading_speed"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-understandingDVDRRW-18"},{"link_name":"BenQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BenQ"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"LiteOn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lite-On"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"GB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigabyte"},{"link_name":"dual-layer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD#Dual-layer_recording"},{"link_name":"DVD-ROMs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD-ROM"},{"link_name":"GiB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GiB"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-XGD3-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-XGD3-22"},{"link_name":"regional lockout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_lockout"},{"link_name":"DVD region codes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD_region_code"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"DVD±R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD%C2%B1R"},{"link_name":"out of the box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out_of_the_box_(feature)"},{"link_name":"add-on","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_accessory"},{"link_name":"CD-R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-R"},{"link_name":"RW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-RW"},{"link_name":"CD-DA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Book_(audio_CD_standard)"},{"link_name":"CD-ROM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-ROM"},{"link_name":"WMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Media_Audio"},{"link_name":"MP3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3"},{"link_name":"JPEG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEG"},{"link_name":"Photo CD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photo_CD"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Xbox360Specs-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"CES","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_Electronics_Show"},{"link_name":"external HD DVD drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_360_HD_DVD_Player"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GameSpotX06-26"},{"link_name":"King Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Kong_(2005_film)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GameSpotX06-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Microsoft-29"}],"text":"DVD-ROM for Xbox 360Xbox 360 is equipped with a 12× DVD drive, with a data transfer rate of 16.5 MB/s.[18] The original production DVD drives were manufactured by LG, Samsung, and Sony. Beginning in November 2006, a new model the BenQ VAD6038 was introduced, which is said to run faster than the previous models and, in addition, is much quieter.[19] There is a new drive by LiteOn.[20]Games are stored on standard 8.5 GB dual-layer DVD-ROMs; however initially only 7.3 GB (6.8 GiB) were allocated to be used for games on the \"Xbox Game Disc 2\" (XGD2) early format. With the XGD3 later format introduced in 2011, the usable space was brought up to 8.3 GB (7.8 GiB).[21][22] This marked an increase in available space for games from 85% to nearly 98%. In both formats, the unallocated space for games is used for anti-piracy security software.[22]The option to apply a regional lockout to games is available to publishers, although DVD region codes are always enforced for movies. Microsoft has implemented methods to prevent hacking through the drive. Later drive models have the external debug triggering removed and black hard glue added to cover all the chip and controller pins.[23] The drive is able to read both DVD±R and DVD±RW in addition to being able to play DVD-Video out of the box, unlike its predecessor, which required the purchase of an add-on remote. The system is also capable of playing standard CDs along with CD-R/RW, CD-DA, CD-ROM XA, CD-Extra, WMA-CD, MP3-CD, and JPEG Photo CD.[24] Some users reported problems with the disc drive, as when a user changes the console's orientation, the inserted disc may brush against the drive's pickup assembly and incur scratches to it.[25] The users manual advises against changing the console's position while there is a disc in the drive. Other users report experiencing disc scratching during normal horizontal usage.Announced at CES 2006 and first publicly shown at E3 2006, an external HD DVD drive was released in North America on November 7, 2006 (for US$199.99) and in Japan on November 17, 2006 (for ¥19,800). In the UK, France and Germany, the HD DVD drive was released for €199.99/£129.99.[26] The HD DVD drive was bundled for a limited time with an Xbox 360 Universal Media Remote, as well as an HD DVD copy of Peter Jackson's King Kong.[26] The drive plays HD DVD movies, although all Xbox 360 games will remain on the DVD format.[27] Microsoft had no plans to include an internal HD DVD player in future Xbox 360 designs.[28] The drive connects to the Xbox 360 via USB and contains two integrated USB ports on the rear. Games can not be played on the HD DVD drive. Microsoft has since discontinued the HD DVD add-on since the format was officially dropped by Toshiba.[29]","title":"DVD storage"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"List of DVD drives","title":"DVD storage"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Microsoft-Xbox-360-Hard-Drives.jpg"},{"link_name":"Xbox 360 accessories → Detachable hard drives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_360_accessories#Detachable_hard_drives"},{"link_name":"SATA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_ATA"},{"link_name":"hard disk drives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_disk_drive"},{"link_name":"Fujitsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujitsu"},{"link_name":"Seagate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seagate_Technology"},{"link_name":"Samsung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung"},{"link_name":"Hitachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitachi"},{"link_name":"Western Digital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Digital"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_of_Duty:_Modern_Warfare_2"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Gears of War 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gears_of_War_3"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gears3Console-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN_500GB_Hard_drive-33"}],"text":"Original style Xbox 360 hard drivesSee also: Xbox 360 accessories → Detachable hard drivesThe Xbox 360 uses standard 2.5\" SATA hard disk drives (HDDs) held within custom enclosures. These units have a custom connector to facilitate connection to the Xbox 360 and the drives themselves feature custom firmware (making stand-alone drives incompatible). The drives are detachable, making it possible to move data from one console to another, and to upgrade the size of drive on a console. The hard drives themselves are manufactured by various companies, including Fujitsu, Seagate, Samsung, Hitachi and Western Digital. Certain Western Digital hard disk drives can be modified with a program called HDDHackr to be used with the Xbox 360.[30]Approximately 7 GB are reserved for system use (4 GB of that portion are reserved for game title caching and other hard drive specific elements in games that support the hard drive, and an additional 2 GB are reserved for use by the Xbox 360 backwards-compatibility software). The original Pro configuration of the system came with a 20 GB hard drive, which was also available to purchase separately (for the Core model, and later the Arcade model, which did not include a HDD). This was upgraded to 60 GB in September 2008, and the 60 GB HDD was also made available at retail. In April 2007, Microsoft released the Elite console, which included a black 120 GB HDD; a grey 120 GB drive was also later made available at retail. In November 2009, Microsoft released the \"Super Elite\" console, as a bundle with the highly anticipated game Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2.[31] This console was like the typical black Elite, but with Call of Duty graphics added and for the first time included a 250 GB hard drive (which holds up to 228 GB of data after system information is stored). This was followed by various other 250 GB special/limited edition bundles. No standard (non-special edition) configuration of the original console ever included a 250 GB drive, but they were later made available at retail.In June 2010, Microsoft announced a new version of the console, the Xbox 360 S, which used a new form factor for its 250 GB hard drives. As such, original style hard drives cannot be used in Xbox 360 S consoles, and vice versa, without modification. In June 2011, Microsoft announced a specially branded Gears of War 3 Limited Collector's Edition Xbox 360 S console to coincide with the launch of Gears of War 3. At 320 GB, the included hard drive is the largest available for/with the original Xbox 360 model.[32]In August 2014, Microsoft announced and released a new 500 GB hard drive for the Xbox 360 S console model,[33] currently the largest hard drive available for or with any Xbox 360 model.","title":"Hard drive storage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"802.11a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/802.11a"},{"link_name":"802.11b/g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/802.11g"},{"link_name":"Wi-Fi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"802.11n","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/802.11n"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"text":"All versions of the Xbox 360 come with a built-in 10 to 100 Mbit/s wired Ethernet network adapter. The \"Xbox 360 Wireless Adapter\"[34] (identifiable as white with one antenna) connects via a USB port and adds support for 802.11a and 802.11b/g Wi-Fi.[35] This was replaced by the \"Wireless N Adapter\" (black with two antennas), which added support for 802.11n on both the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands.[36] The original Xbox 360 model features a pair of notches on the rear of the console, above the USB socket, to which the adapter can be attached. Alternatively, a pair of fold-out feet on the adapter can be used to stand it up separately.The Xbox 360 S and Xbox 360 E consoles feature built-in support for 802.11b/g/n but on the 2.4 GHz band only. The Wireless and Wireless N Adapters can be used on these models to add support for the 5 GHz band (albeit the former losing support for 802.11n over 2.4 GHz) and will, in some cases, offer \"... better range and bandwidth compared with the internal wireless feature ...\"[37] If this adapter is connected, the internal wireless adapter is disabled. The S and E models lack the notches for the adapter.","title":"Networking"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"buyer's remorse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buyer%27s_remorse"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"watt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt"},{"link_name":"HDMI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-Definition_Multimedia_Interface"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_360_technical_specifications#endnote_a"},{"link_name":"CPU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenon_(processor)"},{"link_name":"GPU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenos_(graphics_chip)"},{"link_name":"eDRAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EDRAM"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"text":"Microsoft avoids outright announcements of new motherboard production runs and their subsequent appearance in the market in part due to uneven distribution causing buyer's remorse and to prevent purchaser delay.[38] However, several major (and many minor) motherboard revisions are introduced to reduce costs and to allow them to run cooler while consuming less power. Note that there is no clear divide between the appearance of motherboard revisions in retail. Due to individual stock production, distribution and rotation, it may become difficult to find specific versions.[39]The power connectors on the back of these systems incorporate a \"keying\" system that will prevent plugging a (newer) lower-rated power supply into an older system (which needs more power).[40] The keying system does, however, allow older power supplies to be connected to newer systems, as this poses no problem. The initial motherboard version was known as \"Xenon\" and used a 203 watt power supply, and lacked an HDMI video port. Later models had an improved GPU heatsink. The \"Zephyr\" revision was a redesigned motherboard adding the HANA[1] and HDMI, but used the same 90 nm CPU as the Xenon. The \"Falcon\" incorporated a newer 65 nm CPU, and required less power so it came packaged with a 175 watt power supply. \"Jasper\" (released late November 2008) used both a 65 nm CPU and GPU, as well as 16, 256 or 512 MB of on-board flash memory. (This was to help run a then-recent Dashboard update. Without the addition of this internal memory, a hard disk drive or memory card is required.) The \"Jasper\" revision required even less power, and so the power supply was also reduced to 150 watts. The \"Tonasket\" revision is a minor upgrade of the \"Jasper\", moving to a new \"Kronos\" GPU with a 65 nm eDRAM, and adding a new Ring of Light/RF board called \"XFreedom\". The GPU heatsink returned to the original one used on the \"Xenon\". Xbox 360 S introduced a new motherboard version called \"Trinity\" with a 45 nm integrated CPU, GPU, and eDRAM, codename \"Valhalla\".[41] It consisted of 2 dies, one for the XCGPU, and one for the eDRAM. In 2011 a second model of the Xbox 360 S motherboard has been released known as \"Corona\" which integrates the HANA chip into the southbridge chip, and used either the traditional 16 MB NAND, or a 4 GB \"Phison\" eMMC. \"Corona\" was used in both the Xbox 360 S and Xbox 360 E. In August 2014, the \"Winchester\" model was released, with a new XCGPU. This chip removes the heatspreader and integrated the eDRAM into the main die on the XCGPU. This version also patches the \"Reset Glitch Hack\".","title":"Motherboards"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"List of revisions","title":"Motherboards"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Xbox-360-S-Controller.jpg"},{"link_name":"Xbox 360 accessories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_360_accessories"},{"link_name":"USB 2.0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_2.0"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Xbox360Specs-24"},{"link_name":"controllers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_360_controller"},{"link_name":"Xbox Live Vision camera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_Live_Vision"},{"link_name":"USB hub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_hub"},{"link_name":"wireless headsets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_360_Wireless_Headset"},{"link_name":"rhythm game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_game"},{"link_name":"Fanatec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanatec"},{"link_name":"networking interfaces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Networking"},{"link_name":"memory card","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_card"},{"link_name":"Windows Media Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Media_Center"},{"link_name":"infrared","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared"},{"link_name":"jack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRS_connector"}],"text":"An Xbox 360 Wireless ControllerSee also: Xbox 360 accessoriesThe Xbox 360 features three USB 2.0 ports (two on the front, one on the back).[24] The Xbox 360 S, however, has five USB 2.0 ports (two on the front, three in the back) along with a dedicated Kinect port. The Xbox 360 E has four ports (two on the front, two on the back) and a dedicated Kinect port. These are used for connection of accessories such as wired controllers, the wireless networking adapter, the Xbox Live Vision camera and USB storage devices. Although the number of wired controllers is limited by the number of ports, up to four may be used through the use of a USB hub.The Xbox 360 also features wireless connectivity of accessories via a proprietary 2.4 GHz radio system. This is mainly used to connect the official wireless controllers, but is also used for other devices such as the wireless racing wheel and wireless headsets. With the exception of some rhythm game controllers, and the Fanatec CSR wheel, this wireless connectivity is limited to first-party Microsoft accessories. The console can connect to Xbox Live over the Internet through a variety of networking interfaces.Original style consoles also have two front-mounted memory card slots for the system's proprietary Memory Unit. These can be used to transfer profile and game data from one Xbox 360 to another. Memory Units up to 512 MB are available from Microsoft. The \"Arcade\" model formerly came with a 256 MB Memory Unit, but with the Jasper motherboard revision of September 2008, the \"Arcade\" model began to include 256 MB of built-in flash memory. This was later increased to 512 MB. The memory card slots were replaced with USB ports on the newer Xbox 360 S models.The Universal Media Remote can be used to control several functions of the console, including the Windows Media Center functions if connected to the network. It communicates with the console via infrared through a receiver port on the front of the console. All standard controllers for the system feature a 2.5 mm headset jack to allow the use of wired headsets for voice chatting. The 2.5mm jack can also accept the chatpad accessory. Various other accessories for the console exist, such as decorative faceplates to change the physical appearance of the console.","title":"Connectivity to accessories"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Xbox-360-Consoles-Infobox.png"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OfficialTechSpecs-44"},{"link_name":"form factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_computer_form_factors"},{"link_name":"special editions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Xbox_360_retail_configurations"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"error","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_360_Technical_Problems"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OfficialTechSpecs-44"},{"link_name":"grams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hollister-48"}],"text":"Left: Xbox 360 Elite, Right: Xbox 360 S with new-style controllerThe physical outline of the original style Xbox 360 is 31 by 8 by 26.8 centimetres (12.2 in × 3.1 in × 10.6 in)[44] and is similar in form factor to its predecessor. It is slightly slimmer in every dimension and is slightly concave, while the original Xbox was noticeably convex.It comes as standard in either black or white, with other colors available as special editions. It was designed by Astro Studios in cooperation with Hers Experimental Design Laboratory.[45] The original case has a concaveness to it; Astro Studios' president Brett Lovelady said that part of this was to keep an \"X\" shape to the console when looked at from the front, while it also served to help with cooling the system components, as the narrower section helped the console to \"inhale\" more air, particularly when placed in the vertical orientation.[46]In June 2010 a redesign of the console, known as the Xbox 360 S,[47] was announced. This version of the console retains the same basic shape but is noticeably smaller and more angular than the original version. It comes as standard in either matte or glossy black; like its predecessor, other colors are available as special editions.The front of the console features a \"ring of light\" that displays four illuminated quadrants in either red or green (Some special editions replaced the green for blue). When the lights turn red, the console has encountered an error, with the number of sectors illuminated informing the user what category the error falls into. Since the redesign of the console removed the red LEDs, this error reporting system is no longer used.The original Xbox 360 weighs approximately 3.5 kilograms (7.7 lb),[44] about 350 grams heavier than the new Xbox. The new version weighs in at 2.9 kilograms (6.4 lb).[48]","title":"Physical appearance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"power supply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_supply"},{"link_name":"A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere"},{"link_name":"V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt"},{"link_name":"AC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_current"},{"link_name":"DC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_current"},{"link_name":"W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt"},{"link_name":"standby mode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep_mode"},{"link_name":"kWh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilowatt-hour"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hollister-48"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Anand-42"}],"sub_title":"Power supply","text":"The console uses an external power supply with a 10 A/100–120 V or 5 A/220-230 V (AC) input and DC output rated at 203/175/150/130/115 W (depending on revision). An estimated 2 W of power are used while the older versions of console are in standby mode giving a yearly usage of approximately 17.5 kWh.[49] The new version uses around 0.5W while in standby.[48] Saving the console size and weight, the power supply displaces 1,300 cubic centimetres (79 cu in).[50] Xbox 360 power supplies are designed with keys in the plug to be forwards, but not backwards compatible. For example, a 203 watt supply would fit and work on a 175 watt console, but not the other way around.[42]","title":"Physical appearance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_a"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"}],"text":"1.^ Video output and system control chip.[51]","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Xbox 360 bandwidth and hardware scheme.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/XBox_360_bandwidth_and_hardware.png/220px-XBox_360_bandwidth_and_hardware.png"},{"image_text":"DVD-ROM for Xbox 360","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/The_Idolmaster_DVD-ROM_for_Xbox_360.jpg/220px-The_Idolmaster_DVD-ROM_for_Xbox_360.jpg"},{"image_text":"Original style Xbox 360 hard drives","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Microsoft-Xbox-360-Hard-Drives.jpg/220px-Microsoft-Xbox-360-Hard-Drives.jpg"},{"image_text":"An Xbox 360 Wireless Controller","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Xbox-360-S-Controller.jpg/220px-Xbox-360-S-Controller.jpg"},{"image_text":"Left: Xbox 360 Elite, Right: Xbox 360 S with new-style controller","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Xbox-360-Consoles-Infobox.png/220px-Xbox-360-Consoles-Infobox.png"}]
[{"title":"Xbox 360 technical problems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_360_technical_problems"}]
[{"reference":"\"Xbox 360 System Update for Preview Program Members – Now Supporting 2TB Hard Drives\". Majornelson.com. 9 April 2015. Retrieved 2020-04-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://majornelson.com/2015/04/09/xbox-360-system-update-for-preview-program-members-now-supporting-2tb-hard-drives/","url_text":"\"Xbox 360 System Update for Preview Program Members – Now Supporting 2TB Hard Drives\""}]},{"reference":"\"Xbox 360 Technical Specifications\". Xbox.com. Archived from the original on 2008-08-22. Retrieved 2009-09-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080822024003/http://www.xbox.com/en-AU/support/xbox360/manuals/xbox360specs.htm","url_text":"\"Xbox 360 Technical Specifications\""},{"url":"http://www.xbox.com/en-AU/support/xbox360/manuals/xbox360specs.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Xbox One vs. Xbox 360 Spec Comparison\". www.digitaltrends.com. 22 May 2013. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1822_Indiana%27s_at-large_congressional_district_special_election
1822 Indiana's at-large congressional district special election
["1 Election results","2 See also","3 References"]
Elections in Indiana Federal government Presidential elections 1816 1820 1824 1828 1832 1836 1840 1844 1848 1852 1856 1860 1864 1868 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 Presidential primaries Democratic 1996 2000 2004 2008 2016 2020 Republican 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 U.S. Senate elections 1816 1818 1821 1821 sp 1824 1827 1830 1832 sp 1832 1836 1838 1842 1844 1848 1850 1853 sp 1856 1857 sp 1860 1862 1863 sp 1867 1868 1873 1879 1879 sp 1885 1887 1891 1893 1897 1899 1903 1905 1905 sp 1909 1911 1914 1916 1916 sp 1920 1922 1926 1926 sp 1928 1932 1934 1938 1940 1944 1944 sp 1946 1950 1952 1956 1958 1962 1964 1968 1970 1974 1976 1980 1982 1986 1988 1990 sp 1992 1994 1998 2000 2004 2006 2010 2012 2016 2018 2022 2024 U.S. House of Representatives elections 1816 1817 1818 1820 1822 AL sp 1824 1st sp 1826 1828 1831 1833 1835 1837 6th sp 1839 1840 7th sp 1841 1843 1845 1847 1849 1851 1852 1854 1856 1857 1st sp 10th sp 1858 1860 1862 1864 1866 1868 1870 1872 1874 1876 2nd sp 3rd sp 1878 1880 1882 1883 9th sp 1884 13th sp 1886 1888 1889 1st sp 1890 1892 1894 1896 1897 4th sp 1898 1900 1902 1904 1905 1st 1906 12th sp 1908 13th sp 1910 1912 1914 1916 1917 6th sp 1918 1920 1922 1924 1926 1928 1930 1932 1934 1935 2nd sp 1936 1938 1940 1942 1944 1946 1947 10th sp 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1st sp 1984 1986 1988 1989 4th sp 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 7th sp 2010 3rd sp 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2nd sp 2024 State government State elections 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 Gubernatorial elections 1816 1819 1822 1825 1828 1831 1834 1837 1840 1843 1846 1849 1852 1856 1860 1864 1868 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 Secretary of State elections 2010 2014 2018 2022 Attorney General elections 2012 2016 2020 2024 State Treasurer elections 2010 2014 2018 2022 Senate elections 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 2026 House of Representatives elections 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 Indianapolis Mayoral elections 1925 1929 1947 1951 1955 1959 1963 1967 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 2023 City-County Council elections 2007 2011 2015 2019 2023 Other localities Carmel (mayoral) Evansville (mayoral) Fort Wayne (mayoral) Gary (mayoral) South Bend (mayoral)vte vte On July 25, 1822, William Hendricks (DR) of Indiana's at-large district resigned to run for Governor of Indiana. Hendricks had represented the state since it was first admitted to the Union. Election results Candidate Party Votes Percent Jonathan Jennings Jacksonian Republican 13,351 69.3% Davis Floyd Democratic-Republican 5,971 30.6% Jennings had previously served as delegate for Indiana Territory in the 11th through 14th Congresses. Jennings took his seat December 2 See also List of special elections to the United States House of Representatives References ^ View Election ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on December 13, 2012. Retrieved December 14, 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) footnote 13
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[]
[{"title":"List of special elections to the United States House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_special_elections_to_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Night_Manager_(Indian_TV_series)
The Night Manager (Indian TV series)
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Episodes","4 Filming","5 Release","6 Reception","7 Accolades","8 Notes","9 References","10 External links"]
This article consists almost entirely of a plot summary. Please help improve the article by adding more real-world context. (June 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Indian TV series or programme The Night ManagerOfficial release posterGenreEspionageSuspenseCrime DramaCreated bySandeep ModiBased onThe Night Manager by John le CarréWritten byDavid FarrScreenplay byShridhar RaghavanStory byAdapted: Sandeep ModiShridhar RaghavanDirected bySandeep ModiPriyanka GhoseStarringAnil KapoorAditya Roy KapurSobhita DhulipalaTheme music composerSanthosh NarayananComposerSam C. S.Country of originIndiaOriginal languageHindiNo. of seasons1No. of episodes7ProductionExecutive producersJohn le CarréPreity G ZintaDavid FarrGaurav BanerjeeSandeep ModiSohail AbbasSimon CornwellStephon CornwellArthur WangJoseph TsaiManisha MudgalSusanne BierTessa InkelaarProducersDeepak DharRishi NegiRajesh ChadhaCinematographyBenjamin Jasper Anik Ram VermaEditorParikshit JhaRunning time43–63 minutesProduction companiesBanijay Asia The Ink FactoryOriginal releaseNetworkDisney+ HotstarRelease16 February (2023-02-16) –29 June 2023 (2023-06-29) The Night Manager is a Hindi-language crime thriller television series created by Sandeep Modi, which serves as a remake of the British television series The Night Manager (2016) based on the John Le Carre's novel of the same name. It stars Anil Kapoor, Aditya Roy Kapur and Sobhita Dhulipala, with Tillotama Shome, Ravi Behl, Saswata Chatterjee in supporting roles. At the 2023 Filmfare OTT Awards, The Night Manager received 6 nominations, including Best Drama Series, Best Actor in a Drama Series (Kapoor and Kapur), Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series (Chatterjee) and Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Series (Shome). Plot Shantanu 'Shaan' Sengupta, a former Lieutenant in the Indian Navy, is currently working as a night manager in a premiere star hotel in Dhaka, amidst the Rohingya genocide in 2017. He is approached by Safina Kidwai, a 14-year-old girl married to the majority share owner of the star hotel, Freddie Rehman, to help her escape to India. Upon his refusal, she steals his phone and discreetly records a meeting in Shaan's phone between Shailendra 'Shelly' Rungta and her husband, about buying and smuggling illegal arms into Bangladesh. She also takes pictures of the paperwork and returns the phone to Shaan, so that he can view everything. Upon seeing everything, he goes to his friend, Vikram Bhagwat, of the Indian High Commission in Dhaka, to share the information and evidence. Vikram, in-turn, sends the information to RAW officer, Lipika Saikia Rao, who is the in-charge of Bangladesh, in New Delhi. She has been keeping tabs on Shelly and believes that the evidence she received from Safina and Shaan is enough to officially go after him. She requests Shaan to keep Safina safe for a night, till she arrives in Dhaka the next afternoon. Meanwhile, both Freddie and Shelly come to know about their meeting being leaked; Shelly asks Freddie to kill Safina. He, along with his men, searches the entire hotel for her. Shaan takes Safina to a new wing that is currently under construction in the star hotel, for safekeeping. The next day, as he goes out to get food for Safina, he calls Lipika to inquire about her current whereabouts; Lipika realises that her phone has been bugged and orders Shaan to hurry back to Safina. He comes back just as Safina falls to her death from the wing. Her death is ruled as a suicide by the local police, who say that she stole jewellery from the high-profile guests in the hotel and jumped as she was caught. This devastates both Shaan and Lipika, knowing completely well that both Freddie and Shelly were behind her death. This prompts Shaan to leave his job. Two years later, Shaan now lives as a recluse in Shimla, working as a night manager in a star resort. He is constantly haunted by his failure to protect Safina. One day, his superior tells him that Shelly, along with his associates, is coming to stay in the hotel for a few days. Once they arrive, Shaan collects information from the trash in his room and mails it to Lipika. Over the course of his stay, Shelly constantly runs into Shaan. Each time, he is impressed with Shaan's demeanour. He even gives his coat to Shaan, as a token of remembrance, as he leaves the resort. The next day, Shaan is visited by an undercover Lipika, who has now been demoted to the archives section of the agency. They both decide to infiltrate Shelly's syndicate. After a dramatic set-up orchestrated by Lipika and her co-worker, Sarang, Shaan is able to reach Sri Lanka, by posing as an international runaway, to get close to Shelly. He saves his son, Taha, in a fake kidnapping planned by Lipika. However, to further make it look real, he purposefully gets injured. Upon seeing and searching Shaan, both Shelly and his right-hand man, Brij Pal alias BJ, find a Sri Lankan passport with a different alias, on him. They decide to take him with them, for his recuperation. Shaan, as a result, successfully infiltrates Shelly's gang and succeeds in creating chaos amongst them. Shaan eventually finds out that Shelly is on the verge of bankruptcy and plans to go to Riyadh, to meet Bargati, an oil baron, with the hopes of making a deal with him. He also finds out that he has an Indian partner going by the alias Indra Dhanush. Using Shelly's lawyer, G. V., Lipika plants a set-up in Riyadh, to get BJ arrested. Shelly, with no other way out, offers Shaan the CEO position, which was previously occupied by BJ, for 30 years. Intending to take him out from the inside, Shaan gladly agrees to the offer. Cast Anil Kapoor as Shailendra 'Shelly' Rungta Aditya Roy Kapur as Shantanu 'Shaan' Sengupta / Joaquim Sequeira / Abhimanyu Mathur Sobhita Dhulipala as Kaveri 'K' Dixit, Shailendra's girlfriend Tillotama Shome as Lipika Saikia Rao, RAW Officer Ravi Behl as Jaiveer 'Jayu' Singh, Shelly's associate Rukhsar Rehman as Mrinal Singh, Jaiveer's wife Saswata Chatterjee as Brij Pal alias BJ, Shelly's right-hand man Varun Shashi Rao as Naren Rao Anand Vikas Potdukhe as Sarang Potdukhe Bagavathi Perumal as D'Silva, Lipika's contact in Sri Lanka Prashant Narayanan as ISIS Man Jagdish Rajpurohit as Nasser Loshkar, Shaan's superior in Dhaka Salim Siddiqui as P. Tiwari, Policeman Resh Lamba as Freddie Rehman, Shelly's associate and owner of the star hotel in Dhaka Arista Mehta as Safina Kidwai Rehman, Freddie's wife Supriya Shukla as Farzana Kidwai, Safina's mother Shrenik Arora as Taha Rungta, Shelly's son Joy Sengupta as Danish Khan, Lipika's superior in the RAW Vikram Kapadia as Mittal alias "Indradhanush", Lipika and Danish' superior in the RAW Akashdeep Sabir as JV Owais Bhatt Bhupendra Singh Negi Vipul Deshpande as Bangladesh Police Officer Episodes PartSeason EpisodesOriginally released11416 February 2023 (2023-02-16)2329 June 2023 (2023-06-29) No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal release date11"Zakhm"Sandeep Modi, Priyanka GhoseShridhar Raghavan, Akshat Ghildial, Shantanu Srivastava16 February 2023 (2023-02-16) Former Indian Navy Lieutenant Shantanu "Shaan" Sengupta, is currently working as a night manager in a premiere star hotel in Dhaka, amidst the Rohingya genocide in 2017. He is approached by Safina Kidwai, wife of the majority share owner of the star hotel, Freddie Rehman, to help her escape to India. Upon his refusal, she steals his phone and discreetly records a meeting between Shaildendra "Shelly" Rungta and Freddy, about buying and smuggling illegal arms into Bangladesh. She also takes pictures of the paperwork and returns the phone to Shaan, so that he can view everything. Upon seeing everything, he contact his friend, Vikram Bhagwat, of the Indian High Commission in Dhaka, to share the information and evidence. Vikram, sends the information to RAW officer, Lipika Saikia Rao, who is the in-charge of Bangladesh, in New Delhi. She has been keeping tabs on Shelly and believes that the evidence she received from Safina and Shaan is enough to officially go after him. She requests Shaan to keep Safina safe for a night, till she arrives in Dhaka the next afternoon. Meanwhile, both Freddie and Shelly come to know about their meeting being leaked; Shelly asks Freddie to kill Safina. He, along with his men, search the entire hotel for her. Shaan takes Safina to a new wing that is currently under construction in the star hotel, for safekeeping. The next day, as he goes out to get food for Safina, he calls Lipika to inquire about her current whereabouts, however, Lipika realizes that her phone has been bugged and orders Shaan to hurry back to Safina. He comes back just as Safina falls to her death from the wing. Her death is ruled as a suicide by the local police, who say that she stole jewelry from the high-profile guests in the hotel and jumped as she was caught. This devastates both Shaan and Lipika, knowing completely well that both Freddie and Shelly were behind her death. This prompts Shaan to leave his job. Two years later, Shaan now lives a reclusive life in Shimla, working as a night manager in a star resort. He is constantly haunted by his failure of not being able to save Safina back in Dhaka. However, one day, his superior tells him that Shelly, along with his associates, is coming to stay in the resort for a few days. 22"Mission"Sandeep Modi, Priyanka GhoseShridhar Raghavan, Akshat Ghildial, Shantanu Srivastava16 February 2023 (2023-02-16) After Shelly and his team arrive, Shaan collects strong information, from the trash in his room, and mails it to Lipika. Over the course of his stay, Shelly constantly runs into Shaan. Each time, he is impressed with Shaan's demeanor. He even gives his coat to Shaan, as token of remembrance, as he leaves the resort. The next day, Shaan is visited by an undercover Lipika, who has now been demoted to the archives section of the agency. They both decide to infiltrate Shelly's syndicate. After a dramatic set-up orchestrated by Lipika and her co-worker, Sarang, Shaan is able to reach Sri Lanka, by posing as an international runaway, to get close to Shelly. He saves his son, Taha, in a fake kidnapping planned by Lipika. However, to further make it look real, he purposefully gets injured. Upon seeing and searching Shaan, both Shelly and his righ-hand man, Brij Pal alias BJ, find a Sri Lankan passport with a different alias, on him. They decide to take him with them, for his recuperation 33"Mehmaan"Sandeep Modi, Priyanka GhoseShridhar Raghavan, Akshat Ghildial, Shantanu Srivastava16 February 2023 (2023-02-16) Shaan, as a result, successfully infiltrates Shelly's gang and succeeds in creating chaos amongst them. Shaan eventually finds out that Shelly is on the verge of bankruptcy and plans to go to Riyadh, to meet Bargati, an oil baron, with the hopes of making a deal with him. He also finds out that he has an Indian partner going by the alias, Indra Dhanush. Using Shelly's lawyer, G. V., Lipika plants a set-up in Riyadh, to get BJ arrested, under homosexuality, which is banned in the Middle East. 44"Sweetly-waala"Sandeep Modi, Priyanka GhoseShridhar Raghavan, Akshat Ghildial, Shantanu Srivastava16 February 2023 (2023-02-16) After it is successful, Shelly, with no other way out, offers Shaan the CEO position, which was previously occupied by BJ, for 30 years. Intending to take him out from the inside, Shaan happily agrees to the offer. 55"Abhimanyu"Sandeep Modi, Priyanka GhoseShridhar Raghavan, Akshat Ghildial, Shantanu Srivastava29 June 2023 (2023-06-29) Lipika's team shows Danish that Shelly has a man named "Indranush" working with him, and calls made to someone in RAW, implying that Mittal is Indranush. Lipika & Danish goes to Mittal's boss, with copies of notes with GV's handwriting on them. Meanwhile, Shelly gives Shaan the new identity of Abhimanyu Mathur, the new CEO of Shelly's agricultural front, replacing BJ. Shaan's retina scan is also used to authorize Shelly's bank transactions. Shelly takes Shaan with him to set-up a deal. GV comes a day later, and is picked up by Shelly & Jayu, while Shaan sleeps with Kaveri. Shelly shows GV that Lipika had a copy of his notes, and kills him. Meanwhile, Mittal talks to Lipika and Danish, and tells them that while he is Indranush, Shelly is supposed to be working for him, not the other way around, and tells Lipika to shut down her operation. Lipika tries to get Shaan out, but he refuses, escaping with Shelly & his crew. 66"Magic Trick"Sandeep Modi, Priyanka GhoseShridhar Raghavan, Akshat Ghildial, Shantanu Srivastava29 June 2023 (2023-06-29) Mittal wants the name of Lipika's inside man, but she refuses, so he sets up a committee hearing regarding Lipika's operation. Meanwhile, Shelly tells Shaan that someone in his crew is working for Lipika, but can't figure out whom. In Dubai, Shaan performs a weapons demonstration to a handful of generals, as well as a stranger, Mr. "What's in a Name." Shelly uses Kaveri to convince Shelly that BJ is working for Lipika, and kills BJ, claiming he was trying to escape. Shaan sends a list of trucks to Lipika that he believes contains weapons. Danish sends the info to the US Military, but they only find oil in the trucks. Later, on Shelly's plane, Shelly tells Shaan that the only weapons he brought to Dubai were ones for the demonstration. The actual weapons are held elsewhere, where they will finalize the weapons deal. When Shaan wakes up, he learns that they're now in Dhaka, and are going back to the same hotel he worked at. Meanwhile, Lipika comes home to find her husband brutally injured, and is nearly killed by one of Shelly's men. 77"Imarti"Sandeep Modi, Priyanka GhoseShridhar Raghavan, Akshat Ghildial, Shantanu Srivastava29 June 2023 (2023-06-29) After Lipika & her husband narrowly escape death, she finally convinces Mittal that Shelly cannot be trusted. Mittal gives her 48 hours to get hard evidence on Shelly to take him down. In Dhaka, Shelly introduces "Abhimanyu" to Freddie. Shelly reveals that they're finalizing a deal with Mr. "What's-in-a-Name", who plans to use the weapons on India. They receive half the money, and will receive the other half after showing the weapons tomorrow. Shaan asks Kaveri to give him the code to Shelly's safe, so Lipika can infiltrate while Shelly's partying. After Freddie gets too drunk, Shaan takes him home, where he kills him for revenge on Safina, and learns the location of Shelly's weapons. Meanwhile, Shelly receives a call from BJ's spy, who tells him that Taha's kidnapping was a set-up. While trying to use Shaan's retina scan, Shelly learns that his phone was swapped. Shaan shows What's-in-a-Name that he rigged the explosives to blow, destroying all of Shelly's weapons. When they return to the hotel, Lipika greets Shelly, who believes Mittal will help him. However, evidence recorded by Shaan gets Shelly arrested instead. Shelly assumes that he'll escape prison, until the officers in his van leave, and What's-in-a-Name's right hand man starts driving the van instead. Kaveri is free to go home to her son, and Shaan goes to the hotel wing where he stayed with Safina, happy that her killers have been brought to justice. Filming The series was shot in India (Shimla, Jaisalmer, Delhi and Mumbai), Sri Lanka, Bangladesh and Middle East. Release The Night Manager, part 1, premiered on Disney+ Hotstar on 16 February 2023 and part 2 was released on 29 June 2023. Reception The Night Manager received mostly positive reviews with praise directed towards the screenplay, production values, performances (particularly Kapoor, Kapur and Shome) and the direction. It is the first Indian TV series set to feature on the new cover authored by John le Carre. Anuj Kumar of The Hindu wrote "The series also provides a platform for some understated performers to showcase their talent. Aditya Roy Kapoor finally gets a role where his performance matches his personality. The writing demands a certain emotional gravitas from him, and Aditya delivers." Saibal Chatterjee for NDTV wrote "Because this version of the series takes four episodes to portray what was packed into three in the 2016 British production, it ends at a point where a great deal still remains to be unpacked." Rohan Naahar for The Indian Express rated 3 stars out of 5 and wrote "The first part contains just four episodes, and the second, a pre-cap reveals, will arrive in June. Will audiences even be interested in returning to the series in three months? Who knows? Especially if they have access to the original as well." Deepa Gahlot for Rediff.com wrote "The series, with Sandeep Modi as showrunner and co-director with Priyanka Ghose, gets the superficial trappings of the plot but not the complicated circuitry that makes the Le Carré novel tick." Roktim Rajpal of India Today rate 2.5 star out of 5 and wrote "The Night Manager loses its steam from the second episode onwards. Several inherently intriguing sequences fail to pack a punch. The kidnapping sequence is perhaps the weakest of the lot. It lacks the intensity needed to make an impact." Dishya Sharma for News18 wrote "Like most series, The Night Manager also witnesses a dip in pace in the third episode, slowly laying out all the cards. However, due to the abrupt end to the series, the dip doesn’t fully shoot up in the fourth episode, leaving you hanging midair." Ajit Andhere of Deccan Chronicle wrote "For some reason, only the first part of the series comprising four episodes has been released with the announcement of the next to follow soon. However, this serves as a major hindrance as the story is known to all already." Nandini Ramnath for Scroll.in felt Tillotama Shome played the most valuable role and wrote "eceptively bumbling, resourceful, and ruthless when she needs to be, Shome’s Lipika is a perfectly judged scene-stealer who gives the defanged remake the bite it is missing when its leads are around." Reviewing the series, Tina Das of ThePrint wrote "While comparisons with the original are unavoidable, the adaptation to suit an Indian viewership does not dilute the experience. The themes of alienation of each character, and of dealing with the ghosts of the past emerge every few minutes, especially for Shaan." Accolades Year Award ceremony Category Nominee / work Result Ref. 2023 Filmfare OTT Awards Best Drama Series The Night Manager Nominated Best Actor in a Drama Series Aditya Roy Kapur Nominated Anil Kapoor Nominated Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Saswata Chatterjee Nominated Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Tillotama Shome Nominated Best Adapted Screenplay (Series) Shridhar Raghavan Nominated Notes ^ series released in two parts but referred to as 1 season ^ a b Some publications refer to "part" as "season." ^ a b Initially planned for 8 Episode season but later released in 2 parts with 4 episodes each References ^ Jha, Lata (17 January 2023). "Disney+ Hotstar announces new show 'The Night Manager'". Mint. Archived from the original on 12 February 2023. Retrieved 12 February 2023. ^ Mathur, Vinamra (16 February 2023). "EXCLUSIVE | Sandeep Modi on directing The Night Manager remake: 'I don't know why Disney came to me for it'". Firstpost. Archived from the original on 16 February 2023. Retrieved 16 February 2023. ^ Ramachandran, Naman (10 February 2023). "Aditya Roy Kapur on Stepping Into Tom Hiddleston's Shoes in Disney+ Hotstar Indian Adaptation of 'The Night Manager' (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Archived from the original on 11 February 2023. Retrieved 11 February 2023. ^ Srivastava, Samriddhi (15 February 2022). "Sobhita Dhulipala joins Aditya Roy Kapur, Anil Kapoor in The Night Manager Hindi remake". India Today. Archived from the original on 11 February 2023. Retrieved 11 February 2023. ^ Mukherjee, Richa (12 February 2023). "The Night Manager: Anil Kapoor And Aditya Roy Kapur In A BTS Pic". NDTV. Archived from the original on 12 February 2023. Retrieved 12 February 2023. ^ Khan, Lubna (10 January 2023). "The Night Manager First Look: Aditya Roy Kapur, Anil Kapoor look intense; 5 things to know about the show". Pinkvilla. Archived from the original on 11 February 2023. Retrieved 11 February 2023. ^ "The Night Manager Web Series (2023) | Release Date, Review, Cast, Trailer, Watch Online at Disney+ Hotstar". Gadgets 360. Archived from the original on 11 February 2023. Retrieved 11 February 2023. ^ Bureau, The Hindu (20 January 2023). "'The Night Manager' trailer out; series to premiere on February 17". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 11 February 2023. Retrieved 11 February 2023. ^ Chaubey, Pranita (20 January 2023). "The Night Manager Trailer: Trust Is Anil Kapoor And Aditya Roy Kapur's Only Currency". NDTV. Archived from the original on 11 February 2023. Retrieved 11 February 2023. ^ Salunkhe, Sameer (21 January 2023). "Saswata Chatterjee: 'My chemistry with Anil Kapoor is very important in The Night Manager'". Telegraph India. Archived from the original on 11 February 2023. Retrieved 11 February 2023. ^ Shackleton, Liz (9 February 2023). "The Ink Factory's Simon Cornwell, Sandeep Modi On Hindi Adaptation Of 'The Night Manager' & Potential For Second Season". Deadline. Archived from the original on 11 February 2023. Retrieved 11 February 2023. ^ "The Night Manager trailer: Aditya Roy Kapur and Anil Kapoor play some tense spy games in this Indian remake". Hindustan Times. 20 January 2023. Archived from the original on 11 February 2023. Retrieved 11 February 2023. ^ "The Night Manager trailer: Aditya Roy Kapur and Anil Kapoor are caught in a cat-and-mouse game in Hotstar's version of AK vs AK". The Indian Express. 20 January 2023. Archived from the original on 11 February 2023. Retrieved 11 February 2023. ^ Chatterjee, Chandreyee (20 January 2023). "The Night Manager trailer: Aditya Roy Kapur and Anil Kapoor step into Tom Hiddleston and Hugh Laurie's shoes". Telegraph India. Archived from the original on 12 February 2023. Retrieved 12 February 2023. ^ Daas, Romaa (17 February 2023). "Twitter review: Aditya Roy Kapur shines in 'The Night Manager' on Hotstar". Lifestyle Asia India. Archived from the original on 18 February 2023. Retrieved 18 February 2023. ^ Whittock, Jesse (13 February 2023). "'The Night Manager': Stars Anil Kapoor & Aditya Roy Kapur To Feature On New Novel Cover". Deadline. Archived from the original on 13 February 2023. Retrieved 13 February 2023. ^ Kumar, Anuj (18 February 2023). "'The Night Manager' Hotstar series review: An explosive combination of style and substance". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 9 March 2023. Retrieved 16 March 2023. ^ Chatterjee, Saibal (17 February 2023). "The Night Manager Review: Anil Kapoor Steals The Show Without Breaking A Sweat". NDTV. Archived from the original on 17 February 2023. Retrieved 17 February 2023. ^ Naahar, Rohan (17 February 2023). "The Night Manager review: Anil Kapoor and Aditya Roy Kapur are solid, but Hotstar sabotages its own show by demanding an early check-out". The Indian Express. Archived from the original on 17 February 2023. Retrieved 17 February 2023. ^ Gahlot, Deepa (17 February 2023). "The Night Manager Review: Thrilling, And Yet..." Rediff.com. Archived from the original on 17 February 2023. Retrieved 17 February 2023. ^ Rajpal, Roktim (17 February 2023). "The Night Manager Review: Anil Kapoor and Aditya Roy Kapur headline a middling adaptation". India Today. Archived from the original on 17 February 2023. Retrieved 17 February 2023. ^ Sharma, Dishya (17 February 2023). "The Night Manager Review: Aditya Roy Kapur, Anil Kapoor Own The Spotlight But Sobhita Goes Underused". News18. Archived from the original on 17 February 2023. Retrieved 17 February 2023. ^ Andhare, Ajit (18 February 2023). "Web Series Review | The Night Manager' sees the light of the day". Deccan Chronicle. Archived from the original on 15 March 2023. Retrieved 16 March 2023. ^ Ramnath, Nandini (17 February 2023). "'The Night Manager' review: New adaptation has style but the edge is missing". Scroll.in. Archived from the original on 18 February 2023. Retrieved 18 February 2023. ^ Das, Tina (18 February 2023). "The Night Manager review: Indian adaptation of le Carré is held up by Anil Kapoor, Aditya Roy". ThePrint. Archived from the original on 20 February 2023. Retrieved 16 March 2023. ^ "Nominations for the Filmfare OTT Awards 2023: Full List Out | Femina.in". www.femina.in. Retrieved 9 February 2024. External links The Night Manager at IMDb Night Manager on Disney+ Hotstar
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi"},{"link_name":"crime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_fiction"},{"link_name":"thriller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thriller_(genre)"},{"link_name":"Sandeep Modi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandeep_Modi"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"The Night Manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Night_Manager_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"John Le Carre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_le_Carr%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"novel of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Night_Manager"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Anil Kapoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anil_Kapoor"},{"link_name":"Aditya Roy Kapur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aditya_Roy_Kapur"},{"link_name":"Sobhita Dhulipala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sobhita_Dhulipala"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Tillotama Shome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tillotama_Shome"},{"link_name":"Ravi Behl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravi_Behl"},{"link_name":"Saswata Chatterjee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saswata_Chatterjee"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"2023 Filmfare OTT Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Filmfare_OTT_Awards"}],"text":"Indian TV series or programmeThe Night Manager is a Hindi-language crime thriller television series created by Sandeep Modi,[1][2] which serves as a remake of the British television series The Night Manager (2016) based on the John Le Carre's novel of the same name.[3][4][5] It stars Anil Kapoor, Aditya Roy Kapur and Sobhita Dhulipala,[6][7][8] with Tillotama Shome, Ravi Behl, Saswata Chatterjee in supporting roles.[9][10]At the 2023 Filmfare OTT Awards, The Night Manager received 6 nominations, including Best Drama Series, Best Actor in a Drama Series (Kapoor and Kapur), Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series (Chatterjee) and Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Series (Shome).","title":"The Night Manager (Indian TV series)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lieutenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant"},{"link_name":"Indian Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Navy"},{"link_name":"Dhaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaka"},{"link_name":"Rohingya genocide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_genocide"},{"link_name":"Indian High Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_High_Commissioners_of_India_to_Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"RAW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_%26_Analysis_Wing"},{"link_name":"New Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Delhi"},{"link_name":"Shimla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimla"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka"},{"link_name":"Riyadh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyadh"},{"link_name":"oil baron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_baron"}],"text":"Shantanu 'Shaan' Sengupta, a former Lieutenant in the Indian Navy, is currently working as a night manager in a premiere star hotel in Dhaka, amidst the Rohingya genocide in 2017. He is approached by Safina Kidwai, a 14-year-old girl married to the majority share owner of the star hotel, Freddie Rehman, to help her escape to India. Upon his refusal, she steals his phone and discreetly records a meeting in Shaan's phone between Shailendra 'Shelly' Rungta and her husband, about buying and smuggling illegal arms into Bangladesh. She also takes pictures of the paperwork and returns the phone to Shaan, so that he can view everything. Upon seeing everything, he goes to his friend, Vikram Bhagwat, of the Indian High Commission in Dhaka, to share the information and evidence.Vikram, in-turn, sends the information to RAW officer, Lipika Saikia Rao, who is the in-charge of Bangladesh, in New Delhi. She has been keeping tabs on Shelly and believes that the evidence she received from Safina and Shaan is enough to officially go after him. She requests Shaan to keep Safina safe for a night, till she arrives in Dhaka the next afternoon. Meanwhile, both Freddie and Shelly come to know about their meeting being leaked; Shelly asks Freddie to kill Safina. He, along with his men, searches the entire hotel for her. Shaan takes Safina to a new wing that is currently under construction in the star hotel, for safekeeping. The next day, as he goes out to get food for Safina, he calls Lipika to inquire about her current whereabouts; Lipika realises that her phone has been bugged and orders Shaan to hurry back to Safina. He comes back just as Safina falls to her death from the wing. Her death is ruled as a suicide by the local police, who say that she stole jewellery from the high-profile guests in the hotel and jumped as she was caught. This devastates both Shaan and Lipika, knowing completely well that both Freddie and Shelly were behind her death. This prompts Shaan to leave his job.Two years later, Shaan now lives as a recluse in Shimla, working as a night manager in a star resort. He is constantly haunted by his failure to protect Safina. One day, his superior tells him that Shelly, along with his associates, is coming to stay in the hotel for a few days. Once they arrive, Shaan collects information from the trash in his room and mails it to Lipika. Over the course of his stay, Shelly constantly runs into Shaan. Each time, he is impressed with Shaan's demeanour. He even gives his coat to Shaan, as a token of remembrance, as he leaves the resort. The next day, Shaan is visited by an undercover Lipika, who has now been demoted to the archives section of the agency. They both decide to infiltrate Shelly's syndicate. After a dramatic set-up orchestrated by Lipika and her co-worker, Sarang, Shaan is able to reach Sri Lanka, by posing as an international runaway, to get close to Shelly.He saves his son, Taha, in a fake kidnapping planned by Lipika. However, to further make it look real, he purposefully gets injured. Upon seeing and searching Shaan, both Shelly and his right-hand man, Brij Pal alias BJ, find a Sri Lankan passport with a different alias, on him. They decide to take him with them, for his recuperation. Shaan, as a result, successfully infiltrates Shelly's gang and succeeds in creating chaos amongst them. Shaan eventually finds out that Shelly is on the verge of bankruptcy and plans to go to Riyadh, to meet Bargati, an oil baron, with the hopes of making a deal with him. He also finds out that he has an Indian partner going by the alias Indra Dhanush. Using Shelly's lawyer, G. V., Lipika plants a set-up in Riyadh, to get BJ arrested. Shelly, with no other way out, offers Shaan the CEO position, which was previously occupied by BJ, for 30 years. Intending to take him out from the inside, Shaan gladly agrees to the offer.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anil Kapoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anil_Kapoor"},{"link_name":"Aditya Roy Kapur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aditya_Roy_Kapur"},{"link_name":"Sobhita Dhulipala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sobhita_Dhulipala"},{"link_name":"Tillotama Shome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tillotama_Shome"},{"link_name":"RAW Officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_and_Analysis_Wing"},{"link_name":"Ravi Behl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravi_Behl"},{"link_name":"Rukhsar Rehman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rukhsar_Rehman"},{"link_name":"Saswata Chatterjee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saswata_Chatterjee"},{"link_name":"Bagavathi Perumal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagavathi_Perumal"},{"link_name":"Prashant Narayanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prashant_Narayanan"},{"link_name":"Supriya Shukla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supriya_Shukla"},{"link_name":"Joy Sengupta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joy_Sengupta"},{"link_name":"Vikram Kapadia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vikram_Kapadia&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Anil Kapoor as Shailendra 'Shelly' Rungta\nAditya Roy Kapur as Shantanu 'Shaan' Sengupta / Joaquim Sequeira / Abhimanyu Mathur\nSobhita Dhulipala as Kaveri 'K' Dixit, Shailendra's girlfriend\nTillotama Shome as Lipika Saikia Rao, RAW Officer\nRavi Behl as Jaiveer 'Jayu' Singh, Shelly's associate\nRukhsar Rehman as Mrinal Singh, Jaiveer's wife\nSaswata Chatterjee as Brij Pal alias BJ, Shelly's right-hand man\nVarun Shashi Rao as Naren Rao\nAnand Vikas Potdukhe as Sarang Potdukhe\nBagavathi Perumal as D'Silva, Lipika's contact in Sri Lanka\nPrashant Narayanan as ISIS Man\nJagdish Rajpurohit as Nasser Loshkar, Shaan's superior in Dhaka\nSalim Siddiqui as P. Tiwari, Policeman\nResh Lamba as Freddie Rehman, Shelly's associate and owner of the star hotel in Dhaka\nArista Mehta as Safina Kidwai Rehman, Freddie's wife\nSupriya Shukla as Farzana Kidwai, Safina's mother\nShrenik Arora as Taha Rungta, Shelly's son\nJoy Sengupta as Danish Khan, Lipika's superior in the RAW\nVikram Kapadia as Mittal alias \"Indradhanush\", Lipika and Danish' superior in the RAW\nAkashdeep Sabir as JV\nOwais Bhatt\nBhupendra Singh Negi\nVipul Deshpande as Bangladesh Police Officer","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SeasonPart-12"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SeasonPart-12"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Part_1"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Episodes-13"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Part_2"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Episodes-13"}],"text":"Part[b]Season [b]EpisodesOriginally released114[c]16 February 2023 (2023-02-16)23[c]29 June 2023 (2023-06-29)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shimla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimla"},{"link_name":"Jaisalmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaisalmer"},{"link_name":"Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi"},{"link_name":"Mumbai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"Middle East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"The series was shot in India (Shimla, Jaisalmer, Delhi and Mumbai), Sri Lanka, Bangladesh and Middle East.[11]","title":"Filming"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Disney+ Hotstar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney%2B_Hotstar"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"The Night Manager, part 1, premiered on Disney+ Hotstar on 16 February 2023 and part 2 was released on 29 June 2023.[12][13][14]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"John le Carre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_le_Carr%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"The Hindu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hindu"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Saibal Chatterjee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saibal_Chatterjee"},{"link_name":"NDTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NDTV"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"The Indian Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Indian_Express"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Deepa Gahlot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepa_Gahlot"},{"link_name":"Rediff.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rediff.com"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"India Today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_Today"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"News18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN-News18"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Deccan Chronicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deccan_Chronicle"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Scroll.in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scroll.in"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"ThePrint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ThePrint"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"The Night Manager received mostly positive reviews with praise directed towards the screenplay, production values, performances (particularly Kapoor, Kapur and Shome) and the direction.[15] It is the first Indian TV series set to feature on the new cover authored by John le Carre.[16]Anuj Kumar of The Hindu wrote \"The series also provides a platform for some understated performers to showcase their talent. Aditya Roy Kapoor finally gets a role where his performance matches his personality. The writing demands a certain emotional gravitas from him, and Aditya delivers.\"[17]Saibal Chatterjee for NDTV wrote \"Because this version of the series takes four episodes to portray what was packed into three in the 2016 British production, it ends at a point where a great deal still remains to be unpacked.\"[18]Rohan Naahar for The Indian Express rated 3 stars out of 5 and wrote \"The first part contains just four episodes, and the second, a pre-cap reveals, will arrive in June. Will audiences even be interested in returning to the series in three months? Who knows? Especially if they have access to the original as well.\"[19]Deepa Gahlot for Rediff.com wrote \"The series, with Sandeep Modi as showrunner and co-director with Priyanka Ghose, gets the superficial trappings of the plot but not the complicated circuitry that makes the Le Carré novel tick.\"[20]Roktim Rajpal of India Today rate 2.5 star out of 5 and wrote \"The Night Manager loses its steam from the second episode onwards. Several inherently intriguing sequences fail to pack a punch. The kidnapping sequence is perhaps the weakest of the lot. It lacks the intensity needed to make an impact.\"[21]Dishya Sharma for News18 wrote \"Like most series, The Night Manager also witnesses a dip in pace in the third episode, slowly laying out all the cards. However, due to the abrupt end to the series, the dip doesn’t fully shoot up in the fourth episode, leaving you hanging midair.\"[22]Ajit Andhere of Deccan Chronicle wrote \"For some reason, only the first part of the series comprising four episodes has been released with the announcement of the next to follow soon. However, this serves as a major hindrance as the story is known to all already.\"[23]Nandini Ramnath for Scroll.in felt Tillotama Shome played the most valuable role and wrote \"eceptively bumbling, resourceful, and ruthless when she needs to be, Shome’s Lipika is a perfectly judged scene-stealer who gives the defanged remake the bite it is missing when its leads are around.\"[24]Reviewing the series, Tina Das of ThePrint wrote \"While comparisons with the original are unavoidable, the adaptation to suit an Indian viewership does not dilute the experience. The themes of alienation of each character, and of dealing with the ghosts of the past emerge every few minutes, especially for Shaan.\"[25]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Accolades"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SeasonPart_12-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SeasonPart_12-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Episodes_13-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Episodes_13-1"}],"text":"^ series released in two parts but referred to as 1 season\n\n^ a b Some publications refer to \"part\" as \"season.\"\n\n^ a b Initially planned for 8 Episode season but later released in 2 parts with 4 episodes each","title":"Notes"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Jha, Lata (17 January 2023). \"Disney+ Hotstar announces new show 'The Night Manager'\". Mint. Archived from the original on 12 February 2023. Retrieved 12 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/disney-hotstar-announces-new-show-the-night-manager-11673932545809.html","url_text":"\"Disney+ Hotstar announces new show 'The Night Manager'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mint_(newspaper)","url_text":"Mint"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230212113635/https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/disney-hotstar-announces-new-show-the-night-manager-11673932545809.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Mathur, Vinamra (16 February 2023). \"EXCLUSIVE | Sandeep Modi on directing The Night Manager remake: 'I don't know why Disney came to me for it'\". Firstpost. Archived from the original on 16 February 2023. 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Retrieved 17 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/the-night-manager-review-anil-kapoor-aditya-roy-kapur-tillotama-shome-sobhita-dhulipala-hotstar-remake-8448868/","url_text":"\"The Night Manager review: Anil Kapoor and Aditya Roy Kapur are solid, but Hotstar sabotages its own show by demanding an early check-out\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Indian_Express","url_text":"The Indian Express"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230217052649/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/the-night-manager-review-anil-kapoor-aditya-roy-kapur-tillotama-shome-sobhita-dhulipala-hotstar-remake-8448868/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Gahlot, Deepa (17 February 2023). \"The Night Manager Review: Thrilling, And Yet...\" Rediff.com. Archived from the original on 17 February 2023. Retrieved 17 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepa_Gahlot","url_text":"Gahlot, Deepa"},{"url":"https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/the-night-manager-review/20230217.htm","url_text":"\"The Night Manager Review: Thrilling, And Yet...\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rediff.com","url_text":"Rediff.com"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230217053136/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/the-night-manager-review/20230217.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Rajpal, Roktim (17 February 2023). \"The Night Manager Review: Anil Kapoor and Aditya Roy Kapur headline a middling adaptation\". India Today. Archived from the original on 17 February 2023. 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Retrieved 16 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://theprint.in/features/reel-take/the-night-manager-review-indian-adaptation-of-le-carre-is-held-up-by-anil-kapoor-aditya-roy/1380996/","url_text":"\"The Night Manager review: Indian adaptation of le Carré is held up by Anil Kapoor, Aditya Roy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ThePrint","url_text":"ThePrint"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230220152256/https://theprint.in/features/reel-take/the-night-manager-review-indian-adaptation-of-le-carre-is-held-up-by-anil-kapoor-aditya-roy/1380996/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Nominations for the Filmfare OTT Awards 2023: Full List Out | Femina.in\". www.femina.in. Retrieved 9 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.femina.in/trending/in-the-news/nominations-for-the-filmfare-ott-awards-2023-full-list-out-279050.html","url_text":"\"Nominations for the Filmfare OTT Awards 2023: Full List Out | Femina.in\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Buhrow
Tom Buhrow
["1 Early life and education","2 Career","2.1 Career in journalism","2.2 Intendant of WDR, 2013–present","3 Other activities","4 Personal life","5 References","6 External links"]
German journalist Tom BuhrowBuhrow in 2018Born (1958-09-29) 29 September 1958 (age 65)Troisdorf, West Germany (now Germany)OccupationJournalist Tom Buhrow (born 29 September 1958) is a German journalist who has been serving as intendant of the WDR since 2013. He also served as Chair of the ARD from 1 January 2020 to 31 December 2021 and from 4 August to 31 December 2022. Early life and education Buhrow was born in Troisdorf. He studied history and political science in Bonn. Career Career in journalism In 1978, Buhrow worked at the local newspaper Bonner General-Anzeiger. In 1985, he was trained at the largest television station in North Rhine-Westphalia, WDR. Since 1986 he was the editor, reporter and bureau chief of the shows Aktuelle Stunde and West 3 Aktuell. He then worked as an editor and reporter at the most-seen German nightly news, the Tagesschau. In 1992/1993, Buhrow became the correspondent of the ARD bureau in Washington D.C. in the midst of the 1992 U.S. presidential election. Between January 2000 and 2002, Buhrow worked as a correspondent at the ARD bureau in Paris. On 1 July 2002, he took over from Claus Kleber as chief of the ARD bureau in Washington; Kleber went to ZDF as the anchorman for the news programme heute-journal. On 1 September 2006, Buhrow replaced Ulrich Wickert as the host of the news programme Tagesthemen. He published a book about his years in the United States, Mein Amerika, Dein Amerika (My America, your America). Intendant of WDR, 2013–present Ruth Hieronymi, congratulates Tom Buhrow after he is elected intendant of the WDR On 29 May 2013 Buhrow was elected intendant of the Westdeutscher Rundfunk (WDR). Other activities Bonner Akademie für Forschung und Lehre praktischer Politik (BAPP), Member of the Board of Trustees Civis Media Foundation, member of the board of trustees (since 2013) International Journalists' Programmes (IJP), member of the board of trustees German Coordinating-Council for Christian-Jewish Cooperation Organizations, member of the board of trustees Kunststiftung NRW, member of the board of trustees German Cancer Foundation, member of the board of trustees Personal life Buhrow was married to his colleague Sabine Stamer, but divorced in April 2020. They have two daughters. References ^ a b c Raschke, Michael (30 November 2005). "Bush can not dampen his love of America" (in German). General-Anzeiger. Retrieved 6 April 2011. ^ Board of Trustees Bonner Akademie für Forschung und Lehre praktischer Politik (BAPP). ^ Board of Trustees: Tom Buhrow Civis Media Foundation. ^ Board of Trustees (2016–2019) Archived 2016-10-03 at the Wayback Machine International Journalists' Programmes (IJP). ^ Board of Trustees Kunststiftung NRW, Düsseldorf. ^ Board of Trustees German Cancer Foundation, Berlin. ^ "Ehe-Aus bei Tom Buhrow!". BILD. 18 April 2016. Retrieved 23 December 2020. External links Media related to Tom Buhrow at Wikimedia Commons Tom Buhrow at IMDb vteIntendants of the Westdeutscher Rundfunk (WDR) Hanns Hartmann Klaus von Bismarck Friedrich-Wilhelm von Sell Friedrich Nowottny Fritz Pleitgen Monika Piel Tom Buhrow Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States Czech Republic People Deutsche Biographie
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He studied history and political science in Bonn.","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"General-Anzeiger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General-Anzeiger"},{"link_name":"North Rhine-Westphalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia"},{"link_name":"WDR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westdeutscher_Rundfunk"},{"link_name":"Tagesschau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagesschau_(Germany)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Raschke-1"},{"link_name":"ARD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARD_(broadcaster)"},{"link_name":"1992 U.S. presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"Claus Kleber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claus_Kleber"},{"link_name":"ZDF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZDF"},{"link_name":"heute-journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heute-journal"},{"link_name":"Ulrich Wickert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrich_Wickert"},{"link_name":"Tagesthemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagesthemen"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Raschke-1"}],"sub_title":"Career in journalism","text":"In 1978, Buhrow worked at the local newspaper Bonner General-Anzeiger. In 1985, he was trained at the largest television station in North Rhine-Westphalia, WDR. Since 1986 he was the editor, reporter and bureau chief of the shows Aktuelle Stunde and West 3 Aktuell. He then worked as an editor and reporter at the most-seen German nightly news, the Tagesschau.[1]In 1992/1993, Buhrow became the correspondent of the ARD bureau in Washington D.C. in the midst of the 1992 U.S. presidential election.Between January 2000 and 2002, Buhrow worked as a correspondent at the ARD bureau in Paris. On 1 July 2002, he took over from Claus Kleber as chief of the ARD bureau in Washington; Kleber went to ZDF as the anchorman for the news programme heute-journal.On 1 September 2006, Buhrow replaced Ulrich Wickert as the host of the news programme Tagesthemen.[1] He published a book about his years in the United States, Mein Amerika, Dein Amerika (My America, your America).","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Buhrow_hieronymi_2012-05-29.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ruth Hieronymi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Hieronymi"},{"link_name":"Westdeutscher Rundfunk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westdeutscher_Rundfunk"}],"sub_title":"Intendant of WDR, 2013–present","text":"Ruth Hieronymi, congratulates Tom Buhrow after he is elected intendant of the WDROn 29 May 2013 Buhrow was elected intendant of the Westdeutscher Rundfunk (WDR).","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Civis Media Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civis_media_prize"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"German Coordinating-Council for Christian-Jewish Cooperation Organizations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutscher_Koordinierungsrat_der_Gesellschaften_f%C3%BCr_Christlich-J%C3%BCdische_Zusammenarbeit"},{"link_name":"Kunststiftung NRW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunststiftung_NRW"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Bonner Akademie für Forschung und Lehre praktischer Politik (BAPP), Member of the Board of Trustees[2]\nCivis Media Foundation, member of the board of trustees (since 2013)[3]\nInternational Journalists' Programmes (IJP), member of the board of trustees[4]\nGerman Coordinating-Council for Christian-Jewish Cooperation Organizations, member of the board of trustees\nKunststiftung NRW, member of the board of trustees[5]\nGerman Cancer Foundation, member of the board of trustees[6]","title":"Other activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sabine Stamer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sabine_Stamer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Buhrow was married to his colleague Sabine Stamer, but divorced in April 2020. They have two daughters.[7]","title":"Personal life"}]
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_%26_Vought_VE-8
Vought VE-7
["1 Design and development","2 Operational history","3 Variants","4 Surviving aircraft","5 Operators","6 Specifications (VE-7)","7 References","7.1 Notes","7.2 Bibliography","8 External links"]
VE-7 "Bluebird" Mechanics work on a VE-7 Role Fighter and trainerType of aircraft Manufacturer Lewis & Vought Corporation Designer Chance M. Vought First flight 1917 Introduction 1922 Retired 1928 Primary users United States NavyUnited States Army Air Service Produced 1918-1928 Number built 128 The Vought VE-7 "Bluebird" was an early biplane of the United States. First flying in 1917, it was designed as a two-seat trainer for the United States Army, then adopted by the United States Navy as its first fighter aircraft. In 1922, a VE-7 became the first airplane to take off from an American aircraft carrier. Design and development The Lewis & Vought Corporation was formed just months after the U.S. entered World War I, with the intention of servicing war needs. The company's trainer was patterned after successful European designs; for instance, the engine was a Wright Hispano Suiza of the type used by the French Spads. In practice, the VE-7's performance was much better than usual for a trainer, and the Army ordered 1,000 of an improved design called the VE-8. However, the contract was cancelled due to the end of the war. However, the Navy was very interested in the VE-7, and received the first machine in May 1920. Production orders soon followed, and in accordance to Navy policy at the time, examples were also built by the Naval Aircraft Factory. In all, 128 VE-7s were built. Vought VE-7 - McCook Field, Ohio 1917 The fighter version of the VE-7 was designated VE-7S. It was a single-seater, the front cockpit being faired over and a .30 in (7.62 mm) Vickers machine gun mounted over it on the left side and synchronized to fire through the propeller. Some planes, designated VE-7SF, had flotation gear consisting of inflatable bags stowed away, available to help keep the plane afloat when ditching at sea. The Bluebird won the 1918 Army competition for advanced training machines. The VE-8 variant completed in July 1919 had a 340hp Wright-Hispano H engine, reduced overall dimensions, increased wing area, a shorter faired cabane, and two Vickers guns. Two were completed. Flight test results were disappointing, the aircraft was overweight, with heavy controls, inadequate stability and sluggish performance. The VE-9 variant, first delivered to the Navy on 24 June 1922, was essentially an improved VE-7, with most of the improvements in the fuel system area. Four of the 21 ordered by the U.S. Navy were unarmed observation float seaplanes for battleship catapult use. Operational history Vought VE-7 approaching USS Langley, 1922. Note the Landing Signal Officer. The VE-7s equipped the Navy's first two fighter squadrons VF-1 and VF-2. A VE-7 flown by Lieutenant Virgil C. Griffin made history on October 17, 1922, when it took off from the deck of the newly commissioned carrier Langley. The VE-7s were the Navy's frontline fighters for several years, with three still assigned to the Langley in 1927; all were retired the following year. Variants VE-7 being catapulted from the USS Maryland (BB-46) VE-7 (1918) - 14 built for the U.S. Army Air Service; 39 built for the U.S. Navy; (one of two known, built at McCook Field. Reportedly four more were built by Springfield Co) VE-7F (1921) - 29 built for the U.S. Navy VE-7G (1921) - One converted from VE-7 for U.S. Marine Corps, 23 converted from VE-7 for U.S. Navy VE-7GF (1921) - One converted from VE-7 VE-7H (1924) - Nine observation seaplanes built for the U.S. Navy VE-7S (1925) - One converted from VE-7 VE-7SF (1925) - 11 built for the U.S. Navy VE-7SH - One VE-7SF converted into a floatplane. VE-8 (1918) - Four ordered by the U.S. Army on October 11, 1918; two were canceled; 340 hp Wright-Hispano H engine installed, two Vickers guns, wingspan decreased to 31 ft (9.4 m), wing area increased to 307 sq ft (28.5 m2), shortened to 21 ft 4 in (6.50 m), speed increased to 140 mph (230 km/h), loaded weight increased to 2,435 lb (1,104 kg) VE-9 (1921) - Two converted from VE-7 for U.S. Army; speed increased to 119 mph (192 km/h), service ceiling increased to 18,840 ft (5,740 m) VE-9 (1927) - 22 built for the U.S. Army, 17 built for the U.S. Navy. (U.S. Army used same designation as U.S. Navy) VE-9H (1927) - Four unarmed observation float seaplanes built for the U.S. Navy battleships, modified vertical tail surfaces for improved catapult and water stability VE-9W - canceled Surviving aircraft No survivors remain, however a replica Bluebird was completed in early 2007 by volunteers of the Vought Aircraft Heritage Foundation. It is now on display at the National Naval Aviation Museum in Pensacola, Florida. Operators  United States United States Army Air Service United States Navy Specifications (VE-7) Vought VE-7 3-view drawing Data from Janes Fighting Aircraft of World War I by Michael John Haddrick Taylor (Random House Group Ltd. 20 Vauxhall Bridge Road, London SW1V 2SA, 2001, ISBN 1-85170-347-0), 320 pp.General characteristics Crew: two Length: 24 ft 5.375 in (7.45 m) Wingspan: 34 ft 4 in (10.47 m) Height: 8 ft 7.5 in (2.63 m) Wing area: 284.5 sq ft (26.43 m2) Airfoil: RAF-15 Empty weight: 1,392 lb (631 kg) Gross weight: 1,937 lb (879 kg) Powerplant: 1 × Wright-Hispano E-3 liquid cooled V-8, 180 hp (134 kW) Propellers: 2-bladed, 8 ft 8 in (2.64 m) diameter wooden fixed pitch propeller Performance Maximum speed: 106 mph (171 km/h, 92 kn) Range: 290 mi (467 km, 250 nmi) Service ceiling: 15,000 ft (4,600 m) Rate of climb: 738 ft/min (3.75 m/s) Armament Guns: (VE-7S) 1 x .30 in (7.62 mm) Vickers machine gun machine gun synchronized to fire through the propeller References Notes ^ a b c d e ^ Janes Fighting Aircraft of World War I by Michael John Haddrick Taylor (Random House Group Ltd. 20 Vauxhall Bridge Road, London SW1V 2SA, 2001, ISBN 1-85170-347-0), page 252. ^ a b c d The Complete Book of Fighters cover Archived 2007-09-29 at the Wayback Machine Editors: William Green & Gordon Swanborough (Barnes & Noble Books New York, 1998, ISBN 0-7607-0904-1), pp. 336-337 ^ Vought Aircraft Heritage Foundation ^ "VE-7 Bluebird". History.navy.mil. 1922-10-17. Retrieved 2022-05-02. ^ Lednicer, David. "The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage". Retrieved 16 April 2019. Bibliography Millot, Bernard (October 1971). "Lewis-Vought VE.8 ou le malchanceux "Spad" americain" . Le Album de Fanatique de l'Aviation (in French) (26): 2–3. ISSN 0757-4169. K.O. Eckland's Aerofiles; accessed 13 May 2007 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vought VE Bluebird. Vought Aircraft Industries Inc. Company Heritage vteVought, Vought-Sikorsky, and LTV Aerospace aircraftManufacturerdesignations 7 8 9 10 11 14 15 17 18 19 22 44 50 65 66 70 80 85 90 92 93 97 99 100 (I) 100 (II) 131 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 150 156 162 166 167 169 173 174 300 302 310 315 316 B 326 327 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429 430 431 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 441 442 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456 457 458 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471 472 473 474 475 476 477 478 479 480 481 482 483 484 485 486 487 500 501 502 503 504 505 506 507 508 509 510 511 512 513 514 515 516 517 518 519 520 521 522 523 524 525 526 527 528 529 530 531 532 533 534 535 536 537 538 539 540 541 550 585 600 601 1000 Super 1100 1600 1601 1602 2000 3010 By roleFighters VE-7/VE-8/VE-9 VE-11 V-141 V-143 FU XF2U XF3U F4U XF5U F6U F7U F8U/F-8 XF8U-3 V-505/V-507 V-1600 Scout / Attack UO O2U O3U O4U O5U OS2U XSO2U SU SBU SB2U XSB3U XTBU AU A2U A-7 F Experimental L450F V-173 V-326 XC-142 XQM-93 Unbuilt XS2U XWU Other VE-10 V-100 By nameCorsair O2U SBU Corsair Junior F4U/AU A-7 (II) Others Bluebird Crusader (I/II) Crusader III Cutlass Flying Flapjack Kingfisher Pirate Sea Wolf Vindicator vteUnited States Navy fighter designations pre-1962General AviationBrewster FA FA2 F2A F3A Boeing FB F2B F3B F4B F5B F6B F7B F8B Curtiss FC F2C F3C F4C F5C1 F6C F7C F8C F9C F10C F11C F12C F13C F14C F15C DouglasMcDonnell FD F2D2 F3D F4D F5D F6D FD F2D Grumman FF F2F F3F F4F F5F F6F F7F F8F F9F -1 to -5 -6 to -8 -9 F10F F11F -1F/2 F12F (I) F12F (II) EberhartGoodyear FG F2G FG F2G HallMcDonnell FH FH F2H F3H F4H Berliner-JoyceNorth American FJ F2J F3J FJ -1 -2/3 -4 LoeningBell FL FL F2L-1 F2L-1K F3L General Motors FM F2M F3M Lockheed FO (I) FO (II) Ryan FR F2R F3R Supermarine FS Northrop FT F2T Vought FU F2U F3U F4U F5U F6U F7U F8U -3 Lockheed FV WrightCC&F WP F2W F3W FW2 F2W2 F3W2 F4W Convair FY F2Y 1 Not assigned  • 2 Assigned to a different manufacturer's typeSee also: Aeromarine AS  • Vought VE-7
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The company's trainer was patterned after successful European designs; for instance, the engine was a Wright Hispano Suiza of the type used by the French Spads. In practice, the VE-7's performance was much better than usual for a trainer, and the Army ordered 1,000 of an improved design called the VE-8. However, the contract was cancelled due to the end of the war.[1]However, the Navy was very interested in the VE-7, and received the first machine in May 1920. Production orders soon followed, and in accordance to Navy policy at the time, examples were also built by the Naval Aircraft Factory. In all, 128 VE-7s were built.[1]Vought VE-7 - McCook Field, Ohio 1917The fighter version of the VE-7 was designated VE-7S. It was a single-seater, the front cockpit being faired over and a .30 in (7.62 mm) Vickers machine gun mounted over it on the left side and synchronized to fire through the propeller. Some planes, designated VE-7SF, had flotation gear consisting of inflatable bags stowed away, available to help keep the plane afloat when ditching at sea.[1]The Bluebird won the 1918 Army competition for advanced training machines.[2]The VE-8 variant completed in July 1919 had a 340hp Wright-Hispano H engine, reduced overall dimensions, increased wing area, a shorter faired cabane, and two Vickers guns. Two were completed. Flight test results were disappointing, the aircraft was overweight, with heavy controls, inadequate stability and sluggish performance.[3]The VE-9 variant, first delivered to the Navy on 24 June 1922, was essentially an improved VE-7, with most of the improvements in the fuel system area. Four of the 21 ordered by the U.S. Navy were unarmed observation float seaplanes for battleship catapult use.[3]","title":"Design and development"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vought_VE-7_approaching_USS_Langley_(CV-1),_in_1922.jpg"},{"link_name":"USS Langley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Langley_(CV-1)"},{"link_name":"VF-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VFA-14"},{"link_name":"VF-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VF-6"},{"link_name":"Langley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Langley_(CV-1)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fighters-1"}],"text":"Vought VE-7 approaching USS Langley, 1922. Note the Landing Signal Officer.The VE-7s equipped the Navy's first two fighter squadrons VF-1 and VF-2. A VE-7 flown by Lieutenant Virgil C. Griffin made history on October 17, 1922, when it took off from the deck of the newly commissioned carrier Langley. The VE-7s were the Navy's frontline fighters for several years, with three still assigned to the Langley in 1927; all were retired the following year.[1]","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:VE-7_Launch_From_USS_Maryland.jpg"},{"link_name":"USS Maryland (BB-46)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Maryland_(BB-46)"},{"link_name":"observation seaplanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observation_seaplane"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-complete-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-complete-3"}],"text":"VE-7 being catapulted from the USS Maryland (BB-46)VE-7 (1918) - 14 built for the U.S. Army Air Service; 39 built for the U.S. Navy; (one of two known, built at McCook Field. Reportedly four more were built by Springfield Co)\nVE-7F (1921) - 29 built for the U.S. Navy\nVE-7G (1921) - One converted from VE-7 for U.S. Marine Corps, 23 converted from VE-7 for U.S. Navy\nVE-7GF (1921) - One converted from VE-7\nVE-7H (1924) - Nine observation seaplanes built for the U.S. Navy\nVE-7S (1925) - One converted from VE-7\nVE-7SF (1925) - 11 built for the U.S. Navy\nVE-7SH - One VE-7SF converted into a floatplane.\nVE-8 (1918) - Four ordered by the U.S. Army on October 11, 1918; two were canceled; 340 hp Wright-Hispano H engine installed, two Vickers guns, wingspan decreased to 31 ft (9.4 m), wing area increased to 307 sq ft (28.5 m2), shortened to 21 ft 4 in (6.50 m), speed increased to 140 mph (230 km/h), loaded weight increased to 2,435 lb (1,104 kg)[3]\nVE-9 (1921) - Two converted from VE-7 for U.S. Army; speed increased to 119 mph (192 km/h), service ceiling increased to 18,840 ft (5,740 m)\nVE-9 (1927) - 22 built for the U.S. Army, 17 built for the U.S. Navy. (U.S. Army used same designation as U.S. Navy)\nVE-9H (1927) - Four unarmed observation float seaplanes built for the U.S. Navy battleships, modified vertical tail surfaces for improved catapult and water stability[3]\nVE-9W - canceled","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"National Naval Aviation Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Naval_Aviation_Museum"},{"link_name":"Pensacola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensacola"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"No survivors remain, however a replica Bluebird was completed in early 2007 by volunteers of the Vought Aircraft Heritage Foundation.[4] It is now on display at the National Naval Aviation Museum in Pensacola, Florida.[5]","title":"Surviving aircraft"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"United States Army Air Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Service"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"}],"text":"United StatesUnited States Army Air Service\nUnited States Navy","title":"Operators"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vought_VE-7_3sd_NAN12-70.jpg"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-85170-347-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85170-347-0"},{"link_name":"Airfoil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airfoil"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Wright-Hispano E-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispano-Suiza_8"},{"link_name":"Vickers machine gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_machine_gun"}],"text":"Vought VE-7 3-view drawingData from Janes Fighting Aircraft of World War I by Michael John Haddrick Taylor (Random House Group Ltd. 20 Vauxhall Bridge Road, London SW1V 2SA, 2001, ISBN 1-85170-347-0), 320 pp.General characteristicsCrew: two\nLength: 24 ft 5.375 in (7.45 m)\nWingspan: 34 ft 4 in (10.47 m)\nHeight: 8 ft 7.5 in (2.63 m)\nWing area: 284.5 sq ft (26.43 m2)\nAirfoil: RAF-15[6]\nEmpty weight: 1,392 lb (631 kg)\nGross weight: 1,937 lb (879 kg)\nPowerplant: 1 × Wright-Hispano E-3 liquid cooled V-8, 180 hp (134 kW)\nPropellers: 2-bladed, 8 ft 8 in (2.64 m) diameter wooden fixed pitch propellerPerformanceMaximum speed: 106 mph (171 km/h, 92 kn)\nRange: 290 mi (467 km, 250 nmi)\nService ceiling: 15,000 ft (4,600 m)\nRate of climb: 738 ft/min (3.75 m/s)ArmamentGuns: (VE-7S) 1 x .30 in (7.62 mm) Vickers machine gun machine gun synchronized to fire through the propeller","title":"Specifications (VE-7)"}]
[{"image_text":"Vought VE-7 - McCook Field, Ohio 1917","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Vought_VE-7_-_1917.jpg/220px-Vought_VE-7_-_1917.jpg"},{"image_text":"Vought VE-7 approaching USS Langley, 1922. Note the Landing Signal Officer.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Vought_VE-7_approaching_USS_Langley_%28CV-1%29%2C_in_1922.jpg/220px-Vought_VE-7_approaching_USS_Langley_%28CV-1%29%2C_in_1922.jpg"},{"image_text":"VE-7 being catapulted from the USS Maryland (BB-46)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/VE-7_Launch_From_USS_Maryland.jpg/220px-VE-7_Launch_From_USS_Maryland.jpg"},{"image_text":"Vought VE-7 3-view drawing","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Vought_VE-7_3sd_NAN12-70.jpg/220px-Vought_VE-7_3sd_NAN12-70.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"VE-7 Bluebird\". History.navy.mil. 1922-10-17. Retrieved 2022-05-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/museums/nnam/explore/collections/aircraft/v/ve-7-bluebird.html","url_text":"\"VE-7 Bluebird\""}]},{"reference":"Lednicer, David. \"The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage\". Retrieved 16 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://m-selig.ae.illinois.edu/ads/aircraft.html","url_text":"\"The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage\""}]},{"reference":"Millot, Bernard (October 1971). \"Lewis-Vought VE.8 ou le malchanceux \"Spad\" americain\" [Lewis-Vought VE.8 or the unlucky American \"Spad\"]. Le Album de Fanatique de l'Aviation (in French) (26): 2–3. ISSN 0757-4169.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0757-4169","url_text":"0757-4169"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://ec1.images-amazon.com/images/I/21RSY79BDHL.jpg","external_links_name":"cover"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070929102946/http://ec1.images-amazon.com/images/I/21RSY79BDHL.jpg","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070207061950/http://www.vought.com/heritage/foundation/index.html","external_links_name":"Vought Aircraft Heritage Foundation"},{"Link":"https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/museums/nnam/explore/collections/aircraft/v/ve-7-bluebird.html","external_links_name":"\"VE-7 Bluebird\""},{"Link":"https://m-selig.ae.illinois.edu/ads/aircraft.html","external_links_name":"\"The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0757-4169","external_links_name":"0757-4169"},{"Link":"http://www.aerofiles.com/_vot.html","external_links_name":"K.O. Eckland's Aerofiles"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070928124904/http://www.voughtaircraft.com/newsFactGallery/factsheets/company/companyHeritage.htm","external_links_name":"Vought Aircraft Industries Inc. Company Heritage"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badou_Boy
Badou Boy
["1 Plot","2 Reception","3 Cast","4 References","5 External links"]
1970 film Badou BoyDirected byDjibril Diop MambétyWritten byDjibril Diop MambétyProduced byDjibril Diop MambétyStarring Lamine Ba Al Demba Ciss Christoph Colomb Aziz Diop Mambety CinematographyBaidy SowEdited byAndree BlanchardMusic byLalo DrameProductioncompanies Maag Daan Studio Kankourama Distributed byCalifornia Newsreel ProductionsRelease date 1970 (1970) Running time56 minutesCountrySenegalLanguages Wolof French Badou Boy is a 1970 Senegalese film, directed by Djibril Diop Mambéty. The film follows the adventures of Badou Boy, a cheeky young man, as he travels through the streets of Dakar on the city buses. Plot A sarcastic look at Senegal's capital that followed the adventures of what the director described as a "somewhat immoral street urchin who is very much like myself". The film is set against the backdrop of a bustling Dakar in the late 1960s. "Cop" believes "Boy" is a menace to society but he is merely a street kid trying to survive. As "Boy" leads "Cop" on a chase through the shantytowns to the city centre of Dakar, director Djibril Mambéty gives a nod to Charlie Chaplin's model of silent films. Mambéty was to return again and again to the theme of lonely people on the edge of society. The character of "Boy" stands out as particularly poignant. Mambéty also lays the basis for the profound critique of corrupting Western influences on Africa - a hallmark of his films. Reception Badou Boy won the Silver Tanit award at the 1970 Carthage Film Festival in Tunisia. It was shown at the 1973 Cannes Film Festival. Badou Boy remained unseen in the UK until 2006. It was instantly hailed as a lost classic. It premiered at the Africa in Motion Film Festival in October 2006 at the Filmhouse Cinema in Edinburgh. A 4K restoration of this film premiered at the Museum of Modern Art in January 2022. The restoration was done by The Film Foundation’s World Cinema Project and Cineteca di Bologna at L’Immagine Ritrovata and L’Image Retrouvée laboratories from the 35mm internegative. Cast Lamine Bâ as Badou Boy Al Demba Ciss as Brigadier Al Christoph Colomb as Friend Aziz Diop Mambety as Landlord References ^ Barlet, Olivier. "Djibril Diop Mambety, the one and only". Archived from the original on 2006-08-05. ^ "African classic film screening: Djibril Diop Mambéty's Badou Boy" (PDF). De Montfort University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-12-16. Retrieved 2011-01-30. ^ "AiM Films". Africa in Motion. Archived from the original on 2020-07-08. Retrieved 2011-01-30. ^ "To Save and Project: The 18th MoMA International Festival of Film Preservation" (PDF). MoMA. Retrieved 2022-01-15. External links Badou Boy at IMDb vteFilms directed by Djibril Diop Mambéty Contras'city Badou Boy Touki Bouki Parlons Grand-mère Hyènes Le Franc La Petite Vendeuse de Soleil This article related to a Senegalese film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
[{"reference":"Barlet, Olivier. \"Djibril Diop Mambety, the one and only\". Archived from the original on 2006-08-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivier_Barlet","url_text":"Barlet, Olivier"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060805123001/http://www.africultures.com/anglais/articles_anglais/Mambety.htm","url_text":"\"Djibril Diop Mambety, the one and only\""},{"url":"http://www.africultures.com/anglais/articles_anglais/Mambety.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"African classic film screening: Djibril Diop Mambéty's Badou Boy\" (PDF). De Montfort University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-12-16. Retrieved 2011-01-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111216052330/http://www.dmu.ac.uk/Images/badou-boy_tcm6-58703.pdf","url_text":"\"African classic film screening: Djibril Diop Mambéty's Badou Boy\""},{"url":"http://www.dmu.ac.uk/Images/badou-boy_tcm6-58703.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"AiM Films\". Africa in Motion. Archived from the original on 2020-07-08. Retrieved 2011-01-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200708195408/http://www.africa-in-motion.org.uk/2006/films.html","url_text":"\"AiM Films\""},{"url":"http://www.africa-in-motion.org.uk/2006/films.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"To Save and Project: The 18th MoMA International Festival of Film Preservation\" (PDF). MoMA. Retrieved 2022-01-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://press.moma.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/TSAP-2022-Schedule.pdf","url_text":"\"To Save and Project: The 18th MoMA International Festival of Film Preservation\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herenigde_Nasionale_Party
Herenigde Nasionale Party
["1 References"]
1940–1948 political party in South Africa Not to be confused with Herstigte Nasionale Party. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Herenigde Nasionale Party" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article is part of a series on thePolitics ofSouth Africa Constitution Bill of Rights Executive President Cyril Ramaphosa Deputy President Paul Mashatile Cabinet Departments Shadow Cabinet Legislature National Council of Provinces Chairperson Amos Masondo National Assembly Speaker Nosiviwe Mapisa-Nqakula Leader of the Opposition John Steenhuisen Judiciary Chief Justice Ray Zondo Deputy Chief Justice Mandisa Maya Courts Constitutional Court Supreme Court of Appeal President: Mahube Molemela High Court Magistrate's courts Electoral Court Elections General 1910 1915 1920 1921 1924 1929 1933 1938 1943 1948 1953 1958 1961 1966 1970 1974 1977 1981 1984 1987 1989 1994 1999 2004 2009 2014 2019 2024 Municipal 2000 2006 2011 2016 2021 Referendums 1960 1983 1992 Political parties Administrative divisions Provinces Districts Metropolitan municipality District municipality Municipalities (list) Foreign relations Department of International Relations and Cooperation Minister: Naledi Pandor Diplomatic missions of / in South Africa Nationality law Passport Visa requirements Visa policy Related topics Human rights National debt Political assassinations Protests Repression Social Welfare Taxation Provincial Politics Politics of the Eastern Cape Politics of the Free State Politics of Gauteng Politics of KwaZulu-Natal Politics of Limpopo Politics of Mpumalanga Politics of the Northern Cape Politics of North West Politics of the Western Cape South Africa portal Other countries vte The Herenigde Nasionale Party (Reunited National Party) was a political party in South Africa during the 1940s. It was the product of the reunion of Daniel François Malan's Gesuiwerde Nasionale Party (Purified National Party) and J.B.M. Hertzog's breakaway Afrikaner nationalist faction of the United Party in 1940. In 1934, Hertzog had fused his National Party with Jan Smuts's South African Party to form the United Party due to pressure from the electorate during the Great Depression. Hertzog split away in 1939, however, because he was a Nazi sympathizer could not tolerate the idea of entering World War II on the side of the British. Hertzog briefly led the new party but resigned after Malan and his faction rejected Hertzog's proposed platform of equality between British South Africans and Afrikaners. As a result, Malan became party leader and resumed his position as Leader of the Opposition. The Herenigde Nasionale Party gained popularity after the war and unexpectedly won the elections of 1948 with a majority of seats but a significant minority of the popular vote. Internationally it is known for the implementation of apartheid. After 1948, the HNP merged with the Afrikaner Party, another Afrikaner nationalist party led by one of Hertzog's protégés, and reverted to the short name, the Nasionale Party (National Party), which it retained until shortly after the fall of apartheid during the 1990s. The initials of the Herenigde Nasionale Party, HNP, were later used by a breakaway party that was established in 1969, the rightwing Herstigte Nasionale Party (Reconstituted National Party). References ^ Furlong, Patrick J. (1988). "Pro-Nazi Subversion in South Africa". Ufahamu: A Journal of African Studies. 16 (1). doi:10.5070/F7161016956. ISSN 0041-5715. vtePolitical parties in South AfricaNational Assembly(with number of seats held) African National Congress (159) Democratic Alliance (87) uMkhonto we Sizwe (58) Economic Freedom Fighters (39) Inkatha Freedom Party (17) Patriotic Alliance (9) Freedom Front Plus (6) ActionSA (6) African Christian Democratic Party (3) United Democratic Movement (3) Rise Mzansi (2) African Transformation Movement (2) Al Jama-ah (2) National Council of Provinces(with number of seats held) African National Congress (54) Democratic Alliance (20) Economic Freedom Fighters (11) Freedom Front Plus (3) Inkatha Freedom Party (2) Other partiesCommunist and socialist African Content Movement Azanian People's Organisation Bolsheviks Party of South Africa National People's Ambassadors Socialist Revolutionary Workers Party South African Communist Party Workers International Vanguard Party Workers and Socialist Party United Congress Social democratic African Congress of Democrats African Democratic 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Africa The Peoples Independent Civic Organisation People's Movement for Change South African Political Party South African Rainbow Alliance Spectrum National Party Team Sugar South Africa United Independent Movement Xiluva Ximoko Party Defunct partiesCommunist Socialist Party of Azania Workers Party of South Africa Socialist and social democratic Labour Party (1910) Labour Party (1969) New Labour Party United Independent Front Liberal and progressive Democratic Party (1989) Democratic Party (1973) Democratic Progressive Party Democratic Reform Party Dominion Party Federal Alliance Independent Democrats Independent Party Liberal Party of South Africa Progressive Federal Party Progressive Party (1890) Progressive Party (1959) Progressive Reform Party Reform Party South African Business Party South African Democratic Congress South African Party (1896) South African Party (1910) Union Federal Party Unionist Party Conservative Christian Democratic Alliance Christian Front Christen 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Poverty (PASSOP) Poor People's Alliance Abahlali baseMjondolo Landless Peoples Movement Western Cape Anti-Eviction Campaign Reclaim the City Social Justice Coalition Treatment Action Campaign Unemployed Peoples' MovementLawsee South African lawPolitical culture African Renaissance Alternative media Azania Corruption (Don't) touch me on my studio Freedom Charter Proudly South African Rainbow nation Renaming Tenderpreneurs Toyi-toyi Ubuntu UnFreedom Day White monopoly capital Xenophobia Anti-Chinese sentiment Anti-Indian sentiment Slogans "Amandla Ngawethu!" "No Land! No House! No Vote!" "Dubul' ibhunu" (Shoot the Boer) "One Settler, One Bullet" "Each One, Teach One" Books andperiodicals African Communist Amandla ANC Today Biko I Write What I Like Long Walk to Freedom Molotov Cocktail No Land! No House! No Vote! Other Corrective rape Crime Cape Independence Elections e-tolling Farm attacks Gupta family HIV/AIDS Labour brokering Land occupations Legacies of apartheid Lindela Phala Phala robbery Political assassinations Political repression Protests Sexual violence Shack fires Terrorism Third Force Category vtePolitical history of South AfricaDefunct polities Kingdom of Mapungubwe (c. 1075–c. 1220) Dutch Cape Colony (1652–1806) Mthethwa Paramountcy (c. 1780–1817) Ndwandwe Kingdom (c. 1780–1819) Cape Colony (1795–1910) Zulu Kingdom (1816–1897) Natalia Republic (1839–1843) Natal Colony (1843–1910) Orange Free State (1854–1902) South African Republic (1856–1902) Griqualand East (1861–1879) Griqualand West (1870–1873) Goshen (1882–1883) Stellaland (1882–1885) Nieuwe Republiek (1884–1888) Upingtonia (1885–1887) Klein Vrystaat (1886–1891) Orange River Colony (1902–1910) Transvaal Colony (1902–1910) Union of South Africa (1910–1961) Transkei (1976–1994) Bophuthatswana (1977–1994) Venda (1979–1994) Ciskei (1981–1994) EventsPre-colonial Bantu migrations Battle of Salt River 1652–1815 Dutch settlement French Huguenot settlement Khoikhoi–Dutch Wars Xhosa Wars Battle of Muizenberg Battle of Blaauwberg Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 1815–1910 Mfecane 1820 Settlers Great Trek Boer Republics Transvaal Civil War Mineral Revolution Witwatersrand Gold Rush South African Wars South Africa Act 1909 (National Convention) 1910–1948 South West Africa campaign Maritz rebellion Rand Rebellion Great Depression 1946 African Mine Workers' Union strike Bantustans Apartheid 1948 general election Apartheid legislation Pass laws Internal resistance Coloured-vote constitutional crisis Defiance Campaign Congress of the People Freedom Charter Women's March 1956 1957 Alexandra bus boycott Sharpeville massacre 1960 republic referendum International isolation UN Resolution 1761 UNSC Resolution 591 Academic boycott Disinvestment Constructive engagement Tar Baby Option Sporting boycott Olympics Rugby union Rivonia Trial Durban Moment Border War Mafeje affair Soweto Uprising Weapons of mass destruction Project Coast Church Street bombing 1983 constitutional referendum Langa massacre Rubicon speech Operation Vula Dakar Conference Transkei coup d'état Ciskei coup d'état Venda coup d'état Third Force CODESA Storming of the Kempton Park World Trade Centre Bisho massacre 1992 apartheid referendum Saint James Church massacre Bophuthatswana crisis Shell House massacre Post-apartheid 1994 general election Government of National Unity Reconstruction and Development Programme Truth and Reconciliation Commission Arms Deal Floor crossing Soweto bombings African Renaissance Travelgate Xenophobia Attack on Kennedy Road Blikkiesdorp Marikana massacre 2012 Western Cape farm workers' strike Nkandlagate Racism 2014 platinum strike #RhodesMustFall protests #FeesMustFall student protests Tshwane riots 2019 service delivery protests 2019 Johannesburg riots COVID-19 pandemic 2020 Phala Phala Robbery 2021 unrest Lady R incident Political culture African nationalism Afrikaner Calvinism Afrikaner nationalism Anarchism Azania Baasskap Boerehaat Black Consciousness Movement Cape Independence Day of the Vow Greater South Africa Honorary whites Rooi gevaar Slavery Swart gevaar Uitlander Volkstaat DefunctorganisationsCivic and politicalorganisations Afrikaner Bond Afrikaner Broederbond Afrikaner Party AITUP APO AVF BPC Black Sash Boerestaat Party CDA CNIP CTEG COD Congress Alliance COSG CP DLF Dominion Party DP (1973–1977) DP (1989–2000) DPP DSM ECC FA FD Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners GNP Het Volk HNP (Herenigde) HNP (Herstigte) IDASA ID IP ISL Jeugkrag Johannesburg Reform Committee Labour Party (1910–1958) Labour Party (1969–1994) Liberal Party (1953–1968) NA NCP Natal Indian Congress NLP NNP NP NPP NRP NUSAS Occupy Orangia Unie Oranjewerkers Orde Boerevolk PAVN PFP Progressive Party (Cape Colony) Progressive Party PRP Radio Freedom Reform Party SABP SADECO SAIC SASO SAYCO SAYRCO South African Party (Cape Colony) South African Party (1911–1934) South African Party (1977–1980) TNIP Torch Commando UFP United Party Unionist Party Volksparty Workers Party WOSA Trade unions andsocial movements APF BCM BLATU CNETU CTSWU FCWU FNETU FOSATU ICU IWW MUSA NEUM NURHS PAWE SAAPAWU SACTU SAIF SARHU SATUC Die Spoorbund UDF Umkosi Wezintaba Paramilitary andterrorist organisations APLA ARM AWB BBB Boeremag Greyshirts MK Ossewabrandwag Orde van die Dood PAGAD SANF Histories ofpolitical parties African National Congress Democratic Alliance Pan Africanist Congress of Azania Category
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Herstigte Nasionale Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herstigte_Nasionale_Party"},{"link_name":"political party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_party"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Daniel François Malan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Fran%C3%A7ois_Malan"},{"link_name":"Gesuiwerde Nasionale Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesuiwerde_Nasionale_Party"},{"link_name":"J.B.M. Hertzog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.B.M._Hertzog"},{"link_name":"United Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Party_(South_Africa)"},{"link_name":"National Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Party_(South_Africa)"},{"link_name":"Jan Smuts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Smuts"},{"link_name":"South African Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Party"},{"link_name":"United Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Party_(South_Africa)"},{"link_name":"Great Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Leader of the Opposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(South_Africa)"},{"link_name":"elections of 1948","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_general_election,_1948"},{"link_name":"apartheid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid"},{"link_name":"Afrikaner Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaner_Party"},{"link_name":"Nasionale Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Party_(South_Africa)"},{"link_name":"Herstigte Nasionale Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herstigte_Nasionale_Party"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Herstigte Nasionale Party.The Herenigde Nasionale Party (Reunited National Party) was a political party in South Africa during the 1940s. It was the product of the reunion of Daniel François Malan's Gesuiwerde Nasionale Party (Purified National Party) and J.B.M. Hertzog's breakaway Afrikaner nationalist faction of the United Party in 1940.In 1934, Hertzog had fused his National Party with Jan Smuts's South African Party to form the United Party due to pressure from the electorate during the Great Depression. Hertzog split away in 1939, however, because he was a Nazi sympathizer could not tolerate the idea of entering World War II on the side of the British.[1]Hertzog briefly led the new party but resigned after Malan and his faction rejected Hertzog's proposed platform of equality between British South Africans and Afrikaners. As a result, Malan became party leader and resumed his position as Leader of the Opposition. The Herenigde Nasionale Party gained popularity after the war and unexpectedly won the elections of 1948 with a majority of seats but a significant minority of the popular vote. Internationally it is known for the implementation of apartheid. After 1948, the HNP merged with the Afrikaner Party, another Afrikaner nationalist party led by one of Hertzog's protégés, and reverted to the short name, the Nasionale Party (National Party), which it retained until shortly after the fall of apartheid during the 1990s.The initials of the Herenigde Nasionale Party, HNP, were later used by a breakaway party that was established in 1969, the rightwing Herstigte Nasionale Party (Reconstituted National Party).","title":"Herenigde Nasionale Party"}]
[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Coat_of_arms_of_South_Africa_%28heraldic%29.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_South_Africa_%28heraldic%29.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Flag of South Africa","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/50px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"Furlong, Patrick J. (1988). \"Pro-Nazi Subversion in South Africa\". Ufahamu: A Journal of African Studies. 16 (1). doi:10.5070/F7161016956. ISSN 0041-5715.","urls":[{"url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7g4406gv","url_text":"\"Pro-Nazi Subversion in South Africa\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5070%2FF7161016956","url_text":"10.5070/F7161016956"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0041-5715","url_text":"0041-5715"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saramacca_District
Saramacca District
["1 History","2 Agriculture","3 Nature","4 Resorts","5 Villages","6 References"]
Coordinates: 5°46′57″N 55°37′29″W / 5.78250°N 55.62472°W / 5.78250; -55.62472District of Suriname District in SurinameSaramaccaDistrictMap of Suriname showing Saramacca districtCoordinates: 5°46′57″N 55°37′29″W / 5.78250°N 55.62472°W / 5.78250; -55.62472CountrySurinameCapitalGroningenArea • Total3,636 km2 (1,404 sq mi)Population (2012 census) • Total17,480 • Density4.8/km2 (12/sq mi)Time zoneUTC-3 Saramacca is a district of Suriname, in the north. Saramacca's capital city is Groningen, with other towns and cities including Batavia, Kampong Baroe, Uitkijk, Maho and Boskamp. Saramacca has a population of 17,480 and an area of 3,636 km2. Saramaka is also the name of a group of Maroons who established communities along the Saramacca River having fled slavery. History The district was founded in 1983, but the history dates back to 1790 when the first plantation was opened. Until 1936, Saramacca could only be access by boat, but with the construction of a road to Paramaribo, which is now part of the East-West Link, Saramacca was removed for its isolation. In 1982, oil was discovered in Sarammacca which boosted its economy. On 13 December 2014, Staatsolie opened an oil refinery. Agriculture The district has traditionally been the site of dozens of small, family owned farming communities, and it has only been recently that large agricultural projects have begun to emerge, primarily geared to the production of bananas, rice, and peanuts. Boskamp is a fishing village. Nature The district is known for its birds, with ornithologists and birdwatchers coming from all over the world to study and admire Saramacca's toucans, parrots and cocks-of-the-rock. Saramacca is home to three nature reserves: Coppename Monding Nature Reserve (12,000 hectares), Boven Coesewijne Nature Reserve (27,000 hectares) and the Noord Saramacca  Special Control Area (88,400 hectares). Resorts Resorts of Saramacca Saramacca is divided into 6 resorts (ressorten): Calcutta Groningen Jarikaba Kampong Baroe Tijgerkreek Wayamboweg Villages Batavia Boskamp Boston Kalebaskreek Smithfield Uitkijk References ^ a b "Resorts in Suriname Census 2012" (PDF). Retrieved 27 May 2020. ^ "Distrikt Saramacca 1". Anda Suriname (in Dutch). Retrieved 28 May 2020. ^ a b c "Distrikt Saramacca 2". Anda Suriname (in Dutch). Retrieved 28 May 2020. ^ a b c "Structuur Analyse" (PDF). Planning Office Suriname (in Dutch). Retrieved 25 May 2020. ^ "Bananenproductie Jarikaba komt op gang". GFC Nieuws (in Dutch). Retrieved 27 May 2020. ^ "Nickerie Bigi Pan 2 daaagse tour". Purity Tours (in Dutch). Retrieved 28 May 2020. vte Districts and resorts of SurinameBrokopondo District Brownsweg Centrum Klaaskreek Kwakoegron Marshallkreek Sarakreek Commewijne District Alkmaar Bakkie Margaretha Meerzorg Nieuw Amsterdam Tamanredjo Coronie District Johanna Maria Totness Welgelegen Marowijne District Albina Galibi Moengo Moengotapoe Patamacca Wanhatti Nickerie District Groot Henar Nieuw Nickerie Oostelijke Polders Wageningen Westelijke Polders Para District Bigi Poika Carolina Noord Oost Zuid Paramaribo District Beekhuizen Blauwgrond Centrum Flora Latour Livorno Munder Pontbuiten Rainville Tammenga Weg naar Zee Welgelegen Saramacca District Calcutta Groningen Jarikaba Kampong Baroe Tijgerkreek Wayamboweg Sipaliwini District Boven Coppename Boven Saramacca Boven Suriname Coeroeni Kabalebo Pamacca Tapanahony Wanica District De Nieuwe Grond Domburg Houttuin Koewarasan Kwatta Lelydorp Saramacca Polder vteResorts and places in Saramacca District, SurinameCalcutta Batavia* Boskamp Kalebaskreek Groningen Jarikaba Kampong Baroe Boston Uitkijk Tijgerkreek Sidoredjo Wayamboweg Smithfield Italic denotes the capital *Abandonned settlement
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Suriname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suriname"},{"link_name":"capital city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_city"},{"link_name":"Groningen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen,_Suriname"},{"link_name":"Batavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batavia,_Suriname"},{"link_name":"Kampong Baroe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampong_Baroe"},{"link_name":"Uitkijk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uitkijk"},{"link_name":"Boskamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boskamp,_Suriname"},{"link_name":"population","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population"},{"link_name":"area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census-1"},{"link_name":"Saramaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saramaka"},{"link_name":"Maroons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maroon_(people)"},{"link_name":"Saramacca River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saramacca_River"},{"link_name":"slavery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery"}],"text":"District of SurinameDistrict in SurinameSaramacca is a district of Suriname, in the north. Saramacca's capital city is Groningen, with other towns and cities including Batavia, Kampong Baroe, Uitkijk, Maho and Boskamp. Saramacca has a population of 17,480 and an area of 3,636 km2.[1]Saramaka is also the name of a group of Maroons who established communities along the Saramacca River having fled slavery.","title":"Saramacca District"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-suriname1-2"},{"link_name":"boat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boat"},{"link_name":"Paramaribo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramaribo"},{"link_name":"East-West Link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East-West_Link_(Suriname)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-suriname2-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-suriname2-3"},{"link_name":"Staatsolie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staatsolie"},{"link_name":"oil refinery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_refinery"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-planning-4"}],"text":"The district was founded in 1983, but the history dates back to 1790 when the first plantation was opened.[2] Until 1936, Saramacca could only be access by boat, but with the construction of a road to Paramaribo, which is now part of the East-West Link, Saramacca was removed for its isolation.[3] In 1982, oil was discovered in Sarammacca which boosted its economy.[3] On 13 December 2014, Staatsolie opened an oil refinery.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"farming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farming"},{"link_name":"bananas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana"},{"link_name":"rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Boskamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boskamp,_Suriname"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-planning-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-suriname2-3"}],"text":"The district has traditionally been the site of dozens of small, family owned farming communities, and it has only been recently that large agricultural projects have begun to emerge, primarily geared to the production of bananas, rice, and peanuts.[5] Boskamp is a fishing village.[4][3]","title":"Agriculture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"birds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird"},{"link_name":"ornithologists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornithology"},{"link_name":"birdwatchers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdwatching"},{"link_name":"toucans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toucan"},{"link_name":"parrots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parrot"},{"link_name":"cocks-of-the-rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cock-of-the-rock"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Coppename Monding Nature Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coppename_Monding_Nature_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Boven Coesewijne Nature Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boven_Coesewijne_Nature_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Noord Saramacca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Noord_Saramacca_Managed_Resource_Protected_Area&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijzonder_Beheersgebied_Noord-Saramacca"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-planning-4"}],"text":"The district is known for its birds, with ornithologists and birdwatchers coming from all over the world to study and admire Saramacca's toucans, parrots and cocks-of-the-rock.[6]Saramacca is home to three nature reserves: Coppename Monding Nature Reserve (12,000 hectares), Boven Coesewijne Nature Reserve (27,000 hectares) and the Noord Saramacca [nl] Special Control Area (88,400 hectares).[4]","title":"Nature"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saramacca_Resorts_Suriname_Neutral.png"},{"link_name":"Calcutta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcutta,_Suriname"},{"link_name":"Groningen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen,_Suriname"},{"link_name":"Jarikaba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarikaba"},{"link_name":"Kampong Baroe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampong_Baroe"},{"link_name":"Tijgerkreek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tijgerkreek"},{"link_name":"Wayamboweg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayamboweg"}],"text":"Resorts of SaramaccaSaramacca is divided into 6 resorts (ressorten):Calcutta\nGroningen\nJarikaba\nKampong Baroe\nTijgerkreek\nWayamboweg","title":"Resorts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Batavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batavia,_Suriname"},{"link_name":"Boskamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boskamp,_Suriname"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston,_Suriname"},{"link_name":"Kalebaskreek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalebaskreek"},{"link_name":"Smithfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithfield,_Suriname"},{"link_name":"Uitkijk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uitkijk"}],"text":"Batavia\nBoskamp\nBoston\nKalebaskreek\nSmithfield\nUitkijk","title":"Villages"}]
[{"image_text":"Resorts of Saramacca","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Saramacca_Resorts_Suriname_Neutral.png/250px-Saramacca_Resorts_Suriname_Neutral.png"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Resorts in Suriname Census 2012\" (PDF). Retrieved 27 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://spangstaging.com/2019/abs/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/census8etn.pdf","url_text":"\"Resorts in Suriname Census 2012\""}]},{"reference":"\"Distrikt Saramacca 1\". Anda Suriname (in Dutch). Retrieved 28 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.andasuriname.com/175alg/saramacca01.html","url_text":"\"Distrikt Saramacca 1\""}]},{"reference":"\"Distrikt Saramacca 2\". Anda Suriname (in Dutch). Retrieved 28 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.andasuriname.com/175alg/saramacca02.html","url_text":"\"Distrikt Saramacca 2\""}]},{"reference":"\"Structuur Analyse\" (PDF). Planning Office Suriname (in Dutch). Retrieved 25 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.planningofficesuriname.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/STRUCTUUR-ANALYSE-IV.pdf","url_text":"\"Structuur Analyse\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bananenproductie Jarikaba komt op gang\". GFC Nieuws (in Dutch). Retrieved 27 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gfcnieuws.com/bananenproductie-jarikaba-komt-op-gang/","url_text":"\"Bananenproductie Jarikaba komt op gang\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nickerie Bigi Pan 2 daaagse tour\". Purity Tours (in Dutch). Retrieved 28 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.puritytours.com/portfolio-item/nickerie-bigi-pan-2-daagse-tour/","url_text":"\"Nickerie Bigi Pan 2 daaagse tour\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Citt%C3%A0_di_Pontedera
US Città di Pontedera
["1 History","1.1 Serie D 2010–11","1.2 Back into professionalism","2 Colors and badge","3 Current squad","3.1 Out on loan","4 Notable former managers","5 References","6 External links"]
Italian football club Not to be confused with Pontevedra CF. Football clubPontederaFull nameUnione Sportiva Città di PontederaNickname(s)GranataFounded1912GroundStadio Ettore Mannucci,Pontedera, ItalyCapacity5,014ChairmanGianfranco DonniniManagerMax CanziLeagueSerie C Group B2023–24Serie C Group B, 9th of 20WebsiteClub website Home colours Away colours Unione Sportiva Città di Pontedera (formerly Unione Sportiva Pontedera 1912) is an Italian association football club located in Pontedera, Tuscany. Currently it plays in Serie C, the third tier of Italian football. History Founded in 1912, Pontedera, a team from a city in the Pisa neighbourhood, played Serie C for several years without never gaining a single promotion to Serie B. In 1993/1994, a second place in Serie C2/B allowed Pontedera to be promoted to Serie C1: during that season, the team was known for having longily been the only undefeated team in all Italian professional leagues, and for having incredibly won 2–1 to the Italy national football team coached by Arrigo Sacchi in a friendly match played in April 1994. Pontedera played Serie C1 just in 1994/1995, and relegated to Serie D in 2001, and even Eccellenza in 2002. Pontedera returned to Serie D in 2005, after having won its Eccellenza round. In 2006 Maurizio Mian's Gunther Corporation briefly held a controlling interest in Pontedera. Pornographic film actor Ilona Staller ("Cicciolina") was installed as the club "godmother", while another pornographic actress Valentine Demy served as one of three club Presidents, alongside a Polish lap dancer named Karolcia and a British rapper named Prodigal1. The performance was related to Mian's left-libertarian views on reproductive rights and his upcoming appearance in the 2006 Italian general election. Marcello Lippi, head coach of Italy national team and World Cup champion in the 2006 FIFA World Cup, started his professional managing career as Pontedera head coach in 1985–1986. Serie D 2010–11 At the end of the 2010-11 Serie D season, Pontedera gained access to the Serie D play-off for promotion in Lega Pro Seconda Divisione, but they were eliminated in the third round. Back into professionalism In the 2012-13 Lega Pro Seconda Divisione season, Pontedera finished second in Girone B, and was promoted to Lega Pro Prima Divisione. This was the second consecutive promotion for the team. The 2013–14 season saw Pontedera topping the Lega Pro Prima Divisione table for the earlier weeks of the season, and then completing the regular season in eighth place and thus ensuring a Serie B promotion playoff spot, then losing to Lecce on penalties in the first round. Colors and badge Its colours are all-dark red. Current squad As of 25 January 2024 Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality. No. Pos. Nation Player 1 GK  USA Luca Lewis (on loan from Cesena) 2 DF  ITA Lorenzo Gagliardi (on loan from Genoa) 3 DF  ITA Samuele Angori (on loan from Empoli) 4 DF  ITA Gabriele Calvani (on loan from Genoa) 5 DF  ITA Riccardo Martinelli 6 DF  ITA Mattia Pretato 7 FW  ITA Michele Ambrosini 8 MF  ITA Federico Marrone 9 FW  ITA Daniel Fossati (on loan from Genoa) 10 MF  ITA Giacomo Benedetti 11 FW  ITA Simone Ianesi 12 GK  ITA Giuseppe Ciocci (on loan from Cagliari) 14 MF  ITA Alessandro Lombardi (on loan from Rimini) No. Pos. Nation Player 15 MF  ITA Lorenzo Peli (on loan from Atalanta) 16 MF  ITA Lorenzo Ignacchiti (on loan from Empoli) 18 MF  ITA Matteo Guidi 19 DF  ARG Marcos Espeche 20 MF  ARG Isaías Delpupo (on loan from Cagliari) 21 MF  ITA Gabriele Perretta 22 GK  ITA Giuseppe Stancampiano 23 DF  ITA Cristian Cerretti 26 FW  ITA Gabriele Selleri 27 MF  ITA Alessandro Provenzano 30 GK  ITA Niccolò Vivoli 99 FW  ITA Simone Ganz Out on loan Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality. No. Pos. Nation Player — DF  ITA Leonardo Di Bella (at Cenaia until 30 June 2024) — MF  ITA Jacopo Ciofi (at Montevarchi until 30 June 2024) No. Pos. Nation Player — FW  ITA Luca Paudice (at Renate until 30 June 2024) Notable former managers Marcello Lippi References ^ "Tutti pazzi per Mian e Gunther IV". Il Tirreno. 6 June 2010. Retrieved 26 December 2021. ^ "Laicità, pillola abortiva e pallone Mian si compra anche il Pontedera" (in Italian). la Repubblica. 24 March 2006. Retrieved 29 December 2021. ^ "Pontedera squad". Soccerway. Retrieved 26 September 2022. 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won Clubs in international competitions Miscellaneous Totonero 1980 Totonero 1986 Italian Law 91/1981, Article 18B financial doping scandals Anglo-Italian Cup Caso Genoa Calciopoli 2011–12 Italian football match-fixing scandal 2015 Italian football match-fixing scandal Article 52 of N.O.I.F. 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In 1993/1994, a second place in Serie C2/B allowed Pontedera to be promoted to Serie C1: during that season, the team was known for having longily been the only undefeated team in all Italian professional leagues, and for having incredibly won 2–1 to the Italy national football team coached by Arrigo Sacchi in a friendly match played in April 1994. Pontedera played Serie C1 just in 1994/1995, and relegated to Serie D in 2001, and even Eccellenza in 2002. Pontedera returned to Serie D in 2005, after having won its Eccellenza round.In 2006 Maurizio Mian's Gunther Corporation briefly held a controlling interest in Pontedera. Pornographic film actor Ilona Staller (\"Cicciolina\") was installed as the club \"godmother\", while another pornographic actress Valentine Demy served as one of three club Presidents, alongside a Polish lap dancer named Karolcia and a British rapper named Prodigal1.[1] The performance was related to Mian's left-libertarian views on reproductive rights and his upcoming appearance in the 2006 Italian general election.[2]Marcello Lippi, head coach of Italy national team and World Cup champion in the 2006 FIFA World Cup, started his professional managing career as Pontedera head coach in 1985–1986.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2010-11 Serie D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010-11_Serie_D"},{"link_name":"Lega Pro Seconda Divisione","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lega_Pro_Seconda_Divisione"}],"sub_title":"Serie D 2010–11","text":"At the end of the 2010-11 Serie D season, Pontedera gained access to the Serie D play-off for promotion in Lega Pro Seconda Divisione, but they were eliminated in the third round.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2012-13 Lega Pro Seconda Divisione","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012-13_Lega_Pro_Seconda_Divisione"},{"link_name":"Lega Pro Prima Divisione","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lega_Pro_Prima_Divisione"},{"link_name":"Lecce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Lecce"}],"sub_title":"Back into professionalism","text":"In the 2012-13 Lega Pro Seconda Divisione season, Pontedera finished second in Girone B, and was promoted to Lega Pro Prima Divisione. 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Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.","title":"Current squad"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FIFA eligibility rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_eligibility_rules"}],"sub_title":"Out on loan","text":"Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.","title":"Current squad"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marcello Lippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcello_Lippi"}],"text":"Marcello Lippi","title":"Notable former managers"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_and_soft_(martial_arts)
Hard and soft techniques
["1 Hard technique","2 Soft technique","3 Principle of Jū","4 Distinction from \"external and internal\"","5 See also","6 References"]
How forcefully a defender martial artist counters the force of an attack In martial arts, the terms hard and soft technique denote how forcefully a defender martial artist counters the force of an attack in armed and unarmed combat. In the East Asian martial arts, the corresponding hard technique and soft technique terms are 硬 (Japanese: gō, pinyin: yìng) and 柔 (Japanese: jū, pinyin: róu), hence Goju-ryu (hard-soft school), Shorinji Kempo principles of go-ho ("hard method") and ju-ho ("soft method"), Jujutsu ("art of softness") and Judo ("gentle way"). Regardless of origins and styles, "hard and soft" can be seen as simply firm/unyielding in opposition or complementary to pliant/yielding; each has its application and must be used in its own way, and each makes use of specific principles of timing and biomechanics. In addition to describing a physical technique applied with minimal force, "soft" also sometimes refers to elements of a discipline which are viewed as less purely physical; for example, martial arts that are said to be "internal styles" are sometimes also known as "soft styles", for their focus on mental techniques or spiritual pursuits. Hard technique A hard technique meets force with force, either with a linear, head-on force-blocking technique, or by diagonally cutting the strike with one's force. Although hard techniques require greater strength for successful execution, it is the mechanics of the technique that accomplish the defense. Examples are: A kickboxing low kick aimed to break the attacker's leg. A Karate block aimed to break or halt the attacker's arm. Hard techniques can be used in offense, defense, and counter-offense. They are affected by footwork and skeletal alignment. For the most part, hard techniques are direct. The key point of a hard technique is interrupting the flow of attack: in counter-offense they look to break the attack and in offense they are direct and committed blows or throws. Hard techniques use muscle more than soft techniques. Soft technique Further information: Tai sabaki Tai sabaki step diagram, 180-degree. The goal of the soft technique is deflecting the attacker’s force to their disadvantage, with the defender exerting minimal force and requiring minimal strength. With a soft technique, the defender uses the attacker's force and momentum against them, by leading the attack(er) in a direction to where the defender will be advantageously positioned (tai sabaki) and the attacker off balance; a seamless movement then affects the appropriate soft technique. In some styles of martial art like Wing Chun, a series of progressively difficult, two-student training drills, such as pushing hands or sticky hands, teach to exercise the soft-technique(s); hence: (1) The defender leads the attack by redirecting the attacker's forces against them, or away from the defender — instead of meeting the attack with a block. The mechanics of soft technique defenses usually are circular: Yielding is meeting the force with no resistance, like a projectile glancing off a surface without damaging it. Another example could be: an Aikido check/block to an attacker's arm, which re-directs the incoming energy of the blow. A tomoenage front sacrifice throw used against a front-pushing attacker (2) The soft technique usually is applied when the attacker is off-balance, thus the defender achieves the "maximum efficiency" ideal posited by Kano Jigoro (1860–1938), the founder of judo. The tai chi histories report "a force of four taels being able to move a thousand catties", referring to the principle of Taiji — a moving mass can seem weightless. Soft techniques — throws, armlocks, etc. — might resemble hard martial art techniques, yet are distinct because their application requires minimal force. (see kuzushi) In Fencing, with a parry, the defender guides or checks the attacker's sword away from themself, rather than endure the force of a direct block; it likely is followed by riposte and counter-riposte. In Classical Fencing, other techniques appear in all forms of swordplay which fall into the soft category, the most obvious being the disengage where the fencer or swordsman uses the pressure of their opponent to disengage and change lines on their opponent giving them an advantage in the bind. In Bare-knuckle boxing or Pugilism, with a parry, the defender guides or checks the attacker’s blow away from themself, attempting to cause the attacker to over commit to their blow and allow an easy riposte and counter-riposte. In Judo and Jujutsu when the attacker (uke) pushes towards the defender (tori), the tori drops under the uke, whilst lifting the uke over themself, effecting the Tomoe Nage throw with one of their legs. The technique is categorized as a "front sacrifice technique" in judo and jujutsu styles. The push from the uke can be direct, or it can be a response to a push from the tori. With martial arts styles such as T'ien Ti Tao Ch'uan-shu P'ai the soft style is also in keeping with the Taoist philosophy, the idea that the technique can also be applied in mental terms as well as physical. Soft techniques can be used in offense but are more likely to appear in defense and counter offense. Much like hard techniques they are effected by foot work and skeletal alignment. Where a hard technique in defense often aims to interrupt the flow of attack; a soft technique aims to misdirect it, move around it or draw it into over commitment, in counter offense a soft technique may appear as a slip or a vault or simply using the momentum of a technique against the user. Soft techniques in offense would usually only include feints and pulling motions but the definition and categorization may change from one art form to another. Soft techniques are also characterized as being circular in nature and considered internal (using Qi (Chinese) or ki (Japanese and Korean)) by martial arts such as tai chi, hapkido and aikido. Principle of Jū This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The principle of Ju (柔, Jū, Yawara) underlies all classical Bujutsu methods and was adopted by the developers of the Budō disciplines. Acting according to the principle of Jū, the classical warrior could intercept and momentarily control his enemy's blade when attacked, then, in a flash, could counter-attack with a force powerful enough to cleave armor and kill the foe. The same principle of Jū permitted an unarmed exponent to unbalance and hurl his foe to the ground. Terms like "Jūjutsu" and "Yawara" made the principle of Jū the all-pervading one in methods cataloged under these terms. That principle was rooted in the concept of pliancy or flexibility, as understood in both a mental and a physical context. To apply the principle of Jū, the exponent had to be both mentally and physically capable of adapting himself to whatever situation his adversary might impose on him. There are two aspects of the principle of Jū that are in constant operation, both interchangeable and inseparable. One aspect is that of "yielding", and is manifest in the exponent's actions that accept the enemy's force of attack, rather than oppose him by meeting his force directly with an equal or greater force, when it is advantageous to do so. It is economical in terms of energy to accept the foe's force by intercepting and warding it off without directly opposing it; but the tactic by which the force of the foe is dissipated may be as forcefully made as was the foe's original action. The principle of Jū is incomplete at this point because yielding is essentially only a neutralization of the enemy's force. While giving way to the enemy's force of attack there must instantly be applied an action that takes advantage of the enemy, now occupied with his attack, in the form of a counterattack. This second aspect of the principle of Jū makes allowance for situations in which yielding is impossible because it would lead to disaster. In such cases "resistance" is justified. But such opposition to the enemy's actions is only momentary and is quickly followed by an action based on the first aspect of Jū, that of yielding. Distinction from "external and internal" Further information: External and internal (Chinese martial arts) There is disagreement among different schools of Chinese martial arts about how the two concepts of "Hard/Soft" and "External/Internal" apply to their styles. Among styles that this terminology is applied to, traditional tai chi equates the terms while maintaining several finer shades of distinction. Hard styles typically use a penetrating, linear "external force" whereas soft styles usually use a circular, flowing "internal force" where the energy of the technique goes completely through the opponent for hard/external strikes while the energy of the technique is mostly absorbed by the opponent for soft/internal strikes. See also Aiki (martial arts principle) References ^ Fu, Zhongwen (2006) . Mastering Yang Style Taijiquan. Louis Swaine. Berkeley, California: Blue Snake Books. ISBN 1-58394-152-5. ^ c.f. The martial arts FAQ, built up over years of discussion on rec.martial.arts. In part one, there is an entry for hard vs soft and internal vs external. ^ TanDaoKungFu, TanDao Fight Lab #2 Hard & Soft Palm Strikes, Tandao.com, archived from the original on 2021-12-19, retrieved 2019-01-19 Youtube, July 16, 2010 Lawrence Tan Wikiquote has quotations related to Tai chi chuan. vteMartial arts List of styles History Timeline Records Hard and soft ClassificationRegional origin China Europe India Indonesia Italian Ireland Japan Okinawa Korea Mainland Southeast Asia Philippines Russia Vietnam Unarmed techniques Arm strikes Chokehold Punch Elbow strike Clinch Ground Headbutt Leg strikes Footwork Kick Flying Knee strike Stomp Grappling Hold Joint lock Sweep Takedown Throw Stand-up Weapons Duel Melee weapons Knife fighting Stick-fighting Swordsmanship Ranged weapons Archery Shooting Training Kata Boxing glove Practice weapon Punching bag Pushing hands Randori Sparring Grappling Barróg Brazilian jiu-jitsu Judo Jujutsu Luta Livre esportiva Malla-yuddha Pehlwani Sambo Shuai jiao Sumo Wrestling catch Cornish folk freestyle Greco-Roman Mongolian oil shoot Striking Bando Boxing Capoeira Chess boxing Choi Kwang-Do Dambe Karate Kickboxing Kun Khmer Lethwei Muay Thai Northern Praying Mantis Russian boxing Sanda Shaolin kung fu Shoot boxing Savate Taekwondo Tang Soo Do Tien Shan Pai Vovinam Wudangquan Yoshukai Karate Internal Aikido Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu Baguazhang Tai chi Xingyiquan Full contact / combat sports Professional boxing Kickboxing Full contact karate Mixed martial arts Pankration Shootfighting Submission wrestling Vale Tudo Self-defense / combatives Arnis Bartitsu Hapkido Kajukenbo Jieitaikakutōjutsu Krav Maga MCMAP Pencak silat Pencak Silat Harimau Suffrajitsu Systema Taekkyon To-Shin Do Wing Chun Silat Melayu Eclectic / hybrids American Kenpo Angampora Chun Kuk Do Hokutoryu Ju-Jutsu Jeet Kune Do Shooto Shorinji Kempo Unifight Qwan Ki Do Battlefield Banshay Bokator Historical European martial arts Huiyen Lallong Jujutsu Kalaripayattu Krabi–krabong Krav Maga Mardani khel Marine Corps Martial Arts Program Pencak Silat Harimau Entertainment Fighting game Martial arts film (Chanbara) Professional wrestling Stage combat Tricking Wuxia International gamesMartial arts at the Summer Olympics Boxing Fencing Judo Karate Taekwondo Wrestling (freestyle, Greco-Roman) Demonstration sports Budō Pistol dueling Glima Savate Martial arts at the World Games Ju-jitsu Karate Kickboxing Muay Thai Sumo Former official sports Sambo Taekwondo Invitational sports Aikido Wushu Martial arts at the Pan American Games Boxing Fencing Judo Karate Taekwondo Wrestling Martial arts at the Asian Games Boxing Judo Jujutsu Karate Taekwondo Wrestling Wushu 2018 Only Kurash Pencak silat Sambo Martial arts at the African Games Boxing Fencing Judo Karate Taekwondo Wrestling Martial arts at the European Games Boxing Fencing Judo Karate Muaythai Sambo Taekwondo Wrestling Portal Outline
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"martial arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial_arts"},{"link_name":"force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force"},{"link_name":"armed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weapons"},{"link_name":"unarmed combat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unarmed_combat"},{"link_name":"East Asian martial arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origins_of_Asian_martial_arts"},{"link_name":"硬","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%A1%AC"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"柔","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%9F%94"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"Goju-ryu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goju-ryu"},{"link_name":"Shorinji Kempo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shorinji_Kempo"},{"link_name":"Jujutsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jujutsu"},{"link_name":"Judo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judo"},{"link_name":"biomechanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomechanics"},{"link_name":"internal styles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_styles"}],"text":"In martial arts, the terms hard and soft technique denote how forcefully a defender martial artist counters the force of an attack in armed and unarmed combat. In the East Asian martial arts, the corresponding hard technique and soft technique terms are 硬 (Japanese: gō, pinyin: yìng) and 柔 (Japanese: jū, pinyin: róu), hence Goju-ryu (hard-soft school), Shorinji Kempo principles of go-ho (\"hard method\") and ju-ho (\"soft method\"), Jujutsu (\"art of softness\") and Judo (\"gentle way\").Regardless of origins and styles, \"hard and soft\" can be seen as simply firm/unyielding in opposition or complementary to pliant/yielding; each has its application and must be used in its own way, and each makes use of specific principles of timing and biomechanics.In addition to describing a physical technique applied with minimal force, \"soft\" also sometimes refers to elements of a discipline which are viewed as less purely physical; for example, martial arts that are said to be \"internal styles\" are sometimes also known as \"soft styles\", for their focus on mental techniques or spiritual pursuits.","title":"Hard and soft techniques"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"kickboxing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kickboxing"},{"link_name":"kick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kick"},{"link_name":"Karate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karate"}],"text":"A hard technique meets force with force, either with a linear, head-on force-blocking technique, or by diagonally cutting the strike with one's force. Although hard techniques require greater strength for successful execution, it is the mechanics of the technique that accomplish the defense. Examples are:A kickboxing low kick aimed to break the attacker's leg.\nA Karate block aimed to break or halt the attacker's arm.Hard techniques can be used in offense, defense, and counter-offense. They are affected by footwork and skeletal alignment. For the most part, hard techniques are direct. The key point of a hard technique is interrupting the flow of attack: in counter-offense they look to break the attack and in offense they are direct and committed blows or throws. Hard techniques use muscle more than soft techniques.","title":"Hard technique"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tai sabaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai_sabaki"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Taisabaki.svg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mastering_Yang_Style_Taijiquan-1"},{"link_name":"force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force"},{"link_name":"momentum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momentum"},{"link_name":"advantageously positioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai_sabaki"},{"link_name":"Wing Chun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wing_Chun"},{"link_name":"pushing hands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pushing_hands"},{"link_name":"sticky hands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wing_Chun#Chi_Sao"},{"link_name":"block","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blocking_techniques"},{"link_name":"Aikido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aikido"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jujitsu_sacrifice_throw_edited.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kano Jigoro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kano_Jigoro"},{"link_name":"judo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judo"},{"link_name":"tai chi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai_chi"},{"link_name":"taels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taels"},{"link_name":"catties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catty"},{"link_name":"kuzushi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuzushi"},{"link_name":"Fencing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing"},{"link_name":"parry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parry_(fencing)"},{"link_name":"riposte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riposte"},{"link_name":"counter-riposte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter-riposte"},{"link_name":"Bare-knuckle boxing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bare-knuckle_boxing"},{"link_name":"Pugilism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing"},{"link_name":"riposte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riposte"},{"link_name":"counter-riposte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter-riposte"},{"link_name":"Judo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judo"},{"link_name":"Jujutsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jujutsu"},{"link_name":"Tomoe Nage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomoe_Nage"},{"link_name":"judo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judo"},{"link_name":"jujutsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jujutsu"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Qi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qi"},{"link_name":"ki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qi"},{"link_name":"tai chi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai_chi"},{"link_name":"hapkido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hapkido"},{"link_name":"aikido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aikido"}],"text":"Further information: Tai sabakiTai sabaki step diagram, 180-degree.The goal of the soft technique is deflecting the attacker’s force to their disadvantage, with the defender exerting minimal force and requiring minimal strength.[1] With a soft technique, the defender uses the attacker's force and momentum against them, by leading the attack(er) in a direction to where the defender will be advantageously positioned (tai sabaki) and the attacker off balance; a seamless movement then affects the appropriate soft technique. In some styles of martial art like Wing Chun, a series of progressively difficult, two-student training drills, such as pushing hands or sticky hands, teach to exercise the soft-technique(s); hence:(1) The defender leads the attack by redirecting the attacker's forces against them, or away from the defender — instead of meeting the attack with a block. The mechanics of soft technique defenses usually are circular: Yielding is meeting the force with no resistance, like a projectile glancing off a surface without damaging it. Another example could be: an Aikido check/block to an attacker's arm, which re-directs the incoming energy of the blow.A tomoenage front sacrifice throw used against a front-pushing attacker(2) The soft technique usually is applied when the attacker is off-balance, thus the defender achieves the \"maximum efficiency\" ideal posited by Kano Jigoro (1860–1938), the founder of judo. The tai chi histories report \"a force of four taels being able to move a thousand catties\", referring to the principle of Taiji — a moving mass can seem weightless. Soft techniques — throws, armlocks, etc. — might resemble hard martial art techniques, yet are distinct because their application requires minimal force. (see kuzushi)In Fencing, with a parry, the defender guides or checks the attacker's sword away from themself, rather than endure the force of a direct block; it likely is followed by riposte and counter-riposte.\nIn Classical Fencing, other techniques appear in all forms of swordplay which fall into the soft category, the most obvious being the disengage where the fencer or swordsman uses the pressure of their opponent to disengage and change lines on their opponent giving them an advantage in the bind.\nIn Bare-knuckle boxing or Pugilism, with a parry, the defender guides or checks the attacker’s blow away from themself, attempting to cause the attacker to over commit to their blow and allow an easy riposte and counter-riposte.\nIn Judo and Jujutsu when the attacker (uke) pushes towards the defender (tori), the tori drops under the uke, whilst lifting the uke over themself, effecting the Tomoe Nage throw with one of their legs. The technique is categorized as a \"front sacrifice technique\" in judo and jujutsu styles. The push from the uke can be direct, or it can be a response to a push from the tori.[citation needed]\nWith martial arts styles such as T'ien Ti Tao Ch'uan-shu P'ai the soft style is also in keeping with the Taoist philosophy, the idea that the technique can also be applied in mental terms as well as physical.Soft techniques can be used in offense but are more likely to appear in defense and counter offense. Much like hard techniques they are effected by foot work and skeletal alignment. Where a hard technique in defense often aims to interrupt the flow of attack; a soft technique aims to misdirect it, move around it or draw it into over commitment, in counter offense a soft technique may appear as a slip or a vault or simply using the momentum of a technique against the user. Soft techniques in offense would usually only include feints and pulling motions but the definition and categorization may change from one art form to another.Soft techniques are also characterized as being circular in nature and considered internal (using Qi (Chinese) or ki (Japanese and Korean)) by martial arts such as tai chi, hapkido and aikido.","title":"Soft technique"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"柔","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%9F%94"},{"link_name":"Bujutsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bujutsu"},{"link_name":"Budō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bud%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"unbalance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuzushi"},{"link_name":"Jūjutsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jujutsu"}],"text":"The principle of Ju (柔, Jū, Yawara) underlies all classical Bujutsu methods and was adopted by the developers of the Budō disciplines. Acting according to the principle of Jū, the classical warrior could intercept and momentarily control his enemy's blade when attacked, then, in a flash, could counter-attack with a force powerful enough to cleave armor and kill the foe. The same principle of Jū permitted an unarmed exponent to unbalance and hurl his foe to the ground.\nTerms like \"Jūjutsu\" and \"Yawara\" made the principle of Jū the all-pervading one in methods cataloged under these terms. That principle was rooted in the concept of pliancy or flexibility, as understood in both a mental and a physical context. To apply the principle of Jū, the exponent had to be both mentally and physically capable of adapting himself to whatever situation his adversary might impose on him.There are two aspects of the principle of Jū that are in constant operation, both interchangeable and inseparable. One aspect is that of \"yielding\", and is manifest in the exponent's actions that accept the enemy's force of attack, rather than oppose him by meeting his force directly with an equal or greater force, when it is advantageous to do so. It is economical in terms of energy to accept the foe's force by intercepting and warding it off without directly opposing it; but the tactic by which the force of the foe is dissipated may be as forcefully made as was the foe's original action.The principle of Jū is incomplete at this point because yielding is essentially only a neutralization of the enemy's force. While giving way to the enemy's force of attack there must instantly be applied an action that takes advantage of the enemy, now occupied with his attack, in the form of a counterattack.\nThis second aspect of the principle of Jū makes allowance for situations in which yielding is impossible because it would lead to disaster. In such cases \"resistance\" is justified. But such opposition to the enemy's actions is only momentary and is quickly followed by an action based on the first aspect of Jū, that of yielding.","title":"Principle of Jū"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"External and internal (Chinese martial arts)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/External_and_internal_(Chinese_martial_arts)"},{"link_name":"schools of Chinese martial arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schools_of_Chinese_martial_arts"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"tai chi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai_chi"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Further information: External and internal (Chinese martial arts)There is disagreement among different schools of Chinese martial arts about how the two concepts of \"Hard/Soft\" and \"External/Internal\" apply to their styles.[citation needed]Among styles that this terminology is applied to, traditional tai chi equates the terms while maintaining several finer shades of distinction.[2]Hard styles typically use a penetrating, linear \"external force\" whereas soft styles usually use a circular, flowing \"internal force\" where the energy of the technique goes completely through the opponent for hard/external strikes while the energy of the technique is mostly absorbed by the opponent for soft/internal strikes.[3]","title":"Distinction from \"external and internal\""}]
[{"image_text":"Tai sabaki step diagram, 180-degree.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Taisabaki.svg/220px-Taisabaki.svg.png"},{"image_text":"A tomoenage front sacrifice throw used against a front-pushing attacker","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Jujitsu_sacrifice_throw_edited.jpg/220px-Jujitsu_sacrifice_throw_edited.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Aiki (martial arts principle)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aiki_(martial_arts_principle)"}]
[{"reference":"Fu, Zhongwen (2006) [1996]. Mastering Yang Style Taijiquan. Louis Swaine. Berkeley, California: Blue Snake Books. ISBN 1-58394-152-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58394-152-5","url_text":"1-58394-152-5"}]},{"reference":"TanDaoKungFu, TanDao Fight Lab #2 Hard & Soft Palm Strikes, Tandao.com, archived from the original on 2021-12-19, retrieved 2019-01-19","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F8Q9cEWqJjg&app=desktop","url_text":"TanDao Fight Lab #2 Hard & Soft Palm Strikes"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211219/F8Q9cEWqJjg","url_text":"archived"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kin%27yuki_Sonoike
Kin'yuki Sonoike
["1 References"]
Kin'yuki Sonoike (園池 公致, Sonoike Kin'yuki, April 29, 1886 – January 3, 1974) was an author in Taishō and Shōwa period Japan. Sonoike was born in Hirakawachō, Tokyo. His father was in the service of the Imperial Household Agency, and his grandfather was the appointive governor of Nara prefecture in the Meiji period. He left the Gakushuin Peers’ School to pursue a literary career and was one of the early members of the Shirakaba Society. His 1919 short story, Hitori Sumō influenced the writings of Kazuo Hirotsu. In his later years, he was considered a member of a conservative group, which included Tetsuro Watsuji, Saneatsu Mushanokōji and Michio Takeyama. References Mortimer, Maya. Meeting the Sensei: The Role of the Master in Shirakaba Writers. Brill Academic Publishers (2000). ISBN 90-04-11655-9 Authority control databases International VIAF Academics CiNii This biographical article related to Japan is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hirakawachō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirakawach%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Imperial Household Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Household_Agency"},{"link_name":"Nara prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nara_prefecture"},{"link_name":"Meiji period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiji_period"},{"link_name":"Gakushuin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gakushuin"},{"link_name":"Shirakaba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirakaba"},{"link_name":"Kazuo Hirotsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirotsu_Kazuo"},{"link_name":"Tetsuro Watsuji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetsuro_Watsuji"},{"link_name":"Saneatsu Mushanokōji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saneatsu_Mushanok%C5%8Dji"},{"link_name":"Michio Takeyama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takeyama_Michio"}],"text":"Sonoike was born in Hirakawachō, Tokyo. His father was in the service of the Imperial Household Agency, and his grandfather was the appointive governor of Nara prefecture in the Meiji period. He left the Gakushuin Peers’ School to pursue a literary career and was one of the early members of the Shirakaba Society. His 1919 short story, Hitori Sumō influenced the writings of Kazuo Hirotsu. In his later years, he was considered a member of a conservative group, which included Tetsuro Watsuji, Saneatsu Mushanokōji and Michio Takeyama.","title":"Kin'yuki Sonoike"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandra_Fernando_(police_officer)
Chandra Fernando (police officer)
["1 References"]
Chandra FernandoPolice careerCountry1971–2006AllegianceSri LankaDepartmentSri Lanka Police ServiceRankInspector-General of PoliceOther workPresidential Advisor Chandra Fernando is a former Sri Lankan police officer and was the 29th Inspector-General of Police. Fernando was educated at St Peter's College, Colombo and at Thurstan College and graduated from the Vidyodaya University with a BA in Modern History. He also gained an LLB from the Open University, Sri Lanka. He joined the Ceylon Police Force as a Probationary Assistant Superintendent of Police in 1971. In February 1991, Fernando was promoted to Deputy Inspector General of Police (DIG). He served as Inspector-General of Police from October 2004 to October 2006. After retiring from the Police Service he served as Presidential Advisor to President Mahinda Rajapaksa. References ^ IGP Chandra Fernando retires ^ Divineguma to focus on poultry, livestock, fisheries Archived October 20, 2012, at the Wayback Machine Police appointments Preceded byIndra de Silva Sri Lankan Inspector General of Police 2004–2006 Succeeded byVictor Perera vteInspector General of Police (Sri Lanka) Campbell Saunders Campbell Knollys De Wilton Longden David Dowbiggin Banks Halland Bacon Aluwihare De Silva Abeykoon Dissanayake Attygalle Abeygunawardena Senanayake Seneviratne Rajasingham Weerasinghe Herath Perera de Silva Rajaguru Kodituwakku Anandaraja De Silva Fernando Perera Wickramarathne Balasuriya Illangakoon Jayasundara Wickramaratne Tennakoon
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sri Lankan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka"},{"link_name":"Inspector-General of Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inspector_General_of_Police_(Sri_Lanka)"},{"link_name":"St Peter's College, Colombo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Peter%27s_College,_Colombo"},{"link_name":"Thurstan College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thurstan_College"},{"link_name":"Vidyodaya University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidyodaya_University"},{"link_name":"BA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"LLB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LLB"},{"link_name":"Open University, Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_University,_Sri_Lanka"},{"link_name":"Ceylon Police Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceylon_Police_Force"},{"link_name":"Probationary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probation_(workplace)"},{"link_name":"Assistant Superintendent of Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Police#Ranks"},{"link_name":"Deputy Inspector General of Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputy_Inspector_General_of_Police"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Mahinda Rajapaksa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahinda_Rajapaksa"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Chandra Fernando is a former Sri Lankan police officer and was the 29th Inspector-General of Police.Fernando was educated at St Peter's College, Colombo and at Thurstan College and graduated from the Vidyodaya University with a BA in Modern History. He also gained an LLB from the Open University, Sri Lanka. He joined the Ceylon Police Force as a Probationary Assistant Superintendent of Police in 1971. In February 1991, Fernando was promoted to Deputy Inspector General of Police (DIG). He served as Inspector-General of Police from October 2004 to October 2006.[1]After retiring from the Police Service he served as Presidential Advisor to President Mahinda Rajapaksa.[2]","title":"Chandra Fernando (police officer)"}]
[]
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[{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120729075516/http://www.dailynews.lk/2006/10/11/news25.asp","external_links_name":"IGP Chandra Fernando retires"},{"Link":"http://www.dailynews.lk/2011/07/09/news11.asp","external_links_name":"Divineguma to focus on poultry, livestock, fisheries"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121020014429/http://www.dailynews.lk/2011/07/09/news11.asp","external_links_name":"Archived"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yang_(state)
Yang (state)
["1 History","2 References"]
State in ancient China State of Yang楊國?–677 BCGovernmentMonarchyHistory • Established ?• Conquered by Jin. 677 BC Yang (State) was a state established during the Western Zhou dynasty and the Spring and Autumn period of ancient China. History Yang Boqiao King Wu of Zhou granted Shu Yu of Tang a state named Tang. He was the son of King Wu of Zhou and the younger brother of King Cheng of Zhou. The State of Tang would later be renamed Jin by Shu Yu's son and successor, Xie. The Yang state was conquered by the Jin state during the reign of Duke Wu of Jin, and ancient lands of the Yang state were given to one of his sons named Ji Boqiao at 13th years old. With the conquest of the Yang state, many people of Yang and descendants of Boqiao eventually took the name of their former country as their family name, and account for the majority of Chinese people with the family name Yang today. References ^ Schirokauer, Conrad; Brown, Miranda (2006). A Brief History of Chinese Civilization (Second ed.). Wadsworth: Thomson Learning. ^ Han, Zhaoqi (2010). "House of Jin". Annotated Shiji (in Chinese). Zhonghua Book Company. pp. 3093–3094. ISBN 978-7-101-07272-3. ^ "Yang Family History". Retrieved 28 March 2014. vteAncient Chinese statesZhou dynastyMajor states Cai Cao Chen Chu Jin Lu Qi Qin Shu Song Wey Wu Yan Yue Zheng Minor states Ba Bei Chao Dao Dai Deng E Eastern Guo Western Guo Gumie Guzhu Han (NW) Han (SE) Hua Huang Huo Ji Ji Jia  Ju Lai Liang Liao Lü Luo Na Peng Pi Qǐ Quan Rui Ruo Shēn Shěn Sui Tan Tang Teng Xi Xian Xing Xu Xǔ Yang Ying Yiqu Yu Zeng Zhongli Zhongshan Zhoulai Zou Warring StatesSeven states Chu Han Qi Qin Wei Yan Zhao Minor states Ba Cai Dai Eastern Zhou Lu Shu Song Teng Western Zhou Wey Yiqu Yue Zheng Zhongshan Zou
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Western Zhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Zhou"},{"link_name":"Spring and Autumn period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_period"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Yang (State) was a state established during the Western Zhou dynasty and the Spring and Autumn period of ancient China.[1]","title":"Yang (state)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:YangBoQiao.jpg"},{"link_name":"Shu Yu of Tang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shu_Yu_of_Tang"},{"link_name":"King Wu of Zhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Wu_of_Zhou"},{"link_name":"King Cheng of Zhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Cheng_of_Zhou"},{"link_name":"Jin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin_(Chinese_state)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-han-2"},{"link_name":"Duke Wu of Jin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_Wu_of_Jin"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Yang BoqiaoKing Wu of Zhou granted Shu Yu of Tang a state named Tang. He was the son of King Wu of Zhou and the younger brother of King Cheng of Zhou. The State of Tang would later be renamed Jin by Shu Yu's son and successor, Xie.[2]The Yang state was conquered by the Jin state during the reign of Duke Wu of Jin, and ancient lands of the Yang state were given to one of his sons named Ji Boqiao at 13th years old. With the conquest of the Yang state, many people of Yang and descendants of Boqiao eventually took the name of their former country as their family name, and account for the majority of Chinese people with the family name Yang today.[3]","title":"History"}]
[{"image_text":"Yang Boqiao","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/YangBoQiao.jpg/220px-YangBoQiao.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Schirokauer, Conrad; Brown, Miranda (2006). A Brief History of Chinese Civilization (Second ed.). Wadsworth: Thomson Learning.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Han, Zhaoqi (2010). \"House of Jin\". Annotated Shiji (in Chinese). Zhonghua Book Company. pp. 3093–3094. ISBN 978-7-101-07272-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-101-07272-3","url_text":"978-7-101-07272-3"}]},{"reference":"\"Yang Family History\". Retrieved 28 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ancestry.com/name-origin?surname=yang","url_text":"\"Yang Family History\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.ancestry.com/name-origin?surname=yang","external_links_name":"\"Yang Family History\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_Federal_Republic
Order of the Federal Republic
["1 Grades","2 Recipients","2.1 Grand Commander of the Order of the Federal Republic (GCFR)","2.2 Grand Commander of the Order of the Niger (GCON)","2.3 Commander of the Order of the Federal Republic (CFR)","2.4 Officer of the Order of the Federal Republic (OFR)","2.5 Member of the Order of the Federal Republic (MFR)","3 Member of the Order Of Niger (OON)","4 References","5 External links"]
Nigerian order of merit Order of the Federal Republic Order of the Federal RepublicTypeState decorationCountry NigeriaPrecedenceNext (higher)NoneNext (lower)Order of the NigerMilitary DivisionCivil DivisionRibbon bars of the Order of the Federal Republic The Order of the Federal Republic (OFR) is one of two orders of merit, established by the Federal Republic of Nigeria in 1963. It is senior to the Order of the Niger. The highest honours are the Grand Commander in the Order of the Federal Republic and Grand Commander in the Order of the Niger and they are awarded to the President and Vice-President respectively. The Presiding Judge in the Supreme Court and the Chairman of the Senate are ex officio Commanders in the Order of the Niger. The Nigerians have followed the British example in the form and structure of the Order. There are also post-nominal letters for the members of the Order of the Niger. There is a Civil Division and a Military Division. The ribbon of the latter division has a small red line in the middle. Grades The order has four grades: Grand Commander of the Order of the Federal Republic (GCFR) Commander of the Order of the Federal Republic (CFR) Officer of the Order of the Federal Republic (OFR) Member of the Order of the Federal Republic (MFR) Recipients Grand Commander of the Order of the Federal Republic (GCFR) Queen Elizabeth II Nnamdi Azikiwe Obafemi Awolowo Yakubu Gowon Nelson Mandela Muammar Gaddafi Olusegun Obasanjo Shehu Shagari Muhammadu Buhari Ibrahim Babangida Ernest Shonekan Sani Abacha Moshood Abiola Abdulsalami Abubakar Umaru Musa Yar'Adua Goodluck Jonathan Bola Ahmed Tinubu Grand Commander of the Order of the Niger (GCON) Joseph Wayas Adetokunbo Ademola Shehu Musa Yar'Adua Alex Ekwueme Aliko Dangote Atiku Abubakar Bello Maitama Yusuf Goodluck Jonathan Idris Legbo Kutigi Mike Adenuga Mike Akhigbe Murtala Nyako Namadi Sambo Yemi Osinbajo Anyim Pius Anyim Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala Amina J. Mohammed Sen. Ahmad Ibrahim Lawan Justice Ibrahim Tanko Muhammad Ariwoola Olukayode Ariwoola Kashim Shettima Emeka Anyaoku Commander of the Order of the Federal Republic (CFR) Sultan Muhammadu Maccido Sultan Sa'adu Abubakar Jim Ovia Emir of Zazzau Ahmad Bamalli Alwali Kazir Aminu Tambuwal Clement Isong Daniel Aladesanmi II Mohammed Bello Adoke Victoria Gowon Yahaya Abubakar Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala Abubakar Gumi Orodje Of Okpe Kingdom, Orhue 1 Tony Elumelu Femi Gbajabiamila Ovie Omo-Agege Emmanuel Iwuanyanwu Boss Mustapha Yakubu Dogara Abba kyari Folashede Yemi-Esan Justice Kudirat MO Kekere-Ekun Justice Musa Dattijo Muhammad Justice Monica Bolna'an Dongban-Mensem Justice Ayo Salami Lt. Gen. Ibrahim Attahiru Lt. Gen. Lamidi O. Adeosun (Rtd) Gen. Lucky E.O. Irabor Lt. Gen. Farouk Yahaya Air Marshal Oladayo Amao Vice Admiral Awwal Zubairu Gambo Gen. Gabriel Abayomi Olonisakin Lt. Gen. Tukur Yusuf Buratai Vice Admiral Ibok-Ete Ekwe Ibas Hon Justice Clara Bata Ogunbiyi Air Mashal Sadique Abubakar Mohammed Abubakar Adamu Usman Alkali Baba Maj. Gen. Babagana Monguno (Rtd) Alh. Ahmed Rufai Abubakar Yusuf Magaji Bichi Oba Adeyeye Enitan Ogunwusi Ojaja II Omo N'Oba E'Edo Uku Akpolokpolo Ewuare II Alhaji Aminu Ado Bayero Ahmed Nuhu Bamali Prof. James Ortese Ayatse Abubakar Shehu Abubakar III Alh. Muhammadu Abali Ibn Muhammadu Idrissa Da. Jacob Gyang Buba Justice Sidi Bage Muhammad I (JSC Rtd) King Dandeson Douglas JAJA Oba Gabriel Adejuwon Oba (Dr) Aladetoyinbo Ogunlade Aladelusi Odundun II Oba Babatunde Adewale-Ajayi Ntenyin Solomon Daniel Etuk, JP Ogiame Atuwatse III Igwe Amb. Lawrence Agubuzu King Alfred Diete-Spiff Eze (Dr) E.C. Okeke Eze Joseph Ndubuisi Nwabeke Eze Charles N. Nkpuma Col. Hameed Ibrahim Ali (Rtd) Solomon Ehigiator Arase Sir Kessington Adebukunola Adebutu Senator Hadi Abubakar Sirika Olumuyiwa Benard Aliu Chief Oluwole Olanipekun Godwin Emefiele Alhaji Abdul Samad Rabiu Eruani Azibapu Godbless Maj. Gen. Bashir Salihu Magashi (Rtd) Herbert Wigwe Officer of the Order of the Federal Republic (OFR) Afe Babalola Dahiru Usman Bauchi Abdullahi Umar Ganduje Ayo Oritsejafor Babatunde Jose Buhari Bala Christopher E. Abebe Musa Halilu Ahmed Habeeb Okunola Ignatius Ayau Kaigama Abubakar Jafar Usman Emmanuel Iwuanyanwu Grace Alele-Williams Idris Legbo Kutigi Innocent Umezulike Magaji Muhammed Ibrahim Auta Ndahi Muhammad Indimi Barr. Chris Ezem Justice Adamu Aliyu Lere Paimo Shettima Mustapha Suleiman A. Kawu Sumaila S. A. Ajayi Adesoye J.Omololu Taiwo Akinkunmi Tijjani Muhammad-Bande Julius Rone. LNG Philanthropic Oil Merchant Temitope Balogun Joshua (born June 12, 1963), commonly referred to as T. B. Joshua, Nigerian charismatic pastor, televangelist and philanthropist Nasiru Ado Bayero Chris Igwe Sylvanus C. Ghasarah Christopher Gwabin Musa John Kennedy Opara Dr. T. I. Obiaga Member of the Order of the Federal Republic (MFR) Burna Boy Tony Elumelu Rashidi Yekini Victor Osimhen Albatan Yerima Balla Agbani Darego Kofoworola Ademola Lere Paimo Genevieve Nnaji Chris Ezem Susanne Wenger Omotola Ekeinde Olu Jacobs Emmanuel Iwuanyanwu Osita Iheme Mathew Benabafa Seiyefa Ibrahim Likita Mashi Alhaji Sule Bawa Col. Andrawus Pillasar Sawa Brig. Gen. Dzarma Kennedy Zirkushu Benjamin Okoko Hannatu Fika Adamu Hamidu Mohammed Saleh Abubakar Prof Sani Abubakar Lugga Tijjani Yahaya Kaura Col. Bala Mande (Rtd) Mrs. Comfort Nwobu Lady Eno Bassey Evang. Blessing Bassey Prof Adebayo M. A. Ninalowo Gloria Laraba Shoda Cardinal Dr. James O. Odunmbaku Ogunesan Hannah Oluwumi Ajibola Akindele DIG Sanusi N. Lemu DIG Joseph O. Egbunike Ag. CGIS Isah Jere Idris Isiaka Abdulmumini Haliru Anthonia Ifeoma Opara Talatu Mairo Isa Elton Irene Edorhe Bashir Adewale Adeniyi Haliru Nababa Salisu Jafaru Hore Muktar Gadanya Ahmad Muhammadu Tukur Demenongo Apollonius Lt. Col. Agaba Daudu (Rtd) Dr. Ferdinand Dumbari Giadom Kim Solomon AMIEYEOFORI Angus Fraser (clergyman and teacher) Abraham Ayebakepreye Amba Ambaiowei Member of the Order Of Niger (OON) Imam Abdullahi Abubakar Eze Isaac Ikonne Faisal Shuaibu Chief Silva Ejeh Ameh Alh. Kamoru Ibitoye Yusuf Mallam Ibrahim Okposi Alhaji Shehu Uthman Chris Ezem References ^ "National Honours Act" (PDF). Policy and Legal Advocacy Centre. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 April 2015. Retrieved 24 November 2013. ^ "Ribbons of the Order of the Federal Republic of Nigeri and order of Niger" (GIF). Coleccionesmilitares.com. ^ Emiko (8 September 2022). "PHOTOS: Queen Elizabeth II and her relationship with Nigeria". The Quest Times. Retrieved 15 February 2024. ^ "PROFILE OF NNAMDI AZIKIWE". Zik's Lecture Series. 16 November 2021. Retrieved 16 February 2024. ^ "Chief Dr. Benjamin Nnamdi Azikiwe, (PC, GCFR)". Nnamdi Azikiwe University. Retrieved 16 February 2024. ^ Busari, Kemi (7 June 2018). "MKO Abiola no longer Nigerian, cannot be made GCFR – Dino Melaye". www.premiumtimesng.com. Retrieved 16 February 2024. ^ "A Portrait of Gen. Yakubu Gowon GCFR". National Library of Nigeria. 2023. ^ "Full Text of Gen. Yakubu Gowon Opening Remarks During NUPENG 40th Anniversary". Retrieved 16 February 2024. ^ Agbese, Pita Ogaba (2012). Ibrahim Babangida: the military, politics and power in Nigeria. London: Adonis & Abbey. ISBN 978-1-906704-96-4. ^ "Buhari Confers National Honour on Tinubu, Shettima". National Insight News. 25 May 2023. Retrieved 16 February 2024. ^ Aanu, Damilare (30 January 2024). "GCFR Meaning: An Overview of Nigeria's Highest National Honour". PIECE — WITHIN NIGERIA. Retrieved 16 February 2024. ^ "A Portrait of Chief Olusegun Obasanjo GCFR". National Library of Nigeria. 2023. ^ Okom, Ebony (30 September 2018). "1979 October 1: Alhaji Shehu Shagari was sworn in as president". Federal Ministry of Information and National Orientation. Retrieved 16 February 2024. ^ "His Excellency Muhammadu Buhari, GCFR participated in the Opening Ceremony of the 36th Ordinary Session of the Assembly of Heads State and Government of the AU – Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Nigeria". Retrieved 16 February 2024. ^ Ogundipe, Samuel. "Confusion as two contradictory statements on Buhari emerge from Babangida". www.premiumtimesng.com. Retrieved 16 February 2024. ^ "Full Text of Statement By General Ibrahim Babangida, GCFR". Businessday NG. 4 February 2018. Retrieved 16 February 2024. ^ "LCCI MOURNS THE DEATH OF FORMER HEAD OF INTERIM NATIONAL GOVERNMENT, CHIEF ERNEST SHONEKAN – Lagos Chamber of Commerce & Industry". 13 January 2022. Retrieved 16 February 2024. ^ Ukpe, William (11 January 2022). "Ernest Shonekan, former Nigerian Interim leader is dead". Nairametrics. Retrieved 16 February 2024. ^ Egwaikhide, Festus O.; Isumonah, Victor Adefemi (24 August 2005). "Nigeria Paralysed: Socio-Political Life Under General Sani Abacha". Africa Development. 26 (2). doi:10.4314/ad.v26i2.22149. ISSN 0850-3907. ^ a b "How Jonathan Got His GCFR-Reuben Abati". Sahara Reporters. Retrieved 16 February 2024. ^ Ogundipe, Samuel (6 June 2018). "Ex-CJN Belgore says Buhari's award of GCFR to Abiola 'illegal'; other lawyers react". www.premiumtimesng.com. Retrieved 15 February 2024. ^ "Award of GCFR to Abiola acknowledges he won 1993 election — Tinubu - Nigerian Television Authority --Africa's Largest TV Network". nta.ng. 8 June 2018. Retrieved 15 February 2024. ^ "Hall of Fame". Department of Publishing and Web Development. Retrieved 16 February 2024. ^ "Abdulsalami Abubakar: A harvest of honours". Daily Trust. 2 February 2022. Retrieved 16 February 2024. ^ "Nigerian President Dead at 58". Voice of America. 4 May 2010. Retrieved 16 February 2024. ^ "Tinubu bags GCFR, gets transition documents". Daily Trust. 25 May 2023. Retrieved 16 February 2024. ^ "HONOURABLE MINISTER OF DEFENCE RECEIVED PRESIDENT BOLA AHMED TINUBU, GCFR IN ADDIS ABABA FOR THE 32ND AFRICAN UNION SUMMIT – Ministry of Defence". Retrieved 16 February 2024. ^ "FULL LIST: Okonjo-Iweala, Abba Kyari... FG nominates 437 persons for national honours". TheCable. 2 October 2022. Retrieved 13 October 2022. ^ "Christopher Abebe (1919–2021)". The Sun Nigeria. 14 April 2021. Retrieved 14 January 2020. ^ Based on reporting from: "At last, Akinkunmi, designer of Nigerian flag, bags national award". Vanguard Media Ltd Nigeria. 30 September 2014. ^ "Full List Special Nigeria National Honours Awards 2023". Premium Times NG. 29 May 2023. Retrieved 23 June 2023. ^ "1983 National Honours Awards Recipients" (PDF). Gazettes for Africa. No. 51, Vol. 70. Federal Republic of Nigeria Official Gazette. 1 October 1983. ^ "Start reading Beauty Diplomacy | Oluwakemi M. Balogun". ^ Àlàgbé, Ṣayọ̀ (2016). Lérè Pàímọ́ : a quintessential thespian. Timfred Communication Nigeria Limited. ISBN 978-978-954-493-6. OCLC 999672522. ^ "BN Bytes: Genevieve Nnaji, Stephanie Okereke, Amaka Igwe, Aliko Dangote & Jim Ovia receive National Honours - Photos from the Ceremony". Bellanaija.com. 15 November 2011. Retrieved 10 January 2019. ^ Adeyemi, Segun (13 October 2022). "Buhari to confer 2022 national honour on 5 foreigners, gateman, cleaner, others". Legit.ng - Nigeria news. ^ "Buhari confers national awards on NSCDC boss, 449 others". Premium Times Nigeria. 11 October 2022. Retrieved 15 October 2022. External links "Nigeria - Order of the Federal Republic". Queen & Commonwealth >Orders. The Royal Collection. Archived from the original on 11 December 2013. Retrieved 24 November 2013. "At last, Akinkunmi, designer of Nigerian flag, bags national award". 30 September 2014.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Federal Republic of Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Order of the Niger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Niger"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-act-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Commander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander"},{"link_name":"Vice-President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice-President"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate"},{"link_name":"Niger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger"},{"link_name":"Military","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military"}],"text":"The Order of the Federal Republic (OFR) is one of two orders of merit, established by the Federal Republic of Nigeria in 1963. It is senior to the Order of the Niger.[1][2]The highest honours are the Grand Commander in the Order of the Federal Republic and Grand Commander in the Order of the Niger and they are awarded to the President and Vice-President respectively. The Presiding Judge in the Supreme Court and the Chairman of the Senate are ex officio Commanders in the Order of the Niger.The Nigerians have followed the British example in the form and structure of the Order. There are also post-nominal letters for the members of the Order of the Niger.There is a Civil Division and a Military Division. The ribbon of the latter division has a small red line in the middle.","title":"Order of the Federal Republic"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The order has four grades:Grand Commander of the Order of the Federal Republic (GCFR)\nCommander of the Order of the Federal Republic (CFR)\nOfficer of the Order of the Federal Republic (OFR)\nMember of the Order of the Federal Republic (MFR)","title":"Grades"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Recipients"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Queen Elizabeth II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Nnamdi Azikiwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nnamdi_Azikiwe"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Obafemi Awolowo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obafemi_Awolowo"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Yakubu Gowon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakubu_Gowon"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Nelson Mandela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Muammar Gaddafi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Olusegun Obasanjo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olusegun_Obasanjo"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Shehu Shagari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shehu_Shagari"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Muhammadu Buhari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammadu_Buhari"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Ibrahim Babangida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_Babangida"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Ernest Shonekan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Shonekan"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Sani Abacha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-20"},{"link_name":"Moshood Abiola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moshood_Abiola"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Abdulsalami Abubakar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdulsalami_Abubakar"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Umaru Musa Yar'Adua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umaru_Musa_Yar%27Adua"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Goodluck Jonathan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodluck_Jonathan"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-20"},{"link_name":"Bola Ahmed Tinubu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bola_Ahmed_Tinubu"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"Grand Commander of the Order of the Federal Republic (GCFR)","text":"Queen Elizabeth II[3]\nNnamdi Azikiwe[4][5]\nObafemi Awolowo[6]\nYakubu Gowon[7][8]\nNelson Mandela[9]\nMuammar Gaddafi[10][11]\nOlusegun Obasanjo[12]\nShehu Shagari[13]\nMuhammadu Buhari[14]\nIbrahim Babangida[15][16]\nErnest Shonekan[17][18]\nSani Abacha[19][20]\nMoshood Abiola[21][22]\nAbdulsalami Abubakar[23][24]\nUmaru Musa Yar'Adua[25]\nGoodluck Jonathan[20]\nBola Ahmed Tinubu[26][27]","title":"Recipients"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joseph Wayas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Wayas"},{"link_name":"Adetokunbo Ademola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adetokunbo_Ademola"},{"link_name":"Shehu Musa Yar'Adua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shehu_Musa_Yar%27Adua"},{"link_name":"Alex Ekwueme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Ekwueme"},{"link_name":"Aliko Dangote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliko_Dangote"},{"link_name":"Atiku Abubakar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atiku_Abubakar"},{"link_name":"Bello Maitama Yusuf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bello_Maitama_Yusuf"},{"link_name":"Goodluck Jonathan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodluck_Jonathan"},{"link_name":"Idris Legbo Kutigi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idris_Legbo_Kutigi"},{"link_name":"Mike Adenuga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Adenuga"},{"link_name":"Mike Akhigbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Akhigbe"},{"link_name":"Murtala Nyako","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murtala_Nyako"},{"link_name":"Namadi Sambo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namadi_Sambo"},{"link_name":"Yemi Osinbajo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemi_Osinbajo"},{"link_name":"Anyim Pius Anyim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anyim_Pius_Anyim"},{"link_name":"Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngozi_Okonjo-Iweala"},{"link_name":"Amina J. Mohammed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amina_J._Mohammed"},{"link_name":"Ahmad Ibrahim Lawan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Lawan"},{"link_name":"Ibrahim Tanko Muhammad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanko_Muhammad"},{"link_name":"Ariwoola Olukayode Ariwoola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olukayode_Ariwoola"},{"link_name":"Kashim Shettima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashim_Shettima"},{"link_name":"Emeka Anyaoku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emeka_Anyaoku"}],"sub_title":"Grand Commander of the Order of the Niger (GCON)","text":"Joseph Wayas\nAdetokunbo Ademola\nShehu Musa Yar'Adua\nAlex Ekwueme\nAliko Dangote\nAtiku Abubakar\nBello Maitama Yusuf\nGoodluck Jonathan\nIdris Legbo Kutigi\nMike Adenuga\nMike Akhigbe\nMurtala Nyako\nNamadi Sambo\nYemi Osinbajo\nAnyim Pius Anyim\nNgozi Okonjo-Iweala\nAmina J. Mohammed\nSen. Ahmad Ibrahim Lawan\nJustice Ibrahim Tanko Muhammad\nAriwoola Olukayode Ariwoola\nKashim Shettima\nEmeka Anyaoku","title":"Recipients"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sultan Muhammadu Maccido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammadu_Maccido"},{"link_name":"Sultan Sa'adu Abubakar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%27adu_Abubakar"},{"link_name":"Jim Ovia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Ovia"},{"link_name":"Emir of Zazzau Ahmad Bamalli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Nuhu_Bamalli"},{"link_name":"Alwali Kazir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alwali_Kazir"},{"link_name":"Aminu Tambuwal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminu_Waziri_Tambuwal"},{"link_name":"Clement Isong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clement_Isong"},{"link_name":"Daniel Aladesanmi II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Aladesanmi_II"},{"link_name":"Mohammed Bello Adoke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Bello_Adoke"},{"link_name":"Victoria Gowon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Gowon"},{"link_name":"Yahaya Abubakar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahaya_Abubakar"},{"link_name":"Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngozi_Okonjo-Iweala"},{"link_name":"Abubakar Gumi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abubakar_Gumi"},{"link_name":"Okpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okpe"},{"link_name":"Tony Elumelu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Elumelu"},{"link_name":"Femi Gbajabiamila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femi_Gbajabiamila"},{"link_name":"Ovie Omo-Agege","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovie_Omo-Agege"},{"link_name":"Emmanuel Iwuanyanwu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Iwuanyanwu"},{"link_name":"Boss Mustapha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boss_Mustapha"},{"link_name":"Yakubu Dogara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakubu_Dogara"},{"link_name":"Abba kyari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abba_Kyari"},{"link_name":"Folashede Yemi-Esan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folashade_Yemi-Esan"},{"link_name":"Musa Dattijo Muhammad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musa_Dattijo_Muhammad"},{"link_name":"Monica Bolna'an Dongban-Mensem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monica_Dongban-Mensem"},{"link_name":"Ayo Salami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayo_Salami"},{"link_name":"Ibrahim Attahiru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_Attahiru"},{"link_name":"Farouk Yahaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faruk_Yahaya"},{"link_name":"Awwal Zubairu Gambo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awwal_Zubairu_Gambo"},{"link_name":"Gabriel Abayomi Olonisakin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abayomi_Olonisakin"},{"link_name":"Tukur Yusuf Buratai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tukur_Yusuf_Buratai"},{"link_name":"Admiral Ibok-Ete Ekwe Ibas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibok_Ekwe_Ibas"},{"link_name":"Clara Bata Ogunbiyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Bata_Ogunbiyi"},{"link_name":"Mashal Sadique Abubakar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadique_Abubakar"},{"link_name":"Usman Alkali Baba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usman_Alkali_Baba"},{"link_name":"Maj. Gen. Babagana Monguno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babagana_Monguno"},{"link_name":"Ahmed Rufai Abubakar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Rufai_Abubakar"},{"link_name":"Yusuf Magaji Bichi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yusuf_Magaji_Bichi"},{"link_name":"Alhaji Aminu Ado Bayero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminu_Ado_Bayero"},{"link_name":"Ahmed Nuhu Bamali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Nuhu_Bamalli"},{"link_name":"James Ortese Ayatse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Ayatse"},{"link_name":"Abubakar Shehu Abubakar III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abubakar_Shehu-Abubakar"},{"link_name":"Muhammadu Abali Ibn Muhammadu Idrissa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammadu_Abali_Ibn_Muhammadu_Idrissa"},{"link_name":"Jacob Gyang Buba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Gyang_Buba"},{"link_name":"Justice Sidi Bage Muhammad I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidi_Bage"},{"link_name":"Hameed Ibrahim Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hameed_Ali"},{"link_name":"Hadi Abubakar Sirika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadi_Sirika"},{"link_name":"Godwin Emefiele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godwin_Emefiele"},{"link_name":"Alhaji Abdul Samad Rabiu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Samad_Rabiu"},{"link_name":"Eruani Azibapu Godbless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eruani_Azibapu_Godbless"},{"link_name":"Maj. Gen. Bashir Salihu Magashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashir_Salihi_Magashi"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-28"},{"link_name":"Herbert Wigwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Wigwe"}],"sub_title":"Commander of the Order of the Federal Republic (CFR)","text":"Sultan Muhammadu Maccido\nSultan Sa'adu Abubakar\nJim Ovia\nEmir of Zazzau Ahmad Bamalli\nAlwali Kazir\nAminu Tambuwal\nClement Isong\nDaniel Aladesanmi II\nMohammed Bello Adoke\nVictoria Gowon\nYahaya Abubakar\nNgozi Okonjo-Iweala\nAbubakar Gumi\nOrodje Of Okpe Kingdom, Orhue 1\nTony Elumelu\nFemi Gbajabiamila\nOvie Omo-Agege\nEmmanuel Iwuanyanwu\nBoss Mustapha\nYakubu Dogara\nAbba kyari\nFolashede Yemi-Esan\nJustice Kudirat MO Kekere-Ekun\nJustice Musa Dattijo Muhammad\nJustice Monica Bolna'an Dongban-Mensem\nJustice Ayo Salami\nLt. Gen. Ibrahim Attahiru\nLt. Gen. Lamidi O. Adeosun (Rtd)\nGen. Lucky E.O. Irabor\nLt. Gen. Farouk Yahaya\nAir Marshal Oladayo Amao\nVice Admiral Awwal Zubairu Gambo\nGen. Gabriel Abayomi Olonisakin\nLt. Gen. Tukur Yusuf Buratai\nVice Admiral Ibok-Ete Ekwe Ibas\nHon Justice Clara Bata Ogunbiyi\nAir Mashal Sadique Abubakar\nMohammed Abubakar Adamu\nUsman Alkali Baba\nMaj. Gen. Babagana Monguno (Rtd)\nAlh. Ahmed Rufai Abubakar\nYusuf Magaji Bichi\nOba Adeyeye Enitan Ogunwusi Ojaja II\nOmo N'Oba E'Edo Uku Akpolokpolo Ewuare II\nAlhaji Aminu Ado Bayero\nAhmed Nuhu Bamali\nProf. James Ortese Ayatse\nAbubakar Shehu Abubakar III\nAlh. Muhammadu Abali Ibn Muhammadu Idrissa\nDa. Jacob Gyang Buba\nJustice Sidi Bage Muhammad I (JSC Rtd)\nKing Dandeson Douglas JAJA\nOba Gabriel Adejuwon\nOba (Dr) Aladetoyinbo Ogunlade Aladelusi Odundun II\nOba Babatunde Adewale-Ajayi\nNtenyin Solomon Daniel Etuk, JP\nOgiame Atuwatse III\nIgwe Amb. Lawrence Agubuzu\nKing Alfred Diete-Spiff\nEze (Dr) E.C. Okeke\nEze Joseph Ndubuisi Nwabeke\nEze Charles N. Nkpuma\nCol. Hameed Ibrahim Ali (Rtd)\nSolomon Ehigiator Arase\nSir Kessington Adebukunola Adebutu\nSenator Hadi Abubakar Sirika\nOlumuyiwa Benard Aliu\nChief Oluwole Olanipekun\nGodwin Emefiele\nAlhaji Abdul Samad Rabiu\nEruani Azibapu Godbless\nMaj. Gen. Bashir Salihu Magashi (Rtd)[28]\nHerbert Wigwe","title":"Recipients"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Afe Babalola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afe_Babalola"},{"link_name":"Dahiru Usman Bauchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahiru_Usman_Bauchi"},{"link_name":"Abdullahi Umar Ganduje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullahi_Umar_Ganduje"},{"link_name":"Ayo Oritsejafor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayo_Oritsejafor"},{"link_name":"Babatunde Jose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babatunde_Jose"},{"link_name":"Buhari Bala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buhari_Bala"},{"link_name":"Christopher E. Abebe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_E._Abebe"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Musa Halilu Ahmed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musa_Halilu_Ahmed"},{"link_name":"Habeeb Okunola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habeeb_Okunola"},{"link_name":"Ignatius Ayau Kaigama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignatius_Ayau_Kaigama"},{"link_name":"Abubakar Jafar Usman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abubakar_Jafar_Usman&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Emmanuel Iwuanyanwu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Iwuanyanwu"},{"link_name":"Grace Alele-Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Alele-Williams"},{"link_name":"Idris Legbo Kutigi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idris_Legbo_Kutigi"},{"link_name":"Innocent Umezulike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innocent_Umezulike"},{"link_name":"Magaji Muhammed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magaji_Muhammed"},{"link_name":"Ibrahim Auta Ndahi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ibrahim_Auta_Ndahi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Indimi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Indimi"},{"link_name":"Barr. Chris Ezem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barr._Chris_Ezem&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Justice Adamu Aliyu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Justice_Adamu_Aliyu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lere Paimo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lere_Paimo"},{"link_name":"Shettima Mustapha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shettima_Mustapha"},{"link_name":"Suleiman A. Kawu Sumaila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawu_Sumaila"},{"link_name":"S. A. Ajayi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._A._Ajayi"},{"link_name":"Taiwo Akinkunmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwo_Akinkunmi"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Taiwo_Akinkunmi-30"},{"link_name":"Tijjani Muhammad-Bande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tijjani_Muhammad-Bande"},{"link_name":"Temitope Balogun Joshua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._B._Joshua"},{"link_name":"Nasiru Ado Bayero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasiru_Ado_Bayero"},{"link_name":"Chris Igwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Igwe"},{"link_name":"Sylvanus C. Ghasarah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sylvanus_C._Ghasarah&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Christopher Gwabin Musa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Gwabin_Musa"},{"link_name":"John Kennedy Opara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Kennedy_Opara&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dr. T. I. Obiaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dr._T._I._Obiaga&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Officer of the Order of the Federal Republic (OFR)","text":"Afe Babalola\nDahiru Usman Bauchi\nAbdullahi Umar Ganduje\nAyo Oritsejafor\nBabatunde Jose\nBuhari Bala\nChristopher E. Abebe[29]\nMusa Halilu Ahmed\nHabeeb Okunola\nIgnatius Ayau Kaigama\nAbubakar Jafar Usman\nEmmanuel Iwuanyanwu\nGrace Alele-Williams\nIdris Legbo Kutigi\nInnocent Umezulike\nMagaji Muhammed\nIbrahim Auta Ndahi\nMuhammad Indimi\nBarr. Chris Ezem\nJustice Adamu Aliyu \nLere Paimo\nShettima Mustapha\nSuleiman A. Kawu Sumaila\nS. A. Ajayi\nAdesoye J.Omololu\nTaiwo Akinkunmi[30]\nTijjani Muhammad-Bande\nJulius Rone. LNG Philanthropic Oil Merchant\nTemitope Balogun Joshua (born June 12, 1963), commonly referred to as T. B. Joshua, Nigerian charismatic pastor, televangelist and philanthropist\nNasiru Ado Bayero\nChris Igwe\nSylvanus C. Ghasarah\nChristopher Gwabin Musa\nJohn Kennedy Opara\nDr. T. I. Obiaga","title":"Recipients"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Burna Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burna_Boy"},{"link_name":"Tony Elumelu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Elumelu"},{"link_name":"Rashidi Yekini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashidi_Yekini"},{"link_name":"Victor Osimhen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Osimhen"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Albatan Yerima Balla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albatan_Yerima_Balla&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Agbani Darego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agbani_Darego"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Kofoworola Ademola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kofoworola_Ademola"},{"link_name":"Lere Paimo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lere_Paimo"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Genevieve Nnaji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genevieve_Nnaji"},{"link_name":"Chris Ezem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chris_Ezem&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Susanne Wenger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susanne_Wenger"},{"link_name":"Omotola Ekeinde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omotola_Ekeinde"},{"link_name":"Olu Jacobs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olu_Jacobs"},{"link_name":"Emmanuel Iwuanyanwu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Iwuanyanwu"},{"link_name":"Osita Iheme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osita_Iheme"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Angus Fraser (clergyman and teacher)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angus_Fraser_(clergyman_and_teacher)"}],"sub_title":"Member of the Order of the Federal Republic (MFR)","text":"Burna Boy\nTony Elumelu\nRashidi Yekini\nVictor Osimhen[31]\nAlbatan Yerima Balla[32]\nAgbani Darego[33]\nKofoworola Ademola\nLere Paimo[34]\nGenevieve Nnaji\nChris Ezem\nSusanne Wenger\nOmotola Ekeinde\nOlu Jacobs\nEmmanuel Iwuanyanwu\nOsita Iheme[35]\nMathew Benabafa Seiyefa\nIbrahim Likita Mashi\nAlhaji Sule Bawa\nCol. Andrawus Pillasar Sawa\nBrig. Gen. Dzarma Kennedy Zirkushu\nBenjamin Okoko\nHannatu Fika Adamu\nHamidu Mohammed\nSaleh Abubakar\nProf Sani Abubakar Lugga\nTijjani Yahaya Kaura\nCol. Bala Mande (Rtd)\nMrs. Comfort Nwobu\nLady Eno Bassey\nEvang. Blessing Bassey\nProf Adebayo M. A. Ninalowo\nGloria Laraba Shoda\nCardinal Dr. James O. Odunmbaku\nOgunesan Hannah Oluwumi\nAjibola Akindele\nDIG Sanusi N. Lemu\nDIG Joseph O. Egbunike\nAg. CGIS Isah Jere Idris\nIsiaka Abdulmumini Haliru\nAnthonia Ifeoma Opara\nTalatu Mairo Isa\nElton Irene Edorhe\nBashir Adewale Adeniyi\nHaliru Nababa\nSalisu Jafaru Hore\nMuktar Gadanya\nAhmad Muhammadu Tukur\nDemenongo Apollonius\nLt. Col. Agaba Daudu (Rtd)\nDr. Ferdinand Dumbari Giadom [36]\nKim Solomon AMIEYEOFORI[37]\nAngus Fraser (clergyman and teacher)\nAbraham Ayebakepreye Amba Ambaiowei","title":"Recipients"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Imam Abdullahi Abubakar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullahi_Abubakar"}],"text":"Imam Abdullahi Abubakar\nEze Isaac Ikonne\nFaisal Shuaibu\nChief Silva Ejeh Ameh\nAlh. Kamoru Ibitoye Yusuf\nMallam Ibrahim Okposi\nAlhaji Shehu Uthman\nChris Ezem","title":"Member of the Order Of Niger (OON)"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"National Honours Act\" (PDF). Policy and Legal Advocacy Centre. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 April 2015. Retrieved 24 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150425080020/http://www.placng.org/new/laws/N43.pdf","url_text":"\"National Honours Act\""},{"url":"http://www.placng.org/new/laws/N43.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ribbons of the Order of the Federal Republic of Nigeri and order of Niger\" (GIF). Coleccionesmilitares.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.coleccionesmilitares.com/cintas/africa/nigeria1.gif","url_text":"\"Ribbons of the Order of the Federal Republic of Nigeri and order of Niger\""}]},{"reference":"Emiko (8 September 2022). \"PHOTOS: Queen Elizabeth II and her relationship with Nigeria\". The Quest Times. 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Retrieved 16 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/271492-mko-abiola-no-longer-nigerian-cannot-be-made-gcfr-dino-melaye.html","url_text":"\"MKO Abiola no longer Nigerian, cannot be made GCFR – Dino Melaye\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Portrait of Gen. Yakubu Gowon GCFR\". National Library of Nigeria. 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://nigeriareposit.nln.gov.ng/handle/20.500.14186/1106","url_text":"\"A Portrait of Gen. Yakubu Gowon GCFR\""}]},{"reference":"\"Full Text of Gen. Yakubu Gowon Opening Remarks During NUPENG 40th Anniversary\". Retrieved 16 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://nupeng.org/full-text-of-gen-yakubu-gowon-opening-remarks-during-nupeng-40th-anniversary/","url_text":"\"Full Text of Gen. Yakubu Gowon Opening Remarks During NUPENG 40th Anniversary\""}]},{"reference":"Agbese, Pita Ogaba (2012). Ibrahim Babangida: the military, politics and power in Nigeria. London: Adonis & Abbey. ISBN 978-1-906704-96-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-906704-96-4","url_text":"978-1-906704-96-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Buhari Confers National Honour on Tinubu, Shettima\". National Insight News. 25 May 2023. Retrieved 16 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://nationalinsightnews.com/buhari-confers-highest-national-honour-on-tinubu/","url_text":"\"Buhari Confers National Honour on Tinubu, Shettima\""}]},{"reference":"Aanu, Damilare (30 January 2024). \"GCFR Meaning: An Overview of Nigeria's Highest National Honour\". PIECE — WITHIN NIGERIA. Retrieved 16 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.withinnigeria.com/piece/2024/01/30/gcfr-meaning-an-overview-of-nigerias-highest-national-honour/","url_text":"\"GCFR Meaning: An Overview of Nigeria's Highest National Honour\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Portrait of Chief Olusegun Obasanjo GCFR\". 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Retrieved 16 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://foreignaffairs.gov.ng/his-excellency-muhammadu-buhari-gcfr-participated-in-the-opening-ceremony-of-the-36th-ordinary-session-of-the-assembly-of-heads-state-and-government-of-the-au/","url_text":"\"His Excellency Muhammadu Buhari, GCFR participated in the Opening Ceremony of the 36th Ordinary Session of the Assembly of Heads State and Government of the AU – Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Nigeria\""}]},{"reference":"Ogundipe, Samuel. \"Confusion as two contradictory statements on Buhari emerge from Babangida\". www.premiumtimesng.com. Retrieved 16 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/257531-confusion-two-contradictory-statements-buhari-emerge-babangida.html?tztc=1","url_text":"\"Confusion as two contradictory statements on Buhari emerge from Babangida\""}]},{"reference":"\"Full Text of Statement By General Ibrahim Babangida, GCFR\". Businessday NG. 4 February 2018. 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Retrieved 16 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://defence.gov.ng/2024/02/16/honourable-minister-of-defence-received-president-bola-ahmed-tinubu-gcfr-in-addis-ababa-for-the-32nd-african-union-summit/","url_text":"\"HONOURABLE MINISTER OF DEFENCE RECEIVED PRESIDENT BOLA AHMED TINUBU, GCFR IN ADDIS ABABA FOR THE 32ND AFRICAN UNION SUMMIT – Ministry of Defence\""}]},{"reference":"\"FULL LIST: Okonjo-Iweala, Abba Kyari... FG nominates 437 persons for national honours\". TheCable. 2 October 2022. Retrieved 13 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thecable.ng/full-list-okonjo-iweala-abba-kyari-former-cos-fg-nominates-437-persons-for-national-honours","url_text":"\"FULL LIST: Okonjo-Iweala, Abba Kyari... FG nominates 437 persons for national honours\""}]},{"reference":"\"Christopher Abebe (1919–2021)\". The Sun Nigeria. 14 April 2021. Retrieved 14 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sunnewsonline.com/christopher-abebe-1919-2018/","url_text":"\"Christopher Abebe (1919–2021)\""}]},{"reference":"\"At last, Akinkunmi, designer of Nigerian flag, bags national award\". Vanguard Media Ltd Nigeria. 30 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/09/last-akinkunmi-designer-nigerian-flag-bags-national-award/","url_text":"\"At last, Akinkunmi, designer of Nigerian flag, bags national award\""}]},{"reference":"\"Full List Special Nigeria National Honours Awards 2023\". Premium Times NG. 29 May 2023. Retrieved 23 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.premiumtimesng.com/features-and-interviews/601334-full-list-special-nigeria-national-honours-awards-2023/","url_text":"\"Full List Special Nigeria National Honours Awards 2023\""}]},{"reference":"\"1983 National Honours Awards Recipients\" (PDF). Gazettes for Africa. No. 51, Vol. 70. Federal Republic of Nigeria Official Gazette. 1 October 1983.","urls":[{"url":"https://gazettes.africa/archive/ng/1983/ng-government-gazette-dated-1983-10-01-no-51.pdf","url_text":"\"1983 National Honours Awards Recipients\""}]},{"reference":"\"Start reading Beauty Diplomacy | Oluwakemi M. Balogun\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sup.org/books/extra/?id=31163&i=Chapter%201%20Excerpt.html","url_text":"\"Start reading Beauty Diplomacy | Oluwakemi M. Balogun\""}]},{"reference":"Àlàgbé, Ṣayọ̀ (2016). Lérè Pàímọ́ : a quintessential thespian. Timfred Communication Nigeria Limited. ISBN 978-978-954-493-6. OCLC 999672522.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-978-954-493-6","url_text":"978-978-954-493-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/999672522","url_text":"999672522"}]},{"reference":"\"BN Bytes: Genevieve Nnaji, Stephanie Okereke, Amaka Igwe, Aliko Dangote & Jim Ovia receive National Honours - Photos from the Ceremony\". Bellanaija.com. 15 November 2011. Retrieved 10 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bellanaija.com/2011/11/bn-bytes-genevieve-nnaji-stephanie-okereke-amaka-igwe-aliko-dangote-jim-ovia-receive-national-honours-photos-from-the-ceremony/","url_text":"\"BN Bytes: Genevieve Nnaji, Stephanie Okereke, Amaka Igwe, Aliko Dangote & Jim Ovia receive National Honours - Photos from the Ceremony\""}]},{"reference":"Adeyemi, Segun (13 October 2022). \"Buhari to confer 2022 national honour on 5 foreigners, gateman, cleaner, others\". Legit.ng - Nigeria news.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.legit.ng/nigeria/1495393-complete-list-nigerias-national-honours-award-2022/","url_text":"\"Buhari to confer 2022 national honour on 5 foreigners, gateman, cleaner, others\""}]},{"reference":"\"Buhari confers national awards on NSCDC boss, 449 others\". Premium Times Nigeria. 11 October 2022. Retrieved 15 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/559056-buhari-confers-national-awards-on-nscdc-boss-449-others.html","url_text":"\"Buhari confers national awards on NSCDC boss, 449 others\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nigeria - Order of the Federal Republic\". Queen & Commonwealth >Orders. The Royal Collection. Archived from the original on 11 December 2013. Retrieved 24 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131211105449/http://www.royalcollection.org.uk/microsites/queenandcommonwealth/MicroObject.asp?row=27&themeid=946&item=27","url_text":"\"Nigeria - Order of the Federal Republic\""},{"url":"http://www.royalcollection.org.uk/microsites/queenandcommonwealth/MicroObject.asp?row=27&themeid=946&item=27","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"At last, Akinkunmi, designer of Nigerian flag, bags national award\". 30 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/09/last-akinkunmi-designer-nigerian-flag-bags-national-award/","url_text":"\"At last, Akinkunmi, designer of Nigerian flag, bags national award\""}]}]
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Yakubu Gowon GCFR\""},{"Link":"https://nupeng.org/full-text-of-gen-yakubu-gowon-opening-remarks-during-nupeng-40th-anniversary/","external_links_name":"\"Full Text of Gen. 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FG nominates 437 persons for national honours\""},{"Link":"https://www.sunnewsonline.com/christopher-abebe-1919-2018/","external_links_name":"\"Christopher Abebe (1919–2021)\""},{"Link":"https://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/09/last-akinkunmi-designer-nigerian-flag-bags-national-award/","external_links_name":"\"At last, Akinkunmi, designer of Nigerian flag, bags national award\""},{"Link":"https://www.premiumtimesng.com/features-and-interviews/601334-full-list-special-nigeria-national-honours-awards-2023/","external_links_name":"\"Full List Special Nigeria National Honours Awards 2023\""},{"Link":"https://gazettes.africa/archive/ng/1983/ng-government-gazette-dated-1983-10-01-no-51.pdf","external_links_name":"\"1983 National Honours Awards Recipients\""},{"Link":"https://www.sup.org/books/extra/?id=31163&i=Chapter%201%20Excerpt.html","external_links_name":"\"Start reading Beauty Diplomacy | Oluwakemi M. Balogun\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/999672522","external_links_name":"999672522"},{"Link":"https://www.bellanaija.com/2011/11/bn-bytes-genevieve-nnaji-stephanie-okereke-amaka-igwe-aliko-dangote-jim-ovia-receive-national-honours-photos-from-the-ceremony/","external_links_name":"\"BN Bytes: Genevieve Nnaji, Stephanie Okereke, Amaka Igwe, Aliko Dangote & Jim Ovia receive National Honours - Photos from the Ceremony\""},{"Link":"https://www.legit.ng/nigeria/1495393-complete-list-nigerias-national-honours-award-2022/","external_links_name":"\"Buhari to confer 2022 national honour on 5 foreigners, gateman, cleaner, others\""},{"Link":"https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/559056-buhari-confers-national-awards-on-nscdc-boss-449-others.html","external_links_name":"\"Buhari confers national awards on NSCDC boss, 449 others\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131211105449/http://www.royalcollection.org.uk/microsites/queenandcommonwealth/MicroObject.asp?row=27&themeid=946&item=27","external_links_name":"\"Nigeria - Order of the Federal Republic\""},{"Link":"http://www.royalcollection.org.uk/microsites/queenandcommonwealth/MicroObject.asp?row=27&themeid=946&item=27","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/09/last-akinkunmi-designer-nigerian-flag-bags-national-award/","external_links_name":"\"At last, Akinkunmi, designer of Nigerian flag, bags national award\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesper_bat
Vespertilionidae
["1 Evolution","2 Characteristics","3 Systematics","4 Classification","5 References","6 Further reading"]
Family of microbats VespertilionidaeTemporal range: Early Eocene to recent Greater mouse-eared bat (Myotis myotis) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Chiroptera Suborder: Yangochiroptera Superfamily: Vespertilionoidea Family: VespertilionidaeGray, 1821 Type genus VespertilioLinnaeus, 1758 Subfamilies Vespertilioninae Murininae Myotinae Kerivoulinae Vespertilionidae is a family of microbats, of the order Chiroptera, flying, insect-eating mammals variously described as the common, vesper, or simple nosed bats. The vespertilionid family is the most diverse and widely distributed of bat families, specialised in many forms to occupy a range of habitats and ecological circumstances, and it is frequently observed or the subject of research. The facial features of the species are often simple, as they mainly rely on vocally emitted echolocation. The tails of the species are enclosed by the lower flight membranes between the legs. Over 300 species are distributed all over the world, on every continent except Antarctica. It owes its name to the genus Vespertilio, which takes its name from a word for bat, vespertilio, derived from the Latin term vesper meaning 'evening'; they are termed "evening bats" and were once referred to as "evening birds". (The term "evening bat" also often refers more specifically to one of the species, Nycticeius humeralis.) Evolution They are allied to the suborder Microchiroptera, the families of microbats separated from the flying foxes and fruit bats of the megabat group Megachiroptera. The treatments of bat taxonomy have also included a placement amongst the Vespertilioniformes, or Yangochiroptera, as suborder Vespertilionoidea. Molecular data indicate the Vespertilionidae diverged from the Molossidae in the early Eocene period. The family is thought to have originated somewhere in Laurasia, possibly North America. A recently extinct species, Synemporion keana, is known from the Holocene of Hawaii. Characteristics All species are carnivorous and most are insectivores, exceptions are bats of genera Myotis and Pizonyx that catch fish and the larger Nyctalus species known to capture small passerine birds in flight. The dentition of the family varies between species; the dental formula of the family is: Dentition 1–2.1.1–3.3 2–3.1.2–3.3 They rely mainly on echolocation to navigate and obtain food, but they lack the elaborate nose appendages of microbats that focus nasal emitted ultrasound. The ultrasound signal is usually produced orally, and many species have large external ears to capture and reflect sound, enabling them to discriminate and extract information. The vespertilionids employ a range of flight techniques. The wing surface is extended to the lower limbs, and the tails of this family are enclosed in an interfemoral membrane. Some are relatively slow-flying genera, such as Pipistrellus, that manipulate the configuration of their broader wing shape and may give a fluttery appearance as they forage and glean. Others are specialised as long-winged genera, such as Lasiurus and Nyctalus, that use rapid pursuit to capture insects. The size range of the family is 3 to 13 cm (1.2 to 5.1 in) in head and body length; this excludes the tail, which is itself quite long in many species. They are generally brown or grey in colour, often an indiscriminate appearance as a 'little brown bat', although some species have fur that is brightly colored, with reds, oranges, and yellows all being known. The patterns of the superficial appearance include white patches or stripes that may distinguish some species. Most species roost in caves, although some make use of hollow trees, rocky crevices, animal burrows, or other forms of shelter. Colony sizes also vary greatly, with some roosting alone, and others in groups up to a million individuals. Species native to temperate latitudes typically hibernate to avoid cooler weather, while a few of the tropical species employ aestivation as a method of evading extremes of climate. Systematics Vespertilionidae Vespertilioninae Myotinae Kerivoulinae Murininae Subfamily relationships of Vespertilionidae The four subfamilies of Vespertilionidae separate the presumably related taxa, tribes, and genera of extant and extinct taxa. The subfamilial treatments, based on morphological, geographical, and ecological comparisons have been recombined since the inclusion of the phylogenetic implications of molecular genetics; only the Murininae and Kerivoulinae have not been changed in light of genetic analysis. Subfamilies that were once recognized as valid, such as the Nyctophilinae, are considered dubious, as molecular evidence suggests they are paraphyletic in their arrangements. Within the concept Yangochiroptera, an acknowledged cladistic treatment, the closest relatives to the family are the free-tailed bats of family Molossidae. The monotypic genus Tomopeas, represented by the blunt-eared bat (Tomopeas ravum), is acknowledged as the potentially closest link between the Vespertilionidae and Molossidae, as it is the most basal member of the Molossidae and has intermediate characteristics of both families. Classification The grouping of these subfamilies is the classification published by the American Society of Mammalogists. Other authorities raise three subfamilies more: Antrozoinae (which is here the separate family of pallid bats), Tomopeatinae (now regarded as a subfamily of the free-tailed bats), and Nyctophilinae (here included in Vespertilioninae). Four subfamilies are recognized by Mammal Species of the World (2005), the highly diverse Vespertilioninae are also separated as tribes. Newer or resurrected genera are noted. The genus Cistugo is no longer included following its move to the separate family Cistugidae. Miniopterinae is additionally no longer recognized as a subfamily, as it was elevated to family status. A 2021 study attempted to resolve the systematic relationships among the pipistrelle-like bats of sub-Saharan Africa and Madagascar, with systematic inferences based on genetic and morphological analyses of more than 400 individuals across all named genera and the majority of described African pipistrelle-like bat species, with a focus on previously unstudied samples of East African bats. The study proposed a revision of the pipistrelle-like bats in East Africa and described multiple new genera and species. Family Vespertilionidae subfamily Kerivoulinae genus Kerivoula – painted bats genus Phoniscus subfamily Myotinae genus Eudiscopus genus Myotis – mouse-eared bats genus Submyotodon – broad-muzzled bats subfamily Murininae genus Harpiocephalus – hairy-winged bats genus Harpiola genus Murina – tube-nosed insectivorous bats subfamily Vespertilioninae tribe Antrozoini genus Antrozous genus Bauerus genus Rhogeessa tribe Eptesicini genus Arielulus genus Eptesicus – house bats genus Glauconycteris – butterfly bats genus Hesperoptenus – false serotine bats genus Histiotus – big-eared brown bats genus Ia genus Lasionycteris genus Scoteanax – greater broad-nosed bats genus Scotomanes genus Scotorepens – lesser broad-nosed bats genus Thainycteris tribe incertae sedis genus Rhyneptesicus tribe Lasiurini genus Aeorestes – hoary bats genus Dasypterus – yellow bats genus Lasiurus – hairy-tailed bats tribe Nycticeiini genus Nycticeius – evening bats tribe Perimyotini genus Parastrellus genus Perimyotis tribe Pipistrellini genus Glischropus – thick-thumbed bats genus Nyctalus – noctule bats genus Pipistrellus – true pipistrelles genus Scotoecus – house bats genus Scotozous genus Vansonia tribe Plecotini genus Barbastella – barbastelles or barbastelle bats genus Corynorhinus – American lump-nosed bats genus Euderma genus Idionycteris genus Otonycteris genus Plecotus – lump-nosed bats tribe Scotophilini genus Scotophilus – Old World yellow bats tribe Vespertilionini genus Afronycteris genus Cassistrellus – helmeted bats genus Chalinolobus – wattled bats genus Falsistrellus – false pipistrelles genus Hypsugo – Asian pipistrelles genus Laephotis – long-eared bats genus Mimetillus – mimic bats genus Mirostrellus genus Neoromicia genus Nycticeinops genus Nyctophilus – New Guinean and Australian big-eared bats genus Pharotis genus Philetor genus Pseudoromicia genus Tylonycteris – bamboo bats genus Vespadelus genus Vespertilio – frosted bats References ^ Fenton, M. B. (2001). Bats. New York: Checkmark Books. p. 5. ISBN 0-8160-4358-2. ^ Miller-Butterworth, C. M., Murphy, W. J., O'Brien, S. J., Jacobs, D. S., Springer, M. S. & Teeling, E. C. (2007). "A family matter: conclusive resolution of the taxonomic position of the long-fingered bats, Miniopterus". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 24 (7): 1553–1561. doi:10.1093/molbev/msm076. PMID 17449895.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ Teeling, E. C., Springer, M. S., Madsen, O., Bates, P., O'Brien, S. J. & Murphy, W. J. (2005). "A molecular phylogeny for bats illuminates biogeography and the fossil record". Science. 307 (5709): 580–584. Bibcode:2005Sci...307..580T. doi:10.1126/science.1105113. PMID 15681385. S2CID 25912333.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ Discovery of Extinct Bat Doubles Diversity of Native Hawaiian Land Mammals, at the American Museum of Natural History; published March 21, 2016; retrieved June 20, 2016 ^ Richards, G.C.; Hall, L.S.; Parish, S. (photography) (2012). A natural history of Australian bats : working the night shift. CSIRO Pub. p. 48. ISBN 9780643103740. ^ a b Macdonald, D., ed. (1984). The Encyclopedia of Mammals. New York: Facts on File. pp. 807. ISBN 0-87196-871-1. ^ a b c d Hoofer, S. R.; Bussche, R. A. V. D. (2003). "Molecular phylogenetics of the chiropteran family Vespertilionidae". Acta Chiropterologica. 5 (1): 1–63. doi:10.3161/001.005.s101. hdl:11244/44678. ^ Sudman, P. D; Barkley, L. J; Hafner, M. S (1994). "Familial Affinity of Tomopeas ravus (Chiroptera) Based on Protein Electrophoretic and Cytochrome b Sequence Data". Journal of Mammalogy. 75 (2): 365. doi:10.2307/1382555. JSTOR 1382555. ^ Mammal Diversity Database (2021-08-10), Mammal Diversity Database, doi:10.5281/zenodo.5175993, retrieved 2021-09-17 ^ Simmons, N.B. (2005). "Order Chiroptera". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 312–529. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494. ^ Lack, J. B.; Roehrs, Z. P.; Stanley, C. E. Jr.; Ruedi, M.; Van Den Bussche, R. A. (2010). "Molecular phylogenetics of Myotis indicate familial-level divergence for the genus Cistugo (Chiroptera)". Journal of Mammalogy. 91 (4): 976–992. doi:10.1644/09-mamm-a-192.1. ^ "Vespertilionidae". Catalogue of Life. Species 2000: Leiden, the Netherlands. ^ Kulemzina, A. I.; Nie, W.; Trifonov, V. A.; Staroselec, Y.; Vasenkov, D. A.; Volleth, M.; Graphodatsky, A. S. (2011). "Comparative chromosome painting of four Siberian Vespertilionidae species with Aselliscus stoliczkanus and Human probes". Cytogenetic and Genome Research. 134 (3): 200–205. doi:10.1159/000328834. PMID 21709413. S2CID 8258899. ^ Burgin, Connor J.; Colella, Jocelyn P.; Kahn, Philip L.; Upham, Nathan S. (February 1, 2018). "How many species of mammals are there?". Journal of Mammalogy. 99 (1): 1–14. doi:10.1093/jmammal/gyx147. ^ Ara Monadjem; Terrence C Demos; Desire L Dalton; Paul W Webala; Simon Musila; Julian C Kerbis Peterhans; Bruce D Patterson (2021). "A revision of pipistrelle-like bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) in East Africa with the description of new genera and species". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 191 (4): 1114–1146. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa087. hdl:2263/84301. ^ Hoofer, Steven R.; Van Den Bussche, Ronald A.; Horáček, Ivan (2006-10-01). "Generic Status of the American Pipistrelles (Vespertilionidae) with Description of a New Genus". Journal of Mammalogy. 87 (5): 981–992. doi:10.1644/05-MAMM-A-425R1.1. ISSN 0022-2372. JSTOR 4094268. ^ Solari, S. 2018. Perimyotis subflavus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018* e.T17366A22123514. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T17366A22123514.en. Downloaded on 05 March 2019. Further reading Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vespertilionidae. Wikispecies has information related to Vespertilionidae. Corbet, GB, Hill JE. 1992. The mammals of the Indomalayan region: a systematic review. Oxford University Press, Oxford. Karim, C., A.A. Tuen and M.T. Abdullah. 2004. Mammals. Sarawak Museum Journal Special Issue No. 6. 80: 221–234. Wilson DE, Reeder DM. 2005. Mammal species of the world. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington DC. Taxon identifiersVespertilionidae Wikidata: Q210358 Wikispecies: Vespertilionidae ADW: Vespertilionidae AFD: Vespertilionidae BOLD: 1027 CoL: HTH EoL: 7632 EPPO: 1VSPTF Fauna Europaea: 12628 Fauna Europaea (new): 9129ed71-1d79-4cfd-a1dc-98857d777108 GBIF: 9368 iNaturalist: 40269 IRMNG: 104959 ITIS: 179986 MSW: 13801791 NBN: NHMSYS0000376162 NCBI: 9431 NZOR: 497194b1-aba7-4969-843c-c0bbc220f97c Open Tree of Life: 238434 Paleobiology Database: 40663 Plazi: C11B87BD-FF81-BF18-9994-FDB7FA307539 WoRMS: 1037272 ZooBank: 58245F0F-2CD1-4420-84C0-02E5DA572B9C Authority control databases: National Israel Czech Republic
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chiroptera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiroptera"},{"link_name":"Antarctica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctica"},{"link_name":"Vespertilio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vespertilio"},{"link_name":"vespertilio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vespertilio"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"vesper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vesper"},{"link_name":"Nycticeius humeralis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evening_bat"}],"text":"Vespertilionidae is a family of microbats, of the order Chiroptera, flying, insect-eating mammals variously described as the common, vesper, or simple nosed bats. The vespertilionid family is the most diverse and widely distributed of bat families, specialised in many forms to occupy a range of habitats and ecological circumstances, and it is frequently observed or the subject of research. The facial features of the species are often simple, as they mainly rely on vocally emitted echolocation. The tails of the species are enclosed by the lower flight membranes between the legs. Over 300 species are distributed all over the world, on every continent except Antarctica. It owes its name to the genus Vespertilio, which takes its name from a word for bat, vespertilio, derived from the Latin term vesper meaning 'evening'; they are termed \"evening bats\" and were once referred to as \"evening birds\". (The term \"evening bat\" also often refers more specifically to one of the species, Nycticeius humeralis.)","title":"Vespertilionidae"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Microchiroptera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microchiroptera"},{"link_name":"Megachiroptera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megachiroptera"},{"link_name":"Vespertilioniformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vespertilioniformes"},{"link_name":"Yangochiroptera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangochiroptera"},{"link_name":"Molossidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molossidae"},{"link_name":"early Eocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Eocene"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miller2007-2"},{"link_name":"Laurasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurasia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Teeling2005-3"},{"link_name":"Synemporion keana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synemporion_keana"},{"link_name":"Holocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocene"},{"link_name":"Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AMNH-4"}],"text":"They are allied to the suborder Microchiroptera, the families of microbats separated from the flying foxes and fruit bats of the megabat group Megachiroptera. The treatments of bat taxonomy have also included a placement amongst the Vespertilioniformes, or Yangochiroptera, as suborder Vespertilionoidea.Molecular data indicate the Vespertilionidae diverged from the Molossidae in the early Eocene period.[2] The family is thought to have originated somewhere in Laurasia, possibly North America.[3] A recently extinct species, Synemporion keana, is known from the Holocene of Hawaii.[4]","title":"Evolution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"insectivores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insectivore"},{"link_name":"Myotis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myotis"},{"link_name":"Pizonyx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pizonyx"},{"link_name":"fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish"},{"link_name":"Nyctalus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyctalus"},{"link_name":"passerine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passerine"},{"link_name":"dentition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentition"},{"link_name":"echolocation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_echolocation"},{"link_name":"ultrasound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrasound"},{"link_name":"interfemoral membrane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interfemoral_membrane"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Richards2012-5"},{"link_name":"Pipistrellus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipistrellus"},{"link_name":"Lasiurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasiurus"},{"link_name":"Nyctalus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyctalus"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EoM-6"},{"link_name":"hollow trees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollow_tree"},{"link_name":"burrows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burrow"},{"link_name":"temperate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperate"},{"link_name":"hibernate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernation"},{"link_name":"tropical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropics"},{"link_name":"aestivation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aestivation"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EoM-6"}],"text":"All species are carnivorous and most are insectivores, exceptions are bats of genera Myotis and Pizonyx that catch fish and the larger Nyctalus species known to capture small passerine birds in flight. The dentition of the family varies between species; the dental formula of the family is:They rely mainly on echolocation to navigate and obtain food, but they lack the elaborate nose appendages of microbats that focus nasal emitted ultrasound. The ultrasound signal is usually produced orally, and many species have large external ears to capture and reflect sound, enabling them to discriminate and extract information.The vespertilionids employ a range of flight techniques. The wing surface is extended to the lower limbs, and the tails of this family are enclosed in an interfemoral membrane.[5] Some are relatively slow-flying genera, such as Pipistrellus, that manipulate the configuration of their broader wing shape and may give a fluttery appearance as they forage and glean. Others are specialised as long-winged genera, such as Lasiurus and Nyctalus, that use rapid pursuit to capture insects. The size range of the family is 3 to 13 cm (1.2 to 5.1 in) in head and body length; this excludes the tail, which is itself quite long in many species. They are generally brown or grey in colour, often an indiscriminate appearance as a 'little brown bat', although some species have fur that is brightly colored, with reds, oranges, and yellows all being known. The patterns of the superficial appearance include white patches or stripes that may distinguish some species.[6]Most species roost in caves, although some make use of hollow trees, rocky crevices, animal burrows, or other forms of shelter. Colony sizes also vary greatly, with some roosting alone, and others in groups up to a million individuals. Species native to temperate latitudes typically hibernate to avoid cooler weather, while a few of the tropical species employ aestivation as a method of evading extremes of climate.[6]","title":"Characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"subfamilies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subfamilies"},{"link_name":"molecular genetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_genetics"},{"link_name":"Murininae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murininae"},{"link_name":"Kerivoulinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerivoulinae"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hoofer_2003-7"},{"link_name":"Nyctophilinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nyctophilinae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"paraphyletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraphyletic"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hoofer_2003-7"},{"link_name":"Yangochiroptera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangochiroptera"},{"link_name":"Molossidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molossidae"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hoofer_2003-7"},{"link_name":"Tomopeas ravum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomopeas_ravum"},{"link_name":"basal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basal_(phylogenetics)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sudman_1994-8"}],"text":"The four subfamilies of Vespertilionidae separate the presumably related taxa, tribes, and genera of extant and extinct taxa.\nThe subfamilial treatments, based on morphological, geographical, and ecological comparisons have been recombined since the inclusion of the phylogenetic implications of molecular genetics; only the Murininae and Kerivoulinae have not been changed in light of genetic analysis.[7]\nSubfamilies that were once recognized as valid, such as the Nyctophilinae, are considered dubious, as molecular evidence suggests they are paraphyletic in their arrangements.[7]\nWithin the concept Yangochiroptera, an acknowledged cladistic treatment, the closest relatives to the family are the free-tailed bats of family Molossidae.[7]The monotypic genus Tomopeas, represented by the blunt-eared bat (Tomopeas ravum), is acknowledged as the potentially closest link between the Vespertilionidae and Molossidae, as it is the most basal member of the Molossidae and has intermediate characteristics of both families.[8]","title":"Systematics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Society of Mammalogists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_Mammalogists"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"pallid bats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallid_bat"},{"link_name":"Tomopeatinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blunt-eared_Bat"},{"link_name":"free-tailed bats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-tailed_bat"},{"link_name":"Mammal Species of the World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammal_Species_of_the_World"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MSW3-10"},{"link_name":"Cistugo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cistugo"},{"link_name":"Cistugidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cistugidae"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kulemzina_2011-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Monadjem-15"},{"link_name":"Kerivoulinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerivoulinae"},{"link_name":"Kerivoula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerivoula"},{"link_name":"Phoniscus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoniscus"},{"link_name":"Myotinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myotinae"},{"link_name":"Eudiscopus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk-footed_bat"},{"link_name":"Myotis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myotis"},{"link_name":"Submyotodon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submyotodon"},{"link_name":"Murininae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murininae"},{"link_name":"Harpiocephalus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harpiocephalus"},{"link_name":"Harpiola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harpiola"},{"link_name":"Murina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murina"},{"link_name":"Vespertilioninae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vespertilioninae"},{"link_name":"Antrozoini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antrozoini"},{"link_name":"Antrozous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallid_bat"},{"link_name":"Bauerus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Gelder%27s_bat"},{"link_name":"Rhogeessa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhogeessa"},{"link_name":"Eptesicini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eptesicini"},{"link_name":"Arielulus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arielulus"},{"link_name":"Eptesicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eptesicus"},{"link_name":"Glauconycteris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glauconycteris"},{"link_name":"Hesperoptenus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesperoptenus"},{"link_name":"Histiotus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histiotus"},{"link_name":"Ia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ia_(genus)"},{"link_name":"Lasionycteris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasionycteris"},{"link_name":"Scoteanax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scoteanax"},{"link_name":"Scotomanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotomanes"},{"link_name":"Scotorepens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotorepens"},{"link_name":"Thainycteris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thainycteris"},{"link_name":"incertae sedis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incertae_sedis"},{"link_name":"Rhyneptesicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhyneptesicus"},{"link_name":"Lasiurini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasiurini"},{"link_name":"Aeorestes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeorestes"},{"link_name":"Dasypterus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dasypterus"},{"link_name":"Lasiurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasiurus"},{"link_name":"Nycticeiini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nycticeiini"},{"link_name":"Nycticeius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nycticeius"},{"link_name":"Perimyotini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perimyotini"},{"link_name":"Parastrellus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parastrellus"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newgenus-16"},{"link_name":"Perimyotis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perimyotis"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Pipistrellini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipistrellini"},{"link_name":"Glischropus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glischropus"},{"link_name":"Nyctalus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyctalus"},{"link_name":"Pipistrellus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipistrellus"},{"link_name":"Scotoecus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotoecus"},{"link_name":"Scotozous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotozous"},{"link_name":"Vansonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BCppell%27s_bat"},{"link_name":"Plecotini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plecotini"},{"link_name":"Barbastella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbastella"},{"link_name":"Corynorhinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corynorhinus"},{"link_name":"Euderma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euderma"},{"link_name":"Idionycteris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idionycteris"},{"link_name":"Otonycteris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otonycteris"},{"link_name":"Plecotus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plecotus"},{"link_name":"Scotophilini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotophilini"},{"link_name":"Scotophilus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotophilus"},{"link_name":"Vespertilionini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vespertilionini"},{"link_name":"Afronycteris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afronycteris"},{"link_name":"Cassistrellus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassistrellus"},{"link_name":"Chalinolobus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalinolobus"},{"link_name":"Falsistrellus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falsistrellus"},{"link_name":"Hypsugo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypsugo"},{"link_name":"Laephotis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laephotis"},{"link_name":"Mimetillus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimetillus"},{"link_name":"Mirostrellus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirostrellus"},{"link_name":"Neoromicia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoromicia"},{"link_name":"Nycticeinops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nycticeinops"},{"link_name":"Nyctophilus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyctophilus"},{"link_name":"Pharotis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharotis"},{"link_name":"Philetor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philetor_(genus)"},{"link_name":"Pseudoromicia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoromicia"},{"link_name":"Tylonycteris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tylonycteris"},{"link_name":"Vespadelus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vespadelus"},{"link_name":"Vespertilio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vespertilio"}],"text":"The grouping of these subfamilies is the classification published by the American Society of Mammalogists.[9] Other authorities raise three subfamilies more: Antrozoinae (which is here the separate family of pallid bats), Tomopeatinae (now regarded as a subfamily of the free-tailed bats), and Nyctophilinae (here included in Vespertilioninae).Four subfamilies are recognized by Mammal Species of the World (2005),[10] the highly diverse Vespertilioninae are also separated as tribes. Newer or resurrected genera are noted. The genus Cistugo is no longer included following its move to the separate family Cistugidae.[11][12] Miniopterinae is additionally no longer recognized as a subfamily, as it was elevated to family status.[13][14]A 2021 study attempted to resolve the systematic relationships among the pipistrelle-like bats of sub-Saharan Africa and Madagascar, with systematic inferences based on genetic and morphological analyses of more than 400 individuals across all named genera and the majority of described African pipistrelle-like bat species, with a focus on previously unstudied samples of East African bats. The study proposed a revision of the pipistrelle-like bats in East Africa and described multiple new genera and species.[15]Family Vespertilionidaesubfamily Kerivoulinaegenus Kerivoula – painted bats\ngenus Phoniscussubfamily Myotinaegenus Eudiscopus\ngenus Myotis – mouse-eared bats\ngenus Submyotodon – broad-muzzled batssubfamily Murininaegenus Harpiocephalus – hairy-winged bats\ngenus Harpiola\ngenus Murina – tube-nosed insectivorous batssubfamily Vespertilioninae\ntribe Antrozoini\ngenus Antrozous\ngenus Bauerus\ngenus Rhogeessa\ntribe Eptesicini\ngenus Arielulus\ngenus Eptesicus – house bats\ngenus Glauconycteris – butterfly bats\ngenus Hesperoptenus – false serotine bats\ngenus Histiotus – big-eared brown bats\ngenus Ia\ngenus Lasionycteris\ngenus Scoteanax – greater broad-nosed bats\ngenus Scotomanes\ngenus Scotorepens – lesser broad-nosed bats\ngenus Thainycteris\ntribe incertae sedis\ngenus Rhyneptesicus\ntribe Lasiurini\ngenus Aeorestes – hoary bats\ngenus Dasypterus – yellow bats\ngenus Lasiurus – hairy-tailed bats\ntribe Nycticeiini\ngenus Nycticeius – evening bats\ntribe Perimyotini\ngenus Parastrellus[16]\ngenus Perimyotis[17]\ntribe Pipistrellini\ngenus Glischropus – thick-thumbed bats\ngenus Nyctalus – noctule bats\ngenus Pipistrellus – true pipistrelles\ngenus Scotoecus – house bats\ngenus Scotozous\ngenus Vansonia\ntribe Plecotini\ngenus Barbastella – barbastelles or barbastelle bats\ngenus Corynorhinus – American lump-nosed bats\ngenus Euderma\ngenus Idionycteris\ngenus Otonycteris\ngenus Plecotus – lump-nosed bats\ntribe Scotophilini\ngenus Scotophilus – Old World yellow bats\ntribe Vespertilionini\ngenus Afronycteris\ngenus Cassistrellus – helmeted bats\ngenus Chalinolobus – wattled bats\ngenus Falsistrellus – false pipistrelles\ngenus Hypsugo – Asian pipistrelles\ngenus Laephotis – long-eared bats\ngenus Mimetillus – mimic bats\ngenus Mirostrellus\ngenus Neoromicia\ngenus Nycticeinops\ngenus Nyctophilus – New Guinean and Australian big-eared bats\ngenus Pharotis\ngenus Philetor\ngenus Pseudoromicia\ngenus Tylonycteris – bamboo bats\ngenus Vespadelus\ngenus Vespertilio – frosted bats","title":"Classification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vespertilionidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Vespertilionidae"},{"link_name":"Wikispecies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikispecies"},{"link_name":"Vespertilionidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Vespertilionidae"},{"link_name":"Taxon identifiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers"},{"link_name":"Wikidata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikidata"},{"link_name":"Q210358","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210358"},{"link_name":"Wikispecies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikispecies"},{"link_name":"Vespertilionidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Vespertilionidae"},{"link_name":"ADW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web"},{"link_name":"Vespertilionidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//animaldiversity.org/accounts/Vespertilionidae/"},{"link_name":"AFD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Faunal_Directory"},{"link_name":"Vespertilionidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Vespertilionidae"},{"link_name":"BOLD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System"},{"link_name":"1027","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=1027"},{"link_name":"CoL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life"},{"link_name":"HTH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/HTH"},{"link_name":"EoL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life"},{"link_name":"7632","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//eol.org/pages/7632"},{"link_name":"EPPO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPPO_Code"},{"link_name":"1VSPTF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//gd.eppo.int/taxon/1VSPTF"},{"link_name":"Fauna Europaea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauna_Europaea"},{"link_name":"12628","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:faunaeur.org:taxname:12628"},{"link_name":"Fauna Europaea (new)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauna_Europaea"},{"link_name":"9129ed71-1d79-4cfd-a1dc-98857d777108","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/9129ed71-1d79-4cfd-a1dc-98857d777108"},{"link_name":"GBIF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility"},{"link_name":"9368","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.gbif.org/species/9368"},{"link_name":"iNaturalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INaturalist"},{"link_name":"40269","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//inaturalist.org/taxa/40269"},{"link_name":"IRMNG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera"},{"link_name":"104959","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=104959"},{"link_name":"ITIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System"},{"link_name":"179986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=179986"},{"link_name":"MSW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammal_Species_of_the_World"},{"link_name":"13801791","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?s=y&id=13801791"},{"link_name":"NBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network"},{"link_name":"NHMSYS0000376162","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NHMSYS0000376162"},{"link_name":"NCBI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information"},{"link_name":"9431","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=9431"},{"link_name":"497194b1-aba7-4969-843c-c0bbc220f97c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nzor.org.nz/names/497194b1-aba7-4969-843c-c0bbc220f97c"},{"link_name":"Open Tree of Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life"},{"link_name":"238434","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=238434"},{"link_name":"Paleobiology Database","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleobiology_Database"},{"link_name":"40663","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=40663"},{"link_name":"Plazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plazi"},{"link_name":"C11B87BD-FF81-BF18-9994-FDB7FA307539","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//treatment.plazi.org/id/C11B87BD-FF81-BF18-9994-FDB7FA307539"},{"link_name":"WoRMS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species"},{"link_name":"1037272","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1037272"},{"link_name":"ZooBank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZooBank"},{"link_name":"58245F0F-2CD1-4420-84C0-02E5DA572B9C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zoobank.org/NomenclaturalActs/58245F0F-2CD1-4420-84C0-02E5DA572B9C"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210358#identifiers"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007536680205171"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph337743&CON_LNG=ENG"}],"text":"Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vespertilionidae.Wikispecies has information related to Vespertilionidae.Corbet, GB, Hill JE. 1992. The mammals of the Indomalayan region: a systematic review. Oxford University Press, Oxford.\nKarim, C., A.A. Tuen and M.T. Abdullah. 2004. Mammals. Sarawak Museum Journal Special Issue No. 6. 80: 221–234.\nWilson DE, Reeder DM. 2005. Mammal species of the world. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington DC.Taxon identifiersVespertilionidae\nWikidata: Q210358\nWikispecies: Vespertilionidae\nADW: Vespertilionidae\nAFD: Vespertilionidae\nBOLD: 1027\nCoL: HTH\nEoL: 7632\nEPPO: 1VSPTF\nFauna Europaea: 12628\nFauna Europaea (new): 9129ed71-1d79-4cfd-a1dc-98857d777108\nGBIF: 9368\niNaturalist: 40269\nIRMNG: 104959\nITIS: 179986\nMSW: 13801791\nNBN: NHMSYS0000376162\nNCBI: 9431\nNZOR: 497194b1-aba7-4969-843c-c0bbc220f97c\nOpen Tree of Life: 238434\nPaleobiology Database: 40663\nPlazi: C11B87BD-FF81-BF18-9994-FDB7FA307539\nWoRMS: 1037272\nZooBank: 58245F0F-2CD1-4420-84C0-02E5DA572B9CAuthority control databases: National \nIsrael\nCzech Republic","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Fenton, M. B. (2001). Bats. New York: Checkmark Books. p. 5. ISBN 0-8160-4358-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8160-4358-2","url_text":"0-8160-4358-2"}]},{"reference":"Miller-Butterworth, C. M., Murphy, W. J., O'Brien, S. J., Jacobs, D. S., Springer, M. S. & Teeling, E. C. (2007). \"A family matter: conclusive resolution of the taxonomic position of the long-fingered bats, Miniopterus\". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 24 (7): 1553–1561. doi:10.1093/molbev/msm076. PMID 17449895.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsm076","url_text":"\"A family matter: conclusive resolution of the taxonomic position of the long-fingered bats, Miniopterus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_Biology_and_Evolution","url_text":"Molecular Biology and Evolution"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsm076","url_text":"10.1093/molbev/msm076"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17449895","url_text":"17449895"}]},{"reference":"Teeling, E. C., Springer, M. S., Madsen, O., Bates, P., O'Brien, S. J. & Murphy, W. J. (2005). \"A molecular phylogeny for bats illuminates biogeography and the fossil record\". Science. 307 (5709): 580–584. Bibcode:2005Sci...307..580T. doi:10.1126/science.1105113. PMID 15681385. S2CID 25912333.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_(journal)","url_text":"Science"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Sci...307..580T","url_text":"2005Sci...307..580T"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1105113","url_text":"10.1126/science.1105113"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15681385","url_text":"15681385"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25912333","url_text":"25912333"}]},{"reference":"Richards, G.C.; Hall, L.S.; Parish, S. (photography) (2012). A natural history of Australian bats : working the night shift. CSIRO Pub. p. 48. ISBN 9780643103740.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780643103740","url_text":"9780643103740"}]},{"reference":"Macdonald, D., ed. (1984). The Encyclopedia of Mammals. New York: Facts on File. pp. 807. ISBN 0-87196-871-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofma00mals_0/page/807","url_text":"The Encyclopedia of Mammals"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofma00mals_0/page/807","url_text":"807"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87196-871-1","url_text":"0-87196-871-1"}]},{"reference":"Hoofer, S. R.; Bussche, R. A. V. D. (2003). \"Molecular phylogenetics of the chiropteran family Vespertilionidae\". Acta Chiropterologica. 5 (1): 1–63. doi:10.3161/001.005.s101. hdl:11244/44678.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3161%2F001.005.s101","url_text":"\"Molecular phylogenetics of the chiropteran family Vespertilionidae\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3161%2F001.005.s101","url_text":"10.3161/001.005.s101"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11244%2F44678","url_text":"11244/44678"}]},{"reference":"Sudman, P. D; Barkley, L. J; Hafner, M. S (1994). \"Familial Affinity of Tomopeas ravus (Chiroptera) Based on Protein Electrophoretic and Cytochrome b Sequence Data\". Journal of Mammalogy. 75 (2): 365. doi:10.2307/1382555. JSTOR 1382555.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1382555","url_text":"10.2307/1382555"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1382555","url_text":"1382555"}]},{"reference":"Mammal Diversity Database (2021-08-10), Mammal Diversity Database, doi:10.5281/zenodo.5175993, retrieved 2021-09-17","urls":[{"url":"https://zenodo.org/record/5175993","url_text":"Mammal Diversity Database"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.5175993","url_text":"10.5281/zenodo.5175993"}]},{"reference":"Simmons, N.B. (2005). \"Order Chiroptera\". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 312–529. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Simmons","url_text":"Simmons, N.B."},{"url":"http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?id=13801791","url_text":"\"Order Chiroptera\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_E._Wilson","url_text":"Wilson, D.E."},{"url":"http://www.google.com/books?id=JgAMbNSt8ikC&pg=PA312","url_text":"Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8221-0","url_text":"978-0-8018-8221-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/62265494","url_text":"62265494"}]},{"reference":"Lack, J. B.; Roehrs, Z. P.; Stanley, C. E. Jr.; Ruedi, M.; Van Den Bussche, R. A. (2010). \"Molecular phylogenetics of Myotis indicate familial-level divergence for the genus Cistugo (Chiroptera)\". Journal of Mammalogy. 91 (4): 976–992. doi:10.1644/09-mamm-a-192.1.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1644%2F09-mamm-a-192.1","url_text":"\"Molecular phylogenetics of Myotis indicate familial-level divergence for the genus Cistugo (Chiroptera)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1644%2F09-mamm-a-192.1","url_text":"10.1644/09-mamm-a-192.1"}]},{"reference":"\"Vespertilionidae\". Catalogue of Life. Species 2000: Leiden, the Netherlands.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/search?q=Vespertilionidae&type=EXACT","url_text":"\"Vespertilionidae\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life","url_text":"Catalogue of Life"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_2000","url_text":"Species 2000"}]},{"reference":"Kulemzina, A. I.; Nie, W.; Trifonov, V. A.; Staroselec, Y.; Vasenkov, D. A.; Volleth, M.; Graphodatsky, A. S. (2011). \"Comparative chromosome painting of four Siberian Vespertilionidae species with Aselliscus stoliczkanus and Human probes\". Cytogenetic and Genome Research. 134 (3): 200–205. doi:10.1159/000328834. PMID 21709413. S2CID 8258899.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000328834","url_text":"10.1159/000328834"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21709413","url_text":"21709413"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8258899","url_text":"8258899"}]},{"reference":"Burgin, Connor J.; Colella, Jocelyn P.; Kahn, Philip L.; Upham, Nathan S. (February 1, 2018). \"How many species of mammals are there?\". Journal of Mammalogy. 99 (1): 1–14. doi:10.1093/jmammal/gyx147.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjmammal%2Fgyx147","url_text":"\"How many species of mammals are there?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Mammalogy","url_text":"Journal of Mammalogy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjmammal%2Fgyx147","url_text":"10.1093/jmammal/gyx147"}]},{"reference":"Ara Monadjem; Terrence C Demos; Desire L Dalton; Paul W Webala; Simon Musila; Julian C Kerbis Peterhans; Bruce D Patterson (2021). \"A revision of pipistrelle-like bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) in East Africa with the description of new genera and species\". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 191 (4): 1114–1146. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa087. hdl:2263/84301.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa087","url_text":"\"A revision of pipistrelle-like bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) in East Africa with the description of new genera and species\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fzoolinnean%2Fzlaa087","url_text":"10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa087"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2263%2F84301","url_text":"2263/84301"}]},{"reference":"Hoofer, Steven R.; Van Den Bussche, Ronald A.; Horáček, Ivan (2006-10-01). \"Generic Status of the American Pipistrelles (Vespertilionidae) with Description of a New Genus\". Journal of Mammalogy. 87 (5): 981–992. doi:10.1644/05-MAMM-A-425R1.1. ISSN 0022-2372. JSTOR 4094268.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1644%2F05-MAMM-A-425R1.1","url_text":"\"Generic Status of the American Pipistrelles (Vespertilionidae) with Description of a New Genus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1644%2F05-MAMM-A-425R1.1","url_text":"10.1644/05-MAMM-A-425R1.1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-2372","url_text":"0022-2372"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4094268","url_text":"4094268"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheep%27s_wool
Wool
["1 Characteristics","2 Processing","2.1 Shearing","2.2 Scouring","3 Fineness and yield","4 History","5 Production","6 Marketing","6.1 Australia","6.2 Other countries","7 Yarn","8 Uses","9 Events","10 See also","10.1 Production","10.2 Processing","10.3 Refined products","10.4 Organizations","10.5 Miscellaneous wool","11 References","12 External links"]
Textile fiber from the hair of sheep or other mammals For other uses, see Wool (disambiguation). Wool before processing Unshorn Merino sheep Shorn sheep Wool is the textile fiber obtained from sheep and other mammals, especially goats, rabbits, and camelids. The term may also refer to inorganic materials, such as mineral wool and glass wool, that have some properties similar to animal wool. As an animal fiber, wool consists of protein together with a small percentage of lipids. This makes it chemically quite distinct from cotton and other plant fibers, which are mainly cellulose. Characteristics Champion hogget fleece, Walcha ShowWool is produced by follicles which are small cells located in the skin. These follicles are located in the upper layer of the skin called the epidermis and push down into the second skin layer called the dermis as the wool fibers grow. Follicles can be classed as either primary or secondary follicles. Primary follicles produce three types of fiber: kemp, medullated fibers, and true wool fibers. Secondary follicles only produce true wool fibers. Medullated fibers share nearly identical characteristics to hair and are long but lack crimp and elasticity. Kemp fibers are very coarse and shed out. Fleece of fine New Zealand Merino wool and combed wool top on a wool table Wool's crimp refers to the strong natural wave present in each wool fiber as it is presented on the animal. Wool's crimp, and to a lesser degree scales, make it easier to spin the fleece by helping the individual fibers attach, so they stay together. Because of the crimp, wool fabrics have greater bulk than other textiles, and they hold air, which causes the fabric to retain heat. Wool has a high specific thermal resistance, so it impedes heat transfer in general. This effect has benefited desert peoples, as Bedouins and Tuaregs use wool clothes for insulation. The felting of wool occurs upon hammering or other mechanical agitation as the microscopic barbs on the surface of wool fibers hook together. Felting generally comes under two main areas, dry felting and wet felting. Wet felting occurs when water and a lubricant (especially an alkali such as soap) are applied to the wool which is then agitated until the fibers mix and bond together. Temperature shock while damp or wet accentuates the felting process. Some natural felting can occur on the animal's back. Wool has several qualities that distinguish it from hair or fur: it is crimped and elastic. The amount of crimp corresponds to the fineness of the wool fibers. A fine wool like Merino may have up to 40 crimps per centimetre (100 crimps per inch), while coarser wool like karakul may have less than one (one or two crimps per inch). In contrast, hair has little if any scale and no crimp, and little ability to bind into yarn. On sheep, the hair part of the fleece is called kemp. The relative amounts of kemp to wool vary from breed to breed and make some fleeces more desirable for spinning, felting, or carding into batts for quilts or other insulating products, including the famous tweed cloth of Scotland. Wool fibers readily absorb moisture, but are not hollow. Wool can absorb almost one-third of its own weight in water. Wool absorbs sound like many other fabrics. It is generally a creamy white color, although some breeds of sheep produce natural colors, such as black, brown, silver, and random mixes. Wool ignites at a higher temperature than cotton and some synthetic fibers. It has a lower rate of flame spread, a lower rate of heat release, a lower heat of combustion, and does not melt or drip; it forms a char that is insulating and self-extinguishing, and it contributes less to toxic gases and smoke than other flooring products when used in carpets. Wool carpets are specified for high safety environments, such as trains and aircraft. Wool is usually specified for garments for firefighters, soldiers, and others in occupations where they are exposed to the likelihood of fire. Wool causes an allergic reaction in some people. Processing Shearing Main article: Sheep shearing Fine Merino shearing in Lismore, Victoria Sheep shearing is the process in which a worker (a shearer) cuts off the woollen fleece of a sheep. After shearing, wool-classers separate the wool into four main categories: fleece (which makes up the vast bulk) broken bellies locks The quality of fleeces is determined by a technique known as wool classing, whereby a qualified person, called a wool classer, groups wools of similar grading together to maximize the return for the farmer or sheep owner. In Australia, before being auctioned, all Merino fleece wool is objectively measured for average diameter (micron), yield (including the amount of vegetable matter), staple length, staple strength, and sometimes color and comfort factor. Scouring Wool before and after scouring Wool straight off a sheep is known as "raw wool", "greasy wool" or "wool in the grease". This wool contains a high level of valuable lanolin, as well as the sheep's dead skin and sweat residue, and generally also contains pesticides and vegetable matter from the animal's environment. Before the wool can be used for commercial purposes, it must be scoured, a process of cleaning the greasy wool. Scouring may be as simple as a bath in warm water or as complicated as an industrial process using detergent and alkali in specialized equipment. In north west England, special potash pits were constructed to produce potash used in the manufacture of a soft soap for scouring locally produced white wool. Vegetable matter in commercial wool is often removed by chemical carbonization. In less-processed wools, vegetable matter may be removed by hand and some of the lanolin left intact through the use of gentler detergents. This semigrease wool can be worked into yarn and knitted into particularly water-resistant mittens or sweaters, such as those of the Aran Island fishermen. Lanolin removed from wool is widely used in cosmetic products such as hand creams. Fineness and yield Raw wool has many impurities; vegetable matter, sand, dirt and yolk which is a mixture of suint (sweat), grease, urine stains and dung locks. The sheep's body yields many types of wool with differing strengths, thicknesses, length of staple and impurities. The raw wool (greasy) is processed into 'top'. 'Worsted top' requires strong straight and parallel fibres. Common Name Part of Sheep Style of Wool Fine Shoulder Fine, uniform and very dense Near Sides Fine, uniform and strong Downrights Neck Short and irregular, lower quality Choice Back Shorter staple, open and less strong Abb Haunches Longer, stronger staple Seconds Belly Short, tender, matted and dirty Top-not Head Stiff, very coarse, rough and kempy Brokes Forelegs Short, irregular and faulty Cowtail Hindlegs Very strong, coarse and hairy Britch Tail Very coarse, kempy and dirty Source: Various types and natural colors of wool, and a picture made from wool The quality of wool is determined by its fiber diameter, crimp, yield, color, and staple strength. Fiber diameter is the single most important wool characteristic determining quality and price. Merino wool is typically 90–115 mm (3.5–4.5 in) in length and is very fine (between 12 and 24 microns). The finest and most valuable wool comes from Merino hoggets. Wool taken from sheep produced for meat is typically coarser, and has fibers 40–150 mm (1.5–6 in) in length. Damage or breaks in the wool can occur if the sheep is stressed while it is growing its fleece, resulting in a thin spot where the fleece is likely to break. Wool is also separated into grades based on the measurement of the wool's diameter in microns and also its style. These grades may vary depending on the breed or purpose of the wool. For example: Merinos Diameter in microns Name < 15.5 Ultrafine Merino 15.6–18.5 Superfine Merino 18.6–20 Fine Merino 20.1–23 Medium Merino > 23 Strong Merino Breeds Breeds Diameter Comeback 21–26 microns, white, 90–180 mm (3.5–7.1 in) long Fine crossbred 27–31 microns, Corriedales, etc. Medium crossbred 32–35 microns Downs 23–34 microns, typically lacks luster and brightness. Examples, Aussiedown, Dorset Horn, Suffolk, etc. Coarse crossbred >36 microns Carpet wools 35–45 microns Any wool finer than 25 microns can be used for garments, while coarser grades are used for outerwear or rugs. The finer the wool, the softer it is, while coarser grades are more durable and less prone to pilling. The finest Australian and New Zealand Merino wools are known as 1PP, which is the industry benchmark of excellence for Merino wool 16.9 microns and finer. This style represents the top level of fineness, character, color, and style as determined on the basis of a series of parameters in accordance with the original dictates of British wool as applied by the Australian Wool Exchange (AWEX) Council. Only a few dozen of the millions of bales auctioned every year can be classified and marked 1PP. In the United States, three classifications of wool are named in the Wool Products Labeling Act of 1939. Wool is "the fiber from the fleece of the sheep or lamb or hair of the Angora or Cashmere goat (and may include the so-called specialty fibers from the hair of the camel, alpaca, llama, and vicuna) which has never been reclaimed from any woven or felted wool product". "Virgin wool" and "new wool" are also used to refer to such never used wool. There are two categories of recycled wool (also called reclaimed or shoddy wool). "Reprocessed wool" identifies "wool which has been woven or felted into a wool product and subsequently reduced to a fibrous state without having been used by the ultimate consumer". "Reused wool" refers to such wool that has been used by the ultimate consumer. History Further information: History of clothing and textiles and The medieval English wool trade A 1905 illustration of a Tibetan man spinning wool Wild sheep were more hairy than woolly. Although sheep were domesticated some 9,000 to 11,000 years ago, archaeological evidence from statuary found at sites in Iran suggests selection for woolly sheep may have begun around 6000 BC, with the earliest woven wool garments having only been dated to two to three thousand years later. Woolly sheep were introduced into Europe from the Near East in the early part of the 4th millennium BC. The oldest known European wool textile, c. 1500 BC, was preserved in a Danish bog. Prior to invention of shears—probably in the Iron Age—the wool was plucked out by hand or by bronze combs. In Roman times, wool, linen, and leather clothed the European population; cotton from India was a curiosity of which only naturalists had heard, and silks, imported along the Silk Road from China, were extravagant luxury goods. Pliny the Elder records in his Natural History that the reputation for producing the finest wool was enjoyed by Tarentum, where selective breeding had produced sheep with superior fleeces, but which required special care. In medieval times, as trade connections expanded, the Champagne fairs revolved around the production of wool cloth in small centers such as Provins. The network developed by the annual fairs meant the woolens of Provins might find their way to Naples, Sicily, Cyprus, Majorca, Spain, and even Constantinople. The wool trade developed into serious business, a generator of capital. In the 13th century, the wool trade became the economic engine of the Low Countries and central Italy. By the end of the 14th century, Italy predominated. The Florentine wool guild, Arte della Lana, sent the imported English wool to the San Martino convent for processing. Italian wool from Abruzzo and Spanish merino wools were processed at Garbo workshops. Abruzzo wool had once been the most accessible for the Florentine guild, until improved relations with merchants in Iberia made merino wool more available. By the 16th century Italian wool exports to the Levant had declined, eventually replaced by silk production. The value of exports of English raw wool were rivaled only by the 15th-century sheepwalks of Castile and were a significant source of income to the English crown, which in 1275 had imposed an export tax on wool called the "Great Custom". The importance of wool to the English economy can be seen in the fact that since the 14th century, the presiding officer of the House of Lords has sat on the "Woolsack", a chair stuffed with wool. Economies of scale were instituted in the Cistercian houses, which had accumulated great tracts of land during the 12th and early 13th centuries, when land prices were low and labor still scarce. Raw wool was baled and shipped from North Sea ports to the textile cities of Flanders, notably Ypres and Ghent, where it was dyed and worked up as cloth. At the time of the Black Death, English textile industries consumed about 10% of English wool production. The English textile trade grew during the 15th century, to the point where export of wool was discouraged. Over the centuries, various British laws controlled the wool trade or required the use of wool even in burials. The smuggling of wool out of the country, known as owling, was at one time punishable by the cutting off of a hand. After the Restoration, fine English woolens began to compete with silks in the international market, partly aided by the Navigation Acts; in 1699, the English crown forbade its American colonies to trade wool with anyone but England herself. A great deal of the value of woollen textiles was in the dyeing and finishing of the woven product. In each of the centers of the textile trade, the manufacturing process came to be subdivided into a collection of trades, overseen by an entrepreneur in a system called by the English the "putting-out" system, or "cottage industry", and the Verlagssystem by the Germans. In this system of producing wool cloth, once perpetuated in the production of Harris tweeds, the entrepreneur provides the raw materials and an advance, the remainder being paid upon delivery of the product. Written contracts bound the artisans to specified terms. Fernand Braudel traces the appearance of the system in the 13th-century economic boom, quoting a document of 1275. The system effectively bypassed the guilds' restrictions. Before the flowering of the Renaissance, the Medici and other great banking houses of Florence had built their wealth and banking system on their textile industry based on wool, overseen by the Arte della Lana, the wool guild: wool textile interests guided Florentine policies. Francesco Datini, the "merchant of Prato", established in 1383 an Arte della Lana for that small Tuscan city. The sheepwalks of Castile were controlled by the Mesta union of sheep owners. They shaped the landscape and the fortunes of the meseta that lies in the heart of the Iberian peninsula; in the 16th century, a unified Spain allowed export of Merino lambs only with royal permission. The German wool market – based on sheep of Spanish origin – did not overtake British wool until comparatively late. Later, the Industrial Revolution introduced mass production technology into wool and wool cloth manufacturing. Australia's colonial economy was based on sheep raising, and the Australian wool trade eventually overtook that of the Germans by 1845, furnishing wool for Bradford, which developed as the heart of industrialized woolens production. A World War I-era poster sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture encouraging children to raise sheep to provide needed war supplies Due to decreasing demand with increased use of synthetic fibers, wool production is much less than what it was in the past. The collapse in the price of wool began in late 1966 with a 40% drop; with occasional interruptions, the price has tended down. The result has been sharply reduced production and movement of resources into production of other commodities, in the case of sheep growers, to production of meat. Superwash wool (or washable wool) technology first appeared in the early 1970s to produce wool that has been specially treated so it is machine washable and may be tumble-dried. This wool is produced using an acid bath that removes the "scales" from the fiber, or by coating the fiber with a polymer that prevents the scales from attaching to each other and causing shrinkage. This process results in a fiber that holds longevity and durability over synthetic materials, while retaining its shape. In December 2004, a bale of the then world's finest wool, averaging 11.8 microns, sold for AU$3,000 per kilogram at auction in Melbourne. This fleece wool tested with an average yield of 74.5%, 68 mm (2.7 in) long, and had 40 newtons per kilotex strength. The result was A$279,000 for the bale. The finest bale of wool ever auctioned was sold for a seasonal record of AU$2690 per kilo during June 2008. This bale was produced by the Hillcreston Pinehill Partnership and measured 11.6 microns, 72.1% yield, and had a 43 newtons per kilotex strength measurement. The bale realized $247,480 and was exported to India. In 2007, a new wool suit was developed and sold in Japan that can be washed in the shower, and which dries off ready to wear within hours with no ironing required. The suit was developed using Australian Merino wool, and it enables woven products made from wool, such as suits, trousers, and skirts, to be cleaned using a domestic shower at home. In December 2006, the General Assembly of the United Nations proclaimed 2009 to be the International Year of Natural Fibres, so as to raise the profile of wool and other natural fibers. Production Global wool production is about 2 million tonnes (2.2 million short tons) per year, of which 60% goes into apparel. Wool comprises ca 3% of the global textile market, but its value is higher owing to dyeing and other modifications of the material. Australia is a leading producer of wool which is mostly from Merino sheep but has been eclipsed by China in terms of total weight. New Zealand (2016) is the third-largest producer of wool, and the largest producer of crossbred wool. Breeds such as Lincoln, Romney, Drysdale, and Elliotdale produce coarser fibers, and wool from these sheep is usually used for making carpets. In the United States, Texas, New Mexico, and Colorado have large commercial sheep flocks and their mainstay is the Rambouillet (or French Merino). Also, a thriving home-flock contingent of small-scale farmers raise small hobby flocks of specialty sheep for the hand-spinning market. These small-scale farmers offer a wide selection of fleece. Global woolclip (total amount of wool shorn) 2020 China: 19% of global wool-clip (334 million kilograms greasy, 2020) Australia: 16% New Zealand: 8% Turkey: 4% United Kingdom: 4% Morocco: 3% Iran: 3% Russia: 3% South Africa: 3% India: 3% Organic wool has gained in popularity. This wool is limited in supply and much of it comes from New Zealand and Australia. Organic wool has become easier to find in clothing and other products, but these products often carry a higher price. Wool is environmentally preferable (as compared to petroleum-based nylon or polypropylene) as a material for carpets, as well, in particular when combined with a natural binding and the use of formaldehyde-free glues. Animal rights groups have noted issues with the production of wool, such as mulesing. Marketing This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Australia "Wool: Fibre of the gods, created – not man-made" CSIRO marketing poster describing the benefits of wool Merino wool samples for sale by auction, Newcastle, New South Wales About 85% of wool sold in Australia is sold by open cry auction. Wool received by Australian brokers and dealers (tonnes/quarter) since 1973 Wool buyers' room at a wool auction, Newcastle, New South Wales Other countries Wanha Villatehdas, a former wool factory in Hyvinkää, Finland The British Wool Marketing Board operates a central marketing system for UK fleece wool with the aim of achieving the best possible net returns for farmers. Less than half of New Zealand's wool is sold at auction, while around 45% of farmers sell wool directly to private buyers and end-users. United States sheep producers market wool with private or cooperative wool warehouses, but wool pools are common in many states. In some cases, wool is pooled in a local market area, but sold through a wool warehouse. Wool offered with objective measurement test results is preferred. Imported apparel wool and carpet wool goes directly to central markets, where it is handled by the large merchants and manufacturers. Yarn Woollen yarn Shoddy or recycled wool is made by cutting or tearing apart existing wool fabric and respinning the resulting fibers. As this process makes the wool fibers shorter, the remanufactured fabric is inferior to the original. The recycled wool may be mixed with raw wool, wool noil, or another fiber such as cotton to increase the average fiber length. Such yarns are typically used as weft yarns with a cotton warp. This process was invented in the Heavy Woollen District of West Yorkshire and created a microeconomy in this area for many years. Worsted is a strong, long-staple, combed wool yarn with a hard surface. Woolen is a soft, short-staple, carded wool yarn typically used for knitting. In traditional weaving, woolen weft yarn (for softness and warmth) is frequently combined with a worsted warp yarn for strength on the loom. Uses In addition to clothing, wool has been used for blankets, horse rugs, saddle cloths, carpeting, insulation and upholstery. Dyed wool can be used to create other forms of art such as wet and needle felting. Wool felt covers piano hammers, and it is used to absorb odors and noise in heavy machinery and stereo speakers. Ancient Greeks lined their helmets with felt, and Roman legionnaires used breastplates made of wool felt. Wool as well as cotton has also been traditionally used for cloth diapers. Wool fiber exteriors are hydrophobic (repel water) and the interior of the wool fiber is hygroscopic (attracts water); this makes a wool garment suitable cover for a wet diaper by inhibiting wicking, so outer garments remain dry. Wool felted and treated with lanolin is water resistant, air permeable, and slightly antibacterial, so it resists the buildup of odor. Some modern cloth diapers use felted wool fabric for covers, and there are several modern commercial knitting patterns for wool diaper covers. Initial studies of woollen underwear have found it prevented heat and sweat rashes because it more readily absorbs the moisture than other fibers. As an animal protein, wool can be used as a soil fertilizer, being a slow-release source of nitrogen. Researchers at the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology school of fashion and textiles have discovered a blend of wool and Kevlar, the synthetic fiber widely used in body armor, was lighter, cheaper and worked better in damp conditions than Kevlar alone. Kevlar, when used alone, loses about 20% of its effectiveness when wet, so required an expensive waterproofing process. Wool increased friction in a vest with 28–30 layers of fabric, to provide the same level of bullet resistance as 36 layers of Kevlar alone. Events Andean woman sorting wool as part of the theme park Los Aleros in Mérida, Venezuela A buyer of Merino wool, Ermenegildo Zegna, has offered awards for Australian wool producers. In 1963, the first Ermenegildo Zegna Perpetual Trophy was presented in Tasmania for growers of "Superfine skirted Merino fleece". In 1980, a national award, the Ermenegildo Zegna Trophy for Extrafine Wool Production, was launched. In 2004, this award became known as the Ermenegildo Zegna Unprotected Wool Trophy. In 1998, an Ermenegildo Zegna Protected Wool Trophy was launched for fleece from sheep coated for around nine months of the year. In 2002, the Ermenegildo Zegna Vellus Aureum Trophy was launched for wool that is 13.9 microns or finer. Wool from Australia, New Zealand, Argentina, and South Africa may enter, and a winner is named from each country. In April 2008, New Zealand won the Ermenegildo Zegna Vellus Aureum Trophy for the first time with a fleece that measured 10.8 microns. This contest awards the winning fleece weight with the same weight in gold as a prize, hence the name. In 2010, an ultrafine, 10-micron fleece, from Windradeen, near Pyramul, New South Wales, won the Ermenegildo Zegna Vellus Aureum International Trophy. Since 2000, Loro Piana has awarded a cup for the world's finest bale of wool that produces just enough fabric for 50 tailor-made suits. The prize is awarded to an Australian or New Zealand wool grower who produces the year's finest bale. The New England Merino Field days which display local studs, wool, and sheep are held during January, in even numbered years around the Walcha, New South Wales district. The Annual Wool Fashion Awards, which showcase the use of Merino wool by fashion designers, are hosted by the city of Armidale, New South Wales, in March each year. This event encourages young and established fashion designers to display their talents. During each May, Armidale hosts the annual New England Wool Expo to display wool fashions, handicrafts, demonstrations, shearing competitions, yard dog trials, and more. In July, the annual Australian Sheep and Wool Show is held in Bendigo, Victoria. This is the largest sheep and wool show in the world, with goats and alpacas, as well as woolcraft competitions and displays, fleece competitions, sheepdog trials, shearing, and wool handling. The largest competition in the world for objectively measured fleeces is the Australian Fleece Competition, which is held annually at Bendigo. In 2008, 475 entries came from all states of Australia, with first and second prizes going to the Northern Tablelands fleeces. See also Timeline of clothing and textiles technology Production Glossary of sheep husbandry Lambswool Sheep husbandry Sheep shearing Wool bale Processing Canvas work Carding Combing Dyeing Fulling Knitting Spinning Textile manufacturing Weaving Refined products Felt Fiber art Tweed Worsted Yarn Wool crepe Wool satin Wool coating Wool melton Organizations British Wool Marketing Board IWTO Worshipful Company of Woolmen Miscellaneous wool Alpaca wool Angora wool Cashmere wool Chiengora wool Glass wool Llama wool Lopi Mineral wool Mohair Pashmina Shahtoosh Tibetan fur References ^ a b c d Braaten, Ann W. (2005). "Wool". In Steele, Valerie (ed.). Encyclopedia of Clothing and Fashion. Vol. 3. Thomson Gale. pp. 441–443. ISBN 0-684-31394-4. ^ Simmons, Paula (2009). Storey's Guide to Raising Sheep. North Adams, MA: Storey Publishing. pp. 315–316. ^ D'Arcy, John B. (1986). Sheep and Wool Technology. Kensington: NSW University Press. ISBN 0-86840-106-4. ^ Wool Facts Archived 2014-05-26 at the Wayback Machine. Aussiesheepandwool.com.au. Retrieved on 2012-08-05. ^ Wool History Archived 2008-05-09 at the Wayback Machine. Tricountyfarm.org. Retrieved on 2012-08-05. ^ a b The Land, Merinos – Going for Green and Gold, p.46, US use flame resistance, 21 August 2008 ^ Admani, Shehla; Jacob, Sharon E. (2014-04-01). "Allergic contact dermatitis in children: review of the past decade". Current Allergy and Asthma Reports. 14 (4): 421. doi:10.1007/s11882-014-0421-0. PMID 24504525. S2CID 33537360. ^ a b c d e Preparation of Australian Wool Clips, Code of Practice 2010–2012, Australian Wool Exchange (AWEX), 2010 ^ "Technology in Australia 1788–1988". Australian Science and Technology Heritage Center. 2001. Archived from the original on 2006-05-14. Retrieved 2006-04-30. ^ Wu Zhao (1987). A study of wool carbonizing (PhD). University of New South Wales. School of Fibre Science and Technology. Archived from the original on 30 October 2014. ^ Bradford Industrial Museum 2015. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBradford_Industrial_Museum2015 (help) ^ "Merino Sheep in Australia". Archived from the original on 2006-11-05. Retrieved 2006-11-10. ^ Van Nostran, Don. "Wool Management – Maximizing Wool Returns". Mid-States Wool growers Cooperative Association. Archived from the original on 2010-01-01. Retrieved 2006-11-10. ^ D'Arcy, John B. (1986). Sheep Management & Wool Technology. NSW University Press. ISBN 0-86840-106-4. ^ "1PP Certification". Australian Wool Exchange. Archived from the original on 2012-07-18. ^ a b c d Robert E. Freer. "The Wool Products Labeling Act of 1939." Archived 2016-06-05 at the Wayback Machine Temple Law Quarterly. 20.1 (July 1946). p. 47. Reprinted at ftc.gov. Retrieved 1 May 2016. ^ Ensminger, M. E.; R. O. Parker (1986). Sheep and Goat Science, Fifth Edition. Danville, Illinois: The Interstate Printers and Publishers Inc. ISBN 0-8134-2464-X. ^ Weaver, Sue (2005). Sheep: small-scale sheep keeping for pleasure and profit. Irvine, CA: Hobby Farm Press, an imprint of BowTie Press, a division of BowTie Inc. ISBN 1-931993-49-1. ^ Smith, Barbara; Kennedy, Gerald; Aseltine, Mark (1997). Beginning Shepherd's Manual, Second Edition. Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press. ISBN 0-8138-2799-X. ^ "Fibre history". Woolmark. Archived from the original on 2006-08-28. ^ a b c d Fernand Braudel, 1982. The Wheels of Commerce, vol 2 of Civilization and Capitalism (New York:Harper & Row), pp.312–317 ^ Bell, Adrian R.; Brooks, Chris; Dryburgh, Paul (2007). The English Wool Market, c.1230–1327. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521859417. ^ "Florentine Woolen Manufacture in the Sixteenth Century:Crisis and New Entrepreneurial Strategies" (PDF). THe Business History Conference. ^ "The end of pastoral dominance" Archived 2007-08-19 at the Wayback Machine. Teara.govt.nz (2009-03-03). Retrieved on 2012-08-05. ^ 1301.0 – Year Book Australia, 2000 Archived 2017-07-01 at the Wayback Machine, Australian Bureau of Statistics ^ "The History of Wool" Archived 2015-04-27 at the Wayback Machine. johnhanly.com ^ Superwash Wool Archived 2009-03-09 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on 10 November 2008 ^ World’s Finest Bale Record Broken. landmark.com.au, 22 November 2004 ^ Country Leader, NSW Wool Sells for a Quarter of a Million, 7 July 2008 ^ Shower suit Archived 2011-08-22 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on 11 November 2008 ^ "Sheep 101". Archived from the original on 28 November 2016. Retrieved 17 September 2016. According to this chart, US production is around 10,000 tonnes (11,000 short tons), hugely at variance with the percentage list, and way outside year-to-year variability. ^ "FAOSTAT". FAOSTAT (Food And Agriculture Organization Of The United Nations Statistics). Retrieved May 17, 2020. ^ Speer, Jordan K. (2006-05-01). "Shearing the Edge of Innovation". Apparel Magazine. Archived from the original on 2015-05-26. ^ Bolt, C (2004-04-07). "AWH to set up wool auctions". The Age. Retrieved 2019-05-27. ^ Wool Production in New Zealand. maf.govt.nz ^ Wool Marketing. sheepusa.org ^ a b c Kadolph, Sara J, ed. (2007). Textiles (10 ed.). Pearson/Prentice-Hall. p. 63. ISBN 978-0-13-118769-6. ^ Shell, Hanna Rose. "Leftovers / Devil's Dust". cabinetmagazine.org. ^ Østergård, Else (2004). Woven into the Earth: Textiles from Norse Greenland. Aarhus University Press. p. 50. ISBN 87-7288-935-7. ^ Snodgrass, Mary Ellen (2015). World Clothing and Fashion : an Encyclopedia of History, Culture, and Social Influence. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. pp. 49–51. ISBN 978-1-317-45167-9. OCLC 910448387. ^ ABC Rural Radio: Woodhams, Dr. Libby, New research shows woollen underwear helps prevent rashes Archived 2011-08-23 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 2010-3-24 ^ Blenkin, Max (2011-04-11). "Wool's tough new image". Country Leader. ^ "2004/51/1 Trophy and plaque, Ermenegildo Zegna Vellus Aureum trophy and plaque, plaster / bronze / silver / gold, trophy designed and made by Not Vital for Ermenegildo Zegna, Switzerland, 2001". Powerhouse Museum, Sydney. Archived from the original on 2007-05-19. Retrieved 2008-04-27. ^ Country Leader, 26 April 2010, Finest wool rewarded, Rural Press, North Richmond ^ Australian Wool Network News, Issue #19, July 2008 ^ "Fletcher Wins Australian Fleece Comp". Walcha News. 24 July 2008. p. 3. Archived from the original on 27 July 2008. Retrieved 5 August 2012. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wool. "Story of Wool" . The New Student's Reference Work . 1914. "Wool" . New International Encyclopedia. 1905. vteFibersNaturalPlant Abacá Bagasse Bamboo Bashō Coir Cotton Fique Flax Linen Hemp Jute Kapok Kenaf Lotus silk Piña Pine Raffia Ramie Rattan Sisal Wood Animal Alpaca Angora Byssus Camel hair Cashmere Catgut Chiengora Guanaco Hair Llama Mohair Pashmina Qiviut Rabbit Silk Tendon Spider silk Wool Vicuña Yak Mineral Asbestos SyntheticRegenerated Artificial silk Milk fiber Semi-synthetic Acetate Diacetate Lyocell Modal Rayon Triacetate Mineral Glass Carbon Basalt Metallic Polymer Acrylic Aramid Twaron Kevlar Technora Nomex Microfiber Modacrylic Nylon Olefin Polyester Polyethylene UHMWPE Spandex Vectran Vinylon Vinyon Zylon Category Commons vteFabricTypesWoven Abacá cloth (Medriñaque) Aertex Armazine Almerían silk Barathea Barkcloth Batiste Bedford cord Bengaline Beta cloth Bombazine Brilliantine Broadcloth Buckram Bunting Burlap Byrd Cloth C change Calico Cambric Canvas Chambray Capilene Cedar bark textile Challis Char cloth Charmeuse Charvet Cheesecloth Chiffon Chino Chintz Cloqué Cloth of gold Cordura Corduroy Cotton duck Coutil Crêpe Cretonne Denim Dimity Donegal tweed Dornix Dowlas Drill Drugget Eolienne Flannel Foulard Fustian Gabardine Gauze Gazar Georgette Ghalamkar Gingham Grenadine Grenfell Cloth Grosgrain Habutai Haircloth Harris tweed Herringbone Himroo Hodden Irish linen Jamdani Kerseymere Khādī Khaki drill Kijōka-bashōfu Kente cloth Lamé Lawn Linsey-woolsey Loden Longcloth Mackinaw Madapollam Madras Moleskin Muslin Nainsook Nankeen Ninon Oilskin Organdy Organza Osnaburg Ottoman Oxford Paduasoy Percale Perpetuana Pongee Poplin Rakematiz Rayadillo Rep Ripstop Russell cord Saga Nishiki Samite Sateen Satin Saye Scarlet Seerhand muslin Seersucker Sendal Serge Scrim Shot silk Stuff Taffeta Tais Tartan Ticking Toile Tucuyo Tweed Twill Ultrasuede Vegetable flannel Ventile Vinyl coated polyester Viyella Voile Wadmal Waffle Wigan Whipcord Zephyr Zorbeez Figured woven Brocade Camlet Damask Lampas Songket Rinzu Pile woven Baize Chenille Corduroy Crimplene Fustian Mockado Moquette Plush Polar fleece Terrycloth Velours du Kasaï Velvet Velveteen Zibeline Nonwoven Felt Cedar bark Knitted Boiled wool Coolmax Machine knitting Milliskin Jersey Velour Netted Bobbinet Carbon fibers Lace Mesh Needlerun net Ninon Tulle Technical Ballistic nylon Ban-Lon Conductive textile Darlexx E-textiles Gannex Gore-Tex Lenticular fabric Silnylon Spandex Stub-tex SympaTex Windstopper Patterns Argyle Bizarre silk Check Chiné Herringbone Houndstooth Kelsch Paisley Pinstripes Polka dot Shweshwe Tartan or plaid Tattersall Textile fibers Abacá (Manila hemp) Acrylic Alpaca Angora Bashō Cashmere Coir Cotton Eisengarn Hemp Jute Kevlar Linen Mohair Nylon Microfiber Olefin Pashmina Polyester Piña Ramie Rayon Sea silk Silk Sisal Spandex Spider silk Wool Finishing andprinting Androsia Batik Beetling Bingata Bògòlanfini Burnout Calendering Decatising Devoré Finishing Fulling Heatsetting Indienne Kasuri Katazome Mercerization Moire Nap Parchmentising Rogan printing Rōketsuzome Roller printing Sanforization Tenterhook Textile printing Tsutsugaki Warp printing Waxed cotton Woodblock printing Yūzen Fabric mills Carlo Barbera Cerruti Dormeuil E. Thomas Holland & Sherry Larusmiani Loro Piana Piacenza Reda Scabal Vitale Barberis Canonico Zegna Manufacturingindustry Design Manufacturing Performance Preservation Recycling Terminology Related Dyeing Fiber History of textiles History of silk Knitting Pandy Shrinkage Swatches and strike-offs Synthetic fabric Weaving Yarn vteClothing materials and partsGarment structures Armscye Collar Clerical collar Collar stays Detachable collar Cuff Dart Facing Fly Lapel Gore Hem Lining Placket Pleat Pocket Revers Ruffle Shoulder pad Strap Sleeve Train Waistband Yoke TextilesNatural Cotton Fur Linen Silk Wool Synthetic Artificial leather Elastic Nylon Polyester Rayon Spandex Animal hides / leather Calf Deer Goat Kangaroo Ostrich Seal Sheep Snake Stingray Fasteners Back closure Belt hook Buckle Button Buttonhole Frog Shank Hook-and-eye Hook-and-loop Velcro Snap Zipper Seams Neckline Bustline Waistline Hemline Authority control databases National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Japan Czech Republic Other Historical Dictionary of Switzerland NARA
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wool (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wool_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_Winter_Fair_Wool_2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sheep_eating_grass_edit02.jpg"},{"link_name":"Merino sheep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merino"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sheep_at_Llanddewi_Brefi,_in_Ceredigion,_Wales.jpg"},{"link_name":"fiber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber"},{"link_name":"sheep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheep"},{"link_name":"mammals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammal"},{"link_name":"goats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goat"},{"link_name":"rabbits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbit"},{"link_name":"camelids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camelid"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Braaten_2005-1"},{"link_name":"mineral wool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral_wool"},{"link_name":"glass wool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass_wool"},{"link_name":"animal fiber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_fiber"},{"link_name":"lipids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Braaten_2005-1"}],"text":"Textile fiber from the hair of sheep or other mammalsFor other uses, see Wool (disambiguation).Wool before processingUnshorn Merino sheepShorn sheepWool is the textile fiber obtained from sheep and other mammals, especially goats, rabbits, and camelids.[1] The term may also refer to inorganic materials, such as mineral wool and glass wool, that have some properties similar to animal wool.As an animal fiber, wool consists of protein together with a small percentage of lipids. This makes it chemically quite distinct from cotton and other plant fibers, which are mainly cellulose.[1]","title":"Wool"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hogget_fleece.JPG"},{"link_name":"hogget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_sheep_husbandry"},{"link_name":"Walcha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walcha,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"follicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hair_follicle"},{"link_name":"epidermis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidermis"},{"link_name":"dermis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermis"},{"link_name":"kemp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemp_(wool)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wool_fleece_and_top.jpg"},{"link_name":"Merino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merino"},{"link_name":"spin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinning_(textiles)"},{"link_name":"specific thermal resistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_thermal_resistance"},{"link_name":"Bedouins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedouin"},{"link_name":"Tuaregs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuareg_people"},{"link_name":"crimped","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimp_(wool)"},{"link_name":"elastic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elasticity_(physics)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Merino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merino"},{"link_name":"karakul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakul_(sheep)"},{"link_name":"scale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuticle_(hair)"},{"link_name":"yarn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarn"},{"link_name":"kemp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemp_(wool)"},{"link_name":"spinning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinning_(textiles)"},{"link_name":"felting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felting"},{"link_name":"carding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carding"},{"link_name":"batts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batting_(material)"},{"link_name":"tweed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweed_(cloth)"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"readily absorb moisture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrophilic"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"synthetic fibers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_fiber"},{"link_name":"flame spread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flame_spread"},{"link_name":"heat of combustion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_of_combustion"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Land_p.46-6"},{"link_name":"garments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garments"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Land_p.46-6"},{"link_name":"allergic reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allergic_contact_dermatitis"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Champion hogget fleece, Walcha ShowWool is produced by follicles which are small cells located in the skin. These follicles are located in the upper layer of the skin called the epidermis and push down into the second skin layer called the dermis as the wool fibers grow. Follicles can be classed as either primary or secondary follicles. Primary follicles produce three types of fiber: kemp, medullated fibers, and true wool fibers. Secondary follicles only produce true wool fibers. Medullated fibers share nearly identical characteristics to hair and are long but lack crimp and elasticity. Kemp fibers are very coarse and shed out.[2]Fleece of fine New Zealand Merino wool and combed wool top on a wool tableWool's crimp refers to the strong natural wave present in each wool fiber as it is presented on the animal. Wool's crimp, and to a lesser degree scales, make it easier to spin the fleece by helping the individual fibers attach, so they stay together. Because of the crimp, wool fabrics have greater bulk than other textiles, and they hold air, which causes the fabric to retain heat. Wool has a high specific thermal resistance, so it impedes heat transfer in general. This effect has benefited desert peoples, as Bedouins and Tuaregs use wool clothes for insulation.The felting of wool occurs upon hammering or other mechanical agitation as the microscopic barbs on the surface of wool fibers hook together. Felting generally comes under two main areas, dry felting and wet felting. Wet felting occurs when water and a lubricant (especially an alkali such as soap) are applied to the wool which is then agitated until the fibers mix and bond together. Temperature shock while damp or wet accentuates the felting process. Some natural felting can occur on the animal's back.Wool has several qualities that distinguish it from hair or fur: it is crimped and elastic.[3]The amount of crimp corresponds to the fineness of the wool fibers. A fine wool like Merino may have up to 40 crimps per centimetre (100 crimps per inch), while coarser wool like karakul may have less than one (one or two crimps per inch). In contrast, hair has little if any scale and no crimp, and little ability to bind into yarn. On sheep, the hair part of the fleece is called kemp. The relative amounts of kemp to wool vary from breed to breed and make some fleeces more desirable for spinning, felting, or carding into batts for quilts or other insulating products, including the famous tweed cloth of Scotland.Wool fibers readily absorb moisture, but are not hollow. Wool can absorb almost one-third of its own weight in water.[4]\nWool absorbs sound like many other fabrics. It is generally a creamy white color, although some breeds of sheep produce natural colors, such as black, brown, silver, and random mixes.Wool ignites at a higher temperature than cotton and some synthetic fibers. It has a lower rate of flame spread, a lower rate of heat release, a lower heat of combustion, and does not melt or drip;[5] it forms a char that is insulating and self-extinguishing, and it contributes less to toxic gases and smoke than other flooring products when used in carpets.[6] Wool carpets are specified for high safety environments, such as trains and aircraft. Wool is usually specified for garments for firefighters, soldiers, and others in occupations where they are exposed to the likelihood of fire.[6]Wool causes an allergic reaction in some people.[7]","title":"Characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Processing"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merino_shearing.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lismore, Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lismore,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Sheep shearing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheep_shearing"},{"link_name":"shearer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheep_shearer"},{"link_name":"wool-classers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wool-classer"},{"link_name":"wool classing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wool_classing"},{"link_name":"micron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micron_(wool)"},{"link_name":"vegetable matter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_matter"},{"link_name":"staple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staple_(wool)"}],"sub_title":"Shearing","text":"Fine Merino shearing in Lismore, VictoriaSheep shearing is the process in which a worker (a shearer) cuts off the woollen fleece of a sheep. After shearing, wool-classers separate the wool into four main categories:fleece (which makes up the vast bulk)\nbroken\nbellies\nlocksThe quality of fleeces is determined by a technique known as wool classing, whereby a qualified person, called a wool classer, groups wools of similar grading together to maximize the return for the farmer or sheep owner. In Australia, before being auctioned, all Merino fleece wool is objectively measured for average diameter (micron), yield (including the amount of vegetable matter), staple length, staple strength, and sometimes color and comfort factor.","title":"Processing"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CSIRO_ScienceImage_11160_Siroscour.jpg"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AWEX_w-8"},{"link_name":"lanolin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanolin"},{"link_name":"detergent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detergent"},{"link_name":"alkali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkali"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"north west England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_west_England"},{"link_name":"potash pits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potash_pit"},{"link_name":"potash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potash"},{"link_name":"carbonization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonization"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"water-resistant mittens or sweaters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aran_jumper"},{"link_name":"Aran Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aran_Islands"},{"link_name":"cosmetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmetics"},{"link_name":"hand creams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_cream"}],"sub_title":"Scouring","text":"Wool before and after scouringWool straight off a sheep is known as \"raw wool\", \"greasy wool\"[8] or \"wool in the grease\". This wool contains a high level of valuable lanolin, as well as the sheep's dead skin and sweat residue, and generally also contains pesticides and vegetable matter from the animal's environment. Before the wool can be used for commercial purposes, it must be scoured, a process of cleaning the greasy wool. Scouring may be as simple as a bath in warm water or as complicated as an industrial process using detergent and alkali in specialized equipment.[9]\nIn north west England, special potash pits were constructed to produce potash used in the manufacture of a soft soap for scouring locally produced white wool.Vegetable matter in commercial wool is often removed by chemical carbonization.[10]\nIn less-processed wools, vegetable matter may be removed by hand and some of the lanolin left intact through the use of gentler detergents. This semigrease wool can be worked into yarn and knitted into particularly water-resistant mittens or sweaters, such as those of the Aran Island fishermen. Lanolin removed from wool is widely used in cosmetic products such as hand creams.","title":"Processing"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wool_samples_2.JPG"},{"link_name":"crimp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wool_classing#crimp"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Australia-12"},{"link_name":"Merino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merino"},{"link_name":"hoggets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_sheep"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"pilling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pill_(textile)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Wool Products Labeling Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wool_Products_Labeling_Act"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Freer-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Freer-16"},{"link_name":"recycled wool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recycled_wool"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Freer-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Freer-16"}],"text":"Raw wool has many impurities; vegetable matter, sand, dirt and yolk which is a mixture of suint (sweat), grease, urine stains and dung locks. The sheep's body yields many types of wool with differing strengths, thicknesses, length of staple and impurities. The raw wool (greasy) is processed into 'top'. 'Worsted top' requires strong straight and parallel fibres.Various types and natural colors of wool, and a picture made from woolThe quality of wool is determined by its fiber diameter, crimp, yield, color, and staple strength. Fiber diameter is the single most important wool characteristic determining quality and price.Merino wool is typically 90–115 mm (3.5–4.5 in) in length and is very fine (between 12 and 24 microns).[12] The finest and most valuable wool comes from Merino hoggets. Wool taken from sheep produced for meat is typically coarser, and has fibers 40–150 mm (1.5–6 in) in length. Damage or breaks in the wool can occur if the sheep is stressed while it is growing its fleece, resulting in a thin spot where the fleece is likely to break.[13]Wool is also separated into grades based on the measurement of the wool's diameter in microns and also its style. These grades may vary depending on the breed or purpose of the wool. For example:Any wool finer than 25 microns can be used for garments, while coarser grades are used for outerwear or rugs. The finer the wool, the softer it is, while coarser grades are more durable and less prone to pilling.The finest Australian and New Zealand Merino wools are known as 1PP, which is the industry benchmark of excellence for Merino wool 16.9 microns and finer. This style represents the top level of fineness, character, color, and style as determined on the basis of a series of parameters in accordance with the original dictates of British wool as applied by the Australian Wool Exchange (AWEX) Council. Only a few dozen of the millions of bales auctioned every year can be classified and marked 1PP.[15]In the United States, three classifications of wool are named in the Wool Products Labeling Act of 1939.[16] Wool is \"the fiber from the fleece of the sheep or lamb or hair of the Angora or Cashmere goat (and may include the so-called specialty fibers from the hair of the camel, alpaca, llama, and vicuna) which has never been reclaimed from any woven or felted wool product\".[16] \"Virgin wool\" and \"new wool\" are also used to refer to such never used wool. There are two categories of recycled wool (also called reclaimed or shoddy wool). \"Reprocessed wool\" identifies \"wool which has been woven or felted into a wool product and subsequently reduced to a fibrous state without having been used by the ultimate consumer\".[16] \"Reused wool\" refers to such wool that has been used by the ultimate consumer.[16]","title":"Fineness and yield"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"History of clothing and textiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles"},{"link_name":"The medieval English wool trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_medieval_English_wool_trade"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tibetan_spinning_wool.jpg"},{"link_name":"Wild sheep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouflon"},{"link_name":"statuary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statuary"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Danish bog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bog_people"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Iron Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Age"},{"link_name":"bronze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze"},{"link_name":"Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"linen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linen"},{"link_name":"Silk Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk_Road"},{"link_name":"luxury goods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxury_goods"},{"link_name":"Pliny the Elder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder"},{"link_name":"Natural History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)"},{"link_name":"Tarentum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taranto"},{"link_name":"Champagne fairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champagne_fairs"},{"link_name":"Provins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provins"},{"link_name":"Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naples"},{"link_name":"Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus"},{"link_name":"Majorca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majorca"},{"link_name":"Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Braudel-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Low Countries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_Countries"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Braudel-21"},{"link_name":"guild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guild"},{"link_name":"Arte della Lana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte_della_Lana"},{"link_name":"convent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convent"},{"link_name":"Abruzzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abruzzo"},{"link_name":"Garbo workshops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Garbo_workshops&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Iberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberia"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Braudel-21"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"sheepwalks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheepwalk"},{"link_name":"Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castile_(historical_region)"},{"link_name":"House of Lords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lords"},{"link_name":"Woolsack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woolsack"},{"link_name":"Economies of scale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economies_of_scale"},{"link_name":"Cistercian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cistercian"},{"link_name":"North Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea"},{"link_name":"Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flanders"},{"link_name":"Ypres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ypres"},{"link_name":"Ghent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghent"},{"link_name":"Black Death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Death"},{"link_name":"owling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owling_(legal_term)"},{"link_name":"Restoration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restoration_(England)"},{"link_name":"Navigation Acts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navigation_Acts"},{"link_name":"dyeing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyeing"},{"link_name":"finishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finishing_(textiles)"},{"link_name":"Harris tweeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harris_tweed"},{"link_name":"Fernand Braudel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernand_Braudel"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Braudel-21"},{"link_name":"Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance"},{"link_name":"Medici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medici"},{"link_name":"Arte della Lana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte_della_Lana"},{"link_name":"Francesco Datini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Datini"},{"link_name":"Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castile_(historical_region)"},{"link_name":"Mesta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesta"},{"link_name":"meseta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meseta_Central"},{"link_name":"Merino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merino"},{"link_name":"Industrial Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Bradford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradford"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sheep_club2.jpg"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"United States Department of Agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne"},{"link_name":"kilotex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilotex"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"auctioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auction"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"International Year of Natural Fibres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Year_of_Natural_Fibres"},{"link_name":"natural fibers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_fiber"}],"text":"Further information: History of clothing and textiles and The medieval English wool tradeA 1905 illustration of a Tibetan man spinning woolWild sheep were more hairy than woolly. Although sheep were domesticated some 9,000 to 11,000 years ago, archaeological evidence from statuary found at sites in Iran suggests selection for woolly sheep may have begun around 6000 BC,[17][18] with the earliest woven wool garments having only been dated to two to three thousand years later.[19] Woolly sheep were introduced into Europe from the Near East in the early part of the 4th millennium BC. The oldest known European wool textile, c. 1500 BC, was preserved in a Danish bog.[20] Prior to invention of shears—probably in the Iron Age—the wool was plucked out by hand or by bronze combs. In Roman times, wool, linen, and leather clothed the European population; cotton from India was a curiosity of which only naturalists had heard, and silks, imported along the Silk Road from China, were extravagant luxury goods. Pliny the Elder records in his Natural History that the reputation for producing the finest wool was enjoyed by Tarentum, where selective breeding had produced sheep with superior fleeces, but which required special care.In medieval times, as trade connections expanded, the Champagne fairs revolved around the production of wool cloth in small centers such as Provins. The network developed by the annual fairs meant the woolens of Provins might find their way to Naples, Sicily, Cyprus, Majorca, Spain, and even Constantinople.[21] The wool trade developed into serious business, a generator of capital.[22] In the 13th century, the wool trade became the economic engine of the Low Countries and central Italy. By the end of the 14th century, Italy predominated.[21] The Florentine wool guild, Arte della Lana, sent the imported English wool to the San Martino convent for processing. Italian wool from Abruzzo and Spanish merino wools were processed at Garbo workshops. Abruzzo wool had once been the most accessible for the Florentine guild, until improved relations with merchants in Iberia made merino wool more available. By the 16th century Italian wool exports to the Levant had declined, eventually replaced by silk production.[21][23]The value of exports of English raw wool were rivaled only by the 15th-century sheepwalks of Castile and were a significant source of income to the English crown, which in 1275 had imposed an export tax on wool called the \"Great Custom\". The importance of wool to the English economy can be seen in the fact that since the 14th century, the presiding officer of the House of Lords has sat on the \"Woolsack\", a chair stuffed with wool.Economies of scale were instituted in the Cistercian houses, which had accumulated great tracts of land during the 12th and early 13th centuries, when land prices were low and labor still scarce. Raw wool was baled and shipped from North Sea ports to the textile cities of Flanders, notably Ypres and Ghent, where it was dyed and worked up as cloth. At the time of the Black Death, English textile industries consumed about 10% of English wool production. The English textile trade grew during the 15th century, to the point where export of wool was discouraged. Over the centuries, various British laws controlled the wool trade or required the use of wool even in burials. The smuggling of wool out of the country, known as owling, was at one time punishable by the cutting off of a hand. After the Restoration, fine English woolens began to compete with silks in the international market, partly aided by the Navigation Acts; in 1699, the English crown forbade its American colonies to trade wool with anyone but England herself.A great deal of the value of woollen textiles was in the dyeing and finishing of the woven product. In each of the centers of the textile trade, the manufacturing process came to be subdivided into a collection of trades, overseen by an entrepreneur in a system called by the English the \"putting-out\" system, or \"cottage industry\", and the Verlagssystem by the Germans. In this system of producing wool cloth, once perpetuated in the production of Harris tweeds, the entrepreneur provides the raw materials and an advance, the remainder being paid upon delivery of the product. Written contracts bound the artisans to specified terms. Fernand Braudel traces the appearance of the system in the 13th-century economic boom, quoting a document of 1275.[21] The system effectively bypassed the guilds' restrictions.Before the flowering of the Renaissance, the Medici and other great banking houses of Florence had built their wealth and banking system on their textile industry based on wool, overseen by the Arte della Lana, the wool guild: wool textile interests guided Florentine policies. Francesco Datini, the \"merchant of Prato\", established in 1383 an Arte della Lana for that small Tuscan city. The sheepwalks of Castile were controlled by the Mesta union of sheep owners.\nThey shaped the landscape and the fortunes of the meseta that lies in the heart of the Iberian peninsula; in the 16th century, a unified Spain allowed export of Merino lambs only with royal permission. The German wool market – based on sheep of Spanish origin – did not overtake British wool until comparatively late. Later, the Industrial Revolution introduced mass production technology into wool and wool cloth manufacturing. Australia's colonial economy was based on sheep raising, and the Australian wool trade eventually overtook that of the Germans by 1845, furnishing wool for Bradford, which developed as the heart of industrialized woolens production.A World War I-era poster sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture encouraging children to raise sheep to provide needed war suppliesDue to decreasing demand with increased use of synthetic fibers, wool production is much less than what it was in the past. The collapse in the price of wool began in late 1966 with a 40% drop; with occasional interruptions, the price has tended down. The result has been sharply reduced production and movement of resources into production of other commodities, in the case of sheep growers, to production of meat.[24][25][26]Superwash wool (or washable wool) technology first appeared in the early 1970s to produce wool that has been specially treated so it is machine washable and may be tumble-dried. This wool is produced using an acid bath that removes the \"scales\" from the fiber, or by coating the fiber with a polymer that prevents the scales from attaching to each other and causing shrinkage. This process results in a fiber that holds longevity and durability over synthetic materials, while retaining its shape.[27]In December 2004, a bale of the then world's finest wool, averaging 11.8 microns, sold for AU$3,000 per kilogram at auction in Melbourne. This fleece wool tested with an average yield of 74.5%, 68 mm (2.7 in) long, and had 40 newtons per kilotex strength. The result was A$279,000 for the bale.[28]\nThe finest bale of wool ever auctioned was sold for a seasonal record of AU$2690 per kilo during June 2008. This bale was produced by the Hillcreston Pinehill Partnership and measured 11.6 microns, 72.1% yield, and had a 43 newtons per kilotex strength measurement. The bale realized $247,480 and was exported to India.[29]In 2007, a new wool suit was developed and sold in Japan that can be washed in the shower, and which dries off ready to wear within hours with no ironing required. The suit was developed using Australian Merino wool, and it enables woven products made from wool, such as suits, trousers, and skirts, to be cleaned using a domestic shower at home.[30]In December 2006, the General Assembly of the United Nations proclaimed 2009 to be the International Year of Natural Fibres, so as to raise the profile of wool and other natural fibers.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Braaten_2005-1"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_(sheep)"},{"link_name":"Romney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romney_(sheep)"},{"link_name":"Drysdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drysdale_(sheep)"},{"link_name":"Elliotdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliotdale"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado"},{"link_name":"Rambouillet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rambouillet_(sheep)"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"polypropylene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polypropylene"},{"link_name":"carpets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpetlayer"},{"link_name":"formaldehyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formaldehyde"},{"link_name":"Animal rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_rights"},{"link_name":"mulesing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulesing"}],"text":"Global wool production is about 2 million tonnes (2.2 million short tons) per year, of which 60% goes into apparel. Wool comprises ca 3% of the global textile market, but its value is higher owing to dyeing and other modifications of the material.[1] Australia is a leading producer of wool which is mostly from Merino sheep but has been eclipsed by China in terms of total weight.[31] New Zealand (2016) is the third-largest producer of wool, and the largest producer of crossbred wool. Breeds such as Lincoln, Romney, Drysdale, and Elliotdale produce coarser fibers, and wool from these sheep is usually used for making carpets.In the United States, Texas, New Mexico, and Colorado have large commercial sheep flocks and their mainstay is the Rambouillet (or French Merino). Also, a thriving home-flock contingent of small-scale farmers raise small hobby flocks of specialty sheep for the hand-spinning market. These small-scale farmers offer a wide selection of fleece. \nGlobal woolclip (total amount of wool shorn) 2020[32]China: 19% of global wool-clip (334 million kilograms [740 million pounds] greasy, 2020)\nAustralia: 16%\nNew Zealand: 8%\nTurkey: 4%\nUnited Kingdom: 4%\nMorocco: 3%\nIran: 3%\nRussia: 3%\nSouth Africa: 3%\nIndia: 3%Organic wool has gained in popularity. This wool is limited in supply and much of it comes from New Zealand and Australia.[33] Organic wool has become easier to find in clothing and other products, but these products often carry a higher price.Wool is environmentally preferable (as compared to petroleum-based nylon or polypropylene) as a material for carpets, as well, in particular when combined with a natural binding and the use of formaldehyde-free glues.Animal rights groups have noted issues with the production of wool, such as mulesing.","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Marketing"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CSIRO_ScienceImage_1054_Wool_Fibre_of_the_gods.jpg"},{"link_name":"CSIRO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSIRO"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wool_samples.JPG"},{"link_name":"auction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auction"},{"link_name":"New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"auction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auction"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ABS-7215.0-LivestockProductsAustralia-BrokersDealersReceivalsTaxableWool-AllSeries-BrokersDealersReceivalsTaxableWool-Australia-A2060656A.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wool_auction.JPG"}],"sub_title":"Australia","text":"\"Wool: Fibre of the gods, created – not man-made\" CSIRO marketing poster describing the benefits of woolMerino wool samples for sale by auction, Newcastle, New South WalesAbout 85% of wool sold in Australia is sold by open cry auction.[34]Wool received by Australian brokers and dealers (tonnes/quarter) since 1973Wool buyers' room at a wool auction, Newcastle, New South Wales","title":"Marketing"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wanha_Villatehdas.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hyvinkää","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyvink%C3%A4%C3%A4"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"British Wool Marketing Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Wool_Marketing_Board"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"sub_title":"Other countries","text":"Wanha Villatehdas, a former wool factory in Hyvinkää, FinlandThe British Wool Marketing Board operates a central marketing system for UK fleece wool with the aim of achieving the best possible net returns for farmers.Less than half of New Zealand's wool is sold at auction, while around 45% of farmers sell wool directly to private buyers and end-users.[35]United States sheep producers market wool with private or cooperative wool warehouses, but wool pools are common in many states. In some cases, wool is pooled in a local market area, but sold through a wool warehouse. Wool offered with objective measurement test results is preferred. Imported apparel wool and carpet wool goes directly to central markets, where it is handled by the large merchants and manufacturers.[36]","title":"Marketing"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Worsted_wool_yarn.JPG"},{"link_name":"yarn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarn"},{"link_name":"Shoddy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoddy"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kadolph-37"},{"link_name":"noil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noil"},{"link_name":"yarns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarn"},{"link_name":"weft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weft"},{"link_name":"warp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warp_(weaving)"},{"link_name":"Heavy Woollen District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_Woollen_District"},{"link_name":"West Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Worsted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worsted"},{"link_name":"staple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staple_(wool)"},{"link_name":"combed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combing"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kadolph-37"},{"link_name":"Woolen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woolen"},{"link_name":"carded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carding"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kadolph-37"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"text":"Woollen yarnShoddy or recycled wool is made by cutting or tearing apart existing wool fabric and respinning the resulting fibers.[37] As this process makes the wool fibers shorter, the remanufactured fabric is inferior to the original. The recycled wool may be mixed with raw wool, wool noil, or another fiber such as cotton to increase the average fiber length. Such yarns are typically used as weft yarns with a cotton warp. This process was invented in the Heavy Woollen District of West Yorkshire and created a microeconomy in this area for many years.[38]Worsted is a strong, long-staple, combed wool yarn with a hard surface.[37]Woolen is a soft, short-staple, carded wool yarn typically used for knitting.[37] In traditional weaving, woolen weft yarn (for softness and warmth) is frequently combined with a worsted warp yarn for strength on the loom.[39]","title":"Yarn"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"horse rugs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_blanket"},{"link_name":"cloth diapers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloth_diapers"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"hygroscopic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hygroscopic"},{"link_name":"lanolin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanolin"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Melbourne_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"Kevlar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevlar"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"text":"In addition to clothing, wool has been used for blankets, horse rugs, saddle cloths, carpeting, insulation and upholstery. Dyed wool can be used to create other forms of art such as wet and needle felting. Wool felt covers piano hammers, and it is used to absorb odors and noise in heavy machinery and stereo speakers. Ancient Greeks lined their helmets with felt, and Roman legionnaires used breastplates made of wool felt.Wool as well as cotton has also been traditionally used for cloth diapers.[40] Wool fiber exteriors are hydrophobic (repel water) and the interior of the wool fiber is hygroscopic (attracts water); this makes a wool garment suitable cover for a wet diaper by inhibiting wicking, so outer garments remain dry. Wool felted and treated with lanolin is water resistant, air permeable, and slightly antibacterial, so it resists the buildup of odor. Some modern cloth diapers use felted wool fabric for covers, and there are several modern commercial knitting patterns for wool diaper covers.Initial studies of woollen underwear have found it prevented heat and sweat rashes because it more readily absorbs the moisture than other fibers.[41]As an animal protein, wool can be used as a soil fertilizer, being a slow-release source of nitrogen.Researchers at the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology school of fashion and textiles have discovered a blend of wool and Kevlar, the synthetic fiber widely used in body armor, was lighter, cheaper and worked better in damp conditions than Kevlar alone. Kevlar, when used alone, loses about 20% of its effectiveness when wet, so required an expensive waterproofing process. Wool increased friction in a vest with 28–30 layers of fabric, to provide the same level of bullet resistance as 36 layers of Kevlar alone.[42]","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lady_Weaving_Wool.JPG"},{"link_name":"Andean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andes"},{"link_name":"Los Aleros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Aleros"},{"link_name":"Mérida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9rida,_M%C3%A9rida"},{"link_name":"Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela"},{"link_name":"Merino wool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merino_wool"},{"link_name":"Ermenegildo Zegna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ermenegildo_Zegna_(businessman)"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Loro Piana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loro_Piana"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"New England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"Walcha, New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walcha,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Armidale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armidale"},{"link_name":"New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Braaten_2005-1"},{"link_name":"Bendigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bendigo"},{"link_name":"Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria,_Australia"},{"link_name":"Northern Tablelands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Tablelands"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"}],"text":"Andean woman sorting wool as part of the theme park Los Aleros in Mérida, VenezuelaA buyer of Merino wool, Ermenegildo Zegna, has offered awards for Australian wool producers. In 1963, the first Ermenegildo Zegna Perpetual Trophy was presented in Tasmania for growers of \"Superfine skirted Merino fleece\". In 1980, a national award, the Ermenegildo Zegna Trophy for Extrafine Wool Production, was launched. In 2004, this award became known as the Ermenegildo Zegna Unprotected Wool Trophy. In 1998, an Ermenegildo Zegna Protected Wool Trophy was launched for fleece from sheep coated for around nine months of the year.In 2002, the Ermenegildo Zegna Vellus Aureum Trophy was launched for wool that is 13.9 microns or finer. Wool from Australia, New Zealand, Argentina, and South Africa may enter, and a winner is named from each country.[43] In April 2008, New Zealand won the Ermenegildo Zegna Vellus Aureum Trophy for the first time with a fleece that measured 10.8 microns. This contest awards the winning fleece weight with the same weight in gold as a prize, hence the name.In 2010, an ultrafine, 10-micron fleece, from Windradeen, near Pyramul, New South Wales, won the Ermenegildo Zegna Vellus Aureum International Trophy.[44]Since 2000, Loro Piana has awarded a cup for the world's finest bale of wool that produces just enough fabric for 50 tailor-made suits. The prize is awarded to an Australian or New Zealand wool grower who produces the year's finest bale.[45]The New England Merino Field days which display local studs, wool, and sheep are held during January, in even numbered years around the Walcha, New South Wales district. The Annual Wool Fashion Awards, which showcase the use of Merino wool by fashion designers, are hosted by the city of Armidale, New South Wales, in March each year. This event encourages young and established fashion designers to display their talents. During each May, Armidale hosts the annual New England Wool Expo to display wool fashions, handicrafts, demonstrations, shearing competitions, yard dog trials, and more.[1]In July, the annual Australian Sheep and Wool Show is held in Bendigo, Victoria. This is the largest sheep and wool show in the world, with goats and alpacas, as well as woolcraft competitions and displays, fleece competitions, sheepdog trials, shearing, and wool handling. The largest competition in the world for objectively measured fleeces is the Australian Fleece Competition, which is held annually at Bendigo. In 2008, 475 entries came from all states of Australia, with first and second prizes going to the Northern Tablelands fleeces.[46]","title":"Events"}]
[{"image_text":"Wool before processing","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Royal_Winter_Fair_Wool_2.jpg/220px-Royal_Winter_Fair_Wool_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Unshorn Merino sheep","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Sheep_eating_grass_edit02.jpg/220px-Sheep_eating_grass_edit02.jpg"},{"image_text":"Shorn sheep","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Sheep_at_Llanddewi_Brefi%2C_in_Ceredigion%2C_Wales.jpg/220px-Sheep_at_Llanddewi_Brefi%2C_in_Ceredigion%2C_Wales.jpg"},{"image_text":"Champion hogget fleece, Walcha Show","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Hogget_fleece.JPG/220px-Hogget_fleece.JPG"},{"image_text":"Fleece of fine New Zealand Merino wool and combed wool top on a wool table","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Wool_fleece_and_top.jpg/220px-Wool_fleece_and_top.jpg"},{"image_text":"Fine Merino shearing in Lismore, Victoria","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Merino_shearing.jpg/220px-Merino_shearing.jpg"},{"image_text":"Wool before and after scouring","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/CSIRO_ScienceImage_11160_Siroscour.jpg/220px-CSIRO_ScienceImage_11160_Siroscour.jpg"},{"image_text":"Various types and natural colors of wool, and a picture made from wool","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Wool_samples_2.JPG/220px-Wool_samples_2.JPG"},{"image_text":"A 1905 illustration of a Tibetan man spinning wool","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Tibetan_spinning_wool.jpg/220px-Tibetan_spinning_wool.jpg"},{"image_text":"A World War I-era poster sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture encouraging children to raise sheep to provide needed war supplies","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Sheep_club2.jpg/220px-Sheep_club2.jpg"},{"image_text":"\"Wool: Fibre of the gods, created – not man-made\" CSIRO marketing poster describing the benefits of wool","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/CSIRO_ScienceImage_1054_Wool_Fibre_of_the_gods.jpg/220px-CSIRO_ScienceImage_1054_Wool_Fibre_of_the_gods.jpg"},{"image_text":"Merino wool samples for sale by auction, Newcastle, New South Wales","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Wool_samples.JPG/220px-Wool_samples.JPG"},{"image_text":"Wool received by Australian brokers and dealers (tonnes/quarter) since 1973","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/ABS-7215.0-LivestockProductsAustralia-BrokersDealersReceivalsTaxableWool-AllSeries-BrokersDealersReceivalsTaxableWool-Australia-A2060656A.svg/220px-ABS-7215.0-LivestockProductsAustralia-BrokersDealersReceivalsTaxableWool-AllSeries-BrokersDealersReceivalsTaxableWool-Australia-A2060656A.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Wool buyers' room at a wool auction, Newcastle, New South Wales","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Wool_auction.JPG/220px-Wool_auction.JPG"},{"image_text":"Wanha Villatehdas, a former wool factory in Hyvinkää, Finland","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Wanha_Villatehdas.jpg/220px-Wanha_Villatehdas.jpg"},{"image_text":"Woollen yarn","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Worsted_wool_yarn.JPG/220px-Worsted_wool_yarn.JPG"},{"image_text":"Andean woman sorting wool as part of the theme park Los Aleros in Mérida, Venezuela","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Lady_Weaving_Wool.JPG/220px-Lady_Weaving_Wool.JPG"}]
[{"title":"Timeline of clothing and textiles technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology"}]
[{"reference":"Braaten, Ann W. (2005). \"Wool\". In Steele, Valerie (ed.). Encyclopedia of Clothing and Fashion. Vol. 3. Thomson Gale. pp. 441–443. ISBN 0-684-31394-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofcl00vale","url_text":"Encyclopedia of Clothing and Fashion"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomson_Gale","url_text":"Thomson Gale"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofcl00vale/page/n471","url_text":"441"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-31394-4","url_text":"0-684-31394-4"}]},{"reference":"Simmons, Paula (2009). Storey's Guide to Raising Sheep. North Adams, MA: Storey Publishing. pp. 315–316.","urls":[]},{"reference":"D'Arcy, John B. (1986). Sheep and Wool Technology. Kensington: NSW University Press. ISBN 0-86840-106-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86840-106-4","url_text":"0-86840-106-4"}]},{"reference":"Admani, Shehla; Jacob, Sharon E. (2014-04-01). \"Allergic contact dermatitis in children: review of the past decade\". Current Allergy and Asthma Reports. 14 (4): 421. doi:10.1007/s11882-014-0421-0. PMID 24504525. S2CID 33537360.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11882-014-0421-0","url_text":"10.1007/s11882-014-0421-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24504525","url_text":"24504525"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:33537360","url_text":"33537360"}]},{"reference":"\"Technology in Australia 1788–1988\". Australian Science and Technology Heritage Center. 2001. Archived from the original on 2006-05-14. Retrieved 2006-04-30.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.austehc.unimelb.edu.au/tia/267.html","url_text":"\"Technology in Australia 1788–1988\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060514094411/http://www.austehc.unimelb.edu.au/tia/267.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Wu Zhao (1987). A study of wool carbonizing (PhD). University of New South Wales. School of Fibre Science and Technology. Archived from the original on 30 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141030125807/http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/18809758?selectedversion=NBD5989374","url_text":"A study of wool carbonizing"},{"url":"http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/18809758?selectedversion=NBD5989374","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Merino Sheep in Australia\". Archived from the original on 2006-11-05. Retrieved 2006-11-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061105005633/http://www.merinos.com.au/history.asp","url_text":"\"Merino Sheep in Australia\""},{"url":"http://www.merinos.com.au/history.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Van Nostran, Don. \"Wool Management – Maximizing Wool Returns\". Mid-States Wool growers Cooperative Association. Archived from the original on 2010-01-01. Retrieved 2006-11-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100101063804/http://www.midstateswoolgrowers.com/management.htm","url_text":"\"Wool Management – Maximizing Wool Returns\""},{"url":"http://www.midstateswoolgrowers.com/management.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"D'Arcy, John B. (1986). Sheep Management & Wool Technology. NSW University Press. ISBN 0-86840-106-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86840-106-4","url_text":"0-86840-106-4"}]},{"reference":"\"1PP Certification\". Australian Wool Exchange. Archived from the original on 2012-07-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120718231815/http://www.awex.com.au/standards/1pp-certification.html","url_text":"\"1PP Certification\""},{"url":"http://www.awex.com.au/standards/1pp-certification.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ensminger, M. E.; R. O. Parker (1986). Sheep and Goat Science, Fifth Edition. Danville, Illinois: The Interstate Printers and Publishers Inc. ISBN 0-8134-2464-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8134-2464-X","url_text":"0-8134-2464-X"}]},{"reference":"Weaver, Sue (2005). Sheep: small-scale sheep keeping for pleasure and profit. Irvine, CA: Hobby Farm Press, an imprint of BowTie Press, a division of BowTie Inc. ISBN 1-931993-49-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-931993-49-1","url_text":"1-931993-49-1"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Barbara; Kennedy, Gerald; Aseltine, Mark (1997). Beginning Shepherd's Manual, Second Edition. Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press. ISBN 0-8138-2799-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8138-2799-X","url_text":"0-8138-2799-X"}]},{"reference":"\"Fibre history\". Woolmark. Archived from the original on 2006-08-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20060828001755/http://www.woolmark.com/about_education_fibre.php?PHPSESSID=10d80556668ed0847e77b83c64c3c225","url_text":"\"Fibre history\""},{"url":"http://www.woolmark.com/about_education_fibre.php?PHPSESSID=10d80556668ed0847e77b83c64c3c225","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bell, Adrian R.; Brooks, Chris; Dryburgh, Paul (2007). The English Wool Market, c.1230–1327. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521859417.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Brooks_(academic)","url_text":"Brooks, Chris"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/englishwoolmarke0000bell","url_text":"The English Wool Market, c.1230–1327"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521859417","url_text":"9780521859417"}]},{"reference":"\"Florentine Woolen Manufacture in the Sixteenth Century:Crisis and New Entrepreneurial Strategies\" (PDF). THe Business History Conference.","urls":[{"url":"https://thebhc.org/sites/default/files/ammannati.pdf","url_text":"\"Florentine Woolen Manufacture in the Sixteenth Century:Crisis and New Entrepreneurial Strategies\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sheep 101\". Archived from the original on 28 November 2016. Retrieved 17 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sheep101.info/wool.html","url_text":"\"Sheep 101\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161128052739/http://www.sheep101.info/wool.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"FAOSTAT\". FAOSTAT (Food And Agriculture Organization Of The United Nations Statistics). Retrieved May 17, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC/visualize","url_text":"\"FAOSTAT\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAOSTAT","url_text":"FAOSTAT"}]},{"reference":"Speer, Jordan K. (2006-05-01). \"Shearing the Edge of Innovation\". Apparel Magazine. Archived from the original on 2015-05-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://apparel.edgl.com/old-magazine/Shearing-the-Edge-of-Innovation64530","url_text":"\"Shearing the Edge of Innovation\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150526050846/http://apparel.edgl.com/old-magazine/Shearing-the-Edge-of-Innovation64530","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bolt, C (2004-04-07). \"AWH to set up wool auctions\". The Age. Retrieved 2019-05-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theage.com.au/business/awh-to-set-up-wool-auctions-20040407-gdxmtw.html","url_text":"\"AWH to set up wool auctions\""}]},{"reference":"Kadolph, Sara J, ed. (2007). Textiles (10 ed.). Pearson/Prentice-Hall. p. 63. ISBN 978-0-13-118769-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/textiles0010kado/page/63","url_text":"Textiles"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/textiles0010kado/page/63","url_text":"63"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-118769-6","url_text":"978-0-13-118769-6"}]},{"reference":"Shell, Hanna Rose. \"Leftovers / Devil's Dust\". cabinetmagazine.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cabinetmagazine.org/issues/60/shell.php","url_text":"\"Leftovers / Devil's Dust\""}]},{"reference":"Østergård, Else (2004). Woven into the Earth: Textiles from Norse Greenland. Aarhus University Press. p. 50. ISBN 87-7288-935-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/87-7288-935-7","url_text":"87-7288-935-7"}]},{"reference":"Snodgrass, Mary Ellen (2015). World Clothing and Fashion : an Encyclopedia of History, Culture, and Social Influence. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. pp. 49–51. ISBN 978-1-317-45167-9. OCLC 910448387.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/910448387","url_text":"World Clothing and Fashion : an Encyclopedia of History, Culture, and Social Influence"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-45167-9","url_text":"978-1-317-45167-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/910448387","url_text":"910448387"}]},{"reference":"Blenkin, Max (2011-04-11). \"Wool's tough new image\". Country Leader.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"2004/51/1 Trophy and plaque, Ermenegildo Zegna Vellus Aureum trophy and plaque, plaster / bronze / silver / gold, trophy designed and made by Not Vital for Ermenegildo Zegna, Switzerland, 2001\". Powerhouse Museum, Sydney. Archived from the original on 2007-05-19. Retrieved 2008-04-27.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.powerhousemuseum.com/collection/database/?irn=345179","url_text":"\"2004/51/1 Trophy and plaque, Ermenegildo Zegna Vellus Aureum trophy and plaque, plaster / bronze / silver / gold, trophy designed and made by Not Vital for Ermenegildo Zegna, Switzerland, 2001\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powerhouse_Museum","url_text":"Powerhouse Museum"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070519134910/http://www.powerhousemuseum.com/collection/database/?irn=345179","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Fletcher Wins Australian Fleece Comp\". Walcha News. 24 July 2008. p. 3. Archived from the original on 27 July 2008. Retrieved 5 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20080727044021/http://walcha.yourguide.com.au/news/local/news/general/fletcher-wins-australian-fleece-comp/1224866.aspx","url_text":"\"Fletcher Wins Australian Fleece Comp\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walcha_News","url_text":"Walcha News"},{"url":"http://www.walchanewsonline.com.au/news/local/news/general/fletcher-wins-australian-fleece-comp/1224866.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Story of Wool\" . The New Student's Reference Work . 1914.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work/Story_of_Wool","url_text":"\"Story of Wool\""},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work","url_text":"The New Student's Reference Work"}]},{"reference":"\"Wool\" . New International Encyclopedia. 1905.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Wool","url_text":"\"Wool\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia","url_text":"New International Encyclopedia"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gladiolas
Maurice Williams and the Zodiacs
["1 Early history","2 The Royal Charms and the Gladiolas","3 The Zodiacs","4 Later life","5 Discography","5.1 Singles","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
American vocal group "The Gladiolas" redirects here. For other uses, see Gladiola (disambiguation). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Maurice Williams and the Zodiacs" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2007) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Maurice Williams and the ZodiacsMaurice Williams (front, center) and the Zodiacs in 1960Background informationOriginNashville, Tennessee, USAGenresDoo-wopLabelsHerald Records, Vee Jay Records, Excello Records (The Gladiolas)MembersMaurice WilliamsHenry GastonWiley BennettCharles ThomasAlbert HillWillie MorrowPast membersEarl Gainey Maurice Williams and the Zodiacs were an American doo-wop/R&B vocal group in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Originally the (Royal) Charms, the band changed its name to the Gladiolas in 1957 and the Excellos in 1958, before finally settling on the Zodiacs in 1959. Early history Maurice Williams was born 26 April 1938 in Lancaster, South Carolina. His first experience with music was in the church, where his mother and sister both performed. By the time he was six, Williams was performing regularly there. With his childhood friend Earl Gainey, Williams formed the gospel group the Junior Harmonizers. As rock and roll and doo-wop became their primary interest, the Junior Harmonizers changed their name to the Royal Charms. The Royal Charms and the Gladiolas In addition to Williams and Gainey, the Royal Charms were made up of Willie Jones (baritone), William Massey (tenor, baritone, trumpet), and Norman Wade (bass). In the winter of 1956, while still in high school, Williams and his band traveled to Nashville, Tennessee, to record for the Excello label. At the time they were going by the name the Royal Charms, but the founder of Excello Records, Ernie Young, convinced them to change their name to the Gladiolas (at the time, there were at least two other bands using the same name). The song "Little Darlin'" was a No. 11 hit on the Billboard R&B chart in 1957, but only reached number 41 on Billboard's Top 100. However, when it was covered by the Canadian group the Diamonds, it moved up to No. 2. The Zodiacs Williams finished high school and while on the road with the band, their station wagon broke down in Bluefield, West Virginia. The band came across a British-built Ford car known as the Zodiac and changed their name based on this. Shortly thereafter, Henry Gaston replaced Earl Gainey. In the spring of 1959, Maurice Williams and the Zodiacs performed at the University of South Carolina in Columbia, South Carolina. Around that time, the group split and reformed. The members were Williams, Gaston, Wiley Bennett, and Charles Thomas. Later, Little Willie Morrow and Albert Hill were added. One month later, in the early summer of 1959, the band recorded in a Quonset Hut on Shakespeare Road in Columbia. The recording engineer, Homer Fesperman, recorded several tracks that the band had hoped would include a hit. One of the last tracks that they recorded that day was "Stay", a song that Williams had written in 1953. Williams sang lead and Henry Gaston sang the counter-verse falsetto. After taking the demo of "Stay" to Al Silver at Herald Records in New York City, the song was pressed and released in early 1960. At 1:36, "Stay" is the shortest recording ever to reach number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in the United States. At the end of 1963, the British band the Hollies recorded "Stay", which gave the group their debut Top Ten hit single in the UK, peaking at No.8 in January 1964, three years after the Zodiacs' version had peaked at No. 14 on the UK Singles Chart (January 1961). Later versions of "Stay", by the Four Seasons (1963) and Jackson Browne (1978), reached the Top 20 in the U.S., each selling over one million copies in the United States alone. The inclusion of the Zodiacs' "Stay" on the soundtrack to the film Dirty Dancing in 1987 led to the song selling more records than it had during its original release. A 1965 recording by the group, "May I", released by Vee Jay Records and Dee-Su Records, became, over the years, another million-selling record. Later life Williams continues to record, tour, and release music. He was inducted into the North Carolina Music Hall of Fame in 2010. He also made several performances for the PBS "Doo Wop 50" show series in 2001. Henry Gaston died on August 24, 2015. Discography Singles Year Title Peak chartpositions Record Label B-side Album USPop USR&B UK 1959 "College Girl" — — — Selwyn "Say Yeah" "Lover (Where Are You)" — — — Cole "She's Mine" 1960 "Stay" 1 3 14 Herald "Do You Believe" Stay "I Remember" 86 — — "Always" 1961 "Come Along" 83 — — "Do I" "Come and Get It" — — — "Some Day" "High Blood Pressure" — — — "Please" 1965 "So Fine" — — — Sphere Sound "The Winds" Stay 1968 "The Four Corners" — — — Veep "My Reason for Livin'" 1970 "I'd Rather Have a Memory Than a Dream" — — — 440/Plus "Try" 1990 "Sweetheart, Please Don't Go" — — — Ripete "Let’s Do It Again" 1965 At the Beach 1997 Let This Night Last, produced and arranged by Ron Oates 2000 The 21-song album, Back To Basics, was produced and arranged by Ron Oates in Nashville, Tennessee. It contains re-recorded versions of "Stay" and "Little Darlin". See also List of doo-wop musicians List of artists who reached number one in the United States Vocal Group Hall of Fame List of 1960s one-hit wonders in the United States List of people from South Carolina References ^ a b c Murrells, Joseph (1978). The Book of Golden Discs (2nd ed.). London: Barrie and Jenkins Ltd. p. 130. ISBN 0-214-20512-6. ^ a b c d e f Colin Larkin, ed. (1997). The Virgin Encyclopedia of Sixties Music (First ed.). Virgin Books. p. 474. ISBN 0-7535-0149-X. ^ a b Montague, Joe. "Interview with Maurice Williams". Riveting Riffs. Retrieved Mar 9, 2015. ^ Whitburn, Joel, The Billboard Book of TOP 40 R&B and Hip Hop Hits, Billboard Books, New York, 2006, p. 219 ^ Whitburn, Joel Top Pop Singles 1955-2006, Record Research, 2007 p. 344 ^ Whitburn 1992, p. 139. sfn error: no target: CITEREFWhitburn1992 (help) ^ per Casey Kasem on the American Top 40 broadcast for the week ended March 15, 1980: cue sheet Archived 2017-03-29 at the Wayback Machine ^ Rock File 4 - Chart log of American/British Top 20 Hits 1955-1974, Charlie Gillett & Simon Frith, Panther Books Ltd (1976) ^ "2010 Inductees". North Carolina Music Hall of Fame. Retrieved September 10, 2012. ^ "Henry Gaston". Legacy.com. Retrieved March 11, 2021. ^ "Maurice Williams' famous song has staying power, 55 years later". The Charlotte Observer. Retrieved March 11, 2021. External links Maurice Williams at AllMusic The Zodiacs at AllMusic American Singing Groups: A History from 1940 to Today (Jay Warner) Authority control databases International ISNI 2 VIAF National Germany Artists MusicBrainz 2
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[]
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[{"reference":"Murrells, Joseph (1978). The Book of Golden Discs (2nd ed.). London: Barrie and Jenkins Ltd. p. 130. ISBN 0-214-20512-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bookofgoldendisc00murr/page/130","url_text":"The Book of Golden Discs"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bookofgoldendisc00murr/page/130","url_text":"130"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-214-20512-6","url_text":"0-214-20512-6"}]},{"reference":"Colin Larkin, ed. (1997). The Virgin Encyclopedia of Sixties Music (First ed.). Virgin Books. p. 474. ISBN 0-7535-0149-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Larkin_(writer)","url_text":"Colin Larkin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Popular_Music","url_text":"The Virgin Encyclopedia of Sixties Music"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Books","url_text":"Virgin Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7535-0149-X","url_text":"0-7535-0149-X"}]},{"reference":"Montague, Joe. \"Interview with Maurice Williams\". Riveting Riffs. Retrieved Mar 9, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rivetingriffs.com/Maurice%20Willams%20and%20the%20Zodiacs%20Interview.html","url_text":"\"Interview with Maurice Williams\""}]},{"reference":"\"2010 Inductees\". North Carolina Music Hall of Fame. Retrieved September 10, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://northcarolinamusichalloffame.org/category/inductees/2010-inductees/","url_text":"\"2010 Inductees\""}]},{"reference":"\"Henry Gaston\". Legacy.com. Retrieved March 11, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.legacy.com/obituaries/charlotte/obituary.aspx?n=henry-gaston&pid=175668316&fhid=11958","url_text":"\"Henry Gaston\""}]},{"reference":"\"Maurice Williams' famous song has staying power, 55 years later\". The Charlotte Observer. Retrieved March 11, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.charlotteobserver.com/entertainment/article41831043.html","url_text":"\"Maurice Williams' famous song has staying power, 55 years later\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kagalnitskaya
Kagalnitskaya
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 46°52′55″N 40°09′0″E / 46.88194°N 40.15000°E / 46.88194; 40.15000Stanitsa in Rostov Oblast, RussiaKagalnitskaya КагальницкаяStanitsaLocation of Kagalnitskaya KagalnitskayaLocation of KagalnitskayaShow map of RussiaKagalnitskayaKagalnitskaya (Rostov Oblast)Show map of Rostov OblastCoordinates: 46°52′55″N 40°09′0″E / 46.88194°N 40.15000°E / 46.88194; 40.15000CountryRussiaFederal subjectRostov OblastAdministrative districtKagalnitsky DistrictFounded1809Population (2010 Census) • Total6,831Administrative status • Capital ofKagalnitsky DistrictTime zoneUTC+3 (MSK )Postal code(s)347700–347701OKTMO ID60622414101 Kagalnitskaya (Russian: Кагальницкая) is a rural locality (a stanitsa) and the administrative center of Kagalnitsky District of Rostov Oblast, Russia. Population: 6,831 (2010 Russian census); 6,848 (2002 Census); 5,983 (1989 Soviet census). References ^ a b c d e f g Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 . Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. ^ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). June 3, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2019. ^ Почта России. Информационно-вычислительный центр ОАСУ РПО. (Russian Post). Поиск объектов почтовой связи (Postal Objects Search) (in Russian) ^ Federal State Statistics Service (May 21, 2004). Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года (in Russian). ^ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров . Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики . 1989 – via Demoscope Weekly. This Rostov Oblast location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
[{"reference":"Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/perepis_itogi1612.htm","url_text":"Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_State_Statistics_Service_(Russia)","url_text":"Federal State Statistics Service"}]},{"reference":"\"Об исчислении времени\". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). June 3, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&prevDoc=102483854&backlink=1&&nd=102148085","url_text":"\"Об исчислении времени\""}]},{"reference":"Federal State Statistics Service (May 21, 2004). Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек [Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000] (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian).","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_State_Statistics_Service_(Russia)","url_text":"Federal State Statistics Service"},{"url":"http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/doc/1_TOM_01_04.xls","url_text":"Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек"}]},{"reference":"Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров [All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers]. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года [All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. 1989 – via Demoscope Weekly.","urls":[{"url":"http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus89_reg.php","url_text":"Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_William_Macrosty
Henry William Macrosty
["1 Works","2 References"]
President of the Royal Statistical Society between 1940–41 Henry William MacrostyBorn1865Died19 January 1941 Henry William Macrosty (1865 – 19 January 1941) was President of the Royal Statistical Society between 1940–41. Macrosty was active in the Fabian Society for many years, writing a proposed bill creating an eight-hour working day in 1893, "The Revival of Agriculture: a proposed policy for Great Britain" in 1905, and several other tracts for the society. From 1895 until 1906, he served on the society's executive. Works Henry William Macrosty (1907). The Trust Movement in British Industry: A Study of Business Organisation. Routledge/Thoemmes Press. ISBN 978-0-415-15087-3. Bourgin, G. (1906-01-01). "Reviewed work: The trust movement in British industry. A study of business organisation, Henry W. MACROSTY". L'Année Sociologique (1896/1897-1924/1925). 11 (ArticleType: book–review / Full publication date: 1906–1909 / Copyright © 1906 Presses Universitaires de France): 616–620. ISSN 0245-9051. JSTOR 27883290. F., O. (1907-06-01). "The Trust Movement in British Industry" (PDF). Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. 70 (2): 338–340. doi:10.2307/2339673. hdl:2027/pst.000055529570. ISSN 0952-8385. JSTOR 2339673. Macgregor, D. H. (1907-09-01). "The Trust Movement in British Industry" (PDF). The Economic Journal. 17 (67): 381–383. doi:10.2307/2220478. hdl:2027/pst.000055529570. ISSN 0013-0133. JSTOR 2220478. Wright, Chester W. (1908-01-01). "Reviewed work: The Trust Movement in British Industry, Henry W. Macrosty". Journal of Political Economy. 16 (1): 42–44. doi:10.1086/251387. ISSN 0022-3808. JSTOR 1820745. Wiedenfeld, K. (1909-01-01). "Zur Charakteristik englischen Unternehmertums". Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik. Dritte Folge. 93 (1): 681–686. doi:10.1515/jbnst-1909-0149. ISSN 0021-4027. JSTOR 23826002. S2CID 157029691. References ^ "Mr. H. W. Macrosty, O.B.E". Nature. 147 (3721): 230–231. 22 February 1941. Bibcode:1941Natur.147..230.. doi:10.1038/147230b0. ^ Pease, Edward R. (1969). The History of the Fabian Society. Library of Alexandria. ISBN 978-1465502483. vteGuy MedallistsGold Medallists Charles Booth (1892) Robert Giffen (1894) Jervoise Athelstane Baines (1900) Francis Ysidro Edgeworth (1907) Patrick G. Craigie (1908) G. Udny Yule (1911) T. H. C. Stevenson (1920) A. William Flux (1930) A. L. Bowley (1935) Major Greenwood (1945) R. A. Fisher (1946) A. Bradford Hill (1953) E. S. Pearson (1955) Frank Yates (1960) Harold Jeffreys (1962) Jerzy Neyman (1966) M. G. Kendall (1968) M. S. Bartlett (1969) Harald Cramér (1972) David Cox (1973) G. A. Barnard (1975) Roy Allen (1978) D. G. Kendall (1981) Henry Daniels (1984) Bernard Benjamin (1986) Robin Plackett (1987) Peter Armitage (1990) George E. P. Box (1993) Peter Whittle (1996) Michael Healy (1999) Dennis Lindley (2002) John Nelder (2005) James Durbin (2008) C. R. Rao (2011) John Kingman (2013) Bradley Efron (2014) Adrian Smith (2016) Stephen Buckland (2019) David Spiegelhalter (2020) Nancy Reid (2022) Silver Medallists John Glover (1893) Augustus Sauerbeck (1894) A. L. Bowley (1895) F. J. Atkinson (1897) C. S. Loch (1899) Richard Crawford (1900) Thomas A. Welton (1901) R. H. Hooker (1902) Yves Guyot (1903) D. A. Thomas (1904) R. H. Rew (1905) W. H. Shaw (1906) N. A. Humphreys (1907) Edward Brabrook (1909) G. H. Wood (1910) R. Dudfield (1913) S. Rowson (1914) S. J. Chapman (1915) J. S. Nicholson (1918) J. C. Stamp (1919) A. William Flux (1921) H. W. Macrosty (1927) Ethel Newbold (1928) H. E. Soper (1930) J. H. Jones (1934) Ernest Charles Snow (1935) R. G. Hawtrey (1936) E. C. Ramsbottom (1938) L. Isserlis (1939) H. Leak (1940) M. G. Kendall (1945) Harry Campion (1950) F. A. A. Menzler (1951) M. S. Bartlett (1952) J. O. Irwin (1953) L. H. C. Tippett (1954) D. G. Kendall (1955) Henry Daniels (1957) G. A. Barnard (1958) E. C. Fieller (1960) D. R. Cox (1961) P. V. Sukhatme (1962) George E. P. Box (1964) C. R. Rao (1965) Peter Whittle (1966) Dennis Lindley (1968) Robin Plackett (1973) James Durbin (1976) John Nelder (1977) Peter Armitage (1978) Michael Healy (1979) M. Stone (1980) John Kingman (1981) Henry Wynn (1982) Julian Besag (1983) J. C. Gittins (1984) A. Bissell (1985) W. Pridmore (1985) Richard Peto (1986) John Copas (1987) John Aitchison (1988) F. P. Kelly (1989) David Clayton (1990) R. L. Smith (1991) Robert Nicholas Curnow (1992) A. F. M. Smith (1993) David Spiegelhalter (1994) B. W. Silverman (1995) Steffen Lauritzen (1996) Peter Diggle (1997) Harvey Goldstein (1998) Peter Green (1999) Walter Gilks (2000) Philip Dawid (2001) David Hand (2002) Kanti Mardia (2003) Peter Donnelly (2004) Peter McCullagh (2005) Michael Titterington (2006) Howell Tong (2007) Gareth Roberts (2008) Sylvia Richardson (2009) Iain M. Johnstone (2010) P. G. Hall (2011) David Firth (2012) Brian Ripley (2013) Jianqing Fan (2014) Anthony Davison (2015) Nancy Reid (2016) Neil Shephard (2017) Peter Bühlmann (2018) Susan Murphy (2019) Arnaud Doucet (2020) Håvard Rue (2021) Paul Fearnhead (2022) Bronze Medallists William Gemmell Cochran (1936) R. F. George (1938) W. J. Jennett (1949) Peter Armitage (1962) James Durbin (1966) F. Downton (1967) Robin Plackett (1968) M. C. Pike (1969) P. G. Moore (1970) D. J. Bartholomew (1971) G. N. Wilkinson (1974) A. F. Bissell (1975) P. L. Goldsmith (1976) A. F. M. Smith (1977) Philip Dawid (1978) T. M. F. Smith (1979) A. J. Fox (1980) S. J. Pocock (1982) Peter McCullagh (1983) Bernard Silverman (1984) David Spiegelhalter (1985) D. F. Hendry (1986) Peter Green (1987) S. C. Darby (1988) S. M. Gore (1989) Valerie Isham (1990) M. G. Kenward (1991) C. Jennison (1992) Jonathan Tawn (1993) R. F. A. Poultney (1994) Iain M. Johnstone (1995) J. N. S. Matthews (1996) Gareth Roberts (1997) D. Firth (1998) P. W. F. Smith J. Forster (1999) J. Wakefield (2000) Guy Nason (2001) Geert Molenberghs (2002) Peter Lynn (2003) Nicola Best (2004) Steve Brooks (2005) Matthew Stephens (2006) Paul Fearnhead (2007) Fiona Steele (2008) Chris Holmes (2009) Omiros Papaspiliopoulos (2010) Nicolai Meinshausen (2011) Richard Samworth (2012) Piotr Fryzlewicz (2013) Ming Yuan (2014) Jinchi Lv (2015) Yingying Fan (2017) Peng Ding (2018) Jonas Peters (2019) Rachel McCrea (2020) Pierre E. Jacob (2021) Rajan Shah (2022) vtePresidents of the Royal Statistical Society19th century 1834–1836 The Marquess of Lansdowne 1836–1838 Sir Charles Lemon, Bt 1838–1840 The Earl FitzWilliam 1840–1842 Viscount Sandon 1842–1843 The Marquess of Lansdowne 1843–1845 Lord Ashley 1845–1847 The Lord Monteagle of Brandon 1847–1849 The Earl FitzWilliam 1849–1851 The Earl of Harrowby 1851–1853 The Lord Overstone 1853–1855 The Earl FitzWilliam 1855–1857 The Earl of Harrowby 1857–1859 Lord Stanley 1859–1861 Lord John Russell 1861–1863 Sir John Pakington, Bt 1863–1865 William Henry Sykes 1865–1867 The Lord Houghton 1867–1869 William Ewart Gladstone 1869–1871 William Newmarch 1871–1873 William Farr 1873–1875 William Guy 1875–1877 James Heywood 1877–1879 George Shaw-Lefevre 1879–1880 Thomas Brassey 1880–1882 James Caird 1882–1884 Robert Giffen 1884–1886 Rawson W. Rawson 1886–1888 George Goschen 1888–1890 Thomas Graham Balfour 1890–1892 Frederic J. Mouat 1892–1894 Charles Booth 1894–1896 The Lord Farrer 1896–1897 John Biddulph Martin 1897 Alfred Edmund Bateman 1897–1899 Leonard Courtney 1899–1900 Henry Fowler 1900–1902 The Lord Avebury 20th century 1902–1904 Patrick George Craigie 1904–1905 Sir Francis Powell, Bt 1905–1906 The Earl of Onslow 1906–1907 Richard Martin 1907–1909 Sir Charles Dilke, Bt 1909–1910 Jervoise Athelstane Baines 1910–1912 Lord George Hamilton 1912–1914 Francis Ysidro Edgeworth 1914–1915 The Lord Welby 1915–1916 Lord George Hamilton 1916–1918 Bernard Mallet, Registrar General 1918–1920 Herbert Samuel 1920–1922 R. Henry Rew 1922–1924 The Lord Emmott 1924–1926 Udny Yule 1926–1928 The Viscount D'Abernon 1928–1930 A. William Flux 1930–1932 Sir Josiah Stamp 1932–1934 The Lord Meston 1934–1936 Major Greenwood 1936–1938 The Lord Kennet 1938–1940 Arthur Lyon Bowley 1940–1941 Henry William Macrosty 1941 Hector Leak 1941–1943 William Beveridge 1943–1945 Ernest Charles Snow 1945–1947 The Lord Woolton 1947–1949 David Heron 1949–1950 Sir Geoffrey Heyworth 1950–1952 Austin Bradford Hill 1952–1954 Ronald Fisher 1954–1955 The Lord Piercy 1955–1957 Egon Pearson 1957–1959 Harry Campion 1959–1960 Hugh Beaver 1960–1962 Maurice Kendall 1962–1964 Joseph Oscar Irwin 1964–1965 Sir Paul Chambers 1965–1966 L. H. C. Tippett 1966–1967 M. S. Bartlett 1967–1968 Frank Yates 1968–1969 Arthur Cockfield 1969–1970 R. G. D. Allen 1970–1971 Bernard Benjamin 1971–1972 George Alfred Barnard 1972–1973 Harold Wilson 1973–1974 D. J. Finney 1974–1975 Henry Daniels 1975–1977 Stella Cunliffe 1977–1978 Henry Wynn 1978–1980 Sir Claus Moser 1980–1982 David Cox 1982–1984 Peter Armitage 1984–1985 Walter Bodmer 1985–1986 John Nelder 1986–1987 James Durbin 1987–1989 John Kingman 1989–1991 Peter G. Moore 1991–1993 T. M. F. Smith 1993–1995 D. J. Bartholomew 1995–1997 Adrian Smith 1997–1999 Robert Nicholas Curnow 1999–2001 Denise Lievesley 21st century 2001–2003 Peter Green 2003–2005 Andy Grieve 2005–2007 Tim Holt 2008–2009 David Hand 2010–2010 Bernard Silverman (resigned Feb 2010; replaced pro tem by David Hand) 2011–2012 Valerie Isham 2013–2014 John Pullinger 2014–2016 Peter Diggle 2017–2018 David Spiegelhalter 2019– Deborah Ashby Category List Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Germany Italy United States Australia Netherlands Academics CiNii People Deutsche Biographie Trove Other IdRef
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From 1895 until 1906, he served on the society's executive.[2]","title":"Henry William Macrosty"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Trust Movement in British Industry: A Study of Business Organisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=ChVFAQAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-415-15087-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-15087-3"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0245-9051","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0245-9051"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"27883290","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/27883290"},{"link_name":"\"The Trust Movement in British Industry\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//socserv.mcmaster.ca/econ/ugcm/3ll3/macrosty/trust.pdf"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/2339673","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F2339673"},{"link_name":"hdl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2027/pst.000055529570","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fpst.000055529570"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0952-8385","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0952-8385"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2339673","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/2339673"},{"link_name":"\"The Trust Movement in British Industry\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//socserv.mcmaster.ca/econ/ugcm/3ll3/macrosty/trust.pdf"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/2220478","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F2220478"},{"link_name":"hdl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2027/pst.000055529570","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fpst.000055529570"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0013-0133","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0133"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2220478","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/2220478"},{"link_name":"\"Reviewed work: The Trust Movement in British Industry, Henry W. Macrosty\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zenodo.org/record/1699408"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1086/251387","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1086%2F251387"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0022-3808","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-3808"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1820745","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/1820745"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1515/jbnst-1909-0149","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1515%2Fjbnst-1909-0149"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0021-4027","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0021-4027"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"23826002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/23826002"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"157029691","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:157029691"}],"text":"Henry William Macrosty (1907). The Trust Movement in British Industry: A Study of Business Organisation. Routledge/Thoemmes Press. ISBN 978-0-415-15087-3.Bourgin, G. (1906-01-01). \"Reviewed work: The trust movement in British industry. A study of business organisation, Henry W. MACROSTY\". L'Année Sociologique (1896/1897-1924/1925). 11 (ArticleType: book–review / Full publication date: 1906–1909 / Copyright © 1906 Presses Universitaires de France): 616–620. ISSN 0245-9051. JSTOR 27883290.\nF., O. (1907-06-01). \"The Trust Movement in British Industry\" (PDF). Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. 70 (2): 338–340. doi:10.2307/2339673. hdl:2027/pst.000055529570. ISSN 0952-8385. JSTOR 2339673.\nMacgregor, D. H. (1907-09-01). \"The Trust Movement in British Industry\" (PDF). The Economic Journal. 17 (67): 381–383. doi:10.2307/2220478. hdl:2027/pst.000055529570. ISSN 0013-0133. JSTOR 2220478.\nWright, Chester W. (1908-01-01). \"Reviewed work: The Trust Movement in British Industry, Henry W. Macrosty\". Journal of Political Economy. 16 (1): 42–44. doi:10.1086/251387. ISSN 0022-3808. JSTOR 1820745.\nWiedenfeld, K. (1909-01-01). \"Zur Charakteristik englischen Unternehmertums\". Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik. Dritte Folge. 93 (1): 681–686. doi:10.1515/jbnst-1909-0149. ISSN 0021-4027. JSTOR 23826002. S2CID 157029691.","title":"Works"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantcast.com
Quantcast
["1 History","2 Recognition","3 References","4 External links"]
American technology company A major contributor to this article appears to have a close connection with its subject. It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia's content policies, particularly neutral point of view. Please discuss further on the talk page. (March 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Quantcast CorporationQuantcast offices in San Francisco (2019)Company typePrivateIndustrySaaS/PaaS (Software-as-a-Service / Platform-as-a-Service)Founded2006 (2006)HeadquartersSan Francisco, California, U.S.Area servedInternationalKey peopleKonrad Feldman (CEO)Peter Day (CTO)ProductsQuantcast PlatformQuantcast ChoiceQuantcast MeasureQuantcast AdvertiseASN27281 Websitequantcast.com Quantcast is an American technology company, founded in 2006, that specializes in AI-driven real-time advertising, audience insights and measurement. It has offices in the United States, Canada, Australia, Singapore, United Kingdom, Ireland, France, Germany, Italy, and Sweden. History Quantcast was launched in 2006. The company was built on the belief that digital advertising requires reliable data to be successful. Initially the primary aim was to gather detailed, real-time insights on audience characteristics across the internet. By placing tags on digital content across the open internet, the firm measures metrics such as audience age and gender makeup, areas of interest and type, length and frequency of their engagement with certain types of content. This private information is made publicly available to be used by marketers and publishers to accurately understand their audience in granular detail. In 2010, Quantcast's Publisher Program was the first syndicated online traffic measurement service to receive official accreditation from the Media Rating Council (MRC). In 2013, the company acquired MakeGood Software, an advertising technology startup that simplifies data management and reporting for online advertising campaigns. The technology was subsequently integrated with Quantcast Advertise to enhance the reporting functions available for Quantcast campaigns. This nudged the company closer towards competition in the ad effectiveness category, which includes companies like comScore. In 2021, Quantcast unveiled the Quantcast Platform, a self-service intelligent audience platform for brands, agencies, and publishers to advertise on the open internet. In 2021, Quantcast announced the launch of a new educational program, the Quantcast Academy, a self-paced, online training program that provides learning and certification in digital advertising. In 2021, Quantcast revealed a cookieless solution for the Quantcast Platform. In August 2023, InMobi acquired Quantcast Choice, Quantcast's consent management solution. Recognition 2013 OnMedia 100 Top Private Companies - B2B: Advertising Analytics 2012 Wired Magazine: The 10 San Francisco Tech Companies You Wish You Worked For 2012 AlwaysOn Global 250 Top Private Companies 2011 OnMedia 100 Top Private Companies - B2B: Advertising Analytics 2011 Business Insider Digital 100: Quantcast Ranked #54 2010 Fast Company Most Innovative Companies - Web 2015 Glassdoor Employee's Choice Award, Best Places to Work 2016 Quantcast partnered with IAB Europe, IAB UK and the ANAs to create an educational program for industry professionals to understand the language, tools, and processes of the online advertising ecosystem. 2016 Business Insider: The 37 hottest pre-IPO ad tech startups of 2016. Ranked #11. 2021 MarTech Breakthrough Awards: Quantcast won “Best Web Analytics Solution” for Quantcast Measure 2021 Best in Biz Awards North America: Quantcast Platform named a silver winner in the “Best New Product of the Year” category 2021 Human Rights Campaign Foundation: Best Places to Work for LGBTQ Equality 2022 Human Rights Campaign Foundation: Best Places to Work for LGBTQ+ Equality 2022 Built In Honors Quantcast in its Esteemed 2022 Best Places To Work Awards References ^ Vascellaro, Jessica E. (2009-07-06). "Quantcast Shakes up Ad-Targeting model". The Wall Street Journal. ^ Horler, Rob. "How An Agency Adds Value In An AI Era". AdAge. Retrieved 2018-04-03. ^ Quantcast takes it first leap into Asia, launching in seven new marketings. TheDrum (2018-01-25). Retrieved on 201-05-24. ^ "About Quantcast | Quantcast". Quantcast. Retrieved 2017-08-28. ^ Konrad Feldman: Executive Profile & Biography - BusinesswWeek. Investing."businessweek.com (2005-02-01). Retrieved on 2014-04-19. ^ "Are You Making This Moment Your Moment?". adage.com. 29 May 2018. Retrieved 2018-05-31. ^ "Audience Measurement Firms Race To The Finish Line — But Not There Yet — Tech News and Analysis". gigaom.com. 2010-06-14. Archived from the original on 2014-04-07. Retrieved 2014-04-19. ^ Quantcast Acquires Startup MakeGood To Improve Ad Data Aggregation. TechCrunch (2013-01-08). Retrieved on 2014-04-19. ^ Kaplan, David. (2013-01-08) Quantcast Acquires Ad Effectiveness Analyst MakeGood Software. Adexchanger.com. Retrieved on 2014-04-19. ^ Quantcast buys Seattle online ad startup MakeGood Software. GeekWire. Retrieved on 2014-04-19. ^ Quantcast Unveils New Intelligent Audience Platform to Empower Brands, Agencies, and Publishers to Thrive on the Open Internet. Quantcast (2021-03-03). Retrieved 2022-2-14. ^ Quantcast Advocates For Advertising Education with Open Access to Free Training Through Quantcast Academy. Quantcast (2021-09-08). Retrieved on 2022-02-14. ^ Quantcast Reveals Transformative Cookieless Innovations for the Quantcast Platform. Quantcast (2021-09-14). Retrieved on 2022-02-14. ^ "InMobi Acquires Quantcast Choice to Enhance Frictionless Consent Management for Publishers". Yahoo Finance. 2023-08-16. Retrieved 2023-08-16. ^ "InMobi Acquires Quantcast Choice to Enhance Frictionless Consent Management for Publishers". www.businesswire.com. 2023-08-16. Retrieved 2023-08-16. ^ "Announcing the 2013 OnMedia 100 Top Private Companies | AlwaysOn". Archived from the original on March 15, 2013. Retrieved March 27, 2013. ^ Wohlsen, Marcus (2012-10-30). "The 10 San Francisco Tech Companies You Wish You Worked For". Wired. ^ "Announcing the 2012 AlwaysOn Global 250 Top Private Companies | AlwaysOn". Archived from the original on February 25, 2013. Retrieved March 27, 2013. ^ "Announcing the 2011 OnMedia 100 Top Private Companies | AlwaysOn". Archived from the original on March 1, 2013. Retrieved March 27, 2013. ^ "Most Valuable Startups 2011 Digital 100 Complete 1-100 List - Business Insider". Business Insider. 21 September 2011. ^ "Most Innovated Companies - Web". Fast Company. 11 February 2010. ^ "Fortune's Best Places to Work... - Quantcast Office Photo". Glassdoor (Press release). Retrieved 2018-06-29. ^ "Real-Time Advertising Academy". Archived from the original on 2017-09-20. Retrieved 2017-09-19. ^ "RANKED: The 37 hottest pre-IPO ad tech startups of 2016". Business Insider. Retrieved 2018-06-29. ^ "MarTech Breakthrough Awards: 2021 Award Winners". Martech Breakthrough Awards. Retrieved 2022-02-15. ^ "MarTech Breakthrough Awards: 2021 Award Winners". Best in Biz Awards Awards. Retrieved 2022-02-15. ^ "Corporate Equality Index 2021". Human Rights Campaign Foundation. Retrieved 2022-02-15. ^ "Best Places to Work for LGBTQ+ Equality 2022". Human Rights Campaign Foundation. Retrieved 2022-02-15. ^ "Built In Honors Quantcast in its Esteemed 2022 Best Places To Work Awards". Quantcast. Retrieved 2022-02-15. External links Official website
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Initially the primary aim was to gather detailed, real-time insights on audience characteristics across the internet. By placing tags on digital content across the open internet, the firm measures metrics such as audience age and gender makeup, areas of interest and type, length and frequency of their engagement with certain types of content. This private information is made publicly available to be used by marketers and publishers to accurately understand their audience in granular detail.[6]In 2010, Quantcast's Publisher Program was the first syndicated online traffic measurement service to receive official accreditation from the Media Rating Council (MRC).[7]In 2013, the company acquired MakeGood Software, an advertising technology startup that simplifies data management and reporting for online advertising campaigns.[8] The technology was subsequently integrated with Quantcast Advertise to enhance the reporting functions available for Quantcast campaigns. This nudged the company closer towards competition in the ad effectiveness category, which includes companies like comScore.[9][10]In 2021, Quantcast unveiled the Quantcast Platform, a self-service intelligent audience platform for brands, agencies, and publishers to advertise on the open internet.[11]In 2021, Quantcast announced the launch of a new educational program, the Quantcast Academy, a self-paced, online training program that provides learning and certification in digital advertising.[12]In 2021, Quantcast revealed a cookieless solution for the Quantcast Platform.[13]In August 2023, InMobi acquired Quantcast Choice, Quantcast's consent management solution.[14][15]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"2013 OnMedia 100 Top Private Companies - B2B: Advertising Analytics[16]\n2012 Wired Magazine: The 10 San Francisco Tech Companies You Wish You Worked For[17]\n2012 AlwaysOn Global 250 Top Private Companies[18]\n2011 OnMedia 100 Top Private Companies - B2B: Advertising Analytics[19]\n2011 Business Insider Digital 100: Quantcast Ranked #54[20]\n2010 Fast Company Most Innovative Companies - Web[21]\n2015 Glassdoor Employee's Choice Award, Best Places to Work[22]\n2016 Quantcast partnered with IAB Europe, IAB UK and the ANAs to create an educational program for industry professionals to understand the language, tools, and processes of the online advertising ecosystem.[23]\n2016 Business Insider: The 37 hottest pre-IPO ad tech startups of 2016. Ranked #11.[24]\n2021 MarTech Breakthrough Awards: Quantcast won “Best Web Analytics Solution” for Quantcast Measure[25]\n2021 Best in Biz Awards North America: Quantcast Platform named a silver winner in the “Best New Product of the Year” category[26]\n2021 Human Rights Campaign Foundation: Best Places to Work for LGBTQ Equality[27]\n2022 Human Rights Campaign Foundation: Best Places to Work for LGBTQ+ Equality[28]\n2022 Built In Honors Quantcast in its Esteemed 2022 Best Places To Work Awards[29]","title":"Recognition"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Vascellaro, Jessica E. (2009-07-06). \"Quantcast Shakes up Ad-Targeting model\". The Wall Street Journal.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB124684239585598449","url_text":"\"Quantcast Shakes up Ad-Targeting model\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal","url_text":"The Wall Street Journal"}]},{"reference":"Horler, Rob. \"How An Agency Adds Value In An AI Era\". AdAge. Retrieved 2018-04-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://adage.com/article/quantcast/agency-adds-ai-era/312933/","url_text":"\"How An Agency Adds Value In An AI Era\""}]},{"reference":"\"About Quantcast | Quantcast\". Quantcast. Retrieved 2017-08-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.quantcast.com/about-us/","url_text":"\"About Quantcast | Quantcast\""}]},{"reference":"\"Are You Making This Moment Your Moment?\". adage.com. 29 May 2018. Retrieved 2018-05-31.","urls":[{"url":"http://adage.com/article/quantcast/making-moment-moment/313632/","url_text":"\"Are You Making This Moment Your Moment?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Audience Measurement Firms Race To The Finish Line — But Not There Yet — Tech News and Analysis\". gigaom.com. 2010-06-14. Archived from the original on 2014-04-07. Retrieved 2014-04-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140407084128/http://gigaom.com/2010/06/14/419-audience-measurement-firms-race-to-the-finish-line-but-not-there-yet/","url_text":"\"Audience Measurement Firms Race To The Finish Line — But Not There Yet — Tech News and Analysis\""},{"url":"http://gigaom.com/2010/06/14/419-audience-measurement-firms-race-to-the-finish-line-but-not-there-yet/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"InMobi Acquires Quantcast Choice to Enhance Frictionless Consent Management for Publishers\". Yahoo Finance. 2023-08-16. Retrieved 2023-08-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://finance.yahoo.com/news/inmobi-acquires-quantcast-choice-enhance-041000306.html","url_text":"\"InMobi Acquires Quantcast Choice to Enhance Frictionless Consent Management for Publishers\""}]},{"reference":"\"InMobi Acquires Quantcast Choice to Enhance Frictionless Consent Management for Publishers\". www.businesswire.com. 2023-08-16. Retrieved 2023-08-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20230815686699/en/InMobi-Acquires-Quantcast-Choice-to-Enhance-Frictionless-Consent-Management-for-Publishers","url_text":"\"InMobi Acquires Quantcast Choice to Enhance Frictionless Consent Management for Publishers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Announcing the 2013 OnMedia 100 Top Private Companies | AlwaysOn\". Archived from the original on March 15, 2013. Retrieved March 27, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130315033819/http://www.aonetwork.com/AOStory/Announcing-2013-OnMedia-100-Top-Private-Companies","url_text":"\"Announcing the 2013 OnMedia 100 Top Private Companies | AlwaysOn\""},{"url":"http://www.aonetwork.com/AOStory/Announcing-2013-OnMedia-100-Top-Private-Companies","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Wohlsen, Marcus (2012-10-30). \"The 10 San Francisco Tech Companies You Wish You Worked For\". Wired.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wired.com/business/2012/10/best-san-francisco-tech-companies/#slideid-75354","url_text":"\"The 10 San Francisco Tech Companies You Wish You Worked For\""}]},{"reference":"\"Announcing the 2012 AlwaysOn Global 250 Top Private Companies | AlwaysOn\". Archived from the original on February 25, 2013. Retrieved March 27, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130225075858/http://www.aonetwork.com/AOStory/Announcing-2012-AlwaysOn-Global-250-Top-Private-Companies","url_text":"\"Announcing the 2012 AlwaysOn Global 250 Top Private Companies | AlwaysOn\""},{"url":"http://www.aonetwork.com/AOStory/Announcing-2012-AlwaysOn-Global-250-Top-Private-Companies","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Announcing the 2011 OnMedia 100 Top Private Companies | AlwaysOn\". Archived from the original on March 1, 2013. Retrieved March 27, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130301100110/http://www.aonetwork.com/AOStory/Announcing-2011-OnMedia-100-Top-Private-Companies","url_text":"\"Announcing the 2011 OnMedia 100 Top Private Companies | AlwaysOn\""},{"url":"http://www.aonetwork.com/AOStory/Announcing-2011-OnMedia-100-Top-Private-Companies","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Most Valuable Startups 2011 Digital 100 Complete 1-100 List - Business Insider\". Business Insider. 21 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.businessinsider.com/2011-digital-100--1-100","url_text":"\"Most Valuable Startups 2011 Digital 100 Complete 1-100 List - Business Insider\""}]},{"reference":"\"Most Innovated Companies - Web\". Fast Company. 11 February 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fastcompany.com/1547668/most-innovated-companies-web","url_text":"\"Most Innovated Companies - Web\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fortune's Best Places to Work... - Quantcast Office Photo\". Glassdoor (Press release). Retrieved 2018-06-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/quantcast-honored-as-one-of-the-best-places-to-work-in-2015-a-glassdoor-employees-choice-award-300007722.html","url_text":"\"Fortune's Best Places to Work... - Quantcast Office Photo\""}]},{"reference":"\"Real-Time Advertising Academy\". Archived from the original on 2017-09-20. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_frigate_Iris_(1781)
French frigate Iris (1781)
["1 Fate","2 Citations","3 References"]
A Magicienne-class frigate History France NameIris BuilderToulon shipyard Laid downMay 1781 Launched29 October 1781 CapturedAugust 1793 FateDestroyed December 1793 General characteristics Class and typeMagicienne-class frigate Displacement1,100 tons (French) Length 44.18 m (144.9 ft) (overall) 38.66 m (126.8 ft) (keel) Beam11.21 m (36.8 ft) Draught5.2 m (17 ft) (laden) Depth of hold5.79 m (19.0 ft) Sail planFull-rigged ship Complement265–285 Armament 26 × 12-pounder long guns 6 × 6-pounder guns The French frigate Iris was a Magicienne-class frigate, one of seven, launched at Toulon in 1781 for the French Navy. : Between 1781 and 1784, there were two French frigates Iris, this newly launched frigate, and the former USS Hancock, which the British had captured in 1781 in the American theatre and renamed Iris, and which the French had captured in 1781 and sold in 1784. The British captured the new Iris at Toulon on 28 August 1793, and burned her on their evacuation of the city in December. Fate When the Royalist French surrendered Toulon to Lord Hood in 1793, they found Iris dismantled and being used as a powder hulk. As the republicans advanced on the town, the Anglo-Spanish forces evacuated, destroying the arsenal and as many ships as they could of those that they could not sail out of the port. Captain Sidney Smith took charge of a small squadron of three English and three Spanish gunboats and went into the inner harbour to scuttle the ships. Against orders, instead of sinking one of the frigates, the Spanish crew of one gunboat set the frigate alight. The vessel, possibly Iris, was being used to store one thousand barrels of gunpowder. The resulting explosion blew the British gun boat Terrible, commanded by Lieutenant Patey, to pieces; however, the men were picked up alive. Another British gunboat, Union, which was nearest to Iris, too was blown to pieces; her commander, Mr Young, was killed, together with three of his men. At least one other powder hulk, French frigate Montréal, was also destroyed in the evacuation, and Iris was recorded as being one of those burnt in the retreat. Citations ^ Mostert. The Line Upon the Wind. p. 105. ^ a b Winfield. British Warships. p. 232. ^ Mostert. The Line Upon the Wind. p. 116. ^ a b c d Mostert. The Line Upon the Wind. p. 117. ^ a b Gardner p.104 ^ von Pivka p.38 ^ Henry G. Bohn, "Battles of the British Navy", Joseph Allen, ESQ. R.N., Volume 1, 1853, pp. 369–370 References Gardner, Robert (2001). Fleet Battle and Blockade, The French Revolutionary War 1793–1797. Chatham. ISBN 1-84067-363-X. Von Pivka, Otto; Navies of the Napoleonic era. Taplinger Pub Co; Book Club Edition (1980) ISBN 0-8008-5472-1 Mostert, Noel (2008). The Line Upon a Wind: The Greatest War Fought At Sea Under Sail: 1793–1815. London: Vintage Books. ISBN 978-0-7126-0927-2. Winfield, Rif (2008). British Warships in the Age of Sail 1793–1817: Design, Construction, Careers and Fates. Seaforth. ISBN 978-1-86176-246-7. Winfield, Rif & Stephen S Roberts (2015 Forthcoming) French Warships in the Age of Sail 1786–1862: Design Construction, Careers and Fates. (Seaforth Publishing). ISBN 9781848322042
[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"French frigate Iris (1781)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"surrendered Toulon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Toulon_(1793)"},{"link_name":"Lord Hood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Hood,_1st_Viscount_Hood"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mostert105-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Winfield-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mostert116-3"},{"link_name":"Sidney Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Smith_(Royal_Navy_officer)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mostert117-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mostert117-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gardner_p.104-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mostert117-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gardner_p.104-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"French frigate Montréal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Montreal_(1761)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Winfield-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mostert117-4"}],"text":"When the Royalist French surrendered Toulon to Lord Hood in 1793, they found Iris dismantled and being used as a powder hulk.[1][2] As the republicans advanced on the town, the Anglo-Spanish forces evacuated, destroying the arsenal and as many ships as they could of those that they could not sail out of the port.[3] Captain Sidney Smith took charge of a small squadron of three English and three Spanish gunboats and went into the inner harbour to scuttle the ships.[4] Against orders, instead of sinking one of the frigates, the Spanish crew of one gunboat set the frigate alight.[4] The vessel, possibly Iris, was being used to store one thousand barrels of gunpowder. The resulting explosion blew the British gun boat Terrible, commanded by Lieutenant Patey, to pieces; however, the men were picked up alive.[5] Another British gunboat, Union, which was nearest to Iris, too was blown to pieces; her commander, Mr Young, was killed, together with three of his men.[4][5][6] At least one other powder hulk, French frigate Montréal,[7] was also destroyed in the evacuation, and Iris was recorded as being one of those burnt in the retreat.[2][4]","title":"Fate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Mostert105_1-0"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Winfield_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Winfield_2-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Mostert116_3-0"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Mostert117_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Mostert117_4-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Mostert117_4-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Mostert117_4-3"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Gardner_p.104_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Gardner_p.104_5-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"}],"text":"^ Mostert. The Line Upon the Wind. p. 105.\n\n^ a b Winfield. British Warships. p. 232.\n\n^ Mostert. The Line Upon the Wind. p. 116.\n\n^ a b c d Mostert. The Line Upon the Wind. p. 117.\n\n^ a b Gardner p.104\n\n^ von Pivka p.38\n\n^ Henry G. Bohn, \"Battles of the British Navy\", Joseph Allen, ESQ. R.N., Volume 1, 1853, pp. 369–370","title":"Citations"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Mostert. The Line Upon the Wind. p. 105.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Winfield. British Warships. p. 232.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Mostert. The Line Upon the Wind. p. 116.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Mostert. The Line Upon the Wind. p. 117.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Gardner, Robert (2001). Fleet Battle and Blockade, The French Revolutionary War 1793–1797. Chatham. ISBN 1-84067-363-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84067-363-X","url_text":"1-84067-363-X"}]},{"reference":"Mostert, Noel (2008). The Line Upon a Wind: The Greatest War Fought At Sea Under Sail: 1793–1815. London: Vintage Books. ISBN 978-0-7126-0927-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7126-0927-2","url_text":"978-0-7126-0927-2"}]},{"reference":"Winfield, Rif (2008). British Warships in the Age of Sail 1793–1817: Design, Construction, Careers and Fates. Seaforth. ISBN 978-1-86176-246-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86176-246-7","url_text":"978-1-86176-246-7"}]}]
[]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tivadar_Monostori
Tivadar Monostori
["1 References","2 External links"]
Hungarian footballer The native form of this personal name is Monostori Tivadar. This article uses Western name order when mentioning individuals. Tivadar Monostori Personal informationDate of birth (1936-08-24)24 August 1936Place of birth Felsőgalla, HungaryDate of death 18 March 2014(2014-03-18) (aged 77)Position(s) ForwardSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)1954–1967 Dorogi FC 243 (94)International career1958–1963 Hungary 9 (4)Managerial career1975 Tatabánya Bányász SC1977–1979 Tatabánya Bányász SC *Club domestic league appearances and goals Tivadar Monostori (24 August 1936 – 18 March 2014) was a Hungarian football forward who played for Hungary in the 1958 and 1962 FIFA World Cups. He also played for Dorogi FC. References ^ 1958 FIFA World Cup Sweden ^ "Meghalt Monostori Tivadar, a dorogi legenda - Sport24". Sport.hir24.hu. Retrieved 2014-03-28. External links FIFA profile vteNB I top scorers 1901: Manno 1902: Manno 1903: Károly 1904: Pokorny 1905: Károly 1907: Kelemen 1908: Vangel 1909: Schlosser 1910: Schlosser 1911: Schlosser 1912: Schlosser 1913: Schlosser 1914: Schlosser 1917: Schlosser 1918: Schaffer 1919: Schaffer 1920: Orth 1921: Orth 1922: Orth 1923: Priboj 1924: Jeszmás 1925: G. Molnár 1926: Takács 1927: Horváth 1928: Takács 1929: Takács 1930: Takács 1931: Vincze 1932: Takács 1933: Jávor 1934: Toldi 1935: Cseh 1936: Sárosi 1937: Cseh 1938: Zsengellér 1939: Zsengellér 1940: Sárosi 1941: Sárosi 1942: Kalmár 1943: Jenőfi & Zsengellér 1944: Zsengellér 1945: Zsengellér 1946: Deák 1947: Deák 1948: Puskás 1949: Deák 1950 (1): Puskás 1950 (2): Puskás 1951: Kocsis 1952: Kocsis 1953: Puskás 1954: Kocsis 1955: Czibor & Machos 1957: Szilágyi 1958: Friedmanszky & J. Molnár 1959: Kisuczky, Monostori & Tichy 1960: Albert 1961: Albert & Tichy 1962: Tichy 1963 (1): Bene 1963 (2): Tichy 1964: Tichy 1965: Albert 1966: Farkas 1967: Dunai 1968: Dunai 1969: Bene 1970: Dunai 1971: Kozma 1972: Bene 1973: Bene 1974: Kozma 1975: Bene & Kozma 1976: Fazekas 1977: Várady 1978: Fazekas 1979: Fekete 1980: Fazekas 1981: Nyilasi 1982: Hannich 1983: Dobány 1984: Szabó 1985: Détári & Kiprich 1986: Détári 1987: Détári 1988: Melis 1989: Petres 1990: Dzurják 1991: Gregor 1992: Fischer & Orosz 1993: Répási 1994: Illés 1995: Preisinger 1996: Nichenko 1997: Illés 1998: Tiber 1999: Illés 2000: Tököli 2001: Kabát 2002: Tököli 2003: Kenesei 2004: Tóth 2005: Medveď 2006: Rajczi 2007: Bajzát 2008: Waltner 2009: Bajzát 2010: Nikolics 2011: Alves 2012: Coulibaly 2013: Coulibaly 2014: Nikolics & Simon 2015: Nikolics 2016: Böde 2017: Eppel 2018: Lanzafame 2019: Holender & Lanzafame 2020: Radó 2021: Hahn 2022: Ádám 2023: Varga 2024: Varga vteHungary squad – 1958 FIFA World Cup 1 Grosics 2 Mátrai 3 Sipos 4 Sárosi 5 Bozsik 6 Berendy 7 Budai 8 Tichy 9 Hidegkuti (c) 10 Bundzsák 11 Sándor 12 Kárpáti 13 Szigeti 14 Szojka 15 Kotász 16 Lachos 17 Vasas 18 Monostori 19 Friedmanszky 20 Bencsics 21 Fenyvesi 22 Ilku Coach: Baróti vteHungary squad – 1962 FIFA World Cup 1 Grosics 2 Mátrai 3 Mészöly 4 Sárosi (c) 5 Solymosi 6 Sipos 7 Sándor 8 Göröcs 9 Albert 10 Tichy 11 Fenyvesi 12 Sóvári 13 Ihász 14 Nagy 15 Menczel 16 Farkas 17 Rákosi 18 Monostori 19 Kuharszki 20 Bödör 21 Szentmihályi 22 Ilku Coach: Baróti This biographical article relating to Hungarian football is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"personal name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_name"},{"link_name":"Western name order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_name#Western_name_order"},{"link_name":"Hungarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"forward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"1958","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"1962 FIFA World Cups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Dorogi FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorogi_FC"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The native form of this personal name is Monostori Tivadar. This article uses Western name order when mentioning individuals.Tivadar Monostori (24 August 1936 – 18 March 2014) was a Hungarian football forward who played for Hungary in the 1958 and 1962 FIFA World Cups.[1] He also played for Dorogi FC.[2]","title":"Tivadar Monostori"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Broad-based_Anti-corruption_Commission
Independent Broad-based Anti-corruption Commission
["1 Overview","2 History","3 Powers","4 Investigations","4.1 Operation Leven","4.2 Operation Dunham","4.3 Operation Ord","4.4 Operation Sandon","4.5 Stuart Bateson","4.6 Wayne Dean","4.7 Operation Watts","5 References"]
Australian police oversight organisation Law enforcement agency Independent Broad-based Anti-corruption Commission (IBAC)AbbreviationIBACAgency overviewFormed1 July 2012Preceding agencyOffice of Police IntegrityEmployees200Annual budgetA$31 million (2014–2015)Jurisdictional structureOperations jurisdictionVictoria, AustraliaGoverning bodyParliament of VictoriaConstituting instrumentIndependent Broad-based Anti-corruption Commission Act 2011 (Vic) (IBAC Act)Operational structureHeadquartersLevel 1, 459 Collins Street, Melbourne, Victoria, AustraliaAgency executivesStephen Farrow, Acting CommissionerMarlo Baragwanath, CEOWebsiteibac.vic.gov.au The Independent Broad-based Anti-corruption Commission (IBAC) is Victoria's anti-corruption integrity agency with jurisdiction over the public sector. It does this by: investigating serious corruption and police misconduct informing the public sector, police and the community about the risks and impacts of corruption and police misconduct. Overview IBAC's jurisdiction includes: public sector agencies and bodies local councils members of Parliament, electorate officers and ministerial advisors the judiciary Victoria Police personnel, including sworn and unsworn staff and Protective Services Officers. IBAC is one of three key independent authorities in the Victorian integrity system. The other agencies are the Ombudsman of Victoria and the Victorian Auditor-General's Office. Under the IBAC Act, IBAC is accountable to the people of Victoria and reports to the State Parliament. It is also subject to scrutiny through: the Victorian Inspectorate the IBAC Parliamentary Committee. History The IBAC Act was passed on 29 November 2011, establishing: the role of the Commissioner the Parliamentary Committee to oversee IBAC IBAC's prevention and education functions. In 2012, the IBAC Act was amended to grant IBAC certain investigative powers as well as define its main areas of jurisdiction. Further legislation was subsequently introduced to replace the former Whistleblowers Protection Act 2001 with the Protected Disclosure Act 2012 (Protected Disclosure Act). IBAC was formally established on 1 July 2012 and became fully operational in February 2013. Powers IBAC has powers to effectively investigate allegations of serious corrupt conduct. These include the power to: compel the production of documents and objects enter and search premises seize documents and objects use surveillance devices intercept telecommunications hold private and public hearings require people to give evidence at a hearing. IBAC must apply to the Supreme Court or other courts and tribunals before exercising some powers. The Public Interest Monitor reviews and makes submissions on IBAC's applications for surveillance device warrants and telecommunications interception warrants. Prior to its establishment, the powers granted under the IBAC Act were publicly criticised. Following establishment, former Court of Appeal judge and Chair of the Accountability Round Table, Stephen Charles QC, said the IBAC legislation was "seriously flawed" and that IBAC required investigatory powers similar to those of the New South Wales Independent Commission Against Corruption. IBAC's Commissioner Stephen O’Bryan QC stated: "As with any new and complex legislation, it is not until it is applied in practice over time that areas for improvement are best identified. I am confident that the IBAC Act provides a solid initial framework for Victoria's new integrity regime and that, as with any such legislation, it will transform over time. Certainly, if elements of the Act fall short of what is needed to carry out most effectively its objectives and purposes, I have publicly stated that I will seek appropriate amendment." After a year of full operation, the Commissioner determined some areas of the IBAC Act would benefit from amendment. Detailed in the April 2014 Special report following IBAC's first year of being fully operational, these included: the extent to which IBAC must reasonably be satisfied before investigation complaints or allegations of corrupt conduct the absence of the common law offence of misconduct in public office as something IBAC can investigate the desirability of mandatory reporting of possible corrupt conduct to IBAC by public sector body heads and council CEOs. In September 2014, the Integrity Legislation Amendment Bill 2014 (Bill) was introduced to Parliament. The Bill proposed amendments to: the threshold for conducting investigations the inclusion of misconduct in public office the ability to conduct preliminary investigations the introduction of mandatory reporting for principal officers of public bodies. The Bill was not passed during the final session of Parliament before the November 2014 Victorian State election. On 1 February 2015, the newly sworn in Labor Government announced it was undertaking a review of the Victorian integrity system, including changes to IBAC's powers. A string of investigations in 2015 renewed public support to bring forward changes to the IBAC Act, with the government confirming its commitment to introduce a Bill to State Parliament in 2015. Investigations Operation Leven Main article: Kellam Review In July 2014 IBAC appointed former Justice of the Supreme Court of Victoria Murray Kellam to undertake an enquiry into Victoria Police human source management. After examining 14 witnesses under oath and reviewing more than 5500 documents Kellam produced a confidential report to IBAC in February 2015 finding a high order of negligence in the handling of human sources by Victoria Police. In 2016 it was claimed that documents had been withheld from the enquiry by Victoria Police but the complaint was dismissed. After these enquiries concluded that there was an obligation to inform some of Gobbo's former clients of her actions both Gobbo and Victoria Police launched legal action to keep the information suppressed which eventually became the AB v CD case. This in turn led to the Royal Commission into the management of Victoria Police informants. Operation Dunham Operation Dunham examined allegations of serious corruption at the Department of Education and Training (DET) focusing on: how contracts around the online learning portal (Ultranet) were tendered for and awarded the personal and business connections between department employees and businesses involved in the Ultranet project whether current or former department employees released confidential information, or used their position to influence procurement processes whether department employees received payments, gifts, travel, employment opportunities or other benefits because they were involved in the Ultranet tender or procurement processes department procurement and conflict of interest processes, and organisational culture. Operation Ord Operation Ord examined allegations of serious corruption at the DET focusing on the: involvement of current and former DET staff in the establishment of 'banker schools' allocation of funds to schools for goods and services that were not always provided misuse of department funds. Operation Sandon In late 2019 and early 2020, IBAC conducted public hearings for Operation Sandon, which examined allegations of serious corrupt conduct in relation to planning and property development decisions at the outer suburban City of Casey council. focusing on: the transparency and integrity of planning and property development decision making within Victoria the improper influence of gifts, hospitality or benefits on public officers involved in planning and property development decision-making whether the use of professional lobbyists or planning consultants to lobby State and local government has resulted in undue influence over planning and property development decision making within Victoria. Stuart Bateson In 2019, Victoria Police Commander Stuart Bateson was charged with leaking confidential information from IBAC to a junior police officer contrary. Bateson was found guilty on 25 June 2021 and sentenced in August 2021 when he was fined $6,000 without a conviction being recorded. Wayne Dean In May 2022, IBAC held hearings into Detective Sergeant Wayne Dean from Victoria Police examining allegations of misconduct and the appropriateness of some of his relationships such as Dean's relationship with Mick Gatto which included the gift of tickets with a face value of $4,400 and Dean giving evidence at Gatto's trial for the murder of Andrew "Benji" Veniamin. Dean claimed that he did not know until 2016 that Gatto had an extensive criminal history and admitted that he should have registered Gatto as a "declarable association" indicating that a conflict of interest may arise. Dean admitted to accepting cash from debt collector Bill Meletsis and misusing his position as a police officer to pressure debtors to pay and is being investigated for unauthorised access to and distribution of materials from police systems. Operation Watts In July 2022, IBAC, in collaboration with the Victorian Ombudsman, handed down their final report of their investigation into allegations of misuse of electorate office and ministerial office staff and resources for branch stacking and other party-related activities by members of the Labor Party's Victorian branch. The findings of the report include: Misuse of publicly funded staff for factional work, in particular, by Adem Somyurek and Marlene Kairouz. Much of the work that some publicly funded staff were allocated was related to branch stacking, party purposes, and factional matters, in particular, by Adem Somyurek and Marlene Kairouz. Publicly funded jobs given to factional allies and operatives in the absence of any official work for them to do. This included more than 15 friends and relatives of MPs being employed in ministerial and electorate offices. Factors that lead to these practices which include a culture of branch stacking, limited safeguards or accountability, and an absence of clear legal guidance on use of staff. The report set out a list of 21 recommendations to address ongoing corruption risks and promote integrity within the Victorian Government. Among other things, the report found that "unethical practices are embedded in the Victorian branch of the ALP and are systemic to all of the ALP's factions" and "that these practices have been approved or condoned by the party leadership for decades". Shortly after, IBAC Commissioner, The Hon Robert Redlich AM KC, confirmed that in saying "party leadership", he included Daniel Andrews and that Andrews, at a minimum, was aware of the conduct outlined in the investigation. References ^ Owen, Rhys. "Protective services officers". legalaid.vic.gov.au. Retrieved 5 January 2016. ^ a b c d "Independent Broad-based Anti-corruption Commission Act 2011 Act". legislation.vic.gov.au. Retrieved 16 June 2020. ^ "Victoria's New Protected Disclosure Regime – Maddocks". Maddocks. Retrieved 5 January 2016. ^ "Whistleblowers Protection Act 2001" (PDF). ^ "Protected Disclosure Act 2012". legislation.vic.gov.au. Retrieved 31 December 2015. ^ "The first 100 days – from Ron Bonighton, Acting Commissioner, IBAC". ibac.vic.gov.au. Retrieved 31 December 2015. ^ "Our investigative powers". ibac.vic.gov.au. Retrieved 31 December 2015. ^ a b "Public Interest Monitor Act 2011". legislation.vic.gov.au. Retrieved 31 December 2015. ^ "Victoria's watchdog losing teeth" (PDF). The Australia Institute. December 2020. Retrieved 19 October 2020. ^ "Baillieu's toothless tiger". The Sydney Morning Herald. 14 May 2012. Retrieved 5 January 2016. ^ Millar, Melissa Fyfe and Royce (5 March 2013). "Corruption watchdog is 'flawed'". The Age. Retrieved 5 January 2016. ^ "Annual Report 2012/13, Commissioner's report" (PDF). ^ "IBAC, Special report following IBAC's first year of being fully operational, April 2014" (PDF). ^ "INTEGRITY LEGISLATION AMENDMENT BILL 2014". austlii.edu.au. Retrieved 5 January 2016. ^ Correspondent, Richard Willingham, State Political (16 September 2014). "IBAC changes 'may not have time to be debated'". The Age. Retrieved 5 January 2016.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ Tomazin, Farrah (1 February 2015). "Andrews government gives more powers to corruption busters, revamps public service". The Age. Retrieved 5 January 2016. ^ Baker, Richard (30 June 2015). "Operation Ord proves IBAC's worth". The Age. Retrieved 5 January 2016. ^ Tomazin, Farrah (29 November 2015). "IBAC to get beefed-up powers to probe MPs, judges, public servants". The Age. Retrieved 5 January 2016. ^ a b Sakkal, Paul; Pearson, Erin (1 March 2019). "Informer 3838: Timeline of a scandal 26 years in the making". The Age. Retrieved 8 February 2022. ^ "Inquiry into Victoria Police human source management concludes". IBAC. Retrieved 8 February 2022. ^ "The Mysterious Lawyer X". The California Sunday Magazine. 16 January 2020. Retrieved 27 March 2022. ^ "IBAC supports Royal Commission into management of police informants". IBAC. Retrieved 27 March 2022. ^ "How the Ultranet scandal unfolded". ^ "$60m Ultranet cost blowout likely: inquiry". ^ "The man behind the $1m Ultranet payment: 'I saw it as my only option'". ^ "Operation Ord". IBAC. ^ Baker, Richard (1 May 2016). "Operation Ord proves IBAC's worth". The Age. ^ "Operation Sandon". IBAC. ^ Rollason, Bridget (23 November 2019). "What you need to know about the corruption inquiry into City of Casey Council". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. ^ "Victoria Police Commander found guilty after IBAC investigation". IBAC: Independent Broad-based Anti-corruption Commission. 25 July 2021. Retrieved 26 March 2022. ^ Schelle, Caroline (6 August 2021). "Stuart Bateson: Victorian top cop who inspired Underbelly character fined over leaking". news.com.au. Retrieved 26 March 2022. ^ "Police officer accused of misconduct did not know of friend Mick Gatto's criminal history, IBAC told". ABC News. 4 May 2022. Retrieved 7 May 2022. ^ "'About $50 a coffee': Victoria police officer reveals code words used for secret payments". ABC News. 6 May 2022. Retrieved 7 May 2022. ^ "Operation Watts special report July 2022". Independent Broad-based Anti-corruption Commission. 20 July 2022. Retrieved 4 October 2022. ^ "Operation Watts Recommendations" (PDF). Independent Broad-based Anti-corruption Commission. 20 July 2022. Retrieved 4 October 2022. ^ "Operation Watts" (PDF). Independent Broad-based Anti-corruption Commission. para. 739. 20 July 2022. p. 158. Retrieved 4 October 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: location (link) ^ Redlich AM KC, Robert; Mitchell AO, Neil (27 July 2022). "IBAC commissioner says he'll 'ensure' report recommendations are implemented" (Radio Interview). 3AW. timestamp: 4:00. 3AW. Retrieved 4 October 2022.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: location (link) vteLaw enforcement in AustraliaPolice agencies Australian Capital Territory Policing New South Wales Police Force Northern Territory Police Force Queensland Police Service South Australia Police Tasmania Police Victoria Police Western Australia Police Force Federal agencies Australian Federal Police Australian Border Force Maritime Border Command National Anti-Corruption Commission Australian Communications and Media Authority Australian Criminal Intelligence Commission Australian Competition & Consumer Commission Australian Fisheries Management Authority Australian Maritime Safety Authority Australian Prudential Regulation Authority Australian Securities & Investments Commission Australian Security Intelligence Organisation Australian Taxation Office Australian Transaction Reports and Analysis Centre (AUSTRAC) Commonwealth Ombudsman State authorities New South Wales: Independent Commission Against Corruption New South Wales Crime Commission Law Enforcement Conduct Commission Northern Territory: Independent Commissioner Against Corruption Queensland: Crime and Corruption Commission South Australia: Independent Commission Against Corruption Tasmania: Integrity Commission Victoria: Independent Broad-based Anti-corruption Commission (IBAC) Western Australia: Corruption and Crime Commission Gold Stealing Detection Unit Military agencies Australian Defence Force Investigative Service Joint Military Police Unit Royal Australian Corps of Military Police Royal Australian Air Force Airfield Defence Guards Defunct agencies Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service Australian Customs Service Australian Customs and Border Protection Service Australian Crime Commission National Crime Authority Australian Commission for Law Enforcement Integrity Office of Police Integrity (Victoria) Police Integrity Commission (NSW) Commonwealth Police CrimTrac Topics Australian police ranks Crime in Australia Punishment in Australia Terrorism in Australia Mass surveillance in Australia Police tactical units in Australia Reasonable and probable grounds vteCrime in AustraliaStates and territories NSW Vic Qld WA SA Tas ACT NT Cities and towns Adelaide Alice Springs Brisbane Canberra Darwin Melbourne Perth Sydney Crime dynamics Corruption Illicit drug use Organised crime Police misconduct Indigenous Australians and crime Human trafficking Immigration and crime Law enforcement Courts Criminal law Law enforcement Punishment Prisons NSW Vic Qld WA SA Tas ACT NT Private prisons History Convicts in Australia Bushrangers List of massacres in Australia Crime internationally Crime by country
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"integrity agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_anti-corruption_agencies"}],"text":"Law enforcement agencyThe Independent Broad-based Anti-corruption Commission (IBAC) is Victoria's anti-corruption integrity agency with jurisdiction over the public sector. It does this by:investigating serious corruption and police misconduct\ninforming the public sector, police and the community about the risks and impacts of corruption and police misconduct.","title":"Independent Broad-based Anti-corruption Commission"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Victoria Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Police"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Ombudsman of Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ombudsmen_in_Australia#Ombudsman_of_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Victorian Auditor-General's Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.audit.vic.gov.au/"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Victorian Inspectorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//vicinspectorate.vic.gov.au/"},{"link_name":"IBAC Parliamentary Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.parliament.vic.gov.au/members/committee/ibacc"}],"text":"IBAC's jurisdiction includes:public sector agencies and bodies\nlocal councils\nmembers of Parliament, electorate officers and ministerial advisors\nthe judiciary\nVictoria Police personnel, including sworn and unsworn staff and Protective Services Officers.[1]IBAC is one of three key independent authorities in the Victorian integrity system. The other agencies are the Ombudsman of Victoria and the Victorian Auditor-General's Office.Under the IBAC Act,[2] IBAC is accountable to the people of Victoria and reports to the State Parliament.It is also subject to scrutiny through:the Victorian Inspectorate\nthe IBAC Parliamentary Committee.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The IBAC Act[2] was passed on 29 November 2011, establishing:the role of the Commissioner\nthe Parliamentary Committee to oversee IBAC\nIBAC's prevention and education functions.In 2012, the IBAC Act was amended to grant IBAC certain investigative powers as well as define its main areas of jurisdiction.[2] Further legislation was subsequently introduced to replace the former Whistleblowers Protection Act 2001[3][4] with the Protected Disclosure Act 2012 (Protected Disclosure Act).[5]IBAC was formally established on 1 July 2012[6] and became fully operational in February 2013.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Victoria"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Public Interest Monitor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Interest_Monitor"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-8"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"IBAC has powers to effectively investigate allegations of serious corrupt conduct. These include the power to:compel the production of documents and objects\nenter and search premises\nseize documents and objects\nuse surveillance devices\nintercept telecommunications\nhold private and public hearings\nrequire people to give evidence at a hearing.[7][8][9]IBAC must apply to the Supreme Court or other courts and tribunals before exercising some powers.[2] The Public Interest Monitor reviews and makes submissions on IBAC's applications for surveillance device warrants and telecommunications interception warrants.[8]Prior to its establishment, the powers granted under the IBAC Act were publicly criticised.[10] Following establishment, former Court of Appeal judge and Chair of the Accountability Round Table, Stephen Charles QC, said the IBAC legislation was \"seriously flawed\" and that IBAC required investigatory powers similar to those of the New South Wales Independent Commission Against Corruption.[11]IBAC's Commissioner Stephen O’Bryan QC stated:\"As with any new and complex legislation, it is not until it is applied in practice over time that areas for improvement are best identified. I am confident that the IBAC Act provides a solid initial framework for Victoria's new integrity regime and that, as with any such legislation, it will transform over time. Certainly, if elements of the Act fall short of what is needed to carry out most effectively its objectives and purposes, I have publicly stated that I will seek appropriate amendment.\"[12]After a year of full operation, the Commissioner determined some areas of the IBAC Act would benefit from amendment. Detailed in the April 2014 Special report following IBAC's first year of being fully operational,[13] these included:the extent to which IBAC must reasonably be satisfied before investigation complaints or allegations of corrupt conduct\nthe absence of the common law offence of misconduct in public office as something IBAC can investigate\nthe desirability of mandatory reporting of possible corrupt conduct to IBAC by public sector body heads and council CEOs.In September 2014, the Integrity Legislation Amendment Bill 2014[14] (Bill) was introduced to Parliament. The Bill proposed amendments to:the threshold for conducting investigations\nthe inclusion of misconduct in public office\nthe ability to conduct preliminary investigations\nthe introduction of mandatory reporting for principal officers of public bodies.The Bill was not passed during the final session of Parliament before the November 2014 Victorian State election.[15]On 1 February 2015, the newly sworn in Labor Government announced it was undertaking a review of the Victorian integrity system, including changes to IBAC's powers.[16] A string of investigations in 2015 renewed public support to bring forward changes to the IBAC Act,[17] with the government confirming its commitment to introduce a Bill to State Parliament in 2015.[18]","title":"Powers"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Investigations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Justice of the Supreme Court of Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Murray Kellam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Kellam"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3838timeline-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ibackellam-20"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3838timeline-19"},{"link_name":"AB v CD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AB_v_CD_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Royal Commission into the management of Victoria Police informants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Victorian_royal_commissions"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"Operation Leven","text":"In July 2014 IBAC appointed former Justice of the Supreme Court of Victoria Murray Kellam to undertake an enquiry into Victoria Police human source management. After examining 14 witnesses under oath and reviewing more than 5500 documents Kellam produced a confidential report to IBAC in February 2015 finding a high order of negligence in the handling of human sources by Victoria Police.[19][20] In 2016 it was claimed that documents had been withheld from the enquiry by Victoria Police but the complaint was dismissed.[19] After these enquiries concluded that there was an obligation to inform some of Gobbo's former clients of her actions both Gobbo and Victoria Police launched legal action to keep the information suppressed which eventually became the AB v CD case.[21] This in turn led to the Royal Commission into the management of Victoria Police informants.[22]","title":"Investigations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"Operation Dunham","text":"Operation Dunham examined allegations of serious corruption at the Department of Education and Training (DET)[23] focusing on:how contracts around the online learning portal (Ultranet) were tendered for and awarded[24]\nthe personal and business connections between department employees and businesses involved in the Ultranet project\nwhether current or former department employees[25] released confidential information, or used their position to influence procurement processes\nwhether department employees received payments, gifts, travel, employment opportunities or other benefits because they were involved in the Ultranet tender or procurement processes\ndepartment procurement and conflict of interest processes, and organisational culture.","title":"Investigations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"Operation Ord","text":"Operation Ord[26] examined allegations of serious corruption at the DET[27] focusing on the:involvement of current and former DET staff in the establishment of 'banker schools'\nallocation of funds to schools for goods and services that were not always provided\nmisuse of department funds.","title":"Investigations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"property development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_estate_development"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"Operation Sandon","text":"In late 2019 and early 2020, IBAC conducted public hearings for Operation Sandon,[28] which examined allegations of serious corrupt conduct in relation to planning and property development decisions at the outer suburban City of Casey council.[29] focusing on:the transparency and integrity of planning and property development decision making within Victoria\nthe improper influence of gifts, hospitality or benefits on public officers involved in planning and property development decision-making\nwhether the use of professional lobbyists or planning consultants to lobby State and local government has resulted in undue influence over planning and property development decision making within Victoria.","title":"Investigations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"Stuart Bateson","text":"In 2019, Victoria Police Commander Stuart Bateson was charged with leaking confidential information from IBAC to a junior police officer contrary. Bateson was found guilty on 25 June 2021 and sentenced in August 2021 when he was fined $6,000 without a conviction being recorded.[30][31]","title":"Investigations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mick Gatto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_Gatto"},{"link_name":"Andrew \"Benji\" Veniamin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Veniamin"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"sub_title":"Wayne Dean","text":"In May 2022, IBAC held hearings into Detective Sergeant Wayne Dean from Victoria Police examining allegations of misconduct and the appropriateness of some of his relationships such as Dean's relationship with Mick Gatto which included the gift of tickets with a face value of $4,400 and Dean giving evidence at Gatto's trial for the murder of Andrew \"Benji\" Veniamin. Dean claimed that he did not know until 2016 that Gatto had an extensive criminal history and admitted that he should have registered Gatto as a \"declarable association\" indicating that a conflict of interest may arise. Dean admitted to accepting cash from debt collector Bill Meletsis and misusing his position as a police officer to pressure debtors to pay and is being investigated for unauthorised access to and distribution of materials from police systems.[32][33]","title":"Investigations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Victorian Ombudsman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_Ombudsman"},{"link_name":"Labor Party's Victorian branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party_(Victorian_Branch)"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Adem Somyurek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adem_Somyurek"},{"link_name":"Marlene Kairouz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlene_Kairouz"},{"link_name":"friends and relatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepotism"},{"link_name":"Victorian Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_State_Government"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Robert Redlich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Redlich"},{"link_name":"AM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_the_Order_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"KC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Counsel"},{"link_name":"Daniel Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Andrews"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"sub_title":"Operation Watts","text":"In July 2022, IBAC, in collaboration with the Victorian Ombudsman, handed down their final report of their investigation into allegations of misuse of electorate office and ministerial office staff and resources for branch stacking and other party-related activities by members of the Labor Party's Victorian branch.[34]The findings of the report include:Misuse of publicly funded staff for factional work, in particular, by Adem Somyurek and Marlene Kairouz.\nMuch of the work that some publicly funded staff were allocated was related to branch stacking, party purposes, and factional matters, in particular, by Adem Somyurek and Marlene Kairouz.\nPublicly funded jobs given to factional allies and operatives in the absence of any official work for them to do. This included more than 15 friends and relatives of MPs being employed in ministerial and electorate offices.\nFactors that lead to these practices which include a culture of branch stacking, limited safeguards or accountability, and an absence of clear legal guidance on use of staff.The report set out a list of 21 recommendations to address ongoing corruption risks and promote integrity within the Victorian Government.[35]Among other things, the report found that \"unethical practices are embedded in the Victorian branch of the ALP and are systemic to all of the ALP's factions\" and \"that these practices have been approved or condoned by the party leadership for decades\".[36] Shortly after, IBAC Commissioner, The Hon Robert Redlich AM KC, confirmed that in saying \"party leadership\", he included Daniel Andrews and that Andrews, at a minimum, was aware of the conduct outlined in the investigation.[37]","title":"Investigations"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Owen, Rhys. \"Protective services officers\". legalaid.vic.gov.au. Retrieved 5 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.legalaid.vic.gov.au/find-legal-answers/public-transport-offences/protective-services-officers","url_text":"\"Protective services officers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Independent Broad-based Anti-corruption Commission Act 2011 Act\". legislation.vic.gov.au. Retrieved 16 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.legislation.vic.gov.au/in-force/acts/independent-broad-based-anti-corruption-commission-act-2011","url_text":"\"Independent Broad-based Anti-corruption Commission Act 2011 Act\""}]},{"reference":"\"Victoria's New Protected Disclosure Regime – Maddocks\". Maddocks. Retrieved 5 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.maddocks.com.au/reading-room/victoria-s-new-protected-disclosure-regime/","url_text":"\"Victoria's New Protected Disclosure Regime – Maddocks\""}]},{"reference":"\"Whistleblowers Protection Act 2001\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.legislation.vic.gov.au/domino/web_notes/ldms/ltobject_store/ltobjst4.nsf/d1a8d8a9bed958efca25761600042ef5/912fa900f9e65fb4ca257761002dd0b7/$file/01-36a021.pdf","url_text":"\"Whistleblowers Protection Act 2001\""}]},{"reference":"\"Protected Disclosure Act 2012\". legislation.vic.gov.au. Retrieved 31 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.legislation.vic.gov.au/Domino/Web_Notes/LDMS/PubLawToday.nsf/95c43dd4eac71a68ca256dde00056e7b/db60291d52e46a2cca257e7000190025!OpenDocument","url_text":"\"Protected Disclosure Act 2012\""}]},{"reference":"\"The first 100 days – from Ron Bonighton, Acting Commissioner, IBAC\". ibac.vic.gov.au. Retrieved 31 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ibac.vic.gov.au/news-and-features/article/the-first-100-days---from-ron-bonighton-acting-commissioner-ibac","url_text":"\"The first 100 days – from Ron Bonighton, Acting Commissioner, IBAC\""}]},{"reference":"\"Our investigative powers\". ibac.vic.gov.au. Retrieved 31 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ibac.vic.gov.au/investigating-corruption/our-investigative-powers","url_text":"\"Our investigative powers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Public Interest Monitor Act 2011\". legislation.vic.gov.au. Retrieved 31 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.legislation.vic.gov.au/Domino/Web_Notes/LDMS/PubLawToday.nsf/a12f6f60fbd56800ca256de500201e54/73dbd42d6ec5dae5ca257c7b0004bee5!OpenDocument","url_text":"\"Public Interest Monitor Act 2011\""}]},{"reference":"\"Victoria's watchdog losing teeth\" (PDF). The Australia Institute. December 2020. 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Retrieved 5 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/vic/bill/ilab2014341/","url_text":"\"INTEGRITY LEGISLATION AMENDMENT BILL 2014\""}]},{"reference":"Correspondent, Richard Willingham, State Political (16 September 2014). \"IBAC changes 'may not have time to be debated'\". The Age. Retrieved 5 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/ibac-changes-may-not-have-time-to-be-debated-20140916-10hsrp.html","url_text":"\"IBAC changes 'may not have time to be debated'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Age","url_text":"The Age"}]},{"reference":"Tomazin, Farrah (1 February 2015). \"Andrews government gives more powers to corruption busters, revamps public service\". The Age. 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Independent Broad-based Anti-corruption Commission. para. 739. 20 July 2022. p. 158. Retrieved 4 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ibac.vic.gov.au/docs/default-source/special-reports/operation-watts-special-report---july-2022.pdf?sfvrsn=ae651f80_4","url_text":"\"Operation Watts\""}]},{"reference":"Redlich AM KC, Robert; Mitchell AO, Neil (27 July 2022). \"IBAC commissioner says he'll 'ensure' report recommendations are implemented\" (Radio Interview). 3AW. timestamp: 4:00. 3AW. Retrieved 4 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.3aw.com.au/ibac-commissioner-says-hell-ensure-report-recommendations-are-implemented/","url_text":"\"IBAC commissioner says he'll 'ensure' report recommendations are implemented\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/vic/consol_act/ibaca2011479/","external_links_name":"Independent Broad-based Anti-corruption Commission Act 2011"},{"Link":"http://ibac.vic.gov.au/","external_links_name":"ibac.vic.gov.au"},{"Link":"https://www.audit.vic.gov.au/","external_links_name":"Victorian Auditor-General's Office"},{"Link":"https://vicinspectorate.vic.gov.au/","external_links_name":"Victorian Inspectorate"},{"Link":"https://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/members/committee/ibacc","external_links_name":"IBAC Parliamentary Committee"},{"Link":"https://www.legalaid.vic.gov.au/find-legal-answers/public-transport-offences/protective-services-officers","external_links_name":"\"Protective services officers\""},{"Link":"https://www.legislation.vic.gov.au/in-force/acts/independent-broad-based-anti-corruption-commission-act-2011","external_links_name":"\"Independent Broad-based Anti-corruption Commission Act 2011 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scars_on_45
Scars on 45
["1 Recent success","2 History","2.1 Early years (2007 - present)","2.2 2010 – present","3 Band members","3.1 Current band members","3.2 Past band members","4 Discography","4.1 Satellite Town (2018)","4.2 Safety In Numbers (2014)","4.3 Scars on 45 (2012)","5 References"]
This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. No cleanup reason has been specified. Please help improve this article if you can. (October 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Scars on 45OriginBradford, City of Bradford, UKGenresIndie rock, indie popYears active2007-presentLabelsNettwerk Music GroupMembersDanny BemroseAimee Driver (no longer tours with the band) David "Nova" NowakowskiChris DurlingPast membersStuart NicholsWebsitewww.scarson45.com Scars on 45 are an English indie rock band from Bradford. Recent success Danny Bemrose of Scars on 45 during performance at The Saint, Asbury Park, NJ, July 2011 After years struggling to become known in England, the band rose from obscurity when their song "Beauty's Running Wild" was featured in an episode of CSI: New York. The band were soon signed to Atlantic Records' Chop Shop Records label, which has been successful in getting previously-unsigned bands heard through song placements in popular TV programmes. The band's single, "Heart on Fire" was selected as the lead song for the eighth series's soundtrack on ABC's top-rated hospital drama, Grey's Anatomy. Scars on 45’s first EP, Give Me Something, was released in January 2011 and yielded a hit single of the same name that rose to the top 5 of the Adult Alternative Charts and was recognised as one of the "Top 3 Singles of the Year" by Amazon.com. The quintette was also named to Entertainment Weekly's "Must List". Their second EP, which also features "Heart on Fire", was released on 24 October 2011. The band released Scars on 45, their first full-length studio album, on 10 April 2012. The album was selected by the editors at Amazon.com as number 7 out of 50 "Best Albums of 2012". History Early years (2007 - present) When a broken foot ended lead singer Danny Bemrose's professional football career as a striker for Huddersfield Town A.F.C., he earnestly decided to learn how to play his father's guitar. After his injury, Bemrose struck up a close friendship with another former footballer, Stuart Nichols, who had played for rival Bradford City A.F.C. Bemrose taught Nichols to play bass as they spent the next few years improving their skills and making computer recordings to develop their music. After adding pianist/keyboard player David "Nova" Nowakowski, the band began playing the local music scene, rounding out their performances with a variety of other guitarists and drummers that came and went over time. When Bemrose wrote "Insecurity", which is featured on the Heart on Fire EP, the band began looking for a female singer that could complement his vocals. Soon thereafter, Nova was at home playing The Cure's "Friday I'm in Love" while his visiting schoolmate, Aimee Driver, was making a cup of tea and chimed in with the lyrics. "I just started singing along when Nova rushed in seeming really shocked," Driver recalls. "I thought his dad had a heart attack or something! He made me stand there in his living room and sing to him - which was the scariest thing ever at the time. At first I wouldn't do it, but he wouldn't shut up so I just put my tea down, shut my eyes and sang...just to stop him pestering me. Danny recorded me on 'Insecurity'. The next thing I knew I was in the band. When I told my family and friends they were saying, 'but you can't sing, can you?'" Before joining the band, Driver had never performed in public. Stuart Nichols recruited drummer Chris Durling after meeting him in a pub and giving him a CD of the band's music. After a late night out, Durling returned to his house and gave it a listen. He enjoyed the results and agreed to work with them on recordings. He ended up becoming the final member of the band a short time later. The band had difficulties deciding on a name. They realised that a name was critical after a chance meeting with one of their musical influences, Noel Gallagher of Oasis. A friend introduced Nichols and Bemrose to Gallagher who asked the band's name, but they did not have one. "A band with no name?" Gallagher reportedly asked, "What kind of fucking band is that?" and walked off on them. The name Scars on 45 comes from an Emmylou Harris interview Bemrose heard in which she talks about scratching up her dad's records and being scolded by him for getting "Scars on his 45’s", and is also a play on a Dutch medley act from the 1980s whose group name and records alternately used versions of the phrase "Stars on 45". 'Scars on 45' was one of the few names considered that band members did not dismiss out of hand. Aimee Driver during performance at The Saint, Asbury Park, NJ, July 2011 2010 – present On several occasions, the band was poised on the brink of success only to have their hopes for a record deal dashed at the last moment. When their song "Beauty's Running Wild" was selected for an extended closing scene of an episode of CSI: New York, they finally had a select amount of money in hand to purchase equipment for recording. They also caught the ear of TV music supervisor Alex Patsavas. At the time, Patsavas had just entered an agreement with Atlantic Records to acquire her Chop Shop label under which the band is now signed. Their EP Give Me Something was released digitally by Chop Shop Records in January 2011, and the physical EP came out in June. A video for the single "Give Me Something", produced by DJ Brauner, turned out a bit darker and sadder than originally scripted. "The video was weird," explained Bemrose. "It tells the tale of young kids that fall in love, going through the years, and at the very end, the old fella walks back to the tree where they'd carved their names, and she's passed away. That's not how it was supposed to be. There was an old woman cast to play the part, so at the end, both were going to be there and fall in love again, but couldn't be bothered to turn up, so we just killed her off." On 13 September 2011, the Grey's Anatomy Vol. 4 soundtrack was released featuring "Heart on Fire" as the lead track. The song was also used heavily in ABC's TV promotion of the new season, and a music video directed by Jordan Bahat was produced with the band for the ABC Music Lounge. In addition to CSI: New York and Grey's Anatomy, they have also had their music featured on TV's One Tree Hill, The Cleaner, Pretty Little Liars, Warehouse 13, Lost Girl, and Supernatural. Their second EP with Chop Shop Records, Heart on Fire, debuted on 24 October 2011, as well as the band's cut of the music video, also directed by Bahat. In the winter of 2012, the band conducted their first headlining tour of North America, featuring support from solo artist Anya Marina who is also signed to Atlantic's Chop Shop record label. Scars on 45 also participated in a west coast tour with The Fray in February 2012. After supporting The Fray, Scars on 45 resumed the final dates of their headline tour. The band made their American network television debut as musical guests on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno on Friday, 2 March 2012. The band's self-titled debut album, Scars on 45, was released on 10 April 2012. In support of the album, Apple's iTunes featured the album's 6th track, "Burn the House Down", as the free "single of the week". The album also entered Billboard's "Heatseekers" album chart in the number 4 position. Scars on 45 played some solo dates in April, and toured with singer Ingrid Michaelson for dates in May 2012. After that they headlined throughout the summer and played additional dates in support of The Voice finalist Dia Frampton. On 10 August 2012, Scars on 45 played a show back home in Bradford, Yorkshire, England, at The Live Lounge (also known as Utopia) which was a venue dedicated to supporting local musicians. In September 2012 Scars on 45 embarked on their first European tour, supporting American recording artist/songwriter Joshua Radin, including dates in Sweden, The Netherlands, Germany, England, Scotland and Ireland. The band toured US with dates beginning in October 2012. David Nowakowski on keyboards at The Saint, Asbury Park, NJ, July 2011 In early 2014 the band were touring the US and the UK to promote their album Safety In Numbers, which was released on 7 October 2014 in the US and 23 February in the UK. In April 2015, the band released its Tasted Every Tear EP, with four tracks: the title track, "Runaway", "Show Me What I Want", and "Love Plays Blind". In late 2015, Scars on 45 was back in the US performing select private shows before heading back to the UK to work on their third record. In November 2016, the hit CW television show Reign featured the band's song "Golden" in the 5th episode of season 3, titled "In a Clearing". In October 2017, the band announced that Aimee made the decision to stop touring with the band for the foreseeable future. It was announced that Katie Dean would fill in for the remainder of shows in 2017 including their slot supporting Tori Amos. On 3 August 2018 the band released their third studio album, Satellite Town. The band had scheduled a limited dates American tour in June 2020 that would feature co-vocalist Aimee Driver, but due to the COVID-19 pandemic, all scheduled performances were cancelled. The band pivoted to perform virtually, including a performance for Downtown Boise's "Alive After Five" music series, and for ticketed performances streaming via Zoom. The band has used the time on lockdown to actively write and record new music for their 4th studio album. In February 2021 Scars on 45 had three music credits in the movie short Patrick. Band members Current band members Danny Bemrose –lead vocals, acoustic guitar Aimee Driver –vocals (no longer touring with the band as of October 2017) David "Nova" Nowakowski –keyboard, piano, backing vocals Past band members Stuart Nichols –bass guitar Chris Durling –drums, percussion Discography Satellite Town (2018) Mad Little Thing Called Love Mozambique Teenage Superstar You're The Proof Family Powerplay Confessions Troubadour Satellite Town Forever Lighten Up The Dark Just For You Safety In Numbers (2014) Golden Crazy for You Tasted Every Tear I Don't Wanna Break This Is Not Your Love Song Only a Game Higher and Higher Feeling My Eyes Are Still Bright Take You Home Fading Bright Eyes Dark Scars on 45 (2012) Warning Sign Breakdown Heart On Fire Don't Say Change My Needs Burn The House Down Give Me Something Beauty's Running Wild The Way That We Are Insecurity Loudest Alarm Tomorrow Won't Die Too Soon Two Way Radio Promises And Empty Words References ^ a b c Newman, Melinda. "Full Biography". Scarson45.com. Retrieved 20 October 2010. ^ Rush, James (16 March 2009). "Scars On 45 song played on CSI:NY". Bradford Telegraph and Argus. Retrieved 26 October 2011. ^ a b "ABC Music Lounge". ABC. ^ Maloy, Sarah. "Scars On 45 Reaches Triple A Top 5, Revs Up Second EP". Billboard.com. Retrieved 23 October 2011. ^ "Best Songs of the Year So Far". Amazon.com. ^ "The Must List: What's Hot for the Week of August 29, 2011". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 24 October 2011. ^ Smith, K. Alexander. "Album Stream: Scars on 45 - Heart on Fire EP". Paste Magazine. Retrieved 24 October 2011. ^ "Amazon.com: Best of the Year So Far 2012". Amazon.com. Retrieved 21 May 2012. ^ Ragogna, Mike (27 July 2011). "Scars On 45's New Video and Download, Plus Chatting with Vanessa Carlton, Dan Bern and David Bromberg". Huffington Post. Retrieved 23 October 2011. ^ a b Scars on 45 (16 September 2011). 5 Questions With…Scars on 45 (flash) (webcast). The Academy’s Headquarters, Santa Monica, California: The Recording Academy. Retrieved 23 October 2011. ^ Brawner, DJ. "Give Me Something". Video. Anthem Films. Retrieved 24 October 2011. ^ "Instagram post by Scars on 45 • Oct 12, 2017 at 11:28pm UTC". Instagram. Archived from the original on 25 December 2021. Retrieved 13 October 2017. ^ "Patrick (2021)". IMDB.com. IMDB. Retrieved 29 April 2021. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National United States Artists MusicBrainz
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He made me stand there in his living room and sing to him - which was the scariest thing ever at the time. At first I wouldn't do it, but he wouldn't shut up so I just put my tea down, shut my eyes and sang...just to stop him pestering me. Danny recorded me on 'Insecurity'. The next thing I knew I was in the band. When I told my family and friends they were saying, 'but you can't sing, can you?'\" Before joining the band, Driver had never performed in public.[1]Stuart Nichols recruited drummer Chris Durling after meeting him in a pub and giving him a CD of the band's music. After a late night out, Durling returned to his house and gave it a listen. He enjoyed the results and agreed to work with them on recordings. He ended up becoming the final member of the band a short time later.The band had difficulties deciding on a name. They realised that a name was critical after a chance meeting with one of their musical influences, Noel Gallagher of Oasis. A friend introduced Nichols and Bemrose to Gallagher who asked the band's name, but they did not have one. \"A band with no name?\" Gallagher reportedly asked, \"What kind of fucking band is that?\" and walked off on them.[1]The name Scars on 45 comes from an Emmylou Harris interview Bemrose heard in which she talks about scratching up her dad's records and being scolded by him for getting \"Scars on his 45’s\",[9] and is also a play on a Dutch medley act from the 1980s whose group name and records alternately used versions of the phrase \"Stars on 45\". 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When their song \"Beauty's Running Wild\" was selected for an extended closing scene of an episode of CSI: New York, they finally had a select amount of money in hand to purchase equipment for recording. They also caught the ear of TV music supervisor Alex Patsavas. At the time, Patsavas had just entered an agreement with Atlantic Records to acquire her Chop Shop label under which the band is now signed.[10]Their EP Give Me Something was released digitally by Chop Shop Records in January 2011, and the physical EP came out in June. A video for the single \"Give Me Something\", produced by DJ Brauner, turned out a bit darker and sadder than originally scripted.[11] \"The video was weird,\" explained Bemrose. \"It tells the tale of young kids that fall in love, going through the years, and at the very end, the old fella walks back to the tree where they'd carved their names, and she's passed away. That's not how it was supposed to be. There was an old woman cast to play the part, so at the end, both were going to be there and fall in love again, but [the actor] couldn't be bothered to turn up, so we just killed her off.\"On 13 September 2011, the Grey's Anatomy Vol. 4 soundtrack was released featuring \"Heart on Fire\" as the lead track. The song was also used heavily in ABC's TV promotion of the new season, and a music video directed by Jordan Bahat was produced with the band for the ABC Music Lounge.[3] In addition to CSI: New York and Grey's Anatomy, they have also had their music featured on TV's One Tree Hill, The Cleaner, Pretty Little Liars, Warehouse 13, Lost Girl, and Supernatural. Their second EP with Chop Shop Records, Heart on Fire, debuted on 24 October 2011, as well as the band's cut of the music video, also directed by Bahat.In the winter of 2012, the band conducted their first headlining tour of North America, featuring support from solo artist Anya Marina who is also signed to Atlantic's Chop Shop record label. Scars on 45 also participated in a west coast tour with The Fray in February 2012. After supporting The Fray, Scars on 45 resumed the final dates of their headline tour. The band made their American network television debut as musical guests on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno on Friday, 2 March 2012. The band's self-titled debut album, Scars on 45, was released on 10 April 2012. In support of the album, Apple's iTunes featured the album's 6th track, \"Burn the House Down\", as the free \"single of the week\". The album also entered Billboard's \"Heatseekers\" album chart in the number 4 position. Scars on 45 played some solo dates in April, and toured with singer Ingrid Michaelson for dates in May 2012. After that they headlined throughout the summer and played additional dates in support of The Voice finalist Dia Frampton. On 10 August 2012, Scars on 45 played a show back home in Bradford, Yorkshire, England, at The Live Lounge (also known as Utopia) which was a venue dedicated to supporting local musicians. In September 2012 Scars on 45 embarked on their first European tour, supporting American recording artist/songwriter Joshua Radin, including dates in Sweden, The Netherlands, Germany, England, Scotland and Ireland. The band toured US with dates beginning in October 2012.David Nowakowski on keyboards at The Saint, Asbury Park, NJ, July 2011In early 2014 the band were touring the US and the UK to promote their album Safety In Numbers, which was released on 7 October 2014 in the US and 23 February in the UK.In April 2015, the band released its Tasted Every Tear EP, with four tracks: the title track, \"Runaway\", \"Show Me What I Want\", and \"Love Plays Blind\". In late 2015, Scars on 45 was back in the US performing select private shows before heading back to the UK to work on their third record.In November 2016, the hit CW television show Reign featured the band's song \"Golden\" in the 5th episode of season 3, titled \"In a Clearing\".In October 2017, the band announced that Aimee made the decision to stop touring with the band for the foreseeable future. It was announced that Katie Dean would fill in for the remainder of shows in 2017 including their slot supporting Tori Amos.[12]On 3 August 2018 the band released their third studio album, Satellite Town.The band had scheduled a limited dates American tour in June 2020 that would feature co-vocalist Aimee Driver, but due to the COVID-19 pandemic, all scheduled performances were cancelled. The band pivoted to perform virtually, including a performance for Downtown Boise's \"Alive After Five\" music series, and for ticketed performances streaming via Zoom. The band has used the time on lockdown to actively write and record new music for their 4th studio album.In February 2021 Scars on 45 had three music credits in the movie short Patrick.[13]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Band members"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Current band members","text":"Danny Bemrose –lead vocals, acoustic guitar\nAimee Driver –vocals (no longer touring with the band as of October 2017)\nDavid \"Nova\" Nowakowski –keyboard, piano, backing vocals","title":"Band members"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Past band members","text":"Stuart Nichols –bass guitar\nChris Durling –drums, percussion","title":"Band members"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Satellite Town (2018)","text":"Mad Little Thing Called Love\nMozambique\nTeenage Superstar\nYou're The Proof\nFamily\nPowerplay\nConfessions\nTroubadour\nSatellite Town\nForever\nLighten Up The Dark\nJust For You","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Safety In Numbers (2014)","text":"Golden\nCrazy for You\nTasted Every Tear\nI Don't Wanna Break\nThis Is Not Your Love Song\nOnly a Game\nHigher and Higher\nFeeling\nMy Eyes Are Still Bright\nTake You Home\nFading Bright Eyes Dark","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Scars on 45 (2012)","text":"Warning Sign\nBreakdown\nHeart On Fire\nDon't Say\nChange My Needs\nBurn The House Down\nGive Me Something\nBeauty's Running Wild\nThe Way That We Are\nInsecurity\nLoudest Alarm\nTomorrow Won't Die Too Soon\nTwo Way Radio\nPromises And Empty Words","title":"Discography"}]
[{"image_text":"Danny Bemrose of Scars on 45 during performance at The Saint, Asbury Park, NJ, July 2011","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Danny_Bemrose_Saint_LHCollins_July_2011.jpg/200px-Danny_Bemrose_Saint_LHCollins_July_2011.jpg"},{"image_text":"Aimee Driver during performance at The Saint, Asbury Park, NJ, July 2011","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Aimee_Driver_Saint_LHCollins_July_2011.jpg/200px-Aimee_Driver_Saint_LHCollins_July_2011.jpg"},{"image_text":"David Nowakowski on keyboards at The Saint, Asbury Park, NJ, July 2011","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/David_Nowakowski_Saint_LHCollins_July_2011.jpg/200px-David_Nowakowski_Saint_LHCollins_July_2011.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Newman, Melinda. \"Full Biography\". Scarson45.com. Retrieved 20 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.scarson45.com/blog/full-biography/","url_text":"\"Full Biography\""}]},{"reference":"Rush, James (16 March 2009). \"Scars On 45 song played on CSI:NY\". Bradford Telegraph and Argus. Retrieved 26 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thetelegraphandargus.co.uk/news/4206601.American_dream_for_band_as_song_airs_on_hit_show/","url_text":"\"Scars On 45 song played on CSI:NY\""}]},{"reference":"\"ABC Music Lounge\". ABC.","urls":[{"url":"http://forums.abc.go.com/n/blogs/blog.aspx?nav=main&webtag=musicloungeblog&entry=124","url_text":"\"ABC Music Lounge\""}]},{"reference":"Maloy, Sarah. \"Scars On 45 Reaches Triple A Top 5, Revs Up Second EP\". Billboard.com. Retrieved 23 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/469391/scars-on-45-reaches-triple-a-top-5-revs-up-second-ep","url_text":"\"Scars On 45 Reaches Triple A Top 5, Revs Up Second EP\""}]},{"reference":"\"Best Songs of the Year So Far\". Amazon.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/feature.html/ref=s9_al_bw_feat?ie=UTF8&docId=1000707461","url_text":"\"Best Songs of the Year So Far\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Must List: What's Hot for the Week of August 29, 2011\". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 24 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ew.com/ew/gallery/0,,20310286_20523043,00.html#21044884","url_text":"\"The Must List: What's Hot for the Week of August 29, 2011\""}]},{"reference":"Smith, K. Alexander. \"Album Stream: Scars on 45 - Heart on Fire EP\". Paste Magazine. Retrieved 24 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pastemagazine.com/blogs/av/2011/10/album-stream-scars-on-45---heart-on-fire-ep.html","url_text":"\"Album Stream: Scars on 45 - Heart on Fire EP\""}]},{"reference":"\"Amazon.com: Best of the Year So Far 2012\". Amazon.com. Retrieved 21 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/b/ref=amb_link_363131602_1?ie=UTF8&node=5417975011&pf_rd_m=ATVPDKIKX0DER&pf_rd_s=center-1&pf_rd_r=0YCGBYGGH7DX88PV5FA9&pf_rd_t=1401&pf_rd_p=1369369622&pf_rd_i=1000802811","url_text":"\"Amazon.com: Best of the Year So Far 2012\""}]},{"reference":"Ragogna, Mike (27 July 2011). \"Scars On 45's New Video and Download, Plus Chatting with Vanessa Carlton, Dan Bern and David Bromberg\". Huffington Post. Retrieved 23 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/mike-ragogna/scars-on-45s-new-video-an_b_910481.html","url_text":"\"Scars On 45's New Video and Download, Plus Chatting with Vanessa Carlton, Dan Bern and David Bromberg\""}]},{"reference":"Scars on 45 (16 September 2011). 5 Questions With…Scars on 45 (flash) (webcast). The Academy’s Headquarters, Santa Monica, California: The Recording Academy. Retrieved 23 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.grammy.com/news/5-questions-with-scars-on-45","url_text":"5 Questions With…Scars on 45"}]},{"reference":"Brawner, DJ. \"Give Me Something\". Video. Anthem Films. Retrieved 24 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://anthemfilms.com/site/video/scars-on-45-give-me-something/","url_text":"\"Give Me Something\""}]},{"reference":"\"Instagram post by Scars on 45 • Oct 12, 2017 at 11:28pm UTC\". Instagram. Archived from the original on 25 December 2021. Retrieved 13 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/instagram/kurage_time/1624293519354423202","url_text":"\"Instagram post by Scars on 45 • Oct 12, 2017 at 11:28pm UTC\""},{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/p/BaKplmYFuei/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Patrick (2021)\". IMDB.com. IMDB. Retrieved 29 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt11832534/soundtrack?ref_=tt_trv_snd","url_text":"\"Patrick (2021)\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonya_Mitchell
Tonya Mitchell
["1 Biography","1.1 Early life","1.2 \"I Represent\"","1.3 Retirement","2 Discography","2.1 Albums","3 References","4 External links"]
American former pop singer (born 1982) This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (August 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Tonya MitchellBirth nameTonya Jean MitchellBorn(1982-08-21)August 21, 1982OriginTennessee, United StatesGenresPop, countryOccupation(s)Singer, actress, modelInstrument(s)SingingYears active1999–2002Labels1999–2001Universal RecordsMusical artist Tonya Jean Mitchell (born August 21, 1982) is an American former pop singer. Biography Early life Mitchell was born in Madisonville, Kentucky to "Cowboy" Louie and Paulette Mitchell. Mitchell grew up in Huron, Tennessee, a small town just north east of Memphis. In 1998, Mitchell was performing country music at a regional benefit for St. Jude's Hospital when Bill Bomar, Justin Timberlake's grandfather, heard the young teen sing. Excited by her voice, Bomar approached Mitchell and told her that Timberlake was his grandson and that he could help her break into the music industry. Mitchell did not think much about this, but later it led to her signing with Timberlake's management company, JustinTime Entertainment, and being managed by Timberlake's mother, Lynn Harless. Mitchell was later signed to Universal Records and entered the studio to record her twelve-song debut album. "I Represent" On February 27, 2001, a few weeks after recording her album, Mitchell's first single, "Broken Promises", hit the radio stations. The song reached #38 on the Billboard Mainstream Top 40 chart. Mitchell released her debut solo album, "I Represent", on April 10, 2001. In 2001, Mitchell was asked to be one of the opening acts for the NSYNC Pop Odyssey Tour. This helped her career as she began making appearances at venues and performing in front of large audiences. Mitchell shared the stage with acts that included Nelly, Boyz II Men, Lil Romeo, Dream & Tyrese. After the tour ended, Mitchell performed at various radio shows throughout the United States, including a performance at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Retirement In July 2001, Mitchell's father, Cowboy Louie Mitchell, died. Following the heartache of losing her father, Mitchell was dropped from Universal Records. She decided to step away from the recording industry to spend time with her family. In 2002, Mitchell married Jason Essary, a car salesman. They had a daughter named Scarlett in 2004. Discography Albums I Represent (April 10, 2001) Track listing I Represent (Brian Kierulf; Josh Schwartz; Nate Butler) - 3:07 Broken Promises (Dino Esposito; Scot Rammer) - 3:36 Stay (Cheryl Yie; Gen Rubin) - 5:16 You're The One I Want (Chris Liggio; Kimberly Leadbetter) - 3:03 Place Like This (Greg Charley; Mark Mueller) - 4:35 Wasted Breath (Dino Esposito) - 4:08 Little Too Late (Brian Kierulf; Josh Schwartz) - 4:02 I Don't Wanna Fall In Love (Denise Rich; Gen Rubin) - 4:47 Only One (Denise Rich; Gen Rubin) - 3:32 Turn Around (Denise Rich; Gen Rubin) - 4:39 I Cry Real Tears (Linda Thompson-Jenner; Reed Vertelney) - 4:03 Should I Stay (Dave Katz; Steven Wolf) - 4:02 Singles Release date Title Chart positions Album U.S. Top 40 U.S. R&B/Hip-Hop February 27, 2001 "Broken Promises" 38 5 I Represent References External links Tonya Mitchell Fan Club Tonya Mitchell Fan Club Myspace Page Official Tonya Mitchell Myspace Page Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National United States Artists MusicBrainz
[{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Musical artistTonya Jean Mitchell (born August 21, 1982) is an American former pop singer.","title":"Tonya Mitchell"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Madisonville, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madisonville,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Huron, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huron,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Memphis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Justin Timberlake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Timberlake"},{"link_name":"Universal Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Records"}],"sub_title":"Early life","text":"Mitchell was born in Madisonville, Kentucky to \"Cowboy\" Louie and Paulette Mitchell.Mitchell grew up in Huron, Tennessee, a small town just north east of Memphis. In 1998, Mitchell was performing country music at a regional benefit for St. Jude's Hospital when Bill Bomar, Justin Timberlake's grandfather, heard the young teen sing. Excited by her voice, Bomar approached Mitchell and told her that Timberlake was his grandson and that he could help her break into the music industry.Mitchell did not think much about this, but later it led to her signing with Timberlake's management company, JustinTime Entertainment, and being managed by Timberlake's mother, Lynn Harless. Mitchell was later signed to Universal Records and entered the studio to record her twelve-song debut album.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mainstream Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainstream_Top_40"},{"link_name":"NSYNC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSYNC"},{"link_name":"Nelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelly"},{"link_name":"Boyz II Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyz_II_Men"},{"link_name":"Lil Romeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lil_Romeo"},{"link_name":"Dream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dream_(American_group)"},{"link_name":"Tyrese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrese_Gibson"},{"link_name":"Rock and Roll Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame"}],"sub_title":"\"I Represent\"","text":"On February 27, 2001, a few weeks after recording her album, Mitchell's first single, \"Broken Promises\", hit the radio stations. The song reached #38 on the Billboard Mainstream Top 40 chart. Mitchell released her debut solo album, \"I Represent\", on April 10, 2001.In 2001, Mitchell was asked to be one of the opening acts for the NSYNC Pop Odyssey Tour. This helped her career as she began making appearances at venues and performing in front of large audiences. Mitchell shared the stage with acts that included Nelly, Boyz II Men, Lil Romeo, Dream & Tyrese.After the tour ended, Mitchell performed at various radio shows throughout the United States, including a performance at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Universal Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Records"}],"sub_title":"Retirement","text":"In July 2001, Mitchell's father, Cowboy Louie Mitchell, died. Following the heartache of losing her father, Mitchell was dropped from Universal Records. She decided to step away from the recording industry to spend time with her family.In 2002, Mitchell married Jason Essary, a car salesman. They had a daughter named Scarlett in 2004.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dave Katz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Katz_(songwriter)"},{"link_name":"Steven Wolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Wolf"}],"sub_title":"Albums","text":"I Represent (April 10, 2001)Track listingI Represent (Brian Kierulf; Josh Schwartz; Nate Butler) - 3:07\nBroken Promises (Dino Esposito; Scot Rammer) - 3:36\nStay (Cheryl Yie; Gen Rubin) - 5:16\nYou're The One I Want (Chris Liggio; Kimberly Leadbetter) - 3:03\nPlace Like This (Greg Charley; Mark Mueller) - 4:35\nWasted Breath (Dino Esposito) - 4:08\nLittle Too Late (Brian Kierulf; Josh Schwartz) - 4:02\nI Don't Wanna Fall In Love (Denise Rich; Gen Rubin) - 4:47\nOnly One (Denise Rich; Gen Rubin) - 3:32\nTurn Around (Denise Rich; Gen Rubin) - 4:39\nI Cry Real Tears (Linda Thompson-Jenner; Reed Vertelney) - 4:03\nShould I Stay (Dave Katz; Steven Wolf) - 4:02Singles","title":"Discography"}]
[]
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[]
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120308000608/http://www.tonyajmitchellfanclub.webs.com/","external_links_name":"Tonya Mitchell Fan Club"},{"Link":"http://www.myspace.com/tonyajmitchellfanclub","external_links_name":"Tonya Mitchell Fan Club Myspace Page"},{"Link":"http://www.myspace.com/TonyaJMitchell","external_links_name":"Official Tonya Mitchell Myspace Page"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/31375520","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJc3DJD9FDHMyYpJRJWMT3","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2003083178","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/aa8031fa-18da-4b1a-9c20-4aca6c449289","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KLV
KLV
["1 Byte packing","1.1 Key field","1.2 Length field","1.3 Value field","1.4 Example","2 External links"]
Data encoding standard This article is about the data encoding standard. For other uses, see KLV (disambiguation). KLV (Key-Length-Value) is a data encoding standard, often used to embed information in video feeds. The standard uses a type–length–value encoding scheme. Items are encoded into Key-Length-Value triplets, where key identifies the data, length specifies the data's length, and value is the data itself. It is defined in SMPTE 336M-2007 (Data Encoding Protocol Using Key-Length Value), approved by the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers. Due to KLV's large degree of interoperability, it has also been adopted by the Motion Imagery Standards Board. Byte packing In a binary stream of data, a KLV set is broken down in the following fashion, with all integer-interpretation being big endian: Key field The first few bytes are the Key, much like a key in a standard hash table data structure. Keys can be 1, 2, 4, or 16 bytes in length. Presumably in a separate specification document you would agree on a key length for a given application. Sixteen byte keys are usually reserved for use as globally registered unique identifiers, and the Value portion of such a packet usually contains a series of more KLV sets with smaller keys. Length field Following the bytes for the Key are bytes for the Length field which will tell you how many bytes follow the length field and make up the Value portion. There are four kinds of encoding for the Length field: 1-byte, 2-byte, 4-byte and Basic Encoding Rules (BER). The 1-, 2-, and 4-byte variants are pretty straightforward: make an unsigned integer out of the bytes, and that integer is the number of bytes that follow. BER length encoding is a bit more complicated but the most flexible. If the first byte in the length field does not have the high bit set (0x80), then that single byte represents an integer between 0 and 127 and indicates the number of Value bytes that immediately follows. If the high bit is set, then the lower seven bits indicate how many bytes follow that themselves make up a length field. For example if the first byte of a BER length field is binary 10000010, that would indicate that the next two bytes make up an integer that then indicates how many Value bytes follow. Therefore a total of three bytes were taken up to specify a length. Value field The remaining bytes are the Value field, and its contents can be whatever you like, including a chain of more KLV sets, as is often the case. Example In the following example, the four bytes represent a KLV set where the key is one byte, the length field is one byte (or possibly BER - you cannot tell from the example), and the value is two bytes: a zero and a three. In your application you would have previously agreed to a) use one-byte keys and b) use one-byte length encoding. Also presumably the key value "42" would mean something to you, perhaps it indicates that the value bytes 0x00 and 0x03 are an integer representing the value of your bicycle's odometer. Key Length Value 42 2 0 3 External links KLVLib - A C Library for KLV file I/O Purchase The KLV Standard (SMPTE 336M-2007) ITU version of the KLV specification (ITU-R Recommendation BT.1563) (free) A Java KLV library in the Public Domain A Commercial Implementation of the Codec A Commercial Implementation of the KLV encoder/decoder lib (C++)
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[{"Link":"http://sourceforge.net/projects/klvlib","external_links_name":"KLVLib - A C Library for KLV file I/O"},{"Link":"http://standards.smpte.org/content/st-336-2007/SEC1.abstract.html","external_links_name":"Purchase The KLV Standard (SMPTE 336M-2007)"},{"Link":"http://www.itu.int/rec/R-REC-BT.1563-1-201103-I/en","external_links_name":"ITU version of the KLV specification (ITU-R Recommendation BT.1563) (free)"},{"Link":"http://iharder.sourceforge.net/current/java/klv/","external_links_name":"A Java KLV library in the Public Domain"},{"Link":"http://www.sensingsystems.com/","external_links_name":"A Commercial Implementation of the Codec"},{"Link":"http://www.impleotv.com/","external_links_name":"A Commercial Implementation of the KLV encoder/decoder lib (C++)"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STX16
STX16
["1 Interactions","2 References","3 Further reading"]
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens STX16IdentifiersAliasesSTX16, SYN16, syntaxin 16, SYN-16External IDsOMIM: 603666; MGI: 1923396; HomoloGene: 2791; GeneCards: STX16; OMA:STX16 - orthologsGene location (Human)Chr.Chromosome 20 (human)Band20q13.32Start58,651,253 bpEnd58,679,526 bpGene location (Mouse)Chr.Chromosome 2 (mouse)Band2|2 H4Start173,918,101 bpEnd173,941,564 bpRNA expression patternBgeeHumanMouse (ortholog)Top expressed inright uterine tubesural nervecorpus callosumsuperficial temporal arterypituitary glandright hemisphere of cerebellumbody of uterusC1 segmentright ovaryanterior pituitaryTop expressed inhandneural layer of retinaotolith organutriclethymuslenscerebellar cortexprimary visual cortexyolk sacsuperior frontal gyrusMore reference expression dataBioGPSn/aGene ontologyMolecular function SNAP receptor activity protein binding syntaxin binding SNARE binding Cellular component cytoplasm integral component of membrane Golgi apparatus membrane intracellular membrane-bounded organelle Golgi cisterna focal adhesion trans-Golgi network SNARE complex endoplasmic reticulum perinuclear region of cytoplasm cytosol trans-Golgi network membrane Golgi membrane endomembrane system integral component of synaptic vesicle membrane Biological process vesicle docking retrograde transport, endosome to Golgi protein transport intracellular protein transport vesicle fusion Golgi ribbon formation vesicle-mediated transport transport Sources:Amigo / QuickGOOrthologsSpeciesHumanMouseEntrez8675228960EnsemblENSG00000124222ENSMUSG00000027522UniProtO14662Q8BVI5RefSeq (mRNA)NM_001001433NM_001001434NM_001134772NM_001134773NM_001204868NM_003763NM_001102423NM_001102424NM_001102425NM_172675NM_001363029NM_001363030NM_001363031RefSeq (protein)NP_001001433NP_001128244NP_001128245NP_001191797NP_003754NP_001095893NP_001095894NP_001095895NP_766263NP_001349958NP_001349959NP_001349960Location (UCSC)Chr 20: 58.65 – 58.68 MbChr 2: 173.92 – 173.94 MbPubMed searchWikidataView/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse Syntaxin-16 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the STX16 gene. It has been associated with pseudohypoparathyroidism type Ib. Losing this gene causes loss of methylation at GNAS1 exon A/B. Interactions STX16 has been shown to interact with VAMP4. References ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000124222 – Ensembl, May 2017 ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000027522 – Ensembl, May 2017 ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. ^ Tang BL, Low DY, Lee SS, Tan AE, Hong W (Jan 1998). "Molecular cloning and localization of human syntaxin 16, a member of the syntaxin family of SNARE proteins". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 242 (3): 673–9. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1997.8029. PMID 9464276. ^ Simonsen A, Bremnes B, Rønning E, Aasland R, Stenmark H (Mar 1998). "Syntaxin-16, a putative Golgi t-SNARE". European Journal of Cell Biology. 75 (3): 223–31. doi:10.1016/S0171-9335(98)80116-7. PMID 9587053. ^ a b Linglart A, Gensure RC, Olney RC, Jüppner H, Bastepe M (May 2005). "A novel STX16 deletion in autosomal dominant pseudohypoparathyroidism type Ib redefines the boundaries of a cis-acting imprinting control element of GNAS". American Journal of Human Genetics. 76 (5): 804–14. doi:10.1086/429932. PMC 1199370. PMID 15800843. ^ "Entrez Gene: STX16 syntaxin 16". ^ Mallard F, Tang BL, Galli T, Tenza D, Saint-Pol A, Yue X, Antony C, Hong W, Goud B, Johannes L (Feb 2002). "Early/recycling endosomes-to-TGN transport involves two SNARE complexes and a Rab6 isoform". The Journal of Cell Biology. 156 (4): 653–64. doi:10.1083/jcb.200110081. PMC 2174079. PMID 11839770. Further reading Yu Y, Zhang C, Zhou G, Wu S, Qu X, Wei H, Xing G, Dong C, Zhai Y, Wan J, Ouyang S, Li L, Zhang S, Zhou K, Zhang Y, Wu C, He F (Aug 2001). "Gene expression profiling in human fetal liver and identification of tissue- and developmental-stage-specific genes through compiled expression profiles and efficient cloning of full-length cDNAs". Genome Research. 11 (8): 1392–403. doi:10.1101/gr.175501. PMC 311073. PMID 11483580. Mallard F, Tang BL, Galli T, Tenza D, Saint-Pol A, Yue X, Antony C, Hong W, Goud B, Johannes L (Feb 2002). "Early/recycling endosomes-to-TGN transport involves two SNARE complexes and a Rab6 isoform". The Journal of Cell Biology. 156 (4): 653–64. doi:10.1083/jcb.200110081. PMC 2174079. PMID 11839770. Dulubova I, Yamaguchi T, Gao Y, Min SW, Huryeva I, Südhof TC, Rizo J (Jul 2002). "How Tlg2p/syntaxin 16 'snares' Vps45". The EMBO Journal. 21 (14): 3620–31. doi:10.1093/emboj/cdf381. PMC 126126. PMID 12110575. Clark AG, Glanowski S, Nielsen R, Thomas PD, Kejariwal A, Todd MA, Tanenbaum DM, Civello D, Lu F, Murphy B, Ferriera S, Wang G, Zheng X, White TJ, Sninsky JJ, Adams MD, Cargill M (Dec 2003). "Inferring nonneutral evolution from human-chimp-mouse orthologous gene trios". Science. 302 (5652): 1960–3. Bibcode:2003Sci...302.1960C. doi:10.1126/science.1088821. PMID 14671302. S2CID 6682593. Tai G, Lu L, Wang TL, Tang BL, Goud B, Johannes L, Hong W (Sep 2004). "Participation of the syntaxin 5/Ykt6/GS28/GS15 SNARE complex in transport from the early/recycling endosome to the trans-Golgi network". Molecular Biology of the Cell. 15 (9): 4011–22. doi:10.1091/mbc.E03-12-0876. PMC 515336. PMID 15215310. Colland F, Jacq X, Trouplin V, Mougin C, Groizeleau C, Hamburger A, Meil A, Wojcik J, Legrain P, Gauthier JM (Jul 2004). "Functional proteomics mapping of a human signaling pathway". Genome Research. 14 (7): 1324–32. doi:10.1101/gr.2334104. PMC 442148. PMID 15231748. Amessou M, Fradagrada A, Falguières T, Lord JM, Smith DC, Roberts LM, Lamaze C, Johannes L (Apr 2007). "Syntaxin 16 and syntaxin 5 are required for efficient retrograde transport of several exogenous and endogenous cargo proteins". Journal of Cell Science. 120 (Pt 8): 1457–68. doi:10.1242/jcs.03436. PMC 1863825. PMID 17389686. vteMembrane protein: vesicular transport proteins (TC 1F)Synaptic vesicleSNAREQ-SNARE SNAP25 SNAP29 Syntaxin STX1A STX1B STX2 STX3 STX4 STX5 STX6 STX7 STX8 STX10 STX11 STX12 STX16 STX17 STX18 STX19 Munc-18: STXBP1 STXBP2 STXBP3 STXBP4 STXBP5 STXBP6 R-SNARE Synaptobrevin/VAMP: VAMP1 VAMP2 VAMP3 Synaptotagmin SYT1 SYT2 SYT3 SYT4 SYT5 SYT6 SYT7 SYT8 SYT9 SYT10 SYT11 SYT12 SYT13 SYT14 SYT15 SYT16 SYT17 Other Synaptophysin Synapsin Small GTPase: RAB3A COPI Coatomer COPA COPB1 COPB2 COPD/Archain COPE COPG COPG2 COPZ1 COPZ2 Small GTPase: ARF COPII Coatomer SEC23A/SEC24A SEC13/SEC31 Small GTPase: SAR1A RME/Clathrin CLTA CLTB CLTC Caveolae Caveolin (CAV1 CAV2 CAV3) Other/ungroupedVesicle formationAdaptor protein complex 1: AP1AR AP1B1 AP1G1 AP1G2 AP1M1 AP1M2 AP1S1 AP1S2 AP1S3 Adaptor protein complex 2: AP2A1 AP2A2 AP2B1 AP2M1 AP2S1 Adaptor protein complex 3: AP3B1 AP3B2 AP3D1 AP3M1 AP3M2 AP3S1 AP3S2 Adaptor protein complex 4: AP4B1 AP4E1 AP4M1 AP4S1 LMAN1 LYST BLOC-1: DTNBP1 BLOC153 BLOC-2: HPS3 HPS5 HPS6 BLOC-3: HPS1 HPS4 Coats: Retromer TIP47 Small GTPase Dynamin DNM1 DNM2 DNM3 Other EHD protein family: EHD1 EHD2 EHD3 EHD4 Sorting nexins Vacuolar protein sorting: VPS13B VPS33B SYNRG See also vesicular transport protein disorders This protein-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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vesicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synaptic_vesicle"},{"link_name":"SNARE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNARE_(protein)"},{"link_name":"Q-SNARE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNARE_(protein)#Q-SNAREs"},{"link_name":"SNAP25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNAP25"},{"link_name":"SNAP29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNAP29"},{"link_name":"Syntaxin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntaxin"},{"link_name":"STX1A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STX1A"},{"link_name":"STX1B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STX1B"},{"link_name":"STX2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STX2"},{"link_name":"STX3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntaxin_3"},{"link_name":"STX4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STX4"},{"link_name":"STX5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STX5"},{"link_name":"STX6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STX6"},{"link_name":"STX7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STX7"},{"link_name":"STX8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STX8"},{"link_name":"STX10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STX10"},{"link_name":"STX11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STX11"},{"link_name":"STX12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STX12"},{"link_name":"STX16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"STX17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STX17"},{"link_name":"STX18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=STX18&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"STX19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=STX19&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Munc-18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munc-18"},{"link_name":"STXBP1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STXBP1"},{"link_name":"STXBP2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntaxin_binding_protein_2"},{"link_name":"STXBP3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntaxin_binding_protein_3"},{"link_name":"STXBP4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=STXBP4&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"STXBP5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STXBP5"},{"link_name":"STXBP6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=STXBP6&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"R-SNARE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNARE_(protein)#R-SNAREs"},{"link_name":"Synaptobrevin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synaptobrevin"},{"link_name":"VAMP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesicle-associated_membrane_protein"},{"link_name":"VAMP1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VAMP1"},{"link_name":"VAMP2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VAMP2"},{"link_name":"VAMP3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VAMP3"},{"link_name":"Synaptotagmin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synaptotagmin"},{"link_name":"SYT1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SYT1"},{"link_name":"SYT2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SYT2"},{"link_name":"SYT3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SYT3"},{"link_name":"SYT4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SYT4"},{"link_name":"SYT5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SYT5"},{"link_name":"SYT6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SYT6"},{"link_name":"SYT7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SYT7"},{"link_name":"SYT8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SYT8&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"SYT9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SYT9"},{"link_name":"SYT10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SYT10&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"SYT11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SYT11"},{"link_name":"SYT12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SYT12&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"SYT13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SYT13"},{"link_name":"SYT14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SYT14"},{"link_name":"SYT15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SYT15&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"SYT16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SYT16&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"SYT17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SYT17&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Synaptophysin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synaptophysin"},{"link_name":"Synapsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synapsin"},{"link_name":"Small GTPase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_GTPase"},{"link_name":"RAB3A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAB3A"},{"link_name":"COPI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COPI"},{"link_name":"Coatomer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coatomer"},{"link_name":"COPA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COPA_(gene)"},{"link_name":"COPB1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COPB1"},{"link_name":"COPB2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COPB2"},{"link_name":"COPD/Archain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archain"},{"link_name":"COPE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COPE_(gene)"},{"link_name":"COPG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COPG"},{"link_name":"COPG2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COPG2"},{"link_name":"COPZ1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COPZ1"},{"link_name":"COPZ2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COPZ2&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Small GTPase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_GTPase"},{"link_name":"ARF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADP_ribosylation_factor"},{"link_name":"COPII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COPII"},{"link_name":"Coatomer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coatomer"},{"link_name":"SEC23A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEC23A"},{"link_name":"SEC24A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEC24A"},{"link_name":"SEC13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEC13"},{"link_name":"SEC31","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEC31"},{"link_name":"Small GTPase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_GTPase"},{"link_name":"SAR1A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAR1A"},{"link_name":"RME","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor-mediated_endocytosis"},{"link_name":"Clathrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clathrin"},{"link_name":"CLTA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CLTA_(protein)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"CLTB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CLTB"},{"link_name":"CLTC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CLTC"},{"link_name":"Caveolae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caveolae"},{"link_name":"Caveolin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caveolin"},{"link_name":"CAV1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caveolin_1"},{"link_name":"CAV2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caveolin_2"},{"link_name":"CAV3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caveolin_3"},{"link_name":"Adaptor protein complex 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP1_adaptor_complex"},{"link_name":"AP1AR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP1AR"},{"link_name":"AP1B1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP1B1"},{"link_name":"AP1G1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP1G1"},{"link_name":"AP1G2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP1G2"},{"link_name":"AP1M1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP1M1"},{"link_name":"AP1M2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP1M2"},{"link_name":"AP1S1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP1S1"},{"link_name":"AP1S2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP1S2"},{"link_name":"AP1S3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AP1S3&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Adaptor protein complex 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP2_adaptor_complex"},{"link_name":"AP2A1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptor-related_protein_complex_2,_alpha_1"},{"link_name":"AP2A2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP2A2"},{"link_name":"AP2B1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP2B1"},{"link_name":"AP2M1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP2M1"},{"link_name":"AP2S1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP2S1"},{"link_name":"Adaptor protein complex 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP3_adaptor_complex"},{"link_name":"AP3B1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP3B1"},{"link_name":"AP3B2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP3B2"},{"link_name":"AP3D1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP3D1"},{"link_name":"AP3M1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP3M1"},{"link_name":"AP3M2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AP3M2&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"AP3S1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP3S1"},{"link_name":"AP3S2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP3S2"},{"link_name":"Adaptor protein complex 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP4_adaptor_complex"},{"link_name":"AP4B1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP4B1"},{"link_name":"AP4E1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP4E1"},{"link_name":"AP4M1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP4M1"},{"link_name":"AP4S1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP4S1"},{"link_name":"LMAN1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LMAN1"},{"link_name":"LYST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysosomal_trafficking_regulator"},{"link_name":"BLOC-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogenesis_of_lysosome-related_organelles_complex_1"},{"link_name":"DTNBP1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysbindin"},{"link_name":"BLOC153","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BLOC153&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"HPS3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HPS3"},{"link_name":"HPS5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HPS5"},{"link_name":"HPS6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HPS6"},{"link_name":"HPS1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HPS1"},{"link_name":"HPS4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HPS4"},{"link_name":"Retromer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retromer"},{"link_name":"TIP47","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M6PRBP1"},{"link_name":"Small GTPase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_GTPase"},{"link_name":"Dynamin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamin"},{"link_name":"DNM1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNM1"},{"link_name":"DNM2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNM2"},{"link_name":"DNM3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNM3"},{"link_name":"EHD protein family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EHD_protein_family"},{"link_name":"EHD1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EHD1"},{"link_name":"EHD2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EHD2"},{"link_name":"EHD3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EHD3"},{"link_name":"EHD4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EHD4"},{"link_name":"Sorting nexins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorting_nexin"},{"link_name":"Vacuolar protein sorting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuolar_protein_sorting"},{"link_name":"VPS13B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VPS13B"},{"link_name":"VPS33B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VPS33B"},{"link_name":"SYNRG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SYNRG&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"vesicular transport protein disorders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Vesicular_transport_protein_disorders"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Myoglobin.png"},{"link_name":"protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=STX16&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Protein-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Protein-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Protein-stub"}],"text":"Yu Y, Zhang C, Zhou G, Wu S, Qu X, Wei H, Xing G, Dong C, Zhai Y, Wan J, Ouyang S, Li L, Zhang S, Zhou K, Zhang Y, Wu C, He F (Aug 2001). \"Gene expression profiling in human fetal liver and identification of tissue- and developmental-stage-specific genes through compiled expression profiles and efficient cloning of full-length cDNAs\". Genome Research. 11 (8): 1392–403. doi:10.1101/gr.175501. PMC 311073. PMID 11483580.\nMallard F, Tang BL, Galli T, Tenza D, Saint-Pol A, Yue X, Antony C, Hong W, Goud B, Johannes L (Feb 2002). \"Early/recycling endosomes-to-TGN transport involves two SNARE complexes and a Rab6 isoform\". The Journal of Cell Biology. 156 (4): 653–64. doi:10.1083/jcb.200110081. PMC 2174079. PMID 11839770.\nDulubova I, Yamaguchi T, Gao Y, Min SW, Huryeva I, Südhof TC, Rizo J (Jul 2002). \"How Tlg2p/syntaxin 16 'snares' Vps45\". The EMBO Journal. 21 (14): 3620–31. doi:10.1093/emboj/cdf381. PMC 126126. PMID 12110575.\nClark AG, Glanowski S, Nielsen R, Thomas PD, Kejariwal A, Todd MA, Tanenbaum DM, Civello D, Lu F, Murphy B, Ferriera S, Wang G, Zheng X, White TJ, Sninsky JJ, Adams MD, Cargill M (Dec 2003). \"Inferring nonneutral evolution from human-chimp-mouse orthologous gene trios\". Science. 302 (5652): 1960–3. Bibcode:2003Sci...302.1960C. doi:10.1126/science.1088821. PMID 14671302. S2CID 6682593.\nTai G, Lu L, Wang TL, Tang BL, Goud B, Johannes L, Hong W (Sep 2004). \"Participation of the syntaxin 5/Ykt6/GS28/GS15 SNARE complex in transport from the early/recycling endosome to the trans-Golgi network\". Molecular Biology of the Cell. 15 (9): 4011–22. doi:10.1091/mbc.E03-12-0876. PMC 515336. PMID 15215310.\nColland F, Jacq X, Trouplin V, Mougin C, Groizeleau C, Hamburger A, Meil A, Wojcik J, Legrain P, Gauthier JM (Jul 2004). \"Functional proteomics mapping of a human signaling pathway\". Genome Research. 14 (7): 1324–32. doi:10.1101/gr.2334104. PMC 442148. PMID 15231748.\nAmessou M, Fradagrada A, Falguières T, Lord JM, Smith DC, Roberts LM, Lamaze C, Johannes L (Apr 2007). \"Syntaxin 16 and syntaxin 5 are required for efficient retrograde transport of several exogenous and endogenous cargo proteins\". Journal of Cell Science. 120 (Pt 8): 1457–68. doi:10.1242/jcs.03436. PMC 1863825. PMID 17389686.vteMembrane protein: vesicular transport proteins (TC 1F)Synaptic vesicleSNAREQ-SNARE\nSNAP25\nSNAP29\nSyntaxin\nSTX1A\nSTX1B\nSTX2\nSTX3\nSTX4\nSTX5\nSTX6\nSTX7\nSTX8\nSTX10\nSTX11\nSTX12\nSTX16\nSTX17\nSTX18\nSTX19\nMunc-18: STXBP1\nSTXBP2\nSTXBP3\nSTXBP4\nSTXBP5\nSTXBP6\nR-SNARE\nSynaptobrevin/VAMP: VAMP1\nVAMP2\nVAMP3\nSynaptotagmin\nSYT1\nSYT2\nSYT3\nSYT4\nSYT5\nSYT6\nSYT7\nSYT8\nSYT9\nSYT10\nSYT11\nSYT12\nSYT13\nSYT14\nSYT15\nSYT16\nSYT17\nOther\nSynaptophysin\nSynapsin\nSmall GTPase: RAB3A\nCOPI\nCoatomer\nCOPA\nCOPB1\nCOPB2\nCOPD/Archain\nCOPE\nCOPG\nCOPG2\nCOPZ1\nCOPZ2\nSmall GTPase: ARF\nCOPII\nCoatomer\nSEC23A/SEC24A\nSEC13/SEC31\nSmall GTPase: SAR1A\nRME/Clathrin\nCLTA\nCLTB\nCLTC\nCaveolae\nCaveolin (CAV1\nCAV2\nCAV3)\nOther/ungroupedVesicle formationAdaptor protein complex 1:\nAP1AR\nAP1B1\nAP1G1\nAP1G2\nAP1M1\nAP1M2\nAP1S1\nAP1S2\nAP1S3\nAdaptor protein complex 2:\nAP2A1\nAP2A2\nAP2B1\nAP2M1\nAP2S1\nAdaptor protein complex 3:\nAP3B1\nAP3B2\nAP3D1\nAP3M1\nAP3M2\nAP3S1\nAP3S2\nAdaptor protein complex 4:\nAP4B1\nAP4E1\nAP4M1\nAP4S1\n\nLMAN1\n\nLYST\nBLOC-1:\nDTNBP1\nBLOC153\nBLOC-2:\nHPS3\nHPS5\nHPS6\nBLOC-3:\nHPS1\nHPS4\nCoats:\nRetromer\nTIP47\nSmall GTPase\nDynamin\nDNM1\nDNM2\nDNM3\nOther\nEHD protein family: EHD1\nEHD2\nEHD3\nEHD4\nSorting nexins\nVacuolar protein sorting: VPS13B\nVPS33B\nSYNRG\nSee also vesicular transport protein disordersThis protein-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Human PubMed Reference:\". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=8675","url_text":"\"Human PubMed Reference:\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mouse PubMed Reference:\". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=228960","url_text":"\"Mouse PubMed Reference:\""}]},{"reference":"Tang BL, Low DY, Lee SS, Tan AE, Hong W (Jan 1998). \"Molecular cloning and localization of human syntaxin 16, a member of the syntaxin family of SNARE proteins\". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 242 (3): 673–9. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1997.8029. PMID 9464276.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fbbrc.1997.8029","url_text":"10.1006/bbrc.1997.8029"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9464276","url_text":"9464276"}]},{"reference":"Simonsen A, Bremnes B, Rønning E, Aasland R, Stenmark H (Mar 1998). \"Syntaxin-16, a putative Golgi t-SNARE\". European Journal of Cell Biology. 75 (3): 223–31. doi:10.1016/S0171-9335(98)80116-7. PMID 9587053.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0171-9335%2898%2980116-7","url_text":"10.1016/S0171-9335(98)80116-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9587053","url_text":"9587053"}]},{"reference":"Linglart A, Gensure RC, Olney RC, Jüppner H, Bastepe M (May 2005). \"A novel STX16 deletion in autosomal dominant pseudohypoparathyroidism type Ib redefines the boundaries of a cis-acting imprinting control element of GNAS\". American Journal of Human Genetics. 76 (5): 804–14. doi:10.1086/429932. PMC 1199370. PMID 15800843.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1199370","url_text":"\"A novel STX16 deletion in autosomal dominant pseudohypoparathyroidism type Ib redefines the boundaries of a cis-acting imprinting control element of GNAS\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F429932","url_text":"10.1086/429932"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1199370","url_text":"1199370"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15800843","url_text":"15800843"}]},{"reference":"\"Entrez Gene: STX16 syntaxin 16\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=8675","url_text":"\"Entrez Gene: STX16 syntaxin 16\""}]},{"reference":"Mallard F, Tang BL, Galli T, Tenza D, Saint-Pol A, Yue X, Antony C, Hong W, Goud B, Johannes L (Feb 2002). \"Early/recycling endosomes-to-TGN transport involves two SNARE complexes and a Rab6 isoform\". The Journal of Cell Biology. 156 (4): 653–64. doi:10.1083/jcb.200110081. PMC 2174079. PMID 11839770.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2174079","url_text":"\"Early/recycling endosomes-to-TGN transport involves two SNARE complexes and a Rab6 isoform\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1083%2Fjcb.200110081","url_text":"10.1083/jcb.200110081"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2174079","url_text":"2174079"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11839770","url_text":"11839770"}]},{"reference":"Yu Y, Zhang C, Zhou G, Wu S, Qu X, Wei H, Xing G, Dong C, Zhai Y, Wan J, Ouyang S, Li L, Zhang S, Zhou K, Zhang Y, Wu C, He F (Aug 2001). \"Gene expression profiling in human fetal liver and identification of tissue- and developmental-stage-specific genes through compiled expression profiles and efficient cloning of full-length cDNAs\". Genome Research. 11 (8): 1392–403. doi:10.1101/gr.175501. PMC 311073. PMID 11483580.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC311073","url_text":"\"Gene expression profiling in human fetal liver and identification of tissue- and developmental-stage-specific genes through compiled expression profiles and efficient cloning of full-length cDNAs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.175501","url_text":"10.1101/gr.175501"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC311073","url_text":"311073"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11483580","url_text":"11483580"}]},{"reference":"Mallard F, Tang BL, Galli T, Tenza D, Saint-Pol A, Yue X, Antony C, Hong W, Goud B, Johannes L (Feb 2002). \"Early/recycling endosomes-to-TGN transport involves two SNARE complexes and a Rab6 isoform\". The Journal of Cell Biology. 156 (4): 653–64. doi:10.1083/jcb.200110081. PMC 2174079. PMID 11839770.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2174079","url_text":"\"Early/recycling endosomes-to-TGN transport involves two SNARE complexes and a Rab6 isoform\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1083%2Fjcb.200110081","url_text":"10.1083/jcb.200110081"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2174079","url_text":"2174079"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11839770","url_text":"11839770"}]},{"reference":"Dulubova I, Yamaguchi T, Gao Y, Min SW, Huryeva I, Südhof TC, Rizo J (Jul 2002). \"How Tlg2p/syntaxin 16 'snares' Vps45\". The EMBO Journal. 21 (14): 3620–31. doi:10.1093/emboj/cdf381. PMC 126126. PMID 12110575.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC126126","url_text":"\"How Tlg2p/syntaxin 16 'snares' Vps45\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Femboj%2Fcdf381","url_text":"10.1093/emboj/cdf381"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC126126","url_text":"126126"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12110575","url_text":"12110575"}]},{"reference":"Clark AG, Glanowski S, Nielsen R, Thomas PD, Kejariwal A, Todd MA, Tanenbaum DM, Civello D, Lu F, Murphy B, Ferriera S, Wang G, Zheng X, White TJ, Sninsky JJ, Adams MD, Cargill M (Dec 2003). \"Inferring nonneutral evolution from human-chimp-mouse orthologous gene trios\". Science. 302 (5652): 1960–3. Bibcode:2003Sci...302.1960C. doi:10.1126/science.1088821. PMID 14671302. S2CID 6682593.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Sci...302.1960C","url_text":"2003Sci...302.1960C"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1088821","url_text":"10.1126/science.1088821"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14671302","url_text":"14671302"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6682593","url_text":"6682593"}]},{"reference":"Tai G, Lu L, Wang TL, Tang BL, Goud B, Johannes L, Hong W (Sep 2004). \"Participation of the syntaxin 5/Ykt6/GS28/GS15 SNARE complex in transport from the early/recycling endosome to the trans-Golgi network\". Molecular Biology of the Cell. 15 (9): 4011–22. doi:10.1091/mbc.E03-12-0876. PMC 515336. PMID 15215310.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC515336","url_text":"\"Participation of the syntaxin 5/Ykt6/GS28/GS15 SNARE complex in transport from the early/recycling endosome to the trans-Golgi network\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1091%2Fmbc.E03-12-0876","url_text":"10.1091/mbc.E03-12-0876"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC515336","url_text":"515336"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15215310","url_text":"15215310"}]},{"reference":"Colland F, Jacq X, Trouplin V, Mougin C, Groizeleau C, Hamburger A, Meil A, Wojcik J, Legrain P, Gauthier JM (Jul 2004). \"Functional proteomics mapping of a human signaling pathway\". Genome Research. 14 (7): 1324–32. doi:10.1101/gr.2334104. PMC 442148. PMID 15231748.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC442148","url_text":"\"Functional proteomics mapping of a human signaling pathway\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.2334104","url_text":"10.1101/gr.2334104"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC442148","url_text":"442148"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15231748","url_text":"15231748"}]},{"reference":"Amessou M, Fradagrada A, Falguières T, Lord JM, Smith DC, Roberts LM, Lamaze C, Johannes L (Apr 2007). \"Syntaxin 16 and syntaxin 5 are required for efficient retrograde transport of several exogenous and endogenous cargo proteins\". Journal of Cell Science. 120 (Pt 8): 1457–68. doi:10.1242/jcs.03436. PMC 1863825. PMID 17389686.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1863825","url_text":"\"Syntaxin 16 and syntaxin 5 are required for efficient retrograde transport of several exogenous and endogenous cargo proteins\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjcs.03436","url_text":"10.1242/jcs.03436"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1863825","url_text":"1863825"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17389686","url_text":"17389686"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mavesyn_Ridware
Mavesyn Ridware
["1 Heritage","2 Amenities","3 Notable residents","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
Coordinates: 52°45′00″N 1°52′56″W / 52.749992°N 1.882105°W / 52.749992; -1.882105 Human settlement in EnglandMavesyn RidwareSt Nicholas ChurchMavesyn RidwareLocation within StaffordshirePopulation1,128 (2011)OS grid referenceSK082169Civil parishMavesyn RidwareDistrictLichfieldShire countyStaffordshireRegionWest MidlandsCountryEnglandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townRUGELEYPostcode districtWS15Dialling code01543PoliceStaffordshireFireStaffordshireAmbulanceWest Midlands UK ParliamentLichfield List of places UK England Staffordshire 52°45′00″N 1°52′56″W / 52.749992°N 1.882105°W / 52.749992; -1.882105 Mavesyn Ridware is a village and civil parish in Lichfield District, Staffordshire, England. The parish had a population of 1,048 in 2001, increasing to 1,128 at the 2011 Census. It includes the villages of Hill Ridware, Rake End, Pipe Ridware and Blithbury, all of which lie between the River Trent and a small tributary, the River Blithe. To the east is the parish of Hamstall Ridware and to the south the larger village of Armitage. Drawing, believed to be of Mavesyn Ridware mill, 1873 or 1874, by Henry Harris Lines Heritage Mavesyn Ridware contains two notable buildings: the parish church dedicated to St Nicholas and the Gatehouse of the erstwhile Manor House. The name "Mavesyn" derives from the French Malvoisin, which was the name of the Norman family that acquired the estate after the Norman Conquest of 1066. The church contains many monuments to members of that family and to their successors as lords of the manor, the Cawardens and the Chadwicks. The Gatehouse is timber framed with a later skin of brick and stone. Growth rings on the timbers indicate that the building was erected in 1391–1392. High Bridge crosses the River Trent on the edge of the parish, carrying to the road to Handsacre. Amenities The village is not served by public transport, other than a minibus service to Handsacre or Rugeley, which must be booked in advance by phone or on the web. The nearest railway station is at Rugeley (5 miles, 8 km). Ridware has a bowls club and a youth club. There is a village hall for hire. Notable residents Henry Fourdrinier (1766–1854), paper manufacturer and inventor, spent his last years at the Old Rectory. Ashby Haslewood (1810–1876), first-class cricketer and educationalist, was rector of Mavesyn Ridware in 1866–1876. See also Listed buildings in Mavesyn Ridware References ^ a b UK Census (2011). "Local Area Report – Mavesyn Ridware Parish (E04008934)". Nomis. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 19 April 2021. ^ "Names and codes for Administrative Geography". Office for National Statistics. 31 December 2008. Archived from the original on 3 April 2010. Retrieved 15 September 2009. ^ UK Census (2001). "Local Area Report – Mavesyn Ridware Parish (41UD020)". Nomis. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 19 April 2021. ^ Historic England. "Chetwynd Bridge (1038893)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 18 November 2023. ^ Parish Council site Retrieved 5 May 2017. ^ Parish Council site Retrieved 5 May 2017. ^ Alumni Cantabrigienses Retrieved 5 May 2017. External links Media related to Mavesyn Ridware at Wikimedia Commons GENUKI: Mavesyn Ridware Cannock Chase History: Mavesyn Ridware vteLichfield DistrictCivil parishes Alrewas Armitage with Handsacre Burntwood (town) Clifton Campville Colton Curborough and Elmhurst Drayton Bassett Edingale Elford Farewell and Chorley Fazeley (town) Fisherwick Fradley Hammerwich Hamstall Ridware Harlaston Hints Kings Bromley Lichfield (city) Longdon Mavesyn Ridware Shenstone Streethay Swinfen and Packington Thorpe Constantine Wall Weeford Whittington Wigginton and Hopwas
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"civil parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_parish"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Lichfield District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichfield_(district)"},{"link_name":"Staffordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staffordshire"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census2011-1"},{"link_name":"Hill Ridware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill_Ridware"},{"link_name":"Blithbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blithbury"},{"link_name":"River Trent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Trent"},{"link_name":"River Blithe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Blithe"},{"link_name":"Hamstall Ridware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamstall_Ridware"},{"link_name":"Armitage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armitage"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lines_family_sketchbook_-_Disc1_046_-_Water-Mill_near_Ridware.jpg"},{"link_name":"Henry Harris Lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Harris_Lines"}],"text":"Human settlement in EnglandMavesyn Ridware is a village and civil parish[2] in Lichfield District, Staffordshire, England. The parish had a population of 1,048 in 2001,[3] increasing to 1,128 at the 2011 Census.[1] It includes the villages of Hill Ridware, Rake End, Pipe Ridware and Blithbury, all of which lie between the River Trent and a small tributary, the River Blithe. To the east is the parish of Hamstall Ridware and to the south the larger village of Armitage.Drawing, believed to be of Mavesyn Ridware mill, 1873 or 1874, by Henry Harris Lines","title":"Mavesyn Ridware"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"parish church dedicated to St Nicholas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St_Nicholas,_Mavesyn_Ridware"},{"link_name":"Norman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normans"},{"link_name":"Norman Conquest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_England"},{"link_name":"High Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Bridge,_Mavesyn_Ridware"},{"link_name":"River Trent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Trent"},{"link_name":"Handsacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handsacre"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHLE-4"}],"text":"Mavesyn Ridware contains two notable buildings: the parish church dedicated to St Nicholas and the Gatehouse of the erstwhile Manor House.The name \"Mavesyn\" derives from the French Malvoisin, which was the name of the Norman family that acquired the estate after the Norman Conquest of 1066. The church contains many monuments to members of that family and to their successors as lords of the manor, the Cawardens and the Chadwicks.The Gatehouse is timber framed with a later skin of brick and stone. Growth rings on the timbers indicate that the building was erected in 1391–1392.High Bridge crosses the River Trent on the edge of the parish, carrying to the road to Handsacre.[4]","title":"Heritage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Handsacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handsacre"},{"link_name":"Rugeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugeley"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The village is not served by public transport, other than a minibus service to Handsacre or Rugeley, which must be booked in advance by phone or on the web.[5] The nearest railway station is at Rugeley (5 miles, 8 km).Ridware has a bowls club and a youth club. There is a village hall for hire.[6]","title":"Amenities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henry Fourdrinier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Fourdrinier"},{"link_name":"Ashby Haslewood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashby_Haslewood"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Henry Fourdrinier (1766–1854), paper manufacturer and inventor, spent his last years at the Old Rectory.\nAshby Haslewood (1810–1876), first-class cricketer and educationalist, was rector of Mavesyn Ridware in 1866–1876.[7]","title":"Notable residents"}]
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[{"title":"Listed buildings in Mavesyn Ridware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_buildings_in_Mavesyn_Ridware"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Byrne_(engraver)
John Byrne (English artist)
["1 Life","2 References"]
English artist, born 1786 View from the south side of King George's Sound, first published in Matthew Flinders' 1814 A voyage to Terra Australis. After a painting by William Westall. John Byrne (1786–1847) was an English painter and engraver. He came from a family of artists and he lived with his sister Elizabeth Byrne who also exhibited her landscapes. Life He was the only son of engraver William Byrne and followed his father's profession in the arts. After his father's death in 1805, he moved to 54 John Street, London. He had four sisters who were all talented artists including Elizabeth Byrne who lived with him. Elizabeth exhibited her own landscapes starting in 1838. The views were of foreign as well as British locations. She created six steel engravings for Thomas H. Shepherd's "Modern Athens". This was published in 1829. Her last known work to be exhibited was in 1849. He provided sets of engravings for Charles Wild's works on cathedrals. Byrne around 1818 was drawing-master at Eton College. He subsequently concentrated on landscape painting in watercolours; his sister Mary and her son were also painters. His work is included in Cadell and Davies' Britannia depicta. He sent pictures to the exhibitions of the Water-Colour Society and the Royal Academy; and spent some years (about 1832–37) in Italy. He died in 1847. In the Victoria and Albert Museum are: The Ferry at Twickenham (exhibited in 1830). Italian Landscape, with Monastery. Matlock church: engraving by John and Letitia Byrne after a painting by Joseph Farington. Published in 1817 in Britannia Depicta, Part VI, Derbyshire References ^ a b Bryan, Michael; Robert Edmund Graves, Sir Walter Armstrong (1886). "Dictionary of painters and engravers, biographical and critical". Internet Archive (3 ed.). London: G. Bell & Sons. p. 206. Retrieved 30 April 2017. ^ a b "Byrne family (per. 1765–1849), engravers and painters". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/65026. Retrieved 23 October 2020. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) ^ John Britton, Thomas Hosmer Shepherd (1829). Modern Athens! Displayed in a Series of Views: Or Edinburgh in the ... Oxford University. Jones & Co. ^ a b Clayton, Timothy; McConnell, Anita. "Byrne family". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/65026. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) Wikimedia Commons has media related to John Byrne (artist). Attribution  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Bryan, Michael (1886). "Byrne, John". In Graves, Robert Edmund (ed.). Bryan's Dictionary of Painters and Engravers (A–K). Vol. I (3rd ed.). London: George Bell & Sons. p. 206. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Belgium United States Artists Scientific illustrators RKD Artists ULAN Other SNAC IdRef This article about a British painter born in the 18th century is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This biographical article about a painter from England is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirates:_The_Legend_of_Black_Kat
Pirates: The Legend of Black Kat
["1 Synopsis","2 Reception","3 References","4 External links"]
This article may need to be rewritten to comply with Wikipedia's quality standards. You can help. The talk page may contain suggestions. (September 2013) 2002 video gamePirates: The Legend of Black KatEuropean PlayStation 2 box artDeveloper(s)Westwood StudiosPublisher(s)Electronic ArtsDesigner(s)Michael LeggPatrick PannulloJim WallsArtist(s)Jerry O'FlahertyWriter(s)Wynne McLaughlinComposer(s)Frank KlepackiPlatform(s)PlayStation 2XboxReleasePlayStation 2NA: February 19, 2002EU: March 1, 2002XboxNA: March 26, 2002EU: April 19, 2002Genre(s)Action-adventureMode(s)Single-player Pirates: The Legend of Black Kat (whose working title was Pirates of Skull Cove) is a 2002 action-adventure video game developed by Westwood Studios and published by Electronic Arts for the PlayStation 2 and Xbox. Synopsis The game takes place in the year 1762 and focuses on the adventures of Katarina de Leon. Leon's father is the Pirate Isles governor (Marcus de Leon) and her mother is the Pirates of Skull Cove leader (Mara Rousseau). Leon sails the Five Seas in search of her mother’s grave, and to take revenge against Captain Hawke for killing her father. Kat must search for the mystical Chartstones to get to Hawke which requires her braving the dangerous and savage islands of the Five Seas infested with Hawke’s men, the Crimson Guard. Throughout the game, Kat confronts dangerous creatures and savages, completes quests for island inhabitants in return for help, wage naval battles against the Crimson Guard, collect magical objects and artifacts, booty and unearth buried treasure which she can use to upgrade her ship. She also discovers the truth about her mother, Mara, and ultimately avenges her father’s death by defeating the evil Captain Hawke. Reception ReceptionAggregate scoreAggregatorScorePS2XboxMetacritic72/10074/100Review scoresPublicationScorePS2XboxAllGameElectronic Gaming Monthly20.5/30N/AEurogamer6/10N/AGame Informer7.25/107.5/10GameProGameRevolutionB+N/AGameSpot7.8/107.8/10GameSpy89%64%GameZone7.2/108/10IGN7.3/106/10Official U.S. PlayStation MagazineN/AOfficial Xbox Magazine (US)N/A7.1/10Maxim8/10N/A The game received "average" reviews on both platforms according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. References ^ "Pirates - The Legend of Black Kat GOLD". WorthPlaying. Retrieved 2023-12-15. ^ "Pirates: The Legend of Black Kat". GameZone. Archived from the original on December 11, 2005. Retrieved December 14, 2023. ^ a b Lopez, Miguel (February 20, 2002). "Pirates: The Legend of Black Kat Review (PS2)". GameSpot. Retrieved April 10, 2017. ^ "Pirates: The Legend of Black Kat". Steam Games. Retrieved 2021-09-30. ^ Marriott, Scott Alan. "Pirates: The Legend of Black Kat (PS2) - Review". AllGame. Archived from the original on November 14, 2014. Retrieved April 10, 2017. ^ Marriott, Scott Alan. "Pirates: The Legend of Black Kat (Xbox) - Review". AllGame. Archived from the original on November 14, 2014. Retrieved April 10, 2017. ^ Mielke, James "Milkman"; Nutt, Christian; Johnston, Chris (May 2002). "Pirates: The Legend of Black Kat (PS2)". Electronic Gaming Monthly. No. 154. Ziff Davis. p. 109. ^ Bramwell, Tom (March 21, 2002). "Pirates - The Legend of Black Kat (PlayStation 2)". Eurogamer. Retrieved April 10, 2017. ^ "Pirates: The Legend of Black Kat (PS2)". Game Informer. No. 107. March 2002. p. 79. ^ "Pirates: The Legend of Black Kat (Xbox)". Game Informer. No. 110. June 2002. p. 83. ^ The D-Pad Destroyer (March 13, 2002). "Pirates: The Legend of Black Kat Review for PS2 on GamePro.com". GamePro. Archived from the original on February 6, 2005. Retrieved April 10, 2017. ^ Tokyo Drifter (April 29, 2002). "Pirates: The Legend of Black Kat Review for Xbox on GamePro.com". GamePro. Archived from the original on February 14, 2005. Retrieved April 10, 2017. ^ Hudak, Chris (March 2002). "Pirates: The Legend of Black Kat Review (PS2)". Game Revolution. Retrieved April 10, 2017. ^ Lopez, Miguel (April 4, 2002). "Pirates: The Legend of Black Kat Review (Xbox)". GameSpot. Retrieved April 10, 2017. ^ D'Aprile, Jason (March 14, 2002). "Pirates - the Legend of Black Kat (PS2)". GameSpy. Archived from the original on February 17, 2005. Retrieved April 10, 2017. ^ Sabine, Mike (May 9, 2002). "Pirates: Legend of Black Kat (Xbox)". GameSpy. Archived from the original on February 17, 2005. Retrieved April 10, 2017. ^ The Badger (February 26, 2002). "Pirates: The Legend of Black Kat Review - PlayStation 2". GameZone. Archived from the original on February 10, 2008. Retrieved April 10, 2017. ^ Lafferty, Michael (April 1, 2002). "Pirates: The Legend of Black Kat Review - Xbox". GameZone. Archived from the original on May 13, 2008. Retrieved April 10, 2017. ^ Perry, Douglass C. (February 25, 2002). "Pirates: The Legend of Black Kat (PS2)". IGN. Retrieved April 10, 2017. ^ Goldstein, Hilary (April 9, 2002). "Pirates: The Legend of Black Kat (Xbox)". IGN. Retrieved April 10, 2017. ^ "Pirates: The Legend of Black Kat". Official U.S. PlayStation Magazine. April 2002. p. 105. ^ "Pirates: The Legend of Black Kat". Official Xbox Magazine. June 2002. p. 74. ^ Steinberg, Scott (February 22, 2002). "Pirates: The Legend of Black Kat (PS2)". Maxim. Archived from the original on August 5, 2002. Retrieved April 10, 2017. ^ a b "Pirates: The Legend of Black Kat for PlayStation 2 Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved April 10, 2017. ^ a b "Pirates: The Legend of Black Kat for Xbox Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved April 10, 2017. External links Pirates: The Legend of Black Kat at MobyGames Pirates: The Legend of Black Kat at IMDb vteWestwood StudiosBattleTech series The Crescent Hawk's Inception The Crescent Hawk's Revenge Command & Conquer series Command & Conquer Red Alert Tiberian Sun Red Alert 2 Yuri's Revenge Renegade Dune series Dune II Dune 2000 Emperor: Battle for Dune Dungeons & Dragons Hillsfar DragonStrike Eye of the Beholder II: The Legend of Darkmoon Order of the Griffon Warriors of the Eternal Sun Lands of Lore series The Throne of Chaos Guardians of Destiny III Fables and Fiends series The Legend of Kyrandia The Hand of Fate Malcolm's Revenge Other games Questron II Donald's Alphabet Chase BlackJack Academy Mars Saga Mines of Titan Circuit's Edge Young Merlin The Lion King Monopoly Blade Runner Golden Nugget 64 Recoil Sports Car GT Nox Pirates: The Legend of Black Kat Earth & Beyond People Brett Sperry Frank Klepacki Joseph D. Kucan Louis Castle David Arkenstone Related articles List of games SAGE Petroglyph Games EA Los Angeles
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Circuit_Federal_Court_of_Appeals
United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit
["1 Current composition of the court","2 List of former judges","3 Chief judges","4 Succession of seats","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
Current United States federal appellate court United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit(2d Cir.)LocationThurgood Marshall U.S. Courthouse(New York City, New York)Appeals fromDistrict of ConnecticutEastern District of New YorkNorthern District of New YorkSouthern District of New YorkWestern District of New YorkDistrict of VermontEstablishedJune 16, 1891Judges13Circuit JusticeSonia SotomayorChief JudgeDebra Ann Livingstonca2.uscourts.gov The United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit (in case citations, 2d Cir.) is one of the thirteen United States Courts of Appeals. Its territory covers the states of Connecticut, New York, and Vermont, and it has appellate jurisdiction over the U.S. district courts in the following federal judicial districts: District of Connecticut Eastern District of New York Northern District of New York Southern District of New York Western District of New York District of Vermont The Second Circuit has its clerk's office and courtrooms at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse at 40 Foley Square in Lower Manhattan. Because the Second Circuit includes New York City, it has long been one of the largest and most influential American federal appellate courts, especially in matters of contract law, securities law, and antitrust law. In the 20th century, it came to be considered one of the two most prestigious federal appellate courts, along with the District of Columbia Circuit Court. Several notable judges have served on the Second Circuit, including three later named Associate Justices of the United States Supreme Court: John Marshall Harlan II, Thurgood Marshall, and Sonia Sotomayor. Judge Learned Hand served on the court from 1924 to 1961, as did his cousin, Augustus Noble Hand, from 1927 until 1953. Judge Henry Friendly served from 1959 to 1986. Daniel Patrick Moynihan United States Courthouse at 500 Pearl Street; the court's former temporary home Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse at 40 Foley Square Current composition of the court As of August 10, 2023: # Title Judge Duty station Born Term of service Appointed by Active Chief Senior 66 Chief Judge Debra Ann Livingston New York, NY 1959 2007–present 2020–present — G.W. Bush 69 Circuit Judge Raymond Lohier New York, NY 1965 2010–present — — Obama 72 Circuit Judge Richard J. Sullivan New York, NY 1964 2018–present — — Trump 73 Circuit Judge Joseph F. Bianco Central Islip, NY 1966 2019–present — — Trump 74 Circuit Judge Michael H. Park New York, NY 1976 2019–present — — Trump 75 Circuit Judge William J. Nardini New Haven, CT 1969 2019–present — — Trump 76 Circuit Judge Steven Menashi New York, NY 1979 2019–present — — Trump 77 Circuit Judge Eunice C. Lee New York, NY 1970 2021–present — — Biden 78 Circuit Judge Beth Robinson Burlington, VT 1965 2021–present — — Biden 79 Circuit Judge Myrna Pérez New York, NY 1974 2021–present — — Biden 80 Circuit Judge Alison Nathan New York, NY 1972 2022–present — — Biden 81 Circuit Judge Sarah A. L. Merriam Bridgeport, CT 1971 2022–present — — Biden 82 Circuit Judge Maria Araújo Kahn New Haven, CT 1964 2023–present — — Biden 41 Senior Circuit Judge Jon O. Newman Hartford, CT 1932 1979–1997 1993–1997 1997–present Carter 42 Senior Circuit Judge Amalya Kearse New York, NY 1937 1979–2002 — 2002–present Carter 50 Senior Circuit Judge John M. Walker Jr. New Haven, CT 1940 1989–2006 2000–2006 2006–present G.H.W. Bush 52 Senior Circuit Judge Dennis Jacobs New York, NY 1944 1992–2019 2006–2013 2019–present G.H.W. Bush 53 Senior Circuit Judge Pierre N. Leval New York, NY 1936 1993–2002 — 2002–present Clinton 54 Senior Circuit Judge Guido Calabresi New Haven, CT 1932 1994–2009 — 2009–present Clinton 55 Senior Circuit Judge José A. Cabranes New Haven, CT 1940 1994–2023 — 2023–present Clinton 58 Senior Circuit Judge Chester J. Straub inactive 1937 1998–2008 — 2008–present Clinton 59 Senior Circuit Judge Robert D. Sack New York, NY 1939 1998–2009 — 2009–present Clinton 62 Senior Circuit Judge Barrington D. Parker Jr. New York, NY 1944 2001–2009 — 2009–present G.W. Bush 63 Senior Circuit Judge Reena Raggi Brooklyn, NY 1951 2002–2018 — 2018–present G.W. Bush 64 Senior Circuit Judge Richard C. Wesley Geneseo, NY 1949 2003–2016 — 2016–present G.W. Bush 67 Senior Circuit Judge Gerard E. Lynch New York, NY 1951 2009–2016 — 2016–present Obama 68 Senior Circuit Judge Denny Chin New York, NY 1954 2010–2021 — 2021–present Obama 70 Senior Circuit Judge Susan L. Carney New Haven, CT 1951 2011–2022 — 2022–present Obama List of former judges # Judge State Born–died Active service Chief Judge Senior status Appointed by Reason fortermination 1 William James Wallace NY 1837–1917 1891–1907 — — Arthur / Operation of law retirement 2 Emile Henry Lacombe NY 1846–1924 1891–1916 — — Cleveland / Operation of law retirement 3 Nathaniel Shipman CT 1828–1906 1892–1902 — — B. Harrison retirement 4 William Kneeland Townsend CT 1849–1907 1902–1907 — — T. Roosevelt death 5 Alfred Conkling Coxe Sr. NY 1847–1923 1902–1917 — — T. Roosevelt retirement 6 Henry Galbraith Ward NY 1851–1933 1907–1921 — 1921–1924 T. Roosevelt retirement 7 Walter Chadwick Noyes CT 1865–1926 1907–1913 — — T. Roosevelt resignation 8 Martin Augustine Knapp NY 1843–1923 1910–1916 — — reassigned to the 4th Circuit 9 Henry Wade Rogers CT 1853–1926 1913–1926 — — Wilson death 10 Charles Merrill Hough NY 1858–1927 1916–1927 — — Wilson death 11 Martin Thomas Manton NY 1880–1946 1918–1939 — — Wilson resignation 12 Julius Marshuetz Mayer NY 1865–1925 1921–1924 — — Harding resignation 13 Learned Hand NY 1872–1961 1924–1951 1948–1951 1951–1961 Coolidge death 14 Thomas Walter Swan CT 1877–1975 1926–1953 1951–1953 1953–1975 Coolidge death 15 Augustus Noble Hand NY 1869–1954 1927–1953 — 1953–1954 Coolidge death 16 Harrie B. Chase VT 1889–1969 1929–1954 1953–1954 1954–1969 Coolidge death 17 Julian Mack IL 1866–1943 1929–1940 — 1940–1943 death 18 Charles Edward Clark CT 1889–1963 1939–1963 1954–1959 — F. Roosevelt death 19 Robert P. Patterson NY 1891–1952 1939–1940 — — F. Roosevelt resignation 20 Jerome Frank NY 1889–1957 1941–1957 — — F. Roosevelt death 21 Harold Medina NY 1888–1990 1951–1958 — 1958–1980 Truman retirement 22 Carroll C. Hincks CT 1889–1964 1953–1959 — 1959–1964 Eisenhower death 23 John Marshall Harlan II NY 1899–1971 1954–1955 — — Eisenhower elevation to Supreme Court 24 J. Edward Lumbard NY 1901–1999 1955–1971 1959–1971 1971–1999 Eisenhower death 25 Sterry R. Waterman VT 1901–1984 1955–1970 — 1970–1984 Eisenhower death 26 Leonard P. Moore NY 1898–1982 1957–1971 — 1971–1982 Eisenhower death 27 Henry Friendly NY 1903–1986 1959–1974 1971–1973 1974–1986 Eisenhower death 28 J. Joseph Smith CT 1904–1980 1960–1971 — 1971–1980 Eisenhower death 29 Irving Kaufman NY 1910–1992 1961–1987 1973–1980 1987–1992 Kennedy death 30 Paul R. Hays NY 1903–1980 1961–1974 — 1974–1980 Kennedy death 31 Thurgood Marshall NY 1908–1993 1961–1965 — — Kennedy resignation 32 Robert P. Anderson CT 1906–1978 1964–1971 — 1971–1978 L. Johnson death 33 Wilfred Feinberg NY 1920–2014 1966–1991 1980–1988 1991–2014 L. Johnson death 34 Walter R. Mansfield NY 1911–1987 1971–1981 — 1981–1987 Nixon death 35 William Hughes Mulligan NY 1918–1996 1971–1981 — — Nixon resignation 36 James L. Oakes VT 1924–2007 1971–1992 1988–1992 1992–2007 Nixon death 37 William H. Timbers CT 1915–1994 1971–1981 — 1981–1994 Nixon death 38 Murray Gurfein NY 1907–1979 1974–1979 — — Ford death 39 Ellsworth Van Graafeiland NY 1915–2004 1974–1985 — 1985–2004 Ford death 40 Thomas Meskill CT 1928–2007 1975–1993 1992–1993 1993–2007 Ford death 43 Richard J. Cardamone NY 1925–2015 1981–1993 — 1993–2015 Reagan death 44 Lawrence W. Pierce NY 1924–2020 1981–1990 — 1990–1995 Reagan retirement 45 Ralph K. Winter Jr. CT 1935–2020 1981–2000 1997–2000 2000–2020 Reagan death 46 George C. Pratt NY 1928–present 1982–1993 — 1993–1995 Reagan retirement 47 Roger Miner NY 1934–2012 1985–1997 — 1997–2012 Reagan death 48 Frank Altimari NY 1928–1998 1985–1996 — 1996–1998 Reagan death 49 J. Daniel Mahoney NY 1931–1996 1986–1996 — — Reagan death 51 Joseph M. McLaughlin NY 1933–2013 1990–1998 — 1998–2013 G.H.W. Bush death 56 Fred I. Parker VT 1938–2003 1994–2003 — — Clinton death 57 Rosemary S. Pooler NY 1938–2023 1998–2022 — 2022–2023 Clinton death 60 Sonia Sotomayor NY 1954–present 1998–2009 — — Clinton elevation to Supreme Court 61 Robert Katzmann NY 1953–2021 1999–2021 2013–2020 2021 Clinton death 65 Peter W. Hall VT 1948–2021 2004–2021 — 2021 G.W. Bush death 71 Christopher F. Droney CT 1954–present 2011–2019 — 2019–2020 Obama retirement ^ Wallace was appointed as a circuit judge for the Second Circuit in 1882 by Chester A. Arthur. The Judiciary Act of 1891 reassigned his seat to what is now the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. ^ Lacombe was appointed as a circuit judge for the Second Circuit in 1887 by Grover Cleveland. The Judiciary Act of 1891 reassigned his seat to what is now the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. Chief judges Chief Judge Hand 1948–1951 Swan 1951–1953 Chase 1953–1954 Clark 1954–1959 Lumbard 1959–1971 Friendly 1971–1973 Kaufman 1973–1980 Feinberg 1980–1988 Oakes 1988–1992 Meskill 1992–1993 Newman 1993–1997 Winter 1997–2000 Walker 2000–2006 Jacobs 2006–2013 Katzmann 2013–2020 Livingston 2020–present Chief judges have administrative responsibilities with respect to their circuits, and preside over any panel on which they serve, unless the circuit justice (the Supreme Court justice responsible for the circuit) is also on the panel. Unlike the Supreme Court, where one justice is specifically nominated to be chief, the office of chief judge rotates among the circuit judges. To be chief, a judge must have been in active service on the court for at least one year, be under the age of 65, and have not previously served as chief judge. A vacancy is filled by the judge highest in seniority among the group of qualified judges, with seniority determined first by commission date, then by age. The chief judge serves for a term of seven years, or until age 70, whichever occurs first. If no judge qualifies to be chief, the youngest judge over the age of 65 who has served on the court for at least one year shall act as chief until another judge qualifies. If no judge has served on the court for more than a year, the most senior judge shall act as chief. Judges can forfeit or resign their chief judgeship or acting chief judgeship while retaining their active status as a circuit judge. When the office was created in 1948, the chief judge was the longest-serving judge who had not elected to retire, on what has since 1958 been known as senior status, or declined to serve as chief judge. After August 6, 1959, judges could not become or remain chief after turning 70 years old. The current rules have been in operation since October 1, 1982. Succession of seats The court has thirteen seats for active judges, numbered in the order in which they were initially filled. Judges who assume senior status enter a kind of retirement in which they remain on the bench but vacate their seats, thus allowing the U.S. President to appoint new judges to fill their seats. Seat 1 Established on December 6, 1869 by the Judiciary Act of 1869 as a circuit judgeship for the Second Circuit Reassigned on June 16, 1891 to the newly formed U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit by the Judiciary Act of 1891 Wallace NY 1891–1907 Ward NY 1907–1921 Mayer NY 1921–1924 L. Hand NY 1924–1951 Medina NY 1951–1958 Friendly NY 1959–1974 Van Graafeiland NY 1974–1985 Altimari NY 1985–1996 Pooler NY 1998–2022 Nathan NY 2022–present Seat 2 Established on March 3, 1887 by 24 Stat. 492 as a circuit judgeship for the Second Circuit Reassigned on June 16, 1891 to the newly formed U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit by the Judiciary Act of 1891 Lacombe NY 1891–1916 Hough NY 1916–1927 A. Hand NY 1927–1953 Harlan II NY 1954–1955 Lumbard NY 1955–1971 Mulligan NY 1971–1981 Cardamone NY 1981–1993 Cabranes CT 1994–2023 Kahn CT 2023–present Seat 3 Established on June 16, 1891 by the Judiciary Act of 1891 Shipman CT 1892–1902 Townsend CT 1902–1907 Noyes CT 1907–1913 Rogers CT 1913–1926 Swan CT 1926–1953 Hincks CT 1953–1959 Smith CT 1960–1971 Meskill CT 1975–1993 Calabresi CT 1994–2009 Droney CT 2011–2019 Nardini CT 2019–present Seat 4 Established on April 17, 1902 by 32 Stat. 106 Coxe NY 1902–1917 Manton NY 1918–1939 Patterson NY 1939–1940 Frank NY 1941–1957 Moore NY 1958–1971 Mansfield NY 1971–1981 Winter CT 1981–2000 B. Parker NY 2001–2009 Carney CT 2011–2022 Merriam CT 2022–present Seat 5 Established on January 17, 1929 by 45 Stat. 1081 Chase VT 1929–1954 Waterman VT 1955–1970 Oakes VT 1971–1992 F. Parker VT 1994–2003 Hall VT 2004–2021 Robinson VT 2021–present Seat 6 Established on May 31, 1938 by 52 Stat. 584 Clark CT 1939–1963 Anderson CT 1964–1971 Timbers CT 1971–1981 Pratt NY 1982–1993 Leval NY 1993–2002 Wesley NY 2003–2016 Sullivan NY 2018–present Seat 7 Established on May 19, 1961 by 75 Stat. 80 Kaufman NY 1961–1987 Walker NY 1989–2006 Livingston NY 2007–present Seat 8 Established on May 19, 1961 by 75 Stat. 80 Hays NY 1961–1974 Gurfein NY 1974–1979 Pierce NY 1981–1990 McLaughlin NY 1990–1998 Straub NY 1998–2008 Lynch NY 2009–2016 Park NY 2019–present Seat 9 Established on May 19, 1961 by 75 Stat. 80 Marshall NY 1961–1965 Feinberg NY 1966–1991 Jacobs NY 1992–2019 Menashi NY 2019–present Seat 10 Established on October 20, 1978 by 92 Stat. 1629 Newman CT 1979–1997 Katzmann NY 1999–2021 Lee NY 2021–present Seat 11 Established on October 20, 1978 by 92 Stat. 1629 Kearse NY 1979–2002 Raggi NY 2002–2018 Bianco NY 2019–present Seat 12 Established on July 10, 1984 by 98 Stat. 333 Miner NY 1985–1997 Sack NY 1998–2009 Chin NY 2010–2021 Pérez NY 2021–present Seat 13 Established on July 10, 1984 by 98 Stat. 333 Mahoney NY 1986–1996 Sotomayor NY 1998–2009 Lohier NY 2010–present See also Judicial appointment history for United States federal courts#Second Circuit List of current United States circuit judges References ^ Solimine, Michael E. (Summer 2005). "Judicial Stratification and the Reputations of the United States Courts of Appeals". Florida State University Law Review. 32 (4): 1341–1342. Retrieved July 22, 2020. ^ "New York Law Journal". New York Law Journal. Retrieved March 24, 2018. ^ a b Recess appointment, confirmed by the United States Senate at a later date. ^ Knapp did not have a permanent seat on this court. Instead, he was appointed to the ill-fated United States Commerce Court in 1910 by William Howard Taft. Aside from their duties on the Commerce Court, the judges of the Commerce Court also acted as at-large appellate judges, able to be assigned by the Chief Justice of the United States to whichever circuit most needed help. Knapp was assigned to the Second Circuit upon his commission. ^ Mack did not have a permanent seat on this court. Instead, he was appointed to the ill-fated United States Commerce Court in 1911 by William Howard Taft. Aside from their duties on the Commerce Court, the judges of the Commerce Court also acted as at-large appellate judges, able to be assigned by the Chief Justice of the United States to whichever circuit most needed help. Mack was assigned to the Seventh Circuit immediately prior to his joint assignment to the Second and Sixth Circuit. Reassigned solely to the Second Circuit in 1930. ^ Gurfein was nominated for a seat on the Second Circuit by President Nixon, but he was confirmed after Nixon's resignation and was appointed to the Second Circuit by (i.e., received his commission from) President Ford. ^ 28 U.S.C. § 45 ^ 62 Stat. 871, 72 Stat. 497, 96 Stat. 51 External links Wikisource has original works on the topic: United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit Recent opinions from FindLaw vteJudges of the United States courts of appealsFull list · Names in bold represent current chief judges.1st CircuitActive Barron Kayatta Gelpí Montecalvo Rikelman Aframe Senior Campbell Selya Lynch Lipez Howard Thompson 2nd CircuitActive Livingston Lohier Sullivan Bianco Park Nardini Menashi Lee Robinson Pérez Nathan Merriam Kahn Senior Newman Kearse Walker Jacobs Leval Calabresi Cabranes Straub Sack Parker Raggi Wesley Lynch Chin Carney 3rd CircuitActive Chagares Jordan Hardiman Shwartz Krause Restrepo Bibas Porter Matey Phipps Freeman Montgomery-Reeves Chung 1 seat vacant Senior Stapleton Scirica Cowen Nygaard Roth McKee Rendell Ambro Fuentes Smith Fisher 4th CircuitActive Diaz Wilkinson Niemeyer King Gregory Agee Wynn Thacker Harris Richardson Quattlebaum Rushing Heytens Benjamin Berner Senior Motz Traxler Keenan Floyd 5th CircuitActive Richman Jones Smith Stewart Elrod Southwick Haynes Graves Higginson Willett Ho Duncan Engelhardt Oldham Wilson Douglas Ramirez Senior King Jolly Higginbotham Davis Duhé Wiener Barksdale Dennis Clement 6th CircuitActive Sutton Moore Clay Gibbons Griffin Kethledge Stranch Thapar Bush Larsen Nalbandian Readler Murphy Davis Mathis Bloomekatz Senior Guy Ryan Boggs Norris Suhrheinrich Siler Batchelder Daughtrey Cole Gilman Rogers Cook McKeague White 7th CircuitActive Sykes Easterbrook Rovner Brennan Scudder St. Eve Kirsch Jackson-Akiwumi Lee Pryor Kolar Senior Bauer Flaum Ripple Manion Hamilton 8th CircuitActive Colloton Loken Smith Gruender Benton Shepherd Kelly Erickson Grasz Stras Kobes Senior Bowman Wollman Beam Hansen Arnold Melloy 9th CircuitActive Murguia Wardlaw Gould Rawlinson Callahan M. Smith Ikuta Christen Nguyen Owens Friedland Bennett R. Nelson Miller Bade Collins Lee Bress Forrest Bumatay VanDyke Koh Sung Sanchez H. Thomas Mendoza Desai Johnstone de Alba Senior Wallace Schroeder D. Nelson Canby O'Scannlain Trott Fernandez Kleinfeld Hawkins Tashima S. Thomas Silverman Graber McKeown Fletcher Paez Berzon Tallman Clifton Bybee Bea N. Smith Hurwitz 10th CircuitActive Holmes Hartz Tymkovich Matheson Bacharach Phillips McHugh Moritz Eid Carson Rossman Federico Senior Seymour Porfilio Anderson Baldock Brorby Ebel Kelly Briscoe Lucero Murphy O'Brien 11th CircuitActive W. Pryor Wilson Jordan Rosenbaum J. Pryor Newsom Branch Grant Luck Lagoa Brasher Abudu Senior Tjoflat Anderson Edmondson Dubina Black E. Carnes Hull Marcus J. Carnes D.C. CircuitActive Srinivasan Henderson Millett Pillard Wilkins Katsas Rao Walker Childs Pan Garcia Senior Edwards Ginsburg Sentelle Randolph Rogers Federal CircuitActive Moore Newman Lourie Dyk Prost Reyna Taranto Chen Hughes Stoll Cunningham Stark Senior Mayer Plager Clevenger Schall Bryson Linn Wallach vteActive district judges of the Second Circuit Court of AppealsConnecticut Shea Meyer Bolden Dooley Nagala Williams Oliver 1 seat vacant E. New York Brodie Chen Azrack Donnelly Hall Kovner Komitee Brown Gujarati Gonzalez Morrison Merchant Choudhury Merle Reyes Bulsara (Designate) N. New York Sannes Hurd Suddaby D'Agostino Nardacci S. New York Swain Koeltl Karas Seibel Oetken Engelmayer Ramos Carter Furman Abrams Schofield Failla Torres Román Broderick Woods Caproni Vyskocil Liman Halpern Cronan Rochon Rearden Subramanian Clarke Ho Garnett 1 seat vacant W. New York Wolford Vilardo Sinatra 1 seat vacant Vermont Crawford Reiss vteSenior district judges of the Second Circuit Court of AppealsConnecticut Covello Chatigny Thompson Arterton Hall Underhill Bryant E. New York Glasser Korman Dearie Amon Hurley Seybert Block Ross Gershon Garaufis Irizarry Vitaliano Cogan Matsumoto Kuntz N. New York McAvoy Scullin Kahn S. New York Haight Keenan Stanton Wood Preska Cote Kaplan Stein Rakoff Berman Hellerstein McMahon Buchwald Marrero Daniels Castel Crotty Gardephe Briccetti W. New York Larimer Arcara Skretny Siragusa Geraci Vermont Murtha Sessions vteUnited States federal courts Supreme Court of the United States United States courts of appeals List of United States district and territorial courts Courts of appeals 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th DC Federal District courts Alabama (M, N, S) Alaska Arizona Arkansas (E, W) California (C, E, N, S) Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida (M, N, S) Georgia (M, N, S) Hawaii Idaho Illinois (C, N, S) Indiana (N, S) Iowa (N, S) Kansas Kentucky (E, W) Louisiana (E, M, W) Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan (E, W) Minnesota Mississippi (N, S) Missouri (E, W) Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York (E, N, S, W) North Carolina (E, M, W) North Dakota Ohio (N, S) Oklahoma (E, N, W) Oregon Pennsylvania (E, M, W) Puerto Rico Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee (E, M, W) Texas (E, N, S, W) Utah Vermont Virginia (E, W) Washington (E, W) West Virginia (N, S) Wisconsin (E, W) Wyoming Specialty courts Court of International Trade Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation Alien Terrorist Removal Court Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review Territorial courts Guam Northern Mariana Islands Virgin Islands Extinct courts Former United States district courts District of Orleans District of Potomac Eastern District of Illinois District of the Canal Zone District of China District of Berlin NoteAmerican Samoa does not have a district court or federal territorial court; federal matters there go to the District of Columbia, Hawaii, or its own Supreme Court. Authority control databases International ISNI National Israel United States People Trove
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"case citations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_citation"},{"link_name":"United States Courts of Appeals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Courts_of_Appeals"},{"link_name":"Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermont"},{"link_name":"appellate jurisdiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appellate_jurisdiction"},{"link_name":"U.S. district courts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_district_court"},{"link_name":"federal judicial districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_federal_judicial_district"},{"link_name":"District of Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Eastern District of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"Northern District of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Northern_District_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"Southern District of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Southern_District_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"Western District of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Western_District_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"District of Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Vermont"},{"link_name":"Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall_United_States_Courthouse"},{"link_name":"Foley Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foley_Square"},{"link_name":"Lower Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Manhattan"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"contract law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract_law"},{"link_name":"securities law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Securities_law"},{"link_name":"antitrust law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antitrust_law"},{"link_name":"District of Columbia Circuit Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_District_of_Columbia_Circuit"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Associate Justices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"United States Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"John Marshall Harlan II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan_II"},{"link_name":"Thurgood Marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall"},{"link_name":"Sonia Sotomayor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor"},{"link_name":"Learned Hand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learned_Hand"},{"link_name":"Augustus Noble Hand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_Noble_Hand"},{"link_name":"Henry Friendly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Friendly"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WTM_sheila_0042.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WTM_sheila_0036.jpg"}],"text":"The United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit (in case citations, 2d Cir.) is one of the thirteen United States Courts of Appeals. Its territory covers the states of Connecticut, New York, and Vermont, and it has appellate jurisdiction over the U.S. district courts in the following federal judicial districts:District of Connecticut\nEastern District of New York\nNorthern District of New York\nSouthern District of New York\nWestern District of New York\nDistrict of VermontThe Second Circuit has its clerk's office and courtrooms at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse at 40 Foley Square in Lower Manhattan.Because the Second Circuit includes New York City, it has long been one of the largest and most influential American federal appellate courts, especially in matters of contract law, securities law, and antitrust law. In the 20th century, it came to be considered one of the two most prestigious federal appellate courts, along with the District of Columbia Circuit Court.[1] Several notable judges have served on the Second Circuit, including three later named Associate Justices of the United States Supreme Court: John Marshall Harlan II, Thurgood Marshall, and Sonia Sotomayor. Judge Learned Hand served on the court from 1924 to 1961, as did his cousin, Augustus Noble Hand, from 1927 until 1953. Judge Henry Friendly served from 1959 to 1986.Daniel Patrick Moynihan United States Courthouse at 500 Pearl Street; the court's former temporary home\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThurgood Marshall United States Courthouse at 40 Foley Square","title":"United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Second_Circuit&action=edit"}],"text":"As of August 10, 2023[update]:","title":"Current composition of the court"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"circuit judge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_circuit_court"},{"link_name":"Chester A. Arthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur"},{"link_name":"Judiciary Act of 1891","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary_Act_of_1891"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"circuit judge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_circuit_court"},{"link_name":"Grover Cleveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland"},{"link_name":"Judiciary Act of 1891","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary_Act_of_1891"}],"text":"^ Wallace was appointed as a circuit judge for the Second Circuit in 1882 by Chester A. Arthur. The Judiciary Act of 1891 reassigned his seat to what is now the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit.\n\n^ Lacombe was appointed as a circuit judge for the Second Circuit in 1887 by Grover Cleveland. The Judiciary Act of 1891 reassigned his seat to what is now the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit.","title":"List of former judges"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"senior status","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senior_status"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Chief judges have administrative responsibilities with respect to their circuits, and preside over any panel on which they serve, unless the circuit justice (the Supreme Court justice responsible for the circuit) is also on the panel. Unlike the Supreme Court, where one justice is specifically nominated to be chief, the office of chief judge rotates among the circuit judges.To be chief, a judge must have been in active service on the court for at least one year, be under the age of 65, and have not previously served as chief judge. A vacancy is filled by the judge highest in seniority among the group of qualified judges, with seniority determined first by commission date, then by age. The chief judge serves for a term of seven years, or until age 70, whichever occurs first. If no judge qualifies to be chief, the youngest judge over the age of 65 who has served on the court for at least one year shall act as chief until another judge qualifies. If no judge has served on the court for more than a year, the most senior judge shall act as chief. Judges can forfeit or resign their chief judgeship or acting chief judgeship while retaining their active status as a circuit judge.[7]When the office was created in 1948, the chief judge was the longest-serving judge who had not elected to retire, on what has since 1958 been known as senior status, or declined to serve as chief judge. After August 6, 1959, judges could not become or remain chief after turning 70 years old. The current rules have been in operation since October 1, 1982.[8]","title":"Chief judges"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"senior status","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senior_status"},{"link_name":"U.S. President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Judiciary Act of 1869","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary_Act_of_1869"},{"link_name":"circuit judgeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_circuit_court"},{"link_name":"Judiciary Act of 1891","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary_Act_of_1891"},{"link_name":"Wallace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_James_Wallace"},{"link_name":"Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Galbraith_Ward"},{"link_name":"Mayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Marshuetz_Mayer"},{"link_name":"L. Hand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learned_Hand"},{"link_name":"Medina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Medina"},{"link_name":"Friendly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Friendly"},{"link_name":"Van Graafeiland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellsworth_Van_Graafeiland"},{"link_name":"Altimari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Altimari"},{"link_name":"Pooler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosemary_S._Pooler"},{"link_name":"Nathan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alison_Nathan"},{"link_name":"circuit judgeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_circuit_court"},{"link_name":"Judiciary Act of 1891","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary_Act_of_1891"},{"link_name":"Lacombe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emile_Henry_Lacombe"},{"link_name":"Hough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Merrill_Hough"},{"link_name":"A. Hand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_Noble_Hand"},{"link_name":"Harlan II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan_II"},{"link_name":"Lumbard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Edward_Lumbard"},{"link_name":"Mulligan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hughes_Mulligan"},{"link_name":"Cardamone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_J._Cardamone"},{"link_name":"Cabranes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_A._Cabranes"},{"link_name":"Kahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Ara%C3%BAjo_Kahn"},{"link_name":"Judiciary Act of 1891","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary_Act_of_1891"},{"link_name":"Shipman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_Shipman"},{"link_name":"Townsend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Kneeland_Townsend"},{"link_name":"Noyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Chadwick_Noyes"},{"link_name":"Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Wade_Rogers"},{"link_name":"Swan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Walter_Swan"},{"link_name":"Hincks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_C._Hincks"},{"link_name":"Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Joseph_Smith"},{"link_name":"Meskill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Meskill"},{"link_name":"Calabresi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guido_Calabresi"},{"link_name":"Droney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_F._Droney"},{"link_name":"Nardini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_J._Nardini"},{"link_name":"Coxe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Conkling_Coxe_Sr."},{"link_name":"Manton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Thomas_Manton"},{"link_name":"Patterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_P._Patterson"},{"link_name":"Frank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_Frank"},{"link_name":"Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_P._Moore"},{"link_name":"Mansfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_R._Mansfield"},{"link_name":"Winter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_K._Winter_Jr."},{"link_name":"B. Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrington_D._Parker_Jr."},{"link_name":"Carney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_L._Carney"},{"link_name":"Merriam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_A._L._Merriam"},{"link_name":"Chase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrie_B._Chase"},{"link_name":"Waterman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterry_R._Waterman"},{"link_name":"Oakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_L._Oakes"},{"link_name":"F. Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_I._Parker"},{"link_name":"Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_W._Hall"},{"link_name":"Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beth_Robinson"},{"link_name":"Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Edward_Clark"},{"link_name":"Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_P._Anderson"},{"link_name":"Timbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Timbers"},{"link_name":"Pratt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_C._Pratt"},{"link_name":"Leval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_N._Leval"},{"link_name":"Wesley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_C._Wesley"},{"link_name":"Sullivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_J._Sullivan"},{"link_name":"Kaufman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Kaufman"},{"link_name":"Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_M._Walker_Jr."},{"link_name":"Livingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debra_Ann_Livingston"},{"link_name":"Hays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_R._Hays"},{"link_name":"Gurfein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Gurfein"},{"link_name":"Pierce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_W._Pierce"},{"link_name":"McLaughlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_M._McLaughlin"},{"link_name":"Straub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_J._Straub"},{"link_name":"Lynch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_E._Lynch"},{"link_name":"Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_H._Park"},{"link_name":"Marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall"},{"link_name":"Feinberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilfred_Feinberg"},{"link_name":"Jacobs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Jacobs"},{"link_name":"Menashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Menashi"},{"link_name":"Newman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_O._Newman"},{"link_name":"Katzmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Katzmann"},{"link_name":"Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eunice_C._Lee"},{"link_name":"Kearse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalya_Lyle_Kearse"},{"link_name":"Raggi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reena_Raggi"},{"link_name":"Bianco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_F._Bianco"},{"link_name":"Miner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Miner"},{"link_name":"Sack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_D._Sack"},{"link_name":"Chin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denny_Chin"},{"link_name":"Pérez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrna_P%C3%A9rez"},{"link_name":"Mahoney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Daniel_Mahoney"},{"link_name":"Sotomayor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor"},{"link_name":"Lohier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Lohier"}],"text":"The court has thirteen seats for active judges, numbered in the order in which they were initially filled. Judges who assume senior status enter a kind of retirement in which they remain on the bench but vacate their seats, thus allowing the U.S. President to appoint new judges to fill their seats.Seat 1\n\n\nEstablished on December 6, 1869 by the Judiciary Act of 1869 as a circuit judgeship for the Second Circuit\n\n\nReassigned on June 16, 1891 to the newly formed U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit by the Judiciary Act of 1891\n\n\nWallace\nNY\n1891–1907\n\n\nWard\nNY\n1907–1921\n\n\nMayer\nNY\n1921–1924\n\n\nL. Hand\nNY\n1924–1951\n\n\nMedina\nNY\n1951–1958\n\n\nFriendly\nNY\n1959–1974\n\n\nVan Graafeiland\nNY\n1974–1985\n\n\nAltimari\nNY\n1985–1996\n\n\nPooler\nNY\n1998–2022\n\n\nNathan\nNY\n2022–present\n\n\n\n\n\nSeat 2\n\n\nEstablished on March 3, 1887 by 24 Stat. 492 as a circuit judgeship for the Second Circuit\n\n\nReassigned on June 16, 1891 to the newly formed U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit by the Judiciary Act of 1891\n\n\nLacombe\nNY\n1891–1916\n\n\nHough\nNY\n1916–1927\n\n\nA. Hand\nNY\n1927–1953\n\n\nHarlan II\nNY\n1954–1955\n\n\nLumbard\nNY\n1955–1971\n\n\nMulligan\nNY\n1971–1981\n\n\nCardamone\nNY\n1981–1993\n\n\nCabranes\nCT\n1994–2023\n\n\nKahn\nCT\n2023–present\n\n\n\n\n\nSeat 3\n\n\nEstablished on June 16, 1891 by the Judiciary Act of 1891\n\n\nShipman\nCT\n1892–1902\n\n\nTownsend\nCT\n1902–1907\n\n\nNoyes\nCT\n1907–1913\n\n\nRogers\nCT\n1913–1926\n\n\nSwan\nCT\n1926–1953\n\n\nHincks\nCT\n1953–1959\n\n\nSmith\nCT\n1960–1971\n\n\nMeskill\nCT\n1975–1993\n\n\nCalabresi\nCT\n1994–2009\n\n\nDroney\nCT\n2011–2019\n\n\nNardini\nCT\n2019–present\n\n\n\n\n\nSeat 4\n\n\nEstablished on April 17, 1902 by 32 Stat. 106\n\n\nCoxe\nNY\n1902–1917\n\n\nManton\nNY\n1918–1939\n\n\nPatterson\nNY\n1939–1940\n\n\nFrank\nNY\n1941–1957\n\n\nMoore\nNY\n1958–1971\n\n\nMansfield\nNY\n1971–1981\n\n\nWinter\nCT\n1981–2000\n\n\nB. Parker\nNY\n2001–2009\n\n\nCarney\nCT\n2011–2022\n\n\nMerriam\nCT\n2022–presentSeat 5\n\n\nEstablished on January 17, 1929 by 45 Stat. 1081\n\n\nChase\nVT\n1929–1954\n\n\nWaterman\nVT\n1955–1970\n\n\nOakes\nVT\n1971–1992\n\n\nF. Parker\nVT\n1994–2003\n\n\nHall\nVT\n2004–2021\n\n\nRobinson\nVT\n2021–present\n\n\n\n\n\nSeat 6\n\n\nEstablished on May 31, 1938 by 52 Stat. 584\n\n\nClark\nCT\n1939–1963\n\n\nAnderson\nCT\n1964–1971\n\n\nTimbers\nCT\n1971–1981\n\n\nPratt\nNY\n1982–1993\n\n\nLeval\nNY\n1993–2002\n\n\nWesley\nNY\n2003–2016\n\n\nSullivan\nNY\n2018–present\n\n\n\n\n\nSeat 7\n\n\nEstablished on May 19, 1961 by 75 Stat. 80\n\n\nKaufman\nNY\n1961–1987\n\n\nWalker\nNY\n1989–2006\n\n\nLivingston\nNY\n2007–present\n\n\n\n\n\nSeat 8\n\n\nEstablished on May 19, 1961 by 75 Stat. 80\n\n\nHays\nNY\n1961–1974\n\n\nGurfein\nNY\n1974–1979\n\n\nPierce\nNY\n1981–1990\n\n\nMcLaughlin\nNY\n1990–1998\n\n\nStraub\nNY\n1998–2008\n\n\nLynch\nNY\n2009–2016\n\n\nPark\nNY\n2019–presentSeat 9\n\n\nEstablished on May 19, 1961 by 75 Stat. 80\n\n\nMarshall\nNY\n1961–1965\n\n\nFeinberg\nNY\n1966–1991\n\n\nJacobs\nNY\n1992–2019\n\n\nMenashi\nNY\n2019–present\n\n\n\n\n\nSeat 10\n\n\nEstablished on October 20, 1978 by 92 Stat. 1629\n\n\nNewman\nCT\n1979–1997\n\n\nKatzmann\nNY\n1999–2021\n\n\nLee\nNY\n2021–present\n\n\n\n\n\nSeat 11\n\n\nEstablished on October 20, 1978 by 92 Stat. 1629\n\n\nKearse\nNY\n1979–2002\n\n\nRaggi\nNY\n2002–2018\n\n\nBianco\nNY\n2019–present\n\n\n\n\n\nSeat 12\n\n\nEstablished on July 10, 1984 by 98 Stat. 333\n\n\nMiner\nNY\n1985–1997\n\n\nSack\nNY\n1998–2009\n\n\nChin\nNY\n2010–2021\n\n\nPérez\nNY\n2021–presentSeat 13\n\n\nEstablished on July 10, 1984 by 98 Stat. 333\n\n\nMahoney\nNY\n1986–1996\n\n\nSotomayor\nNY\n1998–2009\n\n\nLohier\nNY\n2010–present","title":"Succession of seats"}]
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[{"title":"Judicial appointment history for United States federal courts#Second Circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_appointment_history_for_United_States_federal_courts#Second_Circuit"},{"title":"List of current United States circuit judges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_circuit_judges"}]
[{"reference":"Solimine, Michael E. (Summer 2005). \"Judicial Stratification and the Reputations of the United States Courts of Appeals\". Florida State University Law Review. 32 (4): 1341–1342. Retrieved July 22, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://ir.law.fsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1246&context=lr","url_text":"\"Judicial Stratification and the Reputations of the United States Courts of Appeals\""}]},{"reference":"\"New York Law Journal\". New York Law Journal. Retrieved March 24, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newyorklawjournal.com/id=1202761358663/Straub-Stepping-Down-From-Bench-After-18-Years","url_text":"\"New York Law Journal\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sogliano_al_Rubicone
Sogliano al Rubicone
["1 History","2 Twin towns","3 References","4 External links"]
Coordinates: 44°0′N 12°18′E / 44.000°N 12.300°E / 44.000; 12.300This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Sogliano al Rubicone" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Comune in Emilia-Romagna, ItalySogliano al RubiconeComuneComune di Sogliano al RubiconeLocation of Sogliano al Rubicone Sogliano al RubiconeLocation of Sogliano al Rubicone in ItalyShow map of ItalySogliano al RubiconeSogliano al Rubicone (Emilia-Romagna)Show map of Emilia-RomagnaCoordinates: 44°0′N 12°18′E / 44.000°N 12.300°E / 44.000; 12.300CountryItalyRegionEmilia-RomagnaProvinceForlì-Cesena (FC)FrazioniBagnolo, Ginestreto, Massamanente, Montegelli, Montepetra, Montetiffi, Pietra dell'Uso, Rontagnano, San Paolo all'Uso, Santa Maria Riopetra, Savignano di Rigo, Strigara, VignolaGovernment • MayorTania Bocchini (Centre-left coalition)Area • Total93.43 km2 (36.07 sq mi)Elevation362 m (1,188 ft)Population (1 January 2017) • Total3,251 • Density35/km2 (90/sq mi)DemonymSoglianesiTime zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal code47030Dialing code0541Patron saintSt. SebastianSaint day20 JanuaryWebsiteOfficial website Sogliano al Rubicone (Romagnol: Sujén) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Forlì-Cesena in the Italian region Emilia-Romagna, located about 90 kilometres (56 mi) southeast of Bologna and about 35 kilometres (22 mi) southeast of Forlì. Sogliano al Rubicone is renowned for the Formaggio di Fossa cheese. History After the development of economic autarky in 1935 under Fascist Italy, the town was prized for its deposits of lignite. Twin towns Meziboří, Czech Republic Sayda, Germany References ^ "Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019. ^ All demographics and other statistics: Italian statistical institute Istat. ^ Zaghini, Paolo (16 April 2018). "Miniere di zolfo tra Marche, Romagna e San Marino" . Chiamami Città (in Italian). Retrieved 2 February 2024. External links Official website vteEmilia-Romagna · Comuni of the Province of Forlì-Cesena Bagno di Romagna Bertinoro Borghi Castrocaro Terme e Terra del Sole Cesena Cesenatico Civitella di Romagna Dovadola Forlimpopoli Forlì Galeata Gambettola Gatteo Longiano Meldola Mercato Saraceno Modigliana Montiano Portico e San Benedetto Predappio Premilcuore Rocca San Casciano Roncofreddo San Mauro Pascoli Santa Sofia Sarsina Savignano sul Rubicone Sogliano al Rubicone Tredozio Verghereto Authority control databases VIAF This article on a location in Emilia–Romagna is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejandro_Ropero
Alejandro Ropero
["1 Major results","2 References","3 External links"]
Spanish cyclist Alejandro RoperoPersonal informationBorn (1998-04-17) 17 April 1998 (age 26)Villa de Otura, SpainHeight1.71 m (5 ft 7 in)Weight61 kg (134 lb)Team informationCurrent teamGomur–Cantabria InfinitaDisciplineRoadRoleRiderAmateur teams2014CC Churriana de la Vega2015Fenavin2016–2017RH+–Polartec–Fundación Contador2018–2019Polartec–Kometa Amateur2018Polartec–Kometa (stagiaire)2024–Gomur–Cantabria Infinita Professional teams2019–2020Tirol KTM Cycling Team2020–2022Kometa Xstra Cycling Team2023Electro Hiper Europa Alejandro Ropero (born 17 April 1998) is a Spanish racing cyclist, who currently rides for club team Gomur–Cantabria Infinita. Major results 2019 1st Stage 4 Vuelta a Zamora 1st Stage 1 Vuelta al Bidasoa 2nd Overall Tour of Galicia 2020 7th Overall Giro Ciclistico d'Italia 1st Stage 1 2021 9th Giro dell'Appennino 2023 4th Clássica da Arrábida References ^ "Eolo-Kometa Cycling Team". UCI.org. Union Cycliste Internationale. Archived from the original on 5 January 2021. Retrieved 5 January 2021. ^ "Electro Hiper Europa". UCI.org. Union Cycliste Internationale. Retrieved 26 May 2023. External links Alejandro Ropero at UCI Alejandro Ropero at ProCyclingStats This biographical article related to a Spanish cycling person born in the 1990s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_J._Yorke
Thomas Jones Yorke
["1 Early life and career","2 Congress","3 After Congress","4 Sources"]
American politician For the member of the band Radiohead, see Thom Yorke. This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Thomas Jones Yorke" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Thomas Jones Yorke (March 25, 1801 – April 4, 1882) was a US Whig Party politician. Early life and career He was born at Hancock's Bridge, New Jersey (now part of Lower Alloways Creek Township), in Salem County, New Jersey. During the War of 1812, he served as a scout for the United States forces. He studied law, but did not practice, and engaged in mercantile pursuits at Salem. He was county collector of Salem County in 1830. Yorke served as judge of the Salem County Court of Common Pleas in 1833, 1834, and 1845–1854 and for a portion of the latter term was presiding judge. He served as a member of the New Jersey General Assembly in 1835. Congress He was elected as a Whig to the United States House of Representatives from New Jersey in 1836 and served from March 4, 1837 to March 3, 1839. He was re-elected to the House in 1838 but the House declined to seat him. He was elected to the House in 1840 and served from March 4, 1841 to March 3, 1843. He served as chairman, Committee on Expenditures in the Department of the Navy (Twenty-seventh Congress). After Congress Yorke served as a director of the West Jersey Railroad Co., serving as secretary and treasurer in 1853 and as president 1866-1875; also president of the Cape May & Millville Railroad Co.; served as director at various times of the Swedesborough Railroad Co., Salem Railroad Co., Camden & Philadelphia Ferry Co., and West Jersey Marl & Transportation Co. He died in Salem, New Jersey on April 4, 1882, and was there interred in St. John's Episcopal Cemetery. Sources United States Congress. "Thomas Jones Yorke (id: Y000023)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Thomas Jones Yorke at The Political Graveyard U.S. House of Representatives Preceded byWilliam N. Shinn Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from New Jersey's at-large congressional district 1837–1839 Succeeded byPeter D. Vroom Preceded byPeter D. Vroom Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from New Jersey's at-large congressional district 1841–1843 Succeeded bySeat inactive Authority control databases International FAST VIAF WorldCat National United States People US Congress Other SNAC
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_Bulgarian_presidential_election
2001 Bulgarian presidential election
["1 Opinion polls","1.1 First round","2 Results","3 References"]
Presidential election in Bulgaria 2001 Bulgarian presidential election ← 1996 11 November 2001 (first round)18 November 2001 (second round) 2006 → Turnout41.63% (first round), 54.92% (second round)   Nominee Georgi Parvanov Petar Stoyanov Party BSP ODS Running mate Angel Marin Neli Kutskova Popular vote 2,043,443 1,731,676 Percentage 54.13% 45.87% Results by provinceParvanov:      50-60%      60-70%Stoyanov:      50-60%      60-70% President before election Petar Stoyanov ODS Elected President Georgi Parvanov BSP Presidential elections were held in Bulgaria on 11 November 2001, with a second round on 18 November. The result was a victory for Georgi Parvanov of the Bulgarian Socialist Party, who won 54.0% of the vote in the second round, defeating incumbent president Petar Stoyanov. Voter turnout was 41.8% in the first round and 55.1% in the second. Parvanov took office in 2002, becoming the first former communist to hold the post since 1990. Opinion polls First round Pollster Date Stoyanov Bonev Parvanov Ganchev Indzhova Beron Others Alpha Rissourch 20.09.2001 34 19 18 3 3 0.5 22.5 Alpha Rissorch 21.10.2001 43.9 24.5 23.2 3.9 3.9 0.6 0 Results CandidateRunning matePartyFirst roundSecond roundVotes%Votes%Georgi ParvanovAngel MarinBulgarian Socialist Party1,032,66536.392,043,44354.13Petar StoyanovNeli KutskovaUnited Democratic Forces991,68034.951,731,67645.87Bogomil BonevAtanas ZhelezchevIndependent546,80119.27Reneta IndzhovaKrastyu IlovIndependent (Movement for Rights and Freedoms)139,6804.92George GanchevVeselin BonchevGeorge Ganchev's Bloc95,4813.36Petar BeronStoyan AndreevIndependent31,3941.11Total2,837,701100.003,775,119100.00Valid votes2,837,70199.563,775,11999.76Invalid/blank votes12,5900.448,9140.24Total votes2,850,291100.003,784,033100.00Registered voters/turnout6,847,42241.636,889,63854.92Source: President of Bulgaria Nohlen & Stöver References ^ Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) Elections in Europe: A data handbook, p369 ISBN 978-3-8329-5609-7 ^ Nohlen & Stöver, p389 vte Elections and referendums in BulgariaParliamentary elections 1879 (Jan) 1879 (Sep-Oct) 1880 1881 (Jun) 1881 (Nov) 1882 1884 1886 1887 1890 1893 (Apr) 1893 (Jul) 1894 1896 1899 1901 1902 1903 1908 1911 (Jun) 1911 (Sep) 1913 1914 1919 1920 1923 (Apr) 1923 (Nov) 1927 1931 1938 1939 1945 1946 1949 1953 1957 1962 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1990 1991 1994 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013 2014 2017 2021 (Apr) 2021 (Jul) 2021 (Nov) 2022 2023 2024 Presidential elections 1992 1996 2001 2006 2011 2016 2021 Local elections 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 2023 European elections 2007 2009 2014 2019 2024 Eastern Rumelia elections 1879 1884 Referendums 1922 1946 1971 2013 2015 2016
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NS-1"},{"link_name":"Georgi Parvanov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgi_Parvanov"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian Socialist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_Socialist_Party"},{"link_name":"Petar Stoyanov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petar_Stoyanov"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNPS-2"}],"text":"Presidential elections were held in Bulgaria on 11 November 2001, with a second round on 18 November.[1] The result was a victory for Georgi Parvanov of the Bulgarian Socialist Party, who won 54.0% of the vote in the second round, defeating incumbent president Petar Stoyanov. Voter turnout was 41.8% in the first round and 55.1% in the second.[2] Parvanov took office in 2002, becoming the first former communist to hold the post since 1990.","title":"2001 Bulgarian presidential election"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Opinion polls"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"First round","title":"Opinion polls"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Results"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Most_Recent_Biographies_of_Chinese_Dignitaries
The Most Recent Biographies of Chinese Dignitaries
["1 Biographies","1.1 1 to 25","1.2 26 to 50","1.3 51 to 75","1.4 76 to 100","1.5 101 to 125","1.6 126 to 150","1.7 151 to 175","1.8 176 to 200","1.9 201 to 225","1.10 226 to 250","1.11 251 to 275","1.12 276 to 300","1.13 301 to 325","1.14 326 to 343","2 References"]
The Most Recent Biographies of Chinese DignitariesChinese nameTraditional Chinese最新支那要人傳Simplified Chinese最新支那要人传TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinZuìxīn Zhīnà Yàorén ZhuànWade–GilesTsui-hsin Chih-na Yao-jen ChuanJapanese nameKanji最新支那要人伝TranscriptionsRomanizationSaishin Shina Yōjin Den The Most Recent Biographies of Chinese Dignitaries (Chinese: 最新支那要人傳, Japanese: 最新支那要人伝) is a guide to prominent individuals in the Republic of China, compiled in Japan by The Asahi Shimbun newspaper during the Second Sino-Japanese War. Published on 2 February 1941, the work references 343 contemporary notables in the Kuomintang and the Nationalist government, the Chinese Communist Party, the pro-Japanese Wang Jingwei regime and Mengjiang, and independent politicians and celebrities. A digitization of the reference work can be found on the website of the National Diet Library of Japan, the full list of biographies follows. Biographies The following list is arranged in gojūon order, based on the Japanese pronunciation of the names. 1 to 25 No. Photo Name(Chinese) Name(romanization) 1 阿勒坦鄂齊爾 Altanochir 2 殷汝耕 Yin Rugeng 3 殷同 Yin Tong 4 于學忠 Yu Xuezhong 5 于品卿 Yu Pinqing 6 于右任 Yu Youren 7 烏古廷 Wu Guting 8 衛立煌 Wei Lihuang 9 袁禮敦 Yuan Ludeng 10 閻錫山 Yan Xishan 11 王揖唐 Wang Yitang 12 王蔭泰 Wang Yintai 13 王永泉 Wang Yongquan 14 王家楨 Wang Jiazhen 15 王景岐 Wang Jingqi 16 王曉籟 Wang Xiaolai 17 王克敏 Wang Kemin 18 王纘緒 Wang Zuanxu 19 王修 Wang Xiu 20 王樹翰 Wang Shuhan 21 王樹常 Wang Shuchang 22 王世杰 Wang Shijie 23 王正廷 Wang Zhengting 24 王靖國 Wang Jingguo 25 王造時 Wang Zaoshi 26 to 50 No. Photo Name(Chinese) Name(romanization) 26 王大楨 Wang Dazhen 27 王寵惠 Wang Chonghui 28 王伯群 Wang Boqun 29 王陸一 Wang Luyi 30 汪時璟 Wang Shijing 31 汪精衛 Wang Zhaoming 32 汪祖澤 Wang Zuze 33 汪道源 Wang Daoyuan 34 翁照垣 Weng Zhaoyuan 35 翁文灝 Weng Wenhao 36 歐大慶 Ou Daqing 37 恩克巴圖 Enkebatu 38 温世珍 Wen Shizhen 39 溫宗堯 Wen Zongyao 40 何應欽 He Yingqin 41 何鍵 He Jian 42 何香凝 He Xiangning 43 何成濬 He Chengjun 44 何素璞 He Supu 45 何庭流 He Tingliu 46 何東 Robert Hotung 47 何佩瑢 He Peirong 48 何廉 He Lian 49 夏奇峰 Xia Qifeng 50 夏恭 Xia Gong 51 to 75 No. Photo Name(Chinese) Name(romanization) 51 夏肅初 Xia Suchu 52 夏晉麟 Xia Jinlin 53 賈士毅 Jia Shiyi 54 賀國光 He Guoguang 55 贺耀组 He Yaozu 56 郭衛民 Guo Weimin 57 郭泰祺 Guo Taiqi 58 郭沫若 Guo Moruo 59 郭爾卓爾札普 Guoerzhuoerzhapu 60 岳開先 Yue Kaixian 61 甘介侯 Gan Jiehou 62 甘乃光 Gan Naiguang 63 關麟徴 Guan Linzheng 64 顔惠慶 Yan Huiqing 65 魏道明 Wei Daoming 66 居正 Ju Zheng 67 許繼祥 Xu Jixiang 68 許修直 Xu Xiuzhi 69 許少榮 Xu Shaorong 70 許崇灝 Xu Chonghao 71 許崇清 Xu Chongqing 72 許崇智 Xu Chongzhi 73 許世英 Xu Shiying 74 金永昌 Jin Yongchang 75 金馥生 Jin Fusheng 76 to 100 No. Photo Name(Chinese) Name(romanization) 76 金問泗 Jin Wensi 77 虞和德 Yu Hede 78 嚴家熾 Yan Jiachi 79 胡適 Hu Shih 80 胡文虎 Aw Boon Haw 81 胡霖 Hu Lin 82 顧維鈞 Koo Vi-kyuin 83 顧祝同 Gu Zhutong 84 顧孟餘 Gu Mengyu 85 吳鶴齡 Wu Heling 86 吳敬恆 Wu Jingheng 87 吳思豫 Wu Siyu 88 吳忠信 Wu Zhongxin 89 吳鼎昌 Wu Dingchang 90 吳鐵城 Wu Tiecheng 91 孔祥熙 Kung Hsiang-hsi 92 江亢虎 Jiang Kanghu 93 江朝宗 Jiang Chaozong 94 香翰屏 Xiang Hanping 95 高一涵 Gao Yihan 96 高冠吾 Gao Guanwu 97 高宗武 Gao Zongwu 98 黃炎培 Huang Yanpei 99 黃季陸 Huang Jilu 100 黃琪翔 Huang Qixiang 101 to 125 No. Photo Name(Chinese) Name(romanization) 101 黄旭初 Huang Xuchu 102 項英 Xiang Ying 103 谷鐘秀 Gu Zhongxiu 104 谷正綱 Gu Zhenggang 105 谷正鼎 Ku Cheng-ting 106 谷正倫 Ku Cheng-lun 107 蔡廷鍇 Cai Tingkai 108 蔡培 Cai Pei 109 施肇基 Alfred Sao-ke Sze 110 謝冠生 Xie Guansheng 111 朱家骅 Zhu Jiahua 112 朱桂山 Zhu Guishan 113 朱經農 Zhu Jingnong 114 朱紹良 Zhu Shaoliang 115 朱深 Zhu Shen 116 朱霽青 Zhu Jiqing 117 朱德 Zhu De 118 朱樸 Zhu Pu 119 朱履龢 Zhu Lühe 120 周恩來 Zhou Enlai 121 周化人 Zhou Huaren 122 周家彥 Zhou Jiayan 123 周啟剛 Zhou Qigang 124 周鯁生 Zhou Gengsheng 125 周作人 Zhou Zuoren 126 to 150 No. Photo Name(Chinese) Name(romanization) 126 周作民 Zhou Zuomin 127 周震麟 Zhou Zhenlin 128 周佛海 Zhou Fohai 129 周隆庠 Zhou Longxiang 130 諸青來 Zhu Qinglai 131 徐永昌 Xu Yongchang 132 徐謙 Xu Qian 133 徐源泉 Xu Yuanquan 134 徐淑希 Xu Shuxi 135 徐謨 Xu Mo 136 徐良 Xu Liang 137 邵力子 Shao Lizi 138 松津旺楚克 Songjin Wangchuke 139 商震 Shang Zhen 140 章士釗 Zhang Shizhao 141 章乃器 Zhang Naiqi 142 焦易堂 Jiao Yitang 143 蔣介石 Chiang Kai-shek 144 蒋作賓 Jiang Zuobin 145 蔣廷黻 Jiang Tingfu 146 蔣鼎文 Jiang Dingwen 147 蔣夢麟 Jiang Menglin 148 蕭吉珊 Xiao Jishan 149 蕭同茲 Xiao Tongzi 150 聶其杰 Nie Qijie 151 to 175 No. Photo Name(Chinese) Name(romanization) 151 植子卿 Zhi Ziqing 152 岑德廣 Cen Deguang 153 秦汾 Qin Fen 154 鄒韜奮 Zou Taofen 155 鄒琳 Zou Lin 156 鄒魯 Zou Lu 157 成仿吾 Cheng Fangwu 158 齊燮元 Qi Xieyuan 159 石星川 Shi Xingchuang 160 石友三 Shi Yousan 161 薛岳 Xue Yue 162 錢永銘 Qian Yongming 163 錢大鈞 Qian Dajun 164 蘇體仁 Su Tiren 165 宋靄齡 Soong Ai-ling 166 宋慶齡 Soong Ching-ling 167 宋子文 Soong Tse-vung 168 宋子良 Soong Tse-liang 169 宋美齡 Soong Mei-ling 170 曹浩森 Cao Haosen 171 曹若山 Cao Ruoshan 172 曹汝霖 Cao Rulin 173 曾擴情 Zeng Kuoqing 174 曾養甫 Zeng Yangfu 175 孫科 Sun Fo 176 to 200 No. Photo Name(Chinese) Name(romanization) 176 孫連仲 Sun Lianzhong 177 太虛 Taixu 178 戴英夫 Dai Yingfu 179 戴傳賢 Dai Chuanxian 180 卓特巴札普 Zhuo Shihai 181 達賴喇嘛 14th Dalai Lama 182 覃振 Qin Zhen 183 鈕永建 Niu Yongjian 184 褚民誼 Chu Minyi 185 刁作謙 Diao Zuoqian 186 刁敏謙 Diao Minqian 187 張維翰 Zhang Weihan 188 張蔭梧 Zhang Yinwu 189 張英華 Zhang Yinghua 190 張嘉璈 Zhang Jia'ao 191 張嘉森 Carsun Chang 192 張學良 Chang Hsueh-liang 193 張群 Zhang Qun 194 張繼 Zhang Ji 195 張國燾 Zhang Guotao 196 張熾章 Zhang Jiluan 197 張治中 Zhang Zhizhong 198 張人傑 Zhang Renjie 199 張仁蠡 Zhang Renli 200 張東蓀 Zhang Dongsun 201 to 225 No. Photo Name(Chinese) Name(romanization) 201 張道藩 Zhang Daofan 202 張發奎 Zhang Fakui 203 趙毓松 Zhao Yusong 204 趙祺 Zhao Qi  205 趙正平 Zhao Zhengping 206 趙戴文 Zhao Daiwen 207 趙丕廉 Zhao Pilian 208 沈鈞儒 Shen Junru 209 沈覲鼎 Shen Jinding 210 沈鴻烈 Shen Honglie 211 沈士遠 Shen Shiyuan 212 沈嗣良 Shen Siliang 213 陳介 Chen Jie 214 陳其采 Chen Qicai 215 陳儀 Chen Yi 216 陳玉銘 Chen Yuming 217 陳果夫 Chen Guofu 218 陳群 Chen Qun 219 陳公博 Chen Gongbo 220 陳光甫 Chen Guangfu 221 陳濟棠 Chen Jitang 222 陳樹人 Chen Shuren 223 陳紹寬 Chen Shaokuan 224 陳誠 Chen Cheng 225 陳中孚 Chen Zhongfu 226 to 250 No. Photo Name(Chinese) Name(romanization) 226 陳調元 Chen Diaoyuan 227 陳獨秀 Chen Duxiu 228 陳布雷 Chen Bulei 229 陳孚木 Chen Fumu 230 陳銘枢 Chen Mingshu 231 陳友仁 Chen Youren 232 陳立夫 Chen Lifu 233 陳廉仲 Chen Lianzhong 234 丁惟汾 Ding Weifen 235 丁其昌 Ding Qichang 236 丁默邨 Ding Mocun 237 丁玲 Ding Ling 238 程潛 Cheng Qian 239 程天放 Cheng Tianfang 240 鄭毓秀 Zheng Yuxiu 241 杜運宇 Du Yunyu 242 杜月笙 Du Yuesheng 243 唐仰杜 Tang Yangshe 244 唐生智 Tang Shengzhi 245 陶希聖 Tao Xisheng 246 陶克陶 Tao Ketao 247 陶履謙 Tao Luqian 248 湯恩伯 Tang Enbo 249 湯爾和 Tang Erhe 250 湯澄波 Tang Chengbo 251 to 275 No. Photo Name(Chinese) Name(romanization) 251 湯良禮 Tang Liangli 252 董顯光 Dong Xianguang 253 董康 Dong Kang 254 鄧穎超 Deng Yingchao 255 鄧錫侯 Deng Xihou 256 德王 Demchugdongrub 257 任援道 Ren Yuandao 258 巴薩爾 Basar Gord 259 馬寅初 Ma Yinchu 260 馬永魁 Ma Yongkui 261 馬君武 Ma Junwu 262 馬鴻逵 Ma Hongkui 263 馬仲英 Ma Zhongying 264 馬超俊 Ma Chaojun 265 馬良 Ma Liang 266 馬麟 Ma Lin 267 白雲梯 Bai Yunti 268 白崇禧 Bai Chongxi 269 柏文蔚 Bai Wenwei 270 莫德惠 Mo Dehui 271 潘毓桂 Pan Yugui 272 潘芸閣 Pan Yunge 273 潘雲超 Pan Yunchao 274 潘公展 Pan Gongzhan 275 馮玉祥 Feng Yuxiang 276 to 300 No. Photo Name(Chinese) Name(romanization) 276 馮節 Feng Jie 277 繆斌 Miao Bin 278 富雙英 Fu Shuangying 279 傅作義 Fu Zuoyi 280 傅式說 Fu Shiyue 281 傅宗耀 Fu Xiaoan 282 補英達賴 Bayandalai 283 方宗鰲 Fang Zong'ao 284 彭學沛 Peng Xuepei 285 彭東原 Peng Dongyuan 286 彭德懷 Peng Dehuai 287 鮑文樾 Bao Wenyue 288 茅盾 Mao Dun 289 穆湘玥 Mu Xiangyue 290 毛澤東 Mao Zedong 291 俞鴻鈞 Yu Hung-chun 292 俞飛鵬 Yu Feipeng 293 熊式輝 Xiong Shihui 294 余漢謀 Yu Hanmou 295 余晉龢 Yu Jinhe 296 姚作賓 Yao Zuobin 297 葉恭綽 Ye Gongchuo 298 葉劍英 Ye Jianying 299 葉楚傖 Ye Chucang 300 葉挺 Ye Ting 301 to 325 No. Photo Name(Chinese) Name(romanization) 301 葉蓬 Ye Feng 302 楊杰 Yang Jie  303 楊虎 Yang Hu  304 楊虎城 Yang Hucheng 305 楊庶堪 Yang Shukan 306 楊森 Yang Sen 307 羅文幹 Luo Wengan 308 雷壽榮 Lei Shourong 309 李煜瀛 Li Shizeng 310 李漢魂 Li Hanhun 311 李錦綸 Li Jinlun 312 李根源 Li Genyuan 313 李濟深 Li Jishen 314 李士群 Li Shiqun 315 李思賢 Li Sixian 316 李守信 Li Shouxin 317 李聖五 Li Shengwu 318 李祖虞 Li Zuyu 319 李宗仁 Li Zongren 320 李道軒 Li Daoxuan 321 李品仙 Li Pinxian 322 李銘 Li Ming 323 李烈鈞 Li Liejun 324 劉郁芬 Liu Yufen 325 劉紀文 Liu Jiwen 326 to 343 No. Photo Name(Chinese) Name(romanization) 326 劉峙 Liu Zhi 327 劉尚清 Liu Shangqing 328 劉瑞恆 Liu Ruiheng 329 劉文輝 Liu Wenhui 330 劉文島 Liu Wendao 331 龍雲 Long Yun 332 梁寒操 Liang Hancao 333 梁鴻志 Liang Hongzhi 334 梁漱溟 Liang Shuming 335 林語堂 Lin Yutang 336 林汝珩 Lin Ruheng 337 林森 Lin Sen 338 林祖涵 Lin Boqu 339 林柏生 Lin Bosheng 340 林彪 Lin Biao 341 盧鏡如 Lu Jingru 342 盧用川 Lu Yongchuan 343 鹿鍾麟 Lu Zhonglin References ^ Tōa Mondai Chōsakai (1941). Saishin Shina yōjinden (The Most Recent Biographies of Chinese Dignitaries). Tokyo: Asahi Shimbun. OCLC 23310651. ^ "The Most Recent Biographies of Chinese Dignitaries". Taiwan e-Learning & Digital Archives Program (in Chinese). Retrieved 26 March 2019. ^ "The Most Recent Biographies of Chinese Dignitaries". National Diet Library Digital Collection (in Japanese). Retrieved 26 March 2019. vte China–Japan relations Diplomatic posts Ambassadors of China to Japan Diplomacy Japanese missions to Imperial China Ryūkyū Disposition Sino-Japanese Friendship and Trade Treaty Nishihara Loans Sino-Japanese Joint Defence Agreement Twenty-One Demands Treaty of Taipei Sino-Japanese Journalist Exchange Agreement Japan–China Joint Communiqué Treaty of Peace and Friendship between Japan and China State visit by Jiang Zemin to Japan Japan–South Korea Joint Declaration of 1998 China–Japan–South Korea Free Trade Agreement China–Japan–South Korea trilateral summit Trilateral Cooperation Secretariat Conflicts First Sino-Japanese War Treaty of Shimonoseki Second Sino-Japanese War Manchukuo North China Buffer State Strategy Anti-Comintern Pact ABCD line Greater East Asia Conference He–Umezu Agreement Chin–Doihara Agreement Japanese war crimes Nanjing Massacre Japanese Instrument of Surrender Japanese repatriation from Huludao Association of Returnees from China Controversies surrounding Yasukuni Shrine Boycotts of Japanese products Senkaku Islands Senkaku Islands dispute 2010 Senkaku boat collision incident Baodiao movement Action Committee for Defending the Diaoyu Islands China Federation for Defending the Diaoyu Islands Ryūkyū independence movement Exclusive economic zone of Japan Incidents Ningbo Incident Jiajing wokou raids María Luz incident Imo Incident Gapsin Coup Convention of Tientsin Nagasaki incident Shandong Problem May Fourth Movement Racial Equality Proposal Lansing–Ishii Agreement Hankou incident Jinan incident Mao Zedong thanking Japan controversy Japanese history textbook controversies 2005 anti-Japanese demonstrations Nobukatsu Fujioka 2012 China anti-Japanese demonstrations Related History of China–Japan relations Japan–Taiwan relations Chinese influence on Japanese culture Differences between Shinjitai and Simplified characters Anti-Chinese sentiment in Japan Shina Anti-Japanese sentiment in China Guizi Jingri Xiao Riben China–Japan football rivalry 2004 AFC Asian Cup final China-Japan Friendship Hospital Bank of Taiwan Building Yokohama Specie Bank Building Japan-China Joint History Research Committee Japan–Ming trade-ship flag Emperor at home, king abroad TPE (cable system) Inter-Parliamentary Alliance on China Pei Shiqing Kosei Fukunaga Yang Shoujing Satoru Mizushima Liu Lianren Zhapu Ling Ling Memoirs of a Geisha The Most Recent Biographies of Chinese Dignitaries New Life+: Young Again in Another World Category:China–Japan relations
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Owen_Dryden
David Owen Dryden
["1 Designs in San Diego","2 References","3 External links"]
American architect David Owen Dryden David Owen Dryden (July 1, 1877 – June 4, 1946) was a renowned San Diego builder-architect best known for his craftsman-style bungalows in the suburbs north of San Diego's Balboa Park including the North Park, Mission Hills and University Heights neighborhoods. Most of Dryden's work was constructed between 1911 and 1919. The Dryden Historic District in North Park contains a high concentration of his homes. Dryden Home, North Park, San Diego Dryden's homes typify the American Arts and Crafts Movement. Dryden died on June 4, 1946, in Crescent City, California. Dryen expert Donald Covington noted "it is a tribute to the quality of his craft that most of David Dryden's houses from his early career in San Diego are extant. Many of them, having survived modernization and change, still grace the old suburban neighborhoods north of Balboa Park echoing the polite and serene lifestyle of a distant era." Designs in San Diego 1912: 3120 Granada Avenue 1912: 3039 Palm Street 1912: 3136 Granada Avenue 1912: *3419 30th Street 1912: 3427 Kansas (29th) Street 1912: 3532 Ray Street 1912: *4505 Del Mar 1912: 3524 30th Street 1912: 3049 Palm Street 1913: 3548 Granada Avenue 1913: *3031 Landis Street 1913: *3648 Ray Street 1913: 2203 Cliff Street 1913: 3820 Center Street 1913: 4720 Panorama Street 1913: 3511 Utah 1913: 3634 Utah 1914: 2230 Adams Avenue 1914: 2242 Adams Avenue 1914: 4724 Panorama Street 1914: 4780 Panorama Street 1914: *4525 Kansas Street 1914: 3586 30th Street 1914: 3044 Goldsmith 1914: 3036 Goldsmith 1914: 3136 Goldsmith 1914: 3221 Homer 1915: 3553 28th Street 1915: 3571 28th Street 1915: *Ventura Place & Ocean Walk 1915: 3546 28th Street 1915: 3536 28th Street 1915: 1801 Sheridan Street 1915: *2042 Albatross Street 1916: 3446 28th Street 1916: 3516 28th Street 1916: 3505 28th Street 1916: 3614 28th Street 1916: 3712 28th Street 1916: 3676 28th Street 1916: 1212 Arbor Drive 1916: 3554 28th Street 1916: Merivale Ave. & Bonnie Brae 1917: 3412 28th Street 1917: 3503 Pershing Avenue 1917: 3575 Pershing Avenue 1917: 2710 Landis – remodel 1917: 3706 28th Street 1917: 3559 Pershing Avenue 1917: 3543 Pershing Avenue 1917: 3640 28th Street – (remodel) 1917: 4244 Jackdaw Street 1917: 1612 Grove Street 1918: 3527 Pershing Avenue 1918: 3367 Granada Avenue 1918: 4315 Avalon Drive 1918: *1632–35 Ninth Avenue 1918: 3511 Pershing Avenue 1918: 3728 Pershing Avenue 1918: 3388 Granada Avenue           * Non-extant or significantly altered structure. References ^ a b Journal of San Diego History External links Article on David Owen Dryden by Dryden expert Donald Covington. NorthParkHistory.org. Authority control databases International VIAF Artists ULAN
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrological
Hydrology
["1 Branches","2 Applications","3 History","4 Themes","4.1 Groundwater","4.2 Infiltration","4.3 Soil moisture","4.4 Surface water flow","4.5 Precipitation and evaporation","4.6 Remote sensing","4.7 Water quality","4.8 Integrating measurement and modelling","4.9 Prediction","4.10 Statistical hydrology","4.11 Modeling","4.12 Transport","5 Organizations","5.1 Intergovernmental organizations","5.2 International research bodies","5.3 National research bodies","5.4 National and international societies","5.5 Basin- and catchment-wide overviews","6 Research journals","7 See also","8 References","9 Further reading","10 External links"]
Science of the movement, distribution, and quality of water on Earth and other planets For other uses, see Hydrology (disambiguation). Rain over a Scottish catchment. Understanding the cycling of water into, through, and out of catchments is a key element of hydrology. Hydrology (from Ancient Greek ὕδωρ (húdōr) 'water', and -λογία (-logía) 'study of') is the scientific study of the movement, distribution, and management of water on Earth and other planets, including the water cycle, water resources, and drainage basin sustainability. A practitioner of hydrology is called a hydrologist. Hydrologists are scientists studying earth or environmental science, civil or environmental engineering, and physical geography. Using various analytical methods and scientific techniques, they collect and analyze data to help solve water related problems such as environmental preservation, natural disasters, and water management. Hydrology subdivides into surface water hydrology, groundwater hydrology (hydrogeology), and marine hydrology. Domains of hydrology include hydrometeorology, surface hydrology, hydrogeology, drainage-basin management, and water quality. Oceanography and meteorology are not included because water is only one of many important aspects within those fields. Hydrological research can inform environmental engineering, policy, and planning. Branches Chemical hydrology is the study of the chemical characteristics of water. Ecohydrology is the study of interactions between organisms and the hydrologic cycle. Hydrogeology is the study of the presence and movement of groundwater. Hydrogeochemistry is the study of how terrestrial water dissolves minerals weathering and this effect on water chemistry. Hydroinformatics is the adaptation of information technology to hydrology and water resources applications. Hydrometeorology is the study of the transfer of water and energy between land and water body surfaces and the lower atmosphere. Isotope hydrology is the study of the isotopic signatures of water. Surface hydrology is the study of hydrologic processes that operate at or near Earth's surface. Drainage basin management covers water storage, in the form of reservoirs, and floods protection. Water quality includes the chemistry of water in rivers and lakes, both of pollutants and natural solutes. Applications Calculation of rainfall. Calculation of Evapotranspiration Calculating surface runoff and precipitation. Determining the water balance of a region. Determining the agricultural water balance. Designing riparian-zone restoration projects. Mitigating and predicting flood, landslide and Drought risk. Real-time flood forecasting, flood warning, Flood Frequency Analysis Designing irrigation schemes and managing agricultural productivity. Part of the hazard module in catastrophe modeling. Providing drinking water. Designing dams for water supply or hydroelectric power generation. Designing bridges. Designing sewers and urban drainage systems. Analyzing the impacts of antecedent moisture on sanitary sewer systems. Predicting geomorphologic changes, such as erosion or sedimentation. Assessing the impacts of natural and anthropogenic environmental change on water resources. Assessing contaminant transport risk and establishing environmental policy guidelines. Estimating the water resource potential of river basins. Water resources management. History This section includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this section by introducing more precise citations. (April 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Roman aqueduct at Caesarea Maritima, bringing water from the wetter Carmel mountains to the settlement Hydrology has been subject to investigation and engineering for millennia. Ancient Egyptians were one of the first to employ hydrology in their engineering and agriculture, inventing a form of water management known as basin irrigation. Mesopotamian towns were protected from flooding with high earthen walls. Aqueducts were built by the Greeks and Romans, while history shows that the Chinese built irrigation and flood control works. The ancient Sinhalese used hydrology to build complex irrigation works in Sri Lanka, also known for the invention of the Valve Pit which allowed construction of large reservoirs, anicuts and canals which still function. Marcus Vitruvius, in the first century BC, described a philosophical theory of the hydrologic cycle, in which precipitation falling in the mountains infiltrated the Earth's surface and led to streams and springs in the lowlands. With the adoption of a more scientific approach, Leonardo da Vinci and Bernard Palissy independently reached an accurate representation of the hydrologic cycle. It was not until the 17th century that hydrologic variables began to be quantified. Pioneers of the modern science of hydrology include Pierre Perrault, Edme Mariotte and Edmund Halley. By measuring rainfall, runoff, and drainage area, Perrault showed that rainfall was sufficient to account for the flow of the Seine. Mariotte combined velocity and river cross-section measurements to obtain a discharge value, again in the Seine. Halley showed that the evaporation from the Mediterranean Sea was sufficient to account for the outflow of rivers flowing into the sea. Advances in the 18th century included the Bernoulli piezometer and Bernoulli's equation, by Daniel Bernoulli, and the Pitot tube, by Henri Pitot. The 19th century saw development in groundwater hydrology, including Darcy's law, the Dupuit-Thiem well formula, and Hagen-Poiseuille's capillary flow equation. Rational analyses began to replace empiricism in the 20th century, while governmental agencies began their own hydrological research programs. Of particular importance were Leroy Sherman's unit hydrograph, the infiltration theory of Robert E. Horton, and C.V. Theis' aquifer test/equation describing well hydraulics. Since the 1950s, hydrology has been approached with a more theoretical basis than in the past, facilitated by advances in the physical understanding of hydrological processes and by the advent of computers and especially geographic information systems (GIS). (See also GIS and hydrology) Themes Main article: Water cycle The central theme of hydrology is that water circulates throughout the Earth through different pathways and at different rates. The most vivid image of this is in the evaporation of water from the ocean, which forms clouds. These clouds drift over the land and produce rain. The rainwater flows into lakes, rivers, or aquifers. The water in lakes, rivers, and aquifers then either evaporates back to the atmosphere or eventually flows back to the ocean, completing a cycle. Water changes its state of being several times throughout this cycle. The areas of research within hydrology concern the movement of water between its various states, or within a given state, or simply quantifying the amounts in these states in a given region. Parts of hydrology concern developing methods for directly measuring these flows or amounts of water, while others concern modeling these processes either for scientific knowledge or for making a prediction in practical applications. Groundwater Building a map of groundwater contours Ground water is water beneath Earth's surface, often pumped for drinking water. Groundwater hydrology (hydrogeology) considers quantifying groundwater flow and solute transport. Problems in describing the saturated zone include the characterization of aquifers in terms of flow direction, groundwater pressure and, by inference, groundwater depth (see: aquifer test). Measurements here can be made using a piezometer. Aquifers are also described in terms of hydraulic conductivity, storativity and transmissivity. There are a number of geophysical methods for characterizing aquifers. There are also problems in characterizing the vadose zone (unsaturated zone). Infiltration Main article: Infiltration (hydrology) Infiltration is the process by which water enters the soil. Some of the water is absorbed, and the rest percolates down to the water table. The infiltration capacity, the maximum rate at which the soil can absorb water, depends on several factors. The layer that is already saturated provides a resistance that is proportional to its thickness, while that plus the depth of water above the soil provides the driving force (hydraulic head). Dry soil can allow rapid infiltration by capillary action; this force diminishes as the soil becomes wet. Compaction reduces the porosity and the pore sizes. Surface cover increases capacity by retarding runoff, reducing compaction and other processes. Higher temperatures reduce viscosity, increasing infiltration.: 250–275  Soil moisture Main article: Soil moisture Soil moisture can be measured in various ways; by capacitance probe, time domain reflectometer or tensiometer. Other methods include solute sampling and geophysical methods. Surface water flow A flood hydrograph showing stage for the Shawsheen River at Wilmington Hydrology considers quantifying surface water flow and solute transport, although the treatment of flows in large rivers is sometimes considered as a distinct topic of hydraulics or hydrodynamics. Surface water flow can include flow both in recognizable river channels and otherwise. Methods for measuring flow once the water has reached a river include the stream gauge (see: discharge), and tracer techniques. Other topics include chemical transport as part of surface water, sediment transport and erosion. One of the important areas of hydrology is the interchange between rivers and aquifers. Groundwater/surface water interactions in streams and aquifers can be complex and the direction of net water flux (into surface water or into the aquifer) may vary spatially along a stream channel and over time at any particular location, depending on the relationship between stream stage and groundwater levels. Precipitation and evaporation A standard NOAA rain gauge In some considerations, hydrology is thought of as starting at the land-atmosphere boundary and so it is important to have adequate knowledge of both precipitation and evaporation. Precipitation can be measured in various ways: disdrometer for precipitation characteristics at a fine time scale; radar for cloud properties, rain rate estimation, hail and snow detection; rain gauge for routine accurate measurements of rain and snowfall; satellite for rainy area identification, rain rate estimation, land-cover/land-use, and soil moisture, for example. Evaporation is an important part of the water cycle. It is partly affected by humidity, which can be measured by a sling psychrometer. It is also affected by the presence of snow, hail, and ice and can relate to dew, mist and fog. Hydrology considers evaporation of various forms: from water surfaces; as transpiration from plant surfaces in natural and agronomic ecosystems. Direct measurement of evaporation can be obtained using Simon's evaporation pan. Detailed studies of evaporation involve boundary layer considerations as well as momentum, heat flux, and energy budgets. Remote sensing Main article: Remote sensing Estimates of changes in water storage around the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, measured by NASA's GRACE satellites. The satellites measure tiny changes in gravitational acceleration, which can then be processed to reveal movement of water due to changes in its total mass. Remote sensing of hydrologic processes can provide information on locations where in situ sensors may be unavailable or sparse. It also enables observations over large spatial extents. Many of the variables constituting the terrestrial water balance, for example surface water storage, soil moisture, precipitation, evapotranspiration, and snow and ice, are measurable using remote sensing at various spatial-temporal resolutions and accuracies. Sources of remote sensing include land-based sensors, airborne sensors and satellite sensors which can capture microwave, thermal and near-infrared data or use lidar, for example. Water quality Main article: Water quality In hydrology, studies of water quality concern organic and inorganic compounds, and both dissolved and sediment material. In addition, water quality is affected by the interaction of dissolved oxygen with organic material and various chemical transformations that may take place. Measurements of water quality may involve either in-situ methods, in which analyses take place on-site, often automatically, and laboratory-based analyses and may include microbiological analysis. Integrating measurement and modelling Budget analyses Parameter estimation Scaling in time and space Data assimilation Quality control of data – see for example Double mass analysis Prediction Observations of hydrologic processes are used to make predictions of the future behavior of hydrologic systems (water flow, water quality). One of the major current concerns in hydrologic research is "Prediction in Ungauged Basins" (PUB), i.e. in basins where no or only very few data exist. Statistical hydrology The aims of Statistical hydrology is to provide appropriate statistical methods for analyzing and modeling various parts of the hydrological cycle. By analyzing the statistical properties of hydrologic records, such as rainfall or river flow, hydrologists can estimate future hydrologic phenomena. When making assessments of how often relatively rare events will occur, analyses are made in terms of the return period of such events. Other quantities of interest include the average flow in a river, in a year or by season. These estimates are important for engineers and economists so that proper risk analysis can be performed to influence investment decisions in future infrastructure and to determine the yield reliability characteristics of water supply systems. Statistical information is utilized to formulate operating rules for large dams forming part of systems which include agricultural, industrial and residential demands. Modeling Main article: Hydrological modeling Plan view of water flow through a catchment simulated by the SHETRAN hydrological modelling system Hydrological models are simplified, conceptual representations of a part of the hydrologic cycle. They are primarily used for hydrological prediction and for understanding hydrological processes, within the general field of scientific modeling. Two major types of hydrological models can be distinguished: Models based on data. These models are black box systems, using mathematical and statistical concepts to link a certain input (for instance rainfall) to the model output (for instance runoff). Commonly used techniques are regression, transfer functions, and system identification. The simplest of these models may be linear models, but it is common to deploy non-linear components to represent some general aspects of a catchment's response without going deeply into the real physical processes involved. An example of such an aspect is the well-known behavior that a catchment will respond much more quickly and strongly when it is already wet than when it is dry. Models based on process descriptions. These models try to represent the physical processes observed in the real world. Typically, such models contain representations of surface runoff, subsurface flow, evapotranspiration, and channel flow, but they can be far more complicated. Within this category, models can be divided into conceptual and deterministic. Conceptual models link simplified representations of the hydrological processes in an area, whereas deterministic models seek to resolve as much of the physics of a system as possible. These models can be subdivided into single-event models and continuous simulation models. Recent research in hydrological modeling tries to have a more global approach to the understanding of the behavior of hydrologic systems to make better predictions and to face the major challenges in water resources management. Transport Main article: Hydrologic transport model Water movement is a significant means by which other materials, such as soil, gravel, boulders or pollutants, are transported from place to place. Initial input to receiving waters may arise from a point source discharge or a line source or area source, such as surface runoff. Since the 1960s rather complex mathematical models have been developed, facilitated by the availability of high-speed computers. The most common pollutant classes analyzed are nutrients, pesticides, total dissolved solids and sediment. Organizations Intergovernmental organizations International Hydrological Programme (IHP) International research bodies International Water Management Institute (IWMI) UN-IHE Delft Institute for Water Education National research bodies Centre for Ecology and Hydrology – UK Centre for Water Science, Cranfield University, UK eawag – aquatic research, ETH Zürich, Switzerland Institute of Hydrology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Germany United States Geological Survey – Water Resources of the United States NOAA's National Weather Service – Office of Hydrologic Development, US US Army Corps of Engineers Hydrologic Engineering Center, US Hydrologic Research Center, US NOAA Economics and Social Sciences, United States University of Oklahoma Center for Natural Hazards and Disasters Research, US National Hydrology Research Centre, Canada National Institute of Hydrology, India National and international societies American Institute of Hydrology (AIH) Geological Society of America (GSA) – Hydrogeology Division American Geophysical Union (AGU) – Hydrology Section National Ground Water Association (NGWA) American Water Resources Association Consortium of Universities for the Advancement of Hydrologic Science, Inc. (CUAHSI) International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS) Statistics in Hydrology Working Group (subgroup of IAHS) German Hydrological Society (DHG: Deutsche Hydrologische Gesellschaft) Italian Hydrological Society (SII-IHS) – Società Idrologica Italiana Nordic Association for Hydrology British Hydrological Society Russian Geographical Society (Moscow Center) – Hydrology Commission International Association for Environmental Hydrology International Association of Hydrogeologists Society of Hydrologists and Meteorologists – Nepal Basin- and catchment-wide overviews Connected Waters Initiative, University of New South Wales – Investigating and raising awareness of groundwater and water resource issues in Australia Murray Darling Basin Initiative, Department of Environment and Heritage, Australia Research journals International Journal of Hydrology Science and Technology Hydrological Processes, ISSN 1099-1085 (electronic) 0885-6087 (paper), John Wiley & Sons Hydrology Research, ISSN 0029-1277, IWA Publishing (formerly Nordic Hydrology) Journal of Hydroinformatics, ISSN 1464-7141, IWA Publishing Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, ISSN 0733-9496, ASCE Publication Journal of Hydrology Water Research Water Resources Research Hydrological Sciences Journal - Journal of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS) ISSN 0262-6667 (Print), ISSN 2150-3435 (Online) Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Journal of Hydrometeorology See also Aqueous solution Climatology Environmental engineering science Geological Engineering Green Kenue – a software tool for hydrologic modellers Hydraulics HydroCAD – hydrology and hydraulics modeling software Hydrography Hydrology (agriculture) International Hydrological Programme Nash–Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficient Outline of hydrology Potamal Socio-hydrology Soil science Water distribution on Earth WEAP (Water Evaluation And Planning) software to model catchment hydrology from climate and land use data Catchment hydrology Other water-related fields Oceanography is the more general study of water in the oceans and estuaries. Meteorology is the more general study of the atmosphere and of weather, including precipitation as snow and rainfall. Limnology is the study of lakes, rivers and wetlands ecosystems. It covers the biological, chemical, physical, geological, and other attributes of all inland waters (running and standing waters, both fresh and saline, natural or man-made). Water resources are sources of water that are useful or potentially useful. Hydrology studies the availability of those resources, but usually not their uses. References ^ a b c "What is hydrology and what do hydrologists do?". USA.gov. U.S. Geological Survey. Archived from the original on 19 September 2015. Retrieved 7 October 2015. ^ Postel, Sandra (1999). "Egypt's Nile Valley Basin Irrigation" (PDF). waterhistory.com. Excerpted from Pillar of Sand: Can the Irrigation Miracle Last?. W.W. Norton. ^ Gregory, Kenneth J.; Lewin, John (2014). The Basics of Geomorphology: Key Concepts. SAGE. ISBN 978-1-4739-0895-6. ^ Biswat, Asit K (1970). "Edmond Halley, F.S.R., Hydrologist Extraordinary". Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London. 25. Royal Society Publishing: 47–57. doi:10.1098/rsnr.1970.0004. ^ Graf, T.; Simmons, C. T. (February 2009). "Variable-density groundwater flow and solute transport in fractured rock: Applicability of the Tang et al. analytical solution". Water Resources Research. 45 (2): W02425. Bibcode:2009WRR....45.2425G. doi:10.1029/2008WR007278. S2CID 133884299. ^ Vereecken, H.; Kemna, A.; Münch, H. M.; Tillmann, A.; Verweerd, A. (2006). "Aquifer Characterization by Geophysical Methods". Encyclopedia of Hydrological Sciences. John Wiley & Sons. doi:10.1002/0470848944.hsa154b. ISBN 0-471-49103-9. ^ Wilson, L. Gray; Everett, Lorne G.; Cullen, Stephen J. (1994). Handbook of Vadose Zone Characterization & Monitoring. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-87371-610-9. ^ Reddy, P. Jaya Rami (2007). A Textbook of Hydrology (Reprint. ed.). New Delhi: Laxmi Publ. ISBN 9788170080992. ^ Robinson, D. A., C. S. Campbell, J. W. Hopmans, B. K. Hornbuckle, S. B. Jones, R. Knight, F. L. Ogden, J. Selker, and O. Wendroth. (2008) "Soil Moisture Measurement for Ecological and Hydrological Watershed-Scale Observatories: A Review." ^ Wood, Paul J.; Hannah, David M.; Sadler, Jonathan P. (28 February 2008). Hydroecology and Ecohydrology: Past, Present and Future. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-01018-1. ^ Tang, Q.; Gao, H.; Lu, H.; Lettenmaier, D. P. (6 October 2009). "Remote sensing: hydrology". Progress in Physical Geography. 33 (4): 490–509. Bibcode:2009PrPG...33..490T. doi:10.1177/0309133309346650. S2CID 140643598. ^ Archibald, J.A.; Buchanan, B.P.; Fuka, D.R.; Georgakakos, C.B.; Lyon, S.W.; Walter, M.T. (July 2014). "A simple, regionally parameterized model for predicting nonpoint source areas in the northeastern US". Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies. 1: 74–91. Bibcode:2014JHyRS...1...74A. doi:10.1016/j.ejrh.2014.06.003. ^ Beck, Hylke E.; Pan, Ming; Lin, Peirong; Seibert, Jan; Dijk, Albert I. J. M.; Wood, Eric F. (16 September 2020). "Global Fully Distributed Parameter Regionalization Based on Observed Streamflow From 4,229 Headwater Catchments". Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 125 (17). Bibcode:2020JGRD..12531485B. doi:10.1029/2019JD031485. ISSN 2169-897X. ^ Loftis, Jim C. (30 April 2019), "Analysis of Water Quality Random Variables", Statistical Analysis of Hydrologic Variables, Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, pp. 381–405, doi:10.1061/9780784415177.ch10, ISBN 9780784415177, S2CID 182417172, retrieved 19 May 2023 ^ Jajarmizadeh et al. (2012), Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 5(5), p.249-261. ^ "International Hydrological Programme (IHP)". IHP. 6 May 2013. Archived from the original on 2 June 2013. Retrieved 8 June 2013. ^ "International Water Management Institute (IWMI)". IWMI. Archived from the original on 10 March 2013. Retrieved 8 March 2013. ^ "IHE Delft Institute for Water Education". UNIESCO-IHE. Archived from the original on 14 March 2013. ^ "CEH Website". Centre for Ecology & Hydrology. Archived from the original on 7 March 2013. Retrieved 8 March 2013. ^ "Cranfield Water Science Institute". Cranfield University. Archived from the original on 13 February 2013. Retrieved 8 March 2013. ^ "Eawag aquatic research". Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology. 25 January 2012. Archived from the original on 25 June 2015. Retrieved 8 March 2013. ^ "Professur für Hydrologie". University of Freiburg. 23 February 2010. Archived from the original on 2 May 2013. Retrieved 8 March 2013. ^ "Water Resources of the United States". USGS. 4 October 2011. Archived from the original on 8 March 2013. Retrieved 8 March 2013. ^ "Office of Hydrologic Development". National Weather Service. NOAA. 28 October 2011. Archived from the original on 18 September 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2013. ^ "Hydrologic Engineering Center". US Army Corps of Engineers. Archived from the original on 8 March 2013. Retrieved 8 March 2013. ^ "Hydrologic Research Center". Hydrologic Research Center. Archived from the original on 10 May 2013. Retrieved 8 March 2013. ^ "NOAA Economics and Social Sciences". NOAA Office of Program Planning and Integration. Archived from the original on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2013. ^ "Center for Natural Hazard and Disasters Research". University of Oklahoma. 17 June 2008. Archived from the original on 24 May 2013. Retrieved 8 March 2013. ^ "National Hydrology Research Centre (Saskatoon, SK)". Environmental Science Centres. Environment Canada. 25 October 2007. Archived from the original on 12 March 2013. Retrieved 8 March 2013. ^ "National Institute of Hydrology (Roorkee), India". NIH Roorkee. Archived from the original on 19 September 2000. Retrieved 1 August 2015. ^ "American Institute of Hydrology". Archived from the original on 26 June 2019. Retrieved 25 September 2019. ^ "Hydrogeology Division". The Geological Society of America. 10 September 2011. Archived from the original on 5 April 2013. Retrieved 8 March 2013. ^ "Welcome to AGU's Hydrology (H) Section". American Geophysical Union. Archived from the original on 2 May 2013. Retrieved 8 March 2013. ^ "National Ground Water Association". Archived from the original on 9 September 2013. Retrieved 8 March 2013. ^ "American Water Resources Association". 2 January 2012. Archived from the original on 24 March 2018. Retrieved 8 March 2013. ^ "CUAHSI". Archived from the original on 15 March 2013. Retrieved 8 March 2013. ^ "International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS)". Associations. International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics. 1 December 2008. Archived from the original on 20 January 2013. Retrieved 8 March 2013. ^ "International Association of Hydrological Sciences". Archived from the original on 11 May 2010. Retrieved 8 March 2013. ^ "International Commission on Statistical Hydrology". STAHY. Archived from the original on 6 June 2013. Retrieved 8 March 2013. ^ Deutsche Hydrologische Gesellschaft Archived 7 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2 September 2013 ^ Nordic Association for Hydrology Archived 24 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2 September 2013 ^ "The British Hydrological Society". Archived from the original on 2 March 2013. Retrieved 8 March 2013. ^ "{title}" Гидрологическая комиссия (in Russian). Russian Geographical Society. Archived from the original on 26 August 2013. Retrieved 8 March 2013. ^ "Hydroweb". The International Association for Environmental Hydrology. Archived from the original on 17 February 2013. Retrieved 8 March 2013. ^ "International Association of Hydrogeologists". Archived from the original on 20 June 2014. Retrieved 19 June 2014. ^ "Society of Hydrologists and Meteorologists". Society of Hydrologists and Meteorologists. Archived from the original on 13 March 2016. Retrieved 12 June 2017. ^ "Connected Waters Initiative (CWI)". University of New South Wales. Archived from the original on 9 April 2013. Retrieved 8 March 2013. ^ "Integrated Water Resource Management in Australia: Case studies – Murray-Darling Basin initiative". Australian Government, Department of the Environment. Australian Government. Archived from the original on 5 February 2014. Retrieved 19 June 2014. ^ Wetzel, R.G. (2001) Limnology: Lake and River Ecosystems, 3rd ed. Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-744760-1 Further reading Eslamian, S., 2014, (ed.) Handbook of Engineering Hydrology, Vol. 1: Fundamentals and Applications, Francis and Taylor, CRC Group, 636 Pages, USA. Eslamian, S., 2014, (ed.) Handbook of Engineering Hydrology, Vol. 2: Modeling, Climate Change and Variability, Francis and Taylor, CRC Group, 646 Pages, USA. Eslamian, S, 2014, (ed.) Handbook of Engineering Hydrology, Vol. 3: Environmental Hydrology and Water Management, Francis and Taylor, CRC Group, 606 Pages, USA. Anderson, Malcolm G.; McDonnell, Jeffrey J., eds. (2005). Encyclopedia of hydrological sciences. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. ISBN 0-471-49103-9. Hendriks, Martin R. (2010). Introduction to physical hydrology. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-929684-2. Hornberger, George M.; Wiberg, Patricia L.; Raffensperger, Jeffrey P.; D'Odorico, Paolo P. (2014). Elements of physical hydrology (2nd ed.). Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 9781421413730. Maidment, David R., ed. (1993). Handbook of hydrology. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-039732-5. McCuen, Richard H. (2005). Hydrologic analysis and design (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson-Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-142424-6. Viessman, Warren Jr.; Gary L. Lewis (2003). Introduction to hydrology (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Education. ISBN 0-673-99337-X. External links Look up hydrology in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Hydrology.nl – Portal to international hydrology and water resources Decision tree to choose an uncertainty method for hydrological and hydraulic modelling (archived 1 June 2013) Experimental Hydrology Wiki vteWaterOverviews Outline Data Model Properties Water dropletStates Liquid Ice Vapor Steam superheated Forms Deuterium-depleted Semiheavy Heavy Tritiated Doubly labeled water Hydronium On Earth Cycle Distribution Hydrosphere Hydrology Hydrobiology Origin Pollution Resources management policy Supply Extraterrestrial Extraterrestrial liquid water Asteroidal water Planetary oceanography Ocean world Hycean planet List of Candidates Specific Europa Mars Moon Enceladus Physical parameters Stratification Ocean stratification Lake stratification Ocean temperature   Portal   Category   Commons   Wiktionary vteEarth science Outline Index Atmospheric science Environmental science Geodesy Geology Geophysics Glaciology Hydrology Meteorology Oceanography Physical geography Soil science Volcanology Category Portal Commons vteEnvironmental scienceMain fields Atmospheric science Biogeochemistry Ecology Environmental chemistry Geosciences Hydrology Limnology Oceanography Soil science Related fields Biology Chemistry green Ecological economics Environmental design Environmental economics Environmental engineering Environmental health epidemiology Environmental studies Environmental humanities Environmental statistics Environmental toxicology Geodesy Physics Radioecology Sustainability science Systems ecology Urban ecology Applications Energy conservation Environmental technology Natural resource management Pollution control Public transport encouragement Recycling Remediation Renewable energy Road ecology Sewage treatment Urban metabolism Water purification Waste management Lists Degrees Journals Research institutes Glossary Environment by year See also Human impact on the environment Sustainability Technogaianism Category scientists Commons Environment portal WikiProject vtePhysical geography Atmospheric science / Meteorology Biogeography / Phytogeography Climatology / Paleoclimatology / Palaeogeography Coastal geography / Oceanography Soil science / Pedology / Edaphology Geobiology Geology Geomorphology Geostatistics Glaciology Hydrology / Limnology Landscape ecology Quaternary science Category Portal Commons vteGeologyOverviews Outline of geology Glossary of geology History of geology Index of geology articles History of geology Geochronology Geological history of Earth Timeline of geology Composition and structure Cosmochemistry Crystallography Geochemistry Mineralogy Petrology Sedimentology Historical geology Stratigraphy Paleontology Paleoclimatology Palaeogeography Dynamic Earth Structural geology Geodynamics Plate tectonics Geomorphology Volcanology Water Glaciology Hydrogeology Marine geology Geodesy Cartography Earth's orbit Geodetic astronomy Geomatics Gravity of Earth Planetary geodesy Remote sensing Geopositioning Geophysics Geomagnetism Geophysical survey Planetary geophysics Seismology Tectonophysics Applications Biogeology Economic geology Engineering geology Environmental geology Planetary geology Geobiology Geologic modelling Forensic geology Forensic geophysics Meteoritics Mining geology Mineral physics Occupations Geologist Petroleum geologist Volcanologist Geology portal Geology Geology Authority control databases National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Japan Czech Republic Other Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine NARA
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hydrology (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrology_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rain_over_Beinn_Eich,_Luss_Hills,_Scotland.jpg"},{"link_name":"catchment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catchment"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language"},{"link_name":"ὕδωρ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BD%95%CE%B4%CF%89%CF%81#Ancient_Greek"},{"link_name":"-λογία","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1#Ancient_Greek"},{"link_name":"-logía","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/-logy"},{"link_name":"water cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle"},{"link_name":"water resources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_resources"},{"link_name":"drainage basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage_basin"},{"link_name":"earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_science"},{"link_name":"environmental science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_science"},{"link_name":"civil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_engineering"},{"link_name":"environmental engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_engineering"},{"link_name":"physical geography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_geography"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USGS-1"},{"link_name":"environmental preservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmentalism"},{"link_name":"natural disasters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_disaster"},{"link_name":"water management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_resource_management"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USGS-1"},{"link_name":"groundwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundwater"},{"link_name":"hydrometeorology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrometeorology"},{"link_name":"surface hydrology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface-water_hydrology"},{"link_name":"hydrogeology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogeology"},{"link_name":"drainage-basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage_basin"},{"link_name":"water quality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_quality"},{"link_name":"Oceanography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanography"},{"link_name":"meteorology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteorology"},{"link_name":"policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_policy"},{"link_name":"planning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_planning"}],"text":"For other uses, see Hydrology (disambiguation).Rain over a Scottish catchment. Understanding the cycling of water into, through, and out of catchments is a key element of hydrology.Hydrology (from Ancient Greek ὕδωρ (húdōr) 'water', and -λογία (-logía) 'study of') is the scientific study of the movement, distribution, and management of water on Earth and other planets, including the water cycle, water resources, and drainage basin sustainability. A practitioner of hydrology is called a hydrologist. Hydrologists are scientists studying earth or environmental science, civil or environmental engineering, and physical geography.[1] Using various analytical methods and scientific techniques, they collect and analyze data to help solve water related problems such as environmental preservation, natural disasters, and water management.[1]Hydrology subdivides into surface water hydrology, groundwater hydrology (hydrogeology), and marine hydrology. Domains of hydrology include hydrometeorology, surface hydrology, hydrogeology, drainage-basin management, and water quality.Oceanography and meteorology are not included because water is only one of many important aspects within those fields.Hydrological research can inform environmental engineering, policy, and planning.","title":"Hydrology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chemical hydrology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_hydrology"},{"link_name":"Ecohydrology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecohydrology"},{"link_name":"Hydrogeology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogeology"},{"link_name":"groundwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundwater"},{"link_name":"Hydrogeochemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogeochemistry"},{"link_name":"weathering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weathering"},{"link_name":"Hydroinformatics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroinformatics"},{"link_name":"Hydrometeorology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrometeorology"},{"link_name":"Isotope hydrology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotope_hydrology"},{"link_name":"Surface hydrology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface-water_hydrology"},{"link_name":"Drainage basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage_basin"},{"link_name":"Water quality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_quality"}],"text":"Chemical hydrology is the study of the chemical characteristics of water.\nEcohydrology is the study of interactions between organisms and the hydrologic cycle.\nHydrogeology is the study of the presence and movement of groundwater.\nHydrogeochemistry is the study of how terrestrial water dissolves minerals weathering and this effect on water chemistry.\nHydroinformatics is the adaptation of information technology to hydrology and water resources applications.\nHydrometeorology is the study of the transfer of water and energy between land and water body surfaces and the lower atmosphere.\nIsotope hydrology is the study of the isotopic signatures of water.\nSurface hydrology is the study of hydrologic processes that operate at or near Earth's surface.\nDrainage basin management covers water storage, in the form of reservoirs, and floods protection.\nWater quality includes the chemistry of water in rivers and lakes, both of pollutants and natural solutes.","title":"Branches"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rainfall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainfall"},{"link_name":"Evapotranspiration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evapotranspiration"},{"link_name":"surface runoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_runoff"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"water balance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_balance"},{"link_name":"agricultural water balance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrology_(agriculture)"},{"link_name":"riparian-zone restoration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riparian-zone_restoration"},{"link_name":"flood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood"},{"link_name":"landslide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landslide"},{"link_name":"Drought","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drought"},{"link_name":"flood forecasting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood_forecasting"},{"link_name":"flood warning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood_warning"},{"link_name":"irrigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigation"},{"link_name":"catastrophe modeling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catastrophe_modeling"},{"link_name":"drinking water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_water"},{"link_name":"dams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dams"},{"link_name":"water supply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply"},{"link_name":"hydroelectric power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity"},{"link_name":"bridges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge"},{"link_name":"sewers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanitary_sewer"},{"link_name":"antecedent moisture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antecedent_moisture"},{"link_name":"geomorphologic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geomorphology"},{"link_name":"erosion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erosion"},{"link_name":"sedimentation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentation"},{"link_name":"water resources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_resources"},{"link_name":"contaminant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution"},{"link_name":"Water resources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_resources"}],"text":"Calculation of rainfall.\nCalculation of Evapotranspiration\nCalculating surface runoff and precipitation.\nDetermining the water balance of a region.\nDetermining the agricultural water balance.\nDesigning riparian-zone restoration projects.\nMitigating and predicting flood, landslide and Drought risk.\nReal-time flood forecasting, flood warning, Flood Frequency Analysis\nDesigning irrigation schemes and managing agricultural productivity.\nPart of the hazard module in catastrophe modeling.\nProviding drinking water.\nDesigning dams for water supply or hydroelectric power generation.\nDesigning bridges.\nDesigning sewers and urban drainage systems.\nAnalyzing the impacts of antecedent moisture on sanitary sewer systems.\nPredicting geomorphologic changes, such as erosion or sedimentation.\nAssessing the impacts of natural and anthropogenic environmental change on water resources.\nAssessing contaminant transport risk and establishing environmental policy guidelines.\nEstimating the water resource potential of river basins.\nWater resources management.","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caesarea_maritima_BW_3.JPG"},{"link_name":"Caesarea Maritima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima"},{"link_name":"Carmel mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Carmel"},{"link_name":"Ancient Egyptians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Mesopotamian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia"},{"link_name":"Aqueducts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqueduct_(watercourse)"},{"link_name":"Greeks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece"},{"link_name":"Romans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Romans"},{"link_name":"history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_China"},{"link_name":"Sinhalese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinhalese_people"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka"},{"link_name":"Valve Pit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valve_Pit&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"anicuts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anicut"},{"link_name":"Marcus Vitruvius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitruvius"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Leonardo da Vinci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci"},{"link_name":"Bernard Palissy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Palissy"},{"link_name":"Pierre Perrault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Perrault_(scientist)"},{"link_name":"Edme Mariotte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edme_Mariotte"},{"link_name":"Edmund Halley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Halley"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Bernoulli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Bernoulli"},{"link_name":"piezometer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piezometer"},{"link_name":"Bernoulli's equation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernoulli%27s_equation"},{"link_name":"Daniel Bernoulli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Bernoulli"},{"link_name":"Pitot tube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitot_tube"},{"link_name":"Henri Pitot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Pitot"},{"link_name":"Darcy's law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darcy%27s_law"},{"link_name":"Poiseuille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poiseuille"},{"link_name":"unit hydrograph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_hydrograph"},{"link_name":"Robert E. Horton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_E._Horton"},{"link_name":"geographic information systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_information_systems"},{"link_name":"GIS and hydrology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GIS_and_hydrology"}],"text":"The Roman aqueduct at Caesarea Maritima, bringing water from the wetter Carmel mountains to the settlementHydrology has been subject to investigation and engineering for millennia. Ancient Egyptians were one of the first to employ hydrology in their engineering and agriculture, inventing a form of water management known as basin irrigation.[2] Mesopotamian towns were protected from flooding with high earthen walls. Aqueducts were built by the Greeks and Romans, while history shows that the Chinese built irrigation and flood control works. The ancient Sinhalese used hydrology to build complex irrigation works in Sri Lanka, also known for the invention of the Valve Pit which allowed construction of large reservoirs, anicuts and canals which still function.Marcus Vitruvius, in the first century BC, described a philosophical theory of the hydrologic cycle, in which precipitation falling in the mountains infiltrated the Earth's surface and led to streams and springs in the lowlands.[3] With the adoption of a more scientific approach, Leonardo da Vinci and Bernard Palissy independently reached an accurate representation of the hydrologic cycle. It was not until the 17th century that hydrologic variables began to be quantified.Pioneers of the modern science of hydrology include Pierre Perrault, Edme Mariotte and Edmund Halley. By measuring rainfall, runoff, and drainage area, Perrault showed that rainfall was sufficient to account for the flow of the Seine. Mariotte combined velocity and river cross-section measurements to obtain a discharge value, again in the Seine. Halley showed that the evaporation from the Mediterranean Sea was sufficient to account for the outflow of rivers flowing into the sea.[4]Advances in the 18th century included the Bernoulli piezometer and Bernoulli's equation, by Daniel Bernoulli, and the Pitot tube, by Henri Pitot. The 19th century saw development in groundwater hydrology, including Darcy's law, the Dupuit-Thiem well formula, and Hagen-Poiseuille's capillary flow equation.Rational analyses began to replace empiricism in the 20th century, while governmental agencies began their own hydrological research programs. Of particular importance were Leroy Sherman's unit hydrograph, the infiltration theory of Robert E. Horton, and C.V. Theis' aquifer test/equation describing well hydraulics.Since the 1950s, hydrology has been approached with a more theoretical basis than in the past, facilitated by advances in the physical understanding of hydrological processes and by the advent of computers and especially geographic information systems (GIS). (See also GIS and hydrology)","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth"}],"text":"The central theme of hydrology is that water circulates throughout the Earth through different pathways and at different rates. The most vivid image of this is in the evaporation of water from the ocean, which forms clouds. These clouds drift over the land and produce rain. The rainwater flows into lakes, rivers, or aquifers. The water in lakes, rivers, and aquifers then either evaporates back to the atmosphere or eventually flows back to the ocean, completing a cycle. Water changes its state of being several times throughout this cycle.The areas of research within hydrology concern the movement of water between its various states, or within a given state, or simply quantifying the amounts in these states in a given region. Parts of hydrology concern developing methods for directly measuring these flows or amounts of water, while others concern modeling these processes either for scientific knowledge or for making a prediction in practical applications.","title":"Themes"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Building_a_map_of_groundwater_countours.gif"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USGS-1"},{"link_name":"hydrogeology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogeology"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"aquifer test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquifer_test"},{"link_name":"piezometer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piezometer"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vereecken-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wilson-7"}],"sub_title":"Groundwater","text":"Building a map of groundwater contoursGround water is water beneath Earth's surface, often pumped for drinking water.[1] Groundwater hydrology (hydrogeology) considers quantifying groundwater flow and solute transport.[5] Problems in describing the saturated zone include the characterization of aquifers in terms of flow direction, groundwater pressure and, by inference, groundwater depth (see: aquifer test). Measurements here can be made using a piezometer. Aquifers are also described in terms of hydraulic conductivity, storativity and transmissivity. There are a number of geophysical methods[6] for characterizing aquifers. There are also problems in characterizing the vadose zone (unsaturated zone).[7]","title":"Themes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"percolates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percolation"},{"link_name":"water table","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_table"},{"link_name":"hydraulic head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_head"},{"link_name":"capillary action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capillary_action"},{"link_name":"Compaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compaction_(geology)"},{"link_name":"viscosity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscosity"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reddy-8"}],"sub_title":"Infiltration","text":"Infiltration is the process by which water enters the soil. Some of the water is absorbed, and the rest percolates down to the water table. The infiltration capacity, the maximum rate at which the soil can absorb water, depends on several factors. The layer that is already saturated provides a resistance that is proportional to its thickness, while that plus the depth of water above the soil provides the driving force (hydraulic head). Dry soil can allow rapid infiltration by capillary action; this force diminishes as the soil becomes wet. Compaction reduces the porosity and the pore sizes. Surface cover increases capacity by retarding runoff, reducing compaction and other processes. Higher temperatures reduce viscosity, increasing infiltration.[8]: 250–275","title":"Themes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"capacitance probe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitance_probe"},{"link_name":"time domain reflectometer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_domain_reflectometer"},{"link_name":"tensiometer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensiometer_(soil_science)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Soil moisture","text":"Soil moisture can be measured in various ways; by capacitance probe, time domain reflectometer or tensiometer. Other methods include solute sampling and geophysical methods.[9]","title":"Themes"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wlmm3_hg.png"},{"link_name":"flood hydrograph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrograph"},{"link_name":"stage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stage_(hydrology)"},{"link_name":"Shawsheen River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawsheen_River"},{"link_name":"stream gauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stream_gauge"},{"link_name":"discharge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discharge_(hydrology)"}],"sub_title":"Surface water flow","text":"A flood hydrograph showing stage for the Shawsheen River at WilmingtonHydrology considers quantifying surface water flow and solute transport, although the treatment of flows in large rivers is sometimes considered as a distinct topic of hydraulics or hydrodynamics. Surface water flow can include flow both in recognizable river channels and otherwise. Methods for measuring flow once the water has reached a river include the stream gauge (see: discharge), and tracer techniques. Other topics include chemical transport as part of surface water, sediment transport and erosion.One of the important areas of hydrology is the interchange between rivers and aquifers. Groundwater/surface water interactions in streams and aquifers can be complex and the direction of net water flux (into surface water or into the aquifer) may vary spatially along a stream channel and over time at any particular location, depending on the relationship between stream stage and groundwater levels.","title":"Themes"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2013-10-14_12_27_49_National_Weather_Service_Standard_Rain_Gauge.JPG"},{"link_name":"NOAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOAA"},{"link_name":"rain gauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rain_gauge"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"disdrometer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disdrometer"},{"link_name":"radar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar"},{"link_name":"rain gauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rain_gauge"},{"link_name":"satellite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite"},{"link_name":"Evaporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaporation"},{"link_name":"sling psychrometer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sling_psychrometer"},{"link_name":"evaporation pan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaporation_pan"}],"sub_title":"Precipitation and evaporation","text":"A standard NOAA rain gaugeIn some considerations, hydrology is thought of as starting at the land-atmosphere boundary[10] and so it is important to have adequate knowledge of both precipitation and evaporation. Precipitation can be measured in various ways: disdrometer for precipitation characteristics at a fine time scale; radar for cloud properties, rain rate estimation, hail and snow detection; rain gauge for routine accurate measurements of rain and snowfall; satellite for rainy area identification, rain rate estimation, land-cover/land-use, and soil moisture, for example.Evaporation is an important part of the water cycle. It is partly affected by humidity, which can be measured by a sling psychrometer. It is also affected by the presence of snow, hail, and ice and can relate to dew, mist and fog. Hydrology considers evaporation of various forms: from water surfaces; as transpiration\nfrom plant surfaces in natural and agronomic ecosystems. Direct measurement of evaporation can be obtained using Simon's evaporation pan.Detailed studies of evaporation involve boundary layer considerations as well as momentum, heat flux, and energy budgets.","title":"Themes"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NASA%27s_GRACE_Sees_Major_Water_Losses_in_Middle_East.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tigris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris"},{"link_name":"Euphrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphrates"},{"link_name":"GRACE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRACE_(satellite)"},{"link_name":"surface water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_water"},{"link_name":"soil moisture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_moisture"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"evapotranspiration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evapotranspiration"},{"link_name":"snow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow"},{"link_name":"ice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"satellite sensors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_observation_satellite"},{"link_name":"microwave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_microwave_sensor"},{"link_name":"thermal and near-infrared","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-infrared"},{"link_name":"lidar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidar"}],"sub_title":"Remote sensing","text":"Estimates of changes in water storage around the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, measured by NASA's GRACE satellites. The satellites measure tiny changes in gravitational acceleration, which can then be processed to reveal movement of water due to changes in its total mass.Remote sensing of hydrologic processes can provide information on locations where in situ sensors may be unavailable or sparse. It also enables observations over large spatial extents. Many of the variables constituting the terrestrial water balance, for example surface water storage, soil moisture, precipitation, evapotranspiration, and snow and ice, are measurable using remote sensing at various spatial-temporal resolutions and accuracies.[11] Sources of remote sensing include land-based sensors, airborne sensors and satellite sensors which can capture microwave, thermal and near-infrared data or use lidar, for example.","title":"Themes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"microbiological analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriological_water_analysis"}],"sub_title":"Water quality","text":"In hydrology, studies of water quality concern organic and inorganic compounds, and both dissolved and sediment material. In addition, water quality is affected by the interaction of dissolved oxygen with organic material and various chemical transformations that may take place. Measurements of water quality may involve either in-situ methods, in which analyses take place on-site, often automatically, and laboratory-based analyses and may include microbiological analysis.","title":"Themes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Parameter estimation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parameter_estimation"},{"link_name":"Data assimilation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_assimilation"},{"link_name":"Double mass analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_mass_analysis"}],"sub_title":"Integrating measurement and modelling","text":"Budget analyses\nParameter estimation\nScaling in time and space\nData assimilation\nQuality control of data – see for example Double mass analysis","title":"Themes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"predictions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predictions"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Prediction","text":"Observations of hydrologic processes are used to make predictions of the future behavior of hydrologic systems (water flow, water quality).[12] One of the major current concerns in hydrologic research is \"Prediction in Ungauged Basins\" (PUB), i.e. in basins where no or only very few data exist.[13]","title":"Themes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"return period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return_period"},{"link_name":"engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineers"},{"link_name":"risk analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk_analysis_(business)"},{"link_name":"residential","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residential"}],"sub_title":"Statistical hydrology","text":"The aims of Statistical hydrology is to provide appropriate statistical methods for analyzing and modeling various parts of the hydrological cycle.[14] By analyzing the statistical properties of hydrologic records, such as rainfall or river flow, hydrologists can estimate future hydrologic phenomena. When making assessments of how often relatively rare events will occur, analyses are made in terms of the return period of such events. Other quantities of interest include the average flow in a river, in a year or by season.These estimates are important for engineers and economists so that proper risk analysis can be performed to influence investment decisions in future infrastructure and to determine the yield reliability characteristics of water supply systems. Statistical information is utilized to formulate operating rules for large dams forming part of systems which include agricultural, industrial and residential demands.","title":"Themes"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shetran_plan_view_dunsop.jpg"},{"link_name":"catchment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catchment"},{"link_name":"SHETRAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHETRAN"},{"link_name":"scientific modeling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_modeling"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"black box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_box_(systems)"},{"link_name":"runoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_runoff"},{"link_name":"regression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regression_analysis"},{"link_name":"transfer functions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer_function"},{"link_name":"system identification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_identification"},{"link_name":"surface runoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_runoff"},{"link_name":"subsurface flow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsurface_flow"},{"link_name":"evapotranspiration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evapotranspiration"},{"link_name":"channel flow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_channel_flow"},{"link_name":"behavior of hydrologic systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_modeling_in_hydrology"}],"sub_title":"Modeling","text":"Plan view of water flow through a catchment simulated by the SHETRAN hydrological modelling systemHydrological models are simplified, conceptual representations of a part of the hydrologic cycle. They are primarily used for hydrological prediction and for understanding hydrological processes, within the general field of scientific modeling. Two major types of hydrological models can be distinguished:[15]Models based on data. These models are black box systems, using mathematical and statistical concepts to link a certain input (for instance rainfall) to the model output (for instance runoff). Commonly used techniques are regression, transfer functions, and system identification. The simplest of these models may be linear models, but it is common to deploy non-linear components to represent some general aspects of a catchment's response without going deeply into the real physical processes involved. An example of such an aspect is the well-known behavior that a catchment will respond much more quickly and strongly when it is already wet than when it is dry.\nModels based on process descriptions. These models try to represent the physical processes observed in the real world. Typically, such models contain representations of surface runoff, subsurface flow, evapotranspiration, and channel flow, but they can be far more complicated. Within this category, models can be divided into conceptual and deterministic. Conceptual models link simplified representations of the hydrological processes in an area, whereas deterministic models seek to resolve as much of the physics of a system as possible. These models can be subdivided into single-event models and continuous simulation models.Recent research in hydrological modeling tries to have a more global approach to the understanding of the behavior of hydrologic systems to make better predictions and to face the major challenges in water resources management.","title":"Themes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"point source","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_source_(pollution)"},{"link_name":"line source","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_source"},{"link_name":"area source","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_source_(pollution)"},{"link_name":"surface runoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_runoff"},{"link_name":"mathematical models","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_model"},{"link_name":"nutrients","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrient"},{"link_name":"pesticides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide"},{"link_name":"total dissolved solids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_dissolved_solids"},{"link_name":"sediment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sediment"}],"sub_title":"Transport","text":"Water movement is a significant means by which other materials, such as soil, gravel, boulders or pollutants, are transported from place to place. Initial input to receiving waters may arise from a point source discharge or a line source or area source, such as surface runoff. Since the 1960s rather complex mathematical models have been developed, facilitated by the availability of high-speed computers. The most common pollutant classes analyzed are nutrients, pesticides, total dissolved solids and sediment.","title":"Themes"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Organizations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"International Hydrological Programme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Hydrological_Programme"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Intergovernmental organizations","text":"International Hydrological Programme (IHP)[16]","title":"Organizations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"International Water Management Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Water_Management_Institute"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"International research bodies","text":"International Water Management Institute (IWMI)[17]\nUN-IHE Delft Institute for Water Education[18]","title":"Organizations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Centre for Ecology and Hydrology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_for_Ecology_and_Hydrology"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Cranfield University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranfield_University"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"United States Geological Survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"NOAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration"},{"link_name":"National Weather Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Weather_Service"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"US Army Corps of Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Army_Corps_of_Engineers"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Hydrologic Research Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrologic_Research_Center"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"National Hydrology Research Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Hydrology_Research_Centre"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"National Institute of Hydrology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Hydrology"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"National research bodies","text":"Centre for Ecology and Hydrology – UK[19]\nCentre for Water Science, Cranfield University, UK[20]\neawag – aquatic research, ETH Zürich, Switzerland[21]\nInstitute of Hydrology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Germany[22]\nUnited States Geological Survey – Water Resources of the United States[23]\nNOAA's National Weather Service – Office of Hydrologic Development, US[24]\nUS Army Corps of Engineers Hydrologic Engineering Center, US[25]\nHydrologic Research Center, US[26]\nNOAA Economics and Social Sciences, United States[27]\nUniversity of Oklahoma Center for Natural Hazards and Disasters Research, US[28]\nNational Hydrology Research Centre, Canada[29]\nNational Institute of Hydrology, India[30]","title":"Organizations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Geological Society of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geological_Society_of_America"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"American Geophysical Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Geophysical_Union"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"National Ground Water Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Ground_Water_Association"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"American Water Resources Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Water_Resources_Association"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"International Association of Hydrological Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_of_Hydrological_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Società Idrologica Italiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.sii-ihs.it"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"British Hydrological Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Hydrological_Society"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"International Association of Hydrogeologists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_of_Hydrogeologists"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Society of Hydrologists and Meteorologists – Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//soham.org.np/"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"}],"sub_title":"National and international societies","text":"American Institute of Hydrology (AIH)[31]\nGeological Society of America (GSA) – Hydrogeology Division[32]\nAmerican Geophysical Union (AGU) – Hydrology Section[33]\nNational Ground Water Association (NGWA)[34]\nAmerican Water Resources Association[35]\nConsortium of Universities for the Advancement of Hydrologic Science, Inc. (CUAHSI)[36]\nInternational Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS)[37][38]\nStatistics in Hydrology Working Group (subgroup of IAHS)[39]\nGerman Hydrological Society (DHG: Deutsche Hydrologische Gesellschaft)[40]\nItalian Hydrological Society (SII-IHS) – Società Idrologica Italiana\nNordic Association for Hydrology[41]\nBritish Hydrological Society[42]\nRussian Geographical Society (Moscow Center) – Hydrology Commission[43]\nInternational Association for Environmental Hydrology[44]\nInternational Association of Hydrogeologists[45]\nSociety of Hydrologists and Meteorologists – Nepal [46]","title":"Organizations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Murray Darling Basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray%E2%80%93Darling_basin"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"sub_title":"Basin- and catchment-wide overviews","text":"Connected Waters Initiative, University of New South Wales[47] – Investigating and raising awareness of groundwater and water resource issues in Australia\nMurray Darling Basin Initiative, Department of Environment and Heritage, Australia[48]","title":"Organizations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"International Journal of Hydrology Science and Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.inderscience.com/jhome.php?jcode=ijhst"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1099-1085","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1099-1085"},{"link_name":"John Wiley & Sons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0029-1277","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0029-1277"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1464-7141","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1464-7141"},{"link_name":"Journal of Hydrologic Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Hydrologic_Engineering"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0733-9496","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0733-9496"},{"link_name":"ASCE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_Civil_Engineers"},{"link_name":"Journal of Hydrology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Hydrology"},{"link_name":"Water Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_Research"},{"link_name":"Water Resources Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_Resources_Research"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0262-6667","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0262-6667"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2150-3435","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:2150-3435"},{"link_name":"Hydrology and Earth System Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrology_and_Earth_System_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Journal of Hydrometeorology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Hydrometeorology"}],"text":"International Journal of Hydrology Science and Technology\nHydrological Processes, ISSN 1099-1085 (electronic) 0885-6087 (paper), John Wiley & Sons\nHydrology Research, ISSN 0029-1277, IWA Publishing (formerly Nordic Hydrology)\nJournal of Hydroinformatics, ISSN 1464-7141, IWA Publishing\nJournal of Hydrologic Engineering, ISSN 0733-9496, ASCE Publication\nJournal of Hydrology\nWater Research\nWater Resources Research\nHydrological Sciences Journal - Journal of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS) ISSN 0262-6667 (Print), ISSN 2150-3435 (Online)\nHydrology and Earth System Sciences\nJournal of Hydrometeorology","title":"Research journals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-471-49103-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-49103-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-929684-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-929684-2"},{"link_name":"Wiberg, Patricia L.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia_Wiberg"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781421413730","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781421413730"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-07-039732-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-039732-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-13-142424-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-142424-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-673-99337-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-673-99337-X"}],"text":"Eslamian, S., 2014, (ed.) Handbook of Engineering Hydrology, Vol. 1: Fundamentals and Applications, Francis and Taylor, CRC Group, 636 Pages, USA.\nEslamian, S., 2014, (ed.) Handbook of Engineering Hydrology, Vol. 2: Modeling, Climate Change and Variability, Francis and Taylor, CRC Group, 646 Pages, USA.\nEslamian, S, 2014, (ed.) Handbook of Engineering Hydrology, Vol. 3: Environmental Hydrology and Water Management, Francis and Taylor, CRC Group, 606 Pages, USA.\nAnderson, Malcolm G.; McDonnell, Jeffrey J., eds. (2005). Encyclopedia of hydrological sciences. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. ISBN 0-471-49103-9.\nHendriks, Martin R. (2010). Introduction to physical hydrology. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-929684-2.\nHornberger, George M.; Wiberg, Patricia L.; Raffensperger, Jeffrey P.; D'Odorico, Paolo P. (2014). Elements of physical hydrology (2nd ed.). Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 9781421413730.\nMaidment, David R., ed. (1993). Handbook of hydrology. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-039732-5.\nMcCuen, Richard H. (2005). Hydrologic analysis and design (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson-Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-142424-6.\nViessman, Warren Jr.; Gary L. Lewis (2003). Introduction to hydrology (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Education. ISBN 0-673-99337-X.","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Rain over a Scottish catchment. Understanding the cycling of water into, through, and out of catchments is a key element of hydrology.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Rain_over_Beinn_Eich%2C_Luss_Hills%2C_Scotland.jpg/400px-Rain_over_Beinn_Eich%2C_Luss_Hills%2C_Scotland.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Roman aqueduct at Caesarea Maritima, bringing water from the wetter Carmel mountains to the settlement","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Caesarea_maritima_BW_3.JPG/300px-Caesarea_maritima_BW_3.JPG"},{"image_text":"Building a map of groundwater contours","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Building_a_map_of_groundwater_countours.gif/250px-Building_a_map_of_groundwater_countours.gif"},{"image_text":"A flood hydrograph showing stage for the Shawsheen River at Wilmington","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Wlmm3_hg.png/250px-Wlmm3_hg.png"},{"image_text":"A standard NOAA rain gauge","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/2013-10-14_12_27_49_National_Weather_Service_Standard_Rain_Gauge.JPG/245px-2013-10-14_12_27_49_National_Weather_Service_Standard_Rain_Gauge.JPG"},{"image_text":"Estimates of changes in water storage around the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, measured by NASA's GRACE satellites. The satellites measure tiny changes in gravitational acceleration, which can then be processed to reveal movement of water due to changes in its total mass.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/NASA%27s_GRACE_Sees_Major_Water_Losses_in_Middle_East.jpg/250px-NASA%27s_GRACE_Sees_Major_Water_Losses_in_Middle_East.jpg"},{"image_text":"Plan view of water flow through a catchment simulated by the SHETRAN hydrological modelling system","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Shetran_plan_view_dunsop.jpg/220px-Shetran_plan_view_dunsop.jpg"},{"image_text":"Water droplet","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Water_drop_001.jpg/70px-Water_drop_001.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Aqueous solution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqueous_solution"},{"title":"Climatology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climatology"},{"title":"Environmental engineering science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_engineering_science"},{"title":"Geological Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geological_Engineering"},{"title":"Green Kenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Kenue"},{"title":"Hydraulics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulics"},{"title":"HydroCAD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HydroCAD"},{"title":"Hydrography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrography"},{"title":"Hydrology (agriculture)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrology_(agriculture)"},{"title":"International Hydrological Programme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Hydrological_Programme"},{"title":"Nash–Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nash%E2%80%93Sutcliffe_model_efficiency_coefficient"},{"title":"Outline of hydrology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_hydrology"},{"title":"Potamal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potamal"},{"title":"Socio-hydrology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socio-hydrology"},{"title":"Soil science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_science"},{"title":"Water distribution on Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_distribution_on_Earth"},{"title":"WEAP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WEAP"},{"title":"Catchment hydrology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catchment_hydrology"},{"title":"Oceanography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanography"},{"title":"Meteorology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteorology"},{"title":"Limnology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limnology"},{"title":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wetzel-49"},{"title":"Water resources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_resources"}]
[{"reference":"\"What is hydrology and what do hydrologists do?\". USA.gov. U.S. Geological Survey. Archived from the original on 19 September 2015. Retrieved 7 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150919135804/http://water.usgs.gov/edu/hydrology.html","url_text":"\"What is hydrology and what do hydrologists do?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Geological_Survey","url_text":"U.S. Geological Survey"},{"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/edu/hydrology.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Postel, Sandra (1999). \"Egypt's Nile Valley Basin Irrigation\" (PDF). waterhistory.com. Excerpted from Pillar of Sand: Can the Irrigation Miracle Last?. W.W. Norton.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.waterhistory.org/histories/nile/nile.pdf","url_text":"\"Egypt's Nile Valley Basin Irrigation\""}]},{"reference":"Gregory, Kenneth J.; Lewin, John (2014). The Basics of Geomorphology: Key Concepts. SAGE. ISBN 978-1-4739-0895-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lt3SAwAAQBAJ&q=marcus+vitruvius&pg=PT100","url_text":"The Basics of Geomorphology: Key Concepts"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4739-0895-6","url_text":"978-1-4739-0895-6"}]},{"reference":"Biswat, Asit K (1970). \"Edmond Halley, F.S.R., Hydrologist Extraordinary\". Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London. 25. Royal Society Publishing: 47–57. doi:10.1098/rsnr.1970.0004.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsnr.1970.0004","url_text":"\"Edmond Halley, F.S.R., Hydrologist Extraordinary\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsnr.1970.0004","url_text":"10.1098/rsnr.1970.0004"}]},{"reference":"Graf, T.; Simmons, C. T. (February 2009). \"Variable-density groundwater flow and solute transport in fractured rock: Applicability of the Tang et al. [1981] analytical solution\". Water Resources Research. 45 (2): W02425. Bibcode:2009WRR....45.2425G. doi:10.1029/2008WR007278. S2CID 133884299.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009WRR....45.2425G","url_text":"2009WRR....45.2425G"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2008WR007278","url_text":"10.1029/2008WR007278"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:133884299","url_text":"133884299"}]},{"reference":"Vereecken, H.; Kemna, A.; Münch, H. M.; Tillmann, A.; Verweerd, A. (2006). \"Aquifer Characterization by Geophysical Methods\". Encyclopedia of Hydrological Sciences. John Wiley & Sons. doi:10.1002/0470848944.hsa154b. ISBN 0-471-49103-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F0470848944.hsa154b","url_text":"10.1002/0470848944.hsa154b"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-49103-9","url_text":"0-471-49103-9"}]},{"reference":"Wilson, L. Gray; Everett, Lorne G.; Cullen, Stephen J. (1994). Handbook of Vadose Zone Characterization & Monitoring. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-87371-610-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87371-610-9","url_text":"978-0-87371-610-9"}]},{"reference":"Reddy, P. Jaya Rami (2007). A Textbook of Hydrology (Reprint. ed.). New Delhi: Laxmi Publ. ISBN 9788170080992.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788170080992","url_text":"9788170080992"}]},{"reference":"Wood, Paul J.; Hannah, David M.; Sadler, Jonathan P. (28 February 2008). Hydroecology and Ecohydrology: Past, Present and Future. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-01018-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uLiL5xEd680C&pg=PA113","url_text":"Hydroecology and Ecohydrology: Past, Present and Future"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-01018-1","url_text":"978-0-470-01018-1"}]},{"reference":"Tang, Q.; Gao, H.; Lu, H.; Lettenmaier, D. P. (6 October 2009). \"Remote sensing: hydrology\". Progress in Physical Geography. 33 (4): 490–509. Bibcode:2009PrPG...33..490T. doi:10.1177/0309133309346650. S2CID 140643598.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_P._Lettenmaier","url_text":"Lettenmaier, D. P."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009PrPG...33..490T","url_text":"2009PrPG...33..490T"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0309133309346650","url_text":"10.1177/0309133309346650"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:140643598","url_text":"140643598"}]},{"reference":"Archibald, J.A.; Buchanan, B.P.; Fuka, D.R.; Georgakakos, C.B.; Lyon, S.W.; Walter, M.T. (July 2014). \"A simple, regionally parameterized model for predicting nonpoint source areas in the northeastern US\". Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies. 1: 74–91. Bibcode:2014JHyRS...1...74A. doi:10.1016/j.ejrh.2014.06.003.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ejrh.2014.06.003","url_text":"\"A simple, regionally parameterized model for predicting nonpoint source areas in the northeastern US\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JHyRS...1...74A","url_text":"2014JHyRS...1...74A"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ejrh.2014.06.003","url_text":"10.1016/j.ejrh.2014.06.003"}]},{"reference":"Beck, Hylke E.; Pan, Ming; Lin, Peirong; Seibert, Jan; Dijk, Albert I. J. M.; Wood, Eric F. (16 September 2020). \"Global Fully Distributed Parameter Regionalization Based on Observed Streamflow From 4,229 Headwater Catchments\". Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 125 (17). Bibcode:2020JGRD..12531485B. doi:10.1029/2019JD031485. 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Society of Hydrologists and Meteorologists. Archived from the original on 13 March 2016. Retrieved 12 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://soham.org.np/","url_text":"\"Society of Hydrologists and Meteorologists\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160313122542/http://soham.org.np/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Connected Waters Initiative (CWI)\". University of New South Wales. Archived from the original on 9 April 2013. Retrieved 8 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.connectedwaters.unsw.edu.au/","url_text":"\"Connected Waters Initiative (CWI)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130409231617/https://www.connectedwaters.unsw.edu.au/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Integrated Water Resource Management in Australia: Case studies – Murray-Darling Basin initiative\". Australian Government, Department of the Environment. Australian Government. Archived from the original on 5 February 2014. Retrieved 19 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.environment.gov.au/node/24407","url_text":"\"Integrated Water Resource Management in Australia: Case studies – Murray-Darling Basin initiative\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140205175227/http://www.environment.gov.au/node/24407","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Anderson, Malcolm G.; McDonnell, Jeffrey J., eds. (2005). Encyclopedia of hydrological sciences. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. ISBN 0-471-49103-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-49103-9","url_text":"0-471-49103-9"}]},{"reference":"Hendriks, Martin R. (2010). Introduction to physical hydrology. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-929684-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-929684-2","url_text":"978-0-19-929684-2"}]},{"reference":"Hornberger, George M.; Wiberg, Patricia L.; Raffensperger, Jeffrey P.; D'Odorico, Paolo P. (2014). Elements of physical hydrology (2nd ed.). Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 9781421413730.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia_Wiberg","url_text":"Wiberg, Patricia L."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781421413730","url_text":"9781421413730"}]},{"reference":"Maidment, David R., ed. (1993). Handbook of hydrology. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-039732-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-039732-5","url_text":"0-07-039732-5"}]},{"reference":"McCuen, Richard H. (2005). Hydrologic analysis and design (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson-Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-142424-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-142424-6","url_text":"0-13-142424-6"}]},{"reference":"Viessman, Warren Jr.; Gary L. Lewis (2003). Introduction to hydrology (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Education. ISBN 0-673-99337-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-673-99337-X","url_text":"0-673-99337-X"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_Pittsburgh_Pirates_season
1960 Pittsburgh Pirates season
["1 Offseason","1.1 Notable transactions","2 Season standings","2.1 National League","2.2 Record vs. opponents","2.3 Detailed records","3 Regular season","3.1 Game log","3.2 Composite Box","3.3 Opening Day Lineup","3.4 Notable transactions","3.5 Roster","4 Postseason","4.1 1960 World Series","4.2 Game 1","4.3 Game 2","4.4 Game 3","4.5 Game 4","4.6 Game 5","4.7 Game 6","4.8 Game 7","4.9 Game log","4.10 Composite Box","5 Statistics","6 Awards and honors","6.1 All-Stars","6.2 League leaders","7 Farm system","8 Notes","9 References"]
Major League Baseball season Major League Baseball team season 1960 Pittsburgh PiratesWorld Series Champions National League ChampionsLeagueNational LeagueBallparkForbes FieldCityPittsburgh, PennsylvaniaOwnersJohn W. Galbreath (majority shareholder); Bing Crosby, Thomas P. Johnson (minority shareholders)General managersJoe L. BrownManagersDanny MurtaughTelevisionKDKA-TV 2(Bob Prince, Jim Woods)RadioKDKA–AM 1020(Bob Prince, Paul Long, Jim Woods)StatsESPN.comBB-reference ← 1959 Seasons 1961 → The 1960 Pittsburgh Pirates season was the team's 79th season. The team finished with a record of 95–59, seven games in front of the second-place Milwaukee Braves to win their first National League championship in 33 seasons. The team went on to play the heavily favored New York Yankees, whom they defeated 4 games to 3 in one of the most storied World Series ever. Offseason At the 1959 Winter Meetings, Pirates general manager Joe L. Brown had agreed to trade Dick Groat to the Kansas City Athletics in exchange for Roger Maris. Pirates manager Danny Murtaugh had advised Brown that he did not want to lose Groat, and the deal was never finalized. Notable transactions Prior to 1960 season: José Martínez was signed as an amateur free agent by the Pirates. Season standings National League vteNational League W L Pct. GB Home Road Pittsburgh Pirates 95 59 0.617 — 52–25 43–34 Milwaukee Braves 88 66 0.571 7 51–26 37–40 St. Louis Cardinals 86 68 0.558 9 51–26 35–42 Los Angeles Dodgers 82 72 0.532 13 42–35 40–37 San Francisco Giants 79 75 0.513 16 45–32 34–43 Cincinnati Reds 67 87 0.435 28 37–40 30–47 Chicago Cubs 60 94 0.390 35 33–44 27–50 Philadelphia Phillies 59 95 0.383 36 31–46 28–49 Record vs. opponents 1960 National League recordvteSources: Team CHC CIN LA MIL PHI PIT SF STL Chicago — 10–12 9–13 7–15 10–12 7–15 9–13–1 8–14–1 Cincinnati 12–10 — 12–10 9–13 9–13 6–16 11–11 8–14 Los Angeles 13–9 10–12 — 12–10 16–6 11–11 10–12 10–12 Milwaukee 15–7 13–9 10–12 — 16–6 9–13 14–8 11–11 Philadelphia 12–10 13–9 6–16 6–16 — 7–15 8–14 7–15 Pittsburgh 15–7 16–6 11–11 13–9 15–7 — 14–8–1 11–11 San Francisco 13–9–1 11–11 12–10 8–14 14–8 8–14–1 — 13–9 St. Louis 14–8–1 14–8 12–10 11–11 15–7 11–11 9–13 — Detailed records National League Opponent W L WP RS RA Chicago Cubs 15 7 0.682 114 90 Cincinnati Reds 16 6 0.727 119 78 Los Angeles Dodgers 11 11 0.500 76 76 Milwaukee Braves 13 9 0.591 107 95 Philadelphia Phillies 15 7 0.682 100 60 Pittsburgh Pirates St. Louis Cardinals 11 11 0.500 99 81 San Francisco Giants 14 8 0.636 119 113 Season Total 95 59 0.617 754 593 Month Games Won Lost Win % RS RA April 14 11 3 0.786 84 49 May 27 16 11 0.593 132 116 June 26 15 11 0.577 147 127 July 29 15 14 0.517 114 108 August 31 21 10 0.677 151 103 September 25 15 10 0.600 90 82 October 2 2 0 1.000 16 8 Total 155 95 59 0.617 754 593 Games Won Lost Win % RS RA Home 78 52 25 0.675 362 287 Road 77 43 34 0.558 372 306 Total 155 95 59 0.617 754 593 Regular season On September 6, team captain Dick Groat was drilled on his left wrist by an inside pitch from Braves pitcher Lew Burdette. Groat was lost for the rest of the season. Dick Schofield stepped in for the injured Groat and went three for three in that September 6 game. The Pirates won the game 5–3 and Schofield would go on to hit .414 for the rest of the season. On September 25 in Milwaukee, the Pirates clinched their first pennant in 33 years. Game log 1960 regular season game log: 95–59 (Home: 52–25; Away: 43–34) April: 11–3 (Home: 8–2; Away: 3–1) # Date Time (ET) Opponent Score Win Loss Save Time of Game Attendance Record Box/Streak 1 April 12 2:30 p.m. EST @ Braves 3–4 McMahon (1–0) Face (0–1) Burdette (1) 2:37 39,888 0–1 L1 2 April 14 1:30 p.m. EST Reds 13–0 Law (1–0) McLish (0–1) — 2:13 34,064 1–1 W1 3 April 16 1:30 p.m. EST Reds 3–11 Hook (1–0) Umbricht (0–1) — 2:23 14,338 1–2 L1 4 (1) April 17 1:00 p.m. EST Reds 5–0 Friend (1–0) Nuxhall (0–1) — 2:02 2–2 W1 5 (2) April 17 3:37 p.m. EST Reds 6–5 Gibbon (1–0) Wieand (0–1) — 2:40 16,196 3–2 W2 6 April 19 8:15 p.m. EST Phillies 3–4 Owens (1–0) Haddix (0–1) — 2:23 11,443 3–3 L1 7 April 20 8:15 p.m. EST Phillies 4–2 Law (2–0) Cardwell (1–1) — 2:04 10,403 4–3 W1 8 April 21 8:15 p.m. EST Phillies 11–5 Green (1–0) Robinson (0–1) Face (1) 3:08 9,451 5–3 W2 9 April 22 8:15 p.m. EST Braves 6–2 Friend (2–0) Jay (0–1) — 2:37 29,895 6–3 W3 10 April 23 1:30 p.m. EST Braves 5–4 Gibbon (2–0) Burdette (1–1) — 2:39 15,502 7–3 W4 11 April 24 2:00 p.m. EDT Braves 7–3 Haddix (1–1) Buhl (1–1) Face (2) 2:17 24,758 8–3 W5 – April 26 @ Phillies Postponed (Rain) (Makeup date: July 8) 12 April 27 8:00 p.m. EDT @ Phillies 3–2 Law (3–0) Meyer (0–1) — 2:18 9,233 9–3 W6 13 April 28 8:00 p.m. EDT @ Phillies 3–0 Friend (3–0) Buzhardt (0–2) — 2:24 8,789 10–3 W7 – April 29 @ Reds Postponed (Rain) (Makeup date: August 18) 14 April 30 2:30 p.m. EDT @ Reds 12–7 Daniels (1–0) McLish (0–2) Face (3) 2:44 3,481 11–3 W8 May: 16–11 (Home: 9–4; Away: 7–7) # Date Time (ET) Opponent Score Win Loss Save Time of Game Attendance Record Box/Streak 15 May 1 2:30 p.m. EDT @ Reds 13–2 Law (4–0) Newcombe (1–1) — 2:10 8,244 12–3 W9 16 May 2 9:00 p.m. EDT @ Cardinals 3–4 Kline (1–0) Face (0–2) — 2:20 10,590 12–4 L1 17 May 4 2:30 p.m. EDT @ Cubs 1–5 Ellsworth (1–0) Friend (3–1) — 2:07 4,631 12–5 L2 18 May 5 2:30 p.m. EDT @ Cubs 9–7 Green (2–0) Hobbie (2–3) Face (4) 3:02 3,429 13–5 W1 19 May 6 11:15 p.m. EDT @ Giants 1–5 Jones (3–2) Law (4–1) — 1:59 36,592 13–6 L1 20 May 7 4:00 p.m. EDT @ Giants 5–6 Byerly (1–0) Green (2–1) — 2:32 33,066 13–7 L2 21 May 8 4:00 p.m. EDT @ Giants 1–13 McCormick (4–0) Gibbon (2–1) — 2:38 40,173 13–8 L3 22 May 9 11:00 p.m. EDT @ Dodgers 4–7 Sherry (4–3) Face (0–3) — 2:37 23,417 13–9 L4 23 May 10 11:00 p.m. EDT @ Dodgers 3–2 Law (5–1) Podres (2–2) — 2:20 26,331 14–9 W1 24 May 11 11:00 p.m. EDT @ Dodgers 6–3 Face (1–3) Koufax (0–3) — 2:43 27,926 15–9 W2 25 May 13 9:00 p.m. EDT @ Braves 8–2 Friend (4–1) Willey (2–2) — 3:00 15,823 16–9 W3 26 May 14 2:30 p.m. EDT @ Braves 6–4 (11) Face (2–3) McMahon (1–3) — 2:45 16,865 17–9 W4 27 (1) May 15 2:00 p.m. EDT @ Braves 6–4 Haddix (2–1) Spahn (2–1) Umbricht (1) 2:36 18–9 W5 28 (2) May 15 5:11 p.m. EDT @ Braves 2–4 Pizarro (2–1) Daniels (1–1) McMahon (2) 2:32 29,757 18–10 L1 29 May 17 8:15 p.m. EDT Cubs 11–6 Friend (5–1) Hobbie (3–4) Face (5) 2:35 16,102 19–10 W1 30 May 18 8:15 p.m. EDT Cardinals 4–2 Law (6–1) Kline (1–3) — 2:12 14,615 20–10 W2 31 May 19 8:15 p.m. EDT Cardinals 8–3 Gibbon (3–1) Sadecki (0–1) Green (1) 2:30 15,810 21–10 W3 32 May 20 8:15 p.m. EDT Giants 5–4 (12) Green (3–1) O'Dell (1–4) — 3:23 39,439 22–10 W4 33 May 21 1:30 p.m. EDT Giants 1–3 Antonelli (3–0) Friend (5–2) Byerly (1) 2:05 28,984 22–11 L1 34 May 22 2:00 p.m. EDT Giants 8–7 (11) Face (3–3) McCormick (5–2) — 3:30 30,123 23–11 W1 35 May 23 8:15 p.m. EDT Dodgers 0–1 Koufax (1–4) Daniels (1–2) — 2:19 16,936 23–12 L1 36 May 24 8:15 p.m. EDT Dodgers 2–4 Podres (3–4) Gibbon (3–2) — 2:22 22,920 23–13 L2 37 May 25 8:15 p.m. EDT Dodgers 1–5 Drysdale (4–4) Umbricht (0–2) — 2:13 23,975 23–14 L3 – May 27 Phillies Postponed (Rain) (Makeup date: August 16) 38 May 28 1:30 p.m. EDT Phillies 4–2 (13) Umbricht (1–2) Farrell (2–1) — 3:14 9,476 24–14 W1 39 May 29 2:00 p.m. EDT Phillies 8–5 Law (7–1) Roberts (1–6) Green (2) 2:15 15,704 25–14 W2 40 May 30 1:00 p.m. EDT Braves 8–3 Haddix (3–1) Spahn (2–2) Face (6) 2:25 34,233 26–14 W3 – May 30 Braves Postponed (Rain) (Makeup date: July 14) 41 May 31 8:15 p.m. EDT Reds 4–3 (11) Face (4–3) McLish (2–4) — 3:37 20,494 27–14 W4 June: 15–11 (Home: 6–4; Away: 9–7) # Date Time (ET) Opponent Score Win Loss Save Time of Game Attendance Record Box/Streak 42 June 1 8:15 p.m. EDT Reds 5–0 Friend (6–2) Purkey (3–2) — 1:55 26,791 28–14 W5 43 June 3 8:00 p.m. EDT @ Phillies 3–0 Law (8–1) Buzhardt (1–4) — 2:13 16,738 29–14 W6 – June 4 @ Phillies Postponed (Rain) (Makeup date: September 20) 44 (1) June 5 1:00 p.m. EDT @ Phillies 0–2 Conley (3–3) Friend (6–3) — 2:00 29–15 L1 45 (2) June 5 3:35 p.m. EDT @ Phillies 1–4 Owens (3–5) Haddix (3–2) — 2:06 23,410 29–16 L2 46 June 7 2:30 p.m. EDT @ Cubs 2–13 Ellsworth (3–2) Law (8–2) Drabowsky (1) 2:35 8,736 29–17 L3 47 June 8 2:30 p.m. EDT @ Cubs 5–3 Mizell (2–3) Anderson (2–2) Face (7) 2:50 9,118 30–17 W1 48 June 9 2:30 p.m. EDT @ Cubs 11–3 Friend (7–3) Hobbie (5–7) Green (3) 2:30 7,442 31–17 W2 49 June 10 9:00 p.m. EDT @ Cardinals 6–9 Jackson (8–5) Haddix (3–3) McDaniel (8) 2:50 19,532 31–18 L1 50 June 11 2:30 p.m. EDT @ Cardinals 6–7 Duliba (4–2) Green (3–2) — 2:39 11,063 31–19 L2 51 (1) June 12 2:00 p.m. EDT @ Cardinals 15–3 Law (9–2) Kline (2–6) — 2:33 32–19 W1 52 (2) June 12 5:08 p.m. EDT @ Cardinals 2–5 Broglio (3–2) Mizell (2–4) McDaniel (9) 2:06 29,605 32–20 L1 53 June 14 11:15 p.m. EDT @ Giants 6–3 Friend (8–3) Jones (8–5) — 2:30 35,465 33–20 W1 54 June 15 4:00 p.m. EDT @ Giants 14–6 Haddix (4–3) O'Dell (2–6) — 3:15 19,180 34–20 W2 55 June 16 4:00 p.m. EDT @ Giants 10–7 Mizell (3–4) Sanford (6–3) Face (8) 3:12 17,237 35–20 W3 56 June 17 11:00 p.m. EDT @ Dodgers 2–1 Law (10–2) Williams (5–1) — 2:09 43,296 36–20 W4 57 June 18 11:00 p.m. EDT @ Dodgers 4–3 (10) Face (5–3) Sherry (5–4) — 2:36 50,062 37–20 W5 58 June 19 5:00 p.m. EDT @ Dodgers 6–8 Roebuck (4–1) Daniels (1–3) Williams (1) 2:51 41,118 37–21 L1 59 June 21 8:15 p.m. EDT Cardinals 3–2 Law (11–2) Gibson (0–1) Face (9) 2:23 21,292 38–21 W1 60 June 22 8:15 p.m. EDT Cardinals 5–0 Friend (9–3) Jackson (9–7) — 2:30 21,320 39–21 W2 61 June 23 8:15 p.m. EDT Cardinals 1–3 Kline (3–6) Haddix (4–4) McDaniel (12) 2:14 21,151 39–22 L1 62 June 24 8:15 p.m. EDT Cubs 4–1 Mizell (4–4) Ellsworth (3–5) — 2:18 28,137 40–22 W1 63 June 25 1:30 p.m. EDT Cubs 7–6 Giel (1–0) Anderson (2–4) Face (10) 2:51 20,428 41–22 W2 64 (1) June 26 1:00 p.m. EDT Cubs 6–7 Freeman (3–0) Friend (9–4) Elston (5) 2:58 41–23 L1 65 (2) June 26 4:33 p.m. EDT Cubs 5–7 Morehead (1–6) Law (11–3) Elston (6) 2:46 36,378 41–24 L2 66 June 28 8:15 p.m. EDT Giants 7–7 — 3:19 30,621 41–24 T1 – June 29 Giants Postponed (Rain) (Makeup date: June 30) 67 (1) June 30 6:00 p.m. EDT Giants 0–11 Sanford (7–5) Friend (9–5) — 2:13 41–25 L1 68 (2) June 30 8:48 p.m. EDT Giants 11–6 Gibbon (4–2) Miller (2–3) — 2:58 33,520 42–25 W1 July: 15–14 (Home: 3–5; Away: 12–9) # Date Time (ET) Opponent Score Win Loss Save Time of Game Attendance Record Box/Streak 69 July 1 8:15 p.m. EDT Dodgers 4–3 (10) Green (4–2) Sherry (6–5) — 2:20 27,312 43–25 W2 70 July 2 1:30 p.m. EDT Dodgers 1–6 Williams Cheney (0–1) — 3:11 21,496 43–26 L1 71 July 3 2:00 p.m. EDT Dodgers 2–6 Drysdale Mizell (4–5) — 2:44 26,346 43–27 L2 72 (1) July 4 2:30 p.m. EDT @ Braves 6–7 (10) Spahn (7–5) Face (5–4) — 2:05 43–28 L3 73 (2) July 4 5:10 p.m. EDT @ Braves 7–2 Haddix (5–4) Jay (2–4) — 2:57 38,478 44–28 W1 74 July 5 9:00 p.m. EDT @ Braves 5–4 (10) Giel (2–0) Jay (2–5) Friend (1) 3:14 24,479 45–28 W2 75 July 6 9:00 p.m. EDT @ Reds 5–2 Cheney (1–1) Purkey (8–4) Face (11) 2:35 12,292 46–28 W3 76 July 7 9:00 p.m. EDT @ Reds 3–2 Mizell (5–5) Henry (1–4) Face (12) 2:20 12,494 47–28 W4 77 (1) July 8 6:00 p.m. EDT @ Phillies 5–6 (10) Farrell (7–2) Green (4–3) — 3:10 47–29 L1 78 (2) July 8 9:45 p.m. EDT @ Phillies 8–3 Friend (10–5) Green (1–3) — 2:33 36,056 48–29 W1 79 July 9 8:00 p.m. EDT @ Phillies 1–2 Conley (6–4) Law (11–4) — 2:04 19,541 48–30 L1 80 July 10 1:35 p.m. EDT @ Phillies 6–2 Haddix (6–4) Roberts (5–8) Face (13) 2:15 13,012 49–30 W1 28th All-Star Game in Kansas City, Missouri 29th All-Star Game in Bronx, New York 81 July 14 8:15 p.m. EDT Braves 0–4 Buhl (9–3) Haddix (6–5) Burdette (4) 2:47 35,827 49–31 L1 82 July 15 8:15 p.m. EDT Reds 1–4 O'Toole (7–8) Friend (10–6) Brosnan (4) 2:31 29,110 49–32 L2 83 July 16 1:30 p.m. EDT Reds 6–5 Francis (1–0) Brosnan (3–1) — 2:18 19,674 50–32 W1 84 (1) July 17 1:00 p.m. EDT Reds 5–6 Purkey (9–5) Law (11–5) Brosnan (5) 2:33 50–33 L1 85 (2) July 17 4:08 p.m. EDT Reds 5–0 Cheney (2–1) McLish (3–6) — 2:20 36,290 51–33 W1 86 July 19 11:00 p.m. EDT @ Dodgers 4–5 Sherry (7–7) Green (4–4) Roebuck (6) 2:21 51,438 51–34 L1 87 July 20 11:00 p.m. EDT @ Dodgers 5–7 (11) Craig (3–1) Face (5–5) — 3:31 51,301 51–35 L2 88 July 21 11:00 p.m. EDT @ Dodgers 4–1 Law (12–5) Podres (8–7) — 2:12 51,193 52–35 W1 89 July 22 11:15 p.m. EDT @ Giants 4–1 Mizell (6–5) McCormick (9–6) — 2:14 31,878 53–35 W2 90 July 23 4:00 p.m. EDT @ Giants 1–3 Marichal (2–0) Haddix (6–6) — 1:59 30,228 53–36 L1 91 July 24 4:00 p.m. EDT @ Giants 3–6 O'Dell (5–8) Cheney (2–2) McCormick (3) 2:30 36,447 53–37 L2 92 July 25 9:00 p.m. EDT @ Cardinals 4–2 Friend (11–6) Kline (3–8) Face (14) 2:30 23,641 54–37 W1 93 July 26 9:00 p.m. EDT @ Cardinals 5–4 Law (13–5) Simmons (2–1) Face (15) 2:29 20,899 55–37 W2 94 July 27 9:00 p.m. EDT @ Cardinals 7–3 Green (5–4) Sadecki (4–5) — 2:58 17,236 56–37 W3 95 July 29 2:30 p.m. EDT @ Cubs 4–0 Mizell (7–5) Brewer (0–3) — 2:02 9,673 57–37 W4 96 July 30 2:30 p.m. EDT @ Cubs 1–6 Hobbie (10–13) Friend (11–7) — 2:11 13,365 57–38 L1 97 July 31 2:30 p.m. EDT @ Cubs 2–6 Cardwell (5–10) Haddix (6–7) Elston (7) 2:21 18,297 57–39 L2 August: 21–10 (Home: 14–4; Away: 7–6) # Date Time (ET) Opponent Score Win Loss Save Time of Game Attendance Record Box/Streak 98 August 2 8:15 p.m. EDT Dodgers 3–0 Law (14–5) Williams — 2:16 25,876 58–39 W1 99 August 3 8:15 p.m. EDT Dodgers 1–3 (7) Podres (9–8) Friend (11–8) — 1:51 24,819 58–40 L1 100 August 4 8:15 p.m. EDT Dodgers 4–1 Witt (1–0) Drysdale (10–11) Face (16) 2:35 20,748 59–40 W1 101 August 5 8:15 p.m. EDT Giants 1–0 Mizell (8–5) Jones (13–11) — 2:10 33,301 60–40 W2 102 August 6 1:30 p.m. EDT Giants 8–7 (10) Law (15–5) Antonelli (4–7) — 3:05 28,246 61–40 W3 103 (1) August 7 1:00 p.m. EDT Giants 4–1 Friend (12–8) Sanford (9–10) — 2:14 62–40 W4 104 (2) August 7 3:49 p.m. EDT Giants 7–5 Face (6–5) Jones (0–1) — 2:40 35,708 63–40 W5 105 August 9 8:15 p.m. EDT Cubs 7–1 Mizell (9–5) Drabowsky (2–1) — 2:15 26,797 64–40 W6 106 August 10 8:15 p.m. EDT Cubs 3–1 Law (16–5) Cardwell (5–12) — 2:00 20,074 65–40 W7 107 August 11 8:15 p.m. EDT Cardinals 2–3 (12) Broglio (14–5) Friend (12–9) — 2:57 34,212 65–41 L1 108 August 12 8:15 p.m. EDT Cardinals 2–9 Gibson (3–3) Witt (1–1) — 2:54 35,439 65–42 L2 109 August 13 1:30 p.m. EDT Cardinals 4–1 Haddix (7–7) Sadecki (6–6) — 2:16 24,620 66–42 W1 110 (1) August 14 1:00 p.m. EDT Cardinals 9–4 Law (17–5) Jackson (13–10) — 2:07 67–42 W2 111 (2) August 14 3:42 p.m. EDT Cardinals 3–2 (11) Green (6–4) McDaniel (10–4) — 3:00 36,775 68–42 W3 112 August 15 8:15 p.m. EDT Phillies 3–4 Mahaffey (1–0) Face (6–6) Short (1) 2:35 19,912 68–43 L1 113 (1) August 16 6:00 p.m. EDT Phillies 11–2 Friend (13–9) Owens (3–11) — 2:20 69–43 W1 114 (2) August 16 8:55 p.m. EDT Phillies 4–3 Face (7–6) Roberts (8–11) — 2:00 34,673 70–43 W2 115 August 17 8:15 p.m. EDT Phillies 5–3 Haddix (8–7) Buzhardt (4–11) Labine (1) 2:26 33,598 71–43 W3 116 August 18 9:00 p.m. EDT @ Reds 3–2 Law (18–5) McLish (4–8) Face (17) 1:49 11,668 72–43 W4 117 August 19 9:00 p.m. EDT @ Reds 3–4 Purkey (13–7) Mizell (9–6) Brosnan (10) 2:21 16,347 72–44 L1 118 August 20 2:30 p.m. EDT @ Reds 10–7 Face (8–6) Maloney (1–4) — 2:37 8,287 73–44 W1 119 August 21 2:30 p.m. EDT @ Reds 4–8 Hook (10–13) Friend (13–10) Brosnan (11) 2:26 15,596 73–45 L1 120 August 23 2:30 p.m. EDT @ Cubs 8–3 Haddix (9–7) Ellsworth (6–10) Face (18) 2:46 13,943 74–45 W1 121 August 24 2:30 p.m. EDT @ Cubs 10–6 Face (9–6) Elston (6–7) — 3:03 15,268 75–45 W2 122 August 25 2:30 p.m. EDT @ Cubs 1–2 Hobbie (13–16) Mizell (9–7) — 2:31 11,701 75–46 L1 123 August 26 9:00 p.m. EDT @ Cardinals 1–3 Broglio (16–6) Friend (13–11) — 2:27 24,436 75–47 L2 124 August 27 9:00 p.m. EDT @ Cardinals 4–5 Kline (4–8) Face (9–7) — 2:40 30,712 75–48 L3 125 August 28 2:30 p.m. EDT @ Cardinals 4–5 Simmons (5–3) Haddix (9–8) McDaniel 2:43 28,579 75–49 L4 126 August 29 11:00 p.m. EDT @ Dodgers 10–2 Law (19–5) Podres (11–10) — 2:31 37,369 76–49 W1 127 August 30 11:00 p.m. EDT @ Dodgers 5–2 Friend (14–11) Koufax (6–11) Face (19) 2:35 40,143 77–49 W2 128 August 31 4:00 p.m. EDT @ Giants 7–4 Labine (1–0) O'Dell (7–10) Face (20) 2:37 16,202 78–49 W3 September: 15–10 (Home: 10–6; Away: 5–4) # Date Time (ET) Opponent Score Win Loss Save Time of Game Attendance Record Box/Streak 129 September 1 4:00 p.m. EDT @ Giants 6–1 Haddix (10–8) Maranda (1–3) Labine (2) 2:42 13,436 79–49 W4 130 September 3 1:30 p.m. EDT Phillies 2–3 Mahaffey (5–0) Law (19–6) — 2:28 18,487 79–50 L1 131 September 4 1:00 p.m. EDT Phillies 5–3 Mizell (10–7) Owens (3–12) Labine (3) 2:17 17,856 80–50 W1 132 (1) September 5 1:00 p.m. EDT Braves 9–7 Green (7–4) Spahn (17–8) Face (21) 2:47 81–50 W2 133 (2) September 5 4:22 p.m. EDT Braves 1–7 Buhl (14–8) Haddix (10–9) — 2:31 34,310 81–51 L1 134 September 6 8:15 p.m. EDT Braves 5–3 Labine (2–0) Spahn (17–9) Face (22) 2:51 28,793 82–51 W1 135 September 7 8:15 p.m. EDT Cardinals 1–2 Broglio (18–7) Law (19–7) McDaniel (23) 2:31 31,831 82–52 L1 136 September 9 8:15 p.m. EDT Cubs 4–3 Mizell (11–7) Ellsworth (6–12) Face (23) 2:33 24,831 83–52 W1 137 September 10 1:30 p.m. EDT Cubs 4–1 Friend (15–11) Anderson (7–10) — 1:59 19,701 84–52 W2 – September 11 Cubs Postponed (Rain) (Makeup date: September 22) – September 11 Cubs Postponed (Rain) (Makeup date: September 22) 138 September 12 8:15 p.m. EDT Giants 6–1 Haddix (11–9) Sanford (12–12) — 2:28 21,261 85–52 W3 139 September 13 8:15 p.m. EDT Giants 3–6 McCormick (13–11) Mizell (11–8) — 2:51 21,313 85–53 L1 140 September 14 8:15 p.m. EDT Dodgers 2–5 Williams (14–8) Law (19–8) — 2:35 28,547 85–54 L2 141 September 15 8:15 p.m. EDT Dodgers 3–1 Friend (16–11) Craig (7–3) — 2:13 12,511 86–54 W1 142 September 16 9:00 p.m. EDT @ Reds 3–4 O'Toole (12–11) Haddix (11–10) Brosnan (12) 2:20 9,352 86–55 L1 – September 17 @ Reds Postponed (Rain) (Makeup date: September 18) 143 (1) September 18 1:00 p.m. EDT @ Reds 5–3 Law (20–8) McLish (4–13) — 2:11 87–55 W1 144 (2) September 18 3:46 p.m. EDT @ Reds 1–0 Mizell (12–8) Purkey (17–9) — 2:14 14,438 88–55 W2 145 (1) September 20 6:00 p.m. EDT @ Phillies 7–1 Friend (17–11) Roberts (10–16) — 2:15 89–55 W3 146 (2) September 20 8:50 p.m. EDT @ Phillies 3–2 Labine (3–0) Owens (4–13) — 2:26 17,216 90–55 W4 147 (1) September 22 1:00 p.m. EDT Cubs 3–2 (11) Face (10–7) Cardwell (8–15) — 2:26 91–55 W5 148 (2) September 22 4:01 p.m. EDT Cubs 6–1 Mizell (13–8) Anderson (8–11) — 2:02 19,566 92–55 W6 149 September 23 9:00 p.m. EDT @ Braves 1–2 Buhl (15–9) Witt (1–2) — 2:02 17,576 92–56 L1 150 September 24 2:30 p.m. EDT @ Braves 2–4 Burdette (18–12) Friend (17–12) — 2:07 20,626 92–57 L2 151 September 25 2:30 p.m. EDT @ Braves 2–4 (10) Piché (3–5) Face (10–8) — 2:14 38,109 92–58 L3 152 September 27 8:15 p.m. EDT Reds 4–3 (16) Green (8–4) McLish (4–14) — 4:02 22,162 93–58 W1 153 September 30 8:15 p.m. EDT Braves 2–13 Buhl (16–9) Law (20–9) — 2:45 25,148 93–59 L1 October: 2–0 (Home: 2–0; Away: 0–0) # Date Time (ET) Opponent Score Win Loss Save Time of Game Attendance Record Box/Streak 154 October 1 1:30 p.m. EDT Braves 7–3 Friend (18–12) Spahn (21–10) Face (24) 2:22 20,842 94–59 W1 155 October 2 2:00 p.m. EDT Braves 9–5 Mizell (14–8) Burdette (19–13) Haddix (1) 2:25 34,578 95–59 W2 Legend:        = Win        = Loss        = PostponementBold = Pirates team member Composite Box Team 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 R H E Opponents 79 47 61 66 69 62 85 58 52 9 2 3 0 0 0 0 593 1363 147 Pittsburgh 96 82 71 82 82 62 90 71 71 9 6 3 2 0 0 1 734 1493 128 Opening Day Lineup Opening Day Lineup # Name Position 12 Don Hoak 3B 24 Dick Groat SS 4 Bob Skinner LF 7 Dick Stuart 1B 21 Roberto Clemente RF 6 Smoky Burgess C 20 Gino Cimoli CF 9 Bill Mazeroski 2B 32 Vern Law SP Notable transactions May 28, 1960: Julián Javier and Ed Bauta were traded by the Pirates to the St. Louis Cardinals for Vinegar Bend Mizell and Dick Gray. September 1, 1960: Mickey Vernon was signed as a free agent by the Pirates. September 30, 1960: Mickey Vernon was released by the Pirates. Roster 1960 Pittsburgh Pirates Roster Pitchers 37,48 Tom Cheney 29 Bennie Daniels 26 Roy Face 29,47 Earl Francis 19 Bob Friend 22 Joe Gibbon 28 Paul Giel 35 Fred Green 38 Don Gross 31 Harvey Haddix 29 Clem Labine 32 Vern Law 30 Vinegar Bend Mizell 38 Diomedes Olivo 37 Jim Umbricht 30,39 George Witt Catchers  6 Smoky Burgess 10 Danny Kravitz  2 Bob Oldis  5 Hal Smith Infielders 16 Gene Baker  8 Dick Barone 24 Dick Groat 12 Don Hoak  9 Bill Mazeroski 14 Rocky Nelson 11 Dick Schofield  3 R. C. Stevens  7 Dick Stuart Outfielders 23 Joe Christopher 20 Gino Cimoli 21 Roberto Clemente  4 Bob Skinner 18 Bill Virdon Other batters 15 Harry Bright 15 Román Mejías 42 Mickey Vernon Manager 40 Danny Murtaugh Coaches 41 Bill Burwell (pitching) 45 Lenny Levy (hitting) 43 Sam Narron (bullpen) 44 Frank Oceak (third base) -- Virgil Trucks (batting practice pitcher) 42 Mickey Vernon (first base) Postseason 1960 World Series Main article: 1960 World Series The 1960 Pirates team, which featured eight All-Stars, was widely predicted to lose the World Series to a powerful New York Yankees team. In one of the most memorable World Series in history, the Pirates were defeated by more than ten runs in three games, won three close games, then recovered from a 7–4 deficit late in Game 7 to eventually win on a walk-off home run by Bill Mazeroski, a second baseman better known for his defensive wizardry. Game 1 October 5, 1960, at Forbes Field in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Attendance: 36,676 Team 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 R H E New York (A) 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 4 13 2 Pittsburgh (N) 3 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 X 6 8 0 W: Vern Law (1–0)  L: Art Ditmar (0–1),   S: Roy Face (1) HR: NYY – Roger Maris (1), Elston Howard (1)   PIT – Bill Mazeroski (1) Game 2 October 6, 1960, at Forbes Field in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Attendance: 37,308 Team 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 R H E New York (A) 0 0 2 1 2 7 3 0 1 16 19 1 Pittsburgh (N) 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 3 13 1 W: Bob Turley (1–0)  L: Bob Friend (0–1) HR: NYY – Mickey Mantle 2 (2) Game 3 October 8, 1960, at Yankee Stadium in New York City. Attendance: 70,001 Team 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 R H E Pittsburgh (N) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 New York (A) 6 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 x 10 16 1 W: Whitey Ford (1–0)   L: Vinegar Bend Mizell (0–1) HR: NYY – Bobby Richardson (1), Mickey Mantle (3) Game 4 October 9, 1960, at Yankee Stadium in New York City. Attendance: 67,812 Team 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 R H E Pittsburgh (N) 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 3 7 0 New York (A) 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 2 8 0 W: Vern Law (2–0)   L: Ralph Terry (0–1),   S: Roy Face (2) HR: NYY – Bill Skowron (1) Game 5 October 10, 1960, at Yankee Stadium in New York City. Attendance: 62,753 Team 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 R H E Pittsburgh (N) 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 5 10 2 New York (A) 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 5 2 W: Harvey Haddix (1–0)   L: Art Ditmar (0–2),   S: Roy Face (3) HR: NYY – Roger Maris (2) Game 6 October 12, 1960, at Forbes Field in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Attendance: 38,580 Team 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 R H E New York (A) 0 1 5 0 0 2 2 2 0 12 17 1 Pittsburgh (N) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 1 W: Whitey Ford (2–0)  L: Bob Friend (0–2) Game 7 October 13, 1960, at Forbes Field in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Attendance: 36,683 Team 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 R H E New York (A) 0 0 0 0 1 4 0 2 2 9 13 1 Pittsburgh (N) 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 5 1 10 11 0 W: Harvey Haddix (2–0)  L: Ralph Terry (0–2) HR: NYY – Bill Skowron (2), Yogi Berra (1)    PIT – Rocky Nelson (1), Hal Smith (1), Bill Mazeroski (2) Game log 1960 Postseason game log: 4–3 (Home: 2–2; Away: 2–1) World Series: vs. New York Yankees 4–3 (Home: 2–2; Away: 2–1) # Date Time (ET) Opponent Score Win Loss Save Time of Game Attendance Series Box/Streak 1 October 5 1:00 p.m. EDT Yankees 6–4 Law (1–0) Ditmar (0–1) Face (1) 2:29 36,676 PIT 1–0 W1 2 October 6 1:00 p.m. EDT Yankees 3–16 Turley (1–0) Friend (0–1) 3:14 37,308 Tied 1–1 L1 3 October 8 1:00 p.m. EDT @ Yankees 0–10 Ford (1–0) Mizell (0–1) 2:41 70,001 NY 2–1 L2 4 October 9 2:00 p.m. EDT @ Yankees 3–2 Law (2–0) Terry (0–1) Face (2) 2:29 67,812 Tied 2–2 W1 5 October 10 1:00 p.m. EDT @ Yankees 5–2 Haddix (1–0) Ditmar (0–2) Face (3) 2:32 62,753 PIT 3–2 W2 6 October 12 1:00 p.m. EDT Yankees 0–12 Ford (2–0) Friend (0–2) 2:38 38,580 Tied 3–3 L1 7 October 13 1:00 p.m. EDT Yankees 10–9 Haddix (2–0) Terry (0–2) 2:36 36,683 PIT 4–3 W1 Legend:        = Win        = LossBold = Pirates team member Composite Box 1960 World Series (4–3): Pittsburgh Pirates (N.L.) over New York Yankees (A.L.) Team 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 R H E Pittsburgh Pirates 5 5 1 3 3 1 0 5 4 27 60 4 New York Yankees 7 2 8 7 3 13 6 4 5 55 91 8 Total Attendance: 349,813   Average Attendance: 49,973 Winning Player's Share: – $8,418   Losing Player's Share – $5,125 Statistics Batting Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in Regular Season Player G AB H Avg. HR RBI Roy Face 68 17 7 0.412 0 0 Fred Green 45 8 3 0.375 2 2 Dick Schofield 65 102 34 0.333 0 10 Jim Umbricht 17 6 2 0.333 0 0 Dick Groat 138 573 186 0.325 2 50 Roberto Clemente 144 570 179 0.314 16 94 Rocky Nelson 93 200 60 0.300 7 35 Hal Smith 77 258 76 0.295 11 45 Smoky Burgess 110 337 99 0.294 7 39 Don Hoak 155 553 156 0.282 16 79 Bill Mazeroski 151 538 147 0.273 11 64 Bob Skinner 145 571 156 0.273 15 86 Gino Cimoli 101 307 82 0.267 0 28 Bill Virdon 120 409 108 0.264 8 40 Dick Stuart 122 438 114 0.260 23 83 Harvey Haddix 29 67 17 0.254 0 7 Gene Baker 33 37 9 0.243 0 4 Joe Christopher 50 56 13 0.232 1 3 Joe Gibbon 27 19 4 0.211 0 0 Bob Oldis 22 20 4 0.200 0 1 Bennie Daniels 10 16 3 0.188 0 2 Vern Law 35 94 17 0.181 1 7 Tom Cheney 11 17 3 0.176 0 2 Vinegar Bend Mizell 23 51 7 0.137 0 3 Mickey Vernon 9 8 1 0.125 0 1 Bob Friend 38 88 6 0.068 0 3 Dick Barone 3 6 0 0.000 0 0 Harry Bright 4 4 0 0.000 0 0 Earl Francis 7 5 0 0.000 0 0 Paul Giel 16 7 0 0.000 0 0 Danny Kravitz 8 6 0 0.000 0 0 Clem Labine 15 4 0 0.000 0 1 Roman Mejias 3 1 0 0.000 0 0 Diomedes Olivo 4 1 0 0.000 0 0 R C Stevens 9 3 0 0.000 0 0 George Witt 10 9 0 0.000 0 0 Don Gross 5 0 0 — 0 0 Team Totals 155 5,406 1,493 0.276 120 689 World Series Player G AB H Avg. HR RBI Hal Smith 3 8 3 0.375 1 3 Smoky Burgess 5 18 6 0.333 0 0 Harvey Haddix 2 3 1 0.333 0 0 Vern Law 3 6 2 0.333 0 1 Rocky Nelson 4 9 3 0.333 1 2 Dick Schofield 3 3 1 0.333 0 0 Bill Mazeroski 7 25 8 0.320 2 5 Roberto Clemente 7 29 9 0.310 0 3 Gino Cimoli 7 20 5 0.250 0 1 Bill Virdon 7 29 7 0.241 0 5 Don Hoak 7 23 5 0.217 0 3 Dick Groat 7 28 6 0.214 0 2 Bob Skinner 2 5 1 0.200 0 1 Dick Stuart 5 20 3 0.150 0 0 Gene Baker 3 3 0 0.000 0 0 Roy Face 4 3 0 0.000 0 0 Bob Friend 3 1 0 0.000 0 0 Fred Green 3 1 0 0.000 0 0 Tom Cheney 3 0 0 — 0 0 Joe Christopher 3 0 0 — 0 0 Joe Gibbon 2 0 0 — 0 0 Clem Labine 3 0 0 — 0 0 Vinegar Bend Mizell 2 0 0 — 0 0 Bob Oldis 2 0 0 — 0 0 George Witt 3 0 0 — 0 0 Team Totals 7 234 60 0.256 4 26 Pitching Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts Regular Season Player G IP W L ERA SO Clem Labine 15 301⁄3 3 0 1.48 21 Earl Francis 7 18 1 0 2.00 8 Diomedes Olivo 4 92⁄3 0 0 2.79 10 Roy Face 68 1142⁄3 10 8 2.90 72 Bob Friend 38 2752⁄3 18 12 3.00 183 Vern Law 35 2712⁄3 20 9 3.08 120 Vinegar Bend Mizell 23 1552⁄3 13 5 3.12 71 Fred Green 45 70 8 4 3.21 49 Don Gross 5 51⁄3 0 0 3.38 3 Harvey Haddix 29 1721⁄3 11 10 3.97 101 Tom Cheney 11 52 2 2 3.98 35 Joe Gibbon 27 801⁄3 4 2 4.03 60 George Witt 10 30 1 2 4.20 15 Jim Umbricht 17 402⁄3 1 2 5.09 26 Paul Giel 16 33 2 0 5.73 21 Bennie Daniels 10 401⁄3 1 3 7.81 16 Team Totals 155 1,3992⁄3 95 59 3.49 811 World Series Player G IP W L ERA SO George Witt 3 22⁄3 0 0 0.00 1 Harvey Haddix 2 71⁄3 2 0 2.45 6 Vern Law 3 181⁄3 2 0 3.44 8 Tom Cheney 3 4 0 0 4.50 6 Roy Face 4 101⁄3 0 0 5.23 4 Joe Gibbon 2 3 0 0 9.00 2 Bob Friend 3 6 0 2 13.50 7 Clem Labine 3 4 0 0 13.50 2 Vinegar Bend Mizell 2 21⁄3 0 1 15.43 1 Fred Green 3 4 0 0 22.50 3 Team Totals 7 62 4 3 7.11 40 Awards and honors Dick Groat, Shortstop, National League MVP Bill Mazeroski, Babe Ruth Award Danny Murtaugh, Associated Press NL Manager of the Year All-Stars 1960 Major League Baseball All-Star Game, 1960 Major League Baseball All-Star Game Smoky Burgess Roberto Clemente Roy Face Bob Friend (starting P, first game) Dick Groat Vern Law (starting P, second game) Bill Mazeroski (starting 2B) Bob Skinner (starting LF) League leaders Roberto Clemente, Led National League in outfield assists, 19 baserunners thrown out Dick Groat, Led National League in batting average Farm system See also: Minor League Baseball Level Team League Manager AAA Columbus Jets International League Cal Ermer AAA Salt Lake City Bees Pacific Coast League Larry Shepard A Savannah Pirates Sally League Ray Hathaway B Burlington Bees Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League Harding "Pete" Peterson C Grand Forks Chiefs Northern League Bob Clear D Kingsport Pirates Appalachian League Jim Gibbons D Dubuque Packers Midwest League James Adlam D Hobbs Pirates Sophomore League Al Kubski LEAGUE CHAMPIONS: Savannah, Hobbs Notes ^ From 1882–1906, the team played in Allegheny, Pennsylvania, which became annexed by Pittsburgh as the North Side in 1907. ^ Roger Maris: Baseball's Reluctant Hero, p. 114, Tom Clavin and Danny Peary, Touchstone Books, Published by Simon & Schuster, New York, 2010, ISBN 978-1-4165-8928-0 ^ José Martínez page at Baseball Reference ^ a b The Best Game Ever, Prologue, p. xxi, Jim Reisler, Carroll & Graf Publishers, New York, 2007, ISBN 978-0-7867-1943-3 ^ The Best Game Ever, Prologue, p. xxii, Jim Reisler, Carroll & Graf Publishers, New York, 2007, ISBN 978-0-7867-1943-3 ^ "1960 Pittsburgh Pirates Schedule & Results". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved September 19, 2017. ^ Vinegar Bend Mizell page at Baseball Reference ^ a b Mickey Vernon page at Baseball Reference ^ "1960 World Series". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved March 31, 2016. ^ "Major League Baseball Regular Season Hitting Stats | pirates.com: Stats". Pittsburgh Pirates. Archived from the original on October 12, 2014. Retrieved May 4, 2016. ^ "Major League Baseball Postseason Hitting Stats | pirates.com: Stats". Pittsburgh Pirates. Archived from the original on October 12, 2014. Retrieved May 4, 2016. ^ "Major League Baseball Regular Season Pitching Stats | pirates.com: Stats". Pittsburgh Pirates. Archived from the original on October 12, 2014. Retrieved May 4, 2016. ^ "Major League Baseball Postseason Pitching Stats | pirates.com: Stats". Pittsburgh Pirates. Archived from the original on October 12, 2014. Retrieved May 4, 2016. ^ The Best Game Ever, p. 21, Jim Reisler, Carroll & Graf Publishers, New York, 2007, ISBN 978-0-7867-1943-3 References 1960 Pittsburgh Pirates team page at Baseball Reference 1960 Pittsburgh Pirates team page at www.baseball-almanac.com Johnson, Lloyd; Wolff, Miles, eds. (1997). The Encyclopedia of Minor League Baseball (2nd ed.). Durham, North Carolina: Baseball America. ISBN 978-0-9637189-8-3. vteWorld Series champions1900s 1903: Boston Americans 1904: No series 1905: New York Giants 1906: Chicago White Sox 1907: Chicago Cubs 1908: Chicago Cubs 1909: Pittsburgh Pirates 1910s 1910: Philadelphia Athletics 1911: Philadelphia Athletics 1912: Boston Red Sox 1913: Philadelphia Athletics 1914: Boston Braves 1915: Boston Red Sox 1916: Boston Red Sox 1917: Chicago White Sox 1918: Boston Red Sox 1919: Cincinnati Reds 1920s 1920: Cleveland Indians 1921: New York Giants 1922: New York Giants 1923: New York Yankees 1924: Washington Senators 1925: Pittsburgh Pirates 1926: St. Louis Cardinals 1927: New York Yankees 1928: New York Yankees 1929: Philadelphia Athletics 1930s 1930: Philadelphia Athletics 1931: St. Louis Cardinals 1932: New York Yankees 1933: New York Giants 1934: St. Louis Cardinals 1935: Detroit Tigers 1936: New York Yankees 1937: New York Yankees 1938: New York Yankees 1939: New York Yankees 1940s 1940: Cincinnati Reds 1941: New York Yankees 1942: St. 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Atlanta Braves 2000s 2000: New York Mets 2001: Arizona Diamondbacks 2002: San Francisco Giants 2003: Florida Marlins 2004: St. Louis Cardinals 2005: Houston Astros 2006: St. Louis Cardinals 2007: Colorado Rockies 2008: Philadelphia Phillies 2009: Philadelphia Phillies 2010s 2010: San Francisco Giants 2011: St. Louis Cardinals 2012: San Francisco Giants 2013: St. Louis Cardinals 2014: San Francisco Giants 2015: New York Mets 2016: Chicago Cubs 2017: Los Angeles Dodgers 2018: Los Angeles Dodgers 2019: Washington Nationals 2020s 2020: Los Angeles Dodgers 2021: Atlanta Braves 2022: Philadelphia Phillies 2023: Arizona Diamondbacks vte1960 MLB season by teamAmerican League Baltimore Boston Chicago Cleveland Detroit Kansas City New York Washington National League Chicago Cincinnati Los Angeles Milwaukee Philadelphia Pittsburgh St. Louis San Francisco 1960 All-Star Game (1st, 2nd) 1960 World Series vtePittsburgh Pirates 1960 World Series champions 2 Bob Oldis 4 Bob Skinner 5 Hal Smith 6 Smoky Burgess 7 Dick Stuart 9 Bill Mazeroski 11 Dick Schofield 12 Don Hoak 14 Rocky Nelson 16 Gene Baker 18 Bill Virdon 19 Bob Friend 20 Gino Cimoli 21 Roberto Clemente 22 Joe Gibbon 23 Joe Christopher 24 Dick Groat (NL MVP) 26 Roy Face 29 Clem Labine 30 Wilmer Mizell 31 Harvey Haddix 32 Vern Law (CYA) 35 Fred Green 37 Tom Cheney 39 George Witt Manager 40 Danny Murtaugh Coaches 41 Bill Burwell 42 Mickey Vernon 43 Sam Narron 44 Frank Oceak 45 Lenny Levy Virgil Trucks Regular season vtePittsburgh Pirates Established in 1882 Formerly the Pittsburgh Alleghenys Based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Franchise History Seasons Records No-hitters Awards Players Managers Owners and executives Broadcasters Opening Day starting pitchers First-round draft picks All articles Ballparks Exposition Park Recreation Park Exposition Park Forbes Field Three Rivers Stadium PNC Park Spring training Whittington Park Riverside Park Fogel Field Barrs Field Rickwood Field Perris Hill Park Tech Field McCulloch Park Flamingo Field Gilmore Field Gran Stadium Jaycee Park Terry Park Pirate City/LECOM Park Culture Pirate Parrot Great Pierogy Race Green Weenie "Black and Yellow" Zoltan Bob Prince Bob Gessner Vince Lascheid T206 Honus Wagner J. P. "Honus" Wagner (Vittor) In the Name of the Law Angels in the Outfield The Odd Couple "We Are Family" The Natural The Winning Season Chasing 3000 Dude, Where's My Car? Million Dollar Arm Baseball's Last Hero: 21 Clemente Stories No No: A Dockumentary Lore Pittsburgh Allegheny Pirates' lore Lou Bierbauer Temple Cup Chronicle-Telegraph Cup Pittsburgh Stars Homer in the Gloamin' Harvey Haddix's near-perfect game Bill Mazeroski's 1960 World Series home run 1985 drug trials Sid Bream's slide NL Wild Card Games 2013 2014 2015 MLB Little League Classics 2017 2019 Rivalries Cincinnati Reds Philadelphia Phillies Minors Triple-A Indianapolis Indians Double-A Altoona Curve High-A Greensboro Grasshoppers Single-A Bradenton Marauders Rookie FCL Pirates DSL Pirates Black DSL Pirates Gold All-time Minor league affiliate history World Series Championships (5) 1909 1925 1960 1971 1979 League pennants (9) American Association none National League 1901 1902 1903 1909 1925 1927 1960 1971 1979 Division titles (9) East 1970 1971 1972 1974 1975 1979 1990 1991 1992 Central none Wild Card berths (3) 2013 2014 2015 Media AT&T SportsNet Pittsburgh KDKA KDKA-FM Pirates Radio Network Steve Blass Joe Block Greg Brown Bob Walk John Wehner Seasons (143)1880s 1880 · 1881 · 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890s 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900s 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910s 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930s 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020s 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pittsburgh Pirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_Pirates"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee Braves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_Milwaukee_Braves_season"},{"link_name":"National League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_League_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"New York Yankees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_New_York_Yankees_season"},{"link_name":"World Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_World_Series"}],"text":"Major League Baseball team seasonThe 1960 Pittsburgh Pirates season was the team's 79th season. The team finished with a record of 95–59, seven games in front of the second-place Milwaukee Braves to win their first National League championship in 33 seasons. The team went on to play the heavily favored New York Yankees, whom they defeated 4 games to 3 in one of the most storied World Series ever.","title":"1960 Pittsburgh Pirates season"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Winter Meetings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Meetings"},{"link_name":"Joe L. Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_L._Brown"},{"link_name":"Dick Groat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Groat"},{"link_name":"Kansas City Athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City_Athletics"},{"link_name":"Roger Maris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Maris"},{"link_name":"Danny Murtaugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Murtaugh"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"At the 1959 Winter Meetings, Pirates general manager Joe L. Brown had agreed to trade Dick Groat to the Kansas City Athletics in exchange for Roger Maris. Pirates manager Danny Murtaugh had advised Brown that he did not want to lose Groat, and the deal was never finalized.[2]","title":"Offseason"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"José Martínez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%ADnez_(infielder)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Notable transactions","text":"Prior to 1960 season: José Martínez was signed as an amateur free agent by the Pirates.[3]","title":"Offseason"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Season standings"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"National League","title":"Season standings"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Record vs. opponents","title":"Season standings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chicago Cubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_Chicago_Cubs_season"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati Reds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_Cincinnati_Reds_season"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Dodgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_Los_Angeles_Dodgers_season"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee Braves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_Milwaukee_Braves_season"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Phillies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_Philadelphia_Phillies_season"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Cardinals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_St._Louis_Cardinals_season"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Giants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_San_Francisco_Giants_season"}],"sub_title":"Detailed records","text":"National League\n\n\nOpponent\nW\nL\nWP\nRS\nRA\n\n\nChicago Cubs\n15\n7\n0.682\n114\n90\n\n\nCincinnati Reds\n16\n6\n0.727\n119\n78\n\n\nLos Angeles Dodgers\n11\n11\n0.500\n76\n76\n\n\nMilwaukee Braves\n13\n9\n0.591\n107\n95\n\n\nPhiladelphia Phillies\n15\n7\n0.682\n100\n60\n\n\nPittsburgh Pirates\n\n\n\nSt. Louis Cardinals\n11\n11\n0.500\n99\n81\n\n\nSan Francisco Giants\n14\n8\n0.636\n119\n113\n\n\nSeason Total\n95\n59\n0.617\n754\n593\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMonth\n\nGames\n\nWon\n\nLost\n\nWin %\n\nRS\n\nRA\n\n\nApril\n14\n11\n3\n0.786\n84\n49\n\n\nMay\n27\n16\n11\n0.593\n132\n116\n\n\nJune\n26\n15\n11\n0.577\n147\n127\n\n\nJuly\n29\n15\n14\n0.517\n114\n108\n\n\nAugust\n31\n21\n10\n0.677\n151\n103\n\n\nSeptember\n25\n15\n10\n0.600\n90\n82\n\n\nOctober\n2\n2\n0\n1.000\n16\n8\n\n\nTotal\n155\n95\n59\n0.617\n754\n593\n\n\n\n\n\n\nGames\n\nWon\n\nLost\n\nWin %\n\nRS\n\nRA\n\n\nHome\n\n78\n52\n25\n0.675\n362\n287\n\n\nRoad\n\n77\n43\n34\n0.558\n372\n306\n\n\nTotal\n155\n95\n59\n0.617\n754\n593","title":"Season standings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(sports)"},{"link_name":"Dick Groat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Groat"},{"link_name":"Lew Burdette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lew_Burdette"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Best_Game_Ever_2007-4"},{"link_name":"Dick Schofield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ducky_Schofield"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Best_Game_Ever_2007-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"On September 6, team captain Dick Groat was drilled on his left wrist by an inside pitch from Braves pitcher Lew Burdette.[4] Groat was lost for the rest of the season. Dick Schofield stepped in for the injured Groat and went three for three in that September 6 game. The Pirates won the game 5–3 and Schofield would go on to hit .414 for the rest of the season.[4]On September 25 in Milwaukee, the Pirates clinched their first pennant in 33 years.[5]","title":"Regular season"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Game log","title":"Regular season"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Composite Box","title":"Regular season"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Opening Day Lineup","title":"Regular season"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Julián Javier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juli%C3%A1n_Javier"},{"link_name":"Ed Bauta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Bauta"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Cardinals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Cardinals"},{"link_name":"Vinegar Bend Mizell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmer_Mizell"},{"link_name":"Dick Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Gray"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Mickey Vernon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickey_Vernon"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vernon-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vernon-8"}],"sub_title":"Notable transactions","text":"May 28, 1960: Julián Javier and Ed Bauta were traded by the Pirates to the St. Louis Cardinals for Vinegar Bend Mizell and Dick Gray.[7]\nSeptember 1, 1960: Mickey Vernon was signed as a free agent by the Pirates.[8]\nSeptember 30, 1960: Mickey Vernon was released by the Pirates.[8]","title":"Regular season"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Roster","title":"Regular season"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Postseason"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_World_Series"},{"link_name":"New York Yankees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_New_York_Yankees_season"},{"link_name":"World Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Series"},{"link_name":"Bill Mazeroski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Mazeroski"}],"sub_title":"1960 World Series","text":"The 1960 Pirates team, which featured eight All-Stars, was widely predicted to lose the World Series to a powerful New York Yankees team. In one of the most memorable World Series in history, the Pirates were defeated by more than ten runs in three games, won three close games, then recovered from a 7–4 deficit late in Game 7 to eventually win on a walk-off home run by Bill Mazeroski, a second baseman better known for his defensive wizardry.","title":"Postseason"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Forbes Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes_Field"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh,_Pennsylvania"}],"sub_title":"Game 1","text":"October 5, 1960, at Forbes Field in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Attendance: 36,676","title":"Postseason"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Forbes Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes_Field"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh,_Pennsylvania"}],"sub_title":"Game 2","text":"October 6, 1960, at Forbes Field in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Attendance: 37,308","title":"Postseason"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yankee Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yankee_Stadium_(1923)"}],"sub_title":"Game 3","text":"October 8, 1960, at Yankee Stadium in New York City. Attendance: 70,001","title":"Postseason"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yankee Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yankee_Stadium_(1923)"}],"sub_title":"Game 4","text":"October 9, 1960, at Yankee Stadium in New York City. Attendance: 67,812","title":"Postseason"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yankee Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yankee_Stadium_(1923)"}],"sub_title":"Game 5","text":"October 10, 1960, at Yankee Stadium in New York City. Attendance: 62,753","title":"Postseason"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Forbes Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes_Field"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh,_Pennsylvania"}],"sub_title":"Game 6","text":"October 12, 1960, at Forbes Field in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Attendance: 38,580","title":"Postseason"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Forbes Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes_Field"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh,_Pennsylvania"}],"sub_title":"Game 7","text":"October 13, 1960, at Forbes Field in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Attendance: 36,683","title":"Postseason"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Game log","title":"Postseason"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York Yankees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_New_York_Yankees_season"}],"sub_title":"Composite Box","text":"1960 World Series (4–3): Pittsburgh Pirates (N.L.) over New York Yankees (A.L.)","title":"Postseason"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Roy Face","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Face"},{"link_name":"Fred Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Green_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Dick Schofield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ducky_Schofield"},{"link_name":"Jim Umbricht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Umbricht"},{"link_name":"Dick Groat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Groat"},{"link_name":"Roberto Clemente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Clemente"},{"link_name":"Rocky Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Nelson"},{"link_name":"Hal Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal_Smith_(catcher)"},{"link_name":"Smoky Burgess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoky_Burgess"},{"link_name":"Don Hoak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Hoak"},{"link_name":"Bill Mazeroski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Mazeroski"},{"link_name":"Bob Skinner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Skinner"},{"link_name":"Gino Cimoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gino_Cimoli"},{"link_name":"Bill Virdon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Virdon"},{"link_name":"Dick Stuart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Stuart"},{"link_name":"Harvey Haddix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_Haddix"},{"link_name":"Gene Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Baker"},{"link_name":"Joe Christopher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Christopher"},{"link_name":"Joe Gibbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Gibbon"},{"link_name":"Bob Oldis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Oldis"},{"link_name":"Bennie Daniels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bennie_Daniels"},{"link_name":"Vern Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vern_Law"},{"link_name":"Tom Cheney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Cheney_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Vinegar Bend Mizell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmer_Mizell"},{"link_name":"Mickey Vernon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickey_Vernon"},{"link_name":"Bob Friend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Friend"},{"link_name":"Dick Barone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Barone"},{"link_name":"Harry Bright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Bright"},{"link_name":"Earl Francis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Francis"},{"link_name":"Paul Giel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Giel"},{"link_name":"Danny Kravitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Kravitz"},{"link_name":"Clem Labine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clem_Labine"},{"link_name":"Roman Mejias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom%C3%A1n_Mej%C3%ADas"},{"link_name":"Diomedes Olivo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diomedes_Olivo"},{"link_name":"R C Stevens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._C._Stevens"},{"link_name":"George Witt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Witt_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Don Gross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Gross_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Hal Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal_Smith_(catcher)"},{"link_name":"Smoky Burgess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoky_Burgess"},{"link_name":"Harvey Haddix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_Haddix"},{"link_name":"Vern Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vern_Law"},{"link_name":"Rocky Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Nelson"},{"link_name":"Dick Schofield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ducky_Schofield"},{"link_name":"Bill Mazeroski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Mazeroski"},{"link_name":"Roberto Clemente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Clemente"},{"link_name":"Gino Cimoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gino_Cimoli"},{"link_name":"Bill Virdon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Virdon"},{"link_name":"Don Hoak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Hoak"},{"link_name":"Dick Groat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Groat"},{"link_name":"Bob Skinner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Skinner"},{"link_name":"Dick Stuart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Stuart"},{"link_name":"Gene Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Baker"},{"link_name":"Roy Face","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Face"},{"link_name":"Bob Friend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Friend"},{"link_name":"Fred Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Green_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Tom Cheney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Cheney_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Joe Christopher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Christopher"},{"link_name":"Joe Gibbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Gibbon"},{"link_name":"Clem Labine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clem_Labine"},{"link_name":"Vinegar Bend Mizell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmer_Mizell"},{"link_name":"Bob Oldis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Oldis"},{"link_name":"George Witt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Witt_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Clem Labine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clem_Labine"},{"link_name":"Earl Francis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Francis"},{"link_name":"Diomedes Olivo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diomedes_Olivo"},{"link_name":"Roy Face","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Face"},{"link_name":"Bob Friend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Friend"},{"link_name":"Vern Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vern_Law"},{"link_name":"Vinegar Bend Mizell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmer_Mizell"},{"link_name":"Fred Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Green_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Don Gross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Gross_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Harvey Haddix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_Haddix"},{"link_name":"Tom Cheney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Cheney_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Joe Gibbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Gibbon"},{"link_name":"George Witt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Witt_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Jim Umbricht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Umbricht"},{"link_name":"Paul Giel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Giel"},{"link_name":"Bennie Daniels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bennie_Daniels"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"George Witt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Witt_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Harvey Haddix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_Haddix"},{"link_name":"Vern Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vern_Law"},{"link_name":"Tom Cheney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Cheney_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Roy Face","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Face"},{"link_name":"Joe Gibbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Gibbon"},{"link_name":"Bob Friend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Friend"},{"link_name":"Clem Labine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clem_Labine"},{"link_name":"Vinegar Bend Mizell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmer_Mizell"},{"link_name":"Fred Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Green_(baseball)"}],"text":"BattingNote: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted inRegular Season[10]\n\n\nPlayer\n\nG\n\nAB\n\nH\n\nAvg.\n\nHR\n\nRBI\n\n\nRoy Face\n68\n17\n7\n0.412\n0\n0\n\n\nFred Green\n45\n8\n3\n0.375\n2\n2\n\n\nDick Schofield\n65\n102\n34\n0.333\n0\n10\n\n\nJim Umbricht\n17\n6\n2\n0.333\n0\n0\n\n\nDick Groat\n138\n573\n186\n0.325\n2\n50\n\n\nRoberto Clemente\n144\n570\n179\n0.314\n16\n94\n\n\nRocky Nelson\n93\n200\n60\n0.300\n7\n35\n\n\nHal Smith\n77\n258\n76\n0.295\n11\n45\n\n\nSmoky Burgess\n110\n337\n99\n0.294\n7\n39\n\n\nDon Hoak\n155\n553\n156\n0.282\n16\n79\n\n\nBill Mazeroski\n151\n538\n147\n0.273\n11\n64\n\n\nBob Skinner\n145\n571\n156\n0.273\n15\n86\n\n\nGino Cimoli\n101\n307\n82\n0.267\n0\n28\n\n\nBill Virdon\n120\n409\n108\n0.264\n8\n40\n\n\nDick Stuart\n122\n438\n114\n0.260\n23\n83\n\n\nHarvey Haddix\n29\n67\n17\n0.254\n0\n7\n\n\nGene Baker\n33\n37\n9\n0.243\n0\n4\n\n\nJoe Christopher\n50\n56\n13\n0.232\n1\n3\n\n\nJoe Gibbon\n27\n19\n4\n0.211\n0\n0\n\n\nBob Oldis\n22\n20\n4\n0.200\n0\n1\n\n\nBennie Daniels\n10\n16\n3\n0.188\n0\n2\n\n\nVern Law\n35\n94\n17\n0.181\n1\n7\n\n\nTom Cheney\n11\n17\n3\n0.176\n0\n2\n\n\nVinegar Bend Mizell\n23\n51\n7\n0.137\n0\n3\n\n\nMickey Vernon\n9\n8\n1\n0.125\n0\n1\n\n\nBob Friend\n38\n88\n6\n0.068\n0\n3\n\n\nDick Barone\n3\n6\n0\n0.000\n0\n0\n\n\nHarry Bright\n4\n4\n0\n0.000\n0\n0\n\n\nEarl Francis\n7\n5\n0\n0.000\n0\n0\n\n\nPaul Giel\n16\n7\n0\n0.000\n0\n0\n\n\nDanny Kravitz\n8\n6\n0\n0.000\n0\n0\n\n\nClem Labine\n15\n4\n0\n0.000\n0\n1\n\n\nRoman Mejias\n3\n1\n0\n0.000\n0\n0\n\n\nDiomedes Olivo\n4\n1\n0\n0.000\n0\n0\n\n\nR C Stevens\n9\n3\n0\n0.000\n0\n0\n\n\nGeorge Witt\n10\n9\n0\n0.000\n0\n0\n\n\nDon Gross\n5\n0\n0\n—\n0\n0\n\n\nTeam Totals\n155\n5,406\n1,493\n0.276\n120\n689\n\n\n\n\nWorld Series[11]\n\n\nPlayer\n\nG\n\nAB\n\nH\n\nAvg.\n\nHR\n\nRBI\n\n\nHal Smith\n3\n8\n3\n0.375\n1\n3\n\n\nSmoky Burgess\n5\n18\n6\n0.333\n0\n0\n\n\nHarvey Haddix\n2\n3\n1\n0.333\n0\n0\n\n\nVern Law\n3\n6\n2\n0.333\n0\n1\n\n\nRocky Nelson\n4\n9\n3\n0.333\n1\n2\n\n\nDick Schofield\n3\n3\n1\n0.333\n0\n0\n\n\nBill Mazeroski\n7\n25\n8\n0.320\n2\n5\n\n\nRoberto Clemente\n7\n29\n9\n0.310\n0\n3\n\n\nGino Cimoli\n7\n20\n5\n0.250\n0\n1\n\n\nBill Virdon\n7\n29\n7\n0.241\n0\n5\n\n\nDon Hoak\n7\n23\n5\n0.217\n0\n3\n\n\nDick Groat\n7\n28\n6\n0.214\n0\n2\n\n\nBob Skinner\n2\n5\n1\n0.200\n0\n1\n\n\nDick Stuart\n5\n20\n3\n0.150\n0\n0\n\n\nGene Baker\n3\n3\n0\n0.000\n0\n0\n\n\nRoy Face\n4\n3\n0\n0.000\n0\n0\n\n\nBob Friend\n3\n1\n0\n0.000\n0\n0\n\n\nFred Green\n3\n1\n0\n0.000\n0\n0\n\n\nTom Cheney\n3\n0\n0\n—\n0\n0\n\n\nJoe Christopher\n3\n0\n0\n—\n0\n0\n\n\nJoe Gibbon\n2\n0\n0\n—\n0\n0\n\n\nClem Labine\n3\n0\n0\n—\n0\n0\n\n\nVinegar Bend Mizell\n2\n0\n0\n—\n0\n0\n\n\nBob Oldis\n2\n0\n0\n—\n0\n0\n\n\nGeorge Witt\n3\n0\n0\n—\n0\n0\n\n\nTeam Totals\n7\n234\n60\n0.256\n4\n26PitchingNote: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = StrikeoutsRegular Season[12]\n\n\nPlayer\n\nG\n\nIP\n\nW\n\nL\n\nERA\n\nSO\n\n\nClem Labine\n15\n301⁄3\n3\n0\n1.48\n21\n\n\nEarl Francis\n7\n18\n1\n0\n2.00\n8\n\n\nDiomedes Olivo\n4\n92⁄3\n0\n0\n2.79\n10\n\n\nRoy Face\n68\n1142⁄3\n10\n8\n2.90\n72\n\n\nBob Friend\n38\n2752⁄3\n18\n12\n3.00\n183\n\n\nVern Law\n35\n2712⁄3\n20\n9\n3.08\n120\n\n\nVinegar Bend Mizell\n23\n1552⁄3\n13\n5\n3.12\n71\n\n\nFred Green\n45\n70\n8\n4\n3.21\n49\n\n\nDon Gross\n5\n51⁄3\n0\n0\n3.38\n3\n\n\nHarvey Haddix\n29\n1721⁄3\n11\n10\n3.97\n101\n\n\nTom Cheney\n11\n52\n2\n2\n3.98\n35\n\n\nJoe Gibbon\n27\n801⁄3\n4\n2\n4.03\n60\n\n\nGeorge Witt\n10\n30\n1\n2\n4.20\n15\n\n\nJim Umbricht\n17\n402⁄3\n1\n2\n5.09\n26\n\n\nPaul Giel\n16\n33\n2\n0\n5.73\n21\n\n\nBennie Daniels\n10\n401⁄3\n1\n3\n7.81\n16\n\n\nTeam Totals\n155\n1,3992⁄3\n95\n59\n3.49\n811\n\n\n\n\nWorld Series[13]\n\n\nPlayer\n\nG\n\nIP\n\nW\n\nL\n\nERA\n\nSO\n\n\nGeorge Witt\n3\n22⁄3\n0\n0\n0.00\n1\n\n\nHarvey Haddix\n2\n71⁄3\n2\n0\n2.45\n6\n\n\nVern Law\n3\n181⁄3\n2\n0\n3.44\n8\n\n\nTom Cheney\n3\n4\n0\n0\n4.50\n6\n\n\nRoy Face\n4\n101⁄3\n0\n0\n5.23\n4\n\n\nJoe Gibbon\n2\n3\n0\n0\n9.00\n2\n\n\nBob Friend\n3\n6\n0\n2\n13.50\n7\n\n\nClem Labine\n3\n4\n0\n0\n13.50\n2\n\n\nVinegar Bend Mizell\n2\n21⁄3\n0\n1\n15.43\n1\n\n\nFred Green\n3\n4\n0\n0\n22.50\n3\n\n\nTeam Totals\n7\n62\n4\n3\n7.11\n40","title":"Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dick Groat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Groat"},{"link_name":"Bill Mazeroski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Mazeroski"},{"link_name":"Babe Ruth Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babe_Ruth_Award"},{"link_name":"Danny Murtaugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Murtaugh"}],"text":"Dick Groat, Shortstop, National League MVP\nBill Mazeroski, Babe Ruth Award\nDanny Murtaugh, Associated Press NL Manager of the Year","title":"Awards and honors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1960 Major League Baseball All-Star Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game_(first_game)"},{"link_name":"1960 Major League Baseball All-Star Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game_(second_game)"},{"link_name":"Smoky Burgess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoky_Burgess"},{"link_name":"Roberto Clemente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Clemente"},{"link_name":"Roy Face","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Face"},{"link_name":"Bob Friend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Friend"},{"link_name":"Dick Groat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Groat"},{"link_name":"Vern Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vern_Law"},{"link_name":"Bill Mazeroski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Mazeroski"},{"link_name":"Bob Skinner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Skinner"}],"sub_title":"All-Stars","text":"1960 Major League Baseball All-Star Game, 1960 Major League Baseball All-Star GameSmoky Burgess\nRoberto Clemente\nRoy Face\nBob Friend (starting P, first game)\nDick Groat\nVern Law (starting P, second game)\nBill Mazeroski (starting 2B)\nBob Skinner (starting LF)","title":"Awards and honors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roberto Clemente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Clemente"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Dick Groat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Groat"}],"sub_title":"League leaders","text":"Roberto Clemente, Led National League in outfield assists, 19 baserunners thrown out[14]\nDick Groat, Led National League in batting average","title":"Awards and honors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Minor League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_League_Baseball"}],"text":"See also: Minor League BaseballLEAGUE CHAMPIONS: Savannah, Hobbs","title":"Farm system"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Allegheny, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegheny,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"North Side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Side_(Pittsburgh)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4165-8928-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4165-8928-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"José Martínez page at Baseball Reference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.baseball-reference.com/players/m/martijo04.shtml"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-The_Best_Game_Ever_2007_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-The_Best_Game_Ever_2007_4-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7867-1943-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-1943-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7867-1943-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-1943-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"1960 Pittsburgh Pirates Schedule & Results\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.baseball-reference.com/teams/PIT/1960-schedule-scores.shtml"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Vinegar Bend Mizell page at Baseball Reference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.baseball-reference.com/m/mizelvi01.shtml"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-vernon_8-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-vernon_8-1"},{"link_name":"Mickey Vernon page at Baseball Reference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.baseball-reference.com/v/vernomi01.shtml"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"\"1960 World Series\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.baseball-reference.com/postseason/1960_WS.shtml"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"\"Major League Baseball Regular Season Hitting Stats | pirates.com: Stats\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20141012104237/http://pittsburgh.pirates.mlb.com/stats/sortable.jsp?c_id=pit#playerType=ALL&elem=%5Bobject+Object%5D&tab_level=child&click_text=Sortable+Player+hitting&game_type='R'&season=1960&season_type=ANY&league_code='MLB'&sectionType=sp&statType=hitting&page=1&ts=1462395741591&sportCode='mlb'&split=&team_id=134&active_sw=&position=&page_type=SortablePlayer&sortOrder='desc'&sortColumn=avg&results=&perPage=50&timeframe=&last_x_days=&extended=0"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//pittsburgh.pirates.mlb.com/stats/sortable.jsp?c_id=pit#playerType=ALL&elem=%5Bobject+Object%5D&tab_level=child&click_text=Sortable+Player+hitting&game_type='R'&season=1960&season_type=ANY&league_code='MLB'&sectionType=sp&statType=hitting&page=1&ts=1462395741591&sportCode='mlb'&split=&team_id=134&active_sw=&position=&page_type=SortablePlayer&sortOrder='desc'&sortColumn=avg&results=&perPage=50&timeframe=&last_x_days=&extended=0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"\"Major League Baseball Postseason Hitting Stats | pirates.com: Stats\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20141012104237/http://pittsburgh.pirates.mlb.com/stats/sortable.jsp?c_id=pit#playerType=ALL&elem=%5Bobject+Object%5D&tab_level=child&click_text=Sortable+Player+hitting&game_type='W'&season=1960&season_type=ANY&league_code='MLB'&sectionType=sp&statType=hitting&page=1&ts=1462395825250&sportCode='mlb'&split=&team_id=134&active_sw=&position=&page_type=SortablePlayer&sortOrder='desc'&sortColumn=avg&results=&perPage=50&timeframe=&last_x_days=&extended=0"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//pittsburgh.pirates.mlb.com/stats/sortable.jsp?c_id=pit#playerType=ALL&elem=%5Bobject+Object%5D&tab_level=child&click_text=Sortable+Player+hitting&game_type='W'&season=1960&season_type=ANY&league_code='MLB'&sectionType=sp&statType=hitting&page=1&ts=1462395825250&sportCode='mlb'&split=&team_id=134&active_sw=&position=&page_type=SortablePlayer&sortOrder='desc'&sortColumn=avg&results=&perPage=50&timeframe=&last_x_days=&extended=0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"\"Major League Baseball Regular Season Pitching Stats | pirates.com: Stats\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20141012104237/http://pittsburgh.pirates.mlb.com/stats/sortable.jsp?c_id=pit#playerType=ALL&elem=%5Bobject+Object%5D&tab_level=child&click_text=Sortable+Player+pitching&game_type='R'&season=1960&season_type=ANY&league_code='MLB'&sectionType=sp&statType=pitching&page=1&ts=1462395884077&sportCode='mlb'&split=&team_id=134&active_sw=&position=&page_type=SortablePlayer&sortOrder='asc'&sortColumn=era&results=&perPage=50&timeframe=&last_x_days=&extended=0"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//pittsburgh.pirates.mlb.com/stats/sortable.jsp?c_id=pit#playerType=ALL&elem=%5Bobject+Object%5D&tab_level=child&click_text=Sortable+Player+pitching&game_type='R'&season=1960&season_type=ANY&league_code='MLB'&sectionType=sp&statType=pitching&page=1&ts=1462395884077&sportCode='mlb'&split=&team_id=134&active_sw=&position=&page_type=SortablePlayer&sortOrder='asc'&sortColumn=era&results=&perPage=50&timeframe=&last_x_days=&extended=0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"\"Major League Baseball Postseason Pitching Stats | pirates.com: Stats\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20141012104237/http://pittsburgh.pirates.mlb.com/stats/sortable.jsp?c_id=pit#playerType=ALL&elem=%5Bobject+Object%5D&tab_level=child&click_text=Sortable+Player+pitching&game_type='W'&season=1960&season_type=ANY&league_code='MLB'&sectionType=sp&statType=pitching&page=1&ts=1462695586961&sportCode='mlb'&split=&team_id=134&active_sw=&position=&page_type=SortablePlayer&sortOrder='asc'&sortColumn=era&results=&perPage=50&timeframe=&last_x_days=&extended=0"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//pittsburgh.pirates.mlb.com/stats/sortable.jsp?c_id=pit#playerType=ALL&elem=%5Bobject+Object%5D&tab_level=child&click_text=Sortable+Player+pitching&game_type='W'&season=1960&season_type=ANY&league_code='MLB'&sectionType=sp&statType=pitching&page=1&ts=1462695586961&sportCode='mlb'&split=&team_id=134&active_sw=&position=&page_type=SortablePlayer&sortOrder='asc'&sortColumn=era&results=&perPage=50&timeframe=&last_x_days=&extended=0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7867-1943-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-1943-3"}],"text":"^ From 1882–1906, the team played in Allegheny, Pennsylvania, which became annexed by Pittsburgh as the North Side in 1907.\n\n^ Roger Maris: Baseball's Reluctant Hero, p. 114, Tom Clavin and Danny Peary, Touchstone Books, Published by Simon & Schuster, New York, 2010, ISBN 978-1-4165-8928-0\n\n^ José Martínez page at Baseball Reference\n\n^ a b The Best Game Ever, Prologue, p. xxi, Jim Reisler, Carroll & Graf Publishers, New York, 2007, ISBN 978-0-7867-1943-3\n\n^ The Best Game Ever, Prologue, p. xxii, Jim Reisler, Carroll & Graf Publishers, New York, 2007, ISBN 978-0-7867-1943-3\n\n^ \"1960 Pittsburgh Pirates Schedule & Results\". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved September 19, 2017.\n\n^ Vinegar Bend Mizell page at Baseball Reference\n\n^ a b Mickey Vernon page at Baseball Reference\n\n^ \"1960 World Series\". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved March 31, 2016.\n\n^ \"Major League Baseball Regular Season Hitting Stats | pirates.com: Stats\". Pittsburgh Pirates. Archived from the original on October 12, 2014. Retrieved May 4, 2016.\n\n^ \"Major League Baseball Postseason Hitting Stats | pirates.com: Stats\". Pittsburgh Pirates. Archived from the original on October 12, 2014. Retrieved May 4, 2016.\n\n^ \"Major League Baseball Regular Season Pitching Stats | pirates.com: Stats\". Pittsburgh Pirates. Archived from the original on October 12, 2014. Retrieved May 4, 2016.\n\n^ \"Major League Baseball Postseason Pitching Stats | pirates.com: Stats\". Pittsburgh Pirates. Archived from the original on October 12, 2014. Retrieved May 4, 2016.\n\n^ The Best Game Ever, p. 21, Jim Reisler, Carroll & Graf Publishers, New York, 2007, ISBN 978-0-7867-1943-3","title":"Notes"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"1960 Pittsburgh Pirates Schedule & Results\". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved September 19, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/teams/PIT/1960-schedule-scores.shtml","url_text":"\"1960 Pittsburgh Pirates Schedule & Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"1960 World Series\". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved March 31, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/postseason/1960_WS.shtml","url_text":"\"1960 World Series\""}]},{"reference":"\"Major League Baseball Regular Season Hitting Stats | pirates.com: Stats\". Pittsburgh Pirates. Archived from the original on October 12, 2014. Retrieved May 4, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141012104237/http://pittsburgh.pirates.mlb.com/stats/sortable.jsp?c_id=pit#playerType=ALL&elem=%5Bobject+Object%5D&tab_level=child&click_text=Sortable+Player+hitting&game_type='R'&season=1960&season_type=ANY&league_code='MLB'&sectionType=sp&statType=hitting&page=1&ts=1462395741591&sportCode='mlb'&split=&team_id=134&active_sw=&position=&page_type=SortablePlayer&sortOrder='desc'&sortColumn=avg&results=&perPage=50&timeframe=&last_x_days=&extended=0","url_text":"\"Major League Baseball Regular Season Hitting Stats | pirates.com: Stats\""},{"url":"http://pittsburgh.pirates.mlb.com/stats/sortable.jsp?c_id=pit#playerType=ALL&elem=%5Bobject+Object%5D&tab_level=child&click_text=Sortable+Player+hitting&game_type='R'&season=1960&season_type=ANY&league_code='MLB'&sectionType=sp&statType=hitting&page=1&ts=1462395741591&sportCode='mlb'&split=&team_id=134&active_sw=&position=&page_type=SortablePlayer&sortOrder='desc'&sortColumn=avg&results=&perPage=50&timeframe=&last_x_days=&extended=0","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Major League Baseball Postseason Hitting Stats | pirates.com: Stats\". Pittsburgh Pirates. Archived from the original on October 12, 2014. Retrieved May 4, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141012104237/http://pittsburgh.pirates.mlb.com/stats/sortable.jsp?c_id=pit#playerType=ALL&elem=%5Bobject+Object%5D&tab_level=child&click_text=Sortable+Player+hitting&game_type='W'&season=1960&season_type=ANY&league_code='MLB'&sectionType=sp&statType=hitting&page=1&ts=1462395825250&sportCode='mlb'&split=&team_id=134&active_sw=&position=&page_type=SortablePlayer&sortOrder='desc'&sortColumn=avg&results=&perPage=50&timeframe=&last_x_days=&extended=0","url_text":"\"Major League Baseball Postseason Hitting Stats | pirates.com: Stats\""},{"url":"http://pittsburgh.pirates.mlb.com/stats/sortable.jsp?c_id=pit#playerType=ALL&elem=%5Bobject+Object%5D&tab_level=child&click_text=Sortable+Player+hitting&game_type='W'&season=1960&season_type=ANY&league_code='MLB'&sectionType=sp&statType=hitting&page=1&ts=1462395825250&sportCode='mlb'&split=&team_id=134&active_sw=&position=&page_type=SortablePlayer&sortOrder='desc'&sortColumn=avg&results=&perPage=50&timeframe=&last_x_days=&extended=0","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Major League Baseball Regular Season Pitching Stats | pirates.com: Stats\". 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Retrieved May 4, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141012104237/http://pittsburgh.pirates.mlb.com/stats/sortable.jsp?c_id=pit#playerType=ALL&elem=%5Bobject+Object%5D&tab_level=child&click_text=Sortable+Player+pitching&game_type='R'&season=1960&season_type=ANY&league_code='MLB'&sectionType=sp&statType=pitching&page=1&ts=1462395884077&sportCode='mlb'&split=&team_id=134&active_sw=&position=&page_type=SortablePlayer&sortOrder='asc'&sortColumn=era&results=&perPage=50&timeframe=&last_x_days=&extended=0","url_text":"\"Major League Baseball Regular Season Pitching Stats | pirates.com: Stats\""},{"url":"http://pittsburgh.pirates.mlb.com/stats/sortable.jsp?c_id=pit#playerType=ALL&elem=%5Bobject+Object%5D&tab_level=child&click_text=Sortable+Player+pitching&game_type='R'&season=1960&season_type=ANY&league_code='MLB'&sectionType=sp&statType=pitching&page=1&ts=1462395884077&sportCode='mlb'&split=&team_id=134&active_sw=&position=&page_type=SortablePlayer&sortOrder='asc'&sortColumn=era&results=&perPage=50&timeframe=&last_x_days=&extended=0","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Major League Baseball Postseason Pitching Stats | pirates.com: Stats\". Pittsburgh Pirates. Archived from the original on October 12, 2014. Retrieved May 4, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141012104237/http://pittsburgh.pirates.mlb.com/stats/sortable.jsp?c_id=pit#playerType=ALL&elem=%5Bobject+Object%5D&tab_level=child&click_text=Sortable+Player+pitching&game_type='W'&season=1960&season_type=ANY&league_code='MLB'&sectionType=sp&statType=pitching&page=1&ts=1462695586961&sportCode='mlb'&split=&team_id=134&active_sw=&position=&page_type=SortablePlayer&sortOrder='asc'&sortColumn=era&results=&perPage=50&timeframe=&last_x_days=&extended=0","url_text":"\"Major League Baseball Postseason Pitching Stats | pirates.com: Stats\""},{"url":"http://pittsburgh.pirates.mlb.com/stats/sortable.jsp?c_id=pit#playerType=ALL&elem=%5Bobject+Object%5D&tab_level=child&click_text=Sortable+Player+pitching&game_type='W'&season=1960&season_type=ANY&league_code='MLB'&sectionType=sp&statType=pitching&page=1&ts=1462695586961&sportCode='mlb'&split=&team_id=134&active_sw=&position=&page_type=SortablePlayer&sortOrder='asc'&sortColumn=era&results=&perPage=50&timeframe=&last_x_days=&extended=0","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Johnson, Lloyd; Wolff, Miles, eds. (1997). The Encyclopedia of Minor League Baseball (2nd ed.). Durham, North Carolina: Baseball America. ISBN 978-0-9637189-8-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9637189-8-3","url_text":"978-0-9637189-8-3"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano_Concerto_No._3_(Rachmaninoff)
Piano Concerto No. 3 (Rachmaninoff)
["1 History","1.1 Background and premiere","1.2 Changing public opinion and future performances","1.3 Comparison to Second Piano Concerto and legacy","2 Instrumentation","3 Structure","3.1 I. Allegro ma non tanto","3.2 II: Intermezzo","3.3 III: Finale","4 In popular culture","5 References","6 Sources","7 Further reading","8 External links"]
Work by Sergei Rachmaninoff "Rachmaninoff 3" and "Rach 3" redirect here. For his third symphony, see Symphony No. 3 (Rachmaninoff). Rachmaninoff proofing copies of the concerto in 1910 Sergei Rachmaninoff's Piano Concerto No. 3 in D minor, Op. 30, was composed in the summer of 1909. The piece was premiered on November 28 of that year in New York City with the composer as soloist, accompanied by the New York Symphony Society under Walter Damrosch. The work has the reputation of being one of the most technically challenging piano concertos in the standard classical piano repertoire. History Background and premiere Rachmaninoff composed the concerto in Dresden completing it on September 23, 1909. Contemporary with this work are his First Piano Sonata and his tone poem The Isle of the Dead. Owing to its difficulty, the concerto is respected, even feared, by many pianists. Josef Hofmann, the pianist to whom the work is dedicated, never publicly performed it, saying that it "wasn't for" him. Gary Graffman lamented he had not learned this concerto as a student, when he was "still too young to know fear". Due to time constraints, Rachmaninoff could not practice the piece while in Russia. Instead, he practiced it on a silent keyboard that he brought with him while en route to the United States. The concerto was first performed on Sunday, November 28, 1909, at the New Theatre in New York City. Rachmaninoff was the soloist, with the New York Symphony Society with Walter Damrosch conducting. The work received a second performance under Gustav Mahler on January 16, 1910, an "experience Rachmaninoff treasured". Rachmaninoff later described the rehearsal to Riesemann: At that time Mahler was the only conductor whom I considered worthy to be classed with Nikisch. He devoted himself to the concerto until the accompaniment, which is rather complicated, had been practiced to perfection, although he had already gone through another long rehearsal. According to Mahler, every detail of the score was important – an attitude too rare amongst conductors. ... Though the rehearsal was scheduled to end at 12:30, we played and played, far beyond this hour, and when Mahler announced that the first movement would be rehearsed again, I expected some protest or scene from the musicians, but I did not notice a single sign of annoyance. The orchestra played the first movement with a keen or perhaps even closer appreciation than the previous time. The score was first published in 1910 by Gutheil. Rachmaninoff called the Third the favorite of his own piano concertos, stating that "I much prefer the Third, because my Second is so uncomfortable to play." Changing public opinion and future performances Public opinion regarding the Third Concerto was mixed following the premiere in New York. On November 30, 1909, two days after the premiere, a critic for the New York Sun wrote "Sound, reasonable music this, though not a great nor memorable proclamation." The New York Times, a few months later, included a review of Rachmaninoff's work: "On this occasion the favorable impression it had made when it was played before was deepened. It is more mature, more finished, more interesting in its structure, and more effective than Rachmaninoff's other compositions in this form…but it was felt by many yesterday…that many another pianist could play it better than the composer." However, by 1919, public perception of the concerto (as well as Rachmaninoff's pianistic capabilities) turned more positive. He was increasingly praised for his commitment to resonance and musicality rather than a display of technique and virtuosity. The concerto was "affected by this new appreciation for his convictions", according to Ruby Cheng. In a 1930 letter, Rachmaninoff's brother-in-law Vladimir Satin expressed a feeling of nostalgia for a "lost Russia", thanking him for allowing listeners to live in the "good past" and forget the "bad future". Rachmaninoff became a symbol of an old, nationalistic identity of Russia; many believed he was among the last. The Third Concerto served the same purpose as the Second in this way: he "spoke directly to the Russian soul." The concerto soon became more popular in the United States than the Second Concerto, partially due to the fact that Rachmaninoff wrote the Third specifically for his American tour. Vladimir Horowitz's 1930 studio recording of the concerto brought immense popularity to the piece around the world. In 1927, Horowitz met with Rachmaninoff in New York, where he performed the piece for him. By receiving feedback from the composer, Horowitz's interpretation of the concerto "most closely resembled Rachmaninoff's performance in its finely chiseled, almost steely delivery." Ruby Cheng writes, "With these expansions of musical expression and pianism, Horowitz brought the Third Concerto into a prominence that broke through any listener resistance." Horowitz later said "Without false modesty, I brought this concerto to light. I brought it to life, and everywhere!" Comparison to Second Piano Concerto and legacy Russian critic Grigory Prokofiev wrote "The new concerto mirrored the best sides of creative power - sincerity, simplicity and clarity of musical thought." According to Varazdat Khachatryan, the Third Concerto was more piano-centric than Rachmaninoff's previous concertos, presenting the solo pianist as the main attraction, rather than the ensemble as a whole. Much of the structure of the Third Concerto echoes that of the Second, and further develops Rachmaninoff's writing style. The piece is far more structurally complex, however; advanced polyrhythms and texture feature throughout. Boris Asafiev writes that the Third Concerto departs from the "naive romantic features" seen in his earlier compositions, namely the Second Concerto. In addition, the three movements of the Third Concerto, in terms of motives and theme, resemble the cyclic form of the classical symphony, unlike his Second. It is generally agreed that the melodic density and complexity found in the concerto, namely the ossia cadenza of the first movement, is among the most challenging in all of Rachmaninoff's works. The composition is seen by many as the pinnacle of Rachmaninoff's career as a composer. Instrumentation The concerto is scored for piano and orchestra. Woodwinds: 2 flutes 2 oboes 2 clarinets 2 bassoons Brass: 4 horns in F 2 trumpets 3 trombones (2 tenor, 1 bass) tuba Percussion: timpani bass drum snare drum cymbals Strings: 1st violins 2nd violins violas cellos double basses Structure External audioVladimir Ashkenazy, London Symphony Orchestra, André Previn I. Allegro ma non tanto II. Intermezzo (Adagio) III. Finale (Alla breve) The work follows the form of a standard piano concerto, constructed into three movements. The end of the second movement leads directly into the third without interruption. I. Allegro ma non tanto The first movement is in sonata-allegro form. The piece revolves around a diatonic melody which Rachmaninoff claimed "wrote itself". The theme soon develops into complex and busy pianistic figuration. The second theme opens with quiet exchanges between the orchestra and the piano before fully diving into the second theme in B♭ major. The first part of the first theme is restated before the movement is pulled into a loud development section in C minor which opens with toccata-like quavers in the piano and reaches a loud chordal section. The whole development exhibits features similar to a canon, such as an eighth note passage in the piano in which the left hand and the right hand play overlapping figures. The movement reaches a number of ferocious climaxes, especially in the cadenza. Audio playback is not supported in your browser. You can download the audio file.Portion of the original cadenza (ossia) Rachmaninoff wrote two versions of this cadenza: the chordal original, which is commonly notated as the ossia, and a second one with a lighter, toccata-like style. Both cadenzas lead into a quiet solo section where the flute, oboe, clarinet and horn individually restate the first theme of the exposition, accompanied by delicate arpeggios in the piano. The cadenza then ends quietly, but the piano alone continues to play a quiet development of the exposition's second theme in E♭ major before leading to the recapitulation, where the first theme is restated by the piano, with the orchestra accompanying, soon closing with a quiet, rippling coda reminiscent of the second theme. II: Intermezzo The second movement is constructed around a theme and variations, in an ABACA form, while shifting around various home keys. The theme and first two variations are played by the orchestra alone. The piano then plays several variations with and without the orchestra. After the first theme development and recapitulation of the second theme, the main melody from the first movement reappears, before the movement is closed by the orchestra in a manner similar to the introduction. The piano ends the movement with a short, violent "cadenza-esque" passage which moves into the last movement without pause. Many melodic thoughts of this movement allude to Rachmaninoff's second piano concerto, third movement, noticeably the Russian-like E♭ major melody. III: Finale The third movement is in a modified sonata-allegro form, and is quick and vigorous. The movement contains variations on many of the themes that are used in the first movement, which unites the concerto cyclically. However, after the first and second themes it diverges from the regular sonata-allegro form. There is no conventional development; that segment is replaced by a lengthy digression in E♭ major, which leads to the two themes from the first movement. After the digression, the movement recapitulation returns to the original themes, building up to a toccata climax somewhat similar but lighter than the first movement's ossia cadenza and accompanied by the orchestra. The movement concludes with a triumphant and passionate second theme melody in D major. The piece ends with the same four-note rhythm – claimed by some to be the composer's musical signature – as it is used in both the composer's second concerto and second symphony. Rachmaninoff, under pressure, and hoping to make his work more popular, authorized several cuts in the score, to be made at the performer's discretion. These cuts, particularly in the second and third movements, were commonly taken in performance and recordings during the initial decades following the concerto's publication. More recently, it has become commonplace to perform the concerto without cuts. A typical performance of the complete concerto has a duration of about forty minutes. In popular culture The concerto plays the role of a leitmotif in the 1996 film Shine, based on the life of pianist David Helfgott. References ^ O'Connell 1941, p. 383. ^ Dingfelder, Sadie. "'Rach 3' is a concerto that pianist Daniil Trifonov needed to grow into". The Washington Post. washingtonpost.com. Retrieved 25 May 2023. ^ Miller, Michael. "Tao gets fresh with Rach 3". Daily Pilot. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 25 May 2023. ^ Burton-Hill, Clemency. "How performers conquer 'unplayable' works". BBC. British Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 25 May 2023. ^ Leonard, Richard Anthony (1956). A History of Russian Music. London: Jarrold's Publishers. p. 236. ^ David Dubal, The Art of the Piano, third edition (2004), Amadeus Press ^ "Program Notes: Rachmaninoff Piano Concerto No. 3". Archived from the original on 2005-04-20. Retrieved 2013-03-01. ^ Bertensson & Leyda 2001, p. 164. ^ a b c Cheng, Ruby (May 19, 2023). "Rachmaninoff the composer-pianist: Aspects of pianism in his Piano Concerto No. 3 in D minor". Dissertation Abstracts International: 78–94. ProQuest 304858795 – via ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global. ^ Mitchell, Rebecca (2019). "In Search of Russia: Sergei Rakhmaninov and the Politics of Musical Memory after 1917". The Slavonic and East European Review. 97 (1): 136–168. doi:10.5699/slaveasteurorev2.97.1.0136. ISSN 0037-6795. JSTOR 10.5699/slaveasteurorev2.97.1.0136. ^ a b Cobb, Gary. A Descriptive Analysis of the Piano Concertos of Sergei Vasilyevich Rachmaninoff (PDF) (Thesis). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-04-04. Retrieved 2020-07-06. ^ a b Khachatryan, Varazdat (2021-01-01). "Re-Assessing Rachmaninoff's Legacy: The Piano Concertos and Evolution of His Musical Style". Dissertations. doi:10.21427/rv1f-qb86. ^ Bertensson & Leyda 2001, p. 158. ^ "Shine: The Rach 3 | National Film and Sound Archive of Australia". National Film and Sound Archive of Australia. Retrieved 1 May 2024. Sources Bertensson, Sergei; Leyda, Jay (2001). Sergei Rachmaninoff – A Lifetime in Music (Paperback ed.). New York: New York University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-21421-8. O'Connell, Charles (1941) . The Victor Book of the Symphony (Revised ed.). New York: Simon and Schuster. Further reading Anderson, Will R. (1946). Rachmaninov and His Pianoforte Concertos. A brief sketch of the composer and his style. London: Hinrichsen. OCLC 1268692. OL 22358215M. Veinus, Abraham (1948). Victor Book of Concertos. New York: Simon and Schuster. Yasser, Joseph (July 1969). "The Opening Theme of Rachmaninoff's Third Piano Concerto and its Liturgical Prototype". The Musical Quarterly. 55 (3): 313–328. doi:10.1093/mq/LV.3.313. JSTOR 741003. External links Piano Concerto No. 3: Scores at the International Music Score Library Project Rachmaninoff's Works for Piano and Orchestra An analysis of Rachmaninoff's Works for Piano and Orchestra including the Piano Concertos and the Paganini Rhapsody vteSergei RachmaninoffList of compositionsOpera Aleko The Miserly Knight Francesca da Rimini Salammbô Monna Vanna Concerto Piano Concerto No. 1 in F♯ minor Piano Concerto No. 2 in C minor Piano Concerto No. 3 in D minor Piano Concerto No. 4 in G minor OrchestralSymphonies Youth Symphony Symphony No. 1 in D minor Symphony No. 2 in E minor The Bells Symphony No. 3 in A minor Scherzo in D minor Suite in D minor Prince Rostislav The Rock Caprice bohémien Isle of the Dead Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini Symphonic DancesVocal All-Night Vigil Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom Spring The Bells Three Russian Songs Vocalise Chamber Morceaux de salon Trio élégiaque No. 1 Trio élégiaque No. 2 Cello Sonata in G minor Suite No. 1 for two pianos Suite No. 2 for two pianos Russian Rhapsody Polka Italienne Solo piano Morceaux de fantaisie Morceaux de salon Six moments musicaux Variations on a Theme of Chopin Piano Sonata No. 1 in D minor Études-Tableaux, Op. 33 Piano Sonata No. 2 in B♭ minor Études-Tableaux, Op. 39 Variations on a Theme of Corelli Polka de W.R. Étude in F♯ major Lento in D minor Four Pieces Three Nocturnes Piece (Canon) in D minor Four Improvisations Morceau de Fantaisie in G minor Fughetta in F major Three Pieces Miscellaneous Preludes Prelude in C♯ minor Preludes, Op. 23 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Preludes, Op. 32 Prelude in F major Recognitions Conservatoire Rachmaninoff Rachmaninoff (crater) Related Sergei Rachmaninoff recordings Music written in all major and/or minor keys Ivanovka estate Villa Senar Romanticism Category Audio Portal: Classical music Authority control databases International VIAF 2 National Germany Israel United States Other MusicBrainz work
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Symphony No. 3 (Rachmaninoff)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_No._3_(Rachmaninoff)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rachmaninoff_proofing.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sergei Rachmaninoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Rachmaninoff"},{"link_name":"D minor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D_minor"},{"link_name":"Op.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opus_number"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"New York Symphony Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Symphony_Society"},{"link_name":"Walter Damrosch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Damrosch"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connell1941383-1"},{"link_name":"classical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_music"},{"link_name":"piano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"\"Rachmaninoff 3\" and \"Rach 3\" redirect here. For his third symphony, see Symphony No. 3 (Rachmaninoff).Rachmaninoff proofing copies of the concerto in 1910Sergei Rachmaninoff's Piano Concerto No. 3 in D minor, Op. 30, was composed in the summer of 1909. The piece was premiered on November 28 of that year in New York City with the composer as soloist, accompanied by the New York Symphony Society under Walter Damrosch.[1] The work has the reputation of being one of the most technically challenging piano concertos in the standard classical piano repertoire.[2][3][4]","title":"Piano Concerto No. 3 (Rachmaninoff)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"First Piano Sonata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano_Sonata_No._1_(Rachmaninoff)"},{"link_name":"tone poem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphonic_poem"},{"link_name":"The Isle of the Dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_the_Dead_(Rachmaninoff)"},{"link_name":"Josef Hofmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Hofmann"},{"link_name":"Gary Graffman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Graffman"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Piano,_Third_Edition_2004-6"},{"link_name":"en route","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_liner"},{"link_name":"New Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Century_Theatre_(New_York_City)"},{"link_name":"New York Symphony Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Symphony_Society"},{"link_name":"Walter Damrosch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Damrosch"},{"link_name":"conducting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conducting"},{"link_name":"Gustav Mahler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Mahler"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Nikisch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Nikisch"},{"link_name":"movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movement_(music)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertenssonLeyda2001[httpsarchiveorgdetailssergeirachmanino0000bertpage164mode2up_164]-8"},{"link_name":"Gutheil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gutheil_(publisher)"},{"link_name":"Second","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano_Concerto_No._2_(Rachmaninoff)"}],"sub_title":"Background and premiere","text":"Rachmaninoff composed the concerto in Dresden[5] completing it on September 23, 1909. Contemporary with this work are his First Piano Sonata and his tone poem The Isle of the Dead.Owing to its difficulty, the concerto is respected, even feared, by many pianists. Josef Hofmann, the pianist to whom the work is dedicated, never publicly performed it, saying that it \"wasn't for\" him. Gary Graffman lamented he had not learned this concerto as a student, when he was \"still too young to know fear\".[6]Due to time constraints, Rachmaninoff could not practice the piece while in Russia. Instead, he practiced it on a silent keyboard that he brought with him while en route to the United States. The concerto was first performed on Sunday, November 28, 1909, at the New Theatre in New York City. Rachmaninoff was the soloist, with the New York Symphony Society with Walter Damrosch conducting. The work received a second performance under Gustav Mahler on January 16, 1910, an \"experience Rachmaninoff treasured\".[7] Rachmaninoff later described the rehearsal to Riesemann:At that time Mahler was the only conductor whom I considered worthy to be classed with Nikisch. He devoted himself to the concerto until the accompaniment, which is rather complicated, had been practiced to perfection, although he had already gone through another long rehearsal. According to Mahler, every detail of the score was important – an attitude too rare amongst conductors. ... Though the rehearsal was scheduled to end at 12:30, we played and played, far beyond this hour, and when Mahler announced that the first movement would be rehearsed again, I expected some protest or scene from the musicians, but I did not notice a single sign of annoyance. The orchestra played the first movement with a keen or perhaps even closer appreciation than the previous time.[8]The score was first published in 1910 by Gutheil. Rachmaninoff called the Third the favorite of his own piano concertos, stating that \"I much prefer the Third, because my Second is so uncomfortable to play.\"","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Sun"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cheng-2023-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cheng-2023-9"},{"link_name":"Second","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano_Concerto_No._2_(Rachmaninoff)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Second Concerto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano_Concerto_No._2_(Rachmaninoff)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cobb-11"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Horowitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Horowitz"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cheng-2023-9"}],"sub_title":"Changing public opinion and future performances","text":"Public opinion regarding the Third Concerto was mixed following the premiere in New York. On November 30, 1909, two days after the premiere, a critic for the New York Sun wrote \"Sound, reasonable music this, though not a great nor memorable proclamation.\" The New York Times, a few months later, included a review of Rachmaninoff's work: \"On this occasion the favorable impression it had made when it was played before was deepened. It is more mature, more finished, more interesting in its structure, and more effective than Rachmaninoff's other compositions in this form…but it was felt by many yesterday…that many another pianist could play it better than the composer.\"[9]However, by 1919, public perception of the concerto (as well as Rachmaninoff's pianistic capabilities) turned more positive. He was increasingly praised for his commitment to resonance and musicality rather than a display of technique and virtuosity. The concerto was \"affected by this new appreciation for his convictions\", according to Ruby Cheng.[9] In a 1930 letter, Rachmaninoff's brother-in-law Vladimir Satin expressed a feeling of nostalgia for a \"lost Russia\", thanking him for allowing listeners to live in the \"good past\" and forget the \"bad future\". Rachmaninoff became a symbol of an old, nationalistic identity of Russia; many believed he was among the last. The Third Concerto served the same purpose as the Second in this way: he \"spoke directly to the Russian soul.\"[10] The concerto soon became more popular in the United States than the Second Concerto, partially due to the fact that Rachmaninoff wrote the Third specifically for his American tour.[11]Vladimir Horowitz's 1930 studio recording of the concerto brought immense popularity to the piece around the world. In 1927, Horowitz met with Rachmaninoff in New York, where he performed the piece for him. By receiving feedback from the composer, Horowitz's interpretation of the concerto \"most closely resembled Rachmaninoff's performance in its finely chiseled, almost steely delivery.\" Ruby Cheng writes, \"With these expansions of musical expression and pianism, Horowitz brought the Third Concerto into a prominence that broke through any listener resistance.\"[9] Horowitz later said \"Without false modesty, I brought this concerto to light. I brought it to life, and everywhere!\"","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Khachatryan-2021-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Khachatryan-2021-12"}],"sub_title":"Comparison to Second Piano Concerto and legacy","text":"Russian critic Grigory Prokofiev wrote \"The new concerto mirrored the best sides of [Rachmaninoff's] creative power - sincerity, simplicity and clarity of musical thought.\"[12] According to Varazdat Khachatryan, the Third Concerto was more piano-centric than Rachmaninoff's previous concertos, presenting the solo pianist as the main attraction, rather than the ensemble as a whole. Much of the structure of the Third Concerto echoes that of the Second, and further develops Rachmaninoff's writing style. The piece is far more structurally complex, however; advanced polyrhythms and texture feature throughout. Boris Asafiev writes that the Third Concerto departs from the \"naive romantic features\" seen in his earlier compositions, namely the Second Concerto. In addition, the three movements of the Third Concerto, in terms of motives and theme, resemble the cyclic form of the classical symphony, unlike his Second.It is generally agreed that the melodic density and complexity found in the concerto, namely the ossia cadenza of the first movement, is among the most challenging in all of Rachmaninoff's works. The composition is seen by many as the pinnacle of Rachmaninoff's career as a composer.[12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"piano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano"},{"link_name":"orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchestra"},{"link_name":"Woodwinds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodwind_section"},{"link_name":"flutes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_concert_flute"},{"link_name":"oboes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oboe"},{"link_name":"clarinets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarinet"},{"link_name":"bassoons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bassoon"},{"link_name":"Brass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass_section"},{"link_name":"horns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_horn"},{"link_name":"trumpets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet"},{"link_name":"trombones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trombone"},{"link_name":"tuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuba"},{"link_name":"Percussion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percussion_section"},{"link_name":"timpani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timpani"},{"link_name":"bass drum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_drum"},{"link_name":"snare drum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snare_drum"},{"link_name":"cymbals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cymbal"},{"link_name":"Strings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_section"},{"link_name":"violins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violin"},{"link_name":"violas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viola"},{"link_name":"cellos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cello"},{"link_name":"double basses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_bass"}],"text":"The concerto is scored for piano and orchestra.Woodwinds:\n2 flutes\n2 oboes\n2 clarinets\n2 bassoons\nBrass:\n4 horns in F\n2 trumpets\n3 trombones (2 tenor, 1 bass)\ntuba\nPercussion:\ntimpani\nbass drum\nsnare drum\ncymbals\nStrings:\n1st violins\n2nd violins\nviolas\ncellos\ndouble basses","title":"Instrumentation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"piano concerto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano_concerto"}],"text":"The work follows the form of a standard piano concerto, constructed into three movements. The end of the second movement leads directly into the third without interruption.","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sonata-allegro form","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonata-allegro"},{"link_name":"diatonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diatonic"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertenssonLeyda2001[httpsarchiveorgdetailssergeirachmanino0000bertpage158mode2up_158]-13"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cobb-11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Orchesterwerke_Romantik_Themen.pdf&page=574"},{"link_name":"B♭ major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-flat_major"},{"link_name":"C minor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_minor"},{"link_name":"cadenza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadenza"},{"link_name":"download the audio file","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/score/g/x/gx16cea27olq4aunt7txqadt77gsxit/gx16cea2.mp3"},{"link_name":"ossia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ossia"},{"link_name":"ossia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ossia"},{"link_name":"toccata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toccata"},{"link_name":"arpeggios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arpeggio"},{"link_name":"E♭ major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-flat_major"}],"sub_title":"I. Allegro ma non tanto","text":"The first movement is in sonata-allegro form. The piece revolves around a diatonic melody which Rachmaninoff claimed \"wrote itself\".[13][11] The theme soon develops into complex and busy pianistic figuration.The second theme opens with quiet exchanges between the orchestra and the piano before fully diving into the second theme in B♭ major. The first part of the first theme is restated before the movement is pulled into a loud development section in C minor which opens with toccata-like quavers in the piano and reaches a loud chordal section. The whole development exhibits features similar to a canon, such as an eighth note passage in the piano in which the left hand and the right hand play overlapping figures. The movement reaches a number of ferocious climaxes, especially in the cadenza.Audio playback is not supported in your browser. You can download the audio file.Portion of the original cadenza (ossia)Rachmaninoff wrote two versions of this cadenza: the chordal original, which is commonly notated as the ossia, and a second one with a lighter, toccata-like style. Both cadenzas lead into a quiet solo section where the flute, oboe, clarinet and horn individually restate the first theme of the exposition, accompanied by delicate arpeggios in the piano. The cadenza then ends quietly, but the piano alone continues to play a quiet development of the exposition's second theme in E♭ major before leading to the recapitulation, where the first theme is restated by the piano, with the orchestra accompanying, soon closing with a quiet, rippling coda reminiscent of the second theme.","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"theme and variations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theme_and_variation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Orchesterwerke_Romantik_Themen.pdf&page=575"},{"link_name":"without pause","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/attacca"},{"link_name":"second piano concerto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano_Concerto_No._2_(Rachmaninoff)"}],"sub_title":"II: Intermezzo","text":"The second movement is constructed around a theme and variations, in an ABACA form, while shifting around various home keys. The theme and first two variations are played by the orchestra alone. The piano then plays several variations with and without the orchestra.After the first theme development and recapitulation of the second theme, the main melody from the first movement reappears, before the movement is closed by the orchestra in a manner similar to the introduction. The piano ends the movement with a short, violent \"cadenza-esque\" passage which moves into the last movement without pause. Many melodic thoughts of this movement allude to Rachmaninoff's second piano concerto, third movement, noticeably the Russian-like E♭ major melody.","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Orchesterwerke_Romantik_Themen.pdf&page=576"},{"link_name":"sonata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonata_form"},{"link_name":"second concerto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano_Concerto_No._2_(Rachmaninoff)"},{"link_name":"second symphony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_No._2_(Rachmaninoff)"}],"sub_title":"III: Finale","text":"The third movement is in a modified sonata-allegro form, and is quick and vigorous.The movement contains variations on many of the themes that are used in the first movement, which unites the concerto cyclically. However, after the first and second themes it diverges from the regular sonata-allegro form. There is no conventional development; that segment is replaced by a lengthy digression in E♭ major, which leads to the two themes from the first movement. After the digression, the movement recapitulation returns to the original themes, building up to a toccata climax somewhat similar but lighter than the first movement's ossia cadenza and accompanied by the orchestra. The movement concludes with a triumphant and passionate second theme melody in D major. The piece ends with the same four-note rhythm – claimed by some to be the composer's musical signature – as it is used in both the composer's second concerto and second symphony.Rachmaninoff, under pressure, and hoping to make his work more popular, authorized several cuts in the score, to be made at the performer's discretion. These cuts, particularly in the second and third movements, were commonly taken in performance and recordings during the initial decades following the concerto's publication. More recently, it has become commonplace to perform the concerto without cuts. A typical performance of the complete concerto has a duration of about forty minutes.","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"leitmotif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leitmotif"},{"link_name":"Shine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shine_(film)"},{"link_name":"David Helfgott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Helfgott"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"The concerto plays the role of a leitmotif in the 1996 film Shine, based on the life of pianist David Helfgott.[14]","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sergei Rachmaninoff – A Lifetime in Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/sergeirachmanino0000bert/page/n3/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-253-21421-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-21421-8"},{"link_name":"The Victor Book of the Symphony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=DHo6AAAAIAAJ"}],"text":"Bertensson, Sergei; Leyda, Jay (2001). Sergei Rachmaninoff – A Lifetime in Music (Paperback ed.). New York: New York University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-21421-8.\nO'Connell, Charles (1941) [1935]. The Victor Book of the Symphony (Revised ed.). New York: Simon and Schuster.","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1268692","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1268692"},{"link_name":"OL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OL_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"22358215M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//openlibrary.org/books/OL22358215M"},{"link_name":"Yasser, Joseph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Yasser"},{"link_name":"The Musical Quarterly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Musical_Quarterly"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/mq/LV.3.313","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Fmq%2FLV.3.313"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"741003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/741003"}],"text":"Anderson, Will R. (1946). Rachmaninov and His Pianoforte Concertos. A brief sketch of the composer and his style. London: Hinrichsen. OCLC 1268692. OL 22358215M.\nVeinus, Abraham (1948). Victor Book of Concertos. New York: Simon and Schuster.\nYasser, Joseph (July 1969). \"The Opening Theme of Rachmaninoff's Third Piano Concerto and its Liturgical Prototype\". The Musical Quarterly. 55 (3): 313–328. doi:10.1093/mq/LV.3.313. JSTOR 741003.","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Rachmaninoff proofing copies of the concerto in 1910","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Rachmaninoff_proofing.jpg/220px-Rachmaninoff_proofing.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Dingfelder, Sadie. \"'Rach 3' is a concerto that pianist Daniil Trifonov needed to grow into\". The Washington Post. washingtonpost.com. Retrieved 25 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/express/wp/2015/04/02/rach-3-is-a-concerto-that-pianist-daniil-trifonov-needed-to-grow-into/","url_text":"\"'Rach 3' is a concerto that pianist Daniil Trifonov needed to grow into\""}]},{"reference":"Miller, Michael. \"Tao gets fresh with Rach 3\". Daily Pilot. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 25 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/socal/daily-pilot/entertainment/tn-dpt-et-0926-rach-3-pacific-symphony-conrad-tao-20130925-story.html","url_text":"\"Tao gets fresh with Rach 3\""}]},{"reference":"Burton-Hill, Clemency. \"How performers conquer 'unplayable' works\". BBC. British Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 25 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20150317-the-worlds-most-difficult-music","url_text":"\"How performers conquer 'unplayable' works\""}]},{"reference":"Leonard, Richard Anthony (1956). A History of Russian Music. London: Jarrold's Publishers. p. 236.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Program Notes: Rachmaninoff Piano Concerto No. 3\". Archived from the original on 2005-04-20. Retrieved 2013-03-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050420080410/http://www.orsymphony.org/concerts/0405/programnotes/classical2.html","url_text":"\"Program Notes: Rachmaninoff Piano Concerto No. 3\""},{"url":"http://www.orsymphony.org/concerts/0405/programnotes/classical2.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Cheng, Ruby (May 19, 2023). \"Rachmaninoff the composer-pianist: Aspects of pianism in his Piano Concerto No. 3 in D minor\". Dissertation Abstracts International: 78–94. ProQuest 304858795 – via ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.proquest.com/docview/304858795","url_text":"\"Rachmaninoff the composer-pianist: Aspects of pianism in his Piano Concerto No. 3 in D minor\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/304858795","url_text":"304858795"}]},{"reference":"Mitchell, Rebecca (2019). \"In Search of Russia: Sergei Rakhmaninov and the Politics of Musical Memory after 1917\". The Slavonic and East European Review. 97 (1): 136–168. doi:10.5699/slaveasteurorev2.97.1.0136. ISSN 0037-6795. JSTOR 10.5699/slaveasteurorev2.97.1.0136.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5699/slaveasteurorev2.97.1.0136","url_text":"\"In Search of Russia: Sergei Rakhmaninov and the Politics of Musical Memory after 1917\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5699%2Fslaveasteurorev2.97.1.0136","url_text":"10.5699/slaveasteurorev2.97.1.0136"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0037-6795","url_text":"0037-6795"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5699/slaveasteurorev2.97.1.0136","url_text":"10.5699/slaveasteurorev2.97.1.0136"}]},{"reference":"Cobb, Gary. A Descriptive Analysis of the Piano Concertos of Sergei Vasilyevich Rachmaninoff (PDF) (Thesis). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-04-04. Retrieved 2020-07-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://ttu-ir.tdl.org/bitstream/handle/2346/8487/31295001139194.pdf?sequence=1","url_text":"A Descriptive Analysis of the Piano Concertos of Sergei Vasilyevich Rachmaninoff"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190404101257/https://ttu-ir.tdl.org/bitstream/handle/2346/8487/31295001139194.pdf?sequence=1","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Khachatryan, Varazdat (2021-01-01). \"Re-Assessing Rachmaninoff's Legacy: The Piano Concertos and Evolution of His Musical Style\". Dissertations. doi:10.21427/rv1f-qb86.","urls":[{"url":"https://arrow.tudublin.ie/aaconmusdiss/7","url_text":"\"Re-Assessing Rachmaninoff's Legacy: The Piano Concertos and Evolution of His Musical Style\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.21427%2Frv1f-qb86","url_text":"10.21427/rv1f-qb86"}]},{"reference":"\"Shine: The Rach 3 | National Film and Sound Archive of Australia\". National Film and Sound Archive of Australia. Retrieved 1 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nfsa.gov.au/collection/curated/asset/99567-shine-rach-3","url_text":"\"Shine: The Rach 3 | National Film and Sound Archive of Australia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Film_and_Sound_Archive","url_text":"National Film and Sound Archive"}]},{"reference":"Bertensson, Sergei; Leyda, Jay (2001). Sergei Rachmaninoff – A Lifetime in Music (Paperback ed.). New York: New York University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-21421-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sergeirachmanino0000bert/page/n3/mode/2up","url_text":"Sergei Rachmaninoff – A Lifetime in Music"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-21421-8","url_text":"978-0-253-21421-8"}]},{"reference":"O'Connell, Charles (1941) [1935]. The Victor Book of the Symphony (Revised ed.). New York: Simon and Schuster.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DHo6AAAAIAAJ","url_text":"The Victor Book of the Symphony"}]},{"reference":"Anderson, Will R. (1946). Rachmaninov and His Pianoforte Concertos. A brief sketch of the composer and his style. London: Hinrichsen. OCLC 1268692. OL 22358215M.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1268692","url_text":"1268692"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OL_(identifier)","url_text":"OL"},{"url":"https://openlibrary.org/books/OL22358215M","url_text":"22358215M"}]},{"reference":"Veinus, Abraham (1948). Victor Book of Concertos. New York: Simon and Schuster.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Yasser, Joseph (July 1969). \"The Opening Theme of Rachmaninoff's Third Piano Concerto and its Liturgical Prototype\". The Musical Quarterly. 55 (3): 313–328. doi:10.1093/mq/LV.3.313. JSTOR 741003.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Yasser","url_text":"Yasser, Joseph"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Musical_Quarterly","url_text":"The Musical Quarterly"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmq%2FLV.3.313","url_text":"10.1093/mq/LV.3.313"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/741003","url_text":"741003"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oTIso1m4Zmg","external_links_name":"I. Allegro ma non tanto"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SfiSFjXaxfA","external_links_name":"II. Intermezzo (Adagio)"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kMSl1HuTOq8","external_links_name":"III. Finale (Alla breve)"},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/express/wp/2015/04/02/rach-3-is-a-concerto-that-pianist-daniil-trifonov-needed-to-grow-into/","external_links_name":"\"'Rach 3' is a concerto that pianist Daniil Trifonov needed to grow into\""},{"Link":"https://www.latimes.com/socal/daily-pilot/entertainment/tn-dpt-et-0926-rach-3-pacific-symphony-conrad-tao-20130925-story.html","external_links_name":"\"Tao gets fresh with Rach 3\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20150317-the-worlds-most-difficult-music","external_links_name":"\"How performers conquer 'unplayable' works\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050420080410/http://www.orsymphony.org/concerts/0405/programnotes/classical2.html","external_links_name":"\"Program Notes: Rachmaninoff Piano Concerto No. 3\""},{"Link":"http://www.orsymphony.org/concerts/0405/programnotes/classical2.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/sergeirachmanino0000bert/page/164/mode/2up","external_links_name":"164"},{"Link":"https://www.proquest.com/docview/304858795","external_links_name":"\"Rachmaninoff the composer-pianist: Aspects of pianism in his Piano Concerto No. 3 in D minor\""},{"Link":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/304858795","external_links_name":"304858795"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5699/slaveasteurorev2.97.1.0136","external_links_name":"\"In Search of Russia: Sergei Rakhmaninov and the Politics of Musical Memory after 1917\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.5699%2Fslaveasteurorev2.97.1.0136","external_links_name":"10.5699/slaveasteurorev2.97.1.0136"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0037-6795","external_links_name":"0037-6795"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5699/slaveasteurorev2.97.1.0136","external_links_name":"10.5699/slaveasteurorev2.97.1.0136"},{"Link":"https://ttu-ir.tdl.org/bitstream/handle/2346/8487/31295001139194.pdf?sequence=1","external_links_name":"A Descriptive Analysis of the Piano Concertos of Sergei Vasilyevich Rachmaninoff"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190404101257/https://ttu-ir.tdl.org/bitstream/handle/2346/8487/31295001139194.pdf?sequence=1","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://arrow.tudublin.ie/aaconmusdiss/7","external_links_name":"\"Re-Assessing Rachmaninoff's Legacy: The Piano Concertos and Evolution of His Musical Style\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.21427%2Frv1f-qb86","external_links_name":"10.21427/rv1f-qb86"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/sergeirachmanino0000bert/page/158/mode/2up","external_links_name":"158"},{"Link":"https://www.nfsa.gov.au/collection/curated/asset/99567-shine-rach-3","external_links_name":"\"Shine: The Rach 3 | National Film and Sound Archive of Australia\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/sergeirachmanino0000bert/page/n3/mode/2up","external_links_name":"Sergei Rachmaninoff – A Lifetime in Music"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DHo6AAAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"The Victor Book of the Symphony"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1268692","external_links_name":"1268692"},{"Link":"https://openlibrary.org/books/OL22358215M","external_links_name":"22358215M"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmq%2FLV.3.313","external_links_name":"10.1093/mq/LV.3.313"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/741003","external_links_name":"741003"},{"Link":"http://classyclassical.blogspot.com/2005/09/rachmaninoffs-works-for-piano-and.html","external_links_name":"Rachmaninoff's Works for Piano and Orchestra"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/174383197","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/191497611","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/300123795","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007451807405171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no95005572","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/work/21b5596b-5b70-320c-bf3f-c7285f770783","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz work"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutscher_Pfadfinderverband
Deutscher Pfadfinderverband
["1 History","2 Member associations","3 Further reading","4 References","5 External links"]
Voluntary association Deutscher PfadfinderverbandCountryGermanyFounded1970Membership29,000 Websitehttp://www.dpvonline.de/ Scouting portal The Deutsche Pfadfinderverband (DPV; approximate translation: German Scout Association) is an umbrella federation of sixteen German non-denominational Scouting associations. It was founded in 1970 and serves about 29,000 members. History The DPV was founded in 1970 under the name Deutsche Pfadfinder by a number of regional organizations which had left the Bund Deutscher Pfadfinder (BDP) due to the perceived loss of political neutrality within the latter. In 1971, the Deutscher Pfadfinderbund joined the Deutsche Pfadfinder and the federation was renamed to Deutscher Pfadfinderverband. However, the Deutscher Pfadfinderbund left the federation after some years. In 1977, the DPV was amongst the founding members of the Deutscher Pfadfinderring (DPR); this traditional Scouting federation tried to form a counterweight to the Ring deutscher Pfadfinderverbände and the Ring Deutscher Pfadfinderinnenverbände. The DPR was disbanded in 1995. An application for membership in the Ring deutscher Pfadfinderverbände in May 1985 was rejected. The member organizations of the Ring deutscher Pfadfinderverbände requested a merger of the DPV and the Bund der Pfadfinderinnen und Pfadfinder prior to an integration in its ranks. Negotiations between the DPV and the Bund der Pfadfinderinnen und Pfadfinder were closed unsuccessfully in 1989. At the 2007 annual general meeting in Berlin, the Europa-Scouts resigned from membership in the DPV due to permanently low membership figures. At the same meeting, the Pfadfinder und Pfadfinderinnenbund Nordlicht was accepted as an associate member. The 52nd anniversary was celebrated in September 2022 as DPV GoLd (L as 50 in roman numerals) at Ludwigstein Castle. The original plans for celebrating the 50th anniversary in 2020 had to be postponed due to the corona pandemic. It was celebrated as a radio show instead. Member associations The DPV has a total of sixteen member associations. With the exceptions of Deutscher Pfadfinderbund Mosaik and Pfadfinderbund Weltenbummler, all members are regional organizations. The membership numbers of the component organizations vary widely between 100 and 8,000 Scouts. Full members Bund Europäischer Pfadfinder, member of the Confédération Européenne de Scoutisme Deutscher Pfadfinderbund Hamburg Deutscher Pfadfinderbund Mosaik Deutscher Pfadfinderbund Nordland Jomsburg – freier Pfadfinderbund Pfadfinderbund Boreas (since 2010) Pfadfinderbund Horizonte Pfadfinderbund Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Pfadfinderbund Weltenbummler, member of the World Federation of Independent Scouts Pfadfinderschaft Grenzland Pfadfinderschaft Nordmark Pfadfinderschaft Süddeutschland Pfadfinder- und Pfadfinderinnenbund Nord Verband Deutscher Pfadfinder Associate members Freie Pfadfinderschaft Pfadfinder und Pfadfinderinnenbund Nordlicht Former members Deutsche Pfadfinder Landesmark Westfalen (...–2010) Deutscher Pfadfinderbund Deutscher Pfadfinderverband Gau Westland (...–2010) Europa-Scouts Pfadfinderbund Nordbaden Pfadfinderbund Süd (1970–1981) Pfadfinderschaft Phoenix (...–2010) Further reading Hansdieter Wittke, Freiheit in Bindung: der Deutsche Pfadfinderverband, Deutscher Spurbuchverlag, Baunach 1990, ISBN 3-88778-165-1 Reinhard Schmoeckel, Strategie einer Unterwanderung. Vom Pfadfinderbund zur revolutionären Zelle, Günter Olzog Verlag, München 1979, ISBN 3-7892-7141-1 Deutscher Pfadfinderverband (publisher), Dokumentation, Köln 1977-2005, volumes 1-6 References ^ "Der etwas andere Geburtstag – DPV" (in German). Retrieved 2022-09-19. External links Official website (in German) Authority control databases VIAF This Scouting or Guiding article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Scouting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scouting"}],"text":"The Deutsche Pfadfinderverband (DPV; approximate translation: German Scout Association) is an umbrella federation of sixteen German non-denominational Scouting associations. It was founded in 1970 and serves about 29,000 members.","title":"Deutscher Pfadfinderverband"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bund Deutscher Pfadfinder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bund_Deutscher_PfadfinderInnen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Deutscher Pfadfinderbund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutscher_Pfadfinderbund"},{"link_name":"Deutscher Pfadfinderring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deutscher_Pfadfinderring&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"traditional Scouting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Scouting"},{"link_name":"Ring deutscher Pfadfinderverbände","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_deutscher_Pfadfinderverb%C3%A4nde"},{"link_name":"Ring Deutscher Pfadfinderinnenverbände","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_Deutscher_Pfadfinderinnenverb%C3%A4nde"},{"link_name":"Bund der Pfadfinderinnen und Pfadfinder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bund_der_Pfadfinderinnen_und_Pfadfinder"},{"link_name":"roman numerals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_numerals"},{"link_name":"Ludwigstein Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwigstein_Castle"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The DPV was founded in 1970 under the name Deutsche Pfadfinder by a number of regional organizations which had left the Bund Deutscher Pfadfinder (BDP) due to the perceived loss of political neutrality within the latter. In 1971, the Deutscher Pfadfinderbund joined the Deutsche Pfadfinder and the federation was renamed to Deutscher Pfadfinderverband. However, the Deutscher Pfadfinderbund left the federation after some years.In 1977, the DPV was amongst the founding members of the Deutscher Pfadfinderring (DPR); this traditional Scouting federation tried to form a counterweight to the Ring deutscher Pfadfinderverbände and the Ring Deutscher Pfadfinderinnenverbände. The DPR was disbanded in 1995.An application for membership in the Ring deutscher Pfadfinderverbände in May 1985 was rejected. The member organizations of the Ring deutscher Pfadfinderverbände requested a merger of the DPV and the Bund der Pfadfinderinnen und Pfadfinder prior to an integration in its ranks. Negotiations between the DPV and the Bund der Pfadfinderinnen und Pfadfinder were closed unsuccessfully in 1989.At the 2007 annual general meeting in Berlin, the Europa-Scouts resigned from membership in the DPV due to permanently low membership figures. At the same meeting, the Pfadfinder und Pfadfinderinnenbund Nordlicht was accepted as an associate member.The 52nd anniversary was celebrated in September 2022 as DPV GoLd (L as 50 in roman numerals) at Ludwigstein Castle. The original plans for celebrating the 50th anniversary in 2020 had to be postponed due to the corona pandemic. It was celebrated as a radio show instead.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Deutscher Pfadfinderbund Mosaik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutscher_Pfadfinderbund_Mosaik"},{"link_name":"Pfadfinderbund Weltenbummler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfadfinderbund_Weltenbummler"},{"link_name":"Confédération Européenne de Scoutisme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Europ%C3%A9enne_de_Scoutisme"},{"link_name":"Deutscher Pfadfinderbund Mosaik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutscher_Pfadfinderbund_Mosaik"},{"link_name":"Pfadfinderbund Weltenbummler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfadfinderbund_Weltenbummler"},{"link_name":"World Federation of Independent Scouts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Federation_of_Independent_Scouts"},{"link_name":"Deutscher Pfadfinderbund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutscher_Pfadfinderbund"}],"text":"The DPV has a total of sixteen member associations. With the exceptions of Deutscher Pfadfinderbund Mosaik and Pfadfinderbund Weltenbummler, all members are regional organizations. The membership numbers of the component organizations vary widely between 100 and 8,000 Scouts.Full membersBund Europäischer Pfadfinder, member of the Confédération Européenne de Scoutisme\nDeutscher Pfadfinderbund Hamburg\nDeutscher Pfadfinderbund Mosaik\nDeutscher Pfadfinderbund Nordland\nJomsburg – freier Pfadfinderbund\nPfadfinderbund Boreas (since 2010)\nPfadfinderbund Horizonte\nPfadfinderbund Mecklenburg-Vorpommern\nPfadfinderbund Weltenbummler, member of the World Federation of Independent Scouts\nPfadfinderschaft Grenzland\nPfadfinderschaft Nordmark\nPfadfinderschaft Süddeutschland\nPfadfinder- und Pfadfinderinnenbund Nord\nVerband Deutscher PfadfinderAssociate membersFreie Pfadfinderschaft\nPfadfinder und Pfadfinderinnenbund NordlichtFormer membersDeutsche Pfadfinder Landesmark Westfalen (...–2010)\nDeutscher Pfadfinderbund\nDeutscher Pfadfinderverband Gau Westland (...–2010)\nEuropa-Scouts\nPfadfinderbund Nordbaden\nPfadfinderbund Süd (1970–1981)\nPfadfinderschaft Phoenix (...–2010)","title":"Member associations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-88778-165-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88778-165-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-7892-7141-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7892-7141-1"}],"text":"Hansdieter Wittke, Freiheit in Bindung: der Deutsche Pfadfinderverband, Deutscher Spurbuchverlag, Baunach 1990, ISBN 3-88778-165-1\nReinhard Schmoeckel, Strategie einer Unterwanderung. Vom Pfadfinderbund zur revolutionären Zelle, Günter Olzog Verlag, München 1979, ISBN 3-7892-7141-1\nDeutscher Pfadfinderverband (publisher), Dokumentation, Köln 1977-2005, volumes 1-6","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Der etwas andere Geburtstag – DPV\" (in German). Retrieved 2022-09-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://dpvonline.de/der-etwas-andere-geburtstag/","url_text":"\"Der etwas andere Geburtstag – DPV\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.dpvonline.de/","external_links_name":"http://www.dpvonline.de/"},{"Link":"https://dpvonline.de/der-etwas-andere-geburtstag/","external_links_name":"\"Der etwas andere Geburtstag – DPV\""},{"Link":"http://www.dpvonline.de/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/139018941","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deutscher_Pfadfinderverband&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Vobora
David Vobora
["1 Early life","2 College career","3 Professional career","3.1 St. Louis Rams","3.2 Seattle Seahawks","4 Post-playing career","5 References","6 External links"]
American football player (born 1986) American football player David VoboraVobora with the Rams in November 2010No. 58, 54Position:LinebackerPersonal informationBorn: (1986-04-08) April 8, 1986 (age 38)Eugene, Oregon, U.S.Height:6 ft 2 in (1.88 m)Weight:239 lb (108 kg)Career informationHigh school:Eugene (OR) ChurchillCollege:IdahoNFL draft:2008 / Round: 7 / Pick: 252Career history St. Louis Rams (2008–2011) Seattle Seahawks (2011) Career highlights and awards 2× First-team All-WAC (2006, 2007) Career NFL statisticsTotal tackles:98Sacks:2.0Forced fumbles:1Player stats at PFR David Michael Vobora (born April 8, 1986) is a former American football linebacker. He was selected by the St. Louis Rams with the final pick (252nd overall) in the 2008 NFL draft, earning him the title of Mr. Irrelevant. He played college football for the Idaho Vandals of the Western Athletic Conference. Early life Vobora is a 2004 graduate of Churchill High School in Eugene, and was the team captain as a junior and senior and played linebacker, quarterback, and running back. He was honorable mention All-Midwestern league quarterback as a senior. He was a second-team all-conference linebacker as a junior and an honorable mention all-conference linebacker as a sophomore. He was also an honorable mention basketball player as a senior. College career In 45 games at Idaho, Vobora started 33 and ranks sixth in school history with 341 tackles (209 solo), including three sacks, 28 stops for losses. He recovered three fumbles and caused six others. He also intercepted two passes and had five pass deflections. As a senior in 2007, Vobora was All-WAC for the second consecutive season, and led Idaho in tackles with 148 (59 solo) and had a sack, an interception and a fumble recovery. As a junior in 2006, he was first-team All-WAC after leading the Vandals with 134 tackles (101 solo, 33 assists) and 15.5 tackles-for-loss and four passes defensed, two sacks, two forced fumbles, two quarterback hurries and one interception. In 2005, he played in all 11 games and started six and finished with 43 total tackles (32 solo and 11 assists) with six tackles-for-loss and forced three fumbles and had two fumble recoveries. As a true freshman in 2004 he played in all 12 games (started three) and made 17 total tackles (12 solo, five assists). Vobora played for three head coaches (Nick Holt, Dennis Erickson, & Robb Akey) in his four seasons at Idaho, and did not redshirt. Professional career St. Louis Rams On July 22, 2008, Vobora agreed to a three-year, $1.24 million contract with the Rams. After final cuts on August 30, Vobora and Kansas City's Ryan Succop were the only Mr. Irrelevants to make the roster of the team that drafted them in the 2000s. His stay on the roster lasted only one game, as he was waived two days after the season opener to make room for Eddie Kennison on September 9, moved to the Rams' practice squad. Vobora remained on the Rams' practice squad until November 4, when he was promoted to the active roster after wide receivers Drew Bennett and Dante Hall were placed on injured reserve. On November 30, Vobora made his first career start at linebacker in the game against the Miami Dolphins. This was the first time a Mr. Irrelevant started in a game during his rookie season in 14 years, not since Marty Moore started four games for the New England Patriots in 1994. Vobora compiled five total tackles in the game, which tied for the second-best effort in team tackles, but the Rams lost 16–12. Vobora was named the starting strongside linebacker for the 2009 season. On September 30, 2009, he was suspended for four games for violating the NFL's performance-enhancing substance policy. Vobora stated that he would sue the company that produced the supplement he took, because it contained substances that were not listed on the label. Vobora's agent, Marc Lillibridge, conceded "(The supplement) was not on the list of officially sanctioned products, and ultimately a player is responsible for anything he puts in his body." On June 20, 2011, Vobora's lawyer announced that a federal judge ruled against the company and awarded Vobora $5.4 million. The Rams released Vobora on August 12, 2011. Seattle Seahawks Vobora signed with the Seattle Seahawks on August 22, 2011, but was waived two weeks later on September 4. He re-signed with Seattle on October 4. Post-playing career Upon retiring from the NFL in 2012, Vobora opened Performance Vault Inc. in Dallas, Texas, a sports performance training center for elite athletes and U.S. Special Forces. In September 2014, Vobora founded the Adaptive Training Foundation. ATF is a 501(c)3 non-profit with a mission "to empower the human athlete, restore hope through movement, and redefine the limits of individuals with disabilities." ATF provides free personalized physical training programs for injured veterans and people living with disabilities. Participants in this nine-week program receive a training regimen that is customized for their fitness goals and specific disabilities. References ^ "2008 NFL Draft Listing". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved 2023-05-12. ^ "Vobora makes team as roster is cut to 53". Archived from the original on 2008-09-01. Retrieved 2008-09-02. ^ "St. Louis Rams Team Report". USA Today. April 30, 2010. Retrieved May 1, 2010. ^ "Football transactions - November 4, 2008". ^ "2008 'Mr. Irrelevant' gets his shot with Rams". ^ "Miami 16, St. Louis 12". ^ Archived September 2, 2009, at the Wayback Machine ^ "2009 4 Game Suspension". Blogs.nfl.com. 2009-09-29. Retrieved 2010-12-03. ^ Katzowitz, Josh (2011). "Rams LB David Vobora scores big payday - CBSSports.com". cbssports.com. Archived from the original on June 22, 2011. Retrieved June 20, 2011. ^ Thomas, Jim (August 12, 2011). "Vobora cut to make room for Leber". stltoday.com. St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Retrieved August 12, 2011. ^ Henderson, Brady (August 22, 2011). "Seahawks sign former Rams linebacker David Vobora". mynorthwest.com. Retrieved September 5, 2013. ^ Sando, Mike (October 4, 2011). "Seattle's Matt McCoy placed on IR". espn.go.com. Retrieved September 5, 2013. ^ http://adaptivetrainingfoundation.org/who-we-are/. {{cite news}}: Missing or empty |title= (help) ^ "A former NFL player trains war vets back from the brink". ESPN.com. Retrieved 2016-11-11. External links Go Vandals.com - David Vobora Performance Vault Archived 2016-11-11 at the Wayback Machine Adaptive Training Foundation David Vobora vteMr. Irrelevant selections 1976: Kelvin Kirk 1977: Jim Kelleher 1978: Lee Washburn 1979: Mike Almond 1980: Tyrone McGriff 1981: Phil Nelson 1982: Tim Washington 1983: John Tuggle 1984: Randy Essington 1985: Donald Chumley 1986: Mike Travis 1987: Norman Jefferson 1988: Jeff Beathard 1989: Everett Ross 1990: Demetrius Davis 1991: Larry Wanke 1992: Matt Elliott 1993: Daron Alcorn 1994: Marty Moore 1995: Michael Reed 1996: Sam Manuel 1997: Ronnie McAda 1998: Cam Quayle 1999: Jim Finn 2000: Mike Green 2001: Tevita Ofahengaue 2002: Ahmad Miller 2003: Ryan Hoag 2004: Andre Sommersell 2005: Andy Stokes 2006: Kevin McMahan 2007: Ramzee Robinson 2008: David Vobora 2009: Ryan Succop 2010: Tim Toone 2011: Cheta Ozougwu 2012: Chandler Harnish 2013: Justice Cunningham 2014: Lonnie Ballentine 2015: Gerald Christian 2016: Kalan Reed 2017: Chad Kelly 2018: Trey Quinn 2019: Caleb Wilson 2020: Tae Crowder 2021: Grant Stuard 2022: Brock Purdy 2023: Desjuan Johnson 2024: Jaylen Key vteSt. Louis Rams 2008 NFL draft selections Chris Long Donnie Avery John Greco Justin King Keenan Burton Roy Schuening Chris Chamberlain David Vobora
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football"},{"link_name":"linebacker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linebacker"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Rams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Rams"},{"link_name":"2008 NFL draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_NFL_draft"},{"link_name":"Mr. Irrelevant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Irrelevant"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"college football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_football"},{"link_name":"Idaho Vandals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idaho_Vandals_football"},{"link_name":"Western Athletic Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Athletic_Conference"}],"text":"American football playerDavid Michael Vobora (born April 8, 1986) is a former American football linebacker. He was selected by the St. Louis Rams with the final pick (252nd overall) in the 2008 NFL draft, earning him the title of Mr. Irrelevant.[1] He played college football for the Idaho Vandals of the Western Athletic Conference.","title":"David Vobora"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Churchill High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill_High_School_(Eugene,_Oregon)"},{"link_name":"quarterback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarterback"},{"link_name":"running back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Running_back"},{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"}],"text":"Vobora is a 2004 graduate of Churchill High School in Eugene, and was the team captain as a junior and senior and played linebacker, quarterback, and running back. He was honorable mention All-Midwestern league quarterback as a senior. He was a second-team all-conference linebacker as a junior and an honorable mention all-conference linebacker as a sophomore. He was also an honorable mention basketball player as a senior.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Idaho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idaho_Vandals_football"},{"link_name":"2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Idaho_Vandals_football_team"},{"link_name":"WAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Athletic_Conference"},{"link_name":"2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Idaho_Vandals_football_team"},{"link_name":"2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Idaho_Vandals_football_team"},{"link_name":"Nick Holt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Holt"},{"link_name":"Dennis Erickson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Erickson"},{"link_name":"Robb Akey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robb_Akey"},{"link_name":"redshirt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redshirt_(college_sports)"}],"text":"In 45 games at Idaho, Vobora started 33 and ranks sixth in school history with 341 tackles (209 solo), including three sacks, 28 stops for losses. He recovered three fumbles and caused six others. He also intercepted two passes and had five pass deflections. As a senior in 2007, Vobora was All-WAC for the second consecutive season, and led Idaho in tackles with 148 (59 solo) and had a sack, an interception and a fumble recovery. As a junior in 2006, he was first-team All-WAC after leading the Vandals with 134 tackles (101 solo, 33 assists) and 15.5 tackles-for-loss and four passes defensed, two sacks, two forced fumbles, two quarterback hurries and one interception. In 2005, he played in all 11 games and started six and finished with 43 total tackles (32 solo and 11 assists) with six tackles-for-loss and forced three fumbles and had two fumble recoveries. As a true freshman in 2004 he played in all 12 games (started three) and made 17 total tackles (12 solo, five assists). Vobora played for three head coaches (Nick Holt, Dennis Erickson, & Robb Akey) in his four seasons at Idaho, and did not redshirt.","title":"College career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_St._Louis_Rams_season"},{"link_name":"Ryan Succop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Succop"},{"link_name":"Mr. Irrelevants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Irrelevant"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Eddie Kennison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Kennison"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"wide receivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_receiver"},{"link_name":"Drew Bennett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drew_Bennett"},{"link_name":"Dante Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dante_Hall"},{"link_name":"injured reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injured_reserve"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Miami Dolphins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Dolphins"},{"link_name":"Marty Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marty_Moore"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"strongside linebacker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strongside_linebacker"},{"link_name":"2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_St._Louis_Rams_season"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Marc Lillibridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marc_Lillibridge&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"St. Louis Rams","text":"On July 22, 2008, Vobora agreed to a three-year, $1.24 million contract with the Rams. After final cuts on August 30, Vobora and Kansas City's Ryan Succop were the only Mr. Irrelevants to make the roster of the team that drafted them in the 2000s.[2] His stay on the roster lasted only one game, as he was waived two days after the season opener to make room for Eddie Kennison on September 9, moved to the Rams' practice squad.[3]Vobora remained on the Rams' practice squad until November 4, when he was promoted to the active roster after wide receivers Drew Bennett and Dante Hall were placed on injured reserve.[4]On November 30, Vobora made his first career start at linebacker in the game against the Miami Dolphins. This was the first time a Mr. Irrelevant started in a game during his rookie season in 14 years, not since Marty Moore started four games for the New England Patriots in 1994.[5] Vobora compiled five total tackles in the game, which tied for the second-best effort in team tackles, but the Rams lost 16–12.[6]Vobora was named the starting strongside linebacker for the 2009 season.[7] On September 30, 2009, he was suspended for four games for violating the NFL's performance-enhancing substance policy. Vobora stated that he would sue the company that produced the supplement he took, because it contained substances that were not listed on the label. Vobora's agent, Marc Lillibridge, conceded \"(The supplement) was not on the list of officially sanctioned products, and ultimately a player is responsible for anything he puts in his body.\"[8] On June 20, 2011, Vobora's lawyer announced that a federal judge ruled against the company and awarded Vobora $5.4 million.[9]The Rams released Vobora on August 12, 2011.[10]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Seattle Seahawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_Seahawks"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Seattle Seahawks","text":"Vobora signed with the Seattle Seahawks on August 22, 2011,[11] but was waived two weeks later on September 4. He re-signed with Seattle on October 4.[12]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"501(c)3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/501(c)(3)_organization"},{"link_name":"non-profit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonprofit_organization"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Upon retiring from the NFL in 2012, Vobora opened Performance Vault Inc. in Dallas, Texas, a sports performance training center for elite athletes and U.S. Special Forces.In September 2014, Vobora founded the Adaptive Training Foundation. ATF is a 501(c)3 non-profit with a mission \"to empower the human athlete, restore hope through movement, and redefine the limits of individuals with disabilities.\"[13] ATF provides free personalized physical training programs for injured veterans and people living with disabilities. Participants in this nine-week program receive a training regimen that is customized for their fitness goals and specific disabilities.[14]","title":"Post-playing career"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"2008 NFL Draft Listing\". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved 2023-05-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/years/2008/draft.htm","url_text":"\"2008 NFL Draft Listing\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vobora makes team as roster is cut to 53\". Archived from the original on 2008-09-01. Retrieved 2008-09-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080901163913/http://www.stltoday.com/stltoday/sports/stories.nsf/rams/story/1B999F77BFDA6B5E862574B600121679?OpenDocument","url_text":"\"Vobora makes team as roster is cut to 53\""},{"url":"http://www.stltoday.com/stltoday/sports/stories.nsf/rams/story/1B999F77BFDA6B5E862574B600121679?OpenDocument","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"St. Louis Rams Team Report\". USA Today. April 30, 2010. Retrieved May 1, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/sports/football/nfl/rams/home.htm?csp=34","url_text":"\"St. Louis Rams Team Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"Football transactions - November 4, 2008\".","urls":[{"url":"http://canadianpress.google.com/article/ALeqM5h-U_TJ_ifZFmgoM6yIPIBVb9oQzA","url_text":"\"Football transactions - November 4, 2008\""}]},{"reference":"\"2008 'Mr. Irrelevant' gets his shot with Rams\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.signonsandiego.com/sports/20081130-9999-1s30gallery.html","url_text":"\"2008 'Mr. Irrelevant' gets his shot with Rams\""}]},{"reference":"\"Miami 16, St. Louis 12\".","urls":[{"url":"http://scores.espn.go.com/nfl/boxscore?gameId=281130014","url_text":"\"Miami 16, St. Louis 12\""}]},{"reference":"\"2009 4 Game Suspension\". Blogs.nfl.com. 2009-09-29. Retrieved 2010-12-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://blogs.nfl.com/2009/09/29/rams-lb-vobora-suspended-four-games/","url_text":"\"2009 4 Game Suspension\""}]},{"reference":"Katzowitz, Josh (2011). \"Rams LB David Vobora scores big payday - CBSSports.com\". cbssports.com. Archived from the original on June 22, 2011. Retrieved June 20, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110622115235/http://eye-on-football.blogs.cbssports.com/mcc/blogs/entry/22475988/30150142","url_text":"\"Rams LB David Vobora scores big payday - CBSSports.com\""},{"url":"http://eye-on-football.blogs.cbssports.com/mcc/blogs/entry/22475988/30150142","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Thomas, Jim (August 12, 2011). \"Vobora cut to make room for Leber\". stltoday.com. St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Retrieved August 12, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stltoday.com/sports/football/professional/rams-report/article_5b709a54-c4f8-11e0-9374-0019bb30f31a.html","url_text":"\"Vobora cut to make room for Leber\""}]},{"reference":"Henderson, Brady (August 22, 2011). \"Seahawks sign former Rams linebacker David Vobora\". mynorthwest.com. Retrieved September 5, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://mynorthwest.com/275/533753/Seahawks-sign-former-Rams-linebacker-David-Vobora","url_text":"\"Seahawks sign former Rams linebacker David Vobora\""}]},{"reference":"Sando, Mike (October 4, 2011). \"Seattle's Matt McCoy placed on IR\". espn.go.com. Retrieved September 5, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://espn.go.com/nfl/story/_/id/7059926/seattle-seahawks-place-matt-mccoy-ir-re-sign-david-vobora","url_text":"\"Seattle's Matt McCoy placed on IR\""}]},{"reference":"http://adaptivetrainingfoundation.org/who-we-are/.","urls":[{"url":"http://adaptivetrainingfoundation.org/who-we-are/","url_text":"http://adaptivetrainingfoundation.org/who-we-are/"}]},{"reference":"\"A former NFL player trains war vets back from the brink\". ESPN.com. Retrieved 2016-11-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espn.com/espn/feature/story/_/page/veteranvobora/former-nfl-player-david-vobora-trains-war-veterans-back-brink","url_text":"\"A former NFL player trains war vets back from the brink\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_di_Stefano_(sculptor)
Giovanni di Stefano (sculptor)
["1 References","2 Further reading","3 External links"]
Italian sculptor For other uses, see Giovanni di Stefano (disambiguation). Saint John the Evangelist, Siena Cathedral, Entrance to Piccolomini Library Giovanni di Stefano (1443 – c. 1506) was an Italian Renaissance sculptor, bronze-caster, and engineer. Baptized on 20 June 1443, he was the son of Stefano di Giovanni. Some of his surviving works include two angels in bronze at Siena Cathedral, which he created in 1489 in collaboration with Francesco di Giorgio (who also worked with Giacomo Cozzarelli on another pair of bronze angels in the same cathedral), the marble altar of St. Caterina's chapel in S. Domenico, Siena (1469), and the effigy of Cardinal Pietro Foscari in the church of Santa Maria del Popolo in Rome (previously thought to have been created by Vecchietta), which he created circa 1485. The latter is now preserved in the Costa Chapel. Some scholars believe the bas relief of St. John the Evangelist in Siena Cathedral to also be the work of di Stefano, but the evidence for this is disputed. References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Giovanni di Stefano. ^ Jane Turner (1996). The Dictionary of Art. Grove. pp. 717. ISBN 9781884446009. ^ "Giacomo Cozzarelli". The Concise Grove Dictionary of Art. Oxford University Press, Inc. 2002. ^ Paul Schubring (1903). Urbano da Cortona. Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Schule Donatellos und der Sieneser Plastik im Quattrocento (in German). Strassburg: Heitz und Mündel. p. 59. ISBN 0-543-94054-3. ^ M. Kuhlenthal (1982). "Des Grabmal Pietro Foscaris in S. Maria del Popolo in Rom: Ein Werk des Giovanni di Stefano". Mitteilungen des Kunsthistorischen Institutes in Florenz (in German). XXVI: 47–62. ^ L. Bellosi, ed. (1993). Francesco di Giorgio e il Rinascimento a Siena, 1450-1500. Milan. pp. 198–199, 390–391.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ Munman, Robert (1993). Sienese Renaissance Tomb Monuments. Philadelphia. pp. 89–106, 118–119, 130–131.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ Hellmut Wohl (June 1991). "Review of "Donatello Studien (Italienische Forschengen)"". The Art Bulletin. 73 (2). The Art Bulletin, Vol. 73, No. 2: 315–323. doi:10.2307/3045797. JSTOR 3045797. Further reading "Giovanni di Stefano". The Concise Grove Dictionary of Art. Oxford University Press, Inc. 2002. External links "picture of the tomb of Cardinal Pietro Foscari". Webshots. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany This article about an Italian sculptor is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Bache-Wiig
Anna Bache-Wiig
["1 Early career","2 Acting","3 Screen writing","4 References"]
Norwegian actress and writer (born 1975) Anna Bache-WiigBache-Wiig in 2013Born (1975-09-19) September 19, 1975 (age 48)NationalityNorwegianOccupation(s)Actress, novelist, screenwriterNotable workFrikjent, Utøya: July 22 Anna Bache-Wiig (born 19 September 1975) is a Norwegian actress and writer. She is best known for writing the screenplay for the film Utøya: July 22 in collaboration with Siv Rajendram Eliassen. Early career Bache-Wiig was educated at the Norwegian National Academy of Theatre (Norwegian: Statens teaterhøgskole). She published a novel in 2003 called Det aller fineste. She then published Sommernattsdrømmen (2005) and Lasses hus (2009). In 2010, she published a picture book entitled Don Fridtjof. Acting Bache-Wiig has acted in several Norwegian television series, such as Mammon and Frikjent. She also appeared in Pål Sletaune's acclaimed 2005 thriller Next Door. In 2020, she starred in one episode of the Netflix series Bloodride. Screen writing Bache-Wiig in 2015 Together with Siv Rajendram Eliassen, Bache-Wiig created and wrote the first season of the television series Frikjent (Acquitted) in 2016. In the UK, it was screened on Walter Presents, a video on demand service provided by Channel 4. Bache-Wiig and Eliassen then collaborated on the screenplay for the film Utøya: July 22. They received an honourable mention at the Berlin International Film Festival 2018. The two stayed teamed up with director Erik Poppe to write a new screenplay, The Emigrants, which will be released in 2020. References ^ a b "Anna Bache-Wiig". Nordic Women in Film (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 28 December 2019. Retrieved 28 December 2019. ^ Lewis, Shannon (17 March 2020). "Netflix's Bloodride Season 1: All Endings Explained". ScreenRant. Retrieved 18 April 2020. ^ Ellwood-Hughes, Pip (4 January 2017). "Walter Presents brings Acquitted to All 4 this month". Entertainment Focus. Archived from the original on 28 December 2019. Retrieved 28 December 2019. ^ Mitchell, Wendy (24 October 2019). "Erik Poppe takes over directing 'The Emigrants' from Daniel Espinosa (exclusive)". Screen Daily. Archived from the original on 28 December 2019. Retrieved 28 December 2019. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Germany United States Sweden Czech Republic Other IdRef
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kallukse
Kallukse
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 59°22′N 26°04′E / 59.367°N 26.067°E / 59.367; 26.067Village in Estonia Village in Lääne-Viru County, EstoniaKallukseVillageCountry EstoniaCountyLääne-Viru CountyParishKadrina ParishTime zoneUTC+2 (EET) • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST) Kallukse is a village in Kadrina Parish, Lääne-Viru County, in northeastern Estonia. It lies on the left bank of the Loobu River. References ^ "X-GIS(4) Portal". xgis.maaamet.ee. Retrieved 26 July 2021. vteSettlements in Kadrina ParishSmall boroughs Hulja Kadrina Villages Ama Arbavere Härjadi Hõbeda Jõepere Jõetaguse Jürimõisa Kadapiku Kallukse Kihlevere Kiku Kolu Kõrveküla Lante Läsna Leikude Loobu Mäo Mõndavere Neeruti Ohepalu Orutaguse Pariisi Põima Ridaküla Rõmeda Salda Saukse Sootaguse Tirbiku Tokolopi Udriku Uku Undla Vaiatu Vandu Viitna Võduvere Vohnja Võipere 59°22′N 26°04′E / 59.367°N 26.067°E / 59.367; 26.067 This Lääne-Viru County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisa_(Venezuela)
TeleVisa
["1 History","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
First private television station in Venezuela For the Mexican network, see Televisa. Wordmark TeleVisa, officially known as the Televisión Independiente, S.A. became the first privately owned television station to begin operations in Venezuela. It was the second television station to begin operations after the state-owned Televisora Nacional. In 1960, Televisa was purchased by Diego Cisneros and re-branded as Venevisión and became in business' Cisneros family. Despite the two stations having the same name, the station isn't related in any form to the Mexican telecommunications and broadcasting company Televisa, as the name of Mexican media network stands for Televisión Vía Satélite. History On the evening of March 4, 1953, Televisa (call sign YVLV-TV, channel four), began its testing phase. Its owner was the Venezuelan broadcaster, Gonzalo Veloz Mancera. On 30 March, Televisa was officially inaugurated, and as a result of the respective commercial concession which the national government had assigned the company, according to the second article of the Regalement of Radiocommunications, it opened up the airwaves for other commercial television stations in Venezuela. Televisa transmitted between 4 and 12 p.m. On 1 July, Veloz Mancera put into place Televisa's regular programming, which remained on the air until mid-1960, when its installations were acquired by the Corporación Venezolana de Televisión, a subsidiary of the Grupo Cisneros. On Sunday, 9 August 1953, this station broadcast, for the first time in Venezuela, a horse race, which was narrated by Luis Plácido Pisarello. In 1956, months before Radio Caracas Televisión installed their antenna in Pariata, Televisa had already begun service to what is now the State of Vargas on channel nine, from an antenna located in Cabo Blanco. Also created by Veloz Mancera, on 5 May 1956, the inaugural act of the first regional television station in Venezuela took place: Televisa del Zulia, which operated from Maracaibo. Two days later, Televisa del Zulia began its regular transmissions in the afternoon hours and lasted until 11:00 p.m. In the beginning, it was an independent station, but after a while, it became an affiliate of Televisa in Caracas. Accompanying Veloz Mancera, investors in the company included Claudio Gerardini and Luiggi Ilicetto. In 1960, the President of Venezuela, Rómulo Betancourt, proposed to Diego Cisneros that he purchase Televisa, which had already declared bankruptcy. Cisneros accepted Betancourt's offer, and after purchasing Televisa, he re-branded it as Venevisión on 27 February 1961. See also List of Venezuelan over-the-air television networks and stations Gustavo Cisneros Venevisión References ^ a b c "Momentos Inolvidables" (in Spanish). El Nacional. 2002-08-03. Archived from the original on 2007-07-04. Retrieved 2007-06-26. ^ www.elmallvenezuela.com Archived 2007-07-02 at the Wayback Machine External links Biography of Gonzalo Veloz Mancera (in Spanish)
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[{"image_text":"Wordmark","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Televisa.png/220px-Televisa.png"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_massacre
Lawrence Massacre
["1 Background","2 Motivations","2.1 Retaliation for Jayhawker attacks","2.2 Collapse of the Women's Prison in Kansas City","3 Attack","4 Aftermath","5 In popular culture","6 See also","7 References","8 Further reading","9 External links"]
Not to be confused with the Sacking of Lawrence. Raid in the American Civil War Lawrence MassacrePart of the American Civil WarAn artist's depiction of the destruction of the city of Lawrence, Kansas, and the massacre of its inhabitants by Confederate guerrillas on August 21, 1863LocationLawrence, Douglas County, KansasDateAugust 21, 1863 (1863-08-21)Deaths164 (plus 40 Confederate raiders)VictimsCivilian population of LawrenceUnmustered Union recruitsPerpetratorsConfederate States Army Quantrill's Raiders William C. Quantrill Assailants300–400 raiders vteQuantrill's Raid into Kansas Lawrence Massacre Brooklyn Paola Big Creek Hopewell The Lawrence Massacre (also known as Quantrill's Raid) was an attack during the American Civil War (1861–65) by Quantrill's Raiders, a Confederate guerrilla group led by William Quantrill, on the Unionist town of Lawrence, Kansas, killing around 150 unarmed men and boys. The attack, on the morning of Friday August 21, 1863, targeted Lawrence due to the town's long support of abolition and its reputation as a center for the Jayhawkers, who were free-state militia and vigilante groups known for attacking plantations in pro-slavery Missouri's western counties. Background By 1863, Kansas had long been the center of strife and warfare over the admission of slave states versus free states. In the summer of 1856, the first sacking of Lawrence sparked a guerrilla war in Kansas that lasted for years. John Brown might be the best-known participant in the violence of the late 1850s, participating on the abolitionist or Jayhawker side, but numerous groups fought for each side during the "Bleeding Kansas" period. By the beginning of the American Civil War, Lawrence was already a target for pro-slavery ire, having been seen as the anti-slavery stronghold in the state and, more importantly, a staging area for Unionist and Jayhawker incursions into Missouri. Initially, the town and surrounding area were extremely vigilant and reacted strongly to rumors that enemy forces might be advancing on the town. By the summer of 1863, none of the threats had materialized, so citizen fears had declined, and defense preparations were relaxed. Motivations Retaliation for Jayhawker attacks Lawrence was a headquarters for a band of Jayhawkers (sometimes called "Red Legs"), who had initiated a campaign in late March 1863 with the purported objective to eliminate civilian support for the Confederate guerrillas. In describing the activities of these soldiers, U.S. Army General Blunt stated, "A reign of terror was inaugurated, and no man's property was safe, nor was his life worth much if he opposed them in their schemes of plunder and robbery." Indeed, many Jayhawker leaders like Charles "Doc" Jennison, James Montgomery, and George Henry Hoyt terrorized Western Missouri, angering both pro-slavery and anti-slavery civilians and politicians alike. The historian Albert Castel thus concludes that revenge was the primary motive, followed by a desire to plunder. The survivors confirmed the retaliatory nature of the attack on Lawrence. According to Castel, "The universal testimony of all the ladies and others who talked with the butchers of the 21st ult. is that these demons claimed they were here to revenge the wrongs done their families by our men under Lane, Jennison, Anthony and Co." Charles L. Robinson, the first Governor of Kansas and an eyewitness to the raid, also characterized the attack as an act of vengeance: "Before this raid the entire border counties of Missouri had experienced more terrible outrages than ever the Quantrill raid at Lawrence... There was no burning of feet and torture by hanging in Lawrence as there was in Missouri, neither were women and children outraged." Robinson explained that Quantrill targeted Lawrence because Jayhawkers had attacked Missouri "as soon as war broke out" and Lawrence was "headquarters for the thieves and their plunder." Quantrill said his motivation for the attack was "to plunder, and destroy the town in retaliation for Osceola." That was a reference to the Union's attack on Osceola, Missouri in September 1861, led by Senator James H. Lane. Osceola was plundered, and nine men were given a drumhead court-martial trial and executed. Collapse of the Women's Prison in Kansas City The collapse of the Women's Prison in Kansas City is also often believed to have inspired some to join in on the attack. In a bid to put down the Missouri guerrilla raiders operating in Kansas, General Thomas Ewing, Jr. issued in April 1863 "General Order No. 10," which ordered the arrest of anyone giving aid or comfort to Confederate guerrillas. This meant chiefly women or girls who were relatives of the guerrillas. Ewing confined those arrested in makeshift prisons in Kansas City. The women were sequentially housed in two buildings which were considered either too small or too unsanitary, before being moved to an empty property at 1425 Grand. This structure was part of the estate of the deceased Robert S. Thomas, George Caleb Bingham's father-in-law. In 1861 Bingham and his family were living in the structure, but in early 1862 after being appointed treasurer of the state of Missouri, he and his family relocated to Jefferson City. Bingham had added a third story to the existing structure to use as a studio. At least ten women or girls, all under the age of 20, were incarcerated in the building when it collapsed on August 13, 1863, killing four: Charity McCorkle Kerr, Susan Crawford Vandever, Armenia Crawford Selvey, and Josephine Anderson—the 15-year-old sister of William T. "Bloody Bill" Anderson. A few days later, Nannie Harris died from her wounds. Survivors of the collapse included Jenny Anderson (crippled by the accident), Susan Anne Mundy Womacks, Martha "Mattie" Mundy, Lucinda "Lou" Mundy Gray, Elizabeth Harris (later married to Deal), and Mollie Grindstaff. Anderson's 13-year-old sister, who was shackled to a ball-and-chain inside the jail, suffered multiple injuries including two broken legs. Rumors circulated (later promulgated by Bingham who held a personal grudge against Ewing and who would seek financial compensation for the loss of the building) that the guards undermined the structure to cause its collapse. A 1995 study of the events and affidavits surrounding the collapse concludes this is "the least plausible of the theories." Instead, testimony indicated that alterations to the first floor of the adjoining Cockrell structure for use as a barracks caused the common wall to buckle. The weight of the third story on the former Bingham residence contributed to the resultant collapse. Even before the collapse of the jail, the arrest and planned deportation of the girls had enraged Quantrill's guerrillas; George Todd left a note for General Ewing threatening to burn Kansas City unless the girls were freed. While Quantrill's raid on Lawrence was planned before the collapse of the jail, the deaths of the guerrillas' female relatives undoubtedly added to their thirst for revenge and blood lust during the raid. Attack The attack was the product of careful planning. Quantrill had gained the confidence of many of the leaders of independent Bushwhacker groups and chose the day and time of the attack well in advance. Different Missouri rider groups approached Lawrence from the east in several independent columns. They converged with well-timed precision in the final miles before Lawrence during the pre-dawn hours of the chosen day. Many of the men had been riding for over 24 hours to make the rendezvous and had lashed themselves to their saddles to keep riding if they fell asleep. Almost all were armed with multiple six-shot revolvers. Lawrence in ruins as illustrated in Harper's Weekly. The charred remains of the Eldridge House are in the foreground. Henry Thompson, a black servant from Hesper, attempted to run on foot to Lawrence to warn the town of hundreds of raiders making their way toward Lawrence. Thompson made it as far as Eudora, Kansas before stopping from exhaustion. An unidentified man riding a chaise nearby rode by to ask Thompson if he needed help. Thompson replied that he had run from Hesper and needed to warn Lawrence. While Thompson and the man on the chaise were able to gather some Eudorans to ride into Lawrence to warn the city to the west, none of them made it in time. Around 450 guerrillas arrived on the outskirts of Lawrence shortly after 5 a.m. A small squad was dispatched to the summit of Mount Oread to serve as lookouts, and the remainder rode into town. One of the first deaths was the pastor and lieutenant of the 2nd Kansas Colored Regiment, Samuel S. Snyder, who was outside milking his cows when he was shot by the passing raiders, who were making their way into town. Snyder's death was witnessed by his longtime friend Reverend Hugh Fisher. Their initial focus was the Eldridge House, a large brick hotel in the heart of Lawrence. After gaining control of the building (which then served as Quantrill's headquarters during the raid), Quantrill's force broke into smaller groups that fanned out throughout the town. Over four hours, the raiders pillaged and burned a quarter of the buildings in Lawrence, including all but two businesses. They looted most of the banks and stores in town and killed over 150 people, all of them men and boys. According to an 1897 account, among the dead, were 18 of 23 unmustered army recruits. By 9 a.m., the raiders were on their way out of town, evading the few units that came in pursuit, and eventually splitting up to avoid Union pursuit of a unified column into Missouri. Some families attempted to make the run towards Mount Oread in a last-ditch flight for safety. The raid was less of a battle and more of a mass execution. Two weeks before the attack, a Lawrence newspaper had boasted, "Lawrence has ready for any emergency over five hundred fighting men...every one of who would like to see ". However, a squad of soldiers temporarily stationed in Lawrence had returned to Fort Leavenworth, and due to the surprise, swiftness, and fury of the initial assault, the local militia was unable to assemble and mount a defense. Most of those Quantrill and his raiders killed were not carrying any weapon. Before the Lawrence Massacre, a previous attack on Lawrence, the Sacking of Lawrence, saw the pro-slavery attackers, led by Samuel J. Jones, a pro-slavery Missourian who served as Sheriff of Douglas County, demanding that the citizens of Lawrence give up their firearms to the raiders. Many citizens initially refused, but by the end of the sacking itself, many in Lawrence were left without a weapon of any sort, which, along with the swiftness of the Lawrence Massacre later on, saw Lawrence left defenseless against the attack. Because revenge was a principal motive for the attack, Quantrill's raiders entered Lawrence with lists of men to be killed and buildings to be burned. Senator James H. Lane was at the top of the list. Lane was a military leader and chief political proponent of the jayhawking raids that had cut a swath of death, plundering, and arson through western Missouri (including the destruction of Osceola) in the early months of the Civil War. Lane escaped death by racing through a cornfield in his nightshirt. John Speer, who Lane had put into the newspaper business, was one of Lane's chief political backers and was also on the list. Speer likewise escaped execution, but two of his sons were killed in the raid. (One of Speer's sons may have been the same John L. Speer that appeared on a list of Red Legs previously issued by the Union military.) Speer's youngest son, 15-year-old Billy, may have been included on the death lists, but Quantrill's men released him after he gave them a false name. (Billy Speer later shot one of the raiders during their exit from Lawrence, causing one of the few casualties among Quantrill's command while in Lawrence.) Charles L. Robinson, first governor of Kansas and a prominent abolitionist, may also have been on the list, although he was not killed. This according to Richard Cordley, a minister in Lawrence and a survivor of the attack: Ex-Governor Charles Robinson was an object of special search among them. He was one of the men they particularly wanted. During the whole time they were in town he was in his large stone barn on the hillside. He had just gone to the barn to get his team to drive out into the country, when he saw them come in and saw them make their first charge. He concluded to remain where he was. The barn overlooked the whole town, and he saw the affair from beginning to end. Gangs of raiders came by several times and looked at the barn and went round it, but it looked so much like a fort, that they kept out of range. Cordley was also on the list of men Quantrill wanted to kill. In some of his writings, Quantrill later lamented that he did not kill Cordley, "The Abolition Preacher." While many of the victims had been specifically targeted beforehand, executions were more indiscriminate among segments of the raiders, particularly Todd's band that operated in the western part of Lawrence. The men and boys riding with "Bloody Bill" Anderson also accounted for a disproportionate number of the Lawrence dead. The raid devolved into extreme brutality; according to witnesses, the raiders murdered a group of men and their sons who had surrendered under assurances of safety, murdered a father who was in a field with his son, shot a defenseless man who was lying sick in bed, killed an injured man who was being held by his pleading wife, and bound a pair of men and forced them into a burning building where they slowly burned to death. Another dramatic story was told in a letter written on September 7, 1863, by H.M. Simpson, whose entire family narrowly escaped death by hiding in a nearby cornfield as the massacre raged all around them: My father was very slow to get into the cornfield. He was so indignant at the ruffians that he was unwilling to retreat before them. My little children were in the field three hours. They seemed to know that if they cried the noise would betray their parents whereabouts, and so they kept as still as mice. The baby was very hungry & I gave her an ear of raw green corn which she ate ravenously. Many have characterized Quantrill's decision to kill young boys alongside adult men as a particularly reprehensible aspect of the raid. Bobbie Martin is generally cited as being the youngest victim; some histories of the raid state he could have been as young as ten to twelve years old, while others state he was fourteen. Most accounts state he was wearing a Union soldier uniform or clothing made from his father's uniform; some state he was carrying a musket and cartridges. (For perspective on the age of participants in the conflict, it has been estimated that about 800,000 Union soldiers were seventeen years of age or younger, with about 100,000 of those being fifteen or younger.) Most of Quantrill's guerrilla fighters were teenagers. One of the youngest was Riley Crawford, who was 13 when taken by his mother to Quantrill after her husband was shot and her home burned by Union soldiers. Aftermath Once the confederates withdrew to the southeast, Lane led a small group of survivors of the massacre in pursuit of Quantrill's men and was joined by a force of about 200 U.S. Army cavalrymen, commanded by Major Preston B. Plumb. They overtook the raiders south of the town of Brooklyn, Kansas and fought the first of several engagements, beginning with the Skirmish near Brooklyn, Kansas. The Lawrence massacre was one of the bloodiest events in the history of Kansas. The Plymouth Congregational Church in Lawrence survived the attack, but a number of its members were killed and records destroyed. Cordley, the pastor at Plymouth, said to his congregation a few days after the attack, "My friends, Lawrence may seem dead, but she will rise again in a more glorious resurrection. Our ranks have been thinned by death, but let us 'close-up' and hold the ground . The conflict may not be ended, but the victory must be ours. We may perish but the principles for which we contend will live." A day after the attack, some of the surviving citizens of Lawrence lynched a member of Quantrill's Raiders who was caught in the town. On August 25, General Ewing authorized General Order No. 11 (not to be confused with Grant's infamous General Order of the same name) evicting thousands of Missourians in four counties from their homes near the Kansas border. Virtually everything in these counties was then systematically burned to the ground. The action was carried out by the infamous Jayhawker, Charles "Doc" Jennison. Jennison's raids into Missouri were thorough and indiscriminate. They left four counties in western Missouri wasted, save for the standing brick chimneys of the two-story period houses, which are still called "Jennison Monuments" in those parts. George Miller, a Missouri abolitionist and preacher, described the role of the Lawrence Massacre in the region's descent into the horror of total war on the civilian populations of both eastern Kansas and western Missouri: Viewed in any light, the Lawrence Raid will continue to be held, as the most infamous event of the uncivil war! The work of destruction did not stop in Kansas. The cowardly criminality of this spiteful reciprocity lay in the fact that each party knew, but did not care, that the consequences of their violent acts would fall most heavily upon their own helpless friends. Jenison in 1861 rushed into Missouri when there was no one to resist, and robbed and killed and sneaked away with his spoils and left the union people of Missouri to bear the vengeance of his crimes. Quantrell in 1863 rushed into Lawrence, Kansas, when there was no danger, and killed and robbed and sneaked off with his spoils, leaving helpless women and children of his own side to bear the dreadful vengeance invoked by that raid. So the Lawrence raid was followed by swift and cruel retribution, falling, as usual in this border warfare, upon the innocent and helpless, rather than the guilty ones. Quantrell left Kansas with the loss of one man. The Kansas troops followed him, at a respectful distance, and visited dire vengeance on all western Missouri. Unarmed old men and boys were accused and shot down, and homes with their now meagre comforts were burned, and helpless women and children turned out with no provision for the approaching winter. The number of those killed was never reported, as they were scattered all over western Missouri. After the attack, Quantrill led his men south to Texas for the winter. By the next year, the raiders had disintegrated as a unified force and could not achieve similar successes. Quantrill died of wounds he received in Kentucky in 1865, with only a few staunch supporters left. Among those who remained by his side were Frank James and his younger brother, Jesse James. After Quantrill's attack, the U.S. Army erected several military posts on Mount Oread (of which a few were named Camp Ewing, Camp Lookout, and Fort Ulysses) to keep guard over the rebuilt city. No further attacks were made on Lawrence, and these installations were eventually abandoned and dismantled after the war. In popular culture This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article may contain irrelevant references to popular culture. Please remove the content or add citations to reliable and independent sources. (May 2018) The Lawrence massacre is a central episode in Wildwood Boys (William Morrow: New York, 2000), a biographical novel about Bloody Bill Anderson by James Carlos Blake. The battle is also depicted in the Steven Spielberg-produced 2005 miniseries Into the West and in Ang Lee's 1999 film Ride with the Devil, as well as the Audie Murphy western Kansas Raiders (1950). The 1940 film Dark Command, based on a novel of the same name, is a fictionalized account of the events in much more of a classic B-movie western style. The film bore no resemblance to the events of history. The 1979 TV movie The Legend of the Golden Gun was about chasing down Quantrill and had some fiction in about Custer. There is a section in Charles Portis's 1968 book, True Grit in which the characters Marshal Rooster Cogburn and Texas Ranger LaBoeuf argue about Quantrill. LaBoeuf calls him a murderer; Cogburn, who "rode with" Quantrill, calls him a patriot. LaBoeuf ends the argument after Cogburn refers to "Captain Quantrill," ridiculing the title: "Captain of what?" This conversation later appeared in the 1969 and 2010 films. In Telltale's 2012 video game The Walking Dead, Quantrill's raid is mentioned as two characters, Lee and Omid, bond over Civil War history. In "Weekend Warriors" the 6th episode of season 1 of Psych, originally aired August 11, 2006, a reenactment of the battle in Lawrence, KS, where Quantrill is killed is the scene for the murder that is the focus of the episode. The 1968 movie Bandolero! references the event. See also American Civil War portal Bushwhacking a form of guerrilla warfare common during the American Revolutionary War, American Civil War George and Annie Bell House List of battles fought in Kansas List of massacres in Kansas References ^ Castel, Albert (1997). Civil War Kansas. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. pp. 124–126. ^ Blunt, James G. (May 1932). "General Blunt's Account of His Civil War Experiences". Kansas Historical Quarterly. 1 (3): 239. ^ Goodrich, Thomas (1992). Bloody Dawn: The Story of the Lawrence Massacre. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press. pp. 4–6. ISBN 978-0873384766. ^ a b Castel, Albert E. (1999). William Clarke Quantrill: His Life and Times. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. p. 142. ^ Castel, Albert (1997). Civil War Kansas. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. p. 136. ^ a b "Governor Robinson's Speech". Lawrence Daily Journal and Evening Tribune. August 23, 1892. p. 4. Archived from the original on July 3, 2018. Retrieved July 3, 2018. The article provided a synopsis of the speech that Robinson had given in Lawrence on the twenty-ninth anniversary of the raid. Despite being a truncated paraphrase of the original speech, the article had been approved by Robinson for publication (p. 2). ^ Spurgeon, Ian (2009). Man of Douglas, Man of Lincoln: The Political Odyssey of James Henry Lane. Columbia, Missouri: University of Missouri Press. pp. 185–188. ^ Petersen, Paul R. (2003). Quantrill of Missouri: The Making of a Guerrilla Warrior – The Man, the Myth, the Soldier. Nashville, Tennessee: Cumberland House Publishing. p. 61. ^ Epps, Kristen (2014). "Quantrill's Raid on Lawrence". Civil War on the Western Border. Kansas City Public Library. Archived from the original on June 29, 2018. Retrieved June 1, 2018. ^ Frazier, Harriet C. (2004). Runaway and Freed Missouri Slaves and Those Who Helped Them, 1763–1865. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. p. 214. ^ Harris, Charles F. (April 1995). "Catalyst for Terror: The Collapse of the Women's Prison In Kansas City". Missouri Historical Review: 294, 295. ^ Harris, Charles F. (April 1995). "Catalyst for Terror: The Collapse of the Women's Prison In Kansas City". Missouri Historical Review: 296, 297. ^ Paul R. Petersen (2011). "Knee Deep in Blood". Quantrill at Lawrence: The Untold Story. New Orleans, Louisiana: Pelican Publishing Company. pp. 24, 30. ... Guerrilla Bill Anderson had just removed his sisters from Kansas where for a year they had lived at various places, stopping finally with the Mundy family on the Missouri side of the line near Little Santa Fe. The parents of the Mundy family were dead. One of their sons was in General Sterling Price's Southern army, and three daughters were at home: Susan Mundy Womacks, Martha Mundy, and Mrs. Lou Mundy Gray, whose husband was probably with the guerrillas. The Mundy girls and the three Anderson sisters were arrested as spies. They were confined in a building that served as a jail. ... Guerrilla Nathan Kerr's wife Charity was killed. Brothers William, Marshall, Marion, and Riley Crawford lost two sisters killed. Guerrilla Thomas Harris's sister Nannie was mangled in the jail collapse. Guerrilla James E. Mundy's sisters Susan and Martha, and his married sister Mrs. Lou Mundy Gray, were imprisoned along with William Grindstaff's sister Mollie, but somehow each of them miraculously survived. ^ LeeAnn Whites (March 2011). "Forty Shirts and a Wagonload of Wheat: Women, the Domestic Supply Line, and the Civil War on the Western Border". The Journal of the Civil War Era. 1 (1). Archived from the original on February 22, 2016. Retrieved February 22, 2016. ^ Nichols, Bruce (2004). Guerrilla Warfare in Western Missouri, 1861. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. p. 210. ^ Bingham, George Caleb (March 9, 1878). "Article". The Washington Sentinel. ^ Harris, Charles F. (April 1995). "Catalyst for Terror: The Collapse of the Women's Prison In Kansas City". Missouri Historical Review: 302, 303. ^ Nichols, Bruce (2004). Guerrilla Warfare in Western Missouri, 1861. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. p. 209. ^ Leslie, Edward E. (1998). The Devil Knows How to Ride. Boston, Massachusetts: Da Capo Press. pp. 193–195. ^ Mach, Tom. "Little-known facts about Quantrill's Raid". Lawrence Journal-World. Archived from the original on September 10, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018. ^ Paul R. Petersen (August 21, 2010). "Lawrence Raid 08/21/63 Roster of the Victims of the Lawrence Raid Published on the 147th Anniversary". Retrieved June 5, 2020. ^ Kristen Epps. "Quantrill's Raid on Lawrence". The Kansas City Public Library. Retrieved June 5, 2020. ^ Alec Miller. "The Lawrence Massacre, Part One". University of Kansas Kenneth Spencer Research Library. Archived from the original on October 25, 2002. Retrieved June 5, 2020. ^ Pringle, Heather (April 2010). "Digging the Scorched Earth". Archaeology. 63 (2): 21. ^ Fisher, H.D. (1902). The Gun and the Gospel: Early Kansas and Chaplain Fisher. Kansas City, MO: Hudson-Kimberly Publishing Company. p. 194. Archived from the original on October 20, 2008. ^ Goodrich, Thomas (1991). Blood Dawn: The Story of the Lawrence Massacre. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press. pp. 43–45. ^ Castel, Albert (1959). "Kansas Jayhawking Raids into Western Missouri in 1861". Archived from the original on March 14, 2014. Retrieved August 3, 2013. ^ Castel, Albert (1997). Civil War Kansas. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. p. 28. ^ "Blunt, General Orders-No. 1., Headquarter District of Kansas, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, November 15, 1862". The Missouri in the Civil War Message Board. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved October 2, 2017. ^ Leslie, Edward E. (1998). The Devil Knows How to Ride. Boston: Da Capo Press. pp. 224–234. ^ Robinson, Charles (1892). The Kansas Conflict. New York: Harper and Brother. p. 447. ^ a b Cordley, Richard (1895). "Chapter XV". A History of Lawrence Kansas, from the Earliest Settlement to the Close of the Rebellion. Lawrence: Lawrence Journal Press. Archived from the original on October 24, 2018. Retrieved October 2, 2017. ^ Castel, Albert (1997). Civil War Kansas. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. p. 130. ^ Castel, Albert E. (1999). William Clarke Quantrill: His Life and Times. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 129–131. ^ Simpson, H.M. (September 7, 1863). "H.M. Simpson to Hiram Hill". Kansas Memory. Kansas Historical Society. Archived from the original on February 26, 2014. Retrieved February 19, 2014. ^ Schultz, Duane (1997). Quantrill's War: The Life and Times of William Clarke Quantrill, 1837–1865. New York: St. Martin's Press. Chapter 9 is entitled, "Kill Every Man Big Enough to Carry a Gun", an alleged Quantrill quote. ^ Connelley, William Elsey (1910). Quantrill and the Border Wars. Cedar Rapids, Iowa: The Torch Press. pp. 362–363. Archived from the original on September 22, 2016. Retrieved November 2, 2019. ^ Leslie, Edward E. (1996). The Devil Knows How to Ride: The True Story of William Clarke Quantrill and his Confederate Raiders. Boston: Da Capo Press. p. 226. ^ Goodrich, Thomas (1991). Blood Dawn: The Story of the Lawrence Massacre. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press. p. 104. ^ "Boys in the Civil War!". CivilWarHome. February 15, 2002. Archived from the original on October 23, 2017. Retrieved October 2, 2017. ^ Petersen, Paul R. (2003). Quantrill of Missouri: The Making of a Guerrilla Warrior – The Man, the Myth, the Soldier. Nashville, Tennessee: Cumberland House Publishing. p. 226. ^ Sellen, Al. "A Brief Outline of Plymouth's History". Plymouth Congregational Church. Archived from the original on May 28, 2010. Retrieved September 27, 2010. ^ Kerby, Robert L. Kirby Smith's Confederacy: The Trans-Mississippi South, 1863– 1865. Tuscaloosa and London: The University of Alabama Press, Reprint. Originally published New York: Columbia University Press, 1972. ISBN 978-0-8173-0546-8. p. 210. ^ Miller, George (1898). "Quantrill's Raid on Lawrence, 'Order No. 11' and Attendant Horrors; Desolation Ends All". Missouri's Memorable Decade, 1860–1870. Columbia, MO: E.W. Stephens. pp. 100–101. ISBN 978-0722207130. Retrieved May 29, 2018. ^ Wellman, Paul I. (1961). A Dynasty of Western Outlaws. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. p. 61. ^ Pollard, Jr, William C. (1992). "Kansas Forts During the Civil War". Kansas History. Archived from the original on April 3, 2018. Retrieved May 29, 2018. ^ Bisel, Debra Goodrich; Martin, Michelle M. (2013). "Camp Ewing: 1864–1865". Kansas Forts & Bases: Sentinels on the Prairie. Charleston, SC: The History Press. ISBN 978-1614238683. ^ "Kansas Raiders (1950) – Plot Summary". IMDb. Retrieved May 15, 2020. Further reading Albert E. Castel. Civil War Kansas: Reaping the Whirlwind (1997) Albert E. Castel. William Clarke Quantrill: His Life and Times (1999) excerpt and text search Thomas Goodrich, Bloody Dawn: The Story of the Lawrence Massacre (1992) Paul I. Wellman. A Dynasty of Western Outlaws (1961). (On the formative background of the Kansas-Missouri border wars on the post-war western outlaws, notably the James-Younger gang.) Richard F. Sunderwirth, "'The Burning' Of Osceola Missouri" (2007) External links National Park Service battle description Tour and photos of Lawrence Quantrill's Raid sites Other reports that mention Quantrill's Raid and the Lawrence Massacre Civil War history site article on Quantrill Rev. R. Cordley's Description of the Massacre (published in 1865) {Partial list of killed/wounded/missing} 1897 account "Guns and the Gospel" with a listing of Lawrence Massacre Victims at the end of Chapter 22 Monument to victims of William C. Quantrill vteKansas in the American Civil WarOrigins Kansas–Nebraska Act Bleeding Kansas Wakarusa War Lawrence Pottawatomie Spurs Black Jack Franklin Fort Titus Osawatomie Marais des Cygnes Combatants Union Campaigns Missouri Battles1861 Osceola 1863 Lawrence Brooklyn Baxter Springs 1864 Marais des Cygnes Mine Creek Related topics General Order 11 Category Authority control databases National Israel United States Other NARA
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sacking of Lawrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacking_of_Lawrence"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Quantrill%27s_Raid_into_Kansas"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Quantrill%27s_Raid_into_Kansas"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Quantrill%27s_Raid_into_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Lawrence Massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skirmish_near_Brooklyn,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Quantrill's Raiders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantrill%27s_Raiders"},{"link_name":"Confederate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America"},{"link_name":"guerrilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare"},{"link_name":"William Quantrill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Quantrill"},{"link_name":"Unionist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)"},{"link_name":"Lawrence, Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"abolition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Jayhawkers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayhawkers"},{"link_name":"militia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militia"},{"link_name":"vigilante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigilante"},{"link_name":"Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri"}],"text":"Not to be confused with the Sacking of Lawrence.Raid in the American Civil WarvteQuantrill's Raid into Kansas\nLawrence Massacre\nBrooklyn\nPaola\nBig Creek\nHopewellThe Lawrence Massacre (also known as Quantrill's Raid) was an attack during the American Civil War (1861–65) by Quantrill's Raiders, a Confederate guerrilla group led by William Quantrill, on the Unionist town of Lawrence, Kansas, killing around 150 unarmed men and boys.The attack, on the morning of Friday August 21, 1863, targeted Lawrence due to the town's long support of abolition and its reputation as a center for the Jayhawkers, who were free-state militia and vigilante groups known for attacking plantations in pro-slavery Missouri's western counties.","title":"Lawrence Massacre"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Kansas"},{"link_name":"sacking of Lawrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacking_of_Lawrence"},{"link_name":"John Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Brown_(abolitionist)"},{"link_name":"Jayhawker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayhawker"},{"link_name":"Bleeding Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"By 1863, Kansas had long been the center of strife and warfare over the admission of slave states versus free states.In the summer of 1856, the first sacking of Lawrence sparked a guerrilla war in Kansas that lasted for years. John Brown might be the best-known participant in the violence of the late 1850s, participating on the abolitionist or Jayhawker side, but numerous groups fought for each side during the \"Bleeding Kansas\" period.By the beginning of the American Civil War, Lawrence was already a target for pro-slavery ire, having been seen as the anti-slavery stronghold in the state and, more importantly, a staging area for Unionist and Jayhawker incursions into Missouri. Initially, the town and surrounding area were extremely vigilant and reacted strongly to rumors that enemy forces might be advancing on the town. By the summer of 1863, none of the threats had materialized, so citizen fears had declined, and defense preparations were relaxed.[1]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Motivations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jayhawkers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayhawker"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Charles \"Doc\" Jennison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_R._Jennison"},{"link_name":"James Montgomery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Montgomery_(colonel)"},{"link_name":"George Henry Hoyt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Henry_Hoyt"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Albert Castel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_E._Castel"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-castel142-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Charles L. Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_L._Robinson"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-speech-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-speech-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-castel142-4"},{"link_name":"attack on Osceola, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacking_of_Osceola"},{"link_name":"James H. Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Henry_Lane_(Indiana_and_Kansas)"},{"link_name":"drumhead court-martial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drumhead_court-martial"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Retaliation for Jayhawker attacks","text":"Lawrence was a headquarters for a band of Jayhawkers (sometimes called \"Red Legs\"), who had initiated a campaign in late March 1863 with the purported objective to eliminate civilian support for the Confederate guerrillas. In describing the activities of these soldiers, U.S. Army General Blunt stated,\"A reign of terror was inaugurated, and no man's property was safe, nor was his life worth much if he opposed them in their schemes of plunder and robbery.\"[2]Indeed, many Jayhawker leaders like Charles \"Doc\" Jennison, James Montgomery, and George Henry Hoyt terrorized Western Missouri, angering both pro-slavery and anti-slavery civilians and politicians alike.[3] The historian Albert Castel thus concludes that revenge was the primary motive, followed by a desire to plunder.[4]\nThe survivors confirmed the retaliatory nature of the attack on Lawrence. According to Castel,\"The universal testimony of all the ladies and others who talked with the butchers of the 21st ult. is that these demons claimed they were here to revenge the wrongs done their families by our men under Lane, Jennison, Anthony and Co.\"[5]Charles L. Robinson, the first Governor of Kansas and an eyewitness to the raid, also characterized the attack as an act of vengeance:\"Before this raid the entire border counties of Missouri had experienced more terrible outrages than ever the Quantrill raid at Lawrence... There was no burning of feet and torture by hanging in Lawrence as there was in Missouri, neither were women and children outraged.\"[6]Robinson explained that Quantrill targeted Lawrence because Jayhawkers had attacked Missouri \"as soon as war broke out\" and Lawrence was \"headquarters for the thieves and their plunder.\"[6]Quantrill said his motivation for the attack was \"to plunder, and destroy the town in retaliation for Osceola.\"[4] That was a reference to the Union's attack on Osceola, Missouri in September 1861, led by Senator James H. Lane. Osceola was plundered, and nine men were given a drumhead court-martial trial and executed.[7][8]","title":"Motivations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qr_kpl-9"},{"link_name":"Thomas Ewing, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Ewing,_Jr."},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Kansas City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"George Caleb Bingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Caleb_Bingham"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"William T. \"Bloody Bill\" Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_T._Anderson"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-QuantrillAtLawrence2011-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CivilWarJournal2011-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Collapse of the Women's Prison in Kansas City","text":"The collapse of the Women's Prison in Kansas City is also often believed to have inspired some to join in on the attack.[9] In a bid to put down the Missouri guerrilla raiders operating in Kansas, General Thomas Ewing, Jr. issued in April 1863 \"General Order No. 10,\" which ordered the arrest of anyone giving aid or comfort to Confederate guerrillas.[10] This meant chiefly women or girls who were relatives of the guerrillas. Ewing confined those arrested in makeshift prisons in Kansas City. The women were sequentially housed in two buildings which were considered either too small or too unsanitary, before being moved to an empty property at 1425 Grand.[11] This structure was part of the estate of the deceased Robert S. Thomas, George Caleb Bingham's father-in-law. In 1861 Bingham and his family were living in the structure, but in early 1862 after being appointed treasurer of the state of Missouri, he and his family relocated to Jefferson City. Bingham had added a third story to the existing structure to use as a studio.[12]At least ten women or girls, all under the age of 20, were incarcerated in the building when it collapsed on August 13, 1863, killing four: Charity McCorkle Kerr, Susan Crawford Vandever, Armenia Crawford Selvey, and Josephine Anderson—the 15-year-old sister of William T. \"Bloody Bill\" Anderson. A few days later, Nannie Harris died from her wounds. Survivors of the collapse included Jenny Anderson (crippled by the accident), Susan Anne Mundy Womacks, Martha \"Mattie\" Mundy, Lucinda \"Lou\" Mundy Gray, Elizabeth Harris (later married to Deal), and Mollie Grindstaff.[13][14] Anderson's 13-year-old sister, who was shackled to a ball-and-chain inside the jail, suffered multiple injuries including two broken legs.[15] Rumors circulated (later promulgated by Bingham who held a personal grudge against Ewing and who would seek financial compensation for the loss of the building) that the guards undermined the structure to cause its collapse.[16] A 1995 study of the events and affidavits surrounding the collapse concludes this is \"the least plausible of the theories.\" Instead, testimony indicated that alterations to the first floor of the adjoining Cockrell structure for use as a barracks caused the common wall to buckle. The weight of the third story on the former Bingham residence contributed to the resultant collapse.[17]Even before the collapse of the jail, the arrest and planned deportation of the girls had enraged Quantrill's guerrillas; George Todd left a note for General Ewing threatening to burn Kansas City unless the girls were freed.[18] While Quantrill's raid on Lawrence was planned before the collapse of the jail, the deaths of the guerrillas' female relatives undoubtedly added to their thirst for revenge and blood lust during the raid.[19]","title":"Motivations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bushwhacker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushwhacker"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lawrence_massacre_ruins.jpg"},{"link_name":"Harper's Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harper%27s_Weekly"},{"link_name":"Eldridge House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eldridge_Hotel"},{"link_name":"Eudora, Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eudora,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"chaise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaise"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Mount Oread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Oread"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Eldridge House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eldridge_Hotel"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Mount Oread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Oread"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Sacking of Lawrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacking_of_Lawrence"},{"link_name":"James H. Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Henry_Lane_(Union_general)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Charles L. Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_L._Robinson"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Richard Cordley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Cordley"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-revchapter15-32"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-revchapter15-32"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"text":"The attack was the product of careful planning. Quantrill had gained the confidence of many of the leaders of independent Bushwhacker groups and chose the day and time of the attack well in advance. Different Missouri rider groups approached Lawrence from the east in several independent columns. They converged with well-timed precision in the final miles before Lawrence during the pre-dawn hours of the chosen day. Many of the men had been riding for over 24 hours to make the rendezvous and had lashed themselves to their saddles to keep riding if they fell asleep. Almost all were armed with multiple six-shot revolvers.Lawrence in ruins as illustrated in Harper's Weekly. The charred remains of the Eldridge House are in the foreground.Henry Thompson, a black servant from Hesper, attempted to run on foot to Lawrence to warn the town of hundreds of raiders making their way toward Lawrence. Thompson made it as far as Eudora, Kansas before stopping from exhaustion. An unidentified man riding a chaise nearby rode by to ask Thompson if he needed help. Thompson replied that he had run from Hesper and needed to warn Lawrence. While Thompson and the man on the chaise were able to gather some Eudorans to ride into Lawrence to warn the city to the west, none of them made it in time.[20]Around 450 guerrillas arrived on the outskirts of Lawrence shortly after 5 a.m. A small squad was dispatched to the summit of Mount Oread to serve as lookouts, and the remainder rode into town. One of the first deaths was the pastor and lieutenant of the 2nd Kansas Colored Regiment,[21] Samuel S. Snyder, who was outside milking his cows when he was shot by the passing raiders, who were making their way into town.[22][23] Snyder's death was witnessed by his longtime friend Reverend Hugh Fisher. Their initial focus was the Eldridge House, a large brick hotel in the heart of Lawrence. After gaining control of the building (which then served as Quantrill's headquarters during the raid), Quantrill's force broke into smaller groups that fanned out throughout the town. Over four hours, the raiders pillaged and burned a quarter of the buildings in Lawrence, including all but two businesses. They looted most of the banks and stores in town and killed over 150 people, all of them men and boys.[24] According to an 1897 account, among the dead, were 18 of 23 unmustered army recruits.[25] By 9 a.m., the raiders were on their way out of town, evading the few units that came in pursuit, and eventually splitting up to avoid Union pursuit of a unified column into Missouri.Some families attempted to make the run towards Mount Oread in a last-ditch flight for safety.The raid was less of a battle and more of a mass execution. Two weeks before the attack, a Lawrence newspaper had boasted, \"Lawrence has ready for any emergency over five hundred fighting men...every one of who would like to see [Quantrill's raiders]\".[26] However, a squad of soldiers temporarily stationed in Lawrence had returned to Fort Leavenworth, and due to the surprise, swiftness, and fury of the initial assault, the local militia was unable to assemble and mount a defense. Most of those Quantrill and his raiders killed were not carrying any weapon. Before the Lawrence Massacre, a previous attack on Lawrence, the Sacking of Lawrence, saw the pro-slavery attackers, led by Samuel J. Jones, a pro-slavery Missourian who served as Sheriff of Douglas County, demanding that the citizens of Lawrence give up their firearms to the raiders. Many citizens initially refused, but by the end of the sacking itself, many in Lawrence were left without a weapon of any sort, which, along with the swiftness of the Lawrence Massacre later on, saw Lawrence left defenseless against the attack.Because revenge was a principal motive for the attack, Quantrill's raiders entered Lawrence with lists of men to be killed and buildings to be burned. Senator James H. Lane was at the top of the list. Lane was a military leader and chief political proponent of the jayhawking raids that had cut a swath of death, plundering, and arson through western Missouri (including the destruction of Osceola) in the early months of the Civil War.[27] Lane escaped death by racing through a cornfield in his nightshirt. John Speer, who Lane had put into the newspaper business, was one of Lane's chief political backers and was also on the list.[28] Speer likewise escaped execution, but two of his sons were killed in the raid. (One of Speer's sons may have been the same John L. Speer that appeared on a list of Red Legs previously issued by the Union military.[29]) Speer's youngest son, 15-year-old Billy, may have been included on the death lists, but Quantrill's men released him after he gave them a false name. (Billy Speer later shot one of the raiders during their exit from Lawrence, causing one of the few casualties among Quantrill's command while in Lawrence.)[30] Charles L. Robinson, first governor of Kansas and a prominent abolitionist, may also have been on the list, although he was not killed.[31] This according to Richard Cordley, a minister in Lawrence and a survivor of the attack:Ex-Governor Charles Robinson was an object of special search among them. He was one of the men they particularly wanted. During the whole time they were in town he was in his large stone barn on the hillside. He had just gone to the barn to get his team to drive out into the country, when he saw them come in and saw them make their first charge. He concluded to remain where he was. The barn overlooked the whole town, and he saw the affair from beginning to end. Gangs of raiders came by several times and looked at the barn and went round it, but it looked so much like a fort, that they kept out of range.[32]Cordley was also on the list of men Quantrill wanted to kill. In some of his writings, Quantrill later lamented that he did not kill Cordley, \"The Abolition Preacher.\"[citation needed]While many of the victims had been specifically targeted beforehand, executions were more indiscriminate among segments of the raiders, particularly Todd's band that operated in the western part of Lawrence.[33] The men and boys riding with \"Bloody Bill\" Anderson also accounted for a disproportionate number of the Lawrence dead. The raid devolved into extreme brutality; according to witnesses, the raiders murdered a group of men and their sons who had surrendered under assurances of safety, murdered a father who was in a field with his son, shot a defenseless man who was lying sick in bed, killed an injured man who was being held by his pleading wife, and bound a pair of men and forced them into a burning building where they slowly burned to death.[34][32] Another dramatic story was told in a letter written on September 7, 1863, by H.M. Simpson, whose entire family narrowly escaped death by hiding in a nearby cornfield as the massacre raged all around them:My father was very slow to get into the cornfield. He was so indignant at the ruffians that he was unwilling to retreat before them. My little children were in the field three hours. They seemed to know that if they cried the noise would betray their parents whereabouts, and so they kept as still as mice. The baby was very hungry & I gave her an ear of raw green corn which she ate ravenously.[35]Many have characterized Quantrill's decision to kill young boys alongside adult men as a particularly reprehensible aspect of the raid.[36] Bobbie Martin is generally cited as being the youngest victim; some histories of the raid state he could have been as young as ten to twelve years old,[37] while others state he was fourteen.[38] Most accounts state he was wearing a Union soldier uniform or clothing made from his father's uniform; some state he was carrying a musket and cartridges.[39] (For perspective on the age of participants in the conflict, it has been estimated that about 800,000 Union soldiers were seventeen years of age or younger, with about 100,000 of those being fifteen or younger.)[40] Most of Quantrill's guerrilla fighters were teenagers. One of the youngest was Riley Crawford, who was 13 when taken by his mother to Quantrill after her husband was shot and her home burned by Union soldiers.[41]","title":"Attack"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Preston B. Plumb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preston_B._Plumb"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn, Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn,_Kansas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Skirmish near Brooklyn, Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skirmish_near_Brooklyn,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Plymouth Congregational Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth_Congregational_Church_(Lawrence,_Kansas)"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Plymouth-History-42"},{"link_name":"lynched","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynching"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"General Order No. 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Order_No._11_(1863)"},{"link_name":"General Order of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Order_No._11_(1862)"},{"link_name":"Charles \"Doc\" Jennison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_%22Doc%22_Jennison"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"total war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_war"},{"link_name":"Jenison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_R._Jennison"},{"link_name":"sic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sic"},{"link_name":"sic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sic"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Frank James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_James"},{"link_name":"Jesse James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_James"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"military posts on Mount Oread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Oread_Civil_War_posts"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"}],"text":"Once the confederates withdrew to the southeast, Lane led a small group of survivors of the massacre in pursuit of Quantrill's men and was joined by a force of about 200 U.S. Army cavalrymen, commanded by Major Preston B. Plumb. They overtook the raiders south of the town of Brooklyn, Kansas and fought the first of several engagements, beginning with the Skirmish near Brooklyn, Kansas.The Lawrence massacre was one of the bloodiest events in the history of Kansas. The Plymouth Congregational Church in Lawrence survived the attack, but a number of its members were killed and records destroyed.[42] Cordley, the pastor at Plymouth, said to his congregation a few days after the attack, \"My friends, Lawrence may seem dead, but she will rise again in a more glorious resurrection. Our ranks have been thinned by death, but let us 'close-up' and hold the ground [of Kansas]. The conflict may not be ended, but the victory must be ours. We may perish but the principles for which we contend will live.\"A day after the attack, some of the surviving citizens of Lawrence lynched a member of Quantrill's Raiders who was caught in the town.[43] On August 25, General Ewing authorized General Order No. 11 (not to be confused with Grant's infamous General Order of the same name) evicting thousands of Missourians in four counties from their homes near the Kansas border. Virtually everything in these counties was then systematically burned to the ground. The action was carried out by the infamous Jayhawker, Charles \"Doc\" Jennison. Jennison's raids into Missouri were thorough and indiscriminate. They left four counties in western Missouri wasted, save for the standing brick chimneys of the two-story period houses, which are still called \"Jennison Monuments\" in those parts.[citation needed]George Miller, a Missouri abolitionist and preacher, described the role of the Lawrence Massacre in the region's descent into the horror of total war on the civilian populations of both eastern Kansas and western Missouri:Viewed in any light, the Lawrence Raid will continue to be held, as the most infamous event of the uncivil war! The work of destruction did not stop in Kansas. The cowardly criminality of this spiteful reciprocity lay in the fact that each party knew, but did not care, that the consequences of their violent acts would fall most heavily upon their own helpless friends. Jenison in 1861 rushed into Missouri when there was no one to resist, and robbed and killed and sneaked away with his spoils and left the union people of Missouri to bear the vengeance of his crimes. Quantrell [sic] in 1863 rushed into Lawrence, Kansas, when there was no danger, and killed and robbed and sneaked off with his spoils, leaving helpless women and children of his own side to bear the dreadful vengeance invoked by that raid. So the Lawrence raid was followed by swift and cruel retribution, falling, as usual in this border warfare, upon the innocent and helpless, rather than the guilty ones. Quantrell [sic] left Kansas with the loss of one man. The Kansas troops followed him, at a respectful distance, and visited dire vengeance on all western Missouri. Unarmed old men and boys were accused and shot down, and homes with their now meagre comforts were burned, and helpless women and children turned out with no provision for the approaching winter. The number of those killed was never reported, as they were scattered all over western Missouri.[44]After the attack, Quantrill led his men south to Texas for the winter. By the next year, the raiders had disintegrated as a unified force and could not achieve similar successes. Quantrill died of wounds he received in Kentucky in 1865, with only a few staunch supporters left. Among those who remained by his side were Frank James and his younger brother, Jesse James.[45]After Quantrill's attack, the U.S. Army erected several military posts on Mount Oread (of which a few were named Camp Ewing, Camp Lookout, and Fort Ulysses) to keep guard over the rebuilt city. No further attacks were made on Lawrence, and these installations were eventually abandoned and dismantled after the war.[46][47]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"biographical novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_novel"},{"link_name":"James Carlos Blake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Carlos_Blake"},{"link_name":"Steven Spielberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Spielberg"},{"link_name":"Into the West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Into_the_West_(TV_miniseries)"},{"link_name":"Ang Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ang_Lee"},{"link_name":"Ride with the Devil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ride_with_the_Devil_(film)"},{"link_name":"Audie Murphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audie_Murphy"},{"link_name":"Kansas Raiders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_Raiders"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Dark Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Command"},{"link_name":"The Legend of the Golden Gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Legend_of_the_Golden_Gun"},{"link_name":"Custer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Armstrong_Custer"},{"link_name":"Charles Portis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Portis"},{"link_name":"True Grit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_Grit_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Rooster Cogburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooster_Cogburn_(character)"},{"link_name":"1969","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_Grit_(1969_film)"},{"link_name":"2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_Grit_(2010_film)"},{"link_name":"Telltale's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telltale_Games"},{"link_name":"The Walking Dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Walking_Dead_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Psych","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psych"},{"link_name":"Bandolero!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandolero!"}],"text":"The Lawrence massacre is a central episode in Wildwood Boys (William Morrow: New York, 2000), a biographical novel about Bloody Bill Anderson by James Carlos Blake.\nThe battle is also depicted in the Steven Spielberg-produced 2005 miniseries Into the West and in Ang Lee's 1999 film Ride with the Devil, as well as the Audie Murphy western Kansas Raiders (1950).[48]\nThe 1940 film Dark Command, based on a novel of the same name, is a fictionalized account of the events in much more of a classic B-movie western style. The film bore no resemblance to the events of history.\nThe 1979 TV movie The Legend of the Golden Gun was about chasing down Quantrill and had some fiction in about Custer.\nThere is a section in Charles Portis's 1968 book, True Grit in which the characters Marshal Rooster Cogburn and Texas Ranger LaBoeuf argue about Quantrill. LaBoeuf calls him a murderer; Cogburn, who \"rode with\" Quantrill, calls him a patriot. LaBoeuf ends the argument after Cogburn refers to \"Captain Quantrill,\" ridiculing the title: \"Captain of what?\" This conversation later appeared in the 1969 and 2010 films.\nIn Telltale's 2012 video game The Walking Dead, Quantrill's raid is mentioned as two characters, Lee and Omid, bond over Civil War history.\nIn \"Weekend Warriors\" the 6th episode of season 1 of Psych, originally aired August 11, 2006, a reenactment of the battle in Lawrence, KS, where Quantrill is killed is the scene for the murder that is the focus of the episode.\nThe 1968 movie Bandolero! references the event.","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN missing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"excerpt and text search","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.amazon.com/William-Clarke-Quantrill-Life-Times/dp/0806130814/"},{"link_name":"ISBN missing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"ISBN missing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"ISBN missing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"}],"text":"Albert E. Castel. Civil War Kansas: Reaping the Whirlwind (1997) [ISBN missing]\nAlbert E. Castel. William Clarke Quantrill: His Life and Times (1999) excerpt and text search\nThomas Goodrich, Bloody Dawn: The Story of the Lawrence Massacre (1992) [ISBN missing]\nPaul I. Wellman. A Dynasty of Western Outlaws (1961). (On the formative background of the Kansas-Missouri border wars on the post-war western outlaws, notably the James-Younger gang.) [ISBN missing]\nRichard F. Sunderwirth, \"'The Burning' Of Osceola Missouri\" (2007) [ISBN missing]","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Lawrence in ruins as illustrated in Harper's Weekly. The charred remains of the Eldridge House are in the foreground.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Lawrence_massacre_ruins.jpg/220px-Lawrence_massacre_ruins.jpg"}]
[{"title":"American Civil War portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:American_Civil_War"},{"title":"Bushwhacking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushwhacker"},{"title":"guerrilla warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare"},{"title":"American Revolutionary War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War"},{"title":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"title":"George and Annie Bell House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_and_Annie_Bell_House"},{"title":"List of battles fought in Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_fought_in_Kansas"},{"title":"List of massacres in Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Kansas"}]
[{"reference":"Castel, Albert (1997). Civil War Kansas. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. pp. 124–126.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence,_KS","url_text":"Lawrence, KS"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Press_of_Kansas","url_text":"University Press of Kansas"}]},{"reference":"Blunt, James G. (May 1932). \"General Blunt's Account of His Civil War Experiences\". Kansas Historical Quarterly. 1 (3): 239.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_Historical_Society","url_text":"Kansas Historical Quarterly"}]},{"reference":"Goodrich, Thomas (1992). Bloody Dawn: The Story of the Lawrence Massacre. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press. pp. 4–6. ISBN 978-0873384766.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent,_Ohio","url_text":"Kent, OH"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_State_University_Press","url_text":"Kent State University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0873384766","url_text":"978-0873384766"}]},{"reference":"Castel, Albert E. (1999). William Clarke Quantrill: His Life and Times. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. p. 142.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman,_Oklahoma","url_text":"Norman, Oklahoma"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oklahoma_Press","url_text":"University of Oklahoma Press"}]},{"reference":"Castel, Albert (1997). Civil War Kansas. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. p. 136.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence,_KS","url_text":"Lawrence, KS"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Press_of_Kansas","url_text":"University Press of Kansas"}]},{"reference":"\"Governor Robinson's Speech\". Lawrence Daily Journal and Evening Tribune. August 23, 1892. p. 4. Archived from the original on July 3, 2018. Retrieved July 3, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://kansashistoricalopencontent.newspapers.com/image/59722890","url_text":"\"Governor Robinson's Speech\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180703220834/http://kansashistoricalopencontent.newspapers.com/image/59722890/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Spurgeon, Ian (2009). Man of Douglas, Man of Lincoln: The Political Odyssey of James Henry Lane. Columbia, Missouri: University of Missouri Press. pp. 185–188.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia,_Missouri","url_text":"Columbia, Missouri"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Missouri_Press","url_text":"University of Missouri Press"}]},{"reference":"Petersen, Paul R. (2003). Quantrill of Missouri: The Making of a Guerrilla Warrior – The Man, the Myth, the Soldier. Nashville, Tennessee: Cumberland House Publishing. p. 61.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee","url_text":"Nashville, Tennessee"}]},{"reference":"Epps, Kristen (2014). \"Quantrill's Raid on Lawrence\". Civil War on the Western Border. Kansas City Public Library. Archived from the original on June 29, 2018. Retrieved June 1, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.civilwaronthewesternborder.org/encyclopedia/quantrill%E2%80%99s-raid-lawrence","url_text":"\"Quantrill's Raid on Lawrence\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City_Public_Library","url_text":"Kansas City Public Library"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180629070034/http://www.civilwaronthewesternborder.org/encyclopedia/quantrill%E2%80%99s-raid-lawrence","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Frazier, Harriet C. (2004). Runaway and Freed Missouri Slaves and Those Who Helped Them, 1763–1865. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. p. 214.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson,_North_Carolina","url_text":"Jefferson, North Carolina"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company","url_text":"McFarland & Company"}]},{"reference":"Harris, Charles F. (April 1995). \"Catalyst for Terror: The Collapse of the Women's Prison In Kansas City\". Missouri Historical Review: 294, 295.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Harris, Charles F. (April 1995). \"Catalyst for Terror: The Collapse of the Women's Prison In Kansas City\". Missouri Historical Review: 296, 297.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Paul R. Petersen (2011). \"Knee Deep in Blood\". Quantrill at Lawrence: The Untold Story. New Orleans, Louisiana: Pelican Publishing Company. pp. 24, 30. ... Guerrilla Bill Anderson had just removed his sisters from Kansas where for a year they had lived at various places, stopping finally with the Mundy family on the Missouri side of the line near Little Santa Fe. The parents of the Mundy family were dead. One of their sons was in General Sterling Price's Southern army, and three daughters were at home: Susan Mundy Womacks, Martha Mundy, and Mrs. Lou Mundy Gray, whose husband was probably with the guerrillas. The Mundy girls and the three Anderson sisters were arrested as spies. They were confined in a building that served as a jail. ... Guerrilla Nathan Kerr's wife Charity was killed. Brothers William, Marshall, Marion, and Riley Crawford lost two sisters killed. Guerrilla Thomas Harris's sister Nannie was mangled in the jail collapse. Guerrilla James E. Mundy's sisters Susan and Martha, and his married sister Mrs. Lou Mundy Gray, were imprisoned along with William Grindstaff's sister Mollie, but somehow each of them miraculously survived.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans,_Louisiana","url_text":"New Orleans, Louisiana"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelican_Publishing_Company","url_text":"Pelican Publishing Company"}]},{"reference":"LeeAnn Whites (March 2011). \"Forty Shirts and a Wagonload of Wheat: Women, the Domestic Supply Line, and the Civil War on the Western Border\". The Journal of the Civil War Era. 1 (1). Archived from the original on February 22, 2016. Retrieved February 22, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/journal_of_the_civil_war_era/v001/1.1.whites.html","url_text":"\"Forty Shirts and a Wagonload of Wheat: Women, the Domestic Supply Line, and the Civil War on the Western Border\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160222001457/http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/journal_of_the_civil_war_era/v001/1.1.whites.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Nichols, Bruce (2004). Guerrilla Warfare in Western Missouri, 1861. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. p. 210.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson,_North_Carolina","url_text":"Jefferson, North Carolina"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company","url_text":"McFarland & Company"}]},{"reference":"Bingham, George Caleb (March 9, 1878). \"Article\". The Washington Sentinel.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Harris, Charles F. (April 1995). \"Catalyst for Terror: The Collapse of the Women's Prison In Kansas City\". Missouri Historical Review: 302, 303.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Nichols, Bruce (2004). Guerrilla Warfare in Western Missouri, 1861. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. p. 209.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson,_North_Carolina","url_text":"Jefferson, North Carolina"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company","url_text":"McFarland & Company"}]},{"reference":"Leslie, Edward E. (1998). The Devil Knows How to Ride. Boston, Massachusetts: Da Capo Press. pp. 193–195.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts","url_text":"Boston, Massachusetts"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da_Capo_Press","url_text":"Da Capo Press"}]},{"reference":"Mach, Tom. \"Little-known facts about Quantrill's Raid\". Lawrence Journal-World. Archived from the original on September 10, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www2.ljworld.com/news/2011/aug/19/little-known-facts-about-quantrills-raid/","url_text":"\"Little-known facts about Quantrill's Raid\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Journal-World","url_text":"Lawrence Journal-World"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180910014617/http://www2.ljworld.com/news/2011/aug/19/little-known-facts-about-quantrills-raid/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Paul R. Petersen (August 21, 2010). \"Lawrence Raid 08/21/63 Roster of the Victims of the Lawrence Raid Published on the 147th Anniversary\". Retrieved June 5, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://quantrillsguerrillas.com/en/articles/126-t-charles-edwin-wells.html","url_text":"\"Lawrence Raid 08/21/63 Roster of the Victims of the Lawrence Raid Published on the 147th Anniversary\""}]},{"reference":"Kristen Epps. \"Quantrill's Raid on Lawrence\". The Kansas City Public Library. Retrieved June 5, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://civilwaronthewesternborder.org/encyclopedia/quantrills-raid-lawrence","url_text":"\"Quantrill's Raid on Lawrence\""}]},{"reference":"Alec Miller. \"The Lawrence Massacre, Part One\". University of Kansas Kenneth Spencer Research Library. Archived from the original on October 25, 2002. Retrieved June 5, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20021025065731/http://www.kancoll.org/books/cordley_massacre/quantrel.raid.html","url_text":"\"The Lawrence Massacre, Part One\""},{"url":"http://www.kancoll.org/books/cordley_massacre/quantrel.raid.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Pringle, Heather (April 2010). \"Digging the Scorched Earth\". Archaeology. 63 (2): 21.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Fisher, H.D. (1902). The Gun and the Gospel: Early Kansas and Chaplain Fisher. Kansas City, MO: Hudson-Kimberly Publishing Company. p. 194. Archived from the original on October 20, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081020052312/http://www.bartonccc.edu/library/digibks/fisher/Fisher~Gun.htm","url_text":"The Gun and the Gospel: Early Kansas and Chaplain Fisher"},{"url":"http://www.bartonccc.edu/library/digibks/fisher/Fisher~Gun.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Goodrich, Thomas (1991). Blood Dawn: The Story of the Lawrence Massacre. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press. pp. 43–45.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent,_Ohio","url_text":"Kent, Ohio"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_State_University_Press","url_text":"Kent State University Press"}]},{"reference":"Castel, Albert (1959). \"Kansas Jayhawking Raids into Western Missouri in 1861\". Archived from the original on March 14, 2014. Retrieved August 3, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.civilwarstlouis.com/History2/casteljayhawking.htm","url_text":"\"Kansas Jayhawking Raids into Western Missouri in 1861\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140314004005/http://www.civilwarstlouis.com/History2/casteljayhawking.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Castel, Albert (1997). Civil War Kansas. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. p. 28.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Press_of_Kansas","url_text":"University Press of Kansas"}]},{"reference":"\"Blunt, General Orders-No. 1., Headquarter District of Kansas, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, November 15, 1862\". The Missouri in the Civil War Message Board. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved October 2, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://history-sites.com/cgi-bin/bbs62x/mocwmb/webbbs_config.pl?md=read;id=17048","url_text":"\"Blunt, General Orders-No. 1., Headquarter District of Kansas, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, November 15, 1862\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084116/http://history-sites.com/cgi-bin/bbs62x/mocwmb/webbbs_config.pl?md=read;id=17048","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Leslie, Edward E. (1998). The Devil Knows How to Ride. Boston: Da Capo Press. pp. 224–234.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da_Capo_Press","url_text":"Da Capo Press"}]},{"reference":"Robinson, Charles (1892). The Kansas Conflict. New York: Harper and Brother. p. 447.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/cu31924083921332","url_text":"The Kansas Conflict"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harper_(publisher)","url_text":"Harper and Brother"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/cu31924083921332/page/n474","url_text":"447"}]},{"reference":"Cordley, Richard (1895). \"Chapter XV\". A History of Lawrence Kansas, from the Earliest Settlement to the Close of the Rebellion. Lawrence: Lawrence Journal Press. Archived from the original on October 24, 2018. Retrieved October 2, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kancoll.org/books/cordley_history/ch_ch15.htm","url_text":"A History of Lawrence Kansas, from the Earliest Settlement to the Close of the Rebellion"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181024203935/http://www.kancoll.org/books/cordley_history/ch_ch15.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Castel, Albert (1997). Civil War Kansas. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. p. 130.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Press_of_Kansas","url_text":"University Press of Kansas"}]},{"reference":"Castel, Albert E. (1999). William Clarke Quantrill: His Life and Times. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 129–131.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oklahoma_Press","url_text":"University of Oklahoma Press"}]},{"reference":"Simpson, H.M. (September 7, 1863). \"H.M. Simpson to Hiram Hill\". Kansas Memory. Kansas Historical Society. Archived from the original on February 26, 2014. Retrieved February 19, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kansasmemory.org/item/213271","url_text":"\"H.M. Simpson to Hiram Hill\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140226232227/http://www.kansasmemory.org/item/213271","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Schultz, Duane (1997). Quantrill's War: The Life and Times of William Clarke Quantrill, 1837–1865. New York: St. Martin's Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press","url_text":"St. Martin's Press"}]},{"reference":"Connelley, William Elsey (1910). Quantrill and the Border Wars. Cedar Rapids, Iowa: The Torch Press. pp. 362–363. Archived from the original on September 22, 2016. Retrieved November 2, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/quantrillborderw00connuoft","url_text":"Quantrill and the Border Wars"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedar_Rapids,_Iowa","url_text":"Cedar Rapids, Iowa"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160922032250/https://archive.org/details/quantrillborderw00connuoft","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Leslie, Edward E. (1996). The Devil Knows How to Ride: The True Story of William Clarke Quantrill and his Confederate Raiders. Boston: Da Capo Press. p. 226.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da_Capo_Press","url_text":"Da Capo Press"}]},{"reference":"Goodrich, Thomas (1991). Blood Dawn: The Story of the Lawrence Massacre. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press. p. 104.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent,_Ohio","url_text":"Kent, Ohio"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_State_University_Press","url_text":"Kent State University Press"}]},{"reference":"\"Boys in the Civil War!\". CivilWarHome. February 15, 2002. Archived from the original on October 23, 2017. Retrieved October 2, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.civilwarhome.com/boysinwar.htm","url_text":"\"Boys in the Civil War!\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171023204010/http://www.civilwarhome.com/boysinwar.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Petersen, Paul R. (2003). Quantrill of Missouri: The Making of a Guerrilla Warrior – The Man, the Myth, the Soldier. Nashville, Tennessee: Cumberland House Publishing. p. 226.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee","url_text":"Nashville, Tennessee"}]},{"reference":"Sellen, Al. \"A Brief Outline of Plymouth's History\". Plymouth Congregational Church. Archived from the original on May 28, 2010. Retrieved September 27, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100528051934/http://www.plymouthlawrence.com/who/history/","url_text":"\"A Brief Outline of Plymouth's History\""},{"url":"http://www.plymouthlawrence.com/who/history/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Miller, George (1898). \"Quantrill's Raid on Lawrence, 'Order No. 11' and Attendant Horrors; Desolation Ends All\". Missouri's Memorable Decade, 1860–1870. Columbia, MO: E.W. Stephens. pp. 100–101. ISBN 978-0722207130. Retrieved May 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=57EdAQAAMAAJ&q=Viewed+in+any+light%2C+the+Lawrence+Raid+will+continue+to+be+held%2C+as+the+most+infamous+event+of+the+uncivil+war&pg=PA100","url_text":"\"Quantrill's Raid on Lawrence, 'Order No. 11' and Attendant Horrors; Desolation Ends All\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia,_MO","url_text":"Columbia, MO"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0722207130","url_text":"978-0722207130"}]},{"reference":"Wellman, Paul I. (1961). A Dynasty of Western Outlaws. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. p. 61.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Nebraska_Press","url_text":"University of Nebraska Press"}]},{"reference":"Pollard, Jr, William C. (1992). \"Kansas Forts During the Civil War\". Kansas History. Archived from the original on April 3, 2018. Retrieved May 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vlib.us/old_west/forts1865.html","url_text":"\"Kansas Forts During the Civil War\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180403212357/http://www.vlib.us/old_west/forts1865.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bisel, Debra Goodrich; Martin, Michelle M. (2013). \"Camp Ewing: 1864–1865\". Kansas Forts & Bases: Sentinels on the Prairie. Charleston, SC: The History Press. ISBN 978-1614238683.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston,_SC","url_text":"Charleston, SC"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcadia_Publishing","url_text":"The History Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1614238683","url_text":"978-1614238683"}]},{"reference":"\"Kansas Raiders (1950) – Plot Summary\". IMDb. Retrieved May 15, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0042629/plotsummary?ref_=tt_stry_pl","url_text":"\"Kansas Raiders (1950) – Plot Summary\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb","url_text":"IMDb"}]}]
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R. Cordley's Description of the Massacre (published in 1865)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191023172108/http://xroads.virginia.edu/~HYPER/HNS/Kansas/fisher3.html","external_links_name":"1897 account \"Guns and the Gospel\" with a listing of Lawrence Massacre Victims at the end of Chapter 22"},{"Link":"https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/10285","external_links_name":"Monument to victims of William C. Quantrill"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007549927305171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2009007362","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10675838","external_links_name":"NARA"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminothermic_reaction
Aluminothermic reaction
["1 History","2 Applications","3 See also","4 References"]
Heat-producing chemical reactions with aluminum An aluminothermic reaction using iron(III) oxide. The sparks flying outwards are globules of molten iron trailing smoke in their wake. Video of aluminothermic reaction to make stainless steel from iron ore Aluminothermic reactions are exothermic chemical reactions using aluminium as the reducing agent at high temperature. The process is industrially useful for production of alloys of iron. The most prominent example is the thermite reaction between iron oxides and aluminium to produce iron itself: Fe2O3 + 2 Al → 2 Fe + Al2O3 This specific reaction is however not relevant to the most important application of aluminothermic reactions, the production of ferroalloys. For the production of iron, a cheaper reducing agent, coke, is used instead via the carbothermic reaction. History Aluminothermy started from the experiments of Russian scientist Nikolay Beketov at the University of Kharkiv in Ukraine, who proved that aluminium restored metals from their oxides under high temperatures. The reaction was first used for the carbon-free reduction of metal oxides. The reaction is highly exothermic, but it has a high activation energy since strong interatomic bonds in the solids must be broken first. The oxide was heated with aluminium in a crucible in a furnace. The runaway reaction made it possible to produce only small quantities of material. Hans Goldschmidt improved the aluminothermic process between 1893 and 1898, by igniting the mixture of fine metal oxide and aluminium powder by a starter reaction without heating the mixture externally. The process was patented in 1898 and used extensively in the later years for rail track welding. Applications The aluminothermic reaction is used for the production of several ferroalloys, for example ferroniobium from niobium pentoxide and ferrovanadium from iron, vanadium(V) oxide, and aluminium. The process begins with the reduction of the oxide by the aluminium: 3 V2O5 + 10 Al → 5 Al2O3 + 6 V Other metals can be produced from their oxides in the same way. Aluminothermic reactions have been used for welding rail tracks on-site, useful for complex installations or local repairs that cannot be done using continuously welded rail. Another common use is the welding of copper cables (wire) for use in direct burial (grounding/earthing) applications. It is still the only type of electrical connection recognized by the IEEE (IEEE, Std 80–2001) as continuous un-spliced cable. Rail track welding by thermite See also Thermite Calciothermic reaction Silicothermic reaction References ^ a b Rudolf Fichte. "Ferroalloys". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a10_305. ISBN 978-3527306732. ^ Claude Dufresne and Ghislain Goyette. "The Production of Ferroniobium at the Niobec Mine MINE 1981-2001" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-12-17. Retrieved 2008-09-02. ^ Davis, Joseph R. (1993). Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys. ASM International. ISBN 978-0-87170-496-2. ^ Gupta, Chiranjib Kumar (2006). Chemical Metallurgy: Principles and Practice. Wiley-VCH. ISBN 978-3-527-60525-5. ^ Wang, L. L.; Munir Z. A.; Maximov,Y. M. (1993). "Thermite reactions: their utilization in the synthesis and processing of materials". Journal of Materials Science. 28 (14): 3693–3708. Bibcode:1993JMatS..28.3693W. doi:10.1007/BF00353167. S2CID 96981164. Authority control databases: National Israel United States
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The sparks flying outwards are globules of molten iron trailing smoke in their wake.Video of aluminothermic reaction to make stainless steel from iron oreAluminothermic reactions are exothermic chemical reactions using aluminium as the reducing agent at high temperature. The process is industrially useful for production of alloys of iron.[1] The most prominent example is the thermite reaction between iron oxides and aluminium to produce iron itself:Fe2O3 + 2 Al → 2 Fe + Al2O3This specific reaction is however not relevant to the most important application of aluminothermic reactions, the production of ferroalloys. For the production of iron, a cheaper reducing agent, coke, is used instead via the carbothermic reaction.","title":"Aluminothermic reaction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Nikolay Beketov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolay_Beketov"},{"link_name":"University of Kharkiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Kharkiv"},{"link_name":"aluminium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium"},{"link_name":"oxides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxide"},{"link_name":"exothermic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exothermic"},{"link_name":"activation energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activation_energy"},{"link_name":"Hans Goldschmidt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Goldschmidt"},{"link_name":"rail track","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_track"}],"text":"Aluminothermy started from the experiments of Russian scientist Nikolay Beketov at the University of Kharkiv in Ukraine, who proved that aluminium restored metals from their oxides under high temperatures. The reaction was first used for the carbon-free reduction of metal oxides. The reaction is highly exothermic, but it has a high activation energy since strong interatomic bonds in the solids must be broken first. The oxide was heated with aluminium in a crucible in a furnace. The runaway reaction made it possible to produce only small quantities of material. Hans Goldschmidt improved the aluminothermic process between 1893 and 1898, by igniting the mixture of fine metal oxide and aluminium powder by a starter reaction without heating the mixture externally. The process was patented in 1898 and used extensively in the later years for rail track welding.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ferroalloys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferroalloys"},{"link_name":"ferroniobium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferroniobium"},{"link_name":"niobium pentoxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niobium_pentoxide"},{"link_name":"ferrovanadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrovanadium"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ullmann-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alalloy-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gupta-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"rail tracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_tracks"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Velp-thermitewelding-1.jpg"}],"text":"The aluminothermic reaction is used for the production of several ferroalloys, for example ferroniobium from niobium pentoxide and ferrovanadium from iron, vanadium(V) oxide, and aluminium.[1][2] The process begins with the reduction of the oxide by the aluminium:3 V2O5 + 10 Al → 5 Al2O3 + 6 VOther metals can be produced from their oxides in the same way.[3][4][5]Aluminothermic reactions have been used for welding rail tracks on-site, useful for complex installations or local repairs that cannot be done using continuously welded rail. Another common use is the welding of copper cables (wire) for use in direct burial (grounding/earthing) applications. It is still the only type of electrical connection recognized by the IEEE (IEEE, Std 80–2001) as continuous un-spliced cable.Rail track welding by thermite","title":"Applications"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Edelman
James Edelman
["1 Education","2 Career","2.1 Legal","2.2 Academic","2.3 Judicial","3 Personal","4 Bibliography","5 References"]
Australian High Court justice since 2017 (born 1974) The Honourable JusticeJames EdelmanJustice of the High Court of AustraliaIncumbentAssumed office 30 January 2017Nominated byMalcolm TurnbullAppointed byPeter CosgrovePreceded bySusan KiefelJustice of the Federal Court of AustraliaIn office20 April 2015 – 29 January 2017Appointed byPeter CosgrovePreceded byPeter JacobsonJustice of the Supreme Court of Western AustraliaIn office22 July 2011 – 19 April 2015Appointed byChristian PorterPreceded byPeter BlaxellSucceeded byPeter Martino Personal detailsBornJames Joshua Edelman (1974-01-09) 9 January 1974 (age 50)Perth, Western AustraliaAlma materUniversity of Western Australia Murdoch University Magdalen College, Oxford James Joshua Edelman (born 9 January 1974) has been a justice of the High Court of Australia since 30 January 2017, and is a former justice of the Federal Court of Australia and the Supreme Court of Western Australia. He is noted for his various achievements at a young age, including becoming a professor at Oxford University before the age of 35 and a justice of the Supreme Court of Western Australia before the age of 40. He was 43 years old upon commencing his appointment on the High Court and is eligible to continue until reaching the constitutionally required retirement age of 70 in 2044. Education Edelman completed high school at Scotch College in Perth, Western Australia. He completed bachelor's degrees in economics (1995) and Law (first class honours, 1996) at the University of Western Australia and a Bachelor of Commerce (1997) at Murdoch University. He was awarded a Rhodes Scholarship in 1998 and completed a doctorate at Magdalen College, University of Oxford in 2001. Career Legal Edelman was admitted to practice in the Supreme Court of Western Australia in 1998 after serving as an associate to Justice John Toohey in the High Court of Australia in 1997 and completing an articled clerkship at Blake Dawson Waldron. He was a member of the Chambers of Malcolm McCusker QC from 2001 until his appointment as a justice in 2011. Edelman was called to the English bar in 2008 and was a member of One Essex Court chambers. Academic Edelman became a tutor at Keble College, Oxford, in 2005. Following his appointment to the Supreme Court, Edelman continued to teach as an Adjunct Professor at the University of Queensland and University of Western Australia, as well as holding the honorary position of Conjoint Professor at the University of New South Wales. Edelman is also a patron and former editor of the Oxford University Commonwealth Law Journal. Edelman has been noted as having a "prodigious" record of publications. At the time of his appointment to the Supreme Court, his publications included six books and more than 80 articles, reviews, and notes. Judicial Edelman was appointed to the Supreme Court of Western Australia in April 2011 following the retirement of Justice Peter Blaxell. He took the oath of office on 22 July 2011. It was reported that, at the age of 37, Edelman was the youngest person to join the Supreme Court bench. However, at the welcome ceremony for Edelman, Chief Justice Wayne Martin noted that the reports were incorrect and in fact Sir Lawrence Jackson was appointed at the age of 36 in 1949. In April 2015, Edelman was appointed to the Federal Court of Australia. He replaced Justice Peter Jacobson, who had retired in January 2015. In November 2016, it was announced that Edelman would be appointed as a Justice of the High Court of Australia. He commenced the appointment when Justice Susan Kiefel became Chief Justice of Australia on 30 January 2017. He is the fourth youngest person to join the Court, after H. V. Evatt, Sir Edward McTiernan and Sir Owen Dixon. Personal Edelman is married and has two children. Edelman is Jewish. Bibliography Unjust Enrichment (2nd ed.). Bloomsbury Publishing. 2016. ISBN 9781782255628. (with Elise Bant) Unjust Enrichment in Commercial Law. Lawbook Company. 2008. ISBN 978-0455225043. (with Simone Degeling) Cases and Materials on the Law of Restitution (Revised ed.). Oxford University Press. 2007. ISBN 978-0199296514. (with Andrew S. Burrows and Ewan McKendrick) Unjust Enrichment in Australia. Oxford University Press. 2006. ISBN 0195517199. (with Elise Bant) Interest Awards in Australia. LexisNexis Butterworths. 2003. ISBN 0409318248. (with Derek Ian Cassidy) Gain-Based Damages: Contract, Tort, Equity and Intellectual Property. Bloomsbury Publishing. 2002. ISBN 1847316824. Gain-based Awards for Wrongs. University of Oxford. 2001. References ^ a b c "Appointments to the Federal Judiciary". Attorney-General's Department (Australia). 11 December 2014. Archived from the original on 28 February 2017. Retrieved 3 September 2015. ^ a b c "Ceremonial Sitting of the Full Court for the Swearing In and Welcome of the Honourable Justice Edelman". Federal Court of Australia. 20 April 2015. Retrieved 3 September 2015. ^ Constitution of Australia, section 72. ^ a b c d e f g "Welcome to the Honourable Justice Edelman: Transcript of Proceedings" (PDF). Supreme Court of Western Australia. 25 July 2011. pp. 2–3. Retrieved 3 September 2015. ^ a b "Biography of Justice Edelman". Federal Court of Australia. 2015. Archived from the original on 19 September 2015. Retrieved 3 September 2015. ^ a b "Patrons of the Journal". 28 October 2014. Archived from the original on 11 September 2015. Retrieved 3 September 2015. ^ a b Rickard, Lucy (25 July 2011). "Our youngest ever judge holds court". Retrieved 3 September 2015. ^ "Ceremonial Sitting of the Full Court to Farewell the Honourable Justice Jacobson". 12 December 2014. Retrieved 3 September 2015. ^ Chan, Gabrielle (29 November 2016). "Susan Kiefel becomes first female high court chief justice". The Guardian. Retrieved 29 November 2016. ^ Nethercote, J. R. (30 January 2017). "Ringing in the changes at the High Court". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 30 January 2017. ^ Levi, Joshua (1 December 2016). "Judge and Jewry". Australian Jewish News. Archived from the original on 28 July 2019. Retrieved 28 July 2019. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Israel United States Other IdRef vteJustices of the High Court of AustraliaChief JusticesFormer Griffith Knox Isaacs Duffy Latham Dixon Barwick Gibbs Mason Brennan M. Gleeson French Kiefel Current Gageler JusticesFormer Barton O'Connor Higgins Powers Piddington Rich Starke Evatt McTiernan Williams Webb Fullagar Kitto Taylor Menzies Windeyer Owen Walsh Stephen Jacobs Murphy Aickin Wilson Deane Dawson Toohey Gaudron McHugh Gummow Kirby Hayne Callinan Heydon Crennan Bell Keane Nettle Current Gordon Edelman Steward J. Gleeson Jagot Beech-Jones Justices shown in order of appointment
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AGannounce-1"},{"link_name":"High Court of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Court_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"Federal Court of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Court_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Oxford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FCwelcome-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"James Joshua Edelman (born 9 January 1974)[1] has been a justice of the High Court of Australia since 30 January 2017, and is a former justice of the Federal Court of Australia and the Supreme Court of Western Australia. He is noted for his various achievements at a young age, including becoming a professor at Oxford University before the age of 35 and a justice of the Supreme Court of Western Australia before the age of 40.[2] He was 43 years old upon commencing his appointment on the High Court and is eligible to continue until reaching the constitutionally required retirement age of 70 in 2044.[3]","title":"James Edelman"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scotch College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotch_College,_Perth"},{"link_name":"Perth, Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FCwelcome-2"},{"link_name":"University of Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Murdoch University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murdoch_University"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FCwelcome-2"},{"link_name":"Rhodes Scholarship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodes_Scholarship"},{"link_name":"Magdalen College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalen_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"University of Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SCwelcome-4"}],"text":"Edelman completed high school at Scotch College in Perth, Western Australia.[2] He completed bachelor's degrees in economics (1995) and Law (first class honours, 1996) at the University of Western Australia and a Bachelor of Commerce (1997) at Murdoch University.[2]He was awarded a Rhodes Scholarship in 1998 and completed a doctorate at Magdalen College, University of Oxford in 2001.[4]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Toohey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Toohey_(judge)"},{"link_name":"High Court of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Court_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"Blake Dawson Waldron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashurst_Australia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SCwelcome-4"},{"link_name":"Malcolm McCusker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_McCusker"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FCbio-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SCwelcome-4"},{"link_name":"One Essex Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Essex_Court"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FCbio-5"}],"sub_title":"Legal","text":"Edelman was admitted to practice in the Supreme Court of Western Australia in 1998 after serving as an associate to Justice John Toohey in the High Court of Australia in 1997 and completing an articled clerkship at Blake Dawson Waldron.[4] He was a member of the Chambers of Malcolm McCusker QC from 2001 until his appointment as a justice in 2011.[5]Edelman was called to the English bar in 2008[4] and was a member of One Essex Court chambers.[5]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Keble College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keble_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Journal-6"},{"link_name":"Adjunct Professor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_ranks_(Australia_and_New_Zealand)"},{"link_name":"University of Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Conjoint Professor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_ranks_(Australia_and_New_Zealand)"},{"link_name":"University of New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AGannounce-1"},{"link_name":"Oxford University Commonwealth Law Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Commonwealth_Law_Journal"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Journal-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SCwelcome-4"}],"sub_title":"Academic","text":"Edelman became a tutor at Keble College, Oxford, in 2005.[6]Following his appointment to the Supreme Court, Edelman continued to teach as an Adjunct Professor at the University of Queensland and University of Western Australia, as well as holding the honorary position of Conjoint Professor at the University of New South Wales.[1]Edelman is also a patron and former editor of the Oxford University Commonwealth Law Journal.[6]Edelman has been noted as having a \"prodigious\" record of publications. At the time of his appointment to the Supreme Court, his publications included six books and more than 80 articles, reviews, and notes.[4]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peter Blaxell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Blaxell"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WAToday-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SCwelcome-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WAToday-7"},{"link_name":"Wayne Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Martin_(judge)"},{"link_name":"Lawrence Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Jackson_(Australian_judge)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SCwelcome-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AGannounce-1"},{"link_name":"Peter Jacobson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Jacobson_(judge)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jacobson-8"},{"link_name":"Susan Kiefel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Kiefel"},{"link_name":"Chief Justice of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"H. V. Evatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._V._Evatt"},{"link_name":"Sir Edward McTiernan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_McTiernan"},{"link_name":"Sir Owen Dixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen_Dixon"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ages-10"}],"sub_title":"Judicial","text":"Edelman was appointed to the Supreme Court of Western Australia in April 2011 following the retirement of Justice Peter Blaxell.[7] He took the oath of office on 22 July 2011.[4] It was reported that, at the age of 37, Edelman was the youngest person to join the Supreme Court bench.[7] However, at the welcome ceremony for Edelman, Chief Justice Wayne Martin noted that the reports were incorrect and in fact Sir Lawrence Jackson was appointed at the age of 36 in 1949.[4]In April 2015, Edelman was appointed to the Federal Court of Australia.[1] He replaced Justice Peter Jacobson, who had retired in January 2015.[8]In November 2016, it was announced that Edelman would be appointed as a Justice of the High Court of Australia. He commenced the appointment when Justice Susan Kiefel became Chief Justice of Australia on 30 January 2017.[9] He is the fourth youngest person to join the Court, after H. V. Evatt, Sir Edward McTiernan and Sir Owen Dixon.[10]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SCwelcome-4"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Edelman is married and has two children.[4] Edelman is Jewish.[11]","title":"Personal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Unjust Enrichment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=3gqGDAAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781782255628","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781782255628"},{"link_name":"Unjust Enrichment in Commercial Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=HbQWNQAACAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0455225043","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0455225043"},{"link_name":"Cases and Materials on the Law of Restitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=tNT_VCbzZz0C"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0199296514","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199296514"},{"link_name":"Ewan McKendrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewan_McKendrick"},{"link_name":"Unjust Enrichment in Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=aUgQAAAACAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0195517199","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195517199"},{"link_name":"Interest Awards in Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=0pP-AAAACAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0409318248","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0409318248"},{"link_name":"Gain-Based Damages: Contract, Tort, Equity and Intellectual Property","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=5256BAAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1847316824","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1847316824"},{"link_name":"Gain-based Awards for Wrongs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=9xjBIwAACAAJ"}],"text":"Unjust Enrichment (2nd ed.). Bloomsbury Publishing. 2016. ISBN 9781782255628. (with Elise Bant)\nUnjust Enrichment in Commercial Law. Lawbook Company. 2008. ISBN 978-0455225043. (with Simone Degeling)\nCases and Materials on the Law of Restitution (Revised ed.). Oxford University Press. 2007. ISBN 978-0199296514. (with Andrew S. Burrows and Ewan McKendrick)\nUnjust Enrichment in Australia. Oxford University Press. 2006. ISBN 0195517199. (with Elise Bant)\nInterest Awards in Australia. LexisNexis Butterworths. 2003. ISBN 0409318248. (with Derek Ian Cassidy)\nGain-Based Damages: Contract, Tort, Equity and Intellectual Property. Bloomsbury Publishing. 2002. ISBN 1847316824.\nGain-based Awards for Wrongs. University of Oxford. 2001.","title":"Bibliography"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Unjust Enrichment (2nd ed.). Bloomsbury Publishing. 2016. ISBN 9781782255628.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3gqGDAAAQBAJ","url_text":"Unjust Enrichment"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781782255628","url_text":"9781782255628"}]},{"reference":"Unjust Enrichment in Commercial Law. Lawbook Company. 2008. ISBN 978-0455225043.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HbQWNQAACAAJ","url_text":"Unjust Enrichment in Commercial Law"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0455225043","url_text":"978-0455225043"}]},{"reference":"Cases and Materials on the Law of Restitution (Revised ed.). Oxford University Press. 2007. ISBN 978-0199296514.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tNT_VCbzZz0C","url_text":"Cases and Materials on the Law of Restitution"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199296514","url_text":"978-0199296514"}]},{"reference":"Unjust Enrichment in Australia. Oxford University Press. 2006. ISBN 0195517199.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=aUgQAAAACAAJ","url_text":"Unjust Enrichment in Australia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195517199","url_text":"0195517199"}]},{"reference":"Interest Awards in Australia. LexisNexis Butterworths. 2003. ISBN 0409318248.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0pP-AAAACAAJ","url_text":"Interest Awards in Australia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0409318248","url_text":"0409318248"}]},{"reference":"Gain-Based Damages: Contract, Tort, Equity and Intellectual Property. Bloomsbury Publishing. 2002. ISBN 1847316824.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5256BAAAQBAJ","url_text":"Gain-Based Damages: Contract, Tort, Equity and Intellectual Property"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1847316824","url_text":"1847316824"}]},{"reference":"Gain-based Awards for Wrongs. University of Oxford. 2001.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9xjBIwAACAAJ","url_text":"Gain-based Awards for Wrongs"}]},{"reference":"\"Appointments to the Federal Judiciary\". Attorney-General's Department (Australia). 11 December 2014. Archived from the original on 28 February 2017. Retrieved 3 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170228005141/https://www.attorneygeneral.gov.au/Mediareleases/Pages/2014/FourthQuarter/11December2014-AppointmentsToTheFederalJudiciary.aspx","url_text":"\"Appointments to the Federal Judiciary\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney-General%27s_Department_(Australia)","url_text":"Attorney-General's Department (Australia)"},{"url":"http://www.attorneygeneral.gov.au/Mediareleases/Pages/2014/FourthQuarter/11December2014-AppointmentsToTheFederalJudiciary.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ceremonial Sitting of the Full Court for the Swearing In and Welcome of the Honourable Justice Edelman\". Federal Court of Australia. 20 April 2015. Retrieved 3 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fedcourt.gov.au/publications/judges-speeches/justice-edelman/20150420","url_text":"\"Ceremonial Sitting of the Full Court for the Swearing In and Welcome of the Honourable Justice Edelman\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Court_of_Australia","url_text":"Federal Court of Australia"}]},{"reference":"\"Welcome to the Honourable Justice Edelman: Transcript of Proceedings\" (PDF). Supreme Court of Western Australia. 25 July 2011. pp. 2–3. Retrieved 3 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.supremecourt.wa.gov.au/_files/Edelman_J_Welcome_25_July_2011.pdf","url_text":"\"Welcome to the Honourable Justice Edelman: Transcript of Proceedings\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Western_Australia","url_text":"Supreme Court of Western Australia"}]},{"reference":"\"Biography of Justice Edelman\". Federal Court of Australia. 2015. Archived from the original on 19 September 2015. Retrieved 3 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150919051505/http://www.fedcourt.gov.au/about/judges/current-judges-appointment/current-judges/edelman-j","url_text":"\"Biography of Justice Edelman\""},{"url":"http://www.fedcourt.gov.au/about/judges/current-judges-appointment/current-judges/edelman-j","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Patrons of the Journal\". 28 October 2014. Archived from the original on 11 September 2015. Retrieved 3 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150911095322/http://www.law.ox.ac.uk/publications/ouclj_patrons.php","url_text":"\"Patrons of the Journal\""},{"url":"http://www.law.ox.ac.uk/publications/ouclj_patrons.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rickard, Lucy (25 July 2011). \"Our youngest ever judge holds court\". Retrieved 3 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.watoday.com.au/wa-news/our-youngest-ever-judge-holds-court-20110724-1huxm.html","url_text":"\"Our youngest ever judge holds court\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ceremonial Sitting of the Full Court to Farewell the Honourable Justice Jacobson\". 12 December 2014. Retrieved 3 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fedcourt.gov.au/publications/judges-speeches/speeches-former-judges/justice-jacobson/jacobson-j-20141212","url_text":"\"Ceremonial Sitting of the Full Court to Farewell the Honourable Justice Jacobson\""}]},{"reference":"Chan, Gabrielle (29 November 2016). \"Susan Kiefel becomes first female high court chief justice\". The Guardian. Retrieved 29 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/live/2016/nov/29/australia-coalition-labor-turnbull-shorten-politics-live","url_text":"\"Susan Kiefel becomes first female high court chief justice\""}]},{"reference":"Nethercote, J. R. (30 January 2017). \"Ringing in the changes at the High Court\". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 30 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.smh.com.au/comment/ringing-in-the-changes-at-the-high-court-20170126-gtzpri.html","url_text":"\"Ringing in the changes at the High Court\""}]},{"reference":"Levi, Joshua (1 December 2016). \"Judge and Jewry\". Australian Jewish News. Archived from the original on 28 July 2019. Retrieved 28 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jewishnews.net.au/judge-and-jewry/56870","url_text":"\"Judge and Jewry\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190728012410/https://www.jewishnews.net.au/judge-and-jewry/56870","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_M20
Samsung Galaxy M20
["1 Variants","2 References"]
Android smartphone model released in 2019 Samsung Galaxy M20BrandSamsung GalaxyManufacturerSamsung ElectronicsSeriesGalaxy MCompatible networks2G3GLTEFirst released5 February 2019; 5 years ago (2019-02-05) (India)SuccessorGalaxy M21RelatedGalaxy M10 Galaxy M30 Galaxy M40TypeSmartphoneForm factorSlateDimensions156.4 mm × 74.5 mm × 8.8 mm (6.16 in × 2.93 in × 0.35 in)Mass186 g (6.6 oz)Operating systemAndroid 8.1 "Oreo" with Samsung Experience 9.5 - Upgradable to Android Q 10 with One UI 2.0System-on-chipSamsung Exynos 7904 Octa (14 nm)CPUOcta-core (2x1.8 GHz Cortex-A73 and 6x1.6 GHz Cortex-A53)GPUMali-G71 MP2Memory3/4 GB RAMStorage32/64 GBRemovable storagemicroSD, expandable up to 512 GBBattery5000 mAh (non-removable), USB-C fast chargeDisplay1080×2340 1080p PLS TFT capacitive touchscreen, 16M colors6.3 in (160 mm), 409 ppi)Sound3.5 mm (0.14 in) jack, vibration, active noise cancellation, Dolby AtmosRear cameraDual: 13 MP, f/1.9, 1/2.8", 1.12 μm, PDAF, 1080p at 30 fps5 MP, f/2.2, 1/6", 1.12 μm, ultra wide angle sensorFront camera8 MP, f/2.0, 1080p at 30 fpsConnectivityWiFi, Wi-Fi Direct, Hotspot (Wi-Fi), Bluetooth 5.0, FM radio with Radio Data System, USB OTG, GNSS connectivity via GPS, GLONASS, Galileo and Baidu.Data inputsSensors: AccelerometerFingerprint sensorProximity sensorCompassGyroscopeVirtual light sensor Other: Physical sound volume keysReferences The Samsung Galaxy M20 is an Android smartphone produced by Samsung Electronics. It was unveiled on 28 January 2019 and was released on 5 February 2019. Variants Samsung Galaxy M20 2019 Model Notes SM-M205F/DS India, Africa, Arabic SM-M205G/DS Southeast Asia SM-M205FN/DS Europe SM-M205M/DS Latin America SM-M205N South Korea References ^ "Samsung Galaxy M20 - Full phone specifications". www.gsmarena.com. ^ "Samsung Galaxy M10 and M20 go official with Infinity-V displays, wide cameras". gsmarena.com. ^ "Repair firmware solution for Samsung Galaxy M20". boycracked.com. vteSamsung phones by seriesA A013 (Galaxy A01 Core) A015 (Galaxy A01) A022 (Galaxy A02) A025 (Galaxy A02s) A032 (Galaxy A03 Core) A035 (Galaxy A03) A037 (Galaxy A03s) A042 (Galaxy A04e) A045 (Galaxy A04) A047 (Galaxy A04s) A055 (Galaxy A05) A057 (Galaxy A05s) A102 (Galaxy A10e) A105 (Galaxy A10) A107 (Galaxy A10s) A115 (Galaxy A11) A125 (Galaxy A12), A127 (Galaxy A12 Nacho/A12 (India)) A135 (Galaxy A13) & A136 (Galaxy A13 5G) A145 (Galaxy A14) & A146 (Galaxy A14 5G) A127 A167 A177 A205 (Galaxy A20) A207 (Galaxy A20s) A215 (Galaxy A21) A217 (Galaxy A21s) A225 (Galaxy A22) A226 (Galaxy A22 5G) A235 (Galaxy A23) A260 (Galaxy A2 Core) A300 (Galaxy A3 (2015)) A305 (Galaxy A30) A310 (Galaxy A3 (2016)) A315 (Galaxy A31) A320 (Galaxy A3 (2017)) A325 (Galaxy A32) A326 (Galaxy A32 5G) A336 (Galaxy A33 5G) A346 (Galaxy A34 5G) A405 (Galaxy A40) A415 (Galaxy A41) A426 (Galaxy A42 5G) A460 A500 (Galaxy A5 (2015)) A503 (The Drift) A505 (Galaxy A50) A510 (Galaxy A5 (2016)) A515 (Galaxy A51) A520 (Galaxy A5 (2017)) A525 (Galaxy A52) A526 (Galaxy A52 5G) A536 (Galaxy A53 5G) A546 (Galaxy A54 5G) A530 (Galaxy A8 (2018)) A561 A600 (Galaxy A6 (2018)) A605 (Galaxy A6+ (2018)) A606 (Galaxy A60) A640 A700 (Galaxy A7 (2015)) A705 (Galaxy A70) A710 (Galaxy A7 (2016)) A715 (Galaxy A71) A720 (Galaxy A7 (2017)) A725 (Galaxy A72) A736 (Galaxy A73 5G) A730 (Galaxy A8+ (2018)) A750 (Galaxy A7 (2018)) A767 (Propel) A800 (Galaxy A8 (2015)) A805 (Galaxy A80) A810 (Galaxy A8 (2016)) A877 (Impression) A900 (Galaxy A9 (2016)) A908 (Galaxy A90 5G) A910 (Galaxy A9 Pro (2016)) A920x (Galaxy A9 (2018)/A9s) B B3410 B450 B5200 B5310 (Genio Slide, Corby Pro) B5330 (Galaxy Chat) B7330 (Omnia Pro) C C5000 (Galaxy C5) C501x (Galaxy C5 Pro) C7000 (Galaxy C7) C701x (Galaxy C7 Pro) C7100 (Galaxy C8) C7108 (Galaxy C7 (2017)) C710F (Galaxy J7+) C900x (Galaxy C9 Pro) D D500 D600 D807 D820 D900 E E250 E250i E351 E625 (Galaxy F62) E700 E715 E900 E1107 (Crest Solar/Solar Guru) E1120 E1170 E1195 E1200 E2130 (Guru) E3210 (Hero) E5260 (Galaxy F52 5G) F F210 F415 (Galaxy F41) (aka. Galaxy M21s) F480 (Tocco) SGH-F700 F700 (Galaxy Z Flip) F707 (Galaxy Z Flip 5G) F711 (Galaxy Z Flip3 5G) F900 (Galaxy Fold) F907 (Galaxy Fold 5G) F916B (Galaxy Z Fold2 5G) F926B (Galaxy Z Fold3 5G) G G1000 G150N0 (Galaxy Folder) G160N (Galaxy Folder 2) G350E (Galaxy Star 2) G386x (Galaxy Core LTE) G388F (Galaxy Xcover 3) G600 G6200 (Galaxy A6s) G887x (Galaxy A8s/A9 Pro (2019)) G710x (Galaxy Grand 2) G720x (Galaxy Grand Max) G750x (Galaxy Mega 2) G800 G810 G800x (Galaxy S5 Mini) G850x (Galaxy Alpha) G890A (Galaxy S6 Active) G900x (Galaxy S5) G920x (Galaxy S6) G925x (Galaxy S6 Edge) G928x (Galaxy S6 Edge+) G930x (Galaxy S7) G935x (Galaxy S7 Edge) G950x (Galaxy S8) G955x (Galaxy S8+) G960x (Galaxy S9) G965x (Galaxy S9+) G970x (Galaxy S10e) G973x (Galaxy S10) G975x (Galaxy S10+) G977x (Galaxy S10 5G) G770x (Galaxy S10 Lite) G780x (Galaxy S20 FE) G980x (Galaxy S20) G986x (Galaxy S20+) G988x (Galaxy S20 Ultra) G990x (Galaxy S21 FE) G991x (Galaxy S21) G996x (Galaxy S21+) G998x (Galaxy S21 Ultra) I i300 (Palm OS) i300 (Windows Mobile) i330 i500 i550 i600 i607 (BlackJack) i617 (BlackJack II) i627 (Propel Pro) i637 (Jack) i667 (Focus 2) i700 i760 i770 i847 (Rugby Smart) i900 (Omnia) i907 (Epix) i917 (Focus) i927 (Captivate Glide) i937 (Focus S) i997 (Infuse 4G) i5500 (Galaxy 5) i5700 (Galaxy Spica) i5800 (Galaxy 3) i7500 (Galaxy) i8000 (Omnia II) i8150 (Galaxy W) i8160 (Galaxy Ace 2) i8190 (Galaxy S III Mini) i8510 (INNOV8) i8520 (Galaxy Beam i8520) i8530 (Galaxy Beam) i8550 (Galaxy Win) i8730 (Galaxy Express) i9000 (Galaxy S) i9001 (Galaxy S Plus) i9070 (Galaxy S Advance) i9080/i9082 (Galaxy Grand) i9100 (Galaxy S II) i9105 (Galaxy S II Plus) i9250 (Galaxy Nexus) i9150 (Galaxy Mega 5.8) i9190/i9192/i9195 (Galaxy S4 Mini) i9200 (Galaxy Mega 6.3) i9295 (Galaxy S4 Active) i9300/i9305 (Galaxy S III) i9500/i9505/i9506 (Galaxy S4) J J100x (J1) J200x (J2) J320x/J330x (J3) J500x (J5 2015) J510x (J5 2016) J530x (J5 2017) J700x (J7 2015) J710x (J7 2016) J730x (J7 2017) C710F (J7+ 2017) M M013 (Galaxy M01 Core) M015 (Galaxy M01) M017 (Galaxy M01s) M022 (Galaxy M02) M025 (Galaxy M02s) M100 M105 (Galaxy M10) M115 (Galaxy M11) M127 (Galaxy M12) M135 (Galaxy M13) & M136 (Galaxy M13 5G) M145 (Galaxy M14) M146 (Galaxy M14 5G) M205 (Galaxy M20) M215 (Galaxy M21) M300 M305 (Galaxy M30) M307 (Galaxy M30s) M310 M315 (Galaxy M31) M405 (Galaxy M40) M426 (Galaxy M42 5G) M515 (Galaxy M51) M520 M526 (Galaxy M52 5G) M540 (Rant) M550 (Exclaim) M620 (Upstage) M625 (Galaxy M62) M800 (Instinct) M810 (Instinct S30) M900 (Moment) M910 (Intercept) M920 (Transform) M7500 (Emporio Armani) N N075 (Galaxy J) N270 N7000 (Galaxy Note) N7100 (Galaxy Note II) N900x (Galaxy Note 3) N750x (Galaxy Note 3 Neo) N910x (Galaxy Note 4) N920x (Galaxy Note 5) N930x (Galaxy Note 7) N935x (Galaxy Note Fan Edition) N950x (Galaxy Note 8) N960x (Galaxy Note 9) N970x (Galaxy Note 10), N975x (Galaxy Note 10 Plus) N980x (Galaxy Note 20), N985x (Galaxy Note 20 Ultra) P P520 (Giorgio Armani) R R810 (Finesse) S 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Galaxy W (Exhibit II 4G) Galaxy Win Galaxy Y (Duos Pro Duos) Galaxy Young 2 Infuse 4G Intercept Moment Nexus S Replenish Rugby Smart Transform T-Mobile Sidekick 4G vteSamsung Galaxy A seriesSmartphones Galaxy Alpha (2014) A2 Core A3 2015 2016 2017 Core A5 2015 2016 2017 A6 2018 + 2018 s A7 2015 2016 2017 2018 A8 2015 2016 2018 + 2018 s Star A9 2016 Pro 2016 2018 s Star Star Lite Star Pro Pro 2019 A00 A01 A01 Core A02 A02s A03 A03s A03 Core A04 A04s A04e A05 A05s A10 A10 A10e A10s A11 A12 A13 A13 5G A14 A14 5G A15 A15 5G A20 A20 A20e A20s A21 A21s A22 A22 5G A23 A23 5G A24 A25 5G A30 A30 A30s A31 A32 A32 5G A33 5G A34 5G A35 5G A40 A40 A40s A41 A42 5G A50 A50 A50s A51 A51 5G A52 A52 5G A52s 5G A53 5G A54 5G A55 5G A60 A60 A70 A70 A70s A71 A71 5G A72 A73 5G A80 A80 A82 5G A90 A90 5G vteSamsung Galaxy F seriesF00 F02s F04 F10 F12 F13 F14 5G F15 5G F20 F22 F23 5G F30 F34 5G F40 F41 F42 5G M50 F52 5G F54 5G F55 5G F60 F62 vteSamsung Galaxy J seriesSmartphonesJ1 2015 Ace 2016 Ace Neo 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Flip Samsung Galaxy Z Fold 2 Samsung Galaxy Z Flip 3 Samsung Galaxy Z Fold 3 Samsung Galaxy Z Flip 4 Samsung Galaxy Z Fold 4 Samsung Galaxy Z Flip 5 Samsung Galaxy Z Fold 5 vteSamsung Galaxy Xcover seriesPhones Xcover Xcover 2 Xcover 3 Xcover 4 Xcover 4s Xcover FieldPro Xcover Pro Xcover 5 Xcover 6 Pro Xcover 7 Symbian iNNOV8 (i8510) Omnia HD (i8910) Windows Mobile Omnia Omnia II Omnia Lite Omnia Pro (B7610 B7330) Windows Phone Focus Focus Flash Focus S Focus 2 Omnia 7 Omnia W Omnia M Ativ S Ativ Odyssey Ativ SE Tizen ZEQ 9000 Z1 Z2 Z3 Z4 Bada Wave I S8500 Wave II S8530 Wave 3 S8600 Samsung Wave 575 Samsung Wave 525 Samsung Wave Y LiMo M1 Vodafone Palm OS SPH-i500 SPH-i300 Telephones portal This Samsung mobile phone-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Edwards_(DJ)
Greg Edwards (DJ)
["1 Career","1.1 Early years","1.2 Early BBC work, Capital Radio and \"Soul Mafia\"","1.3 Lyceum Ballroom - \"The Best Disco in Town\"","1.4 Later years - DJ work including 'Caister Soul Weekender' and 'Soultasia' appearances","1.5 Current work","2 References"]
This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (April 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Grenadan radio DJ & broadcaster Greg EdwardsEdwards in 2015.Born (1947-12-24) 24 December 1947 (age 76)Grenada, British Windward IslandsOther namesBuck eyed buddy and refugee from across the seaOccupation(s)Radio Broadcaster and DJ Greg Edwards (born 24 December 1947) is a British radio broadcaster and DJ. He is well known as the founder of Capital Radio's 'Soul Spectrum' programme (from 1975 onwards) and for the promotion of PIR records and associated artists when it was formed in 1971. He is credited as being a DJ who had a major influence on the promotion of soul and disco music in the UK during the 1970s and 1980s both on radio as well as the club circuit. Career Early years Edwards was born in Grenada and raised in New York City although he moved to the UK in 1971 in order to assist in the running of the newly formed Philadelphia International record label which was founded by writer-producers Kenneth Gamble and Leon Huff. He worked as an Executive at CBS records during this time, where he was responsible for the marketing and promotion of soul music, with acts such Earth, Wind and Fire, Lou Rawls and Johnny Nash. Early BBC work, Capital Radio and "Soul Mafia" Whilst still working for CBS, Edwards was approached by BBC radio producer Dave Price to stand in for the Emperor Rosko radio show in 1972. (Rosko had to return to Los Angeles, as his father Joe Pasternak was ill). It is here that Edwards's radio career began, working for BBC Radio 1 on the Saturday noon – 3 pm slot. It was Edwards's intention to promote soul and jazz music which had very little UK airplay at that time. He also presented three editions of the long-running music show Top of the Pops, during March and April 1974. However, he decided to leave the BBC and work for the new Independent Radio Station set up in October 1973, called Capital Radio. It was at Capital Radio that Edwards worked alongside DJs including the late Kenny Everett, Dave Cash and Chris Tarrant. From the mid-1970s and into the early 1980s he went on to present a Saturday early evening programme on Capital Radio called "Soul Spectrum" from 5-8pm where his infamous 'bathroom call' was announced, playing music for those who were 'getting ready to go out and party on the town'. Edwards was one of a group of DJs who became stars on the club music scene. They were affectionately known as the ‘soul mafia’ with DJs Chris Hill, Jeff Young, Robbie Vincent and the late DJ Froggy (Steve Howlett) among them. Edwards was well known for promoting record labels on his station. He once said, "Buy anything that is issued on the Prelude label". The station even issued a 'soul spectrum playlist' each Saturday which was available from the station, located in Euston Tower, London. Lyceum Ballroom - "The Best Disco in Town" From the late 1970s through to the early 1980s, Edwards was one of a rotation of DJs to present Capital Radio’s “Best Disco in Town”, each Friday night, from the Lyceum Ballroom in the Strand, London. The event was also broadcast live on Capital Radio, from 11 pm to midnight with a capacity of 2,000 people. Many fans of his DJ'ing formed groups from various parts of London and the surrounding areas when he called out for those from the areas 'North, East, South and West' London each week. 'The East London Groove Platoon' and 'Croydon Cruise Control' were the names of two such groups. Later years - DJ work including 'Caister Soul Weekender' and 'Soultasia' appearances He has been a regular guest DJ at the Caister Soul Weekender, the UK's largest and longest running soul music event which dates back to April, 1979 and held at the Vauxhall Holiday Park in Great Yarmouth. These were held twice each year although due to the Covid-19 outbreak cancelled in 2020 and 2021. In May, 2015 he took part DJ'ing at the 'Happy Days Festival' held at Imber Court, a parkland and recreational facility in East Molesey, Surrey. More recently he has DJ'd bringing his 'Soul Spectrum' classics to the 'Soultasia' event which featured music from the biggest soul & disco artists of all time. This was held at the Promenade Park, Maldon, Essex on 24, July 2021 as a "lifetime celebration of soul & disco". He also appeared at the 'Berkshire Soultasia' event held at Windsor Racecourse on 13, August 2021. Current work Edwards continues to work as a DJ, travelling to venues around the UK on a regular basis. He also has a show on radio station Mi-Soul on Sundays from 1 pm to 3 pm, called 'Soul Spectrum'. He has lived in Hampshire since 1995. His hobbies include gardening, architecture, history and ten-pin bowling.. He has one daughter. References Mi-Soul Radio Presenter Profiles Greg Edwards UK Community Eye TV interviews Greg Edwards by Natalie Taylor George Kay interviews Greg Edwards at Mi-Soul Radio Authority control databases: Artists MusicBrainz
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He is credited as being a DJ who had a major influence on the promotion of soul and disco music in the UK during the 1970s and 1980s both on radio as well as the club circuit.","title":"Greg Edwards (DJ)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grenada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenada"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_International"},{"link_name":"Kenneth Gamble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Gamble"},{"link_name":"Leon Huff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Huff"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"},{"link_name":"Earth, Wind and Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth,_Wind_and_Fire"},{"link_name":"Lou Rawls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Rawls"},{"link_name":"Johnny Nash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Nash"}],"sub_title":"Early years","text":"Edwards was born in Grenada and raised in New York City although he moved to the UK in 1971 in order to assist in the running of the newly formed Philadelphia International record label which was founded by writer-producers Kenneth Gamble and Leon Huff.He worked as an Executive at CBS records during this time, where he was responsible for the marketing and promotion of soul music, with acts such Earth, Wind and Fire, Lou Rawls and Johnny Nash.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"Emperor Rosko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Rosko"},{"link_name":"Joe Pasternak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Pasternak"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_1"},{"link_name":"Top of the Pops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_of_the_Pops"},{"link_name":"Capital Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_Radio"},{"link_name":"Kenny Everett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny_Everett"},{"link_name":"Dave Cash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Cash_(disc_jockey)"},{"link_name":"Chris Tarrant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Tarrant"},{"link_name":"Chris Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Hill_(DJ)"},{"link_name":"Robbie Vincent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbie_Vincent"},{"link_name":"DJ Froggy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Froggy"},{"link_name":"Euston Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euston_Tower"}],"sub_title":"Early BBC work, Capital Radio and \"Soul Mafia\"","text":"Whilst still working for CBS, Edwards was approached by BBC radio producer Dave Price to stand in for the Emperor Rosko radio show in 1972. (Rosko had to return to Los Angeles, as his father Joe Pasternak was ill). It is here that Edwards's radio career began, working for BBC Radio 1 on the Saturday noon – 3 pm slot.It was Edwards's intention to promote soul and jazz music which had very little UK airplay at that time. He also presented three editions of the long-running music show Top of the Pops, during March and April 1974. However, he decided to leave the BBC and work for the new Independent Radio Station set up in October 1973, called Capital Radio.It was at Capital Radio that Edwards worked alongside DJs including the late Kenny Everett, Dave Cash and Chris Tarrant. From the mid-1970s and into the early 1980s he went on to present a Saturday early evening programme on Capital Radio called \"Soul Spectrum\" from 5-8pm where his infamous 'bathroom call' was announced, playing music for those who were 'getting ready to go out and party on the town'. Edwards was one of a group of DJs who became stars on the club music scene. They were affectionately known as the ‘soul mafia’ with DJs Chris Hill, Jeff Young, Robbie Vincent and the late DJ Froggy (Steve Howlett) among them.Edwards was well known for promoting record labels on his station. He once said, \"Buy anything that is issued on the Prelude label\". The station even issued a 'soul spectrum playlist' each Saturday which was available from the station, located in Euston Tower, London.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Lyceum Ballroom - \"The Best Disco in Town\"","text":"From the late 1970s through to the early 1980s, Edwards was one of a rotation of DJs to present Capital Radio’s “Best Disco in Town”, each Friday night, from the Lyceum Ballroom in the Strand, London. The event was also broadcast live on Capital Radio, from 11 pm to midnight with a capacity of 2,000 people. Many fans of his DJ'ing formed groups from various parts of London and the surrounding areas when he called out for those from the areas 'North, East, South and West' London each week. 'The East London Groove Platoon' and 'Croydon Cruise Control' were the names of two such groups.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Great Yarmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Yarmouth"},{"link_name":"East Molesey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Molesey"},{"link_name":"Promenade Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promenade_Park"},{"link_name":"Maldon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maldon"},{"link_name":"Windsor Racecourse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor_Racecourse"}],"sub_title":"Later years - DJ work including 'Caister Soul Weekender' and 'Soultasia' appearances","text":"He has been a regular guest DJ at the Caister Soul Weekender, the UK's largest and longest running soul music event which dates back to April, 1979 and held at the Vauxhall Holiday Park in Great Yarmouth. These were held twice each year although due to the Covid-19 outbreak cancelled in 2020 and 2021.In May, 2015 he took part DJ'ing at the 'Happy Days Festival' held at Imber Court, a parkland and recreational facility in East Molesey, Surrey. More recently he has DJ'd bringing his 'Soul Spectrum' classics to the 'Soultasia' event which featured music from the biggest soul & disco artists of all time. This was held at the Promenade Park, Maldon, Essex on 24, July 2021 as a \"lifetime celebration of soul & disco\". He also appeared at the 'Berkshire Soultasia' event held at Windsor Racecourse on 13, August 2021.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mi-Soul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi-Soul"},{"link_name":"Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampshire"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Current work","text":"Edwards continues to work as a DJ, travelling to venues around the UK on a regular basis. He also has a show on radio station Mi-Soul on Sundays from 1 pm to 3 pm, called 'Soul Spectrum'.He has lived in Hampshire since 1995. His hobbies include gardening, architecture, history and ten-pin bowling.[citation needed]. He has one daughter.","title":"Career"}]
[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_No._15_(Haydn)
Symphony No. 15 (Haydn)
["1 References"]
Joseph Haydn This article is about the symphony by Joseph Haydn. For the symphony by Michael Haydn, see Symphony No. 15 (Michael Haydn). Joseph Haydn's Symphony No. 15 in D major, Hoboken I/15, may have been written between 1760 and 1763. It is scored for 2 oboes, bassoon, 2 horns, strings and continuo, with a solo for 2 violas or cello in the trio of the minuet. This symphony has four movements: Adagio, 34 – Presto, 44 – Adagio, 34 Menuet e Trio, with the Trio in G major, both 34 Andante in G major, 24 Presto, 38 The opening movement is more similar to a baroque overture than sonata form though the movement still eludes either of these forms and has a unique character of its own. The movement begins with a light adagio with the first violins alternating with two horns while the rest of the string section accompanies in pizzicato. The Presto has two themes with distinct bridges between themes; however, it is difficult to define which section is the exposition, development and recapitulation, if in fact there even are such sections. The movement finishes with a modified version of the Adagio at the beginning of the movement. The work is one of the few symphonies of the Classical era to place the Minuet second (others include Haydn's 44th and "B" as well as his brother Michael's 15th and 16th). The G major trio was likely played as a quintet focusing on a dialog between violin I/violin II and viola/cello played over a bass. The slow movement is for strings and has one principal theme with several bridge motifs. The final movement is a dance-like presto in ABA form. References ^ H. C. Robbins Landon, The Symphonies of Joseph Haydn. London: Universal Edition & Rockliff (1955): 637 ^ Landon (1955): 637. "2 ob., 2 cor., str. with 2 violas or solo vcl. in trio " ^ a b A. Peter Brown, The Symphonic Repertoire, Volume 2 (Bloomington and London: Indiana University Press, 2002): 77–78. ISBN 025333487X. vteSymphonies by Joseph HaydnA–20 A B 1 2 3 4 5 6 (Le matin) 7 (Le midi) 8 (Le soir) 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21–40 21 22 (Philosopher) 23 24 25 26 (Lamentatione) 27 (Hermannstädter) 28 29 30 (Alleluia) 31 (Hornsignal) 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 (Echo) 39 40 41–60 41 42 43 (Mercury) 44 (Trauer) 45 (Farewell) 46 47 (Palindrome) 48 (Maria Theresia) 49 (La passione) 50 51 52 53 (L'impériale) 54 55 (The Schoolmaster) 56 57 58 59 (Fire) 60 (Il distratto) 61–81 61 62 63 (La Roxelane) 64 (Tempora mutantur) 65 66 67 68 69 (Laudon) 70 71 72 73 (La chasse) 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 Paris symphonies 82 (The Bear) 83 (The Hen) 84 (In nomine Domini) 85 (La Reine) 86 87 88–92 88 89 90 91 92 (Oxford) London symphonies 93 94 (Surprise) 95 96 (Miracle) 97 98 99 100 (Military) 101 (Clock) 102 103 (Drumroll) 104 (London) Authority control databases International VIAF National France BnF data Other MusicBrainz work This article about a symphony is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"image_text":"Joseph Haydn","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Joseph_Haydn.jpg/220px-Joseph_Haydn.jpg"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell_baronets_of_Pollok_(1630)
Maxwell baronets of Pollok (1630)
["1 Maxwell baronets, of Pollok (1630)","2 Notes"]
The Maxwell baronetcy of Pollok, Renfrewshire, was created in 1630 for John Maxwell, 13th of Pollok in the Baronetage of Nova Scotia. He was son of the John Maxwell of Pollok killed at the Battle of Dryfe Sands in 1593. His mother was Margaret Cunningham. He concerned himself with the colonising efforts of William Alexander in Nova Scotia in the late 1620s. Maxwell baronets, of Pollok (1630) Sir John Maxwell, 1st Baronet (1583–1647). He died without a male heir, and the title became extinct. Notes ^ a b Cokayne, George E. (George Edward) (1902). Complete Baronetage. Vol. II. Exeter: W. Pollard & Co., Ltd. p. 383. ^ Nichols, John Gough (1866). The Herald and Genealogist. Nichols. p. 545. ^ Anderson, William (1877). The Scottish Nation: Or, The Surnames, Families, Literature, Honours, and Biographical History of the People of Scotland. A. Fullarton & Company. p. 128. ^ Nicholls, Andrew (16 September 2010). A Fleeting Empire: Early Stuart Britain and the Merchant Adventurers to Canada. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. p. 78. ISBN 978-0-7735-8078-7.
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annapoorna_(actress)
Annapurna (actress)
["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Personal life","4 Filmography","4.1 Telugu","4.2 Tamil","4.3 Kannada","4.4 Malayalam","4.5 Hindi","5 Awards","6 References","7 External links"]
Indian actress This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Annapurna" actress – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (November 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) AnnapurnaAnnapurna in 2019BornUmamaheswari17 October 1948 (1948-10-17) (age 75)Vijayawada, Madras Province, Dominion of IndiaOther namesAnnapurnamma, UmaOccupationActressYears active1970s–present Annapurna (born Umamaheswari; 17 October 1948), also credited as Annapurnamma, is an Indian actress who appears primarily in Telugu films. She is known for her portrayal as mother, mother-in-law, grand mother, aunt, etc. She started her film career as an actor alongside Mohan Babu (debut film) in the blockbuster Telugu film Swargam Narakam directed by Dasari Narayana Rao in 1975. She appeared in over 900 films and won three Nandi Awards. Early life Annapurna was born as Umamaheswari on 17 October 1948 in Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh to Prasad Rao and Sitaravamma. Though she was initially credited as Uma, lyricist C. Narayana Reddy changed it when she did Dasari Narayana Rao-directed Swargam Narakam. Career Annapurna has started her film career in 1975. She is well remembered for her character roles in Samsaram Oka Chadarangam, Muthyamantha Muddu, Swargam Narakam, Assembly Rowdy and acted in almost all of the 1980s movies with Chiranjeevi as lead hero namely Donga, Chattamtho Poratam, Sangharshana, Rakshasudu, Trinetrudu, Marana Mrudangam, Khaidi No 786, and Jwala. She has also acted in Tamil film such as Nadodi Pattukkaran, and Varavu Nalla Uravu etc. With the absence from the screen for few years, she started her second innings in 2007 with the Telugu films Evadithe Nakenti and Godava as mother and grand mother respectively. Annapurna who played the role of lead actress in Swargam Narakam alongside Mohan Babu, also played the role of mother to Mohan Babu in Assembly Rowdy (1991). She went on to appear in over 700 to 800 films. Personal life Annapurna had a daughter, Keerthi, who died by suicide in June 2018. Filmography This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (January 2019) List of films appeared: Telugu Swargam Narakam (1975) Secretary (1976) Tiger (1979) Subhodhayam (1980) Superman (1980) Bebbuli (1980) as Parvathi Mondi Ghatam (1982) Manishiko Charithra (1982) Manchu Pallaki (1982) Intlo Ramayya Veedhilo Krishnayya (1982) Anuraga Dewatha ( 1982) Mundadugu (1983) Chanda Sasanudu (1983) Pelli Choopulu (1983) Aalaya Sikharam (1983) Maga Maharaju (1983) Sivudu Sivudu Sivudu (1983) Sangarshana (1983) Lanke Bindelu (1983) as Mahalakshmi Manishiko Charithra (1984) Illalu Priyuralu (1984) Bava Maradallu (1984) Bangaru Kapuram (1984) as Annapurna Goonda (1984) as Sarada Naagu (1984) Devanthakudu (1984) Inti Guttu (1984) Ee Charitra Inkennallu (1984) as Shantha Rustum (1984) Dandayatra (1984) Hero (1984) Nayakulaku Saval (1984) as Dr. Aparna Bobbili Brahmanna (1984) as Susheela Jackie (1985) Mugguru Mitrulu (1985) Devalayam (1985) Palnati Simham (1985) as Durgamba Chattamtho Poratam (1985) as Parvathy Puli (1985) as Savitri Donga (1985) Agni Parvatam (1985) Kotha Pelli Koothuru (1985) Chiranjeevi (1985) Jwala (1985) Bharyabhartala Bandham (1985) Shrimati Garu (1985) Raktha Sindhuram (1985) Oka Radha Iddaru Krishnulu (1985) Rakshasudu (1986) Jayam Manade (1986) as Rajeshwari Karpoora Deepam (1986) Punyasthree (1986) Anasuyamma Gari Alludu (1986) Prathibhavanthudu (1986) as Shantha Kirathakudu (1986) Aranyakanda (1986) Prema Gharshana (1986) Chanakya Shapadham (1986) as Janaki, Chanakya's mother Samsaram Oka Chadarangam (1987) Inti Donga (1987) Donga Kapuram (1987) Bhargava Ramudu (1987) Makutamleni Maharaju (1987) Ajeyudu (1987) Bhale Mogudu (1987) Jebu Donga (1987) Ramudu Bheemudu (1988) Mugguru Kodukulu (1988) Pelli Chesi Choodu (1988) Dorakani Donga (1988) as Annapurna Ontari Poratam (1989) State Rowdy (1989) Bandhuvulostunnaru Jagratha (1989) Yamapasam (1989) Bhagavan (1989) Mamathala Kovela (1989) Muthyamantha Muddu (1989) Sahasa Putrudu (1990) Adadhi (1990) Nagastram (1990) Inspector Rudra (1990) Raja Vikramarka (1990) Irugillu Porugillu (1990) Neti Charitra (1990) Appula Appa Rao (1991) People's Encounter (1991) Stuartpuram Police Station (1991) Assembly Rowdy (1991) Pandirimancham (1991) Srivari Chindulu (1991) Bhargav (1991) Ramudu Kadhu Rakshasudu (1991) Aditya 369 (1991) Viyyala Vari Vindhu (1991) Kadapa Reddemma(1991) Pachchani Samsaram (1992) Hello Darling (1992) Rowdy Inspector (1992) Allari Mogudu (1992) President Gari Pellam (1992) Pranadaata (1992) Chirunavvula Varamistava (1993) Mechanic Alludu (1993) Kannayya Kittayya (1993) Tholi Muddu (1993) Gaayam (1993) Major Chandrakanth (1993) Bangaru Bullodu (1993) Govinda Govinda (1994) Shubha Lagnam (1994) Gharana Alludu (1994) as Poorna Hello Brother (1994) Punya Bhoomi Naa Desam (1994) Donga Rascal (1994) Brahmachari Mogudu (1994) Muddula Priyudu (1994) Neti Savithri (1996) Topi Raja Sweety Roja (1996) Kuturu (1996) Hello Guru (1996) Vamsanikokkadu (1996) Pavithra Bandham (1996) Sindhooram (1997) Pelli Chesukundam (1997) Hello, I Love You (1997) Kaliyugamlo Gandargolam (1997) Muddula Mogudu (1997) Peddannayya (1997) Devudu (1997) Bavagaru Bagunnara (1998) Rana (1998 film) (1998) Pandaga (1998) Subhalekhalu (1998) Suryudu (1998) Pavitra Prema (1998) Prema Katha (1999) Sulthan (1999) Raja (1999) Anaganaga Oka Ammai (1999) Nuvve Kavali (2000) Kalisundam Raa (2000) Kouravudu (2000) Tiladaanam (2000) Murari (2001) Ammo Bomma (2001) Pandanti Samsaram (2001) Darling Darling (2001) as Rajyalakshmi Seema Simham (2002) Premaku Swagatam (2002) Kalusukovalani (2002) Tappu Chesi Pappu Koodu (2002) Aa Naluguru (2004) Kanchanamala Cable TV (2005) Evadaithe Nakenti (2007) Godava (2007) Arundhati (2009) Pistha (2009) Manasara (2010) Panchakshari (2010) Krishnam Vande Jagadgurum (2012) Gundello Godari (2013 ) Doosukeltha (2013) Band Balu (2013) Emo Gurram Egaravachu (2014) Avatharam (2014) Oka Laila Kosam (2014) Drushyam (2014) Krishna Gaadi Veera Prema Gaadha (2016) Eluka Majaka (2016) Sarrainodu (2016) A Aa (2016) Ekkadiki Pothavu Chinnavada (2016) Goutham Nanda (2017) Rarandoi Veduka Chudham (2017) Raju Gari Gadhi 2 (2017) Raja The Great (2017) Malli Raava (2017) Touch Chesi Chudu (2018) Nela Ticket (2018) Saakshyam (2018) Happy Wedding (2018) Srinivasa Kalyanam (2018) Geetha Govindam (2018) Paper Boy (2018) F2 - Fun and Frustration (2019) Where Is the Venkatalakshmi (2019) Maharshi (2019) Gaddalakonda Ganesh (2019) Tenali Ramakrishna BA. BL (2019) Entha Manchivaadavuraa (2020) Disco Raja (2020) Orey Bujjiga (2020) Amaram Akhilam Prema (2020) Annapurnamma Gari Manavadu (2020) Lalijo Lalijo (2021) Cycle (2021) Zombie Reddy (2021) Thank You Brother (2021) Konda Polam (2021) Drushyam 2 (2021) F3 (2022) Gangstar Gangaraju (2022) Pellikuturu Party (2022) Sita Ramam (2022) Veera Simha Reddy (2023) O Saathiya (2023) Malli Pelli (2023) Custody (2023) Extra Ordinary Man (2023) Tamil Vaathiyaar Veettu Pillai (1989) Varavu Nalla Uravu (1990) Nadodi Pattukkaran (1992) Meendum Savithri (1996) Jolly (1998) Hey Ram (2000) Custody (2023) Kannada Rowdy & MLA (1991) Shanti Kranti (1991) Edurmaneli Ganda Pakkadmaneli Hendthi (1992) Gadibidi Ganda (1993) Malayalam Kottayam (2020) Hindi Hum Hain Khalnayak (1996) Hey Ram (2000) Awards Nandi Awards Best Supporting Actress – Manishiko Charitra (1982) Special Jury Award – Dabbu Bhale Jabbu (1992) Best Character Actress – Maa Inti Aadapaduchu (1996) References ^ a b "అప్పట్లోనూ ఎదుర్కొన్నాం." . Prajasakti (in Telugu). 18 April 2021. Archived from the original on 24 September 2021. Retrieved 24 September 2021. ^ a b "విజయశాంతి ఇచ్చిన సలహా అది!". Eenadu (in Telugu). Archived from the original on 23 December 2020. Retrieved 24 September 2021. ^ . Archived 22 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine ^ "Telugu actor Annapurna's daughter commits suicide in Hyderabad". Deccan Chronicle. 29 July 2018. Archived from the original on 29 July 2018. ^ "Annapurna on Moviebuff.com". Moviebuff.com. Archived from the original on 22 April 2021. Retrieved 15 December 2020. ^ "Bebbuli (1980)". Indiancine.ma. Retrieved 18 January 2024. ^ "Lanke Bindelu (1983)". Indiancine.ma. Retrieved 27 June 2023. ^ "Bangaru Kapuram (1984)". Indiancine.ma. Archived from the original on 2 June 2023. Retrieved 2 June 2023. ^ EE CHARITRA INKENNALLU | TELUGU FULL MOVIE | SUMAN | VIJAYASHANTI | V9 VIDEOS, archived from the original on 12 May 2023, retrieved 12 May 2023 ^ "Palnati Simham (1985)". The A.V. Club. Archived from the original on 22 April 2023. Retrieved 22 April 2023. ^ "Dorakani Donga (1988)". Indiancine.ma. Archived from the original on 18 April 2023. Retrieved 18 April 2023. ^ "Gharana Alludu (1994)". Indiancine.ma. Retrieved 2 May 2024. ^ "'Annapurnamma Gaari Manavadu' is a milestone in my career: Senior actress Annapurnamma". Archived from the original on 13 April 2021. Retrieved 15 December 2020. ^ "Extra Ordinary Man Review". Indiaglitz. ^ "నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008)" (PDF). Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 February 2015. Retrieved 21 August 2020.(in Telugu) External links Annapurna at IMDb
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Telugu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_language"},{"link_name":"Mohan Babu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohan_Babu"},{"link_name":"Telugu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_language"},{"link_name":"Swargam Narakam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swargam_Narakam"},{"link_name":"Dasari Narayana Rao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dasari_Narayana_Rao"},{"link_name":"Nandi Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nandi_Awards"}],"text":"Annapurna (born Umamaheswari; 17 October 1948), also credited as Annapurnamma, is an Indian actress who appears primarily in Telugu films. She is known for her portrayal as mother, mother-in-law, grand mother, aunt, etc. She started her film career as an actor alongside Mohan Babu (debut film) in the blockbuster Telugu film Swargam Narakam directed by Dasari Narayana Rao in 1975. She appeared in over 900 films and won three Nandi Awards.","title":"Annapurna (actress)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vijayawada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijayawada"},{"link_name":"Andhra Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"C. Narayana Reddy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._Narayana_Reddy"},{"link_name":"Dasari Narayana Rao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dasari_Narayana_Rao"},{"link_name":"Swargam Narakam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swargam_Narakam"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"text":"Annapurna was born as Umamaheswari on 17 October 1948 in Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh to Prasad Rao and Sitaravamma.[1] Though she was initially credited as Uma, lyricist C. Narayana Reddy changed it when she did Dasari Narayana Rao-directed Swargam Narakam.[1][2]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Samsaram Oka Chadarangam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsaram_Oka_Chadarangam"},{"link_name":"Muthyamantha Muddu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muthyamantha_Muddu"},{"link_name":"Swargam Narakam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swargam_Narakam"},{"link_name":"Assembly Rowdy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_Rowdy"},{"link_name":"Chiranjeevi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiranjeevi"},{"link_name":"Donga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donga_(film)"},{"link_name":"Chattamtho Poratam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattamtho_Poratam"},{"link_name":"Sangharshana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangharshana"},{"link_name":"Rakshasudu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakshasudu_(1986_film)"},{"link_name":"Tamil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language"},{"link_name":"Godava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godava"},{"link_name":"Swargam Narakam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swargam_Narakam"},{"link_name":"Mohan Babu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohan_Babu"},{"link_name":"Mohan Babu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohan_Babu"},{"link_name":"Assembly Rowdy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_Rowdy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"text":"Annapurna has started her film career in 1975. She is well remembered for her character roles in Samsaram Oka Chadarangam, Muthyamantha Muddu, Swargam Narakam, Assembly Rowdy and acted in almost all of the 1980s movies with Chiranjeevi as lead hero namely Donga, Chattamtho Poratam, Sangharshana, Rakshasudu, Trinetrudu, Marana Mrudangam, Khaidi No 786, and Jwala.She has also acted in Tamil film such as Nadodi Pattukkaran, and Varavu Nalla Uravu etc. With the absence from the screen for few years, she started her second innings in 2007 with the Telugu films Evadithe Nakenti and Godava as mother and grand mother respectively.Annapurna who played the role of lead actress in Swargam Narakam alongside Mohan Babu, also played the role of mother to Mohan Babu in Assembly Rowdy (1991).[3] She went on to appear in over 700 to 800 films.[2]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"died by suicide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Annapurna had a daughter, Keerthi, who died by suicide in June 2018.[4]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"List of films appeared:[5]","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Swargam Narakam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swargam_Narakam"},{"link_name":"Secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_(1976_film)"},{"link_name":"Tiger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger_(1979_film)"},{"link_name":"Subhodhayam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subhodhayam"},{"link_name":"Superman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superman_(1980_film)"},{"link_name":"Bebbuli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bebbuli"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Mondi Ghatam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mondi_Ghatam"},{"link_name":"Manishiko Charithra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manishiko_Charithra&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Manchu Pallaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchu_Pallaki"},{"link_name":"Intlo Ramayya Veedhilo Krishnayya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intlo_Ramayya_Veedhilo_Krishnayya"},{"link_name":"Mundadugu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mundadugu"},{"link_name":"Chanda Sasanudu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanda_Sasanudu"},{"link_name":"Pelli Choopulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelli_Choopulu"},{"link_name":"Aalaya Sikharam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aalaya_Sikharam"},{"link_name":"Maga Maharaju","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maga_Maharaju"},{"link_name":"Sivudu Sivudu Sivudu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivudu_Sivudu_Sivudu"},{"link_name":"Sangarshana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangarshana"},{"link_name":"Lanke Bindelu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lanke_Bindelu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Goonda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goonda_(film)"},{"link_name":"Naagu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naagu"},{"link_name":"Devanthakudu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanthakudu_(1984_film)"},{"link_name":"Inti Guttu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intiguttu_(1984_film)"},{"link_name":"Ee Charitra Inkennallu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ee_Charitra_Inkennallu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Rustum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rustum_(1984_film)"},{"link_name":"Dandayatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dandayatra&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_(1984_film)"},{"link_name":"Nayakulaku Saval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayakulaku_Saval"},{"link_name":"Bobbili Brahmanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobbili_Brahmanna"},{"link_name":"Palnati Simham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palnati_Simham&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Chattamtho Poratam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattamtho_Poratam"},{"link_name":"Puli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puli_(1985_film)"},{"link_name":"Donga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donga_(film)"},{"link_name":"Agni Parvatam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agni_Parvatam"},{"link_name":"Kotha Pelli Koothuru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotha_Pelli_Koothuru"},{"link_name":"Chiranjeevi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiranjeevi_(1985_film)"},{"link_name":"Jwala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jwala_(1985_film)"},{"link_name":"Shrimati Garu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shrimati_Garu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Raktha Sindhuram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raktha_Sindhuram"},{"link_name":"Oka Radha Iddaru Krishnulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oka_Radha_Iddaru_Krishnulu"},{"link_name":"Rakshasudu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakshasudu_(1986_film)"},{"link_name":"Jayam Manade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayam_Manade_(1986_film)"},{"link_name":"Punyasthree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punyasthree"},{"link_name":"Anasuyamma Gari Alludu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anasuyamma_Gari_Alludu"},{"link_name":"Prathibhavanthudu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prathibhavanthudu"},{"link_name":"Kirathakudu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirathakudu"},{"link_name":"Aranyakanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aranyakanda"},{"link_name":"Chanakya Shapadham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanakya_Shapadham"},{"link_name":"Samsaram Oka Chadarangam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsaram_Oka_Chadarangam"},{"link_name":"Bhargava Ramudu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhargava_Ramudu"},{"link_name":"Makutamleni Maharaju","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makutamleni_Maharaju"},{"link_name":"Ajeyudu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajeyudu"},{"link_name":"Bhale Mogudu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhale_Mogudu"},{"link_name":"Jebu Donga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jebu_Donga_(1987_film)"},{"link_name":"Ramudu Bheemudu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramudu_Bheemudu"},{"link_name":"Mugguru Kodukulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mugguru_Kodukulu"},{"link_name":"Pelli Chesi Choodu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelli_Chesi_Choodu"},{"link_name":"Dorakani Donga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dorakani_Donga&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Ontari Poratam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontari_Poratam"},{"link_name":"State Rowdy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Rowdy"},{"link_name":"Bandhuvulostunnaru Jagratha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandhuvulostunnaru_Jagratha"},{"link_name":"Yamapasam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yamapasam&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mamathala Kovela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mamathala_Kovela&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Muthyamantha Muddu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muthyamantha_Muddu"},{"link_name":"Sahasa Putrudu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sahasa_Putrudu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Inspector Rudra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inspector_Rudra"},{"link_name":"Raja Vikramarka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_Vikramarka_(1990_film)"},{"link_name":"Appula Appa Rao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appula_Appa_Rao"},{"link_name":"People's Encounter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Encounter"},{"link_name":"Stuartpuram Police Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuartpuram_Police_Station"},{"link_name":"Assembly Rowdy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_Rowdy"},{"link_name":"Pandirimancham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandirimancham"},{"link_name":"Srivari Chindulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Srivari_Chindulu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ramudu Kadhu Rakshasudu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ramudu_Kadhu_Rakshasudu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Aditya 369","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aditya_369"},{"link_name":"Rowdy Inspector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowdy_Inspector"},{"link_name":"Allari Mogudu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allari_Mogudu"},{"link_name":"President Gari Pellam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_Gari_Pellam"},{"link_name":"Pranadaata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pranadaata"},{"link_name":"Chirunavvula Varamistava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirunavvula_Varamistava"},{"link_name":"Mechanic Alludu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanic_Alludu"},{"link_name":"Kannayya Kittayya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannayya_Kittayya"},{"link_name":"Tholi Muddu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tholi_Muddu"},{"link_name":"Gaayam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaayam"},{"link_name":"Major Chandrakanth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_Chandrakanth_(1993_film)"},{"link_name":"Bangaru Bullodu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangaru_Bullodu_(1993_film)"},{"link_name":"Govinda Govinda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Govinda_Govinda_(1994_film)"},{"link_name":"Shubha Lagnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shubha_Lagnam"},{"link_name":"Gharana Alludu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gharana_Alludu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Hello Brother","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hello_Brother_(1994_film)"},{"link_name":"Punya Bhoomi Naa Desam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punya_Bhoomi_Naa_Desam"},{"link_name":"Brahmachari Mogudu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmachari_Mogudu"},{"link_name":"Muddula Priyudu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muddula_Priyudu"},{"link_name":"Neti Savithri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neti_Savithri"},{"link_name":"Topi Raja Sweety Roja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topi_Raja_Sweety_Roja"},{"link_name":"Vamsanikokkadu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vamsanikokkadu"},{"link_name":"Pavithra Bandham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavithra_Bandham"},{"link_name":"Sindhooram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhooram_(1997_film)"},{"link_name":"Pelli Chesukundam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelli_Chesukundam"},{"link_name":"Kaliyugamlo Gandargolam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kaliyugamlo_Gandargolam&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Muddula Mogudu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muddula_Mogudu_(1997_film)"},{"link_name":"Peddannayya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peddannayya"},{"link_name":"Devudu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devudu"},{"link_name":"Bavagaru Bagunnara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavagaru_Bagunnara"},{"link_name":"Pandaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandaga"},{"link_name":"Subhalekhalu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subhalekhalu"},{"link_name":"Suryudu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suryudu"},{"link_name":"Pavitra Prema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavitra_Prema"},{"link_name":"Prema Katha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prema_Katha"},{"link_name":"Sulthan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_(1999_film)"},{"link_name":"Raja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_(1999_Indian_film)"},{"link_name":"Anaganaga Oka Ammai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaganaga_Oka_Ammai"},{"link_name":"Nuvve Kavali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuvve_Kavali"},{"link_name":"Kalisundam Raa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalisundam_Raa"},{"link_name":"Tiladaanam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tiladaanam&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Murari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murari_(2001_film)"},{"link_name":"Ammo Bomma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammo_Bomma"},{"link_name":"Pandanti Samsaram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandanti_Samsaram"},{"link_name":"Darling Darling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darling_Darling_(2001_film)"},{"link_name":"Seema Simham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seema_Simham"},{"link_name":"Premaku Swagatam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premaku_Swagatam"},{"link_name":"Kalusukovalani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalusukovalani"},{"link_name":"Tappu Chesi Pappu Koodu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tappu_Chesi_Pappu_Koodu"},{"link_name":"Aa Naluguru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aa_Naluguru"},{"link_name":"Kanchanamala Cable TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanchanamala_Cable_TV"},{"link_name":"Evadaithe Nakenti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evadaithe_Nakenti"},{"link_name":"Godava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godava"},{"link_name":"Arundhati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arundhati_(2009_film)"},{"link_name":"Pistha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoranai"},{"link_name":"Manasara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manasara_(film)"},{"link_name":"Panchakshari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panchakshari"},{"link_name":"Krishnam Vande Jagadgurum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishnam_Vande_Jagadgurum"},{"link_name":"Gundello Godari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gundello_Godari"},{"link_name":"Doosukeltha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doosukeltha"},{"link_name":"Emo Gurram Egaravachu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emo_Gurram_Egaravachu"},{"link_name":"Avatharam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avatharam_(2014_Telugu_film)"},{"link_name":"Oka Laila Kosam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oka_Laila_Kosam"},{"link_name":"Drushyam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drushyam"},{"link_name":"Krishna Gaadi Veera Prema Gaadha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna_Gaadi_Veera_Prema_Gaadha"},{"link_name":"Eluka Majaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eluka_Majaka"},{"link_name":"Sarrainodu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarrainodu"},{"link_name":"A Aa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Aa"},{"link_name":"Ekkadiki Pothavu Chinnavada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekkadiki_Pothavu_Chinnavada"},{"link_name":"Goutham Nanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goutham_Nanda"},{"link_name":"Rarandoi Veduka Chudham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rarandoi_Veduka_Chudham"},{"link_name":"Raju Gari Gadhi 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raju_Gari_Gadhi_2"},{"link_name":"Raja The Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_The_Great"},{"link_name":"Malli Raava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malli_Raava"},{"link_name":"Touch Chesi Chudu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touch_Chesi_Chudu"},{"link_name":"Nela Ticket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nela_Ticket"},{"link_name":"Saakshyam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saakshyam"},{"link_name":"Happy Wedding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happy_Wedding_(2018_film)"},{"link_name":"Srinivasa Kalyanam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srinivasa_Kalyanam_(2018_film)"},{"link_name":"Geetha Govindam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geetha_Govindam"},{"link_name":"Paper Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_Boy"},{"link_name":"F2 - Fun and Frustration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F2_-_Fun_and_Frustration"},{"link_name":"Where Is the Venkatalakshmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Where_Is_the_Venkatalakshmi"},{"link_name":"Maharshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharshi_(2019_film)"},{"link_name":"Gaddalakonda Ganesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaddalakonda_Ganesh"},{"link_name":"Tenali Ramakrishna BA. BL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenali_Ramakrishna_BA._BL"},{"link_name":"Entha Manchivaadavuraa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entha_Manchivaadavuraa"},{"link_name":"Disco Raja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disco_Raja"},{"link_name":"Orey Bujjiga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orey_Bujjiga"},{"link_name":"Amaram Akhilam Prema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaram_Akhilam_Prema"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Zombie Reddy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zombie_Reddy"},{"link_name":"Thank You Brother","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thank_You_Brother"},{"link_name":"Konda Polam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konda_Polam"},{"link_name":"Drushyam 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drushyam_2"},{"link_name":"F3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F3_(film)"},{"link_name":"Sita Ramam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sita_Ramam"},{"link_name":"Veera Simha Reddy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veera_Simha_Reddy"},{"link_name":"O Saathiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O_Saathiya"},{"link_name":"Malli Pelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malli_Pelli_(2023_film)"},{"link_name":"Custody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Custody_(2023_film)"},{"link_name":"Extra Ordinary Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extra_Ordinary_Man"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Telugu","text":"Swargam Narakam (1975)\nSecretary (1976)\nTiger (1979)\nSubhodhayam (1980)\nSuperman (1980)\nBebbuli[6] (1980) as Parvathi\nMondi Ghatam (1982)\nManishiko Charithra (1982)\nManchu Pallaki (1982)\nIntlo Ramayya Veedhilo Krishnayya (1982)\n Anuraga Dewatha ( 1982)\nMundadugu (1983)\nChanda Sasanudu (1983)\nPelli Choopulu (1983)\nAalaya Sikharam (1983)\nMaga Maharaju (1983)\nSivudu Sivudu Sivudu (1983)\nSangarshana (1983)\nLanke Bindelu[7] (1983) as Mahalakshmi\nManishiko Charithra (1984)\nIllalu Priyuralu (1984)\nBava Maradallu (1984)\nBangaru Kapuram[8] (1984) as Annapurna\nGoonda (1984) as Sarada\nNaagu (1984)\nDevanthakudu (1984)\nInti Guttu (1984)\nEe Charitra Inkennallu[9] (1984) as Shantha\nRustum (1984)\nDandayatra (1984)\nHero (1984)\nNayakulaku Saval (1984) as Dr. Aparna\nBobbili Brahmanna (1984) as Susheela\nJackie (1985)\nMugguru Mitrulu (1985)\nDevalayam (1985)\nPalnati Simham[10] (1985) as Durgamba\nChattamtho Poratam (1985) as Parvathy\nPuli (1985) as Savitri\nDonga (1985)\nAgni Parvatam (1985)\nKotha Pelli Koothuru (1985)\nChiranjeevi (1985)\nJwala (1985)\nBharyabhartala Bandham (1985)\nShrimati Garu (1985)\nRaktha Sindhuram (1985)\nOka Radha Iddaru Krishnulu (1985)\nRakshasudu (1986)\nJayam Manade (1986) as Rajeshwari\nKarpoora Deepam (1986)\nPunyasthree (1986)\nAnasuyamma Gari Alludu (1986)\nPrathibhavanthudu (1986) as Shantha\nKirathakudu (1986)\nAranyakanda (1986)\nPrema Gharshana (1986)\nChanakya Shapadham (1986) as Janaki, Chanakya's mother\nSamsaram Oka Chadarangam (1987)\nInti Donga (1987)\nDonga Kapuram (1987)\nBhargava Ramudu (1987)\nMakutamleni Maharaju (1987)\nAjeyudu (1987)\nBhale Mogudu (1987)\nJebu Donga (1987)\nRamudu Bheemudu (1988)\nMugguru Kodukulu (1988)\nPelli Chesi Choodu (1988)\nDorakani Donga[11] (1988) as Annapurna\nOntari Poratam (1989)\nState Rowdy (1989)\nBandhuvulostunnaru Jagratha (1989)\nYamapasam (1989)\nBhagavan (1989)\nMamathala Kovela (1989)\nMuthyamantha Muddu (1989)\n Sahasa Putrudu (1990)\nAdadhi (1990)\nNagastram (1990)\nInspector Rudra (1990)\nRaja Vikramarka (1990)\nIrugillu Porugillu (1990)\nNeti Charitra (1990)\nAppula Appa Rao (1991)\nPeople's Encounter (1991)\nStuartpuram Police Station (1991)\nAssembly Rowdy (1991)\nPandirimancham (1991)\nSrivari Chindulu (1991)\nBhargav (1991)\nRamudu Kadhu Rakshasudu (1991)\nAditya 369 (1991)\nViyyala Vari Vindhu (1991)\nKadapa Reddemma(1991)\nPachchani Samsaram (1992)\nHello Darling (1992)\nRowdy Inspector (1992)\nAllari Mogudu (1992)\nPresident Gari Pellam (1992)\nPranadaata (1992)\nChirunavvula Varamistava (1993)\nMechanic Alludu (1993)\nKannayya Kittayya (1993)\nTholi Muddu (1993)\nGaayam (1993)\nMajor Chandrakanth (1993)\nBangaru Bullodu (1993)\nGovinda Govinda (1994)\nShubha Lagnam (1994)\nGharana Alludu[12] (1994) as Poorna\nHello Brother (1994)\nPunya Bhoomi Naa Desam (1994)\nDonga Rascal (1994)\nBrahmachari Mogudu (1994)\nMuddula Priyudu (1994)\nNeti Savithri (1996)\nTopi Raja Sweety Roja (1996)\nKuturu (1996)\nHello Guru (1996)\nVamsanikokkadu (1996)\nPavithra Bandham (1996)\nSindhooram (1997)\nPelli Chesukundam (1997)\nHello, I Love You (1997)\nKaliyugamlo Gandargolam (1997)\nMuddula Mogudu (1997)\nPeddannayya (1997)\nDevudu (1997)\nBavagaru Bagunnara (1998)\nRana (1998 film) (1998)\nPandaga (1998)\nSubhalekhalu (1998)\nSuryudu (1998)\nPavitra Prema (1998)\nPrema Katha (1999)\nSulthan (1999)\nRaja (1999)\nAnaganaga Oka Ammai (1999)\nNuvve Kavali (2000)\nKalisundam Raa (2000)\nKouravudu (2000)\nTiladaanam (2000)\nMurari (2001)\nAmmo Bomma (2001)\nPandanti Samsaram (2001)\nDarling Darling (2001) as Rajyalakshmi\nSeema Simham (2002)\nPremaku Swagatam (2002)\nKalusukovalani (2002)\nTappu Chesi Pappu Koodu (2002)\nAa Naluguru (2004)\nKanchanamala Cable TV (2005)\nEvadaithe Nakenti (2007)\nGodava (2007)\nArundhati (2009)\nPistha (2009)\nManasara (2010)\nPanchakshari (2010)\nKrishnam Vande Jagadgurum (2012)\nGundello Godari (2013 )\nDoosukeltha (2013)\n Band Balu (2013)\nEmo Gurram Egaravachu (2014)\nAvatharam (2014)\nOka Laila Kosam (2014)\nDrushyam (2014)\nKrishna Gaadi Veera Prema Gaadha (2016)\nEluka Majaka (2016)\nSarrainodu (2016)\nA Aa (2016)\nEkkadiki Pothavu Chinnavada (2016)\nGoutham Nanda (2017)\nRarandoi Veduka Chudham (2017)\nRaju Gari Gadhi 2 (2017)\nRaja The Great (2017)\nMalli Raava (2017)\nTouch Chesi Chudu (2018)\nNela Ticket (2018)\nSaakshyam (2018)\nHappy Wedding (2018)\nSrinivasa Kalyanam (2018)\nGeetha Govindam (2018)\nPaper Boy (2018)\nF2 - Fun and Frustration (2019)\nWhere Is the Venkatalakshmi (2019)\nMaharshi (2019)\nGaddalakonda Ganesh (2019)\nTenali Ramakrishna BA. BL (2019)\nEntha Manchivaadavuraa (2020)\nDisco Raja (2020)\nOrey Bujjiga (2020)\nAmaram Akhilam Prema (2020)\nAnnapurnamma Gari Manavadu (2020)[13]\nLalijo Lalijo (2021)\nCycle (2021)[citation needed]\nZombie Reddy (2021)\nThank You Brother (2021)\nKonda Polam (2021)\nDrushyam 2 (2021)\nF3 (2022)\nGangstar Gangaraju (2022)\nPellikuturu Party (2022)\nSita Ramam (2022)\nVeera Simha Reddy (2023)\nO Saathiya (2023)\nMalli Pelli (2023)\nCustody (2023)\nExtra Ordinary Man (2023)[14]","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vaathiyaar Veettu Pillai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaathiyaar_Veettu_Pillai"},{"link_name":"Varavu Nalla Uravu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varavu_Nalla_Uravu"},{"link_name":"Nadodi Pattukkaran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadodi_Pattukkaran"},{"link_name":"Meendum Savithri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meendum_Savithri"},{"link_name":"Jolly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jolly_(film)"},{"link_name":"Hey Ram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hey_Ram"},{"link_name":"Custody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Custody_(2023_film)"}],"sub_title":"Tamil","text":"Vaathiyaar Veettu Pillai (1989)\nVaravu Nalla Uravu (1990)\nNadodi Pattukkaran (1992)\nMeendum Savithri (1996)\nJolly (1998)\nHey Ram (2000)\nCustody (2023)","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rowdy & MLA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowdy_%26_MLA"},{"link_name":"Shanti Kranti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanti_Kranti_(1991_Kannada_film)"},{"link_name":"Edurmaneli Ganda Pakkadmaneli Hendthi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edurmaneli_Ganda_Pakkadmaneli_Hendthi"},{"link_name":"Gadibidi Ganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadibidi_Ganda"}],"sub_title":"Kannada","text":"Rowdy & MLA (1991)\nShanti Kranti (1991)\nEdurmaneli Ganda Pakkadmaneli Hendthi (1992)\nGadibidi Ganda (1993)","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Malayalam","text":"Kottayam (2020)","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hey Ram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hey_Ram"}],"sub_title":"Hindi","text":"Hum Hain Khalnayak (1996)\nHey Ram (2000)","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nandi Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nandi_Awards"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Best Supporting Actress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nandi_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actress"},{"link_name":"Special Jury Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nandi_Special_Jury_Award"},{"link_name":"Dabbu Bhale Jabbu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dabbu_Bhale_Jabbu"},{"link_name":"Best Character Actress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nandi_Award_for_Best_Character_Actress"}],"text":"Nandi Awards[15]Best Supporting Actress – Manishiko Charitra (1982)\nSpecial Jury Award – Dabbu Bhale Jabbu (1992)\nBest Character Actress – Maa Inti Aadapaduchu (1996)","title":"Awards"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"అప్పట్లోనూ ఎదుర్కొన్నాం.\" [We faced it then too]. Prajasakti (in Telugu). 18 April 2021. Archived from the original on 24 September 2021. Retrieved 24 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.prajasakti.com/apapatalaoonau-edaurakaonanaaam","url_text":"\"అప్పట్లోనూ ఎదుర్కొన్నాం.\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prajasakti","url_text":"Prajasakti"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210924142123/https://www.prajasakti.com/apapatalaoonau-edaurakaonanaaam","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"విజయశాంతి ఇచ్చిన సలహా అది!\". Eenadu (in Telugu). Archived from the original on 23 December 2020. Retrieved 24 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eenadu.net/cinema/latestnews/Alitho-Saradaga-Telugu-Actresses-Annapoorna-Vijaya/0201/120160332","url_text":"\"విజయశాంతి ఇచ్చిన సలహా అది!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eenadu","url_text":"Eenadu"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201223042038/https://www.eenadu.net/cinema/latestnews/alitho-saradaga-telugu-actresses-annapoorna-vijaya/0201/120160332","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Telugu actor Annapurna's daughter commits suicide in Hyderabad\". Deccan Chronicle. 29 July 2018. Archived from the original on 29 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/290718/tollywood-actor-annapurnas-daughter-kills-herself.html","url_text":"\"Telugu actor Annapurna's daughter commits suicide in Hyderabad\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180729005407/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/290718/tollywood-actor-annapurnas-daughter-kills-herself.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Annapurna on Moviebuff.com\". Moviebuff.com. Archived from the original on 22 April 2021. Retrieved 15 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.moviebuff.com/annapurna","url_text":"\"Annapurna on Moviebuff.com\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210422232204/https://www.moviebuff.com/annapurna","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Bebbuli (1980)\". Indiancine.ma. Retrieved 18 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://indiancine.ma/UOC","url_text":"\"Bebbuli (1980)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lanke Bindelu (1983)\". Indiancine.ma. Retrieved 27 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://indiancine.ma/XSI","url_text":"\"Lanke Bindelu (1983)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bangaru Kapuram (1984)\". Indiancine.ma. Archived from the original on 2 June 2023. Retrieved 2 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://indiancine.ma/YKF/info","url_text":"\"Bangaru Kapuram (1984)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230602195253/https://indiancine.ma/YKF/info","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"EE CHARITRA INKENNALLU | TELUGU FULL MOVIE | SUMAN | VIJAYASHANTI | V9 VIDEOS, archived from the original on 12 May 2023, retrieved 12 May 2023","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xUQ-Abc2uEo","url_text":"EE CHARITRA INKENNALLU | TELUGU FULL MOVIE | SUMAN | VIJAYASHANTI | V9 VIDEOS"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230512070244/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xUQ-Abc2uEo&gl=US&hl=en","url_text":"archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Palnati Simham (1985)\". The A.V. Club. Archived from the original on 22 April 2023. Retrieved 22 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.avclub.com/film/reviews/palnati-simham-1985","url_text":"\"Palnati Simham (1985)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230422144500/https://www.avclub.com/film/reviews/palnati-simham-1985","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Dorakani Donga (1988)\". Indiancine.ma. Archived from the original on 18 April 2023. Retrieved 18 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://indiancine.ma/ACQJ","url_text":"\"Dorakani Donga (1988)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230418191332/https://indiancine.ma/ACQJ","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Gharana Alludu (1994)\". Indiancine.ma. Retrieved 2 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://indiancine.ma/AIPH","url_text":"\"Gharana Alludu (1994)\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Annapurnamma Gaari Manavadu' is a milestone in my career: Senior actress Annapurnamma\". Archived from the original on 13 April 2021. Retrieved 15 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ragalahari.com/tollywood-news-2020-november/161229/annapurnamma-gaari-manavadu-is-a-milestone-in-my-career-senior-actress-annapurnamma","url_text":"\"'Annapurnamma Gaari Manavadu' is a milestone in my career: Senior actress Annapurnamma\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210413060107/https://www.ragalahari.com/tollywood-news-2020-november/161229/annapurnamma-gaari-manavadu-is-a-milestone-in-my-career-senior-actress-annapurnamma","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Extra Ordinary Man Review\". Indiaglitz.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indiaglitz.com/extra-ordinary-man-review-telugu-movie-33916","url_text":"\"Extra Ordinary Man Review\""}]},{"reference":"\"నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008)\" [A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008)] (PDF). Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 February 2015. Retrieved 21 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf","url_text":"\"నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh_(magazine)","url_text":"Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150223135739/http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian_Rozental
Sebastián Rozental
["1 Early and personal life","2 Club career","2.1 Rangers","2.2 Late career","3 International career","4 Honours","5 See also","6 References"]
Chilean footballer (born 1976) In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Rozental and the second or maternal family name is Igualt. Sebastián RozentalPersonal informationFull name Sebastián Rozental IgualtDate of birth (1976-09-01) 1 September 1976 (age 47)Place of birth Santiago, ChileHeight 1.78 m (5 ft 10 in)Position(s) Attacking midfielder, strikerSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)1992–1996 Universidad Católica 75 (39)1997–2002 Rangers 17 (3)1999 → Universidad Católica (loan) 27 (22)2000 → Independiente (loan) 11 (0)2001 → Colo-Colo (loan) 22 (8)2002–2003 Grasshoppers 22 (1)2003–2004 Unión Española 39 (11)2005 Universidad Católica 10 (1)2005 Puerto Rico Islanders 9 (2)2006 Columbus Crew 20 (3)2007 Maccabi Petah Tikva 6 (0)2007–2008 Maccabi Netanya 14 (1)Total 279 (94)International career1993 Chile U17 5 (4)1995 Chile U20 3 (3)1995–2000 Chile 27 (2)1996 Chile U23 1998 Chile B 1 (0) *Club domestic league appearances and goals Sebastián Rozental Igualt (Hebrew: סבסטיאן רוזנטל; born 1 September 1976) is a Chilean former professional footballer who played as an attacking midfielder or striker. At club level, Rozental played for Universidad Católica (1992–1996 and 2005), Colo-Colo (2001), and Unión Española (2003–04) in his native Chile, Rangers (1997–2000) in Scotland, where he became the first player from South America to play for the club, Independiente (2001) in Argentina, Grasshoppers (2003–04) in Switzerland, and Puerto Rico Islanders in the USL First Division (2005). Early and personal life Rozental was born in Santiago, Chile, and is Jewish. Club career Rangers Rozental became Rangers' first South American player when he signed for £4 million on 13 December 1996, the most expensive signing in Chilean history. He arrived at Rangers as a promising young talent, as he had broken into the Chile national team and was challenging Marcelo Salas and Iván Zamorano for a place in the starting eleven, following a decent scoring record at his club. He made his debut as a substitute in a league match at Motherwell. However injury struck in his second appearance for Rangers versus St Johnstone in the Scottish Cup; he started the game well and scored his first goal for the club, but was then taken off with a knee injury. He made three appearances in 1997–98 and another three in 1998–99. He had his first significant run in the team in the second half of the 1999–2000 season, helping Rangers complete a league and cup double. He made 11 appearances and scored 3 goals in the league that season, and scored twice in their cup semi final win over Ayr United. He was however left out of the squad for the final. He made 21 appearances for Rangers, scoring 6 goals. Late career Rozental signed for the Columbus Crew on 13 January 2006. His first goal as a Crew member came on a penalty kick on 15 April against the Chicago Fire. He played 20 games and scored 3 goals total during the 2006 season. After spending one season with the Columbus Crew, Rozental got the Israeli citizenship and left for Israel and signed with Maccabi Petah Tikva. After failing to impress in one half season in Petah Tikva, Rozental signed a one-year contract with Maccabi Netanya. International career Rozental has been capped for Chile 27 times scoring 2 goals. In addition, he played for Chile B against England B on February 10, 1998. Chile won by 2-1. He captained the Chilean squad that finished third in the 1993 FIFA U-17 World Championship and then scored 3 goals at the 1995 FIFA World Youth Championship. Also, he took part of Chile U23 squad in the 1996 Pre-Olynpic Tournament. Honours Universidad Católica Copa Interamericana: 1993 Copa Chile: 1995 Liga Chilena de Fútbol: Primera División: 2002 (C) Rangers Scottish Premier League: 1999–2000 Grasshoppers Swiss Super League: 2002–03 Chile U17 FIFA U-17 World Cup third place: 1993 Individual Chilean Footballer of the Year: 1996 See also List of select Jewish football (association; soccer) players References ^ Sebastián Rozental at National-Football-Teams.com ^ Day by Day in Jewish Sports History - Bob Wechsler ^ Football Culture: Local Conflicts, Global Visions ^ a b "Rozental, Sebastian": Jews In Sports ^ "On This Day: Dec 13". Rangers.co.uk. 13 December 2017. ^ "Golden Gascoigne". Independent. 19 January 1997. Retrieved 24 February 2014. ^ "Rozental short and sweet". Independent. 26 January 1997. Retrieved 24 February 2014. ^ "Games played by Sebastian Rozental in 1997/1998". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 24 February 2014. ^ "Games played by Sebastian Rozental in 1998/1999". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 24 February 2014. ^ "Games played by Sebastian Rozental in 1999/2000". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 24 February 2014. ^ "Ayr destroyed by rampant Gers". BBC. 8 April 2000. Retrieved 24 February 2014. ^ "Columbus adds Rozental, gets Ward from MetroStars for Henderson", SoccerTimes.com, 13 January 2006, retrieved 5 December 2006. ^ "Sebastián Rozental: En el fútbol chileno es normal cortar cosas que se hacen bien" (in Spanish). ADN Radio Chile. 9 December 2010. Retrieved 6 October 2021. ^ Levy, Tomer. מכבי נתניה סיכמה לעונה אחת עם סבסטיאן רוזנטל. Ma'ariv (in Hebrew). Retrieved 29 May 2007. ^ "Inglaterra 1 – Chile 2: Cuando la (otra) Selección venció a Inglaterra". Guioteca.com (in Spanish). El Mercurio. 13 April 2011. Retrieved 6 October 2021. ^ "Nóminas de Chile para Torneos Preolímpicos Sudamericanos Sub-23". Partidos de la Roja (in Spanish). Retrieved 16 July 2022. vteChile squad – 1995 Copa América 1 Ma. Ramírez 2 Mendoza 3 Vilches 4 Margas 5 Mi. Ramírez 6 Castañeda 7 Valencia 8 Mardones 9 Rozental 10 Sierra 11 Basay 12 Cornez 13 Acuña 14 Pérez 15 Estay 16 Fuentes 17 Parraguez 18 Galdames 19 Guevara 20 Barrera 21 Ruiz 22 Salas Coach: Azkargorta vteChilean Footballer of the Year 1982: Soto 1983: Neira 1984: Garrido 1985: R. González 1986: Fabbiani 1987: Pizarro 1988: Pizarro 1989: Hoffens 1990: Zamorano 1991: Osbén 1992: Covarrubias 1993: Contreras 1994: Acosta 1995: Traverso 1996: Rozental 1997: Reyes 1998: Ma. Ramírez 1999: P. González 2000: S. Vargas 2001: Riveros 2002: Mi. Ramírez 2003: Meléndez 2004: Fuentes 2005: Sierra 2006: Fernández 2007: Villanueva 2008: Medel 2009: Bravo 2010: Millar 2011: E. Vargas 2012: Aránguiz 2013: Toselli 2014: Valdés 2015: Bravo 2016: Vidal 2017: Valdés 2018: Paredes 2019: Fuenzalida 2020: not awarded 2021: Jiménez 2022: Brereton 2023: Valdés
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_name"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"attacking midfielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attacking_midfielder"},{"link_name":"striker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Striker_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Universidad Católica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Deportivo_Universidad_Cat%C3%B3lica"},{"link_name":"Colo-Colo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colo-Colo"},{"link_name":"Unión Española","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola"},{"link_name":"Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangers_F.C."},{"link_name":"Independiente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Atl%C3%A9tico_Independiente"},{"link_name":"Grasshoppers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grasshopper_Club_Z%C3%BCrich"},{"link_name":"Puerto Rico Islanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico_Islanders"},{"link_name":"USL First Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USL_First_Division"}],"text":"In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Rozental and the second or maternal family name is Igualt.Sebastián Rozental Igualt (Hebrew: סבסטיאן רוזנטל; born 1 September 1976) is a Chilean former professional footballer who played as an attacking midfielder or striker. At club level, Rozental played for Universidad Católica (1992–1996 and 2005), Colo-Colo (2001), and Unión Española (2003–04) in his native Chile, Rangers (1997–2000) in Scotland, where he became the first player from South America to play for the club, Independiente (2001) in Argentina, Grasshoppers (2003–04) in Switzerland, and Puerto Rico Islanders in the USL First Division (2005).","title":"Sebastián Rozental"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Santiago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago,_Chile"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-4"}],"text":"Rozental was born in Santiago, Chile, and is Jewish.[2][3][4]","title":"Early and personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangers_F.C."},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Marcelo Salas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcelo_Salas"},{"link_name":"Iván Zamorano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iv%C3%A1n_Zamorano"},{"link_name":"Motherwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motherwell_F.C."},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"St Johnstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Johnstone_F.C."},{"link_name":"Scottish Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Cup"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Ayr United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayr_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Scottish_Cup_Final"},{"link_name":"Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangers_F.C."}],"sub_title":"Rangers","text":"Rozental became Rangers' first South American player when he signed for £4 million on 13 December 1996, the most expensive signing in Chilean history.[4][5] He arrived at Rangers as a promising young talent, as he had broken into the Chile national team and was challenging Marcelo Salas and Iván Zamorano for a place in the starting eleven, following a decent scoring record at his club. He made his debut as a substitute in a league match at Motherwell.[6] However injury struck in his second appearance for Rangers versus St Johnstone in the Scottish Cup; he started the game well and scored his first goal for the club, but was then taken off with a knee injury.[7] He made three appearances in 1997–98[8] and another three in 1998–99.[9] He had his first significant run in the team in the second half of the 1999–2000 season, helping Rangers complete a league and cup double. He made 11 appearances and scored 3 goals in the league that season,[10] and scored twice in their cup semi final win over Ayr United.[11] He was however left out of the squad for the final. He made 21 appearances for Rangers, scoring 6 goals.","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Columbus Crew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus_Crew"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Chicago Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Fire_S.C."},{"link_name":"Israeli citizenship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_citizenship_law"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Maccabi Petah Tikva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maccabi_Petah_Tikva_F.C."},{"link_name":"Maccabi Netanya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maccabi_Netanya_F.C."},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NetanyaTransfer-14"}],"sub_title":"Late career","text":"Rozental signed for the Columbus Crew on 13 January 2006.[12] His first goal as a Crew member came on a penalty kick on 15 April against the Chicago Fire. He played 20 games and scored 3 goals total during the 2006 season.After spending one season with the Columbus Crew, Rozental got the Israeli citizenship[13] and left for Israel and signed with Maccabi Petah Tikva. After failing to impress in one half season in Petah Tikva, Rozental signed a one-year contract with Maccabi Netanya.[14]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Chile B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"England B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_football_B_team"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"captained","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Chilean squad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile_national_U-17_football_team"},{"link_name":"1993 FIFA U-17 World Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_FIFA_U-17_World_Championship"},{"link_name":"1995 FIFA World Youth Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_FIFA_World_Youth_Championship"},{"link_name":"1996 Pre-Olynpic Tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_CONMEBOL_Pre-Olympic_Tournament"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Rozental has been capped for Chile 27 times scoring 2 goals. In addition, he played for Chile B against England B on February 10, 1998. Chile won by 2-1.[15]He captained the Chilean squad that finished third in the 1993 FIFA U-17 World Championship and then scored 3 goals at the 1995 FIFA World Youth Championship. Also, he took part of Chile U23 squad in the 1996 Pre-Olynpic Tournament.[16]","title":"International career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Copa Interamericana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa_Interamericana"},{"link_name":"Copa Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa_Chile"},{"link_name":"Liga Chilena de Fútbol: Primera División","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liga_Chilena_de_F%C3%BAtbol:_Primera_Divisi%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Scottish Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"1999–2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999%E2%80%932000_Scottish_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Swiss Super League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Super_League"},{"link_name":"2002–03","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002%E2%80%9303_in_Switzerland_football"},{"link_name":"FIFA U-17 World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_U-17_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_FIFA_U-17_World_Championship"},{"link_name":"Chilean Footballer of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilean_Footballer_of_the_Year"}],"text":"Universidad CatólicaCopa Interamericana: 1993\nCopa Chile: 1995\nLiga Chilena de Fútbol: Primera División: 2002 (C)RangersScottish Premier League: 1999–2000GrasshoppersSwiss Super League: 2002–03Chile U17FIFA U-17 World Cup third place: 1993IndividualChilean Footballer of the Year: 1996","title":"Honours"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of select Jewish football (association; soccer) players","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Jews_in_sports#Football_(Association;_Soccer)"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tougbo
Tougbo
["1 Villages","2 Notes"]
Coordinates: 9°46′N 4°8′W / 9.767°N 4.133°W / 9.767; -4.133Town and sub-prefecture in Zanzan, Ivory CoastTougboTown and sub-prefectureTougboLocation in Ivory CoastCoordinates: 9°46′N 4°8′W / 9.767°N 4.133°W / 9.767; -4.133Country Ivory CoastDistrictZanzanRegionBounkaniDepartmentTéhiniPopulation (2014) • Total14,693Time zoneUTC+0 (GMT) Tougbo is a town in northeastern Ivory Coast. It is a sub-prefecture of Téhini Department in Bounkani Region, Zanzan District. Tougbo was a commune until March 2012, when it became one of 1126 communes nationwide that were abolished. In 2014, the population of the sub-prefecture of Tougbo was 14,693. The settlement is home to a large refugee population displaced by the Jihadist insurgency in Burkina Faso. Villages The thirty four villages of the sub-prefecture of Tougbo and their population in 2014 are: Batédi-Nord (168) Bavé (771) Bembéla (50) Bidolotédouo (359) Binintira (216) Bolé (1 430) Didassokoura (222) Djounoudouo (388) Farako 1 (75) Farako 2 (204) Gandé (110) Gangoyou (365) Gnagbata (260) Gningnora (240) Kalan (420) Kalana-Bawé (623) Karamokodjan (95) Koffidouo (215) Kouloumitan (415) Lénagnora (588) Lorogbo (163) Midana (179) Moro-Moro (1 185) Moussokantou (246) Ollodouo (306) Ouango-Fitini (108) Ouango-Koroho (606) Saota-Sokoro (440) Sessegbo (45) Tchohounin (116) Tobinko (89) Tougbo (2 804) Toungbawiri (580) Touta (612) Notes ^ "Côte d'Ivoire". geohive.com. Retrieved 14 December 2015. ^ "Le gouvernement ivoirien supprime 1126 communes, et maintient 197 pour renforcer sa politique de décentralisation en cours", news.abidjan.net, 7 March 2012. ^ a b "RGPH 2014, Répertoire des localités, Région Bounkani" (PDF). ins.ci. Retrieved 5 August 2019. ^ AfricaNews (January 27, 2022). "A new start in Ivory Coast for Burkinabe refugees fleeing jihadists". Africanews. Retrieved 2022-02-02. vte Departments and sub-prefectures of Bounkani Region, Zanzan DistrictRegional seat: BounaBouna Department Bouko Bouna* Ondéfidouo Youndouo Doropo Department Danoa Doropo* Kalamon Niamoué Nassian Department Bogofa Kakpin Koutouba Nassian* Sominassé Téhini Department Gogo Téhini* Tougbo * also a commune This Zanzan District location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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It is a sub-prefecture of Téhini Department in Bounkani Region, Zanzan District.Tougbo was a commune until March 2012, when it became one of 1126 communes nationwide that were abolished.[2]In 2014, the population of the sub-prefecture of Tougbo was 14,693.[3]The settlement is home to a large refugee population displaced by the Jihadist insurgency in Burkina Faso.[4]","title":"Tougbo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bounkani-3"}],"text":"The thirty four villages of the sub-prefecture of Tougbo and their population in 2014 are:[3]Batédi-Nord (168)\nBavé (771)\nBembéla (50)\nBidolotédouo (359)\nBinintira (216)\nBolé (1 430)\nDidassokoura (222)\nDjounoudouo (388)\nFarako 1 (75)\nFarako 2 (204)\nGandé (110)\nGangoyou (365)\nGnagbata (260)\nGningnora (240)\nKalan (420)\nKalana-Bawé (623)\nKaramokodjan (95)\nKoffidouo (215)\nKouloumitan (415)\nLénagnora (588)\nLorogbo (163)\nMidana (179)\nMoro-Moro (1 185)\nMoussokantou (246)\nOllodouo (306)\nOuango-Fitini (108)\nOuango-Koroho (606)\nSaota-Sokoro (440)\nSessegbo (45)\nTchohounin (116)\nTobinko (89)\nTougbo (2 804)\nToungbawiri (580)\nTouta (612)","title":"Villages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-geohive_1-0"},{"link_name":"\"Côte d'Ivoire\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.geohive.com/cntry/coteivoire_ext.aspx"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Le gouvernement ivoirien supprime 1126 communes, et maintient 197 pour renforcer sa politique de décentralisation en cours\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//news.abidjan.net/h/428492.html"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Bounkani_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Bounkani_3-1"},{"link_name":"\"RGPH 2014, Répertoire des localités, Région Bounkani\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ins.ci/n/documents/rgph/BOUNKANI.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"A new start in Ivory Coast for Burkinabe refugees fleeing jihadists\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.africanews.com/2022/01/27/a-new-start-in-ivory-coast-for-burkinabe-refugees-fleeing-jihadists/"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Bounkani_Region_subdivisions"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Bounkani_Region_subdivisions"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bounkani_Region_subdivisions"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory_Coast"},{"link_name":"Bounkani Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bounkani"},{"link_name":"Zanzan District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanzan_District"},{"link_name":"Bouna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouna,_Ivory_Coast"},{"link_name":"Bouna Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouna_Department"},{"link_name":"Bouko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouko"},{"link_name":"Bouna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouna,_Ivory_Coast"},{"link_name":"Ondéfidouo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ond%C3%A9fidouo"},{"link_name":"Youndouo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youndouo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bounkani_region_locator_map_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.jpg"},{"link_name":"Doropo Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doropo_Department"},{"link_name":"Danoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danoa"},{"link_name":"Doropo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doropo"},{"link_name":"Kalamon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalamon,_Ivory_Coast"},{"link_name":"Niamoué","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niamou%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Nassian Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nassian_Department"},{"link_name":"Bogofa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogofa"},{"link_name":"Kakpin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakpin"},{"link_name":"Koutouba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koutouba"},{"link_name":"Nassian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nassian"},{"link_name":"Sominassé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sominass%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Téhini Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9hini_Department"},{"link_name":"Gogo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gogo,_Ivory_Coast"},{"link_name":"Téhini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9hini"},{"link_name":"Tougbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag-map_of_Cote_d%27Ivoire.svg"},{"link_name":"Zanzan District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanzan_District"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tougbo&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Zanzan-geo-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Zanzan-geo-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Zanzan-geo-stub"}],"text":"^ \"Côte d'Ivoire\". geohive.com. Retrieved 14 December 2015.\n\n^ \"Le gouvernement ivoirien supprime 1126 communes, et maintient 197 pour renforcer sa politique de décentralisation en cours\", news.abidjan.net, 7 March 2012.\n\n^ a b \"RGPH 2014, Répertoire des localités, Région Bounkani\" (PDF). ins.ci. Retrieved 5 August 2019.\n\n^ AfricaNews (January 27, 2022). \"A new start in Ivory Coast for Burkinabe refugees fleeing jihadists\". Africanews. Retrieved 2022-02-02.vte Departments and sub-prefectures of Bounkani Region, Zanzan DistrictRegional seat: BounaBouna Department\nBouko\nBouna*\nOndéfidouo\nYoundouo\nDoropo Department\nDanoa\nDoropo*\nKalamon\nNiamoué\nNassian Department\nBogofa\nKakpin\nKoutouba\nNassian*\nSominassé\nTéhini Department\nGogo\nTéhini*\nTougbo\n* also a communeThis Zanzan District location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Notes"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food-waste_disposer
Garbage disposal unit
["1 History","2 Adoption and bans","3 Rationale","4 Operation","5 Environmental impact","6 References"]
Device that shreds food waste for disposal via plumbing "Garbage disposal" redirects here. For the mass-scale disposal of waste, see waste management. This article's lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. (July 2022) A garbage disposal unit installed under a kitchen sink A garbage disposal unit (also known as a waste disposal unit, food waste disposer (FWD), in-sink macerator, garbage disposer, or garburator) is a device, usually electrically powered, installed under a kitchen sink between the sink's drain and the trap. The device shreds food waste into pieces small enough—generally less than 2 mm (0.079 in) in diameter—to pass through plumbing. History The garbage disposal unit was invented in 1927 by John W. Hammes, an architect working in Racine, Wisconsin. He applied for a patent in 1933 that was issued in 1935. His InSinkErator company put his disposer on the market in 1940. Hammes' claim is disputed, as General Electric introduced a garbage disposal unit in 1935, known as the Disposall. In many cities in the United States in the 1930s and the 1940s, the municipal sewage system had regulations prohibiting placing food waste (garbage) into the system. InSinkErator spent considerable effort, and was highly successful in convincing many localities to rescind these prohibitions. Many localities in the United States prohibited the use of disposers. For many years, garbage disposers were illegal in New York City because of a perceived threat of damage to the city's sewer system. After a 21-month study with the NYC Department of Environmental Protection, the ban was rescinded in 1997 by local law 1997/071, which amended section 24-518.1, NYC Administrative Code. In 2008, the city of Raleigh, North Carolina attempted a ban on the replacement and installation of garbage disposers, which also extended to outlying towns sharing the city's municipal sewage system, but rescinded the ban one month later. Adoption and bans In the United States, 50% of homes had disposal units as of 2009, compared with only 6% in the United Kingdom and 3% in Canada. In Sweden, some municipalities encourage the installation of disposers in order to increase the production of biogas. In Britain, Worcestershire County Council and Herefordshire Council started to subsidize the purchase of garbage disposal units in 2005, in order to reduce the amount of waste going to landfill and the carbon footprint of garbage runs. However, the use of macerators was banned in Scotland in 2016 in non-rural areas where food waste collection is available, and banned in Northern Ireland in 2017. They are expected to be banned for businesses in England and Wales in 2023. The intention is to reduce water use. Many other countries in Europe have banned or intend to ban macerators. The intention is to realise the resource value of food waste, and reduce sewer blockages. Rationale Food scraps range from 10% to 20% of household waste, and are a problematic component of municipal waste, creating public health, sanitation and environmental problems at each step, beginning with internal storage and followed by truck-based collection. Burned in waste-to-energy facilities, the high water-content of food scraps means that their heating and burning consumes more energy than it generates; buried in landfills, food scraps decompose and generate methane gas, a greenhouse gas that contributes to climate change. The premise behind the proper use of a disposer is to effectively regard food scraps as liquid (averaging 70% water, like human waste), and use existing infrastructure (underground sewers and wastewater treatment plants) for its management. Modern wastewater plants are effective at processing organic solids into fertilizer products (known as biosolids), with advanced facilities also capturing methane (biogas) for energy production. Operation The parts of a garbage disposal Top view of sink, with splash guard visible A modern disposal unit A high-torque, insulated electric motor, usually rated at 250–750 W (1⁄3–1 hp) for a domestic unit, spins a circular turntable mounted horizontally above it. Induction motors rotate at 1,400–2,800 rpm and have a range of starting torques, depending on the method of starting used. The added weight and size of induction motors may be of concern, depending on the available installation space and construction of the sink bowl. Universal motors, also known as series-wound motors, rotate at higher speeds, have high starting torque, and are usually lighter, but are noisier than induction motors, partially due to the higher speeds and partially because the commutator brushes rub on the slotted commutator. Inside the grinding chamber there is a rotating metal turntable onto which the food waste drops. Two swiveling and two fixed metal impellers mounted on top of the plate near the edge then fling the food waste against the grind ring repeatedly. Sharp cutting edges in the grind ring break down the waste until it is small enough to pass through openings in the ring. Sometimes the waste goes through a third stage where an undercutter disc further chops it, whereupon it is flushed down the drain. Usually, there is a partial rubber closure, known as a splashguard, on the top of the disposal unit to prevent food waste from flying back up out of the grinding chamber. It may also be used to attenuate noise from the grinding chamber for quieter operation. There are two main types of garbage disposers—continuous feed and batch feed. Continuous feed models are used by feeding in waste after being started and are more common. Batch feed units are used by placing waste inside the unit before being started. These types of units are started by placing a specially designed cover over the opening. Some covers manipulate a mechanical switch while others allow magnets in the cover to align with magnets in the unit. Small slits in the cover allow water to flow through. Batch feed models are considered safer, since the top of the disposal is covered during operation, preventing foreign objects from falling in. Waste disposal units may jam, but can usually be cleared either by forcing the turntable round from above or by turning the motor using a hex-key wrench inserted into the motor shaft from below. Especially hard objects accidentally or deliberately introduced, such as metal cutlery, can damage the waste disposal unit and become damaged themselves, although recent advances, such as swivel impellers, have been made to minimize such damage. Some higher-end units have an automatic reversing jam clearing feature. By using a slightly more complicated centrifugal starting switch, the split-phase motor rotates in the opposite direction from the previous run each time it is started. This can clear minor jams, but is claimed to be unnecessary by some manufacturers: Since the early sixties, many disposal units have utilized swivel impellers which make reversing unnecessary. Some other kinds of garbage disposal units are powered by water pressure, rather than electricity. Instead of the turntable and grind ring described above, this alternative design has a water-powered unit with an oscillating piston with blades attached to chop the waste into fine pieces. Because of this cutting action, they can handle fibrous waste. Water-powered units take longer than electric ones for a given amount of waste and need fairly high water pressure to function properly. Environmental impact Kitchen waste disposal units increase the load of organic matter that reaches the water treatment plant, which in turn increases the consumption of oxygen. Metcalf and Eddy quantified this impact as 0.04 pounds (18 g) of biochemical oxygen demand per person per day where disposers are used. An Australian study that compared in-sink food processing to composting alternatives via a life-cycle assessment found that while the in-sink disposer performed well with respect to climate change, acidification, and energy usage, it did contribute to eutrophication and toxicity potentials. This may result in higher costs for energy needed to supply oxygen in secondary operations. However, if the waste water treatment is finely controlled, the organic carbon in the food may help to keep the bacterial decomposition running, as carbon may be deficient in that process. This increased carbon serves as an inexpensive and continuous source of carbon necessary for biologic nutrient removal. One result is larger amounts of solid residue from the waste-water treatment process. According to a study at the East Bay Municipal Utility District's wastewater treatment plant funded by the EPA, food waste produces three times the biogas as compared to municipal sewage sludge. The value of the biogas produced from anaerobic digestion of food waste appears to exceed the cost of processing the food waste and disposing of the residual biosolids (based on a LAX Airport proposal to divert 8,000 tons/year of bulk food waste). In a study at the Hyperion sewage treatment plant in Los Angeles, disposer use showed minimal to no impact on the total biosolids byproduct from sewage treatment and similarly minimal impact on handling processes as the high volatile solids destruction (VSD) from food waste yield a minimum amount of solids in residue. Power usage is typically 500–1,500 W, comparable to an electric iron, but only for a very short time, totaling approximately 3–4 kWh of electricity per household per year. Daily water usage varies, but is typically 1 US gallon (3.8 L) of water per person per day, comparable to an additional toilet flush. One survey of these food processing units found a slight increase in household water use. References ^ Denise DiFulco (August 23, 2007). "Grist for the Daily Grind". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2009-10-22. ^ US 2012680, Hammes, John W., "Garbage disposal device", published 22 May 1933, issued 27 August 1935  ^ "General Electric History 1935–1945". Archived from the original on 11 January 2016. Retrieved 23 May 2013. ^ "Kitchen Grinder for Waste Displaces Garbage Pail", Popular Mechanics, 64 (4), Hearst Magazines: 542, October 1935; see hand written note at top of page of archive edition ^ Specter, Michael (22 June 1992). "Only in New York: Garbage Disposers, Banned, Stir Debate". New York Times. Most major cities banned garbage disposers after World War II, driven by worries that ground food would clog sewer pipes beneath their booming neighborhoods. ... But a series of studies from universities and the not completely disinterested plumbing industry showed that the additional waste from ground food scraps would rarely harm a city sewage system. ^ Oliver, Myrna (1999-06-24). "Robert Cox; Popularized Use of Garbage Disposers". Los Angeles Times. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved 2018-07-23. ^ "Insinkerator on its heritage". Insinkerator.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-13. Retrieved 2011-04-23. ^ "The Impact of Food Waste Disposers in Combined Sewer Areas of New York City" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-05-24. Retrieved 2011-04-23. ^ "Local Law 71 of 1997". nyccouncil.info. Archived from the original on 15 November 2004. ^ "City of Raleigh | Council Approves Ban On New And Replacement Garbage Disposals". Raleigh-nc.org. 2011-04-18. Archived from the original on 2008-12-10. Retrieved 2011-04-23. ^ "Disposals to Grind on in Raleigh". WRAL.com. Capitol Broadcasting Company. April 15, 2008. Archived from the original on 2011-06-14. ^ American Housing Survey (U.S. Census Bureau, 2009) ^ Leo Hickman (2006-08-21). "Leo Hickman: Is it OK ... to use a food waste disposer | Money | The Guardian". London: Money.guardian.co.uk. Retrieved 2011-04-23. ^ "Water Canada – Everything but the Kitchen Sink". Water Canada. Archived from the original on 2 March 2016. ^ Anna Gustafsson (2008-09-01). "Slopad avgift för avfallskvarn | Stockholm | SvD". Svenska Dagbladet (in Swedish). Svd.se. Retrieved 2011-04-23. ^ Brat, Ilan (2008-02-27). "Going Global By Going Green". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 2017-03-03. ^ "Waste (Scotland) Regulations". www.northlanarkshire.gov.uk. North Lanarkshire Council. Retrieved 7 June 2023. ^ Jones, Cam (17 April 2023). "Mandatory separate food waste segregation for all businesses in 2023". Freeths. Retrieved 7 June 2023. ^ "5. Source Segregation and Separate Collection". www.gov.scot. Retrieved 7 June 2023. ^ "Municipal Solid Waste in the United States: 2009 Facts and Figures" (PDF). United States Environmental Protection Agency. December 2010. Retrieved 2011-05-26. ^ "Greenhouse Gases and the Role of Composting: A Primer for Compost Producers" (PDF). US Composting Council. 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-02-23. Retrieved 2019-02-23. ^ Zito, Kelly (2009-07-24). "Food waste helps power wastewater plant". Articles.sfgate.com. Retrieved 2011-04-23. ^ "Sumter Water & Wastewater Plants and Maintenance". Sumtersc.gov. Archived from the original on June 8, 2009. Retrieved 2011-04-23. ^ Home Depot's web site Archived November 9, 2016, at the Wayback Machine lists 1⁄3, 1⁄2, 5⁄8, 3⁄4, and 1 hp models. ^ Kirby Palm. "Garbage Disposal power on". Nettally.com. Retrieved 2011-04-23. ^ "Noise from universal motors vs. induction motors at howstuffworks.com". Home.howstuffworks.com. 2000-04-01. Retrieved 2011-04-23. ^ Solos, Heather (2 June 2010). "How to Fix a Stuck or Locked Up Garbage Disposal". Home Ec 101. Retrieved 7 May 2015. ^ "Magnet and induction motors in Commodore Disposers". Joneca.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-13. Retrieved 2011-04-23. ^ Paul, Donna (1999-12-16). "New Garbage Disposal Runs on Water Power". New York Times. Retrieved 2011-04-23. ^ "Trash-Talking The Garbage Disposal: Examination Of A Not So Green US Export". TreeHugger. Archived from the original on 2011-09-12. Retrieved 2011-04-23. ^ Tchobanoglous, G., F. Burton. 1991 Wastewater Engineering – Treatment, Disposal, and Reuse. 3rd. Edition, Metcalf & Eddy. ^ Lundie, S.; Peters, G. (2005). "Life Cycle Assessment of Food Waste Management Options". Journal of Cleaner Production. 13 (3): 275–286. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2004.02.020. ^ Rosenwinkel, K.-H. and D. Wendler. Institute for Water Quality and Waste Management, University of Hanover (ISAH). "Influences of Food Waste Disposers on Sewerage System, Wastewater Treatment and Sludge Digestion". ^ "P2RIC – This Domain for Sale" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2011-09-28. Retrieved 2010-10-22. ^ a b Hernanadez, Gerald L., Kenneth R. Redd, Wendy A. Wert, An Min Liu, and Tim Haug. "Hyperion Advanced Digestion Pilot Program". ^ Karlberg, Tina and Erik Norin. VA-Forsk Report, 1999-9. "Food Waste Disposers – Effects on Wastewater Treatment Plants. A Study from the Town of Surahammar". ^ New York City Department of Environmental Protection. June 1997. "The Impact of Food Waste Disposers in Combined Sewer Areas of New York City". ^ Hickman, Leo (August 8, 2006). "Is it OK ... to use a food waste disposer". The Guardian. London. Retrieved May 3, 2010. ^ Karlberg, Tina and Erick Norin. VA-Forsk Report, 1999-9. "Food Waste Disposers – Effects on Wastewater Treatment Plants. A Study from the Town of Surahammar". vteHome appliancesTypes Air conditioner Air fryer Air ioniser Air purifier Barbecue grill Blender Immersion blender Bread machine Bug zapper Coffee percolator Clothes dryer combo Clothes iron Coffeemaker Dehumidifier Dishwasher drying cabinet Domestic robot comparison Deep fryer Electric blanket Electric drill Electric kettle Electric knife Electric water boiler Electric heater Electric shaver Electric toothbrush Epilator Espresso machine Evaporative cooler Food processor Fan attic bladeless ceiling Fan heater window Freezer Garbage disposer Hair dryer Hair iron Humidifier Icemaker Ice cream maker Induction cooker Instant hot water dispenser Juicer Kitchen hood Kitchen stove Laundry-folding machine Lawn mower Riding mower Robotic lawn mower Leaf blower Lighter Mixer Oven Convection oven Microwave oven Pie iron Pressure cooker Refrigerator Crisper drawer smart Rice cooker Sewing machine Slow cooker Television set Toaster Vacuum cleaner central manual robotic Waffle iron Water dispenser Washing machine See also Appliance plug Appliance recycling vtePlumbingFundamentalconcepts Air gap (plumbing) Backflow Compatibility (chemical) Corrosion Drain (plumbing) Drinking water Fuel gas Friction loss Grade (slope) Greywater Heat trap Hydrostatic loop Leak Neutral axis Onsite sewage facility Pressure Sanitary sewer Sewer gas Sewage Sewerage Siphon Storm sewer Stormwater Surface tension Tap water Thermal expansion Thermal insulation Thermosiphon Trap (plumbing) Venturi effect Wastewater Water hammer Water supply network Water table Well Technology Brazing British Standard Pipe (BSP) Cast iron pipe Chemical drain cleaners Compression fitting Copper tubing Crimp (joining) Drain-waste-vent system Ductile iron pipe Flare fitting Garden Hose Thread (GHT) Gasket Hydronics Leak detection National Pipe Thread (NPT) Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) O-ring Oakum Pipe (fluid conveyance) Pipe dope Pipe support Plastic pipework Push-to-pull compression fittings Putty Sealant Sewage pumping Soldering Solvent welding Swaging Thread seal tape Threaded pipe Tube bending Water heat recycling Components Atmospheric vacuum breaker Automatic bleeding valve Automatic faucet Backflow prevention device Ball valve Bleed screw Booster pump Butterfly valve Check valve Chemigation valve Chopper pump Circulator pump Cistern Closet flange Concentric reducer Condensate pump Coupling (piping) Diaphragm valve Dielectric union Double check valve Eccentric reducer Expansion tank Faucet aerator Float switch Float valve Floor drain Flow limiter Flushing trough Flushometer Gate valve Globe valve Grease trap Grinder pump Hose coupling Manifold Needle valve Nipple (plumbing) Pinch valve Piping and plumbing fitting Plug (sanitation) Pressure regulator Pressure vacuum breaker Pressure-balanced valve Pump Radiator (heating) Reduced pressure zone device Reducer Relief valve Riser clamp Rooftop water tower Safety valve Sewage pump Street elbow Submersible pump Tap (valve) Thermostatic mixing valve Trench drain Vacuum breaker Vacuum ejector Valve Water tank Zone valve Plumbing fixtures Accessible bathtub Bathtub Bidet Dehumidifier Dishwasher Drinking fountain Electric water boiler Evaporative cooler Flush toilet Garbage disposal unit Hot water storage tank Humidifier Icemaker Instant hot water dispenser Laundry tub Shower Sink Storage water heater Sump pump Tankless water heater Urinal Washing machine Washlet Water dispenser Water filter Water heater Water softener Specialized tools Basin wrench Blowtorch Borescope Core drill Drain cleaner Driving cap Flare-nut wrench Pipecutter Pipe wrench Plumber's snake Plumber wrench Plunger Strap wrench Tap and die Measurementand control Control valve Flow sensor Pressure sensor Water detector Water metering Professions,trades,and services Hydronic balancing Hydrostatic testing Leak detection Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing Pipe marking Pipefitter Pipelayer Plumber Industry organizations and standards International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials (IAPMO) NSF International Plumbing & Drainage Institute (PDI) Uniform Plumbing Code (UPC) World Plumbing Council (WPC) Health and safety Plumbing code Scalding Waterborne disease See also Fire sprinkler system Piping Template:HVAC Template:Public health Template:Sewerage Template:Toilets Template:Wastewater Authority control databases: National Israel United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"waste management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_management"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Waste_disposer.JPG"},{"link_name":"electrically powered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_device"},{"link_name":"kitchen sink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sink"},{"link_name":"drain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drain_(plumbing)"},{"link_name":"trap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trap_(plumbing)"},{"link_name":"food waste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_waste"},{"link_name":"plumbing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumbing"}],"text":"\"Garbage disposal\" redirects here. For the mass-scale disposal of waste, see waste management.A garbage disposal unit installed under a kitchen sinkA garbage disposal unit (also known as a waste disposal unit, food waste disposer (FWD), in-sink macerator, garbage disposer, or garburator) is a device, usually electrically powered, installed under a kitchen sink between the sink's drain and the trap. The device shreds food waste into pieces small enough—generally less than 2 mm (0.079 in) in diameter—to pass through plumbing.","title":"Garbage disposal unit"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"architect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architect"},{"link_name":"Racine, Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racine,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"InSinkErator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InSinkErator"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"food waste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_waste"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"sewer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanitary_sewer"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Raleigh, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raleigh,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"The garbage disposal unit was invented in 1927 by John W. Hammes, an architect working in Racine, Wisconsin.[1] He applied for a patent in 1933 that was issued in 1935.[2] His InSinkErator company put his disposer on the market in 1940.[citation needed]Hammes' claim is disputed, as General Electric introduced a garbage disposal unit in 1935,[3][4] known as the Disposall.In many cities in the United States in the 1930s and the 1940s, the municipal sewage system had regulations prohibiting placing food waste (garbage) into the system.[5] InSinkErator spent considerable effort, and was highly successful in convincing many localities to rescind these prohibitions.[6]Many localities in the United States prohibited the use of disposers.[7] For many years, garbage disposers were illegal in New York City because of a perceived threat of damage to the city's sewer system. After a 21-month study with the NYC Department of Environmental Protection,[8] the ban was rescinded in 1997 by local law 1997/071, which amended section 24-518.1, NYC Administrative Code.[9]In 2008, the city of Raleigh, North Carolina attempted a ban on the replacement and installation of garbage disposers, which also extended to outlying towns sharing the city's municipal sewage system, but rescinded the ban one month later.[10][11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"biogas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogas"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Worcestershire County Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcestershire_County_Council"},{"link_name":"Herefordshire Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herefordshire_Council"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-North_Lanarkshire_Council-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Freeths-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scot-19"}],"text":"In the United States, 50% of homes had disposal units as of 2009,[12] compared with only 6% in the United Kingdom[13] and 3% in Canada.[14]In Sweden, some municipalities encourage the installation of disposers in order to increase the production of biogas.[15]In Britain, Worcestershire County Council and Herefordshire Council started to subsidize the purchase of garbage disposal units in 2005, in order to reduce the amount of waste going to landfill and the carbon footprint of garbage runs.[16] However, the use of macerators was banned in Scotland in 2016[17] in non-rural areas where food waste collection is available, and banned in Northern Ireland in 2017. They are expected to be banned for businesses in England and Wales in 2023.[18] The intention is to reduce water use.Many other countries in Europe have banned or intend to ban macerators. The intention is to realise the resource value of food waste, and reduce sewer blockages.[19]","title":"Adoption and bans"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"waste-to-energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste-to-energy"},{"link_name":"energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy"},{"link_name":"landfills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landfill"},{"link_name":"methane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methane"},{"link_name":"greenhouse gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"biosolids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosolids"},{"link_name":"biogas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogas"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"Food scraps range from 10% to 20% of household waste,[20] and are a problematic component of municipal waste, creating public health, sanitation and environmental problems at each step, beginning with internal storage and followed by truck-based collection. Burned in waste-to-energy facilities, the high water-content of food scraps means that their heating and burning consumes more energy than it generates; buried in landfills, food scraps decompose and generate methane gas, a greenhouse gas that contributes to climate change.[21]The premise behind the proper use of a disposer is to effectively regard food scraps as liquid (averaging 70% water, like human waste), and use existing infrastructure (underground sewers and wastewater treatment plants) for its management. Modern wastewater plants are effective at processing organic solids into fertilizer products (known as biosolids), with advanced facilities also capturing methane (biogas) for energy production.[22][23]","title":"Rationale"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Garbage_disposal_innards.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:In-Sink-Erator.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:InSinkEratorEvolution.jpg"},{"link_name":"torque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torque"},{"link_name":"electric motor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motor"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"rpm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_per_minute"},{"link_name":"Universal motors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_motor"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"hex-key wrench","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hex_key"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"centrifugal starting switch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrifugal_switch"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The parts of a garbage disposalTop view of sink, with splash guard visibleA modern disposal unitA high-torque, insulated electric motor, usually rated at 250–750 W (1⁄3–1 hp)[24] for a domestic unit, spins a circular turntable mounted horizontally above it. Induction motors rotate at 1,400–2,800 rpm and have a range of starting torques, depending on the method of starting used. The added weight and size of induction motors may be of concern, depending on the available installation space and construction of the sink bowl. Universal motors, also known as series-wound motors, rotate at higher speeds, have high starting torque, and are usually lighter, but are noisier than induction motors, partially due to the higher speeds and partially because the commutator brushes rub on the slotted commutator.[25][26]Inside the grinding chamber there is a rotating metal turntable onto which the food waste drops. Two swiveling and two fixed metal impellers mounted on top of the plate near the edge then fling the food waste against the grind ring repeatedly. Sharp cutting edges in the grind ring break down the waste until it is small enough to pass through openings in the ring. Sometimes the waste goes through a third stage where an undercutter disc further chops it, whereupon it is flushed down the drain.Usually, there is a partial rubber closure, known as a splashguard, on the top of the disposal unit to prevent food waste from flying back up out of the grinding chamber. It may also be used to attenuate noise from the grinding chamber for quieter operation.There are two main types of garbage disposers—continuous feed and batch feed. Continuous feed models are used by feeding in waste after being started and are more common. Batch feed units are used by placing waste inside the unit before being started. These types of units are started by placing a specially designed cover over the opening. Some covers manipulate a mechanical switch while others allow magnets in the cover to align with magnets in the unit. Small slits in the cover allow water to flow through. Batch feed models are considered safer, since the top of the disposal is covered during operation, preventing foreign objects from falling in.Waste disposal units may jam, but can usually be cleared either by forcing the turntable round from above or by turning the motor using a hex-key wrench inserted into the motor shaft from below.[27] Especially hard objects accidentally or deliberately introduced, such as metal cutlery, can damage the waste disposal unit and become damaged themselves, although recent advances, such as swivel impellers, have been made to minimize such damage.[citation needed]Some higher-end units have an automatic reversing jam clearing feature. By using a slightly more complicated centrifugal starting switch, the split-phase motor rotates in the opposite direction from the previous run each time it is started. This can clear minor jams, but is claimed to be unnecessary by some manufacturers: Since the early sixties, many disposal units have utilized swivel impellers which make reversing unnecessary.[28]Some other kinds of garbage disposal units are powered by water pressure, rather than electricity. Instead of the turntable and grind ring described above, this alternative design has a water-powered unit with an oscillating piston with blades attached to chop the waste into fine pieces.[29] Because of this cutting action, they can handle fibrous waste. Water-powered units take longer than electric ones for a given amount of waste and need fairly high water pressure to function properly.[citation needed]","title":"Operation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"organic matter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_matter"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"life-cycle assessment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life-cycle_assessment"},{"link_name":"eutrophication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutrophication"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"East Bay Municipal Utility District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Bay_Municipal_Utility_District"},{"link_name":"biogas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogas"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hernanadez-35"},{"link_name":"Hyperion sewage treatment plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperion_sewage_treatment_plant"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hernanadez-35"},{"link_name":"iron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironing"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"toilet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toilet"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"text":"Kitchen waste disposal units increase the load of organic matter that reaches the water treatment plant, which in turn increases the consumption of oxygen.[30] Metcalf and Eddy quantified this impact as 0.04 pounds (18 g) of biochemical oxygen demand per person per day where disposers are used.[31] An Australian study that compared in-sink food processing to composting alternatives via a life-cycle assessment found that while the in-sink disposer performed well with respect to climate change, acidification, and energy usage, it did contribute to eutrophication and toxicity potentials.[32]This may result in higher costs for energy needed to supply oxygen in secondary operations. However, if the waste water treatment is finely controlled, the organic carbon in the food may help to keep the bacterial decomposition running, as carbon may be deficient in that process. This increased carbon serves as an inexpensive and continuous source of carbon necessary for biologic nutrient removal.[33]One result is larger amounts of solid residue from the waste-water treatment process. According to a study at the East Bay Municipal Utility District's wastewater treatment plant funded by the EPA, food waste produces three times the biogas as compared to municipal sewage sludge.[34] The value of the biogas produced from anaerobic digestion of food waste appears to exceed the cost of processing the food waste and disposing of the residual biosolids (based on a LAX Airport proposal to divert 8,000 tons/year of bulk food waste).[35]In a study at the Hyperion sewage treatment plant in Los Angeles, disposer use showed minimal to no impact on the total biosolids byproduct from sewage treatment and similarly minimal impact on handling processes as the high volatile solids destruction (VSD) from food waste yield a minimum amount of solids in residue.[35]Power usage is typically 500–1,500 W, comparable to an electric iron, but only for a very short time, totaling approximately 3–4 kWh of electricity per household per year.[36] Daily water usage varies, but is typically 1 US gallon (3.8 L) of water per person per day,[37] comparable to an additional toilet flush.[38] One survey of these food processing units found a slight increase in household water use.[39]","title":"Environmental impact"}]
[{"image_text":"A garbage disposal unit installed under a kitchen sink","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Waste_disposer.JPG/170px-Waste_disposer.JPG"},{"image_text":"The parts of a garbage disposal","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Garbage_disposal_innards.png/220px-Garbage_disposal_innards.png"},{"image_text":"Top view of sink, with splash guard visible","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/In-Sink-Erator.jpg/220px-In-Sink-Erator.jpg"},{"image_text":"A modern disposal unit","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/InSinkEratorEvolution.jpg/170px-InSinkEratorEvolution.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Denise DiFulco (August 23, 2007). \"Grist for the Daily Grind\". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2009-10-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/08/22/AR2007082200724.html","url_text":"\"Grist for the Daily Grind\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"}]},{"reference":"\"General Electric History 1935–1945\". Archived from the original on 11 January 2016. Retrieved 23 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160111160801/http://www.ge.com/about-us/history/1935-1945","url_text":"\"General Electric History 1935–1945\""},{"url":"http://www.ge.com/about-us/history/1935-1945","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Kitchen Grinder for Waste Displaces Garbage Pail\", Popular Mechanics, 64 (4), Hearst Magazines: 542, October 1935","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wN8DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA542","url_text":"\"Kitchen Grinder for Waste Displaces Garbage Pail\""}]},{"reference":"Specter, Michael (22 June 1992). \"Only in New York: Garbage Disposers, Banned, Stir Debate\". New York Times. Most major cities banned garbage disposers after World War II, driven by worries that ground food would clog sewer pipes beneath their booming neighborhoods. ... But a series of studies from universities and the not completely disinterested plumbing industry showed that the additional waste from ground food scraps would rarely harm a city sewage system.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1992/06/22/nyregion/only-in-new-york-garbage-disposers-banned-stir-debate.html","url_text":"\"Only in New York: Garbage Disposers, Banned, Stir Debate\""}]},{"reference":"Oliver, Myrna (1999-06-24). \"Robert Cox; Popularized Use of Garbage Disposers\". Los Angeles Times. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved 2018-07-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/1999/jun/24/news/mn-49693","url_text":"\"Robert Cox; Popularized Use of Garbage Disposers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0458-3035","url_text":"0458-3035"}]},{"reference":"\"Insinkerator on its heritage\". Insinkerator.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-13. Retrieved 2011-04-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110713041321/http://www.insinkerator.com/about/heritage.html","url_text":"\"Insinkerator on its heritage\""},{"url":"http://www.insinkerator.com/about/heritage.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Impact of Food Waste Disposers in Combined Sewer Areas of New York City\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-05-24. Retrieved 2011-04-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110524102556/http://www.nyc.gov/html/dep/pdf/grinders.pdf","url_text":"\"The Impact of Food Waste Disposers in Combined Sewer Areas of New York City\""},{"url":"http://www.nyc.gov/html/dep/pdf/grinders.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Local Law 71 of 1997\". nyccouncil.info. Archived from the original on 15 November 2004.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20041115064239/http://www.nyccouncil.info/pdf_files/bills/int1016.htm","url_text":"\"Local Law 71 of 1997\""},{"url":"http://www.nyccouncil.info/pdf_files/bills/int1016.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"City of Raleigh | Council Approves Ban On New And Replacement Garbage Disposals\". Raleigh-nc.org. 2011-04-18. Archived from the original on 2008-12-10. Retrieved 2011-04-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081210090122/http://www.raleigh-nc.org/portal/server.pt/gateway/PTARGS_0_2_306_210_0_43/http%3B/pt03/DIG_Web_Content/news/public/News-PubAff-Council_Approves_Ban_On_-20080305-17023939.html","url_text":"\"City of Raleigh | Council Approves Ban On New And Replacement Garbage Disposals\""},{"url":"http://www.raleigh-nc.org/portal/server.pt/gateway/PTARGS_0_2_306_210_0_43/http%3B/pt03/DIG_Web_Content/news/public/News-PubAff-Council_Approves_Ban_On_-20080305-17023939.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Disposals to Grind on in Raleigh\". WRAL.com. Capitol Broadcasting Company. April 15, 2008. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennie_Carter
Jennie Carter
["1 Early life","2 Nevada County and writing career","3 Views","3.1 Racism and colorism","3.2 Women's suffrage","3.3 Travels","3.4 Contemporary events","4 Death","5 Legacy","6 References"]
Jennie CarterBorncirca 1830DiedAugust 1881Pen nameAnna J. Trask, Semper FidelisOccupationjournalist, essayist American journalist and essayist Jennie Carter (c. 1830 – August 1881) was an American journalist and essayist who wrote for the California African-American newspaper The Elevator from her home in Nevada County, California during the Reconstruction Era. She used the pen names Anna J. Trask and Semper Fidelis. Her work covered diverse topics, including slavery, racism, women's suffrage, temperance, politics, and immigration, and was widely circulated in late 19th century black communities throughout the American West and nationwide. In the 21st century, with the republication of her essays, her work began to receive wider attention. Early life View of New Orleans 1840 Census records differ on whether Carter was born in New York City or New Orleans. She was born a free person of color either in 1830 or 1831 and is believed to have spent her early life in New Orleans and New York and her young adulthood in Kentucky and Wisconsin. Her mother died young, and she was raised by her grandmother. In her essays in The Elevator, she describes a middle-class childhood in which she loved to read and was "passionately fond of music," not assuming "a young lady's position in society until I was somewhat prepared by years." In one incident, she tells of hiding away in the attic and playing alone with her dolls at the age of fourteen when a potential suitor came to see her. Carter had a younger sister, who died of a spinal disease at age ten. Carter later wrote in The Elevator of how bad she had felt because she had hit her sister three weeks before she died, using the incident to advise her younger readers to refrain from anger. Carter helped fugitive slaves on the Underground Railroad "In my childhood an old man told me if I would observe three things I would enjoy good health. I will say they proved useful to me, and may to others who read your paper. First, keep the head cool and calm. Second, keep the feet dry and warm. Third, keep the heart free from anger," she wrote. Carter writes of several incidents in her childhood and young adulthood when she was confronted with the reality of slavery. As a child, she watched while a young friend was taken by slave masters away from his mother. While Carter was living with her baby near Hazel Green, Wisconsin in 1850, a young woman followed her from a speaking engagement in Missouri to arrive at her home with her own baby, fleeing from slavery. Carter hid the woman in her cellar, then drove her by buggy to a Quaker "safe house" a few miles away, and the woman was able to escape to freedom. In another incident, a man who escaped slavery came to her doorstep and Carter was able to help raise funds in the local community for him to continue his journey to freedom. Before writing for The Elevator, Carter worked as a teacher and a governess. Nevada County and writing career Nevada City, California 1866 Carter moved to Nevada County with her first husband, a preacher named Reverend Correll, around 1860, before the Civil War. Nevada County was an area in the Sierra Nevada mountains that held several small but growing communities of people who had moved there during the California Gold Rush, including Nevada City, Marysville, and Grass Valley. This county supported the Union during the Civil War and held about 150-300 African-Americans, who worked in a variety of professions and businesses. Some of them were active in the civil rights movement and had helped to organize the California Colored Convention of 1855. While married to the Reverend, Jennie served as Vice President of the Grass Valley Christian Commission. In 1866, she married her second husband, musician and Civil Rights activist Dennis Drummond Carter and began a life with him in a house filled with musical instruments. The Carters lived on Lost Hill, then on Green Street in Nevada City. Phillip A. Bell, Carter's editor at The Elevator In 1867, using the pseudonym Mrs. Trask, Carter wrote to Philip A. Bell, editor of the weekly San Francisco black newspaper The Elevator, offering to write short stories for children to be included in the paper. Bell liked the idea, publishing her letter and a short essay by Carter about her childhood dog in New Orleans in the following issue. Over the next seven years, Carter published over 70 pieces in The Elevator. Her writing expanding beyond stories for children to commentaries on California and national politics, racism, women's rights and suffrage, morality, education, temperance, and many other issues. Later, she began using the pseudonym Semper Fidelis. Since The Elevator had a circulation that extended throughout the American West, Carter achieved regional and in some cases national exposure for her work. She also published in the Philadelphia paper The Christian Recorder. Carter claimed to live in a community called Mud Hill, a town "a great deal prettier than its name would signify," but biographer Eric Gardner has said Mud Hill was a pseudonym. She also claimed to be sixty years old in her columns but was actually 20 years younger. She wrote in a light-hearted way about herself as a "garrulous" old lady and how she managed to "preserve summer in my heart all through my sixty years," by being "not in the least dignified," telling of living a healthy life and skipping rope and playing hide and go seek with the neighbor children. Her writing reveals her wit and an ability to tell important stories by anchoring them in the minutia of daily life. When Carter realized that her articles were expanding beyond advice to children to essays on current issues, she wrote: "Well, Mr. Editor, I see have made a mistake. I commenced writing for the children, and have wound up writing for everybody. May it be excused, with the thousand of others I have made through life." Views Racism and colorism Carter was quick to attack racism as well as colorism in her columns. "Children, you hear a great deal said about color by those around you, see attention given white persons by your friends that is wholly unmerited, while those of darker skin are treated with cool neglect. Such are wrong, and that you may avoid like mistakes I write this for you to read. Let your motto be, civility to all, servility to none. Those reminders of bondage we must get out of the way as soon as possible; and while we would treat all with respect, we should not talk about color, light and dark, black and white." Carter used incidents from her and her husband's life to illustrate how they handled the racism they faced. In one column, she writes of how her husband was confronted by whites near Harper's Ferry, West Virginia who told him no black person was allowed to travel after 4PM; in response Dennis Carter calmly offered to beat up 'anyone who laid hands on him.' In another essay she tells of being blocked by a group of white men as she and her husband were out for a walk in Nevada City. "I addressed them in this wise," she wrote: "'Gentlemen, Fenians, illustrious sons of the dominant race of Anglo-Saxons, bold advocates of a white man's Government, supporters of Andy Johnson—will you tell me if a herring and a half cost a penny and a half, how much will eleven pence buy?' And while they were figuring out that difficult problem we passed on." Women's suffrage Women's suffrage cartoon 1870 Though she insisted on the importance women played in shaping society, Carter was not a supporter of women's suffrage before black male suffrage, and was critical of white female suffragists who were upset that "inferior" black men had voting rights while they did not. "I think reformers should be careful to govern their prejudices, and if they cannot succeed in all their schemes, not try to pull down the freeman's guarantee erected by a nation's life struggle." "The arena of political life," she believed, "is not woman's proper sphere. She has a higher and more holy mission on this earth. She has an innate purity that shrinks from coarse brutality, obscene jests, horrid oaths, the accompaniments of our election days; and her presence will not restrain men at such times, and women, instead of being the gainer by the contract will be a loser in self respect surely." She and Phillip Bell, who supported women's suffrage, would argue back and forth on the topic in the Elevator. Travels Carson City, 1877 Carter travelled throughout Northern California and into Nevada, sending back her impressions of San Francisco, Carson City, Nevada City, and Marysville. Of San Francisco, she said it made her sad to think of how little sun the people saw there, and was dismayed at the divisions within the city's black community, so small as to be "a mite on a mountain". The five weeks she spent in Carson City, on the other hand, were "invigorating", and "the black people there were doing well, and had pleasant homes." Contemporary events Though she didn't believe in women becoming politicians, she did not hold back from voicing her opinions on the politics of the era, specifically divisions between pro-Slavery Democrats and pro-Union Republicans. Carter also spoke out about another divisive issue, Chinese immigration, siding firmly with the Chinese immigrants whom many Native born citizens, black and white, were trying to prevent from entering the United States. She called upon her readers to "remember those in bonds as being bound to us." Of the times she lived in, Carter said: A friend told me the world was shaking. I believe it is, not only the physical world, but the mental world. There never was a time when mind was so agitated as the present, not only in this continent, but the Old World is shaken. Witness the revolution in Spain. Human bondage soon will exist only in history, and religious intolerance be a dream of the past, and mind will constitute manhood, not physical types or color of skin. And happy are they who live in this agitation, and assist in its development! How strange that great lessons of truth must be forced upon the mind by error as the contrast, and a startling wrong perpetrated to ensure right, and a long lethargic sleep to produce a full awakening! Death Carter died in August 1881, at the age of 51. Her obituary stated "Sudden Death" of "Dropsy of the Heart.". Her husband Dennis Drummond Carter outlived her and was still living in Nevada City in 1893. Legacy Carter's writings began to receive wider critical and historical attention when they were published in Eric Gardner's 2007 book Jennie Carter: A Black Journalist of the Early West. A reviewer in American Literary Scholarship wrote that her work "remarkably complicates assumptions about blacks' access to the middle class in the late-19th-century West even as it adds to and confirms a rich tradition of post-Gold Rush West Coast journalism." Garder notes that his research into Carter helped uncover little-known black communities in the Sierra Nevadas, which had links to larger urban centers like Sacramento and San Francisco. Writing like Carter's that was published in black newspapers, along with similar work by Norris Wright Cuney, Frank Webb and George T Ruby, Gardner said, was an important part of the literary output of 19th century African Americans that was often overlooked. He also notes that because she worked primarily in short essays, she can be compared to Mark Twain and Bret Harte, both 19th century writers of the American West who also used the short essay form in their work. Gardner speculated that her choice of the pseudonym Semper Fidelis (Always Faithful), suggested that for Carter, "writing is a gesture of faith for the community, in the community, writing about topics that need to be discussed but that might not be discussed," a way to "push people to be involved and think about the issues." The Nevada County historical society has included Carter in their exhibit of late 19th century black pioneers of the Sierra Nevadas. Most of these African-American communities had disappeared by the 20th century, as people left small towns to find jobs in bigger cities. A reenactment video featuring several Jennie Carter essays was filmed at the Doris Foley Historical Library and the Pine Grove Cemetery in Nevada City, CA. References ^ a b c d e f Eric Gardner , Jennie Carter: A Black Journalist of the Early West Univ. Press of Mississippi, January 1, 2007, p. 7 ^ Gardner, Jennie Carter, p. 107 ^ Gardner, Jennie Carter, p. 117 ^ Gardner, Jennie Carter, p. IX ^ The Searls Historical Library (January 19, 2016). "Nevada County Historical Society highlights stories of African American pioneers". TheUnion.com. Retrieved February 13, 2017. ^ Grass Valley Daily Union | url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=MU18650314.2.4&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN--------1 | url=http://followingdeercreek.com/jennie-carters-nevada-county-setting-1860s/ ^ SCHEER, ROBERT (July 28, 1991). "GOLDEN OLDIE - Nevada City's citizens restored their mining town for themselves, and the tourists followed" – via LA Times. ^ Always Faithful An Introduction to the Work and Life of Jennie Carter ^ Eric Gardner, Unexpected Places: Relocating Nineteenth-Century African American Literature, Univ. Press of Mississippi, June 17, 2010, p. 114 ^ Eric Gardner, Unexpected Places: Relocating Nineteenth-Century African American Literature, Univ. Press of Mississippi, June 17, 2010 p. 119 ^ Gardner, Jennie Carter, p. 5 ^ Gardner, Jennie Carter, p. 4 ^ Gardner, Unexpected Places, p. 119 ^ Gardner, Jennie Carter, p. 26 ^ Gardner, Jennie Carter, p. 28 ^ Gardner, Jennie Carter, p. 27 ^ Gardner, Jennie Carter, p. XXV ^ Elmer R. Rusco, "Good Time Coming?": Black Nevadans in the Nineteenth Century, Greenwood Publishing Group, Incorporated, 1975 ^ Edlie L. Wong. Racial Reconstruction: Black Inclusion, Chinese Exclusion, and the Fictions of Citizenship, NYU Press, October 23, 2016, p. 252 ^ Gardner, Jennie Carter, p.52 ^ The Daily Transcript (Nevada City) Friday, August 12, 1881 | url=http://followingdeercreek.com/jennie-carters-nevada-county-setting-1860s/ ^ California Voter Registration, 1893, Ancestry.com ^ a b Marshall, Poe; Eric, Gardner (January 1, 2008). "Eric Gardner interview, 'Jennie Carter: A Black Journalist of the Early West'". New Books Network. University of Iowa. Archived from the original on July 24, 2010. Retrieved February 13, 2017. ^ Nicolas S. Witschi, A Companion to the Literature and Culture of the American West John Wiley & Sons, May 4, 2011 ^ Michael K. Johnson, Hoo-Doo Cowboys and Bronze Buckaroos: Conceptions of the African American West Univ. Press of Mississippi, January 23, 2014 ^ Shirley Ann Wilson Moore, Sweet Freedom's Plains: African Americans on the Overland Trails, 1841–1869 University of Oklahoma Press, October 20, 2016 ^ "Jennie Carter". Black Print Culture. April 9, 2008. Retrieved February 13, 2017. ^ "Unexpected Places: Relocating Nineteenth-Century African American Literature". ^ a b "African American Pioneers". Nevada County Historical Society. January 19, 2017. Archived from the original on February 14, 2017. Retrieved February 13, 2017. ^ url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=22m_p3zP4to | url=http://followingdeercreek.com/jennie-carters-thoughts-words-from-nevada-city-1867-1874-video/ Authority control databases International FAST VIAF WorldCat National Israel United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"journalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalist"},{"link_name":"essayist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essay"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"African-American newspaper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American_newspaper"},{"link_name":"The Elevator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Elevator_(newspaper)"},{"link_name":"Nevada County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevada_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Reconstruction Era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstruction_Era"},{"link_name":"pen names","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pen_name"},{"link_name":"slavery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"racism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"women's suffrage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"temperance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperance_movement_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"American West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_West"}],"text":"American journalist and essayistJennie Carter (c. 1830 – August 1881) was an American journalist and essayist who wrote for the California African-American newspaper The Elevator from her home in Nevada County, California during the Reconstruction Era. She used the pen names Anna J. Trask and Semper Fidelis. Her work covered diverse topics, including slavery, racism, women's suffrage, temperance, politics, and immigration, and was widely circulated in late 19th century black communities throughout the American West and nationwide. In the 21st century, with the republication of her essays, her work began to receive wider attention.","title":"Jennie Carter"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:View_of_New_Orleans_1840.jpg"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"free person of color","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_person_of_color"},{"link_name":"Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carter-1"},{"link_name":"spinal disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_disease"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fugitive_slave_1850.jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carter-1"},{"link_name":"slavery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Hazel Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazel_Green,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri"},{"link_name":"buggy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_and_buggy"},{"link_name":"Quaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quakers"},{"link_name":"safe house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safe_house"},{"link_name":"escape to freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground_Railroad"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"governess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governess"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"View of New Orleans 1840Census records differ on whether Carter was born in New York City or New Orleans. She was born a free person of color either in 1830 or 1831 and is believed to have spent her early life in New Orleans and New York and her young adulthood in Kentucky and Wisconsin. Her mother died young, and she was raised by her grandmother. In her essays in The Elevator, she describes a middle-class childhood in which she loved to read and was \"passionately fond of music,\" not assuming \"a young lady's position in society until I was somewhat prepared by years.\"[1] In one incident, she tells of hiding away in the attic and playing alone with her dolls at the age of fourteen when a potential suitor came to see her. Carter had a younger sister, who died of a spinal disease at age ten. Carter later wrote in The Elevator of how bad she had felt because she had hit her sister three weeks before she died, using the incident to advise her younger readers to refrain from anger.Carter helped fugitive slaves on the Underground Railroad\"In my childhood an old man told me if I would observe three things I would enjoy good health. I will say they proved useful to me, and may to others who read your paper. First, keep the head cool and calm. Second, keep the feet dry and warm. Third, keep the heart free from anger,\" she wrote.[1]Carter writes of several incidents in her childhood and young adulthood when she was confronted with the reality of slavery. As a child, she watched while a young friend was taken by slave masters away from his mother. While Carter was living with her baby near Hazel Green, Wisconsin in 1850, a young woman followed her from a speaking engagement in Missouri to arrive at her home with her own baby, fleeing from slavery. Carter hid the woman in her cellar, then drove her by buggy to a Quaker \"safe house\" a few miles away, and the woman was able to escape to freedom. In another incident, a man who escaped slavery came to her doorstep and Carter was able to help raise funds in the local community for him to continue his journey to freedom.[2]Before writing for The Elevator, Carter worked as a teacher and a governess.[3]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nevada_City,_CA_1866.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nevada City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevada_City,_California"},{"link_name":"Nevada County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevada_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Sierra Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_(U.S.)"},{"link_name":"California Gold Rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Gold_Rush"},{"link_name":"Nevada City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevada_City,_California"},{"link_name":"Marysville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marysville,_California"},{"link_name":"Grass Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grass_Valley,_California"},{"link_name":"Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Searls_Historical_Library_2016-5"},{"link_name":"civil rights movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1865%E2%80%931896)"},{"link_name":"California Colored Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colored_Conventions_Movement"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Nevada City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevada_City,_California"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carter-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Phillip_Alexander_Bell.jpg"},{"link_name":"Phillip A. Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Alexander_Bell"},{"link_name":"Philip A. Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillip_Alexander_Bell"},{"link_name":"racism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism"},{"link_name":"women's rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_rights"},{"link_name":"temperance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperance_movement_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"American West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_West"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"The Christian Recorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Christian_Recorder"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carter-1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carter-1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Nevada City, California 1866Carter moved to Nevada County with her first husband, a preacher named Reverend Correll, around 1860, before the Civil War.[4] Nevada County was an area in the Sierra Nevada mountains that held several small but growing communities of people who had moved there during the California Gold Rush, including Nevada City, Marysville, and Grass Valley. This county supported the Union during the Civil War and held about 150-300 African-Americans, who worked in a variety of professions and businesses.[5] Some of them were active in the civil rights movement and had helped to organize the California Colored Convention of 1855. While married to the Reverend, Jennie served as Vice President of the Grass Valley Christian Commission.[6] In 1866, she married her second husband, musician and Civil Rights activist Dennis Drummond Carter[7] and began a life with him in a house filled with musical instruments. The Carters lived on Lost Hill, then on Green Street in Nevada City.[1]Phillip A. Bell, Carter's editor at The ElevatorIn 1867, using the pseudonym Mrs. Trask, Carter wrote to Philip A. Bell, editor of the weekly San Francisco black newspaper The Elevator, offering to write short stories for children to be included in the paper. Bell liked the idea, publishing her letter and a short essay by Carter about her childhood dog in New Orleans in the following issue. Over the next seven years, Carter published over 70 pieces in The Elevator. Her writing expanding beyond stories for children to commentaries on California and national politics, racism, women's rights and suffrage, morality, education, temperance, and many other issues. Later, she began using the pseudonym Semper Fidelis.[8] Since The Elevator had a circulation that extended throughout the American West, Carter achieved regional and in some cases national exposure for her work. She also published in the Philadelphia paper The Christian Recorder.[1][9]Carter claimed to live in a community called Mud Hill, a town \"a great deal prettier than its name would signify,\" but biographer Eric Gardner has said Mud Hill was a pseudonym. She also claimed to be sixty years old in her columns but was actually 20 years younger. She wrote in a light-hearted way about herself as a \"garrulous\" old lady and how she managed to \"preserve summer in my heart all through my sixty years,\" by being \"not in the least dignified,\" telling of living a healthy life and skipping rope and playing hide and go seek with the neighbor children.[1] Her writing reveals her wit and an ability to tell important stories by anchoring them in the minutia of daily life.[10]When Carter realized that her articles were expanding beyond advice to children to essays on current issues, she wrote:\"Well, Mr. Editor, I see have made a mistake. I commenced writing for the children, and have wound up writing for everybody. May it be excused, with the thousand of others I have made through life.\"[11]","title":"Nevada County and writing career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Views"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"racism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism"},{"link_name":"colorism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorism"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Harper's Ferry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harper%27s_Ferry"},{"link_name":"West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Racism and colorism","text":"Carter was quick to attack racism as well as colorism in her columns. \"Children, you hear a great deal said about color by those around you, see attention given white persons by your friends that is wholly unmerited, while those of darker skin are treated with cool neglect. Such are wrong, and that you may avoid like mistakes I write this for you to read. Let your motto be, civility to all, servility to none. Those reminders of bondage we must get out of the way as soon as possible; and while we would treat all with respect, we should not talk about color, light and dark, black and white.\"[12]Carter used incidents from her and her husband's life to illustrate how they handled the racism they faced. In one column, she writes of how her husband was confronted by whites near Harper's Ferry, West Virginia who told him no black person was allowed to travel after 4PM; in response Dennis Carter calmly offered to beat up 'anyone who laid hands on him.'[13] In another essay she tells of being blocked by a group of white men as she and her husband were out for a walk in Nevada City. \"I addressed them in this wise,\" she wrote: \"'Gentlemen, Fenians, illustrious sons of the dominant race of Anglo-Saxons, bold advocates of a white man's Government, supporters of Andy Johnson—will you tell me if a herring and a half cost a penny and a half, how much will eleven pence buy?' And while they were figuring out that difficult problem we passed on.\"[14]","title":"Views"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Racist_women%27s_suffrage_cartoon_1870.jpg"},{"link_name":"Women's suffrage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage"},{"link_name":"women's suffrage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage"},{"link_name":"black male suffrage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_suffrage#United_States"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Women's suffrage","text":"Women's suffrage cartoon 1870Though she insisted on the importance women played in shaping society, Carter was not a supporter of women's suffrage before black male suffrage, and was critical of white female suffragists who were upset that \"inferior\" black men had voting rights while they did not. \"I think reformers should be careful to govern their prejudices, and if they cannot succeed in all their schemes, not try to pull down the freeman's guarantee erected by a nation's life struggle.\"[15]\n\"The arena of political life,\" she believed, \"is not woman's proper sphere. She has a higher and more holy mission on this earth. She has an innate purity that shrinks from coarse brutality, obscene jests, horrid oaths, the accompaniments of our election days; and her presence will not restrain men at such times, and women, instead of being the gainer by the contract will be a loser in self respect surely.\"[16] She and Phillip Bell, who supported women's suffrage, would argue back and forth on the topic in the Elevator.[17]","title":"Views"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carson_City,_1877.jpg"},{"link_name":"Carson City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carson_City"},{"link_name":"Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevada"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"Carson City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carson_City,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"Marysville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marysville,_California"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carter-1"}],"sub_title":"Travels","text":"Carson City, 1877Carter travelled throughout Northern California and into Nevada, sending back her impressions of San Francisco, Carson City, Nevada City, and Marysville. Of San Francisco, she said it made her sad to think of how little sun the people saw there, and was dismayed at the divisions within the city's black community, so small as to be \"a mite on a mountain\". The five weeks she spent in Carson City, on the other hand, were \"invigorating\", and \"the black people there were doing well, and had pleasant homes.\"[18][1]","title":"Views"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Democrats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Republicans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Chinese immigration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_immigration"},{"link_name":"prevent from entering the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"the revolution in Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Spanish_Republic"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Contemporary events","text":"Though she didn't believe in women becoming politicians, she did not hold back from voicing her opinions on the politics of the era, specifically divisions between pro-Slavery Democrats and pro-Union Republicans. Carter also spoke out about another divisive issue, Chinese immigration, siding firmly with the Chinese immigrants whom many Native born citizens, black and white, were trying to prevent from entering the United States. She called upon her readers to \"remember those in bonds as being bound to us.\"[19]Of the times she lived in, Carter said:A friend told me the world was shaking. I believe it is, not only the physical world, but the mental world. There never was a time when mind was so agitated as the present, not only in this continent, but the Old World is shaken. Witness the revolution in Spain. Human bondage soon will exist only in history, and religious intolerance be a dream of the past, and mind will constitute manhood, not physical types or color of skin. And happy are they who live in this agitation, and assist in its development! How strange that great lessons of truth must be forced upon the mind by error as the contrast, and a startling wrong perpetrated to ensure right, and a long lethargic sleep to produce a full awakening![20]","title":"Views"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"Carter died in August 1881, at the age of 51. Her obituary stated \"Sudden Death\" of \"Dropsy of the Heart.\".[21] Her husband Dennis Drummond Carter outlived her and was still living in Nevada City in 1893.[22]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Poe-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Black_Print_Culture_2008-27"},{"link_name":"Sierra Nevadas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Nevada"},{"link_name":"Sacramento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramento,_California"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"Norris Wright Cuney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norris_Wright_Cuney"},{"link_name":"George T Ruby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Ruby"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Mark Twain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Twain"},{"link_name":"Bret Harte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bret_Harte"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Poe-23"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nevada_County_Historical_Society_2017-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nevada_County_Historical_Society_2017-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"Carter's writings began to receive wider critical and historical attention when they were published in Eric Gardner's 2007 book Jennie Carter: A Black Journalist of the Early West.[23][24][25][26] A reviewer in American Literary Scholarship wrote that her work \"remarkably complicates assumptions about blacks' access to the middle class in the late-19th-century West even as it adds to and confirms a rich tradition of post-Gold Rush West Coast journalism.\"[27] Garder notes that his research into Carter helped uncover little-known black communities in the Sierra Nevadas, which had links to larger urban centers like Sacramento and San Francisco. Writing like Carter's that was published in black newspapers, along with similar work by Norris Wright Cuney, Frank Webb and George T Ruby, Gardner said, was an important part of the literary output of 19th century African Americans that was often overlooked.[28] He also notes that because she worked primarily in short essays, she can be compared to Mark Twain and Bret Harte, both 19th century writers of the American West who also used the short essay form in their work. Gardner speculated that her choice of the pseudonym Semper Fidelis (Always Faithful), suggested that for Carter, \"writing is a gesture of faith for the community, in the community, writing about topics that need to be discussed but that might not be discussed,\" a way to \"push people to be involved and think about the issues.\"[23]The Nevada County historical society has included Carter in their exhibit of late 19th century black pioneers of the Sierra Nevadas.[29] Most of these African-American communities had disappeared by the 20th century, as people left small towns to find jobs in bigger cities.[29]A reenactment video featuring several Jennie Carter essays was filmed at the Doris Foley Historical Library and the Pine Grove Cemetery in Nevada City, CA.[30]","title":"Legacy"}]
[{"image_text":"View of New Orleans 1840","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/View_of_New_Orleans_1840.jpg/220px-View_of_New_Orleans_1840.jpg"},{"image_text":"Carter helped fugitive slaves on the Underground Railroad","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Fugitive_slave_1850.jpg/220px-Fugitive_slave_1850.jpg"},{"image_text":"Nevada City, California 1866","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Nevada_City%2C_CA_1866.jpg/250px-Nevada_City%2C_CA_1866.jpg"},{"image_text":"Phillip A. Bell, Carter's editor at The Elevator","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Phillip_Alexander_Bell.jpg/180px-Phillip_Alexander_Bell.jpg"},{"image_text":"Women's suffrage cartoon 1870","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Racist_women%27s_suffrage_cartoon_1870.jpg/220px-Racist_women%27s_suffrage_cartoon_1870.jpg"},{"image_text":"Carson City, 1877","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Carson_City%2C_1877.jpg/220px-Carson_City%2C_1877.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"The Searls Historical Library (January 19, 2016). \"Nevada County Historical Society highlights stories of African American pioneers\". TheUnion.com. Retrieved February 13, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theunion.com/news/local-news/nevada-county-historical-society-highlights-stories-of-african-american-pioneers/","url_text":"\"Nevada County Historical Society highlights stories of African American pioneers\""}]},{"reference":"SCHEER, ROBERT (July 28, 1991). \"GOLDEN OLDIE - Nevada City's citizens restored their mining town for themselves, and the tourists followed\" – via LA Times.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/1991-07-28/travel/tr-0_1_nevada-city/2","url_text":"\"GOLDEN OLDIE - Nevada City's citizens restored their mining town for themselves, and the tourists followed\""}]},{"reference":"Marshall, Poe; Eric, Gardner (January 1, 2008). \"Eric Gardner interview, 'Jennie Carter: A Black Journalist of the Early West'\". New Books Network. University of Iowa. Archived from the original on July 24, 2010. Retrieved February 13, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100724172633/http://ir.uiowa.edu/history_nbih/7/","url_text":"\"Eric Gardner interview, 'Jennie Carter: A Black Journalist of the Early West'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Books_Network","url_text":"New Books Network"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Iowa","url_text":"University of Iowa"},{"url":"http://ir.uiowa.edu/history_nbih/7/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Jennie Carter\". Black Print Culture. April 9, 2008. Retrieved February 13, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.blackprintculture.com/jennie-carter.html","url_text":"\"Jennie Carter\""}]},{"reference":"\"Unexpected Places: Relocating Nineteenth-Century African American Literature\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236803722","url_text":"\"Unexpected Places: Relocating Nineteenth-Century African American Literature\""}]},{"reference":"\"African American Pioneers\". Nevada County Historical Society. January 19, 2017. Archived from the original on February 14, 2017. Retrieved February 13, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170214103315/https://www.nevadacountyhistory.org/black-history-of-nevada-county.html","url_text":"\"African American Pioneers\""},{"url":"http://nevadacountyhistory.org/black-history-of-nevada-county.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakkirar_II
Nakkīraṉãr
["1 See also","2 References","2.1 Bibliography"]
For the Tamil poet of the Sangam period, see Nakkirar I. Nakkīraṉãr, sometimes spelled Nakkirar or Nakkiranar, was a post-Sangam era Tamil poet. He is credited with the devotional poem to the Hindu god Murugan in the Pattuppāṭṭu anthology, titled Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai. In the historic Tamil tradition, he is believed to have also authored a second poem in the Sangam collection titled Neṭunalvāṭai, as well as a detailed commentary on Iraiyanar Akapporul (lit. Grammar of Stolen Love). However, according to the Tamil literature scholar Kamil Zvelebil, the Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai and the Neṭunalvāṭai were likely authored by two different Nakkirar, and Nakkīraṉãr and the older Nakkīrar were different individual. It is uncertain as to which century Nakkiranar lived, much like the chronology of the Sangam literature. Scholars variously place his works between 3rd and 8th century CE, with Zvelebil suggesting late classical. Nakkīraṉãr's poem Tirumurukarruppatai is the most ancient known bhakti genre poem of 312 akaval verses on Murugan (also known as Subrahmanya, Kumara, Skanda, Kartikeya in other parts of India). The Tirumurukarruppatai is held in "very high esteem" in the Murugan tradition as well as the Murugan's father Shiva tradition. It is of interest to history, architecture and religious studies because it describes different temples of Murugan in ancient Tamil Nadu, devotional practices, and the theological legends. The author paints in words the scenes of nature near these temples, towns, and the culture of ancient South Indian Hinduism. He is one of the prominent characters in the Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam. The Thiruvilaiyadal episodes of the confrontation of Sundareswarar (Shiva) with Nakkeerar are enacted as a part of the Meenakshi Amman Temple festival traditions of Madurai. Once upon a time Shenbagapandian, the king, wants to find the answer to a question posed by his wife (whether the fragrance of a woman's hair is natural or artificial), and announces a reward of 1,000 gold coins to anyone who can come up with the answer. Dharumi, a poor poet, desperately wants the reward, and starts to break down in the Meenakshi Amman Temple. Shiva, hearing him weeping, takes the form of a poet and gives Dharumi a poem containing the answer. Overjoyed, Dharumi takes the poem to Shenbagapandian's court and recites it; however, the court's head poet Nakkeerar claims that the poem's meaning is incorrect. On hearing this, Shiva argues with Nakkeerar about the poem's accuracy and burns him to ashes when he refuses to relent. Later, Shiva revives Nakkeerar and says that he only wanted to test his knowledge. Realising it was Shiva's will that Dharumi should get the reward, Nakkeerar requests Shenbagapandian to give it to Dharumi. The epic confrontation between Nakkeerar and Lord Shiva was also portrayed in 1965 classical devotional film titled Thiruvilaiyadal. See also Avvaiyar Tiruvalluva Maalai Commentaries in Tamil literary tradition References ^ a b c David Shulman (2016). Tamil: A Biography. Harvard University Press. pp. 28, 61–62. ISBN 978-0-674-05992-4. ^ A. Kiruṭṭin̲an̲ (2000). Tamil Culture: Religion, Culture, and Literature. Bharatiya Kala Prakashan. p. 58. ISBN 978-81-86050-52-1. ^ a b Kamil Zvelebil 1973, pp. 29, 63, 125–126. ^ Kamil Zvelebil 1973, pp. 119–126. ^ Nakkīra̱nār; David C. Buck (Translator); K. Paramasivam (Translator) (1997). The study of stolen love. Scholars Press. pp. xi–xv. ISBN 978-0-7885-0332-0. {{cite book}}: |author2= has generic name (help) ^ a b Kamil Zvelebil 1973, pp. 125–128. ^ "Nakkeerar's criticism". The Hindu. 25 December 2016. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 11 August 2022. Bibliography Edward Jewitt Robinson (2001). Tamil Wisdom: Traditions Concerning Hindu Sages and Selections from Their Writings. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. Chitty, Simon Casie (1859). The Tamil Plutarch, containing a summary account of the lives of poets and poetesses of Southern India and Ceylon. Jaffna: Ripley & Strong. Kamil Zvelebil (1973). The Smile of Murugan: On Tamil Literature of South India. BRILL. ISBN 90-04-03591-5. Zvelebil, Kamil (1992). Companion studies to the history of Tamil literature. BRILL. p. 73. ISBN 90-04-09365-6. vteTamil languageHistory Old Tamil Middle Tamil Modern Tamil Manipravalam Proto-Dravidian Proto-South Dravidian Tamil Sangams First Sangam Second Sangam Third Sangam DialectsIndian Bangalore Tamil dialects Central Tamil dialect Kongu Tamil Madras Bashai Madurai Tamil Nellai Tamil Sri Lankan Negombo Batticaloa Jaffna Sociolects Brahmin Tamil Arwi Malaysian Tamil Global organizations World Tamil Conference World Classical Tamil Conference 2010 LiteratureClassics Sangam literature Tamil books of Law Five Great Epics Ponniyin Selvan List of Sangam poets Commentaries in Tamil literary tradition Devotionalliterature Cīrappurānam Kampa Irāmāyaṉam Nālāyira Tivviya Pirapantam Tēmpāvaṉi Tirumurai Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai Thiruppugal Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam Vinayagar Agaval Tamil Ganaptya texts Poetry Kural Venpa Iraichchi Akam Puram Thinai Ullurai Ulā Grammars anddictionaries Agattiyam Nannūl Purapporul Venbamaalai Tolkāppiyam Caturakarāti Tamil Lexicon dictionary History Yāḻpāna Vaipava Mālai Mathematics andnatural science Yerambam Kaṇakkatikāram Tamil and other languages English Sinhala Indo-Aryan languages Dravidian languages Malay Korean Scripts Megalithic graffiti symbols Tamil-Brahmi Koleḻuttu Vatteluttu Pallava grantha Modern script Tamil Braille Arwi Lexis and grammar Tamil grammar Tamil honorifics Tamil numerals Phonology Tamil phonology Tamil onomatopoeia Tamil prosody Transliteration ISO Moḻi Events Standardisation of Tamil script Tanittamil Iyakkam Simplified Tamil script Printing in Tamil language Ancient manuscript digitalisation Formation of CICT Project Madurai
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Grammar of Stolen Love). However, according to the Tamil literature scholar Kamil Zvelebil, the Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai and the Neṭunalvāṭai were likely authored by two different Nakkirar, and Nakkīraṉãr and the older Nakkīrar were different individual.[1][3] It is uncertain as to which century Nakkiranar lived, much like the chronology of the Sangam literature. Scholars variously place his works between 3rd and 8th century CE, with Zvelebil suggesting late classical.[4][5]Nakkīraṉãr's poem Tirumurukarruppatai is the most ancient known bhakti genre poem of 312 akaval verses on Murugan (also known as Subrahmanya, Kumara, Skanda, Kartikeya in other parts of India). The Tirumurukarruppatai is held in \"very high esteem\" in the Murugan tradition as well as the Murugan's father Shiva tradition.[6] It is of interest to history, architecture and religious studies because it describes different temples of Murugan in ancient Tamil Nadu, devotional practices, and the theological legends. The author paints in words the scenes of nature near these temples, towns, and the culture of ancient South Indian Hinduism.[6]He is one of the prominent characters in the Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam. The Thiruvilaiyadal episodes of the confrontation of Sundareswarar (Shiva) with Nakkeerar are enacted as a part of the Meenakshi Amman Temple festival traditions of Madurai.[citation needed] Once upon a time Shenbagapandian, the king, wants to find the answer to a question posed by his wife (whether the fragrance of a woman's hair is natural or artificial), and announces a reward of 1,000 gold coins to anyone who can come up with the answer. Dharumi, a poor poet, desperately wants the reward, and starts to break down in the Meenakshi Amman Temple. Shiva, hearing him weeping, takes the form of a poet and gives Dharumi a poem containing the answer. Overjoyed, Dharumi takes the poem to Shenbagapandian's court and recites it; however, the court's head poet Nakkeerar claims that the poem's meaning is incorrect. On hearing this, Shiva argues with Nakkeerar about the poem's accuracy and burns him to ashes when he refuses to relent. Later, Shiva revives Nakkeerar and says that he only wanted to test his knowledge. Realising it was Shiva's will that Dharumi should get the reward, Nakkeerar requests Shenbagapandian to give it to Dharumi.[7] The epic confrontation between Nakkeerar and Lord Shiva was also portrayed in 1965 classical devotional film titled Thiruvilaiyadal.","title":"Nakkīraṉãr"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro-Wrestling_Star_Aztekaiser
Pro-Wres no Hoshi Aztecaser
["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]
Japanese TV series or program Pro-Wres no Hoshi AztecaserLDs packages showing the Aztecaser romanizationAlso known asPro-Wrestling Star AztekaiserGenreTokusatsu, Action, Martial Arts, Pro-WrestlingCreated byGo NagaiKen IshikawaDeveloped byBunzo WakatsukiDirected byKiyosumi FukazawaStarringMiki Shimamura Futoshi Kikuchi Tadayoshi Kura Akira Oizumi Rika Yazaki Takumi Usuda Shouhei Yamamoto Asao Matsumoto Antonio InokiVoices ofJoji YanamiNarrated byToshio FurukawaTheme music composerToshiaki TsushimaComposerToshiaki TsushimaCountry of originJapanOriginal languageJapaneseNo. of seasons1No. of episodes26ProductionProducerAkira KitsuRunning time22-26 minutesProduction companyTsuburaya ProductionsOriginal releaseNetworkNET (now TV Asahi)ReleaseOctober 7, 1976 (1976-10-07) –March 31, 1977 (1977-03-31) Pro-Wres no Hoshi Aztecaser (プロレスの星 アステカイザー, Puroresu no Hoshi Asutekaizā, officially romanized as Aztecaser and translated as Pro-Wrestling Star Aztecaser) also known as Pro-Wrestling Star Aztekaiser is a Japanese pro-wrestling-themed tokusatsu/anime superhero television series produced by Tsuburaya Productions, and created by Go Nagai and Ken Ishikawa. Nagai and Ishikawa created three manga series, simply named Aztecaser (アステカイザー, asutekaizā), published in different magazines by Shogakukan. None of them are related between them or the TV show. They were compiled in a single tankōbon in 1978 (Futabasha), 1986 (Asahi Sonorama) and 2001 (Futabasha). This primarily live-action series is unique, in that, during each climactic battle with the weekly demonic menace, the titular wrestling superhero is able to transform his entire live-action surroundings into anime footage, enabling him to perform superhuman wrestling techniques that are otherwise impossible to perform in live-action. See also List of professional wrestling television series References ^ a b "Battle Hawk & Aztecaser" (in Japanese). Japan: The World of Go Nagai. Retrieved 2008-10-26. ^ "AZTEKAISER" (in Italian). Japan: d/visual. Archived from the original on 2009-03-03. Retrieved 2008-10-26. External links (in Japanese)Pro-Wres no Hoshi Aztecaser at allcinema (in Italian)Aztekaiser (manga) at d/visual (in Japanese)Battle Hawk & Aztecaser (manga) at The World of Go Nagai webpage (Italian) Aztekaiser, il tokusatsu di Go Nagai e Ken Ishikawa at Go Nagai World. This article about a television show originating in Japan is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pro-Wres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling_in_Japan"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization"},{"link_name":"pro-wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro-wrestling"},{"link_name":"tokusatsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokusatsu"},{"link_name":"anime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime"},{"link_name":"superhero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superhero"},{"link_name":"television series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_series"},{"link_name":"Tsuburaya Productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsuburaya_Productions"},{"link_name":"Go Nagai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_Nagai"},{"link_name":"Ken Ishikawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Ishikawa_(manga_artist)"},{"link_name":"Shogakukan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shogakukan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Battle_Hawk_&_Aztecaser-1"},{"link_name":"tankōbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank%C5%8Dbon"},{"link_name":"Futabasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futabasha"},{"link_name":"Asahi Sonorama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asahi_Sonorama"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Battle_Hawk_&_Aztecaser-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Pro-Wres no Hoshi Aztecaser (プロレスの星 アステカイザー, Puroresu no Hoshi Asutekaizā, officially romanized as Aztecaser and translated as Pro-Wrestling Star Aztecaser) also known as Pro-Wrestling Star Aztekaiser is a Japanese pro-wrestling-themed tokusatsu/anime superhero television series produced by Tsuburaya Productions, and created by Go Nagai and Ken Ishikawa. Nagai and Ishikawa created three manga series, simply named Aztecaser (アステカイザー, asutekaizā), published in different magazines by Shogakukan.[1] None of them are related between them or the TV show. They were compiled in a single tankōbon in 1978 (Futabasha), 1986 (Asahi Sonorama) and 2001 (Futabasha).[1][2]This primarily live-action series is unique, in that, during each climactic battle with the weekly demonic menace, the titular wrestling superhero is able to transform his entire live-action surroundings into anime footage, enabling him to perform superhuman wrestling techniques that are otherwise impossible to perform in live-action.","title":"Pro-Wres no Hoshi Aztecaser"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of professional wrestling television series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_professional_wrestling_television_series"}]
[{"reference":"\"Battle Hawk & Aztecaser\" (in Japanese). Japan: The World of Go Nagai. Retrieved 2008-10-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mazingerz.com/SF/BATTLE.html","url_text":"\"Battle Hawk & Aztecaser\""}]},{"reference":"\"AZTEKAISER\" (in Italian). Japan: d/visual. Archived from the original on 2009-03-03. Retrieved 2008-10-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090303031206/http://www.d-world.jp/dv/gonagai.php?action%3Daztekaiser","url_text":"\"AZTEKAISER\""},{"url":"http://www.d-world.jp/dv/gonagai.php?action=aztekaiser","url_text":"the original"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.mazingerz.com/SF/BATTLE.html","external_links_name":"\"Battle Hawk & Aztecaser\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090303031206/http://www.d-world.jp/dv/gonagai.php?action%3Daztekaiser","external_links_name":"\"AZTEKAISER\""},{"Link":"http://www.d-world.jp/dv/gonagai.php?action=aztekaiser","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.allcinema.net/prog/show_c.php?num_c=85847","external_links_name":"Pro-Wres no Hoshi Aztecaser"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090303031206/http://www.d-world.jp/dv/gonagai.php?action%3Daztekaiser","external_links_name":"Aztekaiser (manga)"},{"Link":"http://www.mazingerz.com/SF/BATTLE.html","external_links_name":"Battle Hawk & Aztecaser (manga)"},{"Link":"http://www.gonagaiworld.com/azteckaiser-il-tokusatsu-di-nagai-e-ishikawa-che-diventa-anime/","external_links_name":"Aztekaiser, il tokusatsu di Go Nagai e Ken Ishikawa"},{"Link":"http://www.gonagaiworld.com/","external_links_name":"Go Nagai World"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pro-Wres_no_Hoshi_Aztecaser&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4_King%27s_Bench_Walk
King's Bench Walk, London
["1 History","2 Buildings in King's Bench Walk","3 Chambers in King's Bench Walk","4 In literature","5 References","6 External links"]
Coordinates: 51°30′48″N 0°06′33″W / 51.5132°N 0.1092°W / 51.5132; -0.1092 King's Bench Walk King's Bench Walk is a street in Temple, in the City of London. It is mainly made up of barristers' chambers. History King's Bench Walk is located in the Inner Temple, one of the four Inns of Court. The other three Inns of Court are Middle Temple, Lincoln's Inn and Gray's Inn. The area borrows its name from the Order of the Poor Knights of the Temple of Solomon, more commonly known as the Knights Templar which is a historical western Christian military order that was established in 1118 AD. In 1162 the Templars purchased the grounds now known as Temple to be used as their new, larger headquarters. One of the oldest structures still remaining is the Temple Church which was consecrated in 1185. The Temple Bar gateway which stands outside the Royal Courts of Justice and marks the point between Westminster and the City of London also takes its name from the historical Order. Following the downfall of the Knights Templar in 1307 and its dissolution by Pope Clement V in 1312, the grounds were given to the Knights Hospitaller, Order of St John. It was during the 14th century whilst the Temple was still in Hospitaller possession that two colleges of law were founded within its grounds. By 1388, two distinct societies had formed and they were known as Inner Temple and Middle Temple. Since then, the Temple has been associated with the legal profession and the Bar. Buildings in King's Bench Walk The Alienation Office King's Bench Walk takes its name from the Office of the King's Bench, which was first situated along the row in 1621. King's Bench Walk has held buildings since before 1548. These buildings were destroyed during the Great Fire of London in 1666. The buildings that replaced them were also destroyed in the subsequent London fire of 1677. Before the fires of 1666 and 1677, 4 King's Bench Walk, with what is now 5 and 6 King's Bench Walk was known as King's Bench Buildings. 4 King's Bench Walk is located opposite the Inner Temple Library. Like the other buildings on the row, it was rebuilt in 1678 following the London fire of 1677. The building bears an inscription that documents these events; "Conflagratam Ano 1677. Fabricatam Ano 1678. Richardo Powell Armiger Thesaurar" The inscription can be seen on four separate tiles divided by doric triglyphs placed above the arched doorway to number four which also mentions Richard Powell being treasurer of the Inner Temple when 4 King's Bench Walk was rebuilt in 1678. The archway is ascribed to Sir Christopher Wren, one of the most highly acclaimed English architects in history who is most recognised for designing St Paul's Cathedral on the top of Ludgate Hill. More of his architectural work can be seen on the eastern end of Fleet Street, namely St Brides Church which boasts the tallest steeple to be designed by Wren. 4 King's Bench Walk is one of the few fortunate buildings in the Inner Temple to have escaped destruction by enemy action during the second world war. In addition, the signature "Thos Dainand", dated "March 19, 1793", has been scratched into one of the window panes of the first-floor library. On 4 January 1950, 4 King's Bench Walk became a Grade I listed building. Numbers 12 and 13 King's Bench Walk are Grade II listed buildings. They were originally built in the early 19th century, in a plain Regency style faced with Bath stone, but were destroyed in the Blitz and rebuilt in replica after the war. Chambers in King's Bench Walk This section needs expansion with: information about the other chambers in the street. You can help by adding to it. (April 2019) 4 King's Bench Walk 4 King's Bench Walk has been home to various sets of barristers over the years. However there is now only one, 4 King's Bench Walk Chambers (known as 4KBW) headed by Gavin Holme. 4KBW is one of the last remaining true common law chambers, with barristers with expertise in every area of the law. In addition there is a firm of solicitors, Preiskel Solicitors, who specialise in media and telecommunications law, and a private residence on the top floor. Notable former residents of number four include Sir Harold George Nicolson KCVO CMG, diplomat, author, diarist and politician and Sir Ralph Norman Angell, lecturer, journalist, author, and Member of Parliament. 12 King's Bench Walk is home to the chambers of Paul Russell QC, commonly known as 12KBW. 12KBW was led in the early 20th Century by Montague Berryman QC. Gerald Gardiner, Baron Gardiner and Peter Rawlinson, Baron Rawlinson of Ewell previously practised from this set. 12KBW now occupies both number 12 and number 13 King's Bench Walk, and is a top-ranked set for personal injury, industrial disease, travel, and related areas of law. In literature King's Bench Walk is mentioned in numerous novels such as Charles Dickens' A Tale of Two Cities: "After a few dull efforts to get to sleep again, which the man dexterously combated by stirring the fire continuously for five minutes, he got up, tossed his hat on, and walked out. He turned into the Temple, and, having revived himself by twice pacing the pavements of King's Bench-walk and Paper-buildings, turned into the Stryver chambers."— Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities (1859) King's Bench Walk has specific mention in chapter one of the novel The Red Thumb Mark by R. Austin Freeman. The novel forms part of a series of detective stories featuring the medico-legal forensic investigator Dr. Thorndyke; "Conflagratam Ano 1677. Fabricatam Ano 1698. Richardo Powell Armiger Thesaurar." The words, set in four panels, which formed a frieze beneath the pediment of a fine brick portico, summarised the history of one of the tall houses at the upper end of King's Bench Walk and as I, somewhat absent mindedly, read over the inscription, my attention was divided between admiration of the exquisitely finished carved brickwork and the quiet dignity of the building, and an effort to reconstitute the dead and gone Richard Powell, and the stirring times in which he played his part."— Richard Austin Freeman, The Red Thumb Mark (1907), Chapter I In The Squire of Alsatia, Thomas Shadwell refers to King's Bench Walk in its previous form, as King's Bench Buildings: "I have been at your brother's house, and they say he is come to some lawyer's chamber in the King's Bench Buildings"— Thomas Shadwell, The Squire of Alsatia (1688) References ^ Inner Temple website – http://www.innertemple.org.uk ^ Middle Temple website – https://www.middletemple.org.uk Archived 24 March 2015 at the Wayback Machine ^ Lincoln's Inn website – http://www.lincolnsinn.org.uk ^ Gray's Inn website – https://www.graysinn.org.uk ^ Temple Church website – http://www.templechurch.com ^ Lost Worlds: Knights Templar, 10 July 2006, History Channel documentary ^ Temple Bar website – www.thetemplebar.info ^ Bar Council website – http://www.barcouncil.org.uk ^ Hugh H. L. Bellot, The Inner and Middle Temple (1902), page 58 ^ Inner Temple Library Website – http://www.innertemplelibrary.org.uk ^ Royal Academy of Arts Collections website – http://www.racollection.org.uk ^ St Paul's Cathedral website – https://www.stpauls.co.uk ^ St Bride's Church website – http://www.stbrides.com ^ English Heritage website, list entry – 1193173 ^ "Historic England: 12 and 13 King's Bench Walk". Historic England. Retrieved 8 April 2021. ^ "Inner Temple Library: the Inner Temple estate". Inner Temple. Retrieved 8 April 2021. ^ "About Us". 4KBW Chambers. Retrieved 16 June 2020. ^ Sidney Aster (Royal Historical Society (Great Britain)), Appeasement and All Souls: A Portrait with Documents, 1937–1939 (2004), page 2 ^ "About Us". 12 King's Bench Walk. Retrieved 8 April 2021. ^ "12 King's Bench Walk: Chambers and Partners 2021". Chambers and Partners. Retrieved 8 April 2021. ^ "12 King's Bench Walk: Legal 500 2021". Legal 500 2021. Retrieved 8 April 2021. External links Media related to King's Bench Walk, Inner Temple, London at Wikimedia Commons 51°30′48″N 0°06′33″W / 51.5132°N 0.1092°W / 51.5132; -0.1092
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King%27s_Bench_Walk,_Inner_Temple_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1650827.jpg"},{"link_name":"Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple,_London"},{"link_name":"City of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_London"},{"link_name":"barristers' chambers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barristers%27_chambers"}],"text":"King's Bench WalkKing's Bench Walk is a street in Temple, in the City of London. It is mainly made up of barristers' chambers.","title":"King's Bench Walk, London"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Inner Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_Temple"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Inns of Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inns_of_Court"},{"link_name":"Middle Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Temple"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Lincoln's Inn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln%27s_Inn"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Gray's Inn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray%27s_Inn"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Knights Templar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_Templar"},{"link_name":"Temple Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_Church"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Temple Bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_Bar,_London"},{"link_name":"Royal Courts of Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Courts_of_Justice"},{"link_name":"Westminster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"dissolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_(law)"},{"link_name":"Pope Clement V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Clement_V"},{"link_name":"the Bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_to_the_bar"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"King's Bench Walk is located in the Inner Temple,[1] one of the four Inns of Court. The other three Inns of Court are Middle Temple,[2] Lincoln's Inn[3] and Gray's Inn.[4] The area borrows its name from the Order of the Poor Knights of the Temple of Solomon, more commonly known as the Knights Templar which is a historical western Christian military order that was established in 1118 AD.In 1162 the Templars purchased the grounds now known as Temple to be used as their new, larger headquarters. One of the oldest structures still remaining is the Temple Church which was consecrated in 1185.[5][6] The Temple Bar gateway which stands outside the Royal Courts of Justice and marks the point between Westminster and the City of London also takes its name from the historical Order.[7]Following the downfall of the Knights Templar in 1307 and its dissolution by Pope Clement V in 1312, the grounds were given to the Knights Hospitaller, Order of St John. It was during the 14th century whilst the Temple was still in Hospitaller possession that two colleges of law were founded within its grounds. By 1388, two distinct societies had formed and they were known as Inner Temple and Middle Temple. Since then, the Temple has been associated with the legal profession and the Bar.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Alienation_Office_1577-206725003.jpg"},{"link_name":"Great Fire of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Fire_of_London"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"doric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doric_Order"},{"link_name":"triglyphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triglyphs"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Sir Christopher Wren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Christopher_Wren"},{"link_name":"St Paul's Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Ludgate Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludgate_Hill"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"St Brides Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St_Brides_Church&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"second world war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Grade I listed building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade_I_listed_building"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Grade II listed buildings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade_II_listed_buildings"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"The Alienation OfficeKing's Bench Walk takes its name from the Office of the King's Bench, which was first situated along the row in 1621. King's Bench Walk has held buildings since before 1548. These buildings were destroyed during the Great Fire of London in 1666. The buildings that replaced them were also destroyed in the subsequent London fire of 1677.[9]Before the fires of 1666 and 1677, 4 King's Bench Walk, with what is now 5 and 6 King's Bench Walk was known as King's Bench Buildings.[10] 4 King's Bench Walk is located opposite the Inner Temple Library. Like the other buildings on the row, it was rebuilt in 1678 following the London fire of 1677. The building bears an inscription that documents these events;\"Conflagratam Ano 1677. Fabricatam Ano 1678. Richardo Powell Armiger Thesaurar\"The inscription can be seen on four separate tiles divided by doric triglyphs placed above the arched doorway to number four which also mentions Richard Powell being treasurer of the Inner Temple when 4 King's Bench Walk was rebuilt in 1678.[11]The archway is ascribed to Sir Christopher Wren, one of the most highly acclaimed English architects in history who is most recognised for designing St Paul's Cathedral on the top of Ludgate Hill.[12] More of his architectural work can be seen on the eastern end of Fleet Street, namely St Brides Church which boasts the tallest steeple to be designed by Wren.[13] 4 King's Bench Walk is one of the few fortunate buildings in the Inner Temple to have escaped destruction by enemy action during the second world war.In addition, the signature \"Thos Dainand\", dated \"March 19, 1793\", has been scratched into one of the window panes of the first-floor library.On 4 January 1950, 4 King's Bench Walk became a Grade I listed building.[14]Numbers 12 and 13 King's Bench Walk are Grade II listed buildings.[15] They were originally built in the early 19th century, in a plain Regency style faced with Bath stone, but were destroyed in the Blitz and rebuilt in replica after the war. [16]","title":"Buildings in King's Bench Walk"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:4_King%27s_Bench_Walk_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1650822.jpg"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Sir Harold George Nicolson KCVO CMG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Nicolson"},{"link_name":"Sir Ralph Norman Angell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Angell"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Gerald Gardiner, Baron Gardiner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Gardiner,_Baron_Gardiner"},{"link_name":"Peter Rawlinson, Baron Rawlinson of Ewell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Rawlinson,_Baron_Rawlinson_of_Ewell"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"4 King's Bench Walk4 King's Bench Walk has been home to various sets of barristers over the years. However there is now only one, 4 King's Bench Walk Chambers (known as 4KBW) headed by Gavin Holme.[17] 4KBW is one of the last remaining true common law chambers, with barristers with expertise in every area of the law. In addition there is a firm of solicitors, Preiskel Solicitors, who specialise in media and telecommunications law, and a private residence on the top floor. Notable former residents of number four include Sir Harold George Nicolson KCVO CMG, diplomat, author, diarist and politician and Sir Ralph Norman Angell, lecturer, journalist, author, and Member of Parliament.[18]12 King's Bench Walk is home to the chambers of Paul Russell QC, commonly known as 12KBW.[19] 12KBW was led in the early 20th Century by Montague Berryman QC. Gerald Gardiner, Baron Gardiner and Peter Rawlinson, Baron Rawlinson of Ewell previously practised from this set. 12KBW now occupies both number 12 and number 13 King's Bench Walk, and is a top-ranked set for personal injury, industrial disease, travel, and related areas of law.[20][21]","title":"Chambers in King's Bench Walk"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles Dickens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Dickens"},{"link_name":"A Tale of Two Cities (1859)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Tale_of_Two_Cities"},{"link_name":"detective stories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Detective_Fiction&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"forensic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forensic_Science"},{"link_name":"Dr. Thorndyke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Thorndyke"},{"link_name":"Richard Austin Freeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._Austin_Freeman"},{"link_name":"The Squire of Alsatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Squire_of_Alsatia"},{"link_name":"Thomas Shadwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Shadwell"},{"link_name":"Thomas Shadwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Shadwell"}],"text":"King's Bench Walk is mentioned in numerous novels such as Charles Dickens' A Tale of Two Cities:\"After a few dull efforts to get to sleep again, which the man dexterously combated by stirring the fire continuously for five minutes, he got up, tossed his hat on, and walked out. He turned into the Temple, and, having revived himself by twice pacing the pavements of King's Bench-walk and Paper-buildings, turned into the Stryver chambers.\"— Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities (1859)King's Bench Walk has specific mention in chapter one of the novel The Red Thumb Mark by R. Austin Freeman. The novel forms part of a series of detective stories featuring the medico-legal forensic investigator Dr. Thorndyke;\"Conflagratam Ano 1677. Fabricatam Ano 1698. Richardo Powell Armiger Thesaurar.\" The words, set in four panels, which formed a frieze beneath the pediment of a fine brick portico, summarised the history of one of the tall houses at the upper end of King's Bench Walk and as I, somewhat absent mindedly, read over the inscription, my attention was divided between admiration of the exquisitely finished carved brickwork and the quiet dignity of the building, and an effort to reconstitute the dead and gone Richard Powell, and the stirring times in which he played his part.\"— Richard Austin Freeman, The Red Thumb Mark (1907), Chapter IIn The Squire of Alsatia, Thomas Shadwell refers to King's Bench Walk in its previous form, as King's Bench Buildings:\"I have been at your brother's house, and they say he is come to some lawyer's chamber in the King's Bench Buildings\"— Thomas Shadwell, The Squire of Alsatia (1688)","title":"In literature"}]
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pink_Panther_(TV_series)
The Pink Panther (TV series)
["1 Premise","2 Cast","2.1 Additional cast","3 Production","3.1 Casting","4 Episodes","4.1 Season 1 (1993)","4.2 Season 2 (1994–95)","5 Home media","6 References","7 External links"]
1993 animated TV series The Pink PantherGenreComedyFantasyCreated byFriz Freleng (characters: The Pink Panther, The Inspector, The Dogfather and The Ant and the Aardvark)David H. DePatieBlake EdwardsDirected byCharles GrosvenorByron VaughnsStarringMatt Frewer as The Pink PantherVoices ofSheryl BernsteinJohn BynerDan CastellanetaJim CummingsBrian GeorgeJess HarnellJoe PiscopoHal RayleCharles Nelson ReillyWallace ShawnKath SoucieJo Anne WorleyKenneth MarsTheme music composerHenry Mancini (arranged by Eddie Arkin)ComposersAlbert Olson and James StempleMark Watters (supervising composer)Country of originUnited StatesOriginal languageEnglishNo. of seasons2No. of episodes60 (121 segments)ProductionExecutive producersWalter MirischMarvin MirischPaul SabellaMark YoungProducersKelly WardCharles GrosvenorByron VaughnsRunning time22 minutesProduction companiesMGM AnimationMGM TelevisionCamelot Entertainment SalesWang Film ProductionsOriginal releaseNetworkSyndicationReleaseSeptember 13, 1993 (1993-09-13) –April 12, 1995 (1995-04-12)RelatedPink Panther and SonsPink Panther and Pals The Pink Panther is an American animated television series starring the Pink Panther and his co-stars from the original cartoon shorts in a series of brand new stories. The program was a production of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Animation. It was distributed by Claster Television and King World Productions and not MGM Television, despite MGM owning The Pink Panther. Unlike other animated series featuring the Pink Panther, this is the only series where he and the Little Man speak numerous lines. Prior to this series, the Panther had only briefly spoken in two cartoons in the 1960s. The Pink Panther was nominated for a Daytime Emmy Award in 1994 for Outstanding Achievement in Music Direction and Composition. As of January 2023, all 60 episodes are available to watch on Pluto TV under the title The New Pink Panther Show and they can all be watched for free on YouTube. The series can also be watched on Freevee, along with multiple other Pink Panther shows. Premise The Pink Panther stars the Pink Panther in series of adventures in which he deals with different situations in a manner similar to the original Looney Tunes shorts, ranging from modern-day situations such as working as a delivery boy to outlandish situations like living in caveman days. Unlike previous television series and almost the entire theatrical run, the series was produced with the Panther capable of speaking throughout the episodes, to allow more interaction with other characters. Voiced by Matt Frewer, he was given a humorous American accent in order to appeal to younger children, which was in sharp contrast to the sophisticated British accent supplied by impressionist Rich Little who voiced the Panther briefly in two 1965 cartoon shorts, Sink Pink and Pink Ice. Alongside the Pink Panther, a number of his co-stars from the original theatrical shorts appear in the series, including: The Inspector, who the Panther assists in the guise of an American police officer; The Ant and the Aardvark, with John Byner reprising the role of both characters; The Dogfather and his henchdogs Pugg and Louie, who were redesigned for this series; The Muscle Man from the 1968 cartoon Come On In! The Water's Pink; The Witch from the 1969 cartoon Pink-A-Rella; and "The Little Man", who like the Panther, was also designed to speak in the series, with Wallace Shawn providing his voice. The series also featured new characters, including a mask-wearing tribal witch doctor named Voodoo Man, a little red-headed girl named Thelma, and a sweet old lady named Mrs. Chubalingo and her pet parrot Jules. Cast Matt Frewer as the Pink Panther, the Whistler (ep. 5), News Anchor (ep. 59) Sheryl Bernstein as Eskimo Mayor John Byner as Charlie Ant, Blue Aardvark Dan Castellaneta as Voodoo Man, Muck Luck, Chef Sumo (ep 17), Fish World Ticket Man (ep 31), Weasel, Snake (ep 16), Babe The Bull (ep 33) Jim Cummings as Dogfather (in "It's Just a Gypsy in My Soup") Brian George as Pugg Jess Harnell as Louie, Muscle Man, Pecks (ep. 59) Joe Piscopo as Dogfather Hal Rayle as The Inspector Charles Nelson Reilly as Jules Parrot Wallace Shawn as The Little Man Kath Soucie as Thelma, Cleopatra (ep 3) Jo Anne Worley as Mrs. Chubalingo Additional cast Ruth Buzzi as Witch Hamilton Camp as Rupert (ep 31) Jodi Carlisle Nancy Cartwright Cathy Cavadini as Thelma (occasional understudy) Rickey D'Shon Collins as Lester (ep 5) Troy Davidson Eddie Deezen as Robot (ep 50) Mick Garris Phillip Glasser Keith David as Rhinoceros Barry Gordon as Bongo Cereal Founder (ep. 59) Paige Gosney Gerrit Graham Jennifer Hale Dana Hill as Alien Kid (ep 14) David Lodge Maurice LaMarche as Spartacus (ep. 59) Steve MacKall as Johnny Chucklehead Danny Mann Kenneth Mars as Commissioner Kevin Michael Richardson as Erik the Red Bradley Pierce as Buddy Bimmel's Son (ep. 59) Gwen Shepherd Susan Silo Jean Smart Elmarie Wendel Thomas F. Wilson Production In 1992, MGM/UA decided to produce new Pink Panther cartoons with a twist that he would be able to speak, hoping to bring new life to the panther. That same year, MGM/UA met with its licensees to explain the changes that were made to the character and arm them with essential artwork needed to spring the panther for the brand-new series. This decision was controversial and unpopular. Casting In 1993, Rich Little, who voiced the character in a few scenes of the original cartoons, was approached to reprise his role as the pink feline. However, Little did not recall voicing the character at all and turned down the offer saying giving the panther a voice would ruin the character. Franchise co-creator David DePatie also felt that giving the panther a voice would "compromise the integrity of the character." But once the producers saw Matt Frewer fill in the lines for the panther, they thought it was fantastic and they accepted it. Episodes Season 1 (1993) No.overallNo. inseasonTitleOriginal air date11"Pink, Pink & Away""Down on the Antfarm"September 13, 1993 (1993-09-13) "Down on the Antfarm" features The Ant and the Aardvark 22"Pink and Quiet""The Pinky 500"September 17, 1993 (1993-09-17) 33"The Ghost and Mr. Panther""Cleopanthra"September 29, 1993 (1993-09-29) 44"Big Top Pinky""Yeti ’Nother Bigfoot Story"September 16, 1993 (1993-09-16) 55"Pinky In Paradise""Department Store Pinkerton"September 14, 1993 (1993-09-14) 66"Moby Pink""The Pink Stuff"September 22, 1993 (1993-09-22) 77"Pink Pizza""The Pink Painter"September 15, 1993 (1993-09-15) 88"Werewolf in Panther's Clothing""Pink Paparazzi"September 24, 1993 (1993-09-24) 99"Rock Me Pink""Pinkus Pantherus"September 23, 1993 (1993-09-23) 1010"Pilgrim Panther""That Old Pink Magic"September 20, 1993 (1993-09-20) 1111"Pink-anderthal Man""Pink Kong"September 21, 1993 (1993-09-21) 1212"The Magnificent Pink One""Downhill Panther"September 27, 1993 (1993-09-27) 1313"14 Karat Pink""Robo-Pink"September 28, 1993 (1993-09-28) 1414"Pink Encounters""Junkyard Pink Blues"September 30, 1993 (1993-09-30) 1515"Pantherobics""Pinkenstein"October 4, 1993 (1993-10-04) 1616"Pinky Rider""Midnight Ride of Pink Revere"October 7, 1993 (1993-10-07) 1717"Pinky...He Delivers""Super-Pink's Egg-cellent Adventure"October 17, 1993 (1993-10-17) 1818"Cowboy Pinky""Stealth Panther"October 6, 1993 (1993-10-06) 1919"Pinkazuma's Revenge""Pinky Down Under"October 11, 1993 (1993-10-11) 2020"Pinkadoon""A Camp-Pink We Will Go"October 12, 1993 (1993-10-12) 2121"Icy Pink""The End of Superpink?"October 14, 1993 (1993-10-14) 2222"All for Pink and Pink for All""Service with a Pink Smile"October 18, 1993 (1993-10-18) "All for Pink and Pink for All" features The Ant and the Aardvark 2323"Trains, Pains and Panthers""Wet and Wild Pinky"October 19, 1993 (1993-10-19) 2424"From Hair to Eternity""Strike Flea, You're Out!"October 20, 1993 (1993-10-20) 2525"Cinderpink""It's a Bird! It's a Pain! It's Superfan!"October 25, 1993 (1993-10-25) 2626"Who's Smiling Now? (The Inspector)""Rob'n Hoodwinked"October 27, 1993 (1993-10-27) 2727"Hook, Line and Pinker""Valentine Pink"October 29, 1993 (1993-10-29) 2828"Dino Sour Head""The Luck O' the Pinkish"November 1, 1993 (1993-11-01) 2929"The Inspector... NOT! (The Inspector)""Pink Links"November 5, 1993 (1993-11-05) 3030"Stool Parrot (The Inspector)""Pinky and Slusho"November 4, 1993 (1993-11-04) 3131"Panthergeist""Pinky's Pending Pink Slip"November 8, 1993 (1993-11-08) 3232"The Three Pink Porkers""The Heart of Pinkness"November 9, 1993 (1993-11-09) "The Heart of Pinkness" features The Ant and the Aardvark 3333"The Inspector's Most Wanted (The Inspector)""Pinky Appleseed"November 10, 1993 (1993-11-10) 3434"Calling Dr. Panther""For Those Who Pink Young"November 15, 1993 (1993-11-15) 3535"Lights, Camera, Voodoo""I'm Dreaming of a Pink Christmas"November 16, 1993 (1993-11-16) 3636"Wiener Takes All""The Easter Panther"November 18, 1993 (1993-11-18) 3737"The Inspector's Club (The Inspector)""A Royal Pain"November 22, 1993 (1993-11-22) 3838"Black & White & Pink All Over""Beach Blanket Pinky"November 23, 1993 (1993-11-23) 3939"Digging for Dollars (The Inspector)""Pinknocchio"November 29, 1993 (1993-11-29) 4040"Pinky Up the River""Long John Pinky"November 30, 1993 (1993-11-30) Season 2 (1994–95) No.overallNo. inseasonTitleOriginal air date411"Muff the Magic Dragon""Pink Thumb"September 10, 1994 (1994-09-10) 422"Pinky's Dilemma""Oh, Varkula"September 17, 1994 (1994-09-17) "Oh, Varkula" features The Ant and the Aardvark 433"Ice Blue Pink""Pink Trek"September 24, 1994 (1994-09-24) 444"The Legend of El Pinko""Pink Big"October 1, 1994 (1994-10-01) 455"Eric the Pink""Pretty and Pink"October 8, 1994 (1994-10-08) 466"Built for Speed""The Pooch and The Panther"October 15, 1994 (1994-10-15) 477"Pinky in Toyland""The Detective of Oz"October 22, 1994 (1994-10-22) 488"Royal Canadian Mounted Panther""Power of Pink"October 29, 1994 (1994-10-29) 499"Lifestyles of the Pink and Famous""Happy Trails Pinky"November 5, 1994 (1994-11-05) "Happy Trails Pinky" features The Ant and the Aardvark 5010"A Hard Day's Pink""You Only Pink Twice"November 12, 1994 (1994-11-12) 5111"It's Just a Gypsy in My Soup""Three Aliens and A Footstool"November 19, 1994 (1994-11-19) 5212"Mummy Dearest""Feast or Famine"November 26, 1994 (1994-11-26) 5313"No Pink is an Island""Pinky and the Golden Fleece"December 3, 1994 (1994-12-03) "No Pink is an Island" features The Ant and the Aardvark 5414"Home Stretch Pinky""Pink Pucks"December 10, 1994 (1994-12-10) 5515"The Reluctant Ninja Pink""Pantherella"December 17, 1994 (1994-12-17) 5616"Pink's Ark""Rain or Snow or Pink of Night"December 24, 1994 (1994-12-24) 5717"Pink in the Middle""Pink in the Poke"December 31, 1994 (1994-12-31) "Pink in the Middle" features The Ant and the Aardvark 5818"A Nut at the Opera""The Pink Panther (that's me) presents Hamm-n-Eggz"January 7, 1995 (1995-01-07) 5919"The Pink Panther (that's me) presents Voodoo Man""The Pink Panther (That's Me) presents 7 Manly Men and the Kid"January 14, 1995 (1995-01-14) 6020"The Pink Panther (that's me) presents The Texas Toads""Driving Mr. Pink""The Pink Panther (that's me) presents The Ant and the Aardvark"April 12, 1995 (1995-04-12) Driving Mr. Pink was shown for the U.S. theatrical release of The Pebble and the Penguin, and the final Pink Panther theatrical short to be reissued into the television short. Home media A DVD box set called "Der rosarote Panther - Die neue Show" was released in Germany (Region 2) on February 21, 2006 through MGM. This set contains the first 40 Episodes in English, French and German on four DVDs. The set was then released in the UK from MGM and Fox on February 2, 2009; the remaining 20 episodes are yet to be released. The show is also available to on Pluto TV and on the official YouTube Channel. References ^ The Pink Panther at IMDb ^ a b Beck, Jerry. (2006) Pink Panther: The Ultimate Guide to the Coolest Cat in Town!; DK ADULT, ISBN 0-7566-1033-8 ^ DePatie-Freleng website Archived 2005-06-08 at the Wayback Machine ^ a b c d "Pink Panther discovers his voice". Battle Creek Enquirer. December 9, 1993. Retrieved May 13, 2020. ^ "About Hal Rayle". ^ "Licensing Diary: MGM/UA – The Pink Panther". Kidscreen. Retrieved April 27, 2020. ^ a b Arnold, Mark. (2015) Think Pink: The Story of DePatie-Freleng; BearManor Media ^ "All for Pink and Pink for All" ^ "No Pink is an Island" (Spanish dubbed version) External links The Pink Panther at IMDb The New Pink Panther Show (1993) Archived April 25, 2012, at the Wayback Machine vteThe Pink PantherOriginal​ films The Pink Panther (1963) A Shot in the Dark (1964) Inspector Clouseau (1968) The Return of the Pink Panther (1975) The Pink Panther Strikes Again (1976) Revenge of the Pink Panther (1978) Trail of the Pink Panther (1982) Curse of the Pink Panther (1983) Son of the Pink Panther (1993) Reboot films The Pink Panther (2006) The Pink Panther 2 (2009) Shorts The Pink Panther (1964–1978) The Inspector Roland and Rattfink The Ant and the Aardvark Tijuana Toads The Blue Racer Hoot Kloot The Dogfather Misterjaw Crazylegs Crane TV series The Pink Panther Show (1969–1980) Pink Panther and Sons (1984–1985) The Pink Panther (1993–1995) Pink Panther and Pals (2010) TV specials A Pink Christmas (1978) Olym-Pinks (1980) Pink at First Sight (1981) A Very Pink Christmas (2011) Video games The Pink Panther (1983) Pink Panther (1988) Pink Goes to Hollywood (1993) The Pink Panther: Passport to Peril (1996) The Pink Panther: Hokus Pokus Pink (1998) Pink Panther: Pinkadelic Pursuit (2002) The Pink Panther Jewel Heist (2015) Pink Panther's Epic Adventure (2015) Music "The Pink Panther Theme" "It Had Better Be Tonight (Meglio stasera)" "Check on It" "A Woman Like Me" Characters The Pink Panther Inspector Clouseau Related DePatie–Freleng Enterprises Panthermobile The Lionhearts Category
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The program was a production of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Animation. It was distributed by Claster Television and King World Productions and not MGM Television, despite MGM owning The Pink Panther. Unlike other animated series featuring the Pink Panther, this is the only series where he and the Little Man speak numerous lines. Prior to this series, the Panther had only briefly spoken in two cartoons in the 1960s.The Pink Panther was nominated for a Daytime Emmy Award in 1994 for Outstanding Achievement in Music Direction and Composition.[1] As of January 2023[update], all 60 episodes are available to watch on Pluto TV under the title The New Pink Panther Show and they can all be watched for free on YouTube. The series can also be watched on Freevee, along with multiple other Pink Panther shows.","title":"The Pink Panther (TV series)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Looney Tunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Looney_Tunes"},{"link_name":"Matt Frewer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Frewer"},{"link_name":"British accent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_accent"},{"link_name":"Rich Little","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rich_Little"},{"link_name":"Sink Pink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sink_Pink"},{"link_name":"Pink Ice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink_Ice"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-beck-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"The Inspector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Inspector"},{"link_name":"The Ant and the Aardvark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ant_and_the_Aardvark"},{"link_name":"John Byner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Byner"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-beck-2"},{"link_name":"The Dogfather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dogfather"},{"link_name":"Come On In! The Water's Pink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Come_On_In!_The_Water%27s_Pink"},{"link_name":"Pink-A-Rella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink-A-Rella"},{"link_name":"The Little Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Little_Man_(The_Pink_Panther)"},{"link_name":"Wallace Shawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallace_Shawn"}],"text":"The Pink Panther stars the Pink Panther in series of adventures in which he deals with different situations in a manner similar to the original Looney Tunes shorts, ranging from modern-day situations such as working as a delivery boy to outlandish situations like living in caveman days. Unlike previous television series and almost the entire theatrical run, the series was produced with the Panther capable of speaking throughout the episodes, to allow more interaction with other characters. Voiced by Matt Frewer, he was given a humorous American accent in order to appeal to younger children, which was in sharp contrast to the sophisticated British accent supplied by impressionist Rich Little who voiced the Panther briefly in two 1965 cartoon shorts, Sink Pink and Pink Ice.[2][3]Alongside the Pink Panther, a number of his co-stars from the original theatrical shorts appear in the series, including: The Inspector, who the Panther assists in the guise of an American police officer; The Ant and the Aardvark, with John Byner reprising the role of both characters;[2] The Dogfather and his henchdogs Pugg and Louie, who were redesigned for this series; The Muscle Man from the 1968 cartoon Come On In! The Water's Pink; The Witch from the 1969 cartoon Pink-A-Rella; and \"The Little Man\", who like the Panther, was also designed to speak in the series, with Wallace Shawn providing his voice. The series also featured new characters, including a mask-wearing tribal witch doctor named Voodoo Man, a little red-headed girl named Thelma, and a sweet old lady named Mrs. Chubalingo and her pet parrot Jules.","title":"Premise"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Matt Frewer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Frewer"},{"link_name":"John Byner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Byner"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pink_Panther_discovers_his_voice-4"},{"link_name":"Charlie Ant, Blue Aardvark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ant_and_the_Aardvark"},{"link_name":"Dan Castellaneta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Castellaneta"},{"link_name":"Jim Cummings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Cummings"},{"link_name":"Brian George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_George"},{"link_name":"Jess Harnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jess_Harnell"},{"link_name":"Joe Piscopo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Piscopo"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pink_Panther_discovers_his_voice-4"},{"link_name":"Hal Rayle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal_Rayle"},{"link_name":"The Inspector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inspector_Clouseau"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Charles Nelson Reilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Nelson_Reilly"},{"link_name":"Wallace Shawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallace_Shawn"},{"link_name":"The Little Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Little_Man_(The_Pink_Panther)"},{"link_name":"Kath Soucie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kath_Soucie"},{"link_name":"Cleopatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleopatra"},{"link_name":"Jo Anne Worley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo_Anne_Worley"}],"text":"Matt Frewer as the Pink Panther, the Whistler (ep. 5), News Anchor (ep. 59)\nSheryl Bernstein as Eskimo Mayor\nJohn Byner[4] as Charlie Ant, Blue Aardvark\nDan Castellaneta as Voodoo Man, Muck Luck, Chef Sumo (ep 17), Fish World Ticket Man (ep 31), Weasel, Snake (ep 16), Babe The Bull (ep 33)\nJim Cummings as Dogfather (in \"It's Just a Gypsy in My Soup\")\nBrian George as Pugg\nJess Harnell as Louie, Muscle Man, Pecks (ep. 59)\nJoe Piscopo[4] as Dogfather\nHal Rayle as The Inspector[5]\nCharles Nelson Reilly as Jules Parrot\nWallace Shawn as The Little Man\nKath Soucie as Thelma, Cleopatra (ep 3)\nJo Anne Worley as Mrs. Chubalingo","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ruth Buzzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Buzzi"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pink_Panther_discovers_his_voice-4"},{"link_name":"Hamilton Camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_Camp"},{"link_name":"Jodi Carlisle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jodi_Carlisle"},{"link_name":"Nancy Cartwright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Cartwright"},{"link_name":"Cathy Cavadini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathy_Cavadini"},{"link_name":"Rickey D'Shon Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rickey_D%27Shon_Collins"},{"link_name":"Eddie Deezen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Deezen"},{"link_name":"Mick Garris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_Garris"},{"link_name":"Phillip Glasser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillip_Glasser"},{"link_name":"Keith David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_David"},{"link_name":"Barry Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Gordon"},{"link_name":"Gerrit Graham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerrit_Graham"},{"link_name":"Jennifer Hale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Hale"},{"link_name":"Dana Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dana_Hill"},{"link_name":"David Lodge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lodge_(voice_actor)"},{"link_name":"Maurice LaMarche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_LaMarche"},{"link_name":"Steve MacKall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Mackall"},{"link_name":"Kenneth Mars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Mars"},{"link_name":"Kevin Michael Richardson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Michael_Richardson"},{"link_name":"Erik the Red","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_the_Red"},{"link_name":"Bradley Pierce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradley_Pierce"},{"link_name":"Gwen Shepherd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwen_Shepherd"},{"link_name":"Susan Silo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Silo"},{"link_name":"Jean Smart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Smart"},{"link_name":"Elmarie Wendel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmarie_Wendel"},{"link_name":"Thomas F. Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_F._Wilson"}],"sub_title":"Additional cast","text":"Ruth Buzzi[4] as Witch\nHamilton Camp as Rupert (ep 31)\nJodi Carlisle\nNancy Cartwright\nCathy Cavadini as Thelma (occasional understudy)\nRickey D'Shon Collins as Lester (ep 5)\nTroy Davidson\nEddie Deezen as Robot (ep 50)\nMick Garris\nPhillip Glasser\nKeith David as Rhinoceros\nBarry Gordon as Bongo Cereal Founder (ep. 59)\nPaige Gosney\nGerrit Graham\nJennifer Hale\nDana Hill as Alien Kid (ep 14)\nDavid Lodge\nMaurice LaMarche as Spartacus (ep. 59)\nSteve MacKall as Johnny Chucklehead\nDanny Mann\nKenneth Mars as Commissioner\nKevin Michael Richardson as Erik the Red\nBradley Pierce as Buddy Bimmel's Son (ep. 59)\nGwen Shepherd\nSusan Silo\nJean Smart\nElmarie Wendel\nThomas F. Wilson","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-arnold-7"}],"text":"In 1992, MGM/UA decided to produce new Pink Panther cartoons with a twist that he would be able to speak, hoping to bring new life to the panther. That same year, MGM/UA met with its licensees to explain the changes that were made to the character and arm them with essential artwork needed to spring the panther for the brand-new series.[6] This decision was controversial and unpopular.[7]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rich Little","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rich_Little"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-arnold-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pink_Panther_discovers_his_voice-4"}],"sub_title":"Casting","text":"In 1993, Rich Little, who voiced the character in a few scenes of the original cartoons, was approached to reprise his role as the pink feline. However, Little did not recall voicing the character at all and turned down the offer saying giving the panther a voice would ruin the character.[7] Franchise co-creator David DePatie also felt that giving the panther a voice would \"compromise the integrity of the character.\" But once the producers saw Matt Frewer fill in the lines for the panther, they thought it was fantastic and they accepted it.[4]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Season 1 (1993)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Season 2 (1994–95)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"}],"text":"A DVD box set called \"Der rosarote Panther - Die neue Show\" was released in Germany (Region 2) on February 21, 2006 through MGM. This set contains the first 40 Episodes in English, French and German on four DVDs. The set was then released in the UK from MGM and Fox on February 2, 2009; the remaining 20 episodes are yet to be released.The show is also available to on Pluto TV and on the official YouTube Channel.","title":"Home media"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Pink Panther discovers his voice\". Battle Creek Enquirer. December 9, 1993. Retrieved May 13, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/204454918/?terms=Pink%2BPanther%2BMatt%2BFrewer=en","url_text":"\"Pink Panther discovers his voice\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_Creek_Enquirer","url_text":"Battle Creek Enquirer"}]},{"reference":"\"About Hal Rayle\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.halrayle.com/abouthalrayle","url_text":"\"About Hal Rayle\""}]},{"reference":"\"Licensing Diary: MGM/UA – The Pink Panther\". Kidscreen. Retrieved April 27, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://kidscreen.com/1996/01/01/16831-19960101/","url_text":"\"Licensing Diary: MGM/UA – The Pink Panther\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Pink_Panther_(TV_series)&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0108895/","external_links_name":"The Pink Panther"},{"Link":"http://dfe.goldenagecartoons.com/","external_links_name":"DePatie-Freleng website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050608031053/http://dfe.goldenagecartoons.com/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/204454918/?terms=Pink%2BPanther%2BMatt%2BFrewer=en","external_links_name":"\"Pink Panther discovers his voice\""},{"Link":"https://www.halrayle.com/abouthalrayle","external_links_name":"\"About Hal Rayle\""},{"Link":"https://kidscreen.com/1996/01/01/16831-19960101/","external_links_name":"\"Licensing Diary: MGM/UA – The Pink Panther\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/user/Cartoonking3rd#p/u/47/TYkZWYbuBkw","external_links_name":"\"All for Pink and Pink for All\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NhkcmFmO5Ko","external_links_name":"\"No Pink is an Island\" (Spanish dubbed version)"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0108895/","external_links_name":"The Pink Panther"},{"Link":"http://atlanticdvd.com.au/index_stuffer.cfm?view.cfm?id=17115~content","external_links_name":"The New Pink Panther Show (1993)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120425151455/http://atlanticdvd.com.au/index_stuffer.cfm?view.cfm%3Fid=17115~content","external_links_name":"Archived"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADS_(disambiguation)
Ads
["1 In arts and entertainment","2 In science and technology","2.1 In computing","2.2 In military use","2.3 Other uses in science and technology","3 Other uses","4 See also"]
ADS or Ads may refer to: Advertising In arts and entertainment ADS (TV station), Adelaide, South Australia "Aiming Down Sights", video game term In science and technology In computing Advanced Design System, electronic design automation software Alternate data stream in Microsoft NTFS Automated decision support, rule-based systems for management In military use ADS amphibious rifle Active Denial System, US non-lethal weapon Air Defence Ship, Indian aircraft carrier designation Air defence system, anti-aircraft weapon Other uses in science and technology Accelerator-driven system, a type of subcritical reactor Adaptive Damping System, Mercedes vehicle suspension Aitken Double Star Catalogue Anti–de Sitter space, a manifold in mathematics and physics Archaeology Data Service Astrophysics Data System Atmospheric diving suit Automatic dependent surveillance for tracking aircraft Automated driving system Autonomous Detection System for biohazards Other uses Adamorobe Sign Language, Ghana Addison Airport, Texas, US, IATA and FAA codes Adelaide Dolphin Sanctuary, a dolphin sanctuary in Adelaide, South Australia ADS (motorcycle), a Belgian manufacturer ADS Group, a British trade organisation Advanced Drainage Systems, a US company that manufacturers PVC pipes Agrarian Democratic Party, Czech Republic Alliance Data Systems, NYSE code American depositary share American Dialect Society, a learned society dedicated to languages in the US Ardrossan Harbour railway station, North Ayrshire, Scotland, station code See also AD (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Ads.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Advertising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising"}],"text":"Advertising","title":"Ads"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ADS (TV station)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADS_(TV_station)"},{"link_name":"video game term","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_video_game_terms#ADS"}],"text":"ADS (TV station), Adelaide, South Australia\n\"Aiming Down Sights\", video game term","title":"In arts and entertainment"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"In science and technology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Advanced Design System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Design_System"},{"link_name":"Alternate data stream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTFS#Alternate_data_stream_(ADS)"},{"link_name":"Automated decision support","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_decision_support"}],"sub_title":"In computing","text":"Advanced Design System, electronic design automation software\nAlternate data stream in Microsoft NTFS\nAutomated decision support, rule-based systems for management","title":"In science and technology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ADS amphibious rifle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADS_amphibious_rifle"},{"link_name":"Active Denial System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_Denial_System"},{"link_name":"Air Defence Ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Defence_Ship"},{"link_name":"Air defence system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_defence_system"}],"sub_title":"In military use","text":"ADS amphibious rifle\nActive Denial System, US non-lethal weapon\nAir Defence Ship, Indian aircraft carrier designation\nAir defence system, anti-aircraft weapon","title":"In science and technology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"subcritical reactor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subcritical_reactor"},{"link_name":"Adaptive Damping System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_Damping_System"},{"link_name":"Aitken Double Star Catalogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aitken_Double_Star_Catalogue"},{"link_name":"Anti–de Sitter space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti%E2%80%93de_Sitter_space"},{"link_name":"Archaeology Data Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeology_Data_Service"},{"link_name":"Astrophysics Data System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophysics_Data_System"},{"link_name":"Atmospheric diving suit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_diving_suit"},{"link_name":"Automatic dependent surveillance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_dependent_surveillance"},{"link_name":"Automated driving system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_driving_system"},{"link_name":"Autonomous Detection System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_Detection_System"}],"sub_title":"Other uses in science and technology","text":"Accelerator-driven system, a type of subcritical reactor\nAdaptive Damping System, Mercedes vehicle suspension\nAitken Double Star Catalogue\nAnti–de Sitter space, a manifold in mathematics and physics\nArchaeology Data Service\nAstrophysics Data System\nAtmospheric diving suit\nAutomatic dependent surveillance for tracking aircraft\nAutomated driving system\nAutonomous Detection System for biohazards","title":"In science and technology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Adamorobe Sign Language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adamorobe_Sign_Language"},{"link_name":"Addison Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addison_Airport"},{"link_name":"Adelaide Dolphin Sanctuary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_Dolphin_Sanctuary"},{"link_name":"ADS (motorcycle)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADS_(motorcycle)"},{"link_name":"ADS Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADS_Group"},{"link_name":"Advanced Drainage Systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Drainage_Systems"},{"link_name":"Agrarian Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrarian_Democratic_Party"},{"link_name":"Alliance Data Systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_Data_Systems"},{"link_name":"American depositary share","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_depositary_share"},{"link_name":"American Dialect Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Dialect_Society"},{"link_name":"Ardrossan Harbour railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardrossan_Harbour_railway_station"}],"text":"Adamorobe Sign Language, Ghana\nAddison Airport, Texas, US, IATA and FAA codes\nAdelaide Dolphin Sanctuary, a dolphin sanctuary in Adelaide, South Australia\nADS (motorcycle), a Belgian manufacturer\nADS Group, a British trade organisation\nAdvanced Drainage Systems, a US company that manufacturers PVC pipes\nAgrarian Democratic Party, Czech Republic\nAlliance Data Systems, NYSE code\nAmerican depositary share\nAmerican Dialect Society, a learned society dedicated to languages in the US\nArdrossan Harbour railway station, North Ayrshire, Scotland, station code","title":"Other uses"}]
[]
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[]
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Ads&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytech_Nice_Sophia
Polytech Nice Sophia
["1 History and Location","1.1 Establishing","1.2 Location","1.3 Administration","2 References"]
Coordinates: 43°36′54″N 7°04′19″E / 43.6150°N 7.0719°E / 43.6150; 7.0719Polytech Nice SophiaÉcole d'Ingénieurs Polytechnique de l'Université Nice Sophia AntipolisMottoRelevons les défis de demainTypePublicEstablished2005 (from ESINSA, ESSI & MP)ChairmanAlexandre CaminadaDirectorPhilippe LorenziniAcademic staff75Administrative staff22Students989Doctoral students50LocationSophia Antipolis, Nice, Alpes-Maritimes, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, FranceCampusSTICColorsDodger blue  Yellow green  MascotBroco le DinoWebsitehttps://polytech.univ-cotedazur.fr/ Polytech Nice Sophia is a French engineering university based in the middle of the Sophia Antipolis technology park. The school has 989 engineering students, 50 doctoral students, 75 faculty members, 22 administrative and technical staff and 7 research laboratories associated. More than 200 engineers graduate each year. Polytech Nice Sophia is a member of the Polytech Group Network. History and Location Establishing Polytech Nice Sophia School is created as a result of the association of the Engineering Schools of ESINSA, ESSI and Magisterium of Pharmacology at the publication of Decree No. 2005 - 219 at the French "Journal Officiel" on March 10, 2005. Polytech Nice Sophia is the Polytechnic Engineering school of the Côte d'Azur University. Location The new Sophie-Politan campus of Nice Sophia University was inaugurated in September 2012, while the project is still not finished. Polytech campus is based on two separate area : The "Lucioles" area (ex Magisterium of Pharmacology) grouping PeiP, ISEM and Miage. The "Templier" area (ex ESSI) including every students engineering promotions (Master of Advanced Studies) Administration The new school is a member of Polytech Group was managed by Francis Rocca until the September 1st, 2007. Philippe Gourbesville succeeds to Roger Marlin and seat as the Director of Polytech Nice Sophia considering the agreement of the School Administrative Council (AC) on July 2, 2007. Philippe Gourbesville was re-elected on July 11, 2012, for a term of 5 more years. References ^ Polytech Nice Sophia : Une école D'ingénieurs à Sophia-antipolis ^ Polytech'Nice-Sophia - Définition et Explications ^ Décret n° 2005- 219 du 2 mars 2005 relatif à l'École polytechnique de l'université de Nice ^ CTI vteConférence des Grandes écolesEngineering grandes écoles Agrocampus Ouest Agro ParisTech Bordeaux Sciences Agro AgroSup Dijon Arts et Métiers ParisTech Chimie ParisTech CNAM CPE Lyon CY Tech EBI École centrale Lille Lyon Marseille Nantes Paris ECAM ECAM Lyon ECAM Rennes ECE Paris École des ponts ParisTech École de l'air École navale ECPM EFREI EI Cesi EIGSI EIVP École des mines Alès Albi-Carmaux Douai Nancy Nantes Mines ParisTech Saint-Étienne ENAC ENGEES ENIB ENIM ENISE ENITIAA ENSAE ParisTech ENSAI ENSAIA ENSAIT ENSC Lille Montpellier Mulhouse Rennes ENSCBP Bordeaux ENSEA ENSEIRB-MATMECA ENSEM ENSG-Géologie ENSG-Géomatique ENSGSI ENSIC ENSICAEN ENSIIE ENSISA ENSSAT ENSTA ParisTech ENSTIB ENTPE École Polytechnique EPITA EPF EPMI ESA ESAIP ESB ESCOM ESEO ESIEA ESIEE Amiens ESIEE Engineering ESIGELEC ESITC Caen ESME-Sudria ESPCI ParisTech ESTACA ESTIA ESTP Grenoble INP ENSE3 ENSIMAG ENSGI PAGORA PHELMA ESISAR HEI ICAM IFP School INP Toulouse ENSEEIHT ENSIACET ENIT ENM ENSAT EIP INSA CVL Hauts-de-France Lyon Rennes Rouen Strasbourg Toulouse Institut d'optique IPSA ISA ISAE ISAT ISARA Lyon ISEN Brest Lille Toulon ISEP ISIMA ISMANS ITECH Lyon SupAgro Polyméca ENSCI ENSTA Bretagne ENSMA ENSMM Supméca Polytech Group Annecy-Chambéry Angers Clermont-Ferrand Grenoble Lille Lyon Marseille Montpellier Nancy Nantes Nice Orléans Paris-Saclay Sorbonne Tours SIGMA Clermont Institut Mines-Télécom Bretagne Évry Lille Paris ESILV Télécom Physique Strasbourg Unilasalle UTBM UTC UTT VetAgro Sup Business schools Audencia BSB EDC Paris EDHEC Emlyon Business School EMLV EM Normandie EM Strasbourg ESC Bretagne Brest La Rochelle BS ESC Clermont ESC Pau ESC Rennes ESCEM ESCP Business School ESDES ESSCA ESSEC European Business School Paris Grenoble ESC Troyes HEC Paris ICD ICN Graduate IESEG INSEAD INSEEC IPAG ISC Paris ISG KEDGE Montpellier NEOMA PSB Skema Telecom Toulouse Others CELSA Paris CFJ Paris EHESP ENA ENAC Alumni ENSFEA ENS ENS Paris-Saclay ENS LSH ENS Lyon ENS Rennes ENSA Nancy ENSBA ENSCI–Les Ateliers ENV Alfort EOGN ESA ESM Saint-Cyr ESA HEC Alumni IFM INP-ENVT ISIT École de design Nantes Atlantique Sciences Po Grenoble Université Paris-Dauphine Oniris Union des industries et métiers de la métallurgie Universities abroad Fondation 2ie École Hassania des travaux publics National School of Mineral Industry Louvain School of Engineering Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech HEC Lausanne HEC Montréal HEC Management School – University of Liège Institut national des postes et télécommunications Polytechnique Montréal Solvay Brussels School of Economics and Management École supérieure des communications de Tunis Technical University of Madrid University of Lisbon Accredited degrees Bilan d'aptitude délivré par les grandes écoles Mastère spécialisé MSc 43°36′54″N 7°04′19″E / 43.6150°N 7.0719°E / 43.6150; 7.0719
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sophia Antipolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophia_Antipolis"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Polytech Group Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytech_Group_(France)"}],"text":"Polytech Nice Sophia is a French engineering university based in the middle of the Sophia Antipolis technology park.[1]The school has 989 engineering students, 50 doctoral students, 75 faculty members, 22 administrative and technical staff and 7 research laboratories associated. More than 200 engineers graduate each year.[2]Polytech Nice Sophia is a member of the Polytech Group Network.","title":"Polytech Nice Sophia"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History and Location"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Côte d'Azur University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4te_d%27Azur_University"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Establishing","text":"Polytech Nice Sophia School is created as a result of the association of the Engineering Schools of ESINSA, ESSI and Magisterium of Pharmacology at the publication of Decree No. 2005 - 219 at the French \"Journal Officiel\" on March 10, 2005.[3]\nPolytech Nice Sophia is the Polytechnic Engineering school of the Côte d'Azur University.[4]","title":"History and Location"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Location","text":"The new Sophie-Politan campus of Nice Sophia University was inaugurated in September 2012, while the project is still not finished. Polytech campus is based on two separate area :The \"Lucioles\" area (ex Magisterium of Pharmacology) grouping PeiP, ISEM and Miage.\nThe \"Templier\" area (ex ESSI) including every students engineering promotions (Master of Advanced Studies)","title":"History and Location"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Polytech Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytech_Group_(France)"},{"link_name":"Francis Rocca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francis_Rocca&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Administration","text":"The new school is a member of Polytech Group was managed by Francis Rocca until the September 1st, 2007.\nPhilippe Gourbesville succeeds to Roger Marlin and seat as the Director of Polytech Nice Sophia considering the agreement of the School Administrative Council (AC) on July 2, 2007. Philippe Gourbesville was re-elected on July 11, 2012, for a term of 5 more years.","title":"History and Location"}]
[]
null
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjensidige_ASA
Gjensidige
["1 History","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
Gjensidige Forsikring ASACompany typeAllmennaksjeselskapTraded asOSE: GJFIndustryFinancial servicesFounded1923HeadquartersOslo, NorwayArea servedNorway, Denmark, Sweden, Baltic regionKey peopleGeir Holmgren (CEO), Inge Hansen (Chairman)ProductsInsurance, pensions, savings, online bankingRevenueNOK 24.16 billion (2015)Net incomeNOK 3.785 billion (2015)Total assetsNOK 129.264 billion (end 2015)Total equityNOK 23.3 billion (end 2015)Number of employees3,908 (end 2015)SubsidiariesGjensidige Bank, Gjensidige Pensjon og SparingWebsitewww.gjensidige.no www.gjensidige.se www.gjensidige.dk Gjensidige Forsikring ASA is a Norwegian insurance company. The company traces its roots back to 1816 when a fire mutual was founded as Land Gjensidige Brandkasse in what is today Innlandet county. Gjensidige demutualised and listed on the Oslo Stock Exchange in December 2010. The firm, headquartered in Oslo, has a market share of some 26% (2021) in the Norwegian insurance market. The company has 36 branch offices in Norway, not including affiliated fire mutuals, and 1 million customers. Gjensidige has subsidiaries in Denmark, Sweden and The Baltics. The company offers all kinds of insurance for retail customers, agriculture and business. It also offers pensions and savings products. History Although the company traces its roots back to 1816, the brand name Gjensidige originates from the life insurance company Christiania almindelige gjensidige forsørgelsesanstalt that was established in 1847. In the early 1970s the p&c-company traded under the name Samtrygd, whereas the life insurance company had simplified its name to Gjensidige Liv. The two companies formed a strategic alliance in 1976, adopting Gjensidige as a joint brand name, but as both companies were mutually owned they did not merge. In 1992 Gjensidige acquired Forenede Forsikring and in 1993 Gjensidige Bank was created with banking services. In 1999 Gjensidige and the savings bank Sparebanken NOR created the Gjensidige NOR-group. The Group was a strategic alliance between mutually owned companies. When Gjensidige NOR merged with Den norske Bank in 2003 to form DnB NOR, Gjensidige Forsikring remained an independent company. In 2007 Gjensidige acquired shares in Storebrand, and for some time held the position as the number one shareholder with 24.33% of the stock. The entire shareholding was sold in 2014. In 2010 Gjensidige demutualised and was listed on the Oslo Stock Exchange. The Gjensidige Foundation is the largest owner with some 62 percent of the shares. See also Banks portal List of oldest companies References ^ a b c d e "Annual Report 2015 - Gjensidige". Archived from the original on 2016-12-20. Retrieved 2016-12-19. ^ Reuters Editorial. "GJNSY.PK - GJENSIDIGE FORSIKRING ASA Profile | Reuters". www.reuters.comundefined. Retrieved 2021-09-03. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help) ^ "Gjensidige joins QTEM as newest Corporate Partner!". qtem.org (in Dutch). Retrieved 2021-09-03. ^ fillix.lt (2020-12-15). "Gjensidige". Fillix.Lt. Retrieved 2021-09-03. ^ "Swire Chin's List of International Bank Mergers: Norway Bank Mergers & Acquisitions (DNB)". Swire Chin's List of International Bank Mergers. 2011-09-01. Retrieved 2021-09-03. ^ "DNB ASA". CompaniesHistory.com - The largest companies and brands in the world. 2020-09-30. Retrieved 2021-09-03. ^ Release, Press (2020-11-22). "Gjensidige Forsikring ASA". NewsnReleases. Retrieved 2021-09-03. ^ "EFC-Gjensidigestiftelsen". Retrieved 2021-09-03. https://www.gjensidige.no/group/annual-report External links Official website Lithuanian branch Denmark branch Latvian branch Estonian branch vte OBX companies of Norway Aker Aker BP BW Offshore BW LPG Bakkafrost DNB DNO Entra Equinor Frontline Gjensidige Forsikring Lerøy Seafood Group Mowi NEL Norsk Hydro Orkla SalMar Scatec Solar Schibsted Storebrand Subsea 7 Telenor TGS-NOPEC Tomra Yara International See also: Companies listed on the Oslo Stock Exchange vteAgricultural cooperatives in NorwayManufacturing HOFF Honningcentralen Norges Pelsdyralslag Norwegian Forest Owners Association Nortura TINE Breeding GENO Norsk Kjøttfeavlslag Norsvin Norsk Sau og Geit Other Felleskjøpet Gjensidige Landkreditt Landkreditt Bank Tun Media Brands Alfathi Brelett Bremyk Carna Diplom-Is Eldhus FellesJuice Fjordland Gilde Jarlsberg Maritex Norvegia Prior Ridder Ski-Queen Snøfrisk Terina Thulefjord Authority control databases ISNI VIAF
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Norwegian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"insurance company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurance_company"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_insurance"},{"link_name":"mutual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual_insurance"},{"link_name":"demutualised","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demutualization"},{"link_name":"Oslo Stock Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo_Stock_Exchange"},{"link_name":"headquartered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headquarters"},{"link_name":"Oslo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"The Baltics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Baltics"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"insurance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurance"},{"link_name":"pensions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensions"},{"link_name":"savings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savings"}],"text":"Gjensidige Forsikring ASA is a Norwegian insurance company.[2] The company traces its roots back to 1816 when a fire mutual was founded as Land Gjensidige Brandkasse in what is today Innlandet county. Gjensidige demutualised and listed on the Oslo Stock Exchange in December 2010. The firm, headquartered in Oslo, has a market share of some 26% (2021) in the Norwegian insurance market. The company has 36 branch offices in Norway, not including affiliated fire mutuals, and 1 million customers. Gjensidige has subsidiaries in Denmark, Sweden and The Baltics.[3]The company offers all kinds of insurance for retail customers, agriculture and business. It also offers pensions and savings products.","title":"Gjensidige"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Samtrygd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samtrygd"},{"link_name":"Forenede Forsikring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Forenede_Forsikring&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"banking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Sparebanken NOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparebanken_NOR"},{"link_name":"Gjensidige NOR-group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjensidige_NOR"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Den norske Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_norske_Bank"},{"link_name":"DnB NOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DnB_NOR"},{"link_name":"Storebrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storebrand"},{"link_name":"Oslo Stock Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo_Stock_Exchange"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Although the company traces its roots back to 1816, the brand name Gjensidige originates from the life insurance company Christiania almindelige gjensidige forsørgelsesanstalt that was established in 1847.[4] In the early 1970s the p&c-company traded under the name Samtrygd, whereas the life insurance company had simplified its name to Gjensidige Liv. The two companies formed a strategic alliance in 1976, adopting Gjensidige as a joint brand name, but as both companies were mutually owned they did not merge.In 1992 Gjensidige acquired Forenede Forsikring and in 1993 Gjensidige Bank was created with banking services.[5] In 1999 Gjensidige and the savings bank Sparebanken NOR created the Gjensidige NOR-group.[6] The Group was a strategic alliance between mutually owned companies. When Gjensidige NOR merged with Den norske Bank in 2003 to form DnB NOR, Gjensidige Forsikring remained an independent company.In 2007 Gjensidige acquired shares in Storebrand, and for some time held the position as the number one shareholder with 24.33% of the stock. The entire shareholding was sold in 2014.In 2010 Gjensidige demutualised and was listed on the Oslo Stock Exchange.[7] The Gjensidige Foundation is the largest owner with some 62 percent of the shares.[8]","title":"History"}]
[]
[{"title":"Banks portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Banks"},{"title":"List of oldest companies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_oldest_companies"}]
[{"reference":"\"Annual Report 2015 - Gjensidige\". Archived from the original on 2016-12-20. Retrieved 2016-12-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161220164122/https://www.gjensidige.no/group/annual-report/annual-report-2015","url_text":"\"Annual Report 2015 - Gjensidige\""},{"url":"https://www.gjensidige.no/group/annual-report/annual-report-2015","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Reuters Editorial. \"GJNSY.PK - GJENSIDIGE FORSIKRING ASA Profile | Reuters\". www.reuters.comundefined. Retrieved 2021-09-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.comundefined/","url_text":"\"GJNSY.PK - GJENSIDIGE FORSIKRING ASA Profile | Reuters\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gjensidige joins QTEM as newest Corporate Partner!\". qtem.org (in Dutch). Retrieved 2021-09-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://qtem.org/en/news/44/gjensidige-joins-qtem-as-newest-corporate-partner-","url_text":"\"Gjensidige joins QTEM as newest Corporate Partner!\""}]},{"reference":"fillix.lt (2020-12-15). \"Gjensidige\". Fillix.Lt. Retrieved 2021-09-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://fillix.lt/en/gjensidige/","url_text":"\"Gjensidige\""}]},{"reference":"\"Swire Chin's List of International Bank Mergers: Norway Bank Mergers & Acquisitions (DNB)\". Swire Chin's List of International Bank Mergers. 2011-09-01. Retrieved 2021-09-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://bankingmergers.blogspot.com/2011/09/norway-bank-mergers-acquisitions-dnb.html","url_text":"\"Swire Chin's List of International Bank Mergers: Norway Bank Mergers & Acquisitions (DNB)\""}]},{"reference":"\"DNB ASA\". CompaniesHistory.com - The largest companies and brands in the world. 2020-09-30. Retrieved 2021-09-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.companieshistory.com/dnb-asa/","url_text":"\"DNB ASA\""}]},{"reference":"Release, Press (2020-11-22). \"Gjensidige Forsikring ASA\". NewsnReleases. Retrieved 2021-09-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://newsnreleases.com/2020/11/22/gjensidige-forsikring-asa/","url_text":"\"Gjensidige Forsikring ASA\""}]},{"reference":"\"EFC-Gjensidigestiftelsen\". Retrieved 2021-09-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.efc.be/member-post/gjensidigestiftelsen-2/","url_text":"\"EFC-Gjensidigestiftelsen\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bald_Hill_Schoolhouse
Bald Hill Schoolhouse
["1 References","2 External links"]
Coordinates: 40°50′6″N 73°2′34″W / 40.83500°N 73.04278°W / 40.83500; -73.04278United States historic placeBald Hill SchoolhouseU.S. National Register of Historic Places The historic Bald Hill Schoolhouse from across Horse Block Road.Show map of New YorkShow map of the United StatesLocationHorse Block Road,Farmingville, New YorkCoordinates40°50′6″N 73°2′34″W / 40.83500°N 73.04278°W / 40.83500; -73.04278Area2 acres (0.81 ha)Built1850Architectural styleGreek RevivalNRHP reference No.88001018Added to NRHPJuly 21, 1988 Bald Hill Schoolhouse is a historic one-room school building located at Farmingville in Suffolk County, New York. It was built in 1850 and is a small, one story, vernacular rural schoolhouse with Greek Revival style detailing. It measures approximately 18 feet by 28 feet. It closed for classroom instruction in 1929. Also on the property are boy's and girl's privies, a small woodshed, and a house formerly owned by a member of the Terry family. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1988. The school is located in Farmingville Hills Park and is owned by the Farmingville Hills Historical Society, which plans to operate the schoolhouse as a museum. References ^ a b "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009. ^ Robert D. Kuhn (March 1988). "National Register of Historic Places Registration: Bald Hill Schoolhouse". New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation. Retrieved 2010-02-20. See also: "Accompanying eight photos". ^ ^ http://farmingvillerocks.com/2010/08/we-finally-saw-the-inside-of-the-little-white-schoolhouse/ Farmingville Rocks External links Information about the Farmingville Hills Historical Society Information about the Bald Hill Schoolhouse vteU.S. National Register of Historic Places in New YorkTopics Contributing property Keeper of the Register Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places National Park Service Property types Listsby county Albany Allegany Bronx Broome Cattaraugus Cayuga Chautauqua Chemung Chenango Clinton Columbia Cortland Delaware Dutchess Erie Essex Franklin Fulton Genesee Greene Hamilton Herkimer Jefferson Kings (Brooklyn) Lewis Livingston Madison Monroe Montgomery Nassau New York (Manhattan) Niagara Oneida Onondaga Ontario Orange Orleans Oswego Otsego Putnam Queens Rensselaer Richmond (Staten Island) Rockland Saratoga Schenectady Schoharie Schuyler Seneca St. Lawrence Steuben Suffolk Sullivan Tioga Tompkins Ulster Warren Washington Wayne Westchester Northern Southern Wyoming Yates Listsby city Albany Buffalo New Rochelle New York City Bronx Brooklyn Queens Staten Island Manhattan Below 14th St. 14th–59th St. 59th–110th St. Above 110th St. Minor islands Niagara Falls Peekskill Poughkeepsie Rhinebeck Rochester Syracuse Yonkers Other lists Bridges and tunnels National Historic Landmarks Category List National Register of Historic Places Portal This article about a historic property or district in Suffolk County, New York, that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This New York museum-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"one-room school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-room_school"},{"link_name":"Farmingville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmingville,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Suffolk County, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffolk_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Greek Revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Revival_architecture"},{"link_name":"privies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outhouse"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nrhpinv_ny-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"United States historic placeBald Hill Schoolhouse is a historic one-room school building located at Farmingville in Suffolk County, New York. It was built in 1850 and is a small, one story, vernacular rural schoolhouse with Greek Revival style detailing. It measures approximately 18 feet by 28 feet. It closed for classroom instruction in 1929. Also on the property are boy's and girl's privies, a small woodshed,[2] and a house formerly owned by a member of the Terry family.[3]It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.[1]The school is located in Farmingville Hills Park and is owned by the Farmingville Hills Historical Society, which plans to operate the schoolhouse as a museum.[4]","title":"Bald Hill Schoolhouse"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","url_text":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"Robert D. Kuhn (March 1988). \"National Register of Historic Places Registration: Bald Hill Schoolhouse\". New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation. Retrieved 2010-02-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oprhp.state.ny.us/hpimaging/hp_view.asp?GroupView=8685","url_text":"\"National Register of Historic Places Registration: Bald Hill Schoolhouse\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Office_of_Parks,_Recreation_and_Historic_Preservation","url_text":"New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation"}]},{"reference":"\"Accompanying eight photos\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oprhp.state.ny.us/hpimaging/hp_view.asp?GroupView=8700","url_text":"\"Accompanying eight photos\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokovitsa
Tokovitsa
["1 Geography","2 References"]
Village in Vologda Oblast, RussiaTokovitsa ТоковицаVillageTokovitsaShow map of Vologda OblastTokovitsaShow map of RussiaCoordinates: 59°24′N 45°50′E / 59.400°N 45.833°E / 59.400; 45.833CountryRussiaRegionVologda OblastDistrictNikolsky DistrictTime zoneUTC+3:00 Tokovitsa (Russian: Токовица) is a rural locality (a village) in Zavrazhskoye Rural Settlement, Nikolsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 23 as of 2002. Geography Tokovitsa is located 34 km southeast of Nikolsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Zavrazhye is the nearest rural locality. References ^ Деревня Токовица на карте ^ Данные переписи 2002 года: таблица 2С. М.: Федеральная служба государственной статистики, 2004. ^ Расстояние от Никольска до Токовицы vteRural localities in Nikolsky District Abaturovo Aksentyevo Argunovo Baydarovo Belyayevka Bludnovo Bogdanovka Bolshoy Dvor Bolshoye Fomino Bolshoye Oksilovo Bolshoye Sverchkovo Borok Brodovitsa Burakovo Butova Kurya Chegodayevsky Chelpanovo Chernino Cherntsovo Chushevino Chyornaya Demino Dor Dunilovo Dunilovsky Dvorishche Dyachkovo Filimonovy Gari Filinsky Filippovo Gagarin Gora Gorka-Kokuy Gorokhovsky Guzhovo Ilyinskoye Irdanovo Ivakovo Ivantets Kachug Kalauz Kalinino Kamennoye Kamenny Karnysh Kholshevikovo Kipshenga Klenovaya Knyazhevo Kolesov Log Konygino Korepino Koshelevo Kostenevo Kostylevo Kotelnoye Kovrigino Kovyrtsevo Kozhayevo Kozlovka Krasnaya Zvezda Krasnoye Zvedeniye Krivodeyevo Krivyatskoye Kudanga Kudangsky Kudrino Kumbiser Kurevino Kuznechikha Kuznetsovo Lantyug Lashovo Leunino Levkin Levoberezhny Lipovo Lisitsyno Lokha Lyulkovo Makarovsky Maloye Fomino Maloye Oksilovo Maloye Sverchkovo Malyye Gari Markovo Melentyevo Michkovo Milofanovo Mokretsevo Molodyozhny Myakishevo Nagavitsino Nigino Nizhny Rystyug Noskovo Nyunenga Orlovo Osinovaya Gar Osinovo Paderino Pakhomovo Panteleyevo Pavlovo Perebor Permas Permassky Pertyug Petryanino Petryayevo Pezhenga Pichug Plaksino Podgorye Podol Podolskaya Podosinovets Pogorelitsa Polezhayevo Polovina Polovinka Prudishnaya Putilovo Pyatakov Rameshki Rodyukino Rokunovo Samylovo Selivanovo Semenka Senino Serpovo Shalashnevo Sharzhenga Shiri Shirokaya Sinitsyno Skomoroshye Sluda Sofronovo Sokolovo Solotnovo Sorokino Starina Stepshinsky Storozhevaya Subornaya Svetly Klyuch Syrkovo Talitsa Tarasovo Telyanino Terebayevo Tokovitsa Travino Turino Upiralovo Uritskoye Vakhnevo Verkhny Rystyug Verkhnyaya Kema Verkhovino Vesyolaya Griva Vinograd Vladimirovo Vsemirskaya Vyrypayevo Vysokinsky Yamskaya Yelkhovetsky Yelkhovka Yeremkin Yermakovo Yesipovo Yushkovo Zavarikha Zavrazhye Zaymishche Zelentsovo Zelyonaya Griva Zemtsovo Zhivotovo This Nikolsky District, Vologda Oblast location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"rural locality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types_of_inhabited_localities_in_Russia"},{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village#Russia"},{"link_name":"Nikolsky District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolsky_District,_Vologda_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Vologda Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vologda_Oblast"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Tokovitsa (Russian: Токовица) is a rural locality (a village) in Zavrazhskoye Rural Settlement, Nikolsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 23 as of 2002.[2]","title":"Tokovitsa"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nikolsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolsk,_Vologda_Oblast"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Tokovitsa is located 34 km southeast of Nikolsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Zavrazhye is the nearest rural locality.[3]","title":"Geography"}]
[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Hutchins
Timothy Hutchins
["1 References"]
Canadian classical flute player Timothy Hutchins is a Canadian classical flute player. Principal flute of the Montreal Symphony Orchestra since 1978, Timothy Hutchins has received international critical acclaim for his work as a concerto soloist, as a recitalist, and as a chamber musician. He has appeared extensively as soloist with the OSM: notably with Charles Dutoit. Timothy Hutchins has appeared as guest principal with the Boston Symphony Orchestra with Seiji Ozawa, Vladimir Ashkenazy, and with Leonard Bernstein at the latter's last appearance, recording Beethoven’s Seventh Symphony at Tanglewood. As guest principal he has performed and toured with the New York Philharmonic under Zubin Mehta and Kurt Masur. He was principal flute of the Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra for the 2003–04 season. Soon after starting the flute Hutchins was playing in public concerts, on radio and TV. As a young competitor, at the age of eleven, he was already winning many first prizes and scholarships. In his early teens, Hutchins continued to win competitions both as a flutist and a recorder player. Playing the baroque flute, recorder and early music period instruments, took him to Salzburg, Siena and Germany. This led to his first LP record recording engagement, in 1970, with Swedish Radio in Stockholm, as well as a concert tour of Sweden. Studying flute performance, Hutchins won the silver medal for the highest marks in the Licentiate Diploma in Flute Performance exams after one year of study at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama in London. He obtained his BA honours in Music at Dalhousie University in Nova Scotia and continued his flute education with Jeanne Baxstresser in MMus studies at McGill University. In the spring of 1978 he won the Montreal Symphony Orchestra Principal flute position at age twenty three, two weeks before his McGill MMus final recital. His talents as first flute of the OSM were immediately appreciated by critics and audiences and this appreciation continues to this day. Offered the Principal flute position of the New York Philharmonic, at the age of 28, and later the same position with the Boston and Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestras, where he was principal flute for the 2003 - 2004 season, Hutchins chose the unusual career step of declining these offers. This resulted in over 70 recordings with the OSM under Charles Dutoit and Kent Nagano, both as Principal flute and as soloist. Hutchins can be heard in numerous other albums including concerto and chamber music recordings that have been very well received. His flute and piano album with pianist Janet Creaser entitled “Flute à la française” was described as “delectable” by the UK's Gramophone magazine. Other notable recordings as Principal flute include three albums with the Boston Symphony Orchestra, under Seiji Ozawa, Vladimir Ashkenazy and Leonard Bernstein, and an album with the Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra under Mariss Jansons. With the World Orchestra for Peace and Valery Gergiev, Hutchins has performed in London's televised BBC Proms concerts and these remarkable concerts are available on DVD. Hutchins has a special relationship with the Far East. He has toured Japan many times, as well as performing in Korea and Hong Kong. He has been guest Principal flute and concerto soloist with Japan's renowned NHK Symphony Orchestra, and soloed in Kuala Lumpur with the Malaysian Philharmonic Orchestra. Hutchins has been on faculty at the Pacific Music Festival in Sapporo, the Kirishima International Music Festival, and the Kobe International Flute Competition as a jury member and performer. In Tokyo he has given masterclasses, recitals and chamber performances on numerous visits. Hutchins joined the flute faculty of McGill University in the autumn of 1978, attracting a long stream of outstanding flutists to McGill from across Canada, the US, Japan, China, the UK, Europe, Turkey, New Zealand and Israel. He has given numerous masterclasses across Canada, in prominent US institutions such as Eastman, Peabody and the New World Symphony in Miami; at Oxford University and in London in addition to his work in Japan. Throughout his career, Hutchins has mentored and guided many talented flutists, helping them develop and achieve their goals. His students include members of internationally known orchestras, and also those pursuing successful independent careers in music. References ^ a b Druckenbrod, Andrew (January 29, 2004). "Flutist's skillful phrasing a rare treat". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved March 14, 2010. ^ Andrew Druckenbrod, "Flutist's skillful phrasing a rare treat" Pittsburgh Post-Gazette Thursday, January 29, 2004 ^ Druckenbrod, Andrew (January 29, 2004). "Flutist's skillful phrasing a rare treat". post-gazette.com. Retrieved July 18, 2015. Authority control databases: Artists MusicBrainz https://www.timothyhutchinsflute.com/
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"flute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flute"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PG-1"},{"link_name":"Montreal Symphony Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Symphony_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PG-1"},{"link_name":"Boston Symphony Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Symphony_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"Seiji Ozawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seiji_Ozawa"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Ashkenazy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Ashkenazy"},{"link_name":"Leonard Bernstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein"},{"link_name":"Beethoven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beethoven"},{"link_name":"Seventh Symphony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_No._7_(Beethoven)"},{"link_name":"Tanglewood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanglewood"},{"link_name":"New York Philharmonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Philharmonic"},{"link_name":"Zubin Mehta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zubin_Mehta"},{"link_name":"Kurt Masur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Masur"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_Symphony_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Montreal Symphony Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Symphony_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_Symphony_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"Charles Dutoit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Dutoit"},{"link_name":"Kent Nagano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_Nagano"},{"link_name":"Gramophone magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.gramophone.co.uk/review/fl%C3%BBte-a-la-fran%C3%A7aise"},{"link_name":"Boston Symphony Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Symphony_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"Seiji Ozawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seiji_Ozawa"},{"link_name":"Valery Gergiev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valery_Gergiev"},{"link_name":"BBC Proms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Proms"},{"link_name":"Pacific Music Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Music_Festival"},{"link_name":"Kobe International Flute Competition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kobe_International_Flute_Competition&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"McGill University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGill_University"}],"text":"Timothy Hutchins is a Canadian classical flute player.\n[1]Principal flute of the Montreal Symphony Orchestra[1] since 1978, Timothy Hutchins has received international critical acclaim for his work as a concerto soloist, as a recitalist, and as a chamber musician. He has appeared extensively as soloist with the OSM: notably with Charles Dutoit. Timothy Hutchins has appeared as guest principal with the Boston Symphony Orchestra with Seiji Ozawa, Vladimir Ashkenazy, and with Leonard Bernstein at the latter's last appearance, recording Beethoven’s Seventh Symphony at Tanglewood. As guest principal he has performed and toured with the New York Philharmonic under Zubin Mehta and Kurt Masur. He was principal flute of the Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra for the 2003–04 season.\n[2]\n[3]Soon after starting the flute Hutchins was playing in public concerts, on radio and TV. As a young competitor, at the age of eleven, he was already winning many first prizes and scholarships. In his early teens, Hutchins continued to win competitions both as a flutist and a recorder player. Playing the baroque flute, recorder and early music period instruments, took him to Salzburg, Siena and Germany. This led to his first LP record recording engagement, in 1970, with Swedish Radio in Stockholm, as well as a concert tour of Sweden.Studying flute performance, Hutchins won the silver medal for the highest marks in the Licentiate Diploma in Flute Performance exams after one year of study at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama in London. He obtained his BA honours in Music at Dalhousie University in Nova Scotia and continued his flute education with Jeanne Baxstresser in MMus studies at McGill University.In the spring of 1978 he won the Montreal Symphony Orchestra Principal flute position at age twenty three, two weeks before his McGill MMus final recital. His talents as first flute of the OSM were immediately appreciated by critics and audiences and this appreciation continues to this day.Offered the Principal flute position of the New York Philharmonic, at the age of 28, and later the same position with the Boston and Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestras, where he was principal flute for the 2003 - 2004 season, Hutchins chose the unusual career step of declining these offers. This resulted in over 70 recordings with the OSM under Charles Dutoit and Kent Nagano, both as Principal flute and as soloist.Hutchins can be heard in numerous other albums including concerto and chamber music recordings that have been very well received. His flute and piano album with pianist Janet Creaser entitled “Flute à la française” was described as “delectable” by the UK's Gramophone magazine.Other notable recordings as Principal flute include three albums with the Boston Symphony Orchestra, under Seiji Ozawa, Vladimir Ashkenazy and Leonard Bernstein, and an album with the Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra under Mariss Jansons. With the World Orchestra for Peace and Valery Gergiev, Hutchins has performed in London's televised BBC Proms concerts and these remarkable concerts are available on DVD.Hutchins has a special relationship with the Far East. He has toured Japan many times, as well as performing in Korea and Hong Kong. He has been guest Principal flute and concerto soloist with Japan's renowned NHK Symphony Orchestra, and soloed in Kuala Lumpur with the Malaysian Philharmonic Orchestra.Hutchins has been on faculty at the Pacific Music Festival in Sapporo, the Kirishima International Music Festival, and the Kobe International Flute Competition as a jury member and performer. In Tokyo he has given masterclasses, recitals and chamber performances on numerous visits.Hutchins joined the flute faculty of McGill University in the autumn of 1978, attracting a long stream of outstanding flutists to McGill from across Canada, the US, Japan, China, the UK, Europe, Turkey, New Zealand and Israel.He has given numerous masterclasses across Canada, in prominent US institutions such as Eastman, Peabody and the New World Symphony in Miami; at Oxford University and in London in addition to his work in Japan.Throughout his career, Hutchins has mentored and guided many talented flutists, helping them develop and achieve their goals. His students include members of internationally known orchestras, and also those pursuing successful independent careers in music.","title":"Timothy Hutchins"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Claire
Helen Claire
["1 Early years","2 Radio","3 Stage","4 Film","5 Television","6 Personal life","7 Death","8 References"]
American actress Helen ClaireClaire in 1938BornOctober 18, 1911Union Springs, AlabamaDiedJanuary 12, 1974 (aged 62)Birmingham, Alabama, U.S.Alma materRandolph-Macon Woman's CollegeOccupationActressSpouseDr. Milton Smith (1942 - ?) Helen Claire (October 18, 1911 – January 12, 1974) was an actress on Broadway and in old-time radio. Early years Helen Claire was born in Union Springs, Alabama, to Col. and Mrs. Henry J. Rosenstihl. She grew up in Alabama and graduated cum laude from Randolph-Macon Woman's College, where she was a member of Phi Beta Kappa Society. She ventured to New York City and enrolled at Columbia University, from which she obtained a master's degree in psychology. Following graduation from Columbia, she attended Feagin School of Dramatic Art. Radio Claire's roles in radio programs included those shown in the table below. Program Character Backstage Wife Virginia Lansing: 57  Bright Horizon Edith Browning Death Valley Days Jan Thackery Dr. Christian Judy Joyce Jordan, M.D. Joyce Jordan: 376  The O'Neills Sally Scott O'Neill: 523  Roses and Drums Betty Graham Stella Dallas Ada Dexter: 635  The Story of Bess Johnson Mrs. Jordan Other programs in which Claire was a member of the cast included Young Widder Brown, Of Great Riches Stories of the Black Chamber, Aunt Jenny's Real Life Stories, Hilltop House, Stella Dallas, and Evelyn Winters. Claire also had a recurring role on Dr. Christian, which annually broadcast several episodes from New York City rather than from its usual Hollywood site. During those times, Claire played nurse Judy Price, replacing Rosemary DeCamp, who portrayed Price in the broadcasts from Hollywood. Claire also appeared on the radio version of Texaco Star Theatre and on "the Two Stars program over the WJZ network." Stage Although Claire had been advised seven years earlier "to abandon any idea she might have of becoming an actress" because of her southern accent, a 1938 newspaper article acclaimed Claire as "the first 'discovery' of the new Broadway season" for her work in Kiss the Boys Goodbye. Paul Ross wrote, "When the critical salvos had died down, it was found ... that the unknown from Alabama had risen to stardom over night." In February 1939, another newspaper article reported: "Helen Claire, a few months ago a comparative unknown, is now the toast of Broadway. Hard-boiled New York has so fallen for this real life Cindy Lou that her mornings are filled with interviews, her afternoons with screen tests, guest appearances, dinner parties." Claire's Broadway debut came in 1932 in Girls in Uniform. She also appeared in Sunny River and Jezebel. Film Claire's voice was familiar to moviegoers who were attentive to Movietone News segments that preceded feature films in theaters. Twice a week she provided narration of fashion news segments for those newsreels. Television Claire and others from the cast of The Parker Family radio program made an "experimental" broadcast of a TV version of the show on NBC May 9, 1941. In 1953, Claire, as narrator, received a certificate of merit related to the Sylvania Award "for outstanding individual variety performance on the Ford show" that was won by Mary Martin. Personal life Claire married Dr. Milton Smith May 22, 1941, in White Plains, New York. He was head of the drama department at Columbia University. They met when she was a student at Columbia and took a drama class to diminish her Southern drawl. Death Claire died January 12, 1974, aged 62, in Birmingham, Alabama. References ^ DeLong, Thomas A. (1996). Radio Stars: An Illustrated Biographical Dictionary of 953 Performers, 1920 through 1960. McFarland & Company, Inc. ISBN 978-0-7864-2834-2. P. 54. ^ a b "Helen Claire, 68, Actress, is Dead". The New York Times. New York, New York City. New York Times. January 14, 1974. p. 30. Retrieved May 8, 2020. ^ "Alabama Actress Visits Home State". The Anniston Star. Alabama, Anniston. The Anniston Star. January 15, 1940. p. 5. Retrieved February 29, 2016 – via Newspapers.com. ^ a b c d e "Helen Claire Back North". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. New York, Brooklyn. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. November 19, 1939. p. 31. Retrieved February 27, 2016 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Those Three Cindys". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. New York, Brooklyn. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. April 9, 1939. p. 35. Retrieved February 28, 2016 – via Newspapers.com. ^ a b c d e Dunning, John. (1998). On the Air: The Encyclopedia of Old-Time Radio. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-507678-3. P. 119. ^ Small, Florence (February 13, 1950). "The Old and New West Helps Radio Sell for Borax" (PDF). Broadcasting. p. 22. Retrieved 29 February 2016. ^ "(photo caption)". The Cincinnati Enquirer. May 21, 1944. p. 69. Retrieved January 22, 2021. ^ Goodwin, Betty (May 26, 1935). "Radio Stars Knit Two, Then Purl a Few". Oakland Tribune. California, Oakland. Oakland Tribune. p. 54. Retrieved February 28, 2016 – via Newspapers.com. ^ a b "Radio Star Weds". The Mercury. Pennsylvania, Pottstown. Pottstown Mercury. June 24, 1941. p. 2. Retrieved February 28, 2016 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Talk of the Trade". Billboard. August 27, 1949. p. 11. Retrieved 1 March 2016. ^ "Of Great Riches" (PDF). Radio Daily. May 18, 1937. p. 6. Retrieved 29 February 2016. ^ Sinclair, Walter; Connors, James (March 2, 1935). "Heard on th eAir" (PDF). Radio Guide. p. 13. Retrieved 29 February 2016. ^ "This is ... "Aunt Jenny"" (PDF). Radio Guide. August 14, 1937. p. 14. Retrieved 29 February 2016. ^ "'Our Gal Sunday' Star Tells Value of Being 'On the Spot'". Harrisburg Telegraph. Pennsylvania, Harrisburg. Harrisburg Telegraph. October 12, 1940. p. 26. Retrieved February 28, 2016 – via Newspapers.com. ^ Sies, Luther F. (2014). Encyclopedia of American Radio, 1920-1960, 2nd Edition, Volume 1. McFarland & Company, Inc. ISBN 978-0-7864-5149-4. P. 135. ^ "Helen Claire Joins Dr. Christian For New York Series". Harrisburg Telegraph. Pennsylvania, Harrisburg. Harrisburg Telegraph. May 18, 1946. p. 19. Retrieved February 28, 2016 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Star Trio Heads "Theatre" Show". Harrisburg Telegraph. Pennsylvania, Harrisburg. Harrisburg Telegraph. March 23, 1940. p. 21. Retrieved February 28, 2016 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "The Short and Long of Radio". The Evening News. Pennsylvania, Harrisburg. The Evening News. October 30, 1936. p. 24. Retrieved February 28, 2016 – via Newspapers.com. ^ a b Ross, Paul (October 12, 1938). "Southern Girl First "Find" of Season on New York Stage". Cumberland Evening Times. Maryland, Cumberland. Cumberland Evening Times. p. 7. Retrieved February 27, 2016 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Young Southern Actress Is Now the Toast of Broadway". The Index-Journal. South Carolina, Greenwood. The Index-Journal. February 26, 1939. p. 2. Retrieved February 28, 2016 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Helen Claire Subs in "Andrea" Role, Claudia Morgan Ill". Harrisburg Telegraph. Pennsylvania, Harrisburg. Harrisburg Telegraph. January 8, 1944. p. 15. Retrieved February 29, 2016 – via Newspapers.com. ^ Terrace, Vincent (2011). Encyclopedia of Television Shows, 1925 through 2010. McFarland & Company, Inc. ISBN 978-0-7864-6477-7. P. 812. ^ "Sylvania Award Winners" (PDF). Broadcasting. December 7, 1953. p. 86. Retrieved 29 February 2016. ^ "Admits Marriage". The Winnipeg Tribune. Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba. The Winnipeg Tribune. June 25, 1941. p. 9. Retrieved February 28, 2016 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Actress Dies". Express and News. Texas, San Antonio. Express and News. January 13, 1974. p. 93. Retrieved February 29, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rs-1"},{"link_name":"Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_theatre"},{"link_name":"old-time radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old-time_radio"}],"text":"Helen Claire (October 18, 1911 – January 12, 1974)[1] was an actress on Broadway and in old-time radio.","title":"Helen Claire"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Union Springs, Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Springs,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytobit-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama"},{"link_name":"cum laude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cum_laude"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytobit-2"},{"link_name":"Randolph-Macon Woman's College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randolph_College"},{"link_name":"Phi Beta Kappa Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi_Beta_Kappa_Society"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bde-4"},{"link_name":"Columbia University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Feagin School of Dramatic Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feagin_School_of_Dramatic_Art"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bde-4"}],"text":"Helen Claire was born in Union Springs, Alabama,[2] to Col. and Mrs. Henry J. Rosenstihl.[3] She grew up in Alabama and graduated cum laude[2] from Randolph-Macon Woman's College, where she was a member of Phi Beta Kappa Society.[4] She ventured to New York City and enrolled at Columbia University, from which she obtained a master's degree in psychology.[5] Following graduation from Columbia, she attended Feagin School of Dramatic Art.[4]","title":"Early years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Young Widder Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Widder_Brown"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Aunt Jenny's Real Life Stories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aunt_Jenny%27s_Real_Life_Stories"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Stella Dallas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stella_Dallas_(radio)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sies-16"},{"link_name":"Dr. Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Christian"},{"link_name":"Rosemary DeCamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosemary_DeCamp"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Texaco Star Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texaco_Star_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"WJZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WABC_(AM)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Claire's roles in radio programs included those shown in the table below.Other programs in which Claire was a member of the cast included Young Widder Brown,[11] Of Great Riches[12] Stories of the Black Chamber,[13] Aunt Jenny's Real Life Stories,[14] Hilltop House,[15] Stella Dallas, and Evelyn Winters.[16]Claire also had a recurring role on Dr. Christian, which annually broadcast several episodes from New York City rather than from its usual Hollywood site. During those times, Claire played nurse Judy Price, replacing Rosemary DeCamp, who portrayed Price in the broadcasts from Hollywood.[17]Claire also appeared on the radio version of Texaco Star Theatre[18] and on \"the Two Stars program over the WJZ network.\"[19]","title":"Radio"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bde-4"},{"link_name":"Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_theatre"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cet-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cet-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ij-21"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bde-4"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pm-10"}],"text":"Although Claire had been advised seven years earlier \"to abandon any idea she might have of becoming an actress\" because of her southern accent,[4] a 1938 newspaper article acclaimed Claire as \"the first 'discovery' of the new Broadway season\" for her work in Kiss the Boys Goodbye.[20] Paul Ross wrote, \"When the critical salvos had died down, it was found ... that the unknown from Alabama had risen to stardom over night.\"[20] In February 1939, another newspaper article reported: \"Helen Claire, a few months ago a comparative unknown, is now the toast of Broadway. Hard-boiled New York has so fallen for this real life Cindy Lou [Claire's character in Kiss the Boys Goodbye] that her mornings are filled with interviews, her afternoons with screen tests, guest appearances, dinner parties.\"[21]Claire's Broadway debut came in 1932 in Girls in Uniform.[4] She also appeared in Sunny River[22] and Jezebel.[10]","title":"Stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Movietone News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movietone_News"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bde-4"}],"text":"Claire's voice was familiar to moviegoers who were attentive to Movietone News segments that preceded feature films in theaters. Twice a week she provided narration of fashion news segments for those newsreels.[4]","title":"Film"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-etvs-23"},{"link_name":"Sylvania Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvania_Award"},{"link_name":"Mary Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Martin"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"Claire and others from the cast of The Parker Family radio program made an \"experimental\" broadcast of a TV version of the show on NBC May 9, 1941.[23]In 1953, Claire, as narrator, received a certificate of merit related to the Sylvania Award \"for outstanding individual variety performance on the Ford show\" that was won by Mary Martin.[24]","title":"Television"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"White Plains, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Plains,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"Claire married Dr. Milton Smith May 22, 1941, in White Plains, New York. He was head of the drama department at Columbia University. They met when she was a student at Columbia and took a drama class to diminish her Southern drawl.[25]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Birmingham, Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"Claire died January 12, 1974, aged 62, in Birmingham, Alabama.[26]","title":"Death"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Helen Claire, 68, Actress, is Dead\". The New York Times. New York, New York City. New York Times. January 14, 1974. p. 30. Retrieved May 8, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1974/01/14/archives/helen-claire-68-actress-is-dead-veteran-of-stage-and-radio-was-also.html","url_text":"\"Helen Claire, 68, Actress, is Dead\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times","url_text":"New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Alabama Actress Visits Home State\". The Anniston Star. Alabama, Anniston. The Anniston Star. January 15, 1940. p. 5. Retrieved February 29, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/4479412/the_anniston_star/","url_text":"\"Alabama Actress Visits Home State\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Helen Claire Back North\". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. New York, Brooklyn. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. November 19, 1939. p. 31. Retrieved February 27, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/4458462/the_brooklyn_daily_eagle/","url_text":"\"Helen Claire Back North\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Those Three Cindys\". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. New York, Brooklyn. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. April 9, 1939. p. 35. Retrieved February 28, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/4469541/the_brooklyn_daily_eagle/","url_text":"\"Those Three Cindys\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Small, Florence (February 13, 1950). \"The Old and New West Helps Radio Sell for Borax\" (PDF). Broadcasting. p. 22. Retrieved 29 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.americanradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/50-OCR/1950-02-13-BC-OCR-Page-0022.pdf","url_text":"\"The Old and New West Helps Radio Sell for Borax\""}]},{"reference":"\"(photo caption)\". The Cincinnati Enquirer. May 21, 1944. p. 69. Retrieved January 22, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/68244556/helen-claire/","url_text":"\"(photo caption)\""}]},{"reference":"Goodwin, Betty (May 26, 1935). \"Radio Stars Knit Two, Then Purl a Few\". Oakland Tribune. California, Oakland. Oakland Tribune. p. 54. Retrieved February 28, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/4470738/oakland_tribune/","url_text":"\"Radio Stars Knit Two, Then Purl a Few\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Radio Star Weds\". The Mercury. Pennsylvania, Pottstown. Pottstown Mercury. June 24, 1941. p. 2. Retrieved February 28, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/4470072/pottstown_mercury/","url_text":"\"Radio Star Weds\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Talk of the Trade\". Billboard. August 27, 1949. p. 11. Retrieved 1 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hUUEAAAAMBAJ&q=%22Helen+Claire%22&pg=PA11","url_text":"\"Talk of the Trade\""}]},{"reference":"\"Of Great Riches\" (PDF). Radio Daily. May 18, 1937. p. 6. Retrieved 29 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.americanradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-Radio-Daily-IDX/RD-37/RA-1937-May-OCR-Page-0094.pdf","url_text":"\"Of Great Riches\""}]},{"reference":"Sinclair, Walter; Connors, James (March 2, 1935). \"Heard on th eAir\" (PDF). Radio Guide. p. 13. Retrieved 29 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.americanradiohistory.com/hd2/Archive-Radio-Guide-IDX-Site/IDX/1935/Radio-Guide-35-03-02-OCR-Page-0013.pdf","url_text":"\"Heard on th eAir\""}]},{"reference":"\"This is ... \"Aunt Jenny\"\" (PDF). Radio Guide. August 14, 1937. p. 14. Retrieved 29 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.americanradiohistory.com/hd2/Archive-Radio-Guide-IDX-Site/IDX/1937/Radio-Guide-37-08-14-OCR-Page-0014.pdf","url_text":"\"This is ... \"Aunt Jenny\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Our Gal Sunday' Star Tells Value of Being 'On the Spot'\". Harrisburg Telegraph. Pennsylvania, Harrisburg. Harrisburg Telegraph. October 12, 1940. p. 26. Retrieved February 28, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/4470288/harrisburg_telegraph/","url_text":"\"'Our Gal Sunday' Star Tells Value of Being 'On the Spot'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Helen Claire Joins Dr. Christian For New York Series\". Harrisburg Telegraph. Pennsylvania, Harrisburg. Harrisburg Telegraph. May 18, 1946. p. 19. Retrieved February 28, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/4470023/harrisburg_telegraph/","url_text":"\"Helen Claire Joins Dr. Christian For New York Series\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Star Trio Heads \"Theatre\" Show\". Harrisburg Telegraph. Pennsylvania, Harrisburg. Harrisburg Telegraph. March 23, 1940. p. 21. Retrieved February 28, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/4470328/harrisburg_telegraph/","url_text":"\"Star Trio Heads \"Theatre\" Show\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"The Short and Long of Radio\". The Evening News. Pennsylvania, Harrisburg. The Evening News. October 30, 1936. p. 24. Retrieved February 28, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/4469795/the_evening_news/","url_text":"\"The Short and Long of Radio\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Ross, Paul (October 12, 1938). \"Southern Girl First \"Find\" of Season on New York Stage\". Cumberland Evening Times. Maryland, Cumberland. Cumberland Evening Times. p. 7. Retrieved February 27, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/4458131/cumberland_evening_times/","url_text":"\"Southern Girl First \"Find\" of Season on New York Stage\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Young Southern Actress Is Now the Toast of Broadway\". The Index-Journal. South Carolina, Greenwood. The Index-Journal. February 26, 1939. p. 2. Retrieved February 28, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/4470621/the_indexjournal/","url_text":"\"Young Southern Actress Is Now the Toast of Broadway\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Helen Claire Subs in \"Andrea\" Role, Claudia Morgan Ill\". Harrisburg Telegraph. Pennsylvania, Harrisburg. Harrisburg Telegraph. January 8, 1944. p. 15. Retrieved February 29, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/4479313/harrisburg_telegraph/","url_text":"\"Helen Claire Subs in \"Andrea\" Role, Claudia Morgan Ill\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Sylvania Award Winners\" (PDF). Broadcasting. December 7, 1953. p. 86. Retrieved 29 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.americanradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/53-OCR/BC-1953-12-07-OCR-Page-0086.pdf","url_text":"\"Sylvania Award Winners\""}]},{"reference":"\"Admits Marriage\". The Winnipeg Tribune. Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba. The Winnipeg Tribune. June 25, 1941. p. 9. Retrieved February 28, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/4469660/the_winnipeg_tribune/","url_text":"\"Admits Marriage\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Actress Dies\". Express and News. Texas, San Antonio. Express and News. January 13, 1974. p. 93. Retrieved February 29, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/4479483/express_and_news/","url_text":"\"Actress Dies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fi_sabilillah
Fi sabilillah
["1 See also","2 References"]
Arabic expression meaning "in the cause of Allah" The phrase fi sabilillah (فِي سَبِيلِ ٱللَّٰهِ, fī sabīli llāhi) is an Arabic expression meaning "in the cause of God", or more befittingly, "for the sake of God". Alternative spellings for fi sabilillah include fisabilillah and fisabillillah The phrase - which relates the distribution of zakat - is found frequently in the Quran, e.g. in surah 9, verse 60: As-Sadaqat (zakat) are only for the Fuqara' (the poor), and Al-Masākīn (the needy) and those employed to collect (the funds); and to attract the hearts of those who have been inclined (towards Islam); and to free the captives; and for those in debt; and for Fi sabilillah (Allah's cause), and for Ibn As-Sabil a duty imposed by Allah. And Allah is All-Knower, All-Wise. From the above context it is closely associated with alms-giving or charity, meaning "he dedicated the revenue or profit to be used in the cause of God", i.e. "he gave to charity". A classical example discussed by Lane in his Arabic-English Lexicon of 1863 is that of Umar who decided to give the revenue of a palm grove of his to charitable use. Because of these connotations, the phrase is closely associated with the concept of zakah in fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence). With regards to this phrase's use in Qur'an 9:60 above, according to Maududi majority of earliest Muslim scholars opined fi-sabilillah to mean Jihad, for example, the 14th century scholar Ibn Kathir explained it as: "In the cause of Allah is exclusive for the benefit of the fighters in jihad, who do not receive compensation from the Muslim Treasury." However, Maududi also points out that early scholars were mistaken in limiting Jihad here only to fighting as its peaceful, non-militaristic connotation is also relevant and applicable here. Shafi Usmani interprets it as a religious cause which can include military Jihad or performing some other personal religious duty, such as the Hajj. The progressive scholar, Ghamidi, interprets it broadly as "works in the service of religion". See also Jihad – which contains further explanations and applications for the term 'Fi sabilillah' Zakat – which contains information relating to the distribution to 'Fi sabilillah' recipients Kiddush Hashem - a similar term in Judaism Brahmacharya - a term for religious self conduct in Hinduism, Jainism and Buddhism References ^ Lane, p. 1301, s.v. سبل: "in the way meaning cause, of God, or religion; or in the doing of anything , or all, that God has commanded, or of the works whereby one pursues the way that leads to advancement in the favour of God " ^ Ibn Kathir. "Tafsir Ibn Kathir (English): Surah Al Tawbah". Quran 4 U. Tafsir. Retrieved 27 December 2019. ^ a b Maududi, Syed Abul Ala. Tafhim al-Qur'an. ^ Tafsīr Ibn Kathir, Surah Tawba. ^ Shafi, Muhammad. Ma'ariful Qur'an. p. 413. ^ Ghamidi, Javed Ahmed. Al-Bayan.
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[]
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[{"reference":"Ibn Kathir. \"Tafsir Ibn Kathir (English): Surah Al Tawbah\". Quran 4 U. Tafsir. Retrieved 27 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Kathir","url_text":"Ibn Kathir"},{"url":"http://www.quran4u.com/Tafsir%20Ibn%20Kathir/009%20Taubah.htm","url_text":"\"Tafsir Ibn Kathir (English): Surah Al Tawbah\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafsir","url_text":"Tafsir"}]},{"reference":"Maududi, Syed Abul Ala. Tafhim al-Qur'an.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abul_A%27la_Maududi","url_text":"Maududi, Syed Abul Ala"},{"url":"http://www.englishtafsir.com/Quran/9/index.html#sdfootnote68sym","url_text":"Tafhim al-Qur'an"}]},{"reference":"Tafsīr Ibn Kathir, Surah Tawba.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Shafi, Muhammad. Ma'ariful Qur'an. p. 413.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Shafi_Deobandi","url_text":"Shafi, Muhammad"},{"url":"http://www.islamicstudies.info/quran/maarif/maarif.php?sura=9&verse=60","url_text":"Ma'ariful Qur'an"}]},{"reference":"Ghamidi, Javed Ahmed. Al-Bayan.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javed_Ahmad_Ghamidi","url_text":"Ghamidi, Javed Ahmed"},{"url":"https://www.javedahmedghamidi.org/#!/quran?chapter=9&paragraph=18&type=Ghamidi#fn_220","url_text":"Al-Bayan"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_names_of_calendar_months
Arabic names of Gregorian months
["1 Iraq and the Levant","2 Egypt, Libya, Sudan, and Eastern Arabia","3 Libya (1969–2011)","4 Algeria and Tunisia","5 Morocco","6 See also","7 References"]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Arabic names of Gregorian months" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Arabic names of the months of the Gregorian calendar are usually phonetic Arabic pronunciations of the corresponding month names used in European languages. An exception is the Syriac calendar used in Iraq and the Levant, whose month names are inherited via Classical Arabic from the Babylonian and Hebrew lunisolar calendars and correspond to roughly the same time of year. Though the lunar Hijri calendar and solar Hijri calendar are prominent in the Mideast, the Gregorian calendar is and has been used in nearly all the countries of the Arab world, in many places long before European occupation. All Arab states use the Gregorian calendar for civil purposes. The names of the Gregorian months as used in Egypt, Sudan, and Yemen are widely regarded as standard across the Arab world, although their Classical Arabic names are often used alongside them. In other Arab countries, some modification or actual changes in naming or pronunciation of months are observed. Iraq and the Levant These names are used primarily in Iraq, Syria, Jordan, Lebanon and Palestine, as well as by Arab citizens of Israel. Classical Arabic inherited the names from the Babylonian and Assyrian calendars, which are lunisolar. Although the Arabic names are cognate, they do not refer to the lunar months, as when the names are used in their original Babylonian. Nine of these names were used in the Ottoman Turkish calendar, of which five remain in use in the modern Turkish calendar. No. Month Arabic name Transliteration Syriac cognate Transliteration 1 January كانُون الثانِي Kānūn aṯ-Ṯānī ܟܢܘܢ ܒ Kānōn Ḥrāy 2 February شُباط Šubāṭ ܫܒܛ Šḇāṭ 3 March آذار ʾĀḏār ܐܕܪ ʾĀḏar 4 April نَيْسان Naysān ܢܝܣܢ Nīsān 5 May أَيّار ʾAyyār ܐܝܪ ʾĪyār 6 June حَزِيران Ḥazīrān ܚܙܝܪܢ Ḥzīrān 7 July تَمُّوز Tammūz ܬܡܘܙ Tammūz 8 August آب ʾĀb ܐܒ ʾĀb/Ṭabbāḥ 9 September أَيْلُول ʾAylūl ܐܝܠܘܠ ʾĪlūl 10 October تِشْرِين الْأَوَّل Tišrīn al-ʾAwwal ܬܫܪܝܢ ܐ Tešrīn Qḏīm 11 November تِشْرِين الثانِي Tišrīn aṯ-Ṯānī ܬܫܪܝܢ ܒ Tešrīn Ḥrāy 12 December كانُون الْأَوَّل Kānūn al-ʾAwwal ܟܢܘܢ ܐ Kānōn Qḏīm Egypt, Libya, Sudan, and Eastern Arabia The names of the Gregorian months in Egypt, Sudan and Eastern Arabia are based on the old Latin names. No. Month Arabic name Transliteration Latin name Egyptian pronunciation 1 January يَنايِر Yanāyir Ianuarius 2 February فِبْرايِر Fibrāyir Februarius 3 March مارِس Mārs/Māris Martius 4 April أَبْرِيل / إبْرِيل ʾAbrīl / ʾIbrīl Aprilis 5 May مايُو Māyū Maius 6 June يُونِيُو / يُونِية Yūniyū / Yūnyah Iunius 7 July يُولِيُو / يُولِية Yūliyū / Yūliyah Iulius 8 August أَغُسْطُس ʾAğusṭus Augustus 9 September سِبْتَمْبَر Sibtambar September 10 October أُكْتُوبَر ʾUktūbar October 11 November نُوفَمْبَر / نُوَنْبِر Nūfambar / Nuwanbar November 12 December دِيسَمْبَر Dīsambar December Libya (1969–2011) The names of months used in the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (1977–2011) were derived from various sources, and were assembled after Muammar Gaddafi's seizure of power in 1969 and abolished in 2011 after the 17 February Revolution. The decision of changing calendar names was adopted in June 1986. The Libyan calendar, which followed the same sequence of renamed Gregorian months, counted the years from the death of Muhammad. This reckoning was therefore ten years behind the Solar Hijri calendar used in Iran and Afghanistan. No. Month Arabic name Transliteration Meaning 1 January أَيّ النار Ayy an-Nār that of the fires 2 February النُوّار an-Nuwwār the blooming 3 March الرَبِيع ar-Rabīʿ the spring al-Mirrij was also used 4 April الطَيْر aṭ-Ṭayr the bird 5 May الماء al-Māʾ the water 6 June الصَيْف aṣ-Ṣayf the summer 7 July ناصِر Nāṣir from Gamal Abd el-Nasser 8 August هانِيبال Hānībāl from Hannibal Barca 9 September الفاتِح al-Fātiḥ referring to al-Fateh Revolution 10 October التُمُور / الثُمُور at-Tumūr / aṯ-Ṯumūr the dates 11 November الحَرْث al-Ḥarṯ the tillage 12 December الكانُون al-Kānūn the canon Algeria and Tunisia The names of the Gregorian months in Algeria and Tunisia are based on the French names of the months, reflecting France's long colonisation of these countries (1830–1962 in Algeria; 1881–1956 in Tunisia). No. Month Arabic name Transliteration French name 1 January جانْفِي Jānvi janvier 2 February فِيفْرِي Fīvri février 3 March مارْس Mārs / Māris mars 4 April أفْرِيل ʾAvrīl avril 5 May ماي Mēy mai 6 June جْوان Jwān juin 7 July جْوِيلِْية Jwīlya juillet 8 August أُوت ʾŪt août 9 September سِبْتُمْبر Septōmbr septembre 10 October أُكْتُوبر ʾOktōbr octobre 11 November نُوفُمْبر Novōmbr novembre 12 December دِيسُمْبر Desōmbr décembre Morocco As Morocco was long part of the Roman Empire, the long-standing agricultural Berber calendar of the country preserves the Julian calendar and (in modified form) the names of its months. There are regional variations of the Berber calendar, since some communities did not recognise the Julian 29 February in century years where the Gregorian calendar had no equivalent date. When Morocco adopted the Gregorian calendar for civil purposes, the names of the months were taken from this local tradition. No. Month Arabic name Transliteration 1 January يَنّايِر Yannāyir 2 February فِبْرايِر Fibrāyir 3 March مارْس Mārs 4 April إبْرِيل ʾIbrīl 5 May ماي Māy 6 June يُونِيُّو Yūniyyū 7 July يُولِيُّوز Yūliyyūz 8 August غُشْت Ğušt 9 September شُتَنْبِر Šutanbir 10 October أُكْتُوبِر ʾUktūbir 11 November نُوَنْبِر Nuwanbir 12 December دُجَنْبِر Dujanbir See also Gregorian calendar Islamic calendar Solar Hijri calendar Assyrian calendar Hebrew calendar Iranian calendars Babylonian calendar Pre-Islamic Arabian calendar Rumi calendar References ^ "The months of the Gregorian (Christian) calendar in various languages: Arabic". Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 20 May 2007. ^ "Libya Changes Names Of Months On Calendar - Sun Sentinel". Articles.sun-sentinel.com. Agence France-Presse. 23 June 1986. Retrieved 25 March 2013. ^ "ACM: Months". Library.princeton.edu. Archived from the original on 20 June 2010. Retrieved 25 March 2013. ^ "Libyan Arab Jamahiriya - الموقع غير الرسمى للقنصلية الليبية بالاسكندرية". Retrieved 25 March 2013. ^ "Tratamiento del árabe". Conf-dts1.unog.ch. Retrieved 25 March 2013.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Arabic names","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_month_names"},{"link_name":"Gregorian calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorian_calendar"},{"link_name":"Syriac calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_calendar"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"Levant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levant"},{"link_name":"Classical Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Arabic"},{"link_name":"Babylonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonian_calendar"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_calendar"},{"link_name":"lunisolar calendars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunisolar_calendar"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"lunar Hijri calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_calendar"},{"link_name":"solar Hijri calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_Hijri_calendar"},{"link_name":"Mideast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mideast"},{"link_name":"Arab world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_world"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan"},{"link_name":"Yemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The Arabic names of the months of the Gregorian calendar are usually phonetic Arabic pronunciations of the corresponding month names used in European languages. An exception is the Syriac calendar used in Iraq and the Levant, whose month names are inherited via Classical Arabic from the Babylonian and Hebrew lunisolar calendars and correspond to roughly the same time of year.[1]Though the lunar Hijri calendar and solar Hijri calendar are prominent in the Mideast, the Gregorian calendar is and has been used in nearly all the countries of the Arab world, in many places long before European occupation.[citation needed] All Arab states use the Gregorian calendar for civil purposes. The names of the Gregorian months as used in Egypt, Sudan, and Yemen are widely regarded as standard across the Arab world, [citation needed] although their Classical Arabic names are often used alongside them.[citation needed] In other Arab countries, some modification or actual changes in naming or pronunciation of months are observed.","title":"Arabic names of Gregorian months"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Palestine"},{"link_name":"Arab citizens of Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_citizens_of_Israel"},{"link_name":"Classical Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Arabic"},{"link_name":"Babylonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonian_calendar"},{"link_name":"Assyrian calendars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_calendar"},{"link_name":"lunisolar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunisolar_calendar"},{"link_name":"cognate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognate_(etymology)"},{"link_name":"lunar months","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_months"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Turkish calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumi_calendar"},{"link_name":"modern Turkish calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_months"}],"text":"These names are used primarily in Iraq, Syria, Jordan, Lebanon and Palestine, as well as by Arab citizens of Israel. Classical Arabic inherited the names from the Babylonian and Assyrian calendars, which are lunisolar. Although the Arabic names are cognate, they do not refer to the lunar months, as when the names are used in their original Babylonian. Nine of these names were used in the Ottoman Turkish calendar, of which five remain in use in the modern Turkish calendar.","title":"Iraq and the Levant"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eastern Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Arabia"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The names of the Gregorian months in Egypt, Sudan and Eastern Arabia are based on the old Latin names.[citation needed]","title":"Egypt, Libya, Sudan, and Eastern Arabia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (1977–2011)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Libya_under_Muammar_Gaddafi#Great_Socialist_People's_Libyan_Arab_Jamahiriya_(1977%E2%80%932011)"},{"link_name":"Muammar Gaddafi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi"},{"link_name":"17 February Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyan_Civil_War_(2011)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Muhammad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Solar Hijri calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_Hijri_calendar"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan"}],"text":"The names of months used in the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (1977–2011) were derived from various sources, and were assembled after Muammar Gaddafi's seizure of power in 1969 and abolished in 2011 after the 17 February Revolution. The decision of changing calendar names was adopted in June 1986.[2] The Libyan calendar, which followed the same sequence of renamed Gregorian months, counted the years from the death of Muhammad.[3] This reckoning was therefore ten years behind the Solar Hijri calendar used in Iran and Afghanistan.","title":"Libya (1969–2011)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria"},{"link_name":"Tunisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"in Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Algeria"},{"link_name":"in Tunisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_occupation_of_Tunisia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.m.wiktionary.org/wiki/Template:table:gregorian_calendar/aeb"}],"text":"The names of the Gregorian months in Algeria and Tunisia are based on the French names of the months, reflecting France's long colonisation of these countries (1830–1962 in Algeria; 1881–1956 in Tunisia).[1]","title":"Algeria and Tunisia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Berber calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berber_calendar"},{"link_name":"Julian calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_calendar"}],"text":"As Morocco was long part of the Roman Empire, the long-standing agricultural Berber calendar of the country preserves the Julian calendar and (in modified form) the names of its months. There are regional variations of the Berber calendar, since some communities did not recognise the Julian 29 February in century years where the Gregorian calendar had no equivalent date. When Morocco adopted the Gregorian calendar for civil purposes, the names of the months were taken from this local tradition.","title":"Morocco"}]
[]
[{"title":"Gregorian calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorian_calendar"},{"title":"Islamic calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_calendar"},{"title":"Solar Hijri calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_Hijri_calendar"},{"title":"Assyrian calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_calendar"},{"title":"Hebrew calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_calendar"},{"title":"Iranian calendars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_calendars"},{"title":"Babylonian calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonian_calendar"},{"title":"Pre-Islamic Arabian calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Islamic_Arabian_calendar"},{"title":"Rumi calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumi_calendar"}]
[{"reference":"\"The months of the Gregorian (Christian) calendar in various languages: Arabic\". Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 20 May 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110717022156/http://www.geonames.de/months.html#ara","url_text":"\"The months of the Gregorian (Christian) calendar in various languages: Arabic\""},{"url":"http://geonames.de/months.html#ara","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Libya Changes Names Of Months On Calendar - Sun Sentinel\". Articles.sun-sentinel.com. Agence France-Presse. 23 June 1986. Retrieved 25 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1986-06-23/news/8602060902_1_arab-libya%E2%80%93-news-agency-calendar","url_text":"\"Libya Changes Names Of Months On Calendar - Sun Sentinel\""}]},{"reference":"\"ACM: Months\". Library.princeton.edu. Archived from the original on 20 June 2010. Retrieved 25 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100620145817/http://library.princeton.edu/departments/tsd/acm/appendix/months.html","url_text":"\"ACM: Months\""},{"url":"http://library.princeton.edu/departments/tsd/acm/appendix/months.html#libyan","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Libyan Arab Jamahiriya - الموقع غير الرسمى للقنصلية الليبية بالاسكندرية\". Retrieved 25 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://sites.google.com/site/lyalexcons/home-english/libyan-arab-jamahiriya","url_text":"\"Libyan Arab Jamahiriya - الموقع غير الرسمى للقنصلية الليبية بالاسكندرية\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tratamiento del árabe\". Conf-dts1.unog.ch. Retrieved 25 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://conf-dts1.unog.ch/1%20SPA/Tradutek/Varios/00-Tratamiento_arabe_Anexo_ManualTraductor.htm","url_text":"\"Tratamiento del árabe\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Arabic+names+of+Gregorian+months%22","external_links_name":"\"Arabic names of Gregorian months\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Arabic+names+of+Gregorian+months%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Arabic+names+of+Gregorian+months%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Arabic+names+of+Gregorian+months%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Arabic+names+of+Gregorian+months%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Arabic+names+of+Gregorian+months%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://en.m.wiktionary.org/wiki/Template:table:gregorian_calendar/aeb","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110717022156/http://www.geonames.de/months.html#ara","external_links_name":"\"The months of the Gregorian (Christian) calendar in various languages: Arabic\""},{"Link":"http://geonames.de/months.html#ara","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1986-06-23/news/8602060902_1_arab-libya%E2%80%93-news-agency-calendar","external_links_name":"\"Libya Changes Names Of Months On Calendar - Sun Sentinel\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100620145817/http://library.princeton.edu/departments/tsd/acm/appendix/months.html","external_links_name":"\"ACM: Months\""},{"Link":"http://library.princeton.edu/departments/tsd/acm/appendix/months.html#libyan","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://sites.google.com/site/lyalexcons/home-english/libyan-arab-jamahiriya","external_links_name":"\"Libyan Arab Jamahiriya - الموقع غير الرسمى للقنصلية الليبية بالاسكندرية\""},{"Link":"http://conf-dts1.unog.ch/1%20SPA/Tradutek/Varios/00-Tratamiento_arabe_Anexo_ManualTraductor.htm","external_links_name":"\"Tratamiento del árabe\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Jackson_1984_presidential_campaign
Jesse Jackson 1984 presidential campaign
["1 Background","2 Campaign platform","3 Legacy","4 References","5 Further reading","6 External links"]
See also: 1984 United States presidential election and Jesse Jackson 1988 presidential campaign Jesse Jackson 1984 presidential campaignCampaignU.S. presidential election, 1984CandidateReverend Jesse Jackson Sr.AffiliationDemocratic PartyStatusWithdrawn In 1984, Jesse Jackson became the second African American (after Shirley Chisholm) to mount a nationwide campaign for President of the United States, running as a Democrat. In the primaries, Jackson, who had been written off by pundits as a fringe candidate with little chance at winning the nomination, surprised many when he took third place overall, behind Senator Gary Hart and former Vice President Walter Mondale, who eventually won the nomination. Jackson garnered 3,282,431 primary votes, or 18.2 percent of the total, in 1984. He won five primaries and caucuses: Louisiana, the District of Columbia, South Carolina, Virginia, and one of two separate contests in Mississippi. He thus became the first African-American candidate to win any major-party state primary or caucus. As he had gained 21 percent of the popular vote but only eight percent of delegates, Jackson afterwards complained that he had been handicapped by party rules. While Mondale (in the words of his aides) was determined to establish a precedent with his vice presidential candidate by picking a woman or visible minority, Jackson criticized the screening process as a "p.r. parade of personalities". He also mocked Mondale, saying that Hubert Humphrey was the "last significant politician out of the St. Paul–Minneapolis" area. Background In May 1983, Jackson became the first African-American man since Reconstruction to address a joint session of the Alabama Legislature, where he said it was "about time we forgot about black and white and started talking about employed and unemployed." Art Harris saw Jackson as "testing the waters for a black presidential candidacy down South". In June, Jackson delivered a speech to 4,000 black Baptist ministers in Memphis bemoaning the fact that only 1 percent of American public officials were African-American despite blacks making up 12 percent of the population; the crowd responded with chants for him to "Run". Jackson's address to the National Congress of American Indians and touring of southern Texas to test his appeal among Hispanics fueled speculation he would run for president. Campaign platform In both races, Jackson ran on what many considered to be a very liberal platform. Declaring that he wanted to create a "Rainbow Coalition" of various minority groups, including African Americans, Hispanics, Arab-Americans, Asian Americans, Native Americans, family farmers, the poor and working class, and homosexuals, as well as white progressives who fit into none of those categories, Jackson ran on a platform that included: creating a Works Progress Administration-style program to rebuild America's infrastructure and provide jobs to all Americans, reprioritizing the War on Drugs to focus less on mandatory minimum sentences for drug users (which he views as racially biased) and more on harsher punishments for money-laundering bankers and others who are part of the "supply" end of "supply and demand" reversing Reaganomics-inspired tax cuts for the richest ten percent of Americans and using the money to finance social welfare programs cutting the budget of the Department of Defense by as much as fifteen percent over the course of his administration declaring Apartheid-era South Africa to be a rogue nation instituting an immediate nuclear freeze and beginning disarmament negotiations with the Soviet Union giving reparations to descendants of black slaves supporting family farmers by reviving many of FDR's New Deal-era farm programs creating a single-payer system of universal health care ratifying the Equal Rights Amendment increasing federal funding for lower-level public education and providing free community college to all applying stricter enforcement of the Voting Rights Act and supporting the formation of a Palestinian state. With the exception of a resolution to implement sanctions against South Africa for its apartheid policies, none of these positions made it into the party's platform in either 1984 or 1988. Legacy In 1984, a young Conrad Tillard worked as a coordinator of the presidential campaign, first in Philadelphia and then at Jackson's national headquarters in Washington, D.C. Years later Tillard said: "I became discouraged and almost bitter against the political process, because I felt that he was disrespected, but that was in my immaturity." Jackson campaigned again in 1988 when he more than doubled his results. References ^ Purnick, Joyce, and Michael Oreskes. 'Jesse Jackson Aims for the Mainstream'. The New York Times, November 29, 1987 ^ '1984 Texas Jackson-for-President Campaign Collection: An Inventory of Records at the Houston Metropolitan Research Center, Houston Public Library' ^ Thomas, Evan. "Trying to Win the Peace", Time, July 2, 1984 ^ "Jesse Jackson Preaches a New Politics to the Alabama Legislature". Washington Post. May 25, 1983. ^ "FIERY JESSE JACKSON ATTRACTING POLITICIANS' PRAISE AND CRITICISM". New York Times. June 27, 1983. ^ "JESSE JACKSON SEEKS WIDER AUDIENCE". New York Times. October 17, 1983. ^ D.L. Chandler (May 23, 2013). "Former "Hip-Hop Minister" Running For NYC Council Seat". HipHopWired. ^ a b "Will "Hiphop Minister" Conrad Muhammad Go from N.O.I. to G.O.P.?". New York Press. February 16, 2015. ^ Paul DeBenedetto (May 23, 2013). "Former "Hip-Hop Minister" Continues Evolution With City Council Run". DNAinfo New York. Archived from the original on January 11, 2018. Retrieved December 6, 2022. Further reading Faw, Bob; Skelton, Nancy (1986). Thunder in America: the improbable presidential campaign of Jesse Jackson. Austin, Texas: Texas Monthly Press. OCLC 727946029. External links Race summary in Ourcampaigns.com
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1984 United States presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"Jesse Jackson 1988 presidential campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Jackson_1988_presidential_campaign"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jesse_Jackson,_half-length_portrait_of_Jackson_seated_at_a_table,_July_1,_1983_edit.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jesse Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Shirley Chisholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm"},{"link_name":"nationwide campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"President of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Democrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Democratic_Party"},{"link_name":"fringe candidate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fringe_candidate"},{"link_name":"Gary Hart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Hart"},{"link_name":"Vice President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Walter Mondale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Mondale"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"African-American candidate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American_candidates_for_President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Hubert Humphrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"See also: 1984 United States presidential election and Jesse Jackson 1988 presidential campaignIn 1984, Jesse Jackson became the second African American (after Shirley Chisholm) to mount a nationwide campaign for President of the United States, running as a Democrat.In the primaries, Jackson, who had been written off by pundits as a fringe candidate with little chance at winning the nomination, surprised many when he took third place overall, behind Senator Gary Hart and former Vice President Walter Mondale, who eventually won the nomination. Jackson garnered 3,282,431 primary votes, or 18.2 percent of the total, in 1984.[1]He won five primaries and caucuses: Louisiana, the District of Columbia, South Carolina, Virginia, and one of two separate contests in Mississippi.[2] He thus became the first African-American candidate to win any major-party state primary or caucus.As he had gained 21 percent of the popular vote but only eight percent of delegates, Jackson afterwards complained that he had been handicapped by party rules. While Mondale (in the words of his aides) was determined to establish a precedent with his vice presidential candidate by picking a woman or visible minority, Jackson criticized the screening process as a \"p.r. parade of personalities\". He also mocked Mondale, saying that Hubert Humphrey was the \"last significant politician out of the St. Paul–Minneapolis\" area.[3]","title":"Jesse Jackson 1984 presidential campaign"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Reconstruction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstruction_era"},{"link_name":"Alabama Legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama_Legislature"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Memphis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"National Congress of American Indians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Congress_of_American_Indians"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"In May 1983, Jackson became the first African-American man since Reconstruction to address a joint session of the Alabama Legislature, where he said it was \"about time we forgot about black and white and started talking about employed and unemployed.\" Art Harris saw Jackson as \"testing the waters for a black presidential candidacy down South\".[4] In June, Jackson delivered a speech to 4,000 black Baptist ministers in Memphis bemoaning the fact that only 1 percent of American public officials were African-American despite blacks making up 12 percent of the population; the crowd responded with chants for him to \"Run\".[5] Jackson's address to the National Congress of American Indians and touring of southern Texas to test his appeal among Hispanics fueled speculation he would run for president.[6]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"liberal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"minority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minority_group"},{"link_name":"African Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American"},{"link_name":"Hispanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic"},{"link_name":"Arab-Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab-American"},{"link_name":"Asian Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_American"},{"link_name":"Native Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"family farmers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_farm"},{"link_name":"poor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty"},{"link_name":"working class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_class"},{"link_name":"homosexuals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homosexuality"},{"link_name":"white","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whites"},{"link_name":"progressives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressivism"},{"link_name":"Works Progress Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration"},{"link_name":"infrastructure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructure"},{"link_name":"War on Drugs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_on_Drugs"},{"link_name":"mandatory minimum sentences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandatory_sentencing"},{"link_name":"money-laundering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money-laundering"},{"link_name":"bankers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banker"},{"link_name":"supply and demand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supply_and_demand"},{"link_name":"Reaganomics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaganomics"},{"link_name":"tax cuts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_cuts"},{"link_name":"social welfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_welfare"},{"link_name":"budget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budget"},{"link_name":"Department of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense"},{"link_name":"Apartheid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"rogue nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogue_state"},{"link_name":"nuclear freeze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_freeze"},{"link_name":"disarmament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disarmament"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"reparations to descendants of black slaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reparations_for_slavery"},{"link_name":"FDR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"New Deal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Deal"},{"link_name":"universal health care","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_health_care"},{"link_name":"Equal Rights Amendment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal_Rights_Amendment"},{"link_name":"public education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_education"},{"link_name":"community college","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_college"},{"link_name":"Voting Rights Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act"},{"link_name":"Palestinian state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_state"}],"text":"In both races, Jackson ran on what many considered to be a very liberal platform. Declaring that he wanted to create a \"Rainbow Coalition\" of various minority groups, including African Americans, Hispanics, Arab-Americans, Asian Americans, Native Americans, family farmers, the poor and working class, and homosexuals, as well as white progressives who fit into none of those categories, Jackson ran on a platform that included:creating a Works Progress Administration-style program to rebuild America's infrastructure and provide jobs to all Americans,\nreprioritizing the War on Drugs to focus less on mandatory minimum sentences for drug users (which he views as racially biased) and more on harsher punishments for money-laundering bankers and others who are part of the \"supply\" end of \"supply and demand\"\nreversing Reaganomics-inspired tax cuts for the richest ten percent of Americans and using the money to finance social welfare programs\ncutting the budget of the Department of Defense by as much as fifteen percent over the course of his administration\ndeclaring Apartheid-era South Africa to be a rogue nation\ninstituting an immediate nuclear freeze and beginning disarmament negotiations with the Soviet Union\ngiving reparations to descendants of black slaves\nsupporting family farmers by reviving many of FDR's New Deal-era farm programs\ncreating a single-payer system of universal health care\nratifying the Equal Rights Amendment\nincreasing federal funding for lower-level public education and providing free community college to all\napplying stricter enforcement of the Voting Rights Act and\nsupporting the formation of a Palestinian state.With the exception of a resolution to implement sanctions against South Africa for its apartheid policies, none of these positions made it into the party's platform in either 1984 or 1988.","title":"Campaign platform"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Conrad Tillard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrad_Tillard"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hiphopwired.com-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nypress.com-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto9-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nypress.com-8"},{"link_name":"1988","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Jackson_presidential_campaign,_1988"}],"text":"In 1984, a young Conrad Tillard worked as a coordinator of the presidential campaign, first in Philadelphia and then at Jackson's national headquarters in Washington, D.C.[7][8][9] Years later Tillard said: \"I became discouraged and almost bitter against the political process, because I felt that he was disrespected, but that was in my immaturity.\"[8]Jackson campaigned again in 1988 when he more than doubled his results.","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Austin, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin,_Texas"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"727946029","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/727946029"}],"text":"Faw, Bob; Skelton, Nancy (1986). Thunder in America: the improbable presidential campaign of Jesse Jackson. Austin, Texas: Texas Monthly Press. OCLC 727946029.","title":"Further reading"}]
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null
[{"reference":"\"Jesse Jackson Preaches a New Politics to the Alabama Legislature\". Washington Post. May 25, 1983.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1983/05/25/jesse-jackson-preaches-a-new-politics-to-the-alabama-legislature/f95b7c91-4efc-4f68-ada4-0e9bcb7b12ae/","url_text":"\"Jesse Jackson Preaches a New Politics to the Alabama Legislature\""}]},{"reference":"\"FIERY JESSE JACKSON ATTRACTING POLITICIANS' PRAISE AND CRITICISM\". New York Times. June 27, 1983.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1983/06/27/us/fiery-jesse-jackson-attracting-politicians-praise-and-criticism.html","url_text":"\"FIERY JESSE JACKSON ATTRACTING POLITICIANS' PRAISE AND CRITICISM\""}]},{"reference":"\"JESSE JACKSON SEEKS WIDER AUDIENCE\". New York Times. October 17, 1983.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1983/10/17/us/jesse-jackson-seeks-wider-audience.html","url_text":"\"JESSE JACKSON SEEKS WIDER AUDIENCE\""}]},{"reference":"D.L. Chandler (May 23, 2013). \"Former \"Hip-Hop Minister\" Running For NYC Council Seat\". HipHopWired.","urls":[{"url":"https://hiphopwired.com/236173/former-hip-hop-minister-running-for-nyc-council-seat-photos/","url_text":"\"Former \"Hip-Hop Minister\" Running For NYC Council Seat\""}]},{"reference":"\"Will \"Hiphop Minister\" Conrad Muhammad Go from N.O.I. to G.O.P.?\". New York Press. February 16, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nypress.com/news/will-hiphop-minister-conrad-muhammad-go-from-noi-to-gop-GANP1020020723307239999","url_text":"\"Will \"Hiphop Minister\" Conrad Muhammad Go from N.O.I. to G.O.P.?\""}]},{"reference":"Paul DeBenedetto (May 23, 2013). \"Former \"Hip-Hop Minister\" Continues Evolution With City Council Run\". DNAinfo New York. Archived from the original on January 11, 2018. Retrieved December 6, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180111110257/https://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/20130523/bed-stuy/former-hip-hop-minister-continues-evolution-with-city-council-run","url_text":"\"Former \"Hip-Hop Minister\" Continues Evolution With City Council Run\""},{"url":"https://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/20130523/bed-stuy/former-hip-hop-minister-continues-evolution-with-city-council-run","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Faw, Bob; Skelton, Nancy (1986). Thunder in America: the improbable presidential campaign of Jesse Jackson. Austin, Texas: Texas Monthly Press. OCLC 727946029.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin,_Texas","url_text":"Austin, Texas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/727946029","url_text":"727946029"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imre_Erd%C5%91dy
Imre Erdődy
["1 References","2 External links"]
Hungarian gymnast (1889–1973) The native form of this personal name is Erdődy Imre. This article uses Western name order when mentioning individuals. Imre ErdődyCountry represented HungaryBorn(1889-03-26)March 26, 1889Budapest, HungaryDiedJanuary 11, 1973(1973-01-11) (aged 83)Budapest, HungaryDisciplineMen's artistic gymnastics Medal record Olympic Games 1912 Stockholm Team, european system Imre Erdődy (March 26, 1889 – January 11, 1973) was a Hungarian gymnast who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics. He was part of the Hungarian team, which won the silver medal in the gymnastics men's team, European system event in 1912. He also competed at the 1928 Summer Olympics. Erdődy died in a car accident in 1973. References ^ "Imre Erdődy". Olympedia. Retrieved 14 April 2021. ^ a b Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Imre Erdődy Olympic Results". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 17 July 2019. External links profile (in Hungarian) This article about an Olympic medalist of Hungary is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This biographical article related to Hungarian artistic gymnastics is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thelma_Grambo
Thelma Grambo
["1 References","2 External links"]
Canadian baseball player Baseball player Thelma GramboAll-American Girls Professional Baseball League CatcherBorn: (1923-10-28)October 28, 1923Domremy, Saskatchewan, CanadaDied: July 30, 2001(2001-07-30) (aged 77)Central Butte, Saskatchewan, CanadaBatted: RightThrew: Right Teams Grand Rapids Chicks (1946) Career highlights and awards Women in Baseball – AAGPBL Permanent Display at the Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum (unveiled in 1988) Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame Honorary Induction (1998) Thelma Josephine Grambo (later Hundeby; October 28, 1923 – July 30, 2001) was a Canadian catcher who played in the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League. Listed at 5' 7", 165 lb., she batted and threw right handed. Born in Domremy, Saskatchewan, Thelma Grambo was one of the 68 players born in Canada to join the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League in its twelve years history. Grambo started to play softball at age 8 in public school. She attended grades one through twelve at Northern Light School. Following her training at Normal School in Saskatoon, she taught at schools near Canwood, Viscount, and Young but did not get much chance to play sports, except for joining the Saskatoon Pats softball team in 1942. She continued playing in Saskatoon until an All-American League scout noticed her and gave her an opportunity to play in the league. Afterwards, Grambo was sent to Pascagoula, Mississippi for spring training and was assigned to the Grand Rapids Chicks in 1946. She served as a backup for Ruth Lessing and had the chance to catch pitchers such as Connie Wisniewski, Josephine Kabick, Alice Haylett and Audrey Haine. Unfortunately, her career was cut short when she broke the index finger of her throwing hand early in the season. She returned to Canada and married Robert Hundeby in 1947 and never returned to the league. The couple established in Elbow, Saskatchewan, where they raised their seven children on the family farm. Their extended family includes 16 grandchildren. The All-American Girls Professional Baseball League folded in 1954, but there is a permanent display at the Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum at Cooperstown, New York since 1988 that honors the entire league rather than any individual figure. In 1998, Thelma and all Canadian AAGPBL players gained honorary induction into the Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame. She is also a member of the Saskatchewan Baseball Hall of Fame and the Saskatoon Sports Hail of Fame. Thelma Grambo Hundeby died in 2001 at Regency Manor in Central Butte, Saskatchewan, aged 77. References ^ a b c d e f Thelma Hundeby – Biography. All-American Girls Professional Baseball League. Retrieved 2019-04-10. ^ a b c d e Madden, W. C. (2005) The Women of the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League: A Biographical Dictionary. McFarland & Company. ISBN 978-0-7864-2263-0 ^ Madden, W. C. (2000) All-American Girls Professional Baseball League Record Book. McFarland & Company. ISBN 978-0-7864-0597-8 ^ "Before A League of Their Own", baseballhall.org; accessed July 3, 2020. ^ The Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum Official Website External links "Grand Rapids Chicks Photograph, 1946". National Baseball Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2019-04-10. "Grand Rapids Chicks during the National Anthem photograph, 1946". National Baseball Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2019-04-10. "Grand Rapids Chicks Player Group photograph, 1946". National Baseball Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2019-04-10. vteAll-American Girls Professional Baseball LeagueTeams Battle Creek Belles Chicago Colleens Fort Wayne Daisies Grand Rapids Chicks Kalamazoo Lassies Kenosha Comets Milwaukee Chicks Minneapolis Millerettes Muskegon Belles Muskegon Lassies Peoria Redwings Racine Belles Rockford Peaches South Bend Blue Sox Springfield Sallies Seasons 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 Awards and recognition All-Star Team Player of the Year Batting records Fielding records Pitching records Related articles List of managers List of players Rules of play A League of Their Own (film) A League of Their Own (1993 TV series) A League of Their Own (2022 TV series) Bill Allington Arthur Meyerhoff Philip K. Wrigley
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Listed at 5' 7\", 165 lb., she batted and threw right handed.[1][2]Born in Domremy, Saskatchewan, Thelma Grambo was one of the 68 players born in Canada to join the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League in its twelve years history.Grambo started to play softball at age 8 in public school.[2] She attended grades one through twelve at Northern Light School.[1] Following her training at Normal School in Saskatoon, she taught at schools near Canwood, Viscount, and Young[1] but did not get much chance to play sports, except for joining the Saskatoon Pats softball team in 1942.[2] She continued playing in Saskatoon until an All-American League scout noticed her and gave her an opportunity to play in the league.Afterwards, Grambo was sent to Pascagoula, Mississippi for spring training and was assigned to the Grand Rapids Chicks in 1946.[2] She served as a backup for Ruth Lessing and had the chance to catch pitchers such as Connie Wisniewski, Josephine Kabick, Alice Haylett and Audrey Haine.[3] Unfortunately, her career was cut short when she broke the index finger of her throwing hand early in the season. She returned to Canada and married Robert Hundeby in 1947 and never returned to the league. The couple established in Elbow, Saskatchewan, where they raised their seven children on the family farm.[1] Their extended family includes 16 grandchildren.[2]The All-American Girls Professional Baseball League folded in 1954, but there is a permanent display at the Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum at Cooperstown, New York since 1988 that honors the entire league rather than any individual figure.[4] In 1998, Thelma and all Canadian AAGPBL players gained honorary induction into the Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame.[5] She is also a member of the Saskatchewan Baseball Hall of Fame and the Saskatoon Sports Hail of Fame.[1]Thelma Grambo Hundeby died in 2001 at Regency Manor in Central Butte, Saskatchewan, aged 77.[1]","title":"Thelma Grambo"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahoish_languages
Loloish languages
["1 Names","2 Internal classification","2.1 Bradley (2007)","2.2 Lama (2012)","3 Lesser-known languages","4 Notes","5 References"]
Family of fifty to a hundred Sino-Tibetan languages "Ngwi languages" redirects here. Not to be confused with Ngwii language. LoloishYi, Ngwi, NisoicEthnicityYi peopleGeographicdistributionSouthern China and Southeast AsiaLinguistic classificationSino-TibetanTibeto-BurmanLolo-BurmeseLoloishProto-languageProto-LoloishSubdivisions Hanoish (Southern) Lahoish ?Naxish Nusoish Kazhuoish Lisoish (Central) Nisoish (Northern and Southeastern) ?’Ugong (?) Lawoish (?) Jino Glottologlolo1267 The Loloish languages, also known as Yi and occasionally Ngwi or Nisoic, are a family of fifty to a hundred Sino-Tibetan languages spoken primarily in Yunnan province of China. They are most closely related to Burmese and its relatives. Both the Loloish and Burmish branches are well defined, as is their superior node, Lolo-Burmese. However, subclassification is more contentious. SIL Ethnologue (2013 edition) estimated a total number of 9 million native speakers of Loloish ("Ngwi") languages, the largest group being the speakers of Nuosu (Northern Yi) at 2 million speakers (2000 PRC census). Names Loloish is the traditional name for the family in English. Some publications avoid the term under the misapprehension that Lolo is pejorative, but it is the Chinese rendition of the autonym of the Yi people and is pejorative only in writing when it is written with a particular Chinese character (one that uses a beast, rather than a human, radical), a practice that was prohibited by the Chinese government in the 1950s. David Bradley uses the term Ngwi, and Lama (2012) uses Nisoic. Ethnologue has adopted 'Ngwi', but Glottolog retains 'Loloish'. Paul K. Benedict coined the term Yipho, from Chinese Yi and a common autonymic element (-po or -pho), but it never gained wide usage. Internal classification Bradley (2007) Loloish was traditionally divided into a northern branch, with Lisu and the numerous Yi languages and a southern branch, with everything else. However, per Bradley and Thurgood there is also a central branch, with languages from both northern and southern. Bradley adds a fourth, southeastern branch. Northern Loloish: Nuosu (2 million), Nasu (1.0 million), etc. Central Loloish: Lisu (940,000)–Lipho (250,000) (incl. Lolopo (570,000), Lalo (320,000)), Micha (50,000), Lahu (600,000), Jinuo (21,000), etc. Southern Loloish: Akha–Hani, Phunoi–Bisu, Pholo and ’Ugong (aberrant; removed in Bradley 1997) Southeastern Loloish: Nisu, Phula, Sani, Azha, Khlula, Muji, Phowa, etc. Ugong is divergent; Bradley (1997) places it with the Burmish languages. The Tujia language is difficult to classify due to divergent vocabulary. Other unclassified Loloish languages are Gokhy (Gɔkhý), Lopi and Ache. Lama (2012) Lama (2012) classified 36 Lolo–Burmese languages based on a computational analysis of shared phonological and lexical innovations. He finds the Mondzish languages to be a separate branch of Lolo-Burmese, which Lama considers to have split off before Burmish did. The rest of the Loloish languages are as follows: Loloish  Hanoish: Jino, Akha–Hani languages, Bisoid languages, etc. (See) Lahoish: Lahu, Kucong Naxish: Naxi, Namuyi Nusoish: Nusu, Zauzou (Rouruo)  Ni ‑ Li ‑ Ka  Kazhuoish: Katso (Kazhuo), Samu (Samatao), Sanie, Sadu, Meuma Lisoish: Lisu, Lolopo, etc. (See) Nisoish: Nisoid languages, Axi-Puoid languages The Nisoish, Lisoish, and Kazhuoish clusters are closely related, forming a clade ("Ni-Li-Ka") at about the same level as the other five branches of Loloish. Lama's Naxish clade has been classified as Qiangic rather than Loloish by Guillaume Jacques and Alexis Michaud (see Qiangic languages). A Lawoish (Lawu) branch has also been recently proposed. Satterthwaite-Phillips' (2011) computational phylogenetic analysis of the Lolo-Burmese languages does support the inclusion of Naxish (Naic) within Lolo-Burmese, but recognizes Lahoish and Nusoish as coherent language groups that form independent branches of Loloish. Lesser-known languages Main article: List of lesser-known Loloish languages Notes ^ 15,000; 1,000; 10,000; 46,870; 530,350; 196,200; 213,000; 30,000; 38,000; 38,000; 120; 2,000; 50; 29,000; 250,000; 942,700; 380,000; 190,000; 23,000; 30,000; 12,670; 100,000; 13,600; 950; 2,100; 25,000; 20,000; 50; 3,300; 100,000; 4,000; 15,000; 150,000; 500,000; 2,000,000; 400; 20,000; 8,000; 250,000; 35,000; 3,500; 100,000; 53,000; 54,000; 10,000; 5,000; 21,000; 5,000; 1,000; 300; 1,100; 2,000; 9,000; 1,500; 26,000; 10,000; 36,000; 75,000; 160,000; 24,000; 210,000; 15,000; 12,000; 13,000; 500; 30,000; 10,000; 36,000; 17,000; 10,000; 8,000; 3,000; 1,300; 6,000; 2,000; 200; 13,000; 12,400; 563,960; 240; 120,000; 2,000; 2,030; 30,000; 758,620; 140,000; 185,000; 1,600;  ? (not included); 900; 2,000; 350; 35,600; 700; 1,500; 2,480; 9,550; 80; Total: 9,078,770 References ^ a b Bradley 1997. ^ Lama 2012. ^ Benedict, Paul K. (1987). "Autonyms: ought or ought not" (PDF). Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area. 10: 188.. ^ Thurgood 2003, p. 8. ^ Bradley 2002. ^ Bradley 2007. ^ Fang Lifen . 2013. A genetic study on the Sadu language of Bai people in Yuxi . M.A. dissertation. Beijing: Minzu University. ^ Hsiu, Andrew (August 7–10, 2013). New Endangered Tibeto-Burman Languages of Southwestern China: Mondzish, Longjia, Pherbu, and Others. 46th International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics (ICSTLL 46). Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, US. doi:10.5281/zenodo.1127796. S2CID 135404293. ^ Jacques, Guillaume & Michaud, Alexis (2011). "Approaching the historical phonology of three highly eroded Sino-Tibetan languages" (PDF). Diachronica. 28 (4): 468–498. doi:10.1075/dia.28.4.02jac. S2CID 54013956. ^ Hsiu, Andrew (2017), The Lawu languages: footprints along the Red River valley corridor ^ Satterthwaite-Phillips 2011. Bradley, David (1997). "Tibeto-Burman languages and classification". Tibeto-Burman languages of the Himalayas, Papers in South East Asian linguistics (PDF). Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-10-11. Bradley, David (2002). "The subgrouping of Tibeto-Burman". In Beckwith, Christopher & Blezer, Henk (eds.). Medieval Tibeto-Burman languages. International Association for Tibetan Studies Proceedings 9 (2000) and Brill Tibetan Studies Library 2. Leiden: Brill. pp. 73–112. Bradley, David (2007). "East and Southeast Asia". In Moseley, Christopher (ed.). Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages. London & New York: Routledge. pp. 349–424. Lama, Ziwo Qiu-Fuyuan (2012). Subgrouping of Nisoic (Yi) Languages (PDF) (Ph.D). University of Texas at Arlington. Satterthwaite-Phillips, Damian (2011). Phylogenetic inference of the Tibeto-Burman languages or On the usefulness of lexicostatistics (and "Megalo"-comparison) for the subgrouping of Tibeto-Burman (Ph.D. dissertation). Stanford University. Thurgood, Graham (2003), "A subgrouping of the Sino-Tibetan languages", in Thurgood, Graham; LaPolla, Randy J. (eds.), Sino-Tibetan Languages, London: Routledge, pp. 3–21, ISBN 978-0-7007-1129-1. Driem, George van (2001). Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region. Leiden: Brill. vteSino-Tibetan branchesWestern Himalayas(Himachal, Uttarakhand, Nepal, Sikkim) West Himalayish Tamangic Newaric Newar Baram–Thangmi Kiranti Dhimalish Dhimal Toto Lhokpu Lepcha Greater Magaric Magaric Magar Kham Chepangic Chepang Bhujel Raji–Raute Dura–Tandrange Eastern Himalayas(Tibet, Bhutan, Arunachal) Bodish Tibetic East Bodish Tshangla Basum Nam? Gongduk ʼOle Tani Chamdo Myanmar and Indo-Burmese border Karbi Kuki-Chin Mruic Mru Hkongso Pyu Taman "Naga" Ao Angami–Pochuri Meitei Tangkhulic Zeme Sal Boro–Garo Konyak Jingpho–Luish East and Southeast Asia Sinitic Bai Tujia Nungish Karenic Gong Kathu Cai–Long Caijia Longjia Luren Burmo-Qiangic Qiangic Gyalrongic Ersuic Naic Lolo-Burmese Mondzish Burmish Loloish Dubious (possible isolates)(Arunachal) Hrusish Hruso Mijiic Kho-Bwa Puroik Miju–Meyor Songlin Greater Siangic Siangic Koro Milang Idu–Taraon Proposed groupings Central Tibeto-Burman Kuki-Chin–Naga Macro-Bai Mahakiranti Rung Tibeto-Burman Tibeto-Kanauri Proto-languages Proto-Sino-Tibetan Proto-Tibeto-Burman Proto-Loloish Proto-Karenic Proto-Min Proto-Hakka Italics indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches. vteLolo-Burmese languagesMondzishKathu Kathu Nuclear Mondzish Maang Manga Mango Mantsi Maza Muangphe Mauphu Motang Mongphu Loloish(Yi)(Ngwi)Southern Loloish(Southern Ngwi)(Hanoish)HanoidAkha Akha Chepya Muteun Muda Hani Hani Nuomei Nuobi Lami Luomian Angluo Guohe Guozuo Gehuo Yiche Qidi Kabie Haoni Honi Woni Baihong Bukong Budu Suobi Duoni Duota Asuo Amu Bisoid Bisu Laomian Laopin Pyen Phunoi Sinsali Cantan Cốông Sangkong Tsukong Laopan Laoseng Phongku Phongset Phunyot Cauho Bantang Khongsat Habei Siloid Sila Khir Cosao Paza Phana’ Wanyä Akeu Luma Gokhy Bi-Ka Piyo Enu Kaduo Mpi Mpi Jino Jino Central Loloish(Central Ngwi)Lawoish Lawu Awu Lewu Lahoish Lahu Kucong Nusoish Nusu Zauzou LisoishLaloid Lalo (Western Yi) Yangliu Eka Mangdi Xuzhang Alu Taloid Talu Lavu Lang'e Tagu Popei Naruo Kua-nsi Kuamasi Laizisi Zibusi Sonaga Gomotage Lisu Toloza Lipo Lolopo (Central Yi) Mili Hlersu Micha Lamu LimiKazhuoish Katso Samu Sanie Sadu Meuma NisoishNorthern Loloish(Northern Ngwi)(Nisoid)Nosoid Nuosu (Northern Yi) Nyisu (Yellow Yi) Nasoid Nasu (Eastern Yi) Chesu Luoji Gepo Ku Aluo Southeastern Loloish(Southeastern Ngwi)(Axi-Puoid)Nisu Nisu (Southern Yi) Lope Sani–Azha Sani (Southeastern Yi) Axi Azhe Azha Alingpo Samei Highland Phula Khlula Muji Muzi Moji Laghuu Phowa Phukha Thopho Zokhuo Riverine Phula Phola Phupa others Pholo Ache Long Xiqi Ati Adu BurmishNorthernHigh Northern Achang Lashi Chashan Zaiwa Hpon Hpon Mid Northern Lhao Vo (Maru) Pela SouthernIntha-Danu Intha-Danu Nuclear Southern Burmese Rakhine Tavoyan Pai-lang Pai-lang (Proto-languages) Proto-Loloish
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ngwii language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngwii_language"},{"link_name":"Yi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yi_people"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley1997-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELama2012-2"},{"link_name":"Sino-Tibetan languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages"},{"link_name":"Yunnan province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunnan"},{"link_name":"Burmese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmese_language"},{"link_name":"Burmish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmish_languages"},{"link_name":"Lolo-Burmese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lolo-Burmese_languages"},{"link_name":"SIL Ethnologue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIL_Ethnologue"},{"link_name":"Nuosu (Northern Yi)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuosu_language"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"\"Ngwi languages\" redirects here. Not to be confused with Ngwii language.The Loloish languages, also known as Yi and occasionally Ngwi[1] or Nisoic,[2] are a family of fifty to a hundred Sino-Tibetan languages spoken primarily in Yunnan province of China. They are most closely related to Burmese and its relatives. Both the Loloish and Burmish branches are well defined, as is their superior node, Lolo-Burmese. However, subclassification is more contentious.SIL Ethnologue (2013 edition) estimated a total number of 9 million native speakers of Loloish (\"Ngwi\") languages, the largest group being the speakers of Nuosu (Northern Yi) at 2 million speakers (2000 PRC census).[a]","title":"Loloish languages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yi people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yi_people"},{"link_name":"radical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_character_radicals"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"David Bradley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bradley_(linguist)"},{"link_name":"Paul K. Benedict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_K._Benedict"}],"text":"Loloish is the traditional name for the family in English. Some publications avoid the term under the misapprehension that Lolo is pejorative, but it is the Chinese rendition of the autonym of the Yi people and is pejorative only in writing when it is written with a particular Chinese character (one that uses a beast, rather than a human, radical), a practice that was prohibited by the Chinese government in the 1950s.[3]David Bradley uses the term Ngwi, and Lama (2012) uses Nisoic. Ethnologue has adopted 'Ngwi', but Glottolog retains 'Loloish'. Paul K. Benedict coined the term Yipho, from Chinese Yi and a common autonymic element (-po or -pho), but it never gained wide usage.","title":"Names"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Internal classification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lisu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisu_language"},{"link_name":"Yi languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yi_people#Language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley1997-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThurgood20038-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley2002-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley2007-7"},{"link_name":"Northern Loloish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Loloish"},{"link_name":"Nuosu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuosu_language"},{"link_name":"Nasu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasu_language"},{"link_name":"Central Loloish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Loloish"},{"link_name":"Lisu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisu_language"},{"link_name":"Lipho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipho_language"},{"link_name":"Lolopo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lolopo_language"},{"link_name":"Lalo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalo_language"},{"link_name":"Micha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micha_language"},{"link_name":"Lahu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahu_language"},{"link_name":"Jinuo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinuo_language"},{"link_name":"Southern Loloish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Loloish"},{"link_name":"Akha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akha_language"},{"link_name":"Hani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hani_language"},{"link_name":"Phunoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phunoi_language"},{"link_name":"Bisu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisu_language"},{"link_name":"Pholo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pholo_language"},{"link_name":"’Ugong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gong_language"},{"link_name":"Southeastern Loloish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeastern_Loloish"},{"link_name":"Nisu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nisu_language"},{"link_name":"Phula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phula_language"},{"link_name":"Sani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_language"},{"link_name":"Azha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azha_language"},{"link_name":"Khlula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khlula_language"},{"link_name":"Muji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muji_language"},{"link_name":"Phowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phowa_language"},{"link_name":"Burmish languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmish_languages"},{"link_name":"Tujia language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tujia_language"},{"link_name":"Gokhy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gokhy_language"},{"link_name":"Lopi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lopi_language"},{"link_name":"Ache","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ache_Yi_language"}],"sub_title":"Bradley (2007)","text":"Loloish was traditionally divided into a northern branch, with Lisu and the numerous Yi languages and a southern branch, with everything else. However, per Bradley[1] and Thurgood[4] there is also a central branch, with languages from both northern and southern. Bradley[5][6] adds a fourth, southeastern branch.Northern Loloish: Nuosu (2 million), Nasu (1.0 million), etc.\nCentral Loloish: Lisu (940,000)–Lipho (250,000) (incl. Lolopo (570,000), Lalo (320,000)), Micha (50,000), Lahu (600,000), Jinuo (21,000), etc.\nSouthern Loloish: Akha–Hani, Phunoi–Bisu, Pholo and ’Ugong (aberrant; removed in Bradley 1997)\nSoutheastern Loloish: Nisu, Phula, Sani, Azha, Khlula, Muji, Phowa, etc.Ugong is divergent; Bradley (1997) places it with the Burmish languages. The Tujia language is difficult to classify due to divergent vocabulary. Other unclassified Loloish languages are Gokhy (Gɔkhý), Lopi and Ache.","title":"Internal classification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lexical innovations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexical_Innovation"},{"link_name":"Mondzish languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mondzish_languages"},{"link_name":"Burmish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmish_languages"},{"link_name":"Hanoish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoish_languages"},{"link_name":"Jino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jino_language"},{"link_name":"Akha–Hani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hani_language"},{"link_name":"Bisoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisoid_languages"},{"link_name":"Lahu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahu_language"},{"link_name":"Kucong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kucong_language"},{"link_name":"Naxish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naic_languages"},{"link_name":"Naxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naxi_language"},{"link_name":"Namuyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namuyi_language"},{"link_name":"Nusu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nusu_language"},{"link_name":"Zauzou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zauzou_language"},{"link_name":"Kazhuoish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazhuoish_languages"},{"link_name":"Katso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katso_language"},{"link_name":"Samu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samu_language"},{"link_name":"Sanie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanie_language"},{"link_name":"Sadu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadu_language"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Meuma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meuma_language"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hsiu2013-9"},{"link_name":"Lisoish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisoish_languages"},{"link_name":"Lisu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisu_language"},{"link_name":"Lolopo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lolopo_language"},{"link_name":"Nisoish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nisoish_languages"},{"link_name":"Nisoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Loloish_languages"},{"link_name":"Axi-Puoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeastern_Loloish_languages"},{"link_name":"Qiangic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qiangic_languages"},{"link_name":"Guillaume Jacques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillaume_Jacques"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jacques-10"},{"link_name":"Qiangic languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qiangic_languages"},{"link_name":"Lawoish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawoish_languages"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hsiu2017-11"},{"link_name":"Naxish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naic_languages"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESatterthwaite-Phillips2011-12"}],"sub_title":"Lama (2012)","text":"Lama (2012) classified 36 Lolo–Burmese languages based on a computational analysis of shared phonological and lexical innovations. He finds the Mondzish languages to be a separate branch of Lolo-Burmese, which Lama considers to have split off before Burmish did. The rest of the Loloish languages are as follows:Loloish \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nHanoish: Jino, Akha–Hani languages, Bisoid languages, etc. (See)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLahoish: Lahu, Kucong\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNaxish: Naxi, Namuyi\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNusoish: Nusu, Zauzou (Rouruo)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n Ni ‑ Li ‑ Ka \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nKazhuoish: Katso (Kazhuo), Samu (Samatao), Sanie, Sadu,[7] Meuma[8]\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLisoish: Lisu, Lolopo, etc. (See)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNisoish: Nisoid languages, Axi-Puoid languagesThe Nisoish, Lisoish, and Kazhuoish clusters are closely related, forming a clade (\"Ni-Li-Ka\") at about the same level as the other five branches of Loloish. Lama's Naxish clade has been classified as Qiangic rather than Loloish by Guillaume Jacques and Alexis Michaud[9] (see Qiangic languages).A Lawoish (Lawu) branch has also been recently proposed.[10]Satterthwaite-Phillips' (2011) computational phylogenetic analysis of the Lolo-Burmese languages does support the inclusion of Naxish (Naic) within Lolo-Burmese, but recognizes Lahoish and Nusoish as coherent language groups that form independent branches of Loloish.[11]","title":"Internal classification"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Lesser-known languages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"}],"text":"^ [hle] 15,000; [jiy] 1,000; [jiu] 10,000; [lkc] 46,870; [lhu] 530,350; [lhi] 196,200; [ywt] 213,000; [yik] 30,000; [yit] 38,000; [ywl] 38,000; [llh] 120; [yne] 2,000; [lwu] 50; [ylm] 29,000; [lpo] 250,000; [lis] 942,700; [ycl] 380,000; [ysp] 190,000; [ymh] 23,000; [yiq] 30,000; [nuf] 12,670; [ysn] 100,000; [yta] 13,600; [ytl] 950; [zal] 2,100; [yna] 25,000; [yiu] 20,000; [yyz] 50; [ych] 3,300; [ygp] 100,000; [kaf] 4,000; [ylo] 15,000; [ywu] 150,000; [yig] 500,000; [iii] 2,000,000; [ysd] 400; [smh] 20,000; [ysy] 8,000; [ywq] 250,000; [yif] 35,000; [aub] 3,500; [yix] 100,000; [aza] 53,000; [yiz] 54,000; [ybk] 10,000; [ykt] 5,000; [ykl] 21,000; [ykn] 5,000; [yku] 1,000; [lgh] 300; [nty] 1,100; [ymi] 2,000; [ymx] 9,000; [ymq] 1,500; [ymc] 26,000; [ymz] 10,000; [yso] 36,000; [nos] 75,000; [yiv] 160,000; [nsf] 24,000; [nsd] 210,000; [nsv] 15,000; [ypa] 12,000; [ypg] 13,000; [ypo] 500; [yip] 30,000; [ypn] 10,000; [yhl] 36,000; [ypb] 17,000; [phh] 10,000; [ypm] 8,000; [ypp] 3,000; [yph] 1,300; [ypz] 6,000; [ysg] 2,000; [ytp] 200; [yzk] 13,000; [qeu] 12,400; [ahk] 563,960; [bzi] 240; [byo] 120,000; [ycp] 2,000; [cnc] 2,030; [enu] 30,000; [hni] 758,620; [how] 140,000; [ktp] 185,000; [lwm] 1,600; [lov] ? (not included); [mpz] 900; [ymd] 2,000; [phq] 350; [pho] 35,600; [pyy] 700; [sgk] 1,500; [slt] 2,480; [lbg] 9,550; [ugo] 80; Total: 9,078,770","title":"Notes"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Benedict, Paul K. (1987). \"Autonyms: ought or ought not\" (PDF). Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area. 10: 188.","urls":[{"url":"http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/benedict1987autonyms.pdf","url_text":"\"Autonyms: ought or ought not\""}]},{"reference":"Hsiu, Andrew (August 7–10, 2013). New Endangered Tibeto-Burman Languages of Southwestern China: Mondzish, Longjia, Pherbu, and Others. 46th International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics (ICSTLL 46). Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, US. doi:10.5281/zenodo.1127796. S2CID 135404293.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1127796","url_text":"New Endangered Tibeto-Burman Languages of Southwestern China: Mondzish, Longjia, Pherbu, and Others"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.1127796","url_text":"10.5281/zenodo.1127796"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:135404293","url_text":"135404293"}]},{"reference":"Jacques, Guillaume & Michaud, Alexis (2011). \"Approaching the historical phonology of three highly eroded Sino-Tibetan languages\" (PDF). Diachronica. 28 (4): 468–498. doi:10.1075/dia.28.4.02jac. S2CID 54013956.","urls":[{"url":"https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00537990/file/Jacques_and_Michaud_2011_ProtoNaish_Diachronica.pdf","url_text":"\"Approaching the historical phonology of three highly eroded Sino-Tibetan languages\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fdia.28.4.02jac","url_text":"10.1075/dia.28.4.02jac"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54013956","url_text":"54013956"}]},{"reference":"Hsiu, Andrew (2017), The Lawu languages: footprints along the Red River valley corridor","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/35542553","url_text":"The Lawu languages: footprints along the Red River valley corridor"}]},{"reference":"Bradley, David (1997). \"Tibeto-Burman languages and classification\". Tibeto-Burman languages of the Himalayas, Papers in South East Asian linguistics (PDF). Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-10-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171011142941/http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/bradley1997tibeto-burman.pdf","url_text":"Tibeto-Burman languages of the Himalayas, Papers in South East Asian linguistics"},{"url":"http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/bradley1997tibeto-burman.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bradley, David (2002). \"The subgrouping of Tibeto-Burman\". In Beckwith, Christopher & Blezer, Henk (eds.). Medieval Tibeto-Burman languages. International Association for Tibetan Studies Proceedings 9 (2000) and Brill Tibetan Studies Library 2. Leiden: Brill. pp. 73–112.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Bradley, David (2007). \"East and Southeast Asia\". In Moseley, Christopher (ed.). Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages. London & New York: Routledge. pp. 349–424.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Lama, Ziwo Qiu-Fuyuan (2012). Subgrouping of Nisoic (Yi) Languages (PDF) (Ph.D). University of Texas at Arlington.","urls":[{"url":"https://uta-ir.tdl.org/uta-ir/bitstream/handle/10106/11161/Lama_uta_2502D_11591.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y","url_text":"Subgrouping of Nisoic (Yi) Languages"}]},{"reference":"Satterthwaite-Phillips, Damian (2011). Phylogenetic inference of the Tibeto-Burman languages or On the usefulness of lexicostatistics (and \"Megalo\"-comparison) for the subgrouping of Tibeto-Burman (Ph.D. dissertation). Stanford University.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Thurgood, Graham (2003), \"A subgrouping of the Sino-Tibetan languages\", in Thurgood, Graham; LaPolla, Randy J. (eds.), Sino-Tibetan Languages, London: Routledge, pp. 3–21, ISBN 978-0-7007-1129-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Thurgood","url_text":"Thurgood, Graham"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1129-1","url_text":"978-0-7007-1129-1"}]},{"reference":"Driem, George van (2001). Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region. Leiden: Brill.","urls":[]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buko_pandan_drink
Samalamig
["1 Name","2 Description","3 Types","3.1 Buko juice","3.2 Buko pandan drink","3.3 Calamansi juice","3.4 Fruit salad drink","3.5 Guinomis","3.6 Melon sa malamig","3.7 Sago at gulaman","3.8 Sweet corn samalamig","4 See also","5 References","6 Further reading"]
Filipino sweet-chilled beverages "Guinomis" redirects here. For the sake cup known as "Guinomi", see Sake set. SamalamigVarious types of samalamig sold by a street vendor in MalabonTypeBeverageCountry of origin PhilippinesIngredientsVarious, see text Samalamig, also known as palamig, is a collective term for various Filipino sweet chilled beverages that usually include jelly-like ingredients. They come in various flavors, and are commonly sold by street vendors as refreshments. Typical ingredients of the drinks include gulaman (agar), sago pearls, kaong, tapioca pearls, nata de coco, and coconut (including macapuno). They are usually anglicized as pearl coolers or pearl and jelly coolers. Samalamig may also include various chilled fruit juices (usually with chunks of fruit), chocolate, and coffee drinks, regardless if jellies are added, that are also typically sold by samalamig vendors. Name Calamansi juice The name "samálamig" comes from sa, meaning "for; to; at", and malamíg, an adjective meaning "cold, chilly" in Tagalog. "Sa malamig" may thus loosely mean "for cold (drinks); at a cold place; chilled". "Sa malamig" might have come from the calls of ambulant vendors, telling people to come and get cold drinks, i.e. " sa malamig", loosely "here for cold drinks". Thus, "sa malamig" could be taken as a qualifier for the various types of drinks stored in cold containers, i.e. buko juice is "buko sa malamig" and sago't gulaman is "sago't gulaman sa malamig", but these full phrases are no longer in habitual use. An alternate name is palamig which means "cooler" or "chiller". Description Samalamig does not refer to a specific drink, but to a class of drinks that are served cold by street vendors. Thus they can come in a wide variety of flavors and types. They are traditionally sold by street vendors during summer months, but are now also offered by restaurants. The restaurant versions typically top the drinks with shaved ice. Types Buko pandan drink with pinipig Guinomis Sago at gulaman (foreground) and halo-halo The main types of samalamig are listed below. The recipes however can be combined at the discretion of the maker. There are no set recipes for samalamig. The only common theme is that they are served cold with ice cubes or shaved ice. They also usually include jelly-like ingredients or pieces of fruit. Buko juice Main article: Coconut water Buko juice is simple chilled coconut water, typically served with strips of coconut meat. It may or may not be sweetened. Some versions also add milk. Buko pandan drink See also: Buko pandan Buko pandan refers to a very common flavor combination of coconut and pandan leaves in Filipino cuisine. When used alone, buko pandan typically refers to a type of dessert made with strips of coconut, pandan leaves, and various jellies in coconut milk. The drink version is the same, but is less thick and has more liquid. Like the dessert, the drink is characteristically light green in color from the pandan leaves, and the jellies used are usually dyed green. Calamansi juice Calamansi juice, also known as "Filipino lemonade", is the Filipino version of lemonade, made from the juice of fresh-squeezed calamansi sweetened with sugar or honey and chilled. It can also serve as a base for other types of samalamig if other fruits are added. Aside from its use in samalamig, calamansi juice by itself is a common drink in Filipino households. Unsweetened hot versions are a common home remedy for sore throat or colds. It can also be added to salabat (Filipino ginger tea). Fruit salad drink See also: Buko salad The fruit salad drink, also known as the "buko salad drink", is identical to the Filipino fruit salad, which is prepared with chunks of fruits, jellies, and coconut strips in condensed milk. The only difference is that the drink has more water and condensed milk added. Guinomis Guinomis is sometimes regarded as a variant of halo-halo since it is a shaved ice dessert. It is made with sago pearls, pinipig (toasted pounded rice), various jellies, and coconut milk on shaved ice. Like the halo-halo, it can have multiple variations. It originates from the Hiligaynon people. Melon sa malamig See also: Buko melon Melon sa malamig, sometimes called "melon chiller", "melon cooler", or simply "melon juice" is, at its most basic, pieces of cantaloupes mixed with sugar and water. Some recipes also add calamansi juice or evaporated or condensed milk. However, if it is made with milk, it must be consumed immediately, as proteolytic enzymes in the cantaloupe will break down the milk proteins and turn the drink bitter if left to stand. Sago at gulaman Sago at gulaman, commonly shortened to "sago't gulaman", "sago gulaman", or simply "gulaman", is the most common type of samalamig. The name means "sago and gulaman", referring to the main ingredients of the drink, sago pearls and gulaman jellies (agar). The drink is usually simply flavored with muscovado (or brown sugar), and pandan leaves. The pandan can also be substituted with vanilla or banana extract. Sago is also commonly substituted with tapioca pearls. Sweet corn samalamig Sweet corn samalamig is similar to maíz con hielo, but does not include shaved ice. It is made from sweet corn kernels in milk with jellies. See also Agua fresca Bilo-bilo Binignit Ginataang mais Lamaw References ^ a b c d "Sago at Gulaman Pandan Samalamig (Pearl and Jelly Pandan Coolers)". Pinoy Kusinero. Retrieved January 29, 2019. ^ "Healthy 'samalamig' recipes to cool down summer". GMA News Online. Retrieved January 29, 2019. ^ a b c d e f "Palamig (Coolers)". The Peach Kitchen. Retrieved January 29, 2019. ^ a b "Sago't Gulaman". Foxy Folksy. Retrieved January 29, 2019. ^ "Buko Pandan Drink". Kawaling Pinoy. Retrieved January 29, 2019. ^ "Calamansi Juice (Filipino Lemonade)". The Little Epicurean. Retrieved January 29, 2019. ^ "Calamansi Juice". Kawaling Pinoy. Retrieved January 29, 2019. ^ "Buko Salad Drink". Kawaling Pinoy. Retrieved January 29, 2019. ^ "Guinomis Recipe". Pinoy Recipe at iba pa. Retrieved January 29, 2019. ^ "How to make Guinomis – Sago, Pinipig and Gulaman in Coconut Milk". Asian in America. Retrieved January 29, 2019. ^ "Guinomis Recipe (How to make Guinomis)". Pilipinas Recipes. Retrieved January 29, 2019. ^ "A Cool Vegetarian Dessert". Lakbay Masa. Retrieved January 29, 2019. ^ "Melon Chiller". Kawaling Pinoy. Retrieved January 29, 2019. ^ "Melon Juice". Ang Sarap. Retrieved January 29, 2019. ^ "Melon sa Malamig (Filipino Cantaloupe Drink)". Tara's Multicultural Table. Retrieved January 29, 2019. ^ "Melon Sa Malamig (Filipino Melon Drink)". CUESA. Retrieved January 29, 2019. ^ "Sago't Gulaman Palamig Recipe". Kusina Master Recipes. Retrieved January 29, 2019. Further reading vte Filipino cuisineMain dishes Adobo Afritada Asado matua pork Balbacua Balut Bicol express/Sinilihan Binagoongan kangkong Binalot Bistek Biyaring Bola-bola Bopis Burong isda Burong mangga Carne norte guisado Chicken galantina/Relyenong manok Chicken pastel/Pastel de pollo Chori burger Coconut burger Curacha Alavar Decho Dinakdakan/Warek-Warek Dinengdeng Dinuguan Embutido Escabeche Estofado Everlasting Giniling Ginisang kangkóng Goto Halabós Hamonado Hardinera Humbà Igado Inasal Inihaw/Filipino barbecue Inubaran Isaw Kaldereta Kare-kare Kilawin Kinilnat Kinilaw Kulawo Laing/Pinangat Inulukan Linapay/Tinamuk Tinumok Lechon baboy baka manok Lengua estofado Lengua pastel Lengua Sevillana Linagpang Linarang Linat-an Lumlom Mechado Menudo/Ginamay Waknatoy Morcón Nilagang saging Paklay Papaitan Pares Pares kanto Pata tim Piaparan Picadillo Pinais Pinapaitan Pinakbet Pinangat na isda Pinatisan Pininyahang hipon Pininyahang manok Pinsec frito Piyanggang manok Piutu Poqui poqui Proben Pudpod Putsero Rendang Ropa vieja Sarsa na uyang Satti Sinanglay Sinantolan Siomai Tamale Talunan Tapa Tinapa Tinapayan Tinola Tuslob buwa Fried dishes Bagnet Calamares Camaron rebosado Carne frita Chicharon Crispy kangkóng Crispy pata Crispy tadyang ng baka Daing Fish balls Kikiam Lechon kawali Nilasing na hipon Okoy Pudpod Sisig Tapa Tocino Tokneneng Kwek kwek Tokwa’t baboy Torta carne norte kalabasa sardinas talong Rice dishes Aligue fried rice Arroz a la cubana Arroz valenciana Arroz caldo Bagoong fried rice Balao-balao Java rice Junay Kiampong Kuning Lugaw Morisqueta tostada Oko-oko Paelya Bringhe Nasing biringyi Pastil Pusô/Tamu Silog Sinangág Sinigapuna Soups Batchoy Tagalog/Batsoy Binakol Bulalo Cansi Ginataan ampalaya hipon isda kalabasa kuhol labong langka manok sugpo ubod Ginisang munggo Gising-gising Kadyos, baboy, kag langka Kadyos, manok, kag ubad Kinamatisang manok (Sarciadong manok) Nilaga Paksiw Inun-unan Pinikpikan Sarsiado Sinabawang corned beef Sinabawang gulay Sinampalukan Sinigang Sorol Soup Number Five Suam na mais Tiyula itum Noodles and pasta Balbacua con misua Batchoy Batchoy Tagalog Filipino spaghetti Kinalas Macaroni salad Maki mi Odong Pancit bihon buko canton choca estacion lomi luglug Malabon mami miki Molo palabok sotanghon Pares mami Sinigáng sa misô Sopa de fideo Sopas Sausages Longganisa Alaminos Baguio Cabanatuan/Batutay Calumpit Chicken Fish Guagua/Candaba Guinobatan Longganisang dugo Lucban Pampanga Tuguegarao Vigan Chorizo de Bilbao de Cebu de Macao Negrense pudpud Pinuneg Lumpia and turón Daral Dinamita Lumpia adobo gulay hubad isda keso labong prito sariwa Shanghai singkamas togue ubod Vegetarian lumpia Ngohiong Turón Breads, cakes,and pastries Alfajor Asado roll Banada Banana cake Bicho Binangkal Biscocho Kinihad Brazo de Mercedes Buko pandan cake Buko pie Buñuelo Churro Crema de Fruta Egg pie Empanada Ensaymada Flan cake Hopia Inipit Kumukunsi Mamón Broas Puto mamón Taisan tostado Mango cake Mango float Napoleones Ohaldre Pan de coco Pan de monggo Pan de monja/Monáy Putok Pan de regla Pan de siosa/Pan de leche Pandesal Pastel de Camiguín Pianono Piaya Pilipit Pinagong Polvorón Sans rival Señorita bread/Spanish bread Shakoy Shing-a-ling Silvana Siopao Ube cake Ube cheesecake Waffle dog Yema cake Biscuits/cookies Aparon Apas Barquillos Barquiron Camachile cookies Caycay Galletas de bato de patatas/Egg cracklets del Carmen pesquera Gorgoria Half-moon cookie Jacobina Lengua de gato Linga Masa podrida Otap Paciencia Paborita Puto seco Roscas Rosquillo Ube crinkles Ugoy-ugoy Uraró/Arrowroot cookies Desserts Ampaw Banana cue Baye baye Binagol Binaki Buko salad Buko halo Buko melon Buko pandan Camote cue Camote halaya Cascaron Cassava cake Pitsi-pitsî Champóy Coconut macaroon Cornick Daral Dodol Duman Ginanggang Kalamay Kiamoy Leche flan Lokot-lokot Maja blanca Maruya Masareal Membrilyo Minatamis na saging Nilupak/Nilusak Pinipig Pritong saging Salukara Taho Tamales Tibok-tibok Tocino de cielo Turón Turrón de casúy Turrón de pili Ube halaya macapuno Candies and confections Pastillas Balikucha Belekoy Coconut toffee Peanut Brittle Panocha mani Sampalok candy Yema Chips and crackers Banana chips Kabkab/Cassava cracker Kropek Kiping Pinasugbo/Consilva Frozen desserts Avocado and milk in ice/Abukado lamaw Guinomis Halo-halo Ice buko Ice scramble Knickerbocker Maíz con hielo Queso ice cream Saba con hielo Sili ice cream Sorbetes Ube ice cream Kakanin (ricecakes) Bibingka Bibingkoy Binakle Biko Espasol Kutsinta Mache Masi Moche Morón Palitaw Panyalam Putli mandi Puto Puto bumbong Puto maya Sapin-sapin Sayongsong Suman Tikoy Tupig Soup desserts Bilo-bilo Binatog Binignit Champorado Ginataan mais munggo/Lelot balatong saba Lamaw Condimentsand ingredients Agre dulce/sweet and sour sauce Achuete Asín tibuok Atchara Bagoong alamang monamon terong Banana ketchup Biasong Bukayo Burô/tapay Calamansi Dayap Dayok Dungon Galapóng Gamet Gatâ Giniling Gulaman Gusô Kakang gatâ Kamias Kaong Kasubha Keso de bola Kesong puti Labóng Landang Latik Latô Lemongrass Liver spread/Lechon sauce Luyang dilaw Macapuno Minatamís na báo Muscovado Nata de coco Nata de piña Pakô Palapa Pandan Panutsa Patis Pili nut Saba banana Sago Sakurab/Sibujing Siling haba Siling labuyo Taba ng talangka Tabon-tabon Toyomansi Toyo, suka, at sili Túltul Ube Ubad Ubod Vinegar cane coconut kaong palm nipa palm spiced BeveragesNon-alcoholic Avocado milkshake Calamansi juice Coffee Barako Benguet Sagada Sulu Salabat Samalamig Buko pandan drink Sago at gulaman Tsokolate Tubho tea Alcoholic Agkud Anisado Bahalina Bais Basi Bignay wine Byais Dubado Duhat wine Intus Kabarawan Kinutil Laksoy/Dalisay de nipa/Barik Lambanog/Dalisay de coco Mallorca Palek Pangasi Tapuy/Baya Tubâ Tuhak Tunggang Food portal See also: Philippine condiments Filipino Chinese cuisine Kamayan Kapampangan cuisine List of restaurant chains in the Philippines
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sake set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sake_set"},{"link_name":"Filipino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_cuisine"},{"link_name":"jelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelatin_dessert"},{"link_name":"gulaman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulaman"},{"link_name":"sago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sago"},{"link_name":"kaong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaong"},{"link_name":"tapioca pearls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapioca_pearls"},{"link_name":"nata de coco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nata_de_coco"},{"link_name":"coconut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut"},{"link_name":"macapuno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macapuno"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pk-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-healthy-2"}],"text":"\"Guinomis\" redirects here. For the sake cup known as \"Guinomi\", see Sake set.Samalamig, also known as palamig, is a collective term for various Filipino sweet chilled beverages that usually include jelly-like ingredients. They come in various flavors, and are commonly sold by street vendors as refreshments. Typical ingredients of the drinks include gulaman (agar), sago pearls, kaong, tapioca pearls, nata de coco, and coconut (including macapuno). They are usually anglicized as pearl coolers or pearl and jelly coolers.[1]Samalamig may also include various chilled fruit juices (usually with chunks of fruit), chocolate, and coffee drinks, regardless if jellies are added, that are also typically sold by samalamig vendors.[2]","title":"Samalamig"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Calamansi_juice_(Filipino_lemonade).jpg"},{"link_name":"Calamansi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calamansi"},{"link_name":"Tagalog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagalog_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pk-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tpk-3"}],"text":"Calamansi juiceThe name \"samálamig\" comes from sa, meaning \"for; to; at\", and malamíg, an adjective meaning \"cold, chilly\" in Tagalog. \"Sa malamig\" may thus loosely mean \"for cold (drinks); at a cold place; chilled\". \"Sa malamig\" might have come from the calls of ambulant vendors, telling people to come and get cold drinks, i.e. \"[Dito] sa malamig\", loosely \"here for cold drinks\". Thus, \"sa malamig\" could be taken as a qualifier for the various types of drinks stored in cold containers, i.e. buko juice is \"buko sa malamig\" and sago't gulaman is \"sago't gulaman sa malamig\", but these full phrases are no longer in habitual use. An alternate name is palamig which means \"cooler\" or \"chiller\".[1][3]","title":"Name"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pk-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ff-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tpk-3"}],"text":"Samalamig does not refer to a specific drink, but to a class of drinks that are served cold by street vendors. Thus they can come in a wide variety of flavors and types. They are traditionally sold by street vendors during summer months, but are now also offered by restaurants. The restaurant versions typically top the drinks with shaved ice.[1][4][3]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Buko_pandan_at_Cafe_Laguna,_SM_City,_Cebu.jpg"},{"link_name":"pinipig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinipig"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guinomis_(Ilonggo_Sago_Gulaman)_at_Imay%27s.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sago_Gulaman.jpg"},{"link_name":"halo-halo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halo-halo"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tpk-3"}],"text":"Buko pandan drink with pinipigGuinomisSago at gulaman (foreground) and halo-haloThe main types of samalamig are listed below. The recipes however can be combined at the discretion of the maker. There are no set recipes for samalamig. The only common theme is that they are served cold with ice cubes or shaved ice. They also usually include jelly-like ingredients or pieces of fruit.[3]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"coconut water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_water"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tpk-3"}],"sub_title":"Buko juice","text":"Buko juice is simple chilled coconut water, typically served with strips of coconut meat. It may or may not be sweetened. Some versions also add milk.[3]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Buko pandan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buko_pandan"},{"link_name":"pandan leaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandan_leaves"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bukopandan-5"}],"sub_title":"Buko pandan drink","text":"See also: Buko pandanBuko pandan refers to a very common flavor combination of coconut and pandan leaves in Filipino cuisine. When used alone, buko pandan typically refers to a type of dessert made with strips of coconut, pandan leaves, and various jellies in coconut milk. The drink version is the same, but is less thick and has more liquid. Like the dessert, the drink is characteristically light green in color from the pandan leaves, and the jellies used are usually dyed green.[5]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lemonade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemonade"},{"link_name":"calamansi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calamansi"},{"link_name":"salabat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salabat"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tle-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-calamansi-7"}],"sub_title":"Calamansi juice","text":"Calamansi juice, also known as \"Filipino lemonade\", is the Filipino version of lemonade, made from the juice of fresh-squeezed calamansi sweetened with sugar or honey and chilled. It can also serve as a base for other types of samalamig if other fruits are added. Aside from its use in samalamig, calamansi juice by itself is a common drink in Filipino households. Unsweetened hot versions are a common home remedy for sore throat or colds. It can also be added to salabat (Filipino ginger tea).[6][7]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Buko salad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buko_salad"},{"link_name":"fruit salad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit_salad"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tpk-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Fruit salad drink","text":"See also: Buko saladThe fruit salad drink, also known as the \"buko salad drink\", is identical to the Filipino fruit salad, which is prepared with chunks of fruits, jellies, and coconut strips in condensed milk. The only difference is that the drink has more water and condensed milk added.[3][8]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"halo-halo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halo-halo"},{"link_name":"sago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sago"},{"link_name":"pinipig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinipig"},{"link_name":"Hiligaynon people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiligaynon_people"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AIA-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Guinomis","text":"Guinomis is sometimes regarded as a variant of halo-halo since it is a shaved ice dessert. It is made with sago pearls, pinipig (toasted pounded rice), various jellies, and coconut milk on shaved ice. Like the halo-halo, it can have multiple variations. It originates from the Hiligaynon people.[9][10][11][12]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Buko melon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buko_melon"},{"link_name":"cantaloupes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantaloupe"},{"link_name":"evaporated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaporated_milk"},{"link_name":"condensed milk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condensed_milk"},{"link_name":"proteolytic enzymes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteolytic_enzyme"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kp-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-as-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tmm-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cuesa-16"}],"sub_title":"Melon sa malamig","text":"See also: Buko melonMelon sa malamig, sometimes called \"melon chiller\", \"melon cooler\", or simply \"melon juice\" is, at its most basic, pieces of cantaloupes mixed with sugar and water. Some recipes also add calamansi juice or evaporated or condensed milk. However, if it is made with milk, it must be consumed immediately, as proteolytic enzymes in the cantaloupe will break down the milk proteins and turn the drink bitter if left to stand.[13][14][15][16]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gulaman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulaman"},{"link_name":"sago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sago"},{"link_name":"agar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agar"},{"link_name":"muscovado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscovado"},{"link_name":"brown sugar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_sugar"},{"link_name":"pandan leaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandan_leaf"},{"link_name":"vanilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanilla"},{"link_name":"banana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana"},{"link_name":"tapioca pearls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapioca_pearl"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pk-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ff-4"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kmr-17"}],"sub_title":"Sago at gulaman","text":"Sago at gulaman, commonly shortened to \"sago't gulaman\", \"sago gulaman\", or simply \"gulaman\", is the most common type of samalamig. The name means \"sago and gulaman\", referring to the main ingredients of the drink, sago pearls and gulaman jellies (agar). The drink is usually simply flavored with muscovado (or brown sugar), and pandan leaves. The pandan can also be substituted with vanilla or banana extract. Sago is also commonly substituted with tapioca pearls.[1][4][17]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"maíz con hielo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C3%ADz_con_hielo"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tpk-3"}],"sub_title":"Sweet corn samalamig","text":"Sweet corn samalamig is similar to maíz con hielo, but does not include shaved ice. It is made from sweet corn kernels in milk with jellies.[3]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Philippine_cuisine"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Philippine_cuisine"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Philippine_cuisine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"Filipino cuisine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_cuisine"},{"link_name":"Main dishes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Philippine_dishes"},{"link_name":"Adobo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_adobo"},{"link_name":"Afritada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afritada"},{"link_name":"Asado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_asado#Asado_de_carajay"},{"link_name":"matua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_asado#Pork_asado"},{"link_name":"pork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_asado#Pork_asado"},{"link_name":"Balbacua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balbacua"},{"link_name":"Balut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balut_(food)"},{"link_name":"Bicol express/Sinilihan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicol_express"},{"link_name":"Binagoongan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binagoongan"},{"link_name":"kangkong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stir_fried_water_spinach#Water_spinach_with_shrimp_paste"},{"link_name":"Binalot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binalot"},{"link_name":"Bistek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bistek"},{"link_name":"Biyaring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biyaring"},{"link_name":"Bola-bola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meatball"},{"link_name":"Bopis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bopis"},{"link_name":"Burong isda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burong_isda"},{"link_name":"Burong mangga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burong_mangga"},{"link_name":"Carne norte guisado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carne_norte_guisado"},{"link_name":"Chicken galantina/Relyenong manok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken_galantina"},{"link_name":"Chicken pastel/Pastel de pollo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken_pastel"},{"link_name":"Chori burger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chori_burger"},{"link_name":"Coconut burger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_burger"},{"link_name":"Curacha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curacha"},{"link_name":"Alavar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curacha_Alavar"},{"link_name":"Decho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decho"},{"link_name":"Dinakdakan/Warek-Warek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinakdakan"},{"link_name":"Dinengdeng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinengdeng"},{"link_name":"Dinuguan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinuguan"},{"link_name":"Embutido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embutido_(Filipino_cuisine)"},{"link_name":"Escabeche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escabeche"},{"link_name":"Estofado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estofado_(food)"},{"link_name":"Everlasting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everlasting_(food)"},{"link_name":"Giniling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picadillo"},{"link_name":"Ginisang 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bread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se%C3%B1orita_bread"},{"link_name":"Shakoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakoy"},{"link_name":"Shing-a-ling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shing-a-ling_(food)"},{"link_name":"Silvana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvana_(food)"},{"link_name":"Siopao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siopao"},{"link_name":"Ube cake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ube_cake"},{"link_name":"Ube cheesecake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ube_cheesecake"},{"link_name":"Waffle dog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waffle_dog"},{"link_name":"Yema cake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yema_cake"},{"link_name":"Aparon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aparon"},{"link_name":"Apas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apas_(biscuit)"},{"link_name":"Barquillos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biscuit_roll"},{"link_name":"Barquiron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barquiron"},{"link_name":"Camachile cookies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camachile_cookie"},{"link_name":"Caycay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caycay"},{"link_name":"de bato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galletas_de_bato"},{"link_name":"de patatas/Egg cracklets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galletas_de_patatas"},{"link_name":"del Carmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galletas_del_Carmen"},{"link_name":"pesquera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galletas_pesquera"},{"link_name":"Gorgoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorgoria"},{"link_name":"Half-moon cookie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-moon_cookie_(Philippines)"},{"link_name":"Jacobina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobina_(food)"},{"link_name":"Lengua de gato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_de_gato"},{"link_name":"Linga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linga_(cookie)"},{"link_name":"Masa podrida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masa_podrida"},{"link_name":"Otap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otap_(food)"},{"link_name":"Paciencia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paciencia_(cookie)"},{"link_name":"Paborita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paborita"},{"link_name":"Puto seco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puto_seco"},{"link_name":"Roscas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roscas_(Filipino_cuisine)"},{"link_name":"Rosquillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosquillo"},{"link_name":"Ube crinkles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ube_crinkles"},{"link_name":"Ugoy-ugoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugoy-ugoy"},{"link_name":"Uraró/Arrowroot cookies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uraro"},{"link_name":"Desserts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Philippine_desserts"},{"link_name":"Ampaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampaw"},{"link_name":"Banana cue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana_cue"},{"link_name":"Baye baye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baye_baye"},{"link_name":"Binagol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binagol"},{"link_name":"Binaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binaki"},{"link_name":"Buko salad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buko_salad"},{"link_name":"Buko halo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buko_halo"},{"link_name":"Buko melon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buko_melon"},{"link_name":"Buko pandan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buko_pandan"},{"link_name":"Camote cue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camote_cue"},{"link_name":"Camote halaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camote_halaya"},{"link_name":"Cascaron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascaron"},{"link_name":"Cassava cake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassava_cake"},{"link_name":"Pitsi-pitsî","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitsi-pits%C3%AE"},{"link_name":"Champóy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiamoy"},{"link_name":"Coconut macaroon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macaroon#Philippines"},{"link_name":"Cornick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornick_(food)"},{"link_name":"Daral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daral_(food)"},{"link_name":"Dodol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodol"},{"link_name":"Duman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinipig#Variants"},{"link_name":"Ginanggang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginanggang"},{"link_name":"Kalamay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalamay"},{"link_name":"Kiamoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiamoy"},{"link_name":"Leche flan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%A8me_caramel#Philippines"},{"link_name":"Lokot-lokot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lokot-lokot"},{"link_name":"Maja blanca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maja_blanca"},{"link_name":"Maruya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maruya_(food)"},{"link_name":"Masareal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masareal"},{"link_name":"Membrilyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quince_cheese"},{"link_name":"Minatamis na saging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minatamis_na_saging"},{"link_name":"Nilupak/Nilusak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilupak"},{"link_name":"Pinipig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinipig"},{"link_name":"Pritong saging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pritong_saging"},{"link_name":"Salukara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salukara"},{"link_name":"Taho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taho"},{"link_name":"Tamales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamale#Philippines_and_Guam"},{"link_name":"Tibok-tibok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibok-tibok"},{"link_name":"Tocino de cielo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%A8me_caramel#Philippines"},{"link_name":"Turón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turon_(food)"},{"link_name":"Turrón de casúy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turr%C3%B3n#Philippine_turr%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Turrón de pili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turr%C3%B3n#Philippine_turr%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"halaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ube_halaya"},{"link_name":"macapuno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ube_macapuno"},{"link_name":"Pastillas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastillas"},{"link_name":"Balikucha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balikucha"},{"link_name":"Belekoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belekoy"},{"link_name":"Coconut toffee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_toffee"},{"link_name":"Peanut Brittle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittle_(food)"},{"link_name":"Panocha mani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panocha_mani"},{"link_name":"Sampalok candy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiamoy"},{"link_name":"Yema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yema_(candy)"},{"link_name":"Banana chips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana_chip"},{"link_name":"Kabkab/Cassava cracker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabkab"},{"link_name":"Kropek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prawn_cracker"},{"link_name":"Kiping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiping"},{"link_name":"Pinasugbo/Consilva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinasugbo"},{"link_name":"Avocado and milk in ice/Abukado lamaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado_and_milk_in_ice"},{"link_name":"Guinomis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinomis"},{"link_name":"Halo-halo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halo-halo"},{"link_name":"Ice buko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_buko"},{"link_name":"Ice scramble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_scramble"},{"link_name":"Knickerbocker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knickerbocker_(Zamboanga)"},{"link_name":"Maíz con hielo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C3%ADz_con_hielo"},{"link_name":"Queso ice cream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queso_ice_cream"},{"link_name":"Saba con hielo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minatamis_na_saging"},{"link_name":"Sili ice cream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sili_ice_cream"},{"link_name":"Sorbetes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbetes"},{"link_name":"Ube ice cream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ube_ice_cream"},{"link_name":"Kakanin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakanin"},{"link_name":"Bibingka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibingka"},{"link_name":"Bibingkoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibingkoy"},{"link_name":"Binakle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binakle"},{"link_name":"Biko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biko_(food)"},{"link_name":"Espasol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espasol"},{"link_name":"Kutsinta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutsinta"},{"link_name":"Mache","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mache_(food)"},{"link_name":"Masi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masi_(food)"},{"link_name":"Moche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moche_(food)"},{"link_name":"Morón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moron_(food)"},{"link_name":"Palitaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palitaw"},{"link_name":"Panyalam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panyalam"},{"link_name":"Putli mandi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putli_mandi"},{"link_name":"Puto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puto_(food)"},{"link_name":"Puto bumbong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puto_bumbong"},{"link_name":"Puto maya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango_sticky_rice"},{"link_name":"Sapin-sapin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapin-sapin"},{"link_name":"Sayongsong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayongsong"},{"link_name":"Suman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suman_(food)"},{"link_name":"Tikoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nian_gao#Philippines"},{"link_name":"Tupig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupig"},{"link_name":"Bilo-bilo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilo-bilo"},{"link_name":"Binatog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binatog"},{"link_name":"Binignit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binignit"},{"link_name":"Champorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champorado"},{"link_name":"mais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginataang_mais"},{"link_name":"munggo/Lelot balatong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginataang_munggo"},{"link_name":"saba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginataang_saba"},{"link_name":"Lamaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamaw"},{"link_name":"Condiments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_condiments"},{"link_name":"Agre dulce/sweet and sour sauce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agre_dulce"},{"link_name":"Achuete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatto"},{"link_name":"Asín tibuok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As%C3%ADn_tibuok"},{"link_name":"Atchara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atchara"},{"link_name":"Bagoong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagoong"},{"link_name":"alamang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagoong_alamang"},{"link_name":"monamon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagoong_monamon"},{"link_name":"terong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagoong_terong"},{"link_name":"Banana ketchup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana_ketchup"},{"link_name":"Biasong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrus_micrantha"},{"link_name":"Bukayo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukayo"},{"link_name":"Burô/tapay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapai"},{"link_name":"Calamansi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calamansi"},{"link_name":"Dayap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_lime"},{"link_name":"Dayok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayok"},{"link_name":"Dungon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritiera_littoralis"},{"link_name":"Galapóng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galap%C3%B3ng"},{"link_name":"Gamet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamet"},{"link_name":"Gatâ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_milk"},{"link_name":"Giniling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_meat"},{"link_name":"Gulaman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulaman"},{"link_name":"Gusô","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucheuma"},{"link_name":"Kakang gatâ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_cream"},{"link_name":"Kamias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilimbi"},{"link_name":"Kaong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arenga_pinnata"},{"link_name":"Kasubha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safflower"},{"link_name":"Keso de bola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edam_cheese"},{"link_name":"Kesong puti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesong_puti"},{"link_name":"Labóng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamboo_shoot"},{"link_name":"Landang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landang"},{"link_name":"Latik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latik"},{"link_name":"Latô","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caulerpa_lentillifera"},{"link_name":"Lemongrass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemongrass"},{"link_name":"Liver spread/Lechon sauce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver_spread"},{"link_name":"Luyang dilaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turmeric"},{"link_name":"Macapuno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macapuno"},{"link_name":"Minatamís na báo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_jam"},{"link_name":"Muscovado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscovado"},{"link_name":"Nata de coco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nata_de_coco"},{"link_name":"Nata de piña","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nata_de_pi%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"Pakô","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplazium_esculentum"},{"link_name":"Palapa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palapa_(condiment)"},{"link_name":"Pandan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandanus"},{"link_name":"Panutsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaggery"},{"link_name":"Patis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patis_(sauce)"},{"link_name":"Pili nut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pili_nut"},{"link_name":"Saba banana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saba_banana"},{"link_name":"Sago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sago"},{"link_name":"Sakurab/Sibujing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakurab"},{"link_name":"Siling haba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siling_haba"},{"link_name":"Siling labuyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siling_labuyo"},{"link_name":"Taba ng talangka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taba_ng_talangka"},{"link_name":"Tabon-tabon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabon-tabon"},{"link_name":"Toyomansi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyomansi"},{"link_name":"Toyo, suka, at sili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyo,_suka,_at_sili"},{"link_name":"Túltul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As%C3%ADn_tibuok"},{"link_name":"Ube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purple_yam"},{"link_name":"Ubad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana_pith"},{"link_name":"Ubod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_of_palm"},{"link_name":"cane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cane_vinegar"},{"link_name":"coconut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_vinegar"},{"link_name":"kaong palm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaong_palm_vinegar"},{"link_name":"nipa palm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nipa_palm_vinegar"},{"link_name":"spiced","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiced_vinegar"},{"link_name":"Avocado milkshake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado_milkshake"},{"link_name":"Calamansi juice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calamansi_juice"},{"link_name":"Barako","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapeng_barako"},{"link_name":"Benguet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benguet_coffee"},{"link_name":"Sagada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagada_coffee"},{"link_name":"Sulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahawa_Sug"},{"link_name":"Salabat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginger_tea#Philippines"},{"link_name":"Samalamig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Buko pandan drink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buko_pandan_drink"},{"link_name":"Sago at gulaman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sago_at_gulaman"},{"link_name":"Tsokolate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsokolate"},{"link_name":"Tubho tea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubho_tea"},{"link_name":"Agkud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agkud"},{"link_name":"Anisado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anisette"},{"link_name":"Bahalina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahalina"},{"link_name":"Bais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bais_(wine)"},{"link_name":"Basi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basi"},{"link_name":"Bignay wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bignay_wine"},{"link_name":"Byais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byais"},{"link_name":"Dubado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubado"},{"link_name":"Duhat wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duhat_wine"},{"link_name":"Intus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intus"},{"link_name":"Kabarawan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabarawan"},{"link_name":"Kinutil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinutil"},{"link_name":"Laksoy/Dalisay de nipa/Barik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laksoy"},{"link_name":"Lambanog/Dalisay de coco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambanog"},{"link_name":"Mallorca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anisette"},{"link_name":"Palek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palek"},{"link_name":"Pangasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangasi"},{"link_name":"Tapuy/Baya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapuy"},{"link_name":"Tubâ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tub%C3%A2"},{"link_name":"Tuhak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuhak"},{"link_name":"Tunggang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunggang"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg"},{"link_name":"Food portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Food"},{"link_name":"Philippine condiments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_condiments"},{"link_name":"Filipino Chinese cuisine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_Chinese_cuisine"},{"link_name":"Kamayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamayan"},{"link_name":"Kapampangan cuisine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapampangan_cuisine"},{"link_name":"List of restaurant chains in the Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_restaurant_chains_in_the_Philippines"}],"text":"vte Filipino cuisineMain dishes\nAdobo\nAfritada\nAsado\nmatua\npork\nBalbacua\nBalut\nBicol express/Sinilihan\nBinagoongan\nkangkong\nBinalot\nBistek\nBiyaring\nBola-bola\nBopis\nBurong isda\nBurong mangga\nCarne norte guisado\nChicken galantina/Relyenong manok\nChicken pastel/Pastel de pollo\nChori burger\nCoconut burger\nCuracha\nAlavar\nDecho\nDinakdakan/Warek-Warek\nDinengdeng\nDinuguan\nEmbutido\nEscabeche\nEstofado\nEverlasting\nGiniling\nGinisang kangkóng\nGoto\nHalabós\nHamonado\nHardinera\nHumbà\nIgado\nInasal\nInihaw/Filipino barbecue\nInubaran\nIsaw\nKaldereta\nKare-kare\nKilawin\nKinilnat\nKinilaw\nKulawo\nLaing/Pinangat\nInulukan\nLinapay/Tinamuk\nTinumok\nLechon\nbaboy\nbaka\nmanok\nLengua estofado\nLengua pastel\nLengua Sevillana\nLinagpang\nLinarang\nLinat-an\nLumlom\nMechado\nMenudo/Ginamay\nWaknatoy\nMorcón\nNilagang saging\nPaklay\nPapaitan\nPares\nPares kanto\nPata tim\nPiaparan\nPicadillo\nPinais\nPinapaitan\nPinakbet\nPinangat na isda\nPinatisan\nPininyahang hipon\nPininyahang manok\nPinsec frito\nPiyanggang manok\nPiutu\nPoqui poqui\nProben\nPudpod\nPutsero\nRendang\nRopa vieja\nSarsa na uyang\nSatti\nSinanglay\nSinantolan\nSiomai\nTamale\nTalunan\nTapa\nTinapa\nTinapayan\nTinola\nTuslob buwa\nFried dishes\nBagnet\nCalamares\nCamaron rebosado\nCarne frita\nChicharon\nCrispy kangkóng\nCrispy pata\nCrispy tadyang ng baka\nDaing\nFish balls\nKikiam\nLechon kawali\nNilasing na hipon\nOkoy\nPudpod\nSisig\nTapa\nTocino\nTokneneng\nKwek kwek\nTokwa’t baboy\nTorta\ncarne norte\nkalabasa\nsardinas\ntalong\nRice dishes\nAligue fried rice\nArroz a la cubana\nArroz valenciana\nArroz caldo\nBagoong fried rice\nBalao-balao\nJava rice\nJunay\nKiampong\nKuning\nLugaw\nMorisqueta tostada\nOko-oko\nPaelya\nBringhe\nNasing biringyi\nPastil\nPusô/Tamu\nSilog\nSinangág\nSinigapuna\nSoups\nBatchoy Tagalog/Batsoy\nBinakol\nBulalo\nCansi\nGinataan\nampalaya\nhipon\nisda\nkalabasa\nkuhol\nlabong\nlangka\nmanok\nsugpo\nubod\nGinisang munggo\nGising-gising\nKadyos, baboy, kag langka\nKadyos, manok, kag ubad\nKinamatisang manok (Sarciadong manok)\nNilaga\nPaksiw\nInun-unan\nPinikpikan\nSarsiado\nSinabawang corned beef\nSinabawang gulay\nSinampalukan\nSinigang\nSorol\nSoup Number Five\nSuam na mais\nTiyula itum\n\nNoodles and pasta\nBalbacua con misua\nBatchoy\nBatchoy Tagalog\nFilipino spaghetti\nKinalas\nMacaroni salad\nMaki mi\nOdong\nPancit\nbihon\nbuko\ncanton\nchoca\nestacion\nlomi\nluglug\nMalabon\nmami\nmiki\nMolo\npalabok\nsotanghon\nPares mami\nSinigáng sa misô\nSopa de fideo\nSopas\nSausages\nLongganisa\nAlaminos\nBaguio\nCabanatuan/Batutay\nCalumpit\nChicken\nFish\nGuagua/Candaba\nGuinobatan\nLongganisang dugo\nLucban\nPampanga\nTuguegarao\nVigan\nChorizo\nde Bilbao\nde Cebu\nde Macao\nNegrense\npudpud\nPinuneg\nLumpia and turón\nDaral\nDinamita\nLumpia\nadobo\ngulay\nhubad\nisda\nkeso\nlabong\nprito\nsariwa\nShanghai\nsingkamas\ntogue\nubod\nVegetarian lumpia\nNgohiong\nTurón\nBreads, cakes,and pastries\nAlfajor\nAsado roll\nBanada\nBanana cake\nBicho\nBinangkal\nBiscocho\nKinihad\nBrazo de Mercedes\nBuko pandan cake\nBuko pie\nBuñuelo\nChurro\nCrema de Fruta\nEgg pie\nEmpanada\nEnsaymada\nFlan cake\nHopia\nInipit\nKumukunsi\nMamón\nBroas\nPuto mamón\nTaisan\ntostado\nMango cake\nMango float\nNapoleones\nOhaldre\nPan de coco\nPan de monggo\nPan de monja/Monáy\nPutok\nPan de regla\nPan de siosa/Pan de leche\nPandesal\nPastel de Camiguín\nPianono\nPiaya\nPilipit\nPinagong\nPolvorón\nSans rival\nSeñorita bread/Spanish bread\nShakoy\nShing-a-ling\nSilvana\nSiopao\nUbe cake\nUbe cheesecake\nWaffle dog\nYema cake\nBiscuits/cookies\nAparon\nApas\nBarquillos\nBarquiron\nCamachile cookies\nCaycay\nGalletas\nde bato\nde patatas/Egg cracklets\ndel Carmen\npesquera\nGorgoria\nHalf-moon cookie\nJacobina\nLengua de gato\nLinga\nMasa podrida\nOtap\nPaciencia\nPaborita\nPuto seco\nRoscas\nRosquillo\nUbe crinkles\nUgoy-ugoy\nUraró/Arrowroot cookies\n\nDesserts\nAmpaw\nBanana cue\nBaye baye\nBinagol\nBinaki\nBuko salad\nBuko halo\nBuko melon\nBuko pandan\nCamote cue\nCamote halaya\nCascaron\nCassava cake\nPitsi-pitsî\nChampóy\nCoconut macaroon\nCornick\nDaral\nDodol\nDuman\nGinanggang\nKalamay\nKiamoy\nLeche flan\nLokot-lokot\nMaja blanca\nMaruya\nMasareal\nMembrilyo\nMinatamis na saging\nNilupak/Nilusak\nPinipig\nPritong saging\nSalukara\nTaho\nTamales\nTibok-tibok\nTocino de cielo\nTurón\nTurrón de casúy\nTurrón de pili\nUbe\nhalaya\nmacapuno\nCandies and confections\nPastillas\nBalikucha\nBelekoy\nCoconut toffee\nPeanut Brittle\nPanocha mani\nSampalok candy\nYema\nChips and crackers\nBanana chips\nKabkab/Cassava cracker\nKropek\nKiping\nPinasugbo/Consilva\nFrozen desserts\nAvocado and milk in ice/Abukado lamaw\nGuinomis\nHalo-halo\nIce buko\nIce scramble\nKnickerbocker\nMaíz con hielo\nQueso ice cream\nSaba con hielo\nSili ice cream\nSorbetes\nUbe ice cream\nKakanin (ricecakes)\nBibingka\nBibingkoy\nBinakle\nBiko\nEspasol\nKutsinta\nMache\nMasi\nMoche\nMorón\nPalitaw\nPanyalam\nPutli mandi\nPuto\nPuto bumbong\nPuto maya\nSapin-sapin\nSayongsong\nSuman\nTikoy\nTupig\nSoup desserts\nBilo-bilo\nBinatog\nBinignit\nChamporado\nGinataan\nmais\nmunggo/Lelot balatong\nsaba\nLamaw\n\nCondimentsand ingredients\nAgre dulce/sweet and sour sauce\nAchuete\nAsín tibuok\nAtchara\nBagoong\nalamang\nmonamon\nterong\nBanana ketchup\nBiasong\nBukayo\nBurô/tapay\nCalamansi\nDayap\nDayok\nDungon\nGalapóng\nGamet\nGatâ\nGiniling\nGulaman\nGusô\nKakang gatâ\nKamias\nKaong\nKasubha\nKeso de bola\nKesong puti\nLabóng\nLandang\nLatik\nLatô\nLemongrass\nLiver spread/Lechon sauce\nLuyang dilaw\nMacapuno\nMinatamís na báo\nMuscovado\nNata de coco\nNata de piña\nPakô\nPalapa\nPandan\nPanutsa\nPatis\nPili nut\nSaba banana\nSago\nSakurab/Sibujing\nSiling haba\nSiling labuyo\nTaba ng talangka\nTabon-tabon\nToyomansi\nToyo, suka, at sili\nTúltul\nUbe\nUbad\nUbod\nVinegar\ncane\ncoconut\nkaong palm\nnipa palm\nspiced\nBeveragesNon-alcoholic\nAvocado milkshake\nCalamansi juice\nCoffee\nBarako\nBenguet\nSagada\nSulu\nSalabat\nSamalamig\nBuko pandan drink\nSago at gulaman\nTsokolate\nTubho tea\nAlcoholic\nAgkud\nAnisado\nBahalina\nBais\nBasi\nBignay wine\nByais\nDubado\nDuhat wine\nIntus\nKabarawan\nKinutil\nLaksoy/Dalisay de nipa/Barik\nLambanog/Dalisay de coco\nMallorca\nPalek\nPangasi\nTapuy/Baya\nTubâ\nTuhak\nTunggang\n\n Food portal\nSee also:\nPhilippine condiments\nFilipino Chinese cuisine\nKamayan\nKapampangan cuisine\nList of restaurant chains in the Philippines","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Calamansi juice","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Calamansi_juice_%28Filipino_lemonade%29.jpg/170px-Calamansi_juice_%28Filipino_lemonade%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Buko pandan drink with pinipig","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Buko_pandan_at_Cafe_Laguna%2C_SM_City%2C_Cebu.jpg/170px-Buko_pandan_at_Cafe_Laguna%2C_SM_City%2C_Cebu.jpg"},{"image_text":"Guinomis","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Guinomis_%28Ilonggo_Sago_Gulaman%29_at_Imay%27s.jpg/170px-Guinomis_%28Ilonggo_Sago_Gulaman%29_at_Imay%27s.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sago at gulaman (foreground) and halo-halo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Sago_Gulaman.jpg/170px-Sago_Gulaman.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Agua fresca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agua_fresca"},{"title":"Bilo-bilo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilo-bilo"},{"title":"Binignit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binignit"},{"title":"Ginataang mais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginataang_mais"},{"title":"Lamaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamaw"}]
[{"reference":"\"Sago at Gulaman Pandan Samalamig (Pearl and Jelly Pandan Coolers)\". Pinoy Kusinero. Retrieved January 29, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pinoykusinero.com/2014/05/sago-at-gulaman-pandan-samalamig-pearl.html","url_text":"\"Sago at Gulaman Pandan Samalamig (Pearl and Jelly Pandan Coolers)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Healthy 'samalamig' recipes to cool down summer\". GMA News Online. Retrieved January 29, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/publicaffairs/pinoymd/359304/healthy-samalamig-recipes-to-cool-down-summer/story/","url_text":"\"Healthy 'samalamig' recipes to cool down summer\""}]},{"reference":"\"Palamig (Coolers)\". The Peach Kitchen. Retrieved January 29, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thepeachkitchen.com/2009/07/palamig-coolers/","url_text":"\"Palamig (Coolers)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sago't Gulaman\". Foxy Folksy. Retrieved January 29, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.foxyfolksy.com/sagot-gulaman/","url_text":"\"Sago't Gulaman\""}]},{"reference":"\"Buko Pandan Drink\". Kawaling Pinoy. Retrieved January 29, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kawalingpinoy.com/buko-pandan-drink/","url_text":"\"Buko Pandan Drink\""}]},{"reference":"\"Calamansi Juice (Filipino Lemonade)\". The Little Epicurean. Retrieved January 29, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thelittleepicurean.com/2014/07/calamansi-juice.html","url_text":"\"Calamansi Juice (Filipino Lemonade)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Calamansi Juice\". Kawaling Pinoy. Retrieved January 29, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kawalingpinoy.com/calamansi-juice/","url_text":"\"Calamansi Juice\""}]},{"reference":"\"Buko Salad Drink\". Kawaling Pinoy. Retrieved January 29, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kawalingpinoy.com/buko-salad-drink/","url_text":"\"Buko Salad Drink\""}]},{"reference":"\"Guinomis Recipe\". Pinoy Recipe at iba pa. Retrieved January 29, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pinoyrecipe.net/guinomis-recipe/","url_text":"\"Guinomis Recipe\""}]},{"reference":"\"How to make Guinomis – Sago, Pinipig and Gulaman in Coconut Milk\". Asian in America. Retrieved January 29, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.asianinamericamag.com/2017/08/make-guinomis-sago-pinipig-gulaman-coconut-milk/","url_text":"\"How to make Guinomis – Sago, Pinipig and Gulaman in Coconut Milk\""}]},{"reference":"\"Guinomis Recipe (How to make Guinomis)\". Pilipinas Recipes. Retrieved January 29, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://pilipinasrecipes.com/guinomis-recipe/","url_text":"\"Guinomis Recipe (How to make Guinomis)\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Cool Vegetarian Dessert\". Lakbay Masa. Retrieved January 29, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://lakbaymesa.blogspot.com/2014/04/a-cool-vegetarian-dessert.html","url_text":"\"A Cool Vegetarian Dessert\""}]},{"reference":"\"Melon Chiller\". Kawaling Pinoy. Retrieved January 29, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kawalingpinoy.com/melon-chiller/","url_text":"\"Melon Chiller\""}]},{"reference":"\"Melon Juice\". Ang Sarap. Retrieved January 29, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.angsarap.net/2012/10/25/melon-juice/","url_text":"\"Melon Juice\""}]},{"reference":"\"Melon sa Malamig (Filipino Cantaloupe Drink)\". Tara's Multicultural Table. Retrieved January 29, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://tarasmulticulturaltable.com/melon-sa-malamig-filipino-cantaloupe-drink/","url_text":"\"Melon sa Malamig (Filipino Cantaloupe Drink)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Melon Sa Malamig (Filipino Melon Drink)\". CUESA. Retrieved January 29, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://cuesa.org/recipe/melon-sa-malamig-filipino-melon-drink","url_text":"\"Melon Sa Malamig (Filipino Melon Drink)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sago't Gulaman Palamig Recipe\". Kusina Master Recipes. Retrieved January 29, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kusinamasterrecipes.com/sagot-gulaman-palamig-recipe/","url_text":"\"Sago't Gulaman Palamig Recipe\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.pinoykusinero.com/2014/05/sago-at-gulaman-pandan-samalamig-pearl.html","external_links_name":"\"Sago at Gulaman Pandan Samalamig (Pearl and Jelly Pandan Coolers)\""},{"Link":"https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/publicaffairs/pinoymd/359304/healthy-samalamig-recipes-to-cool-down-summer/story/","external_links_name":"\"Healthy 'samalamig' recipes to cool down summer\""},{"Link":"https://www.thepeachkitchen.com/2009/07/palamig-coolers/","external_links_name":"\"Palamig (Coolers)\""},{"Link":"https://www.foxyfolksy.com/sagot-gulaman/","external_links_name":"\"Sago't Gulaman\""},{"Link":"https://www.kawalingpinoy.com/buko-pandan-drink/","external_links_name":"\"Buko Pandan Drink\""},{"Link":"https://www.thelittleepicurean.com/2014/07/calamansi-juice.html","external_links_name":"\"Calamansi Juice (Filipino Lemonade)\""},{"Link":"https://www.kawalingpinoy.com/calamansi-juice/","external_links_name":"\"Calamansi Juice\""},{"Link":"https://www.kawalingpinoy.com/buko-salad-drink/","external_links_name":"\"Buko Salad Drink\""},{"Link":"https://www.pinoyrecipe.net/guinomis-recipe/","external_links_name":"\"Guinomis Recipe\""},{"Link":"https://www.asianinamericamag.com/2017/08/make-guinomis-sago-pinipig-gulaman-coconut-milk/","external_links_name":"\"How to make Guinomis – Sago, Pinipig and Gulaman in Coconut Milk\""},{"Link":"https://pilipinasrecipes.com/guinomis-recipe/","external_links_name":"\"Guinomis Recipe (How to make Guinomis)\""},{"Link":"http://lakbaymesa.blogspot.com/2014/04/a-cool-vegetarian-dessert.html","external_links_name":"\"A Cool Vegetarian Dessert\""},{"Link":"https://www.kawalingpinoy.com/melon-chiller/","external_links_name":"\"Melon Chiller\""},{"Link":"https://www.angsarap.net/2012/10/25/melon-juice/","external_links_name":"\"Melon Juice\""},{"Link":"https://tarasmulticulturaltable.com/melon-sa-malamig-filipino-cantaloupe-drink/","external_links_name":"\"Melon sa Malamig (Filipino Cantaloupe Drink)\""},{"Link":"https://cuesa.org/recipe/melon-sa-malamig-filipino-melon-drink","external_links_name":"\"Melon Sa Malamig (Filipino Melon Drink)\""},{"Link":"https://www.kusinamasterrecipes.com/sagot-gulaman-palamig-recipe/","external_links_name":"\"Sago't Gulaman Palamig Recipe\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_My_Heart_(1946_film)
Cross My Heart (1946 film)
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 References","4 Bibliography","5 External links"]
1946 film by John Berry Cross My HeartDirected byJohn BerryWritten byLouis Verneuil (play) Georges Berr (play) Harry Tugend Claude Binyon Charles Schnee (additional dialogue)Produced byHarry TugendStarringBetty Hutton Sonny Tufts Rhys Williams Ruth DonnellyCinematographyCharles Lang Stuart ThompsonEdited byEllsworth HoaglandMusic byRobert Emmett DolanProductioncompanyParamount PicturesDistributed byParamount PicturesRelease date December 18, 1946 (1946-12-18) Running time85 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish Cross My Heart is a 1946 American comedy film directed by John Berry and starring Betty Hutton, Sonny Tufts and Rhys Williams. It was a remake of the 1937 film True Confession, which was itself based on the 1934 French play Mon Crime written by Georges Berr and Louis Verneuil. Plot A chorus girl by the name of Peggy Harper quits her job as a chorus girl to get a daytime job to see her lawyer boyfriend Oliver Clark more often. She gets a job as a private secretary for a Mr. Wallace Brent. One day at the office, he keeps pawing Peggy and trying to "neck" with her, and so she flees the office, all to come back the same night to get her coat, purse, and hat, and also run into the police. Peggy Harper is accused of murdering her boss. She confesses just so she can get Oliver to be her lawyer and defend her at the jury to showcase his talent. Cast Betty Hutton as Peggy Harper Sonny Tufts as Oliver Clarke Rhys Williams as Prosecutor Ruth Donnelly as Eve Harper Al Bridge as Det. Flynn Iris Adrian as Miss Baggart Howard Freeman as Wallace Brent Lewis L. Russell as Judge Michael Chekhov as Peter References ^ Kabatchnik p.182 Bibliography Fetrow, Alan G. Feature films, 1950-1959: a United States Filmography. McFarland & Company, 1999. External links Cross My Heart at IMDb This 1940s comedy film-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"comedy film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_film"},{"link_name":"John Berry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Berry_(director)"},{"link_name":"Betty Hutton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty_Hutton"},{"link_name":"Sonny Tufts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonny_Tufts"},{"link_name":"Rhys Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhys_Williams_(Welsh-American_actor)"},{"link_name":"True Confession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_Confession"},{"link_name":"Georges Berr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Berr"},{"link_name":"Louis Verneuil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Verneuil"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Cross My Heart is a 1946 American comedy film directed by John Berry and starring Betty Hutton, Sonny Tufts and Rhys Williams. It was a remake of the 1937 film True Confession, which was itself based on the 1934 French play Mon Crime written by Georges Berr and Louis Verneuil.[1]","title":"Cross My Heart (1946 film)"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"A chorus girl by the name of Peggy Harper quits her job as a chorus girl to get a daytime job to see her lawyer boyfriend Oliver Clark more often. She gets a job as a private secretary for a Mr. Wallace Brent.One day at the office, he keeps pawing Peggy and trying to \"neck\" with her, and so she flees the office, all to come back the same night to get her coat, purse, and hat, and also run into the police. Peggy Harper is accused of murdering her boss. She confesses just so she can get Oliver to be her lawyer and defend her at the jury to showcase his talent.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Betty Hutton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty_Hutton"},{"link_name":"Sonny Tufts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonny_Tufts"},{"link_name":"Rhys Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhys_Williams_(Welsh-American_actor)"},{"link_name":"Ruth Donnelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Donnelly"},{"link_name":"Al Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Iris Adrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iris_Adrian"},{"link_name":"Howard Freeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Freeman"},{"link_name":"Lewis L. Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_L._Russell"},{"link_name":"Michael Chekhov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Chekhov"}],"text":"Betty Hutton as Peggy Harper\nSonny Tufts as Oliver Clarke\nRhys Williams as Prosecutor\nRuth Donnelly as Eve Harper\nAl Bridge as Det. Flynn\nIris Adrian as Miss Baggart\nHoward Freeman as Wallace Brent\nLewis L. Russell as Judge\nMichael Chekhov as Peter","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Fetrow, Alan G. Feature films, 1950-1959: a United States Filmography. McFarland & Company, 1999.","title":"Bibliography"}]
[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanford_station_(Amtrak)
Sanford station (Amtrak)
["1 History","2 Other train stations in Sanford","3 References","4 External links"]
Coordinates: 28°48′26″N 81°17′20″W / 28.80709°N 81.28885°W / 28.80709; -81.28885Amtrak rail station in Sanford, Florida This article is about the Amtrak Auto Train station. For the SunRail station, see Sanford station (SunRail). Sanford, FLAuto Train passenger cars at Sanford station in October 2010General informationLocation600 South Persimmon AvenueSanford, FloridaUnited StatesCoordinates28°48′26″N 81°17′20″W / 28.80709°N 81.28885°W / 28.80709; -81.28885Owned byAmtrakPlatforms1 island platformConnections Sanford trolleyConstructionAccessibleYesOther informationStation codeAmtrak: SFAHistoryOpened1971Closed1981–1983Rebuilt2009–2010PassengersFY 2022269,381 (Amtrak) Services Preceding station Amtrak Following station Terminus Auto Train Florence(Service stop only)toward Lorton Former services Preceding station auto-train Following station Terminus Sanford–Lorton LortonTerminus Sanford–Louisville1974–1977 LouisvilleTerminus Former services at ACL station Preceding station Amtrak Following station DeLandtoward Los Angeles Sunset Limited1993–2005 Winter Parktoward Orlando or Miami Winter Parktoward St. Petersburg Floridian DeLandtoward Chicago Winter Parktoward Miami Silver MeteorUntil 2005 DeLandtoward New York Silver StarUntil 2005 Preceding station Atlantic Coast Line Railroad Following station Lake Marytoward Tampa Main Line Benson Junctiontoward Richmond New Upsalatoward Fort Mason Fort Mason – Sanford Terminus Cedar Avenuetoward St. Petersburg Orange Belt Railway Location Sanford station is a railroad terminal in Sanford, Florida. It is the southern terminus for Amtrak's Auto Train, which runs between this station and Lorton, Virginia. Amtrak reported in its fiscal years 2021 and 2022 reports that the station is Amtrak's busiest station in Florida. It reported station ridership of 269,381 according to the 2022 report. As of 2022, the Auto Train loads its passengers on two tracks in Sanford, as no single track is long enough for all of the passenger railcars. A railroad crossing runs through the middle of Sanford's rail yard, an unusual situation for a modern station and yard. History The station was opened in 1971 by the Auto-Train Corporation, a railroad that operated its rolling stock along tracks owned by other railroads. The station and the service closed when the railroad fell into bankruptcy in 1981. The station was reopened in 1983 when Amtrak revived the Auto Train service. In 2004, hurricanes damaged the station building. The facility was also older and smaller than the terminal at Lorton. On May 18, 2009, Amtrak broke ground on a new $10.5 million station designed by d+A design + Architecture of Yardley, Pennsylvania. The new building, which opened on October 18, 2010, has a waiting room for 600 travelers, a ticket counter, a café, restrooms, and a gift shop. The building incorporates energy-saving features such as energy-efficient HVAC, lighting, and glass coatings that minimize solar gain. A portion of the old station abutting the new structure was reconfigured into administrative offices. Other train stations in Sanford A second Amtrak station was located three-tenths of a mile south of the Auto Train terminal, which served the Silver Star, Silver Meteor, and Sunset Limited. The station was built by the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad in 1913 and rebuilt in 1953. Like most U.S. passenger stations, it was acquired by Amtrak upon its inception in 1971. Though Amtrak gave the address as 800 Persimmon Avenue, the station was actually located at the end of West 8th Street, about 760 feet (230 m) west of Persimmon Avenue. Amtrak closed the station on August 1, 2005, and demolished it in 2009. SunRail, the Central Florida commuter rail system, revived local passenger rail service to Sanford when it began operations in 2014. It built a new station on State Road 46 rather than on the site of the former Amtrak station. References ^ "Amtrak Fact Sheet, Fiscal Year 2022: State of Florida" (PDF). Amtrak. June 2023. Retrieved August 30, 2023. ^ Amtrak Amtrak Fact Sheet, Fiscal Year 2021, State of Florida https://www.amtrak.com/content/dam/projects/dotcom/english/public/documents/corporate/statefactsheets/FLORIDA21.pdf ^ Amtrak Amtrak Fact Sheet, Fiscal Year 2022, State of Florida https://www.amtrak.com/content/dam/projects/dotcom/english/public/documents/corporate/statefactsheets/FLORIDA22.pdf ^ "Digging into the Archives: A look at the Auto Train — Amtrak: History of America's Railroad". Amtrak History and Archives. Retrieved March 18, 2013. ^ "Sanford Amtrak to open new terminal". Central Florida News 13. October 17, 2010. Archived from the original on October 21, 2010. Retrieved October 17, 2010. ^ "Sanford, FL – Auto Train Station (SFA)". Great American Stations (Amtrak). Retrieved March 18, 2013. ^ Donald Weinstein, David Warner and Harry Sutton (2008). "Amtrak Auto Train Travel Tips – Stations and Vehicles". On Track On Line. Retrieved March 12, 2008. ^ "Sanford – Auto Train, FL". Amtrak. 2008. Retrieved March 12, 2008. ^ "Amtrak - Sanford, FL (SFD)". USA RailGuide (TrainWeb). Retrieved 2022-05-19. ^ "Sanford station". SunRail. Retrieved 2022-05-19. External links Media related to Sanford station (Amtrak) at Wikimedia Commons Listen to this article (3 minutes) This audio file was created from a revision of this article dated 15 January 2010 (2010-01-15), and does not reflect subsequent edits.(Audio help · More spoken articles) Sanford, FL – Amtrak Sanford, FL – Station history at Great American Stations (Amtrak) Detailed station and Auto Train info Sanford Amtrak-Auto Train Station (USA Rail Guide -- TrainWeb) Original Sanford Terminal images (Theme Trains.com) vteAmtrak stations in FloridaActive stations Deerfield Beach DeLand Delray Beach Fort Lauderdale Hollywood Jacksonville Kissimmee Lakeland Miami Okeechobee Orlando Palatka Sanford Sebring Tampa West Palm Beach Winter Haven Winter Park Suspended stations Chipley Crestview Lake City Madison Pensacola Tallahassee Former stations Clearwater Dade City Delray Beach SAL Miami SAL Ocala Ponciana St. Petersburg Waldo Wildwood Future stations Miami Airport
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[{}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pucci_family
Pucci family
["1 History","2 Patronage","2.1 Works linked to the Pucci family","3 Notable members","4 Notes","5 Bibliography","6 External links"]
Political family of Florence, Italy For other people with the surname Pucci, see Pucci. This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "Pucci family" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2020) PucciNoble HouseArms of the House of PucciCountry Republic of Florence Grand Duchy of Tuscany Kingdom of Italy ItalyEtymologyBy Jacopo, later known as Jacopuccio or Puccio, considered the first ancestor of the houseFoundedXIII centuryFounderAntonio di Puccio PucciMottoTempore Tempora Tempera('mitigates the times over time')Estate(s)Palazzo Pucci, FlorencePalazzo Pucci, RomePalazzo Pucci, OttavioVilla Caruso di BellosguardoVilla PucciCastle of Oliveto The Pucci family's emblem, with the moor's head The Pucci family's coat of arms at the Palazzo Pucci in Florence The Pucci family has been a prominent noble family in Florence over the course of many centuries. A recent notable member of this family was Emilio Pucci, an Italian fashion designer who founded a clothing company after World War II. History The family surname derives from an ancestor named Jacopo, informally Jacopuccio, abbreviated to Puccio, who was considered wise and frequently called upon to settle disputes – there are records of two such interventions in 1264 and 1287. Their former surname seems to have been Saracini, which explains the presence of a "maure" (moor's head) on the Pucci family's coat of arms, as one ancestor been part in the First Crusade. A more accredited historical explanation of the Moor's head in the family coat of arms presents the Moor's head as the symbol of the flourishing slave trade that the Pucci family engaged in with the United States of America, a trade that made the family so rich that they were able to restore and purchase their own chapel in the nearby Basilica della Santissima Annunziata. Moorheads can be seen on the façade of the basilica and on the floor of the entrance, while a large gilded medallion depicting a slave ship belonging to the Pucci family is displayed in the family chapel. Earlier, this family arrived to Florence through Siena from Rome, its roots being discovered in the Julia family of Roman Emperors. The first Pucci family members to be mentioned date from the 13th century, with their subscribing to the Arte dei Legnaioli. These early members included Antonio Pucci, who worked as an architect on the construction of the Loggia della Signoria. His son, Puccio Pucci, was a merchant who became rich thanks to trade and financial activities in medieval Florence. The first Pucci residences were in the Santa Croce district of Florence, before they moved to that of the church of San Michele Visdomini. They were supporters of the Guelphs, thus they were expelled and their houses demolished after the battle of Montaperti in 1260. However, they were soon able to return upon the Ghibellines' expulsion from the city. With wealth came political offices such as magistracies, priories and gonfalonieres – the Pucci family produced a total of 23 priors and 8 holders of the post of confaloniere di giustizia. Constant allies of the Medici during the Renaissance, the Pucci were among the families that Cosimo de' Medici called upon as a means of indirectly pursuing his own political interests. Trusted Medici allies from the Pucci family included Puccio Pucci, who provided Cosimo with money to improve his living conditions in prison whilst Cosimo was imprisoned prior to being exiled. In the early 16th century, the Pucci family's prestige rose yet higher, with it producing three cardinals (Roberto, Lorenzo and Antonio Pucci) within a few decades of each other and continuing to be trusted figures in the Medici's ducal and then grand-ducal courts. However, a momentary bitter break with the Medici family came in 1559, when Pandolfo Pucci was ousted from the court of Cosimo I for dreaming of restoring the ancient Republic of Florence. Thus, for revenge or ideological reasons, he conspired against Cosimo with the support of other noble Florentine families, intending to fire an arquebus at Cosimo as he and his retinue walked along the corner of Palazzo Pucci and Via de' Servi to get to Santissima Annunziata. The plan had already been shelved, but after the Medici intelligence network got wind of it, Pandolfo was hung from a window of the Bargello and the Pucci properties were seized, and the most dangerous part of the family been exiled to Sicily where the surname changed into Puccio. As a memorial to the quashing of the plot, or perhaps out of prudence or superstition, it was decided to brick up the window at the corner where the attack was to have occurred, as can still be seen. The Pucci family later made peace with the Medici, and Niccolò Pucci regained the Palazzo Pucci and its furnishings. In 1662, Orazio Roberto Pucci acquired the fiefdom of Barsento (Bari) for 4,000 scudi and obtained the title of Marchese di Barsento, a noble title which has since been handed down through the family. The most recent notable family member is Emilio Pucci, founder of the namesake post-war fashion house, who became famous in the 1960s for his prints, fabrics, and designs. His brother, Puccio Pucci di Barsento, a lawyer and architect, served during WWII as a pilot in the acrobatic squadron of the Italian Air Force. In the 1960s, the two brothers split the Palazzo Pucci, with Emilio taking the left half as the main base for his fashion house. Puccio took the most ancient part, with the central entrance, restoring it and adapting it to the needs of the time with a gallery of artisan workshops that is still thriving today. His son, Giannozzo Pucci, a noted publisher and ecologist, utilized the Palazzo's rooftop to create the only organic garden in a landmark Italian Renaissance building, where he cultivates rare types of vegetables to produce seeds for a worldwide network of seed-savers. Giannozzo's younger sister, Idanna Pucci, is a writer and documentary filmmaker, whose most recent books are "The World Odyssey of a Balinese Prince" (Tuttle Publishing) and "The Lady of Sing Sing" (Simon and Schuster), both released in 2020. Patronage Nastagio degli Onesti, fourth panel, Sandro Botticelli Puccio Pucci in 1445 showed interest acquiring the main chapel of the still-to-be constructed tribune of the SS. Annunziata (the later site of the Cappella della Madonna del Soccorso). From 1452, his son, Antonio Pucci began to contribute funds to the construction of the Oratory of San Sebastiano of the church of Santissima Annunziata, for which he commissioned Piero del Pollaiuolo's painting of the Martyrdom of Saint Sebastian (now in the National Gallery, London).The family also collected art, including four paintings commissioned by Lorenzo the Magnificent from Sandro Botticelli as a gift to Giannozzo Pucci on Giannozzo's marriage to Lucrezia Bini in 1483. These paintings tell the story of Nastalgio degli Onesti and the first three in the narrative are now in the Prado in Madrid. The painting still in Florence shows the use of forks, which were traditionally adopted for the first time in Florence by the Pucci, who can be considered the family that invented the fork, and whose use Catherine de'Medici then spread across Europe. It also depicts the actual tableware and silver vessels used by the family, which were allegedly from the workshops of Verrocchio and Pollaiolo. Coat of arms of the Pucci family of Pitigliano The Pucci commissioned several works for the churches neighbouring their palazzo. For the church of San Michele Visdomini, in 1518 Francesco Pucci commissioned Pontormo to paint the Holy family with saints, which was described by Vasari as one of the best paintings by an Empolese painter. Whilst he was archbishop of Bologna, cardinal Antonio Pucci commissioned Raphael to paint a scene of The Ecstasy of Saint Cecilia - now moved to the city's Pinacoteca. At the end of the 16th century, Lorenzo Pucci commissioned Alessandro Allori to paint a Marriage at Cana as an altarpiece for the church of Sant'Agata (completed 1600). The family's palazzo was rebuilt by the grand-ducal architect Bernardo Buontalenti in the second half of the 16th century. Between 1585 and 1595 abbot Alessandro Pucci built the Villa di Bellosguardo, to designs by Giovanni Antonio Dosio - it remained a family property until 1858. The Pucci completed the portico of the church of Santissima Annunziata, in a stylistic unity with the piazza outside (the Pucci device is to be seen on the pavement in front of the entrance and on both sides of the portico) - an inscription on the frieze and a plaque on Via Gino Capponi gives its completion date as 1601. Works linked to the Pucci family The Pucci emblem on the floor of Santissima Annunziata - the headband originally bore three hammers (symbol of the family's ancestral profession), later replaced by three Ts to represent the acronym of the family motto Tempore tempora tempera ("time is a great healer") Palazzo Pucci, Florence Palazzo Pucci, Rome Palazzo Pucci di Ottavio Basilica Church of the Santissima Annunziata, Florence Church of San Michele Visdomini Church of Sant'Agata Nastagio degli Onesti Martyrdom of Saint Sebastian Pala Pucci Castello di Oliveto (built by the Pucci in the 15th century) Villa di Bellosguardo Villa Pucci (Villa di Granaiolo) Notable members Its members included: Antonio di Puccio Pucci (c. 1350–1416), Florentine politician and architect Puccio Pucci (1389–1449), Florentine politician, son of Antonio Giannozzo Pucci (15th century), whose marriage to Lucrezia Bini was the occasion for the painting of the Nastagio degli Onesti Francesco Pucci (Florence 1437–1518), Florentine politician, commissioned a work from Jacopo Pontormo Lorenzo Pucci (1458–1531), Italian cardinal Roberto Pucci (1462–1547), Italian cardinal Antonio Pucci (cardinal) (1485–1544), Italian cardinal Pandolfo Pucci (d. 2 January 1560), responsible for the Pucci plot Orazio Roberto Pucci (Florence, 1625–1698), first Marchese di Barsento Emilio Pucci (Naples 1914 – Florence 1992), fashion designer and politician Puccio Pucci di Barsento (Naples 1915 – Florence 2016), lawyer, architect Giannozzo Pucci (Rome 1944 - ), publisher, ecologist Idanna Pucci (1945 - ), author, filmmaker Notes ^ Pucci, Idanna (10 March 2020). The Lady of Sing Sing. ISBN 9781982139315. ^ V&A Museum - Hidden Histories Archived 2009-10-16 at the Wayback Machine Bibliography (in Italian) Marcello Vannucci, Le grandi famiglie di Firenze, Newton Compton Editori, 2006 ISBN 88-8289-531-9 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to House of Pucci. The Emilio Pucci fashion house (in Italian) The Pucci and the Villa di Bellosguardo Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pucci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pucci"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Palazzo_Pucci,_stemma_su_cancellata.jpg"},{"link_name":"moor's head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maure"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:5045_-_Firenze-_Palazzo_Pucci_-_Stemma_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto,_27-Jan-2008.jpg"},{"link_name":"Palazzo Pucci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palazzo_Pucci,_Florence"},{"link_name":"Florence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence"},{"link_name":"Emilio Pucci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilio_Pucci"}],"text":"For other people with the surname Pucci, see Pucci.The Pucci family's emblem, with the moor's headThe Pucci family's coat of arms at the Palazzo Pucci in FlorenceThe Pucci family has been a prominent noble family in Florence over the course of many centuries. A recent notable member of this family was Emilio Pucci, an Italian fashion designer who founded a clothing company after World War II.","title":"Pucci family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"maure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maure"},{"link_name":"Arte dei Legnaioli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arte_dei_Legnaioli&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Antonio Pucci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_di_Puccio_Pucci"},{"link_name":"Loggia della Signoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loggia_della_Signoria"},{"link_name":"Puccio Pucci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puccio_Pucci_(politician)"},{"link_name":"San Michele Visdomini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Michele_Visdomini"},{"link_name":"Guelphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guelphs"},{"link_name":"battle of Montaperti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Montaperti"},{"link_name":"Ghibellines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghibellines"},{"link_name":"gonfalonieres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonfaloniere"},{"link_name":"Medici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medici"},{"link_name":"Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance"},{"link_name":"Cosimo de' Medici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosimo_de%27_Medici"},{"link_name":"Roberto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Pucci"},{"link_name":"Lorenzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenzo_Pucci"},{"link_name":"Antonio Pucci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Pucci_(cardinal)"},{"link_name":"Pandolfo Pucci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pandolfo_Pucci&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cosimo I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosimo_I_de%27_Medici,_Grand_Duke_of_Tuscany"},{"link_name":"Republic of Florence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Florence"},{"link_name":"arquebus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arquebus"},{"link_name":"Palazzo Pucci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palazzo_Pucci,_Florence"},{"link_name":"Santissima Annunziata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santissima_Annunziata,_Florence"},{"link_name":"Bargello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bargello"},{"link_name":"Orazio Roberto Pucci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orazio_Roberto_Pucci&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Barsento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barsento&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bari"},{"link_name":"Emilio Pucci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilio_Pucci"},{"link_name":"namesake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namesake"},{"link_name":"Puccio Pucci di Barsento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Puccio_Pucci_di_Barsento&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Giannozzo Pucci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giannozzo_Pucci&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Idanna Pucci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idanna_Pucci"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The family surname derives from an ancestor named Jacopo, informally Jacopuccio, abbreviated to Puccio, who was considered wise and frequently called upon to settle disputes – there are records of two such interventions in 1264 and 1287. Their former surname seems to have been Saracini, which explains the presence of a \"maure\" (moor's head) on the Pucci family's coat of arms, as one ancestor been part in the First Crusade. A more accredited historical explanation of the Moor's head in the family coat of arms presents the Moor's head as the symbol of the flourishing slave trade that the Pucci family engaged in with the United States of America, a trade that made the family so rich that they were able to restore and purchase their own chapel in the nearby Basilica della Santissima Annunziata. Moorheads can be seen on the façade of the basilica and on the floor of the entrance, while a large gilded medallion depicting a slave ship belonging to the Pucci family is displayed in the family chapel.Earlier, this family arrived to Florence through Siena from Rome, its roots being discovered in the Julia family of Roman Emperors.The first Pucci family members to be mentioned date from the 13th century, with their subscribing to the Arte dei Legnaioli. These early members included Antonio Pucci, who worked as an architect on the construction of the Loggia della Signoria. His son, Puccio Pucci, was a merchant who became rich thanks to trade and financial activities in medieval Florence. The first Pucci residences were in the Santa Croce district of Florence, before they moved to that of the church of San Michele Visdomini.They were supporters of the Guelphs, thus they were expelled and their houses demolished after the battle of Montaperti in 1260. However, they were soon able to return upon the Ghibellines' expulsion from the city. With wealth came political offices such as magistracies, priories and gonfalonieres – the Pucci family produced a total of 23 priors and 8 holders of the post of confaloniere di giustizia.Constant allies of the Medici during the Renaissance, the Pucci were among the families that Cosimo de' Medici called upon as a means of indirectly pursuing his own political interests. Trusted Medici allies from the Pucci family included Puccio Pucci, who provided Cosimo with money to improve his living conditions in prison whilst Cosimo was imprisoned prior to being exiled. In the early 16th century, the Pucci family's prestige rose yet higher, with it producing three cardinals (Roberto, Lorenzo and Antonio Pucci) within a few decades of each other and continuing to be trusted figures in the Medici's ducal and then grand-ducal courts.However, a momentary bitter break with the Medici family came in 1559, when Pandolfo Pucci was ousted from the court of Cosimo I for dreaming of restoring the ancient Republic of Florence. Thus, for revenge or ideological reasons, he conspired against Cosimo with the support of other noble Florentine families, intending to fire an arquebus at Cosimo as he and his retinue walked along the corner of Palazzo Pucci and Via de' Servi to get to Santissima Annunziata. The plan had already been shelved, but after the Medici intelligence network got wind of it, Pandolfo was hung from a window of the Bargello and the Pucci properties were seized, and the most dangerous part of the family been exiled to Sicily where the surname changed into Puccio. As a memorial to the quashing of the plot, or perhaps out of prudence or superstition, it was decided to brick up the window at the corner where the attack was to have occurred, as can still be seen.The Pucci family later made peace with the Medici, and Niccolò Pucci regained the Palazzo Pucci and its furnishings. In 1662, Orazio Roberto Pucci acquired the fiefdom of Barsento (Bari) for 4,000 scudi and obtained the title of Marchese di Barsento, a noble title which has since been handed down through the family.The most recent notable family member is Emilio Pucci, founder of the namesake post-war fashion house, who became famous in the 1960s for his prints, fabrics, and designs. His brother, Puccio Pucci di Barsento, a lawyer and architect, served during WWII as a pilot in the acrobatic squadron of the Italian Air Force. In the 1960s, the two brothers split the Palazzo Pucci, with Emilio taking the left half as the main base for his fashion house. Puccio took the most ancient part, with the central entrance, restoring it and adapting it to the needs of the time with a gallery of artisan workshops that is still thriving today. His son, Giannozzo Pucci, a noted publisher and ecologist, utilized the Palazzo's rooftop to create the only organic garden in a landmark Italian Renaissance building, where he cultivates rare types of vegetables to produce seeds for a worldwide network of seed-savers. Giannozzo's younger sister, Idanna Pucci, is a writer and documentary filmmaker, whose most recent books are \"The World Odyssey of a Balinese Prince\" (Tuttle Publishing) and \"The Lady of Sing Sing\" (Simon and Schuster), both released in 2020.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Botticelli,_nastagio4.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sandro Botticelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandro_Botticelli"},{"link_name":"Puccio Pucci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puccio_Pucci_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Antonio Pucci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Pucci_(gonfaloniere)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Santissima Annunziata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santissima_Annunziata,_Florence"},{"link_name":"Piero del Pollaiuolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piero_del_Pollaiuolo"},{"link_name":"Martyrdom of Saint Sebastian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martyrdom_of_Saint_Sebastian_(Pollaiuolo)"},{"link_name":"National Gallery, London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Gallery,_London"},{"link_name":"Lorenzo the Magnificent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenzo_the_Magnificent"},{"link_name":"Sandro Botticelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandro_Botticelli"},{"link_name":"Bini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bini_(surname)"},{"link_name":"Prado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prado"},{"link_name":"Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid"},{"link_name":"forks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fork"},{"link_name":"Catherine de'Medici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_de%27Medici"},{"link_name":"Verrocchio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verrocchio"},{"link_name":"Pollaiolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_del_Pollaiuolo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stemma_conte_di_pitigliano.png"},{"link_name":"Coat of arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms"},{"link_name":"Pitigliano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitigliano"},{"link_name":"San Michele Visdomini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Michele_Visdomini"},{"link_name":"Francesco Pucci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Pucci"},{"link_name":"Pontormo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontormo"},{"link_name":"Holy family with saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pala_Pucci"},{"link_name":"Vasari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasari"},{"link_name":"Empolese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empoli"},{"link_name":"archbishop of Bologna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Bologna"},{"link_name":"Antonio Pucci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Pucci_(cardinal)"},{"link_name":"Raphael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael"},{"link_name":"Ecstasy of Saint Cecilia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ecstasy_of_St._Cecilia_(Raphael)"},{"link_name":"Pinacoteca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinacoteca_di_Bologna"},{"link_name":"Alessandro Allori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Allori"},{"link_name":"Bernardo Buontalenti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernardo_Buontalenti"},{"link_name":"Villa di Bellosguardo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Villa_di_Bellosguardo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Antonio Dosio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Antonio_Dosio"},{"link_name":"Santissima Annunziata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santissima_Annunziata,_Florence"},{"link_name":"piazza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piazza_della_Santissima_Annunziata"}],"text":"Nastagio degli Onesti, fourth panel, Sandro BotticelliPuccio Pucci in 1445 showed interest acquiring the main chapel of the still-to-be constructed tribune of the SS. Annunziata (the later site of the Cappella della Madonna del Soccorso). From 1452, his son, Antonio Pucci began to contribute funds to the construction of the Oratory of San Sebastiano of the church of Santissima Annunziata, for which he commissioned Piero del Pollaiuolo's painting of the Martyrdom of Saint Sebastian (now in the National Gallery, London).The family also collected art, including four paintings commissioned by Lorenzo the Magnificent from Sandro Botticelli as a gift to Giannozzo Pucci on Giannozzo's marriage to Lucrezia Bini in 1483. These paintings tell the story of Nastalgio degli Onesti and the first three in the narrative are now in the Prado in Madrid. The painting still in Florence shows the use of forks, which were traditionally adopted for the first time in Florence by the Pucci, who can be considered the family that invented the fork, and whose use Catherine de'Medici then spread across Europe. It also depicts the actual tableware and silver vessels used by the family, which were allegedly from the workshops of Verrocchio and Pollaiolo.Coat of arms of the Pucci family of PitiglianoThe Pucci commissioned several works for the churches neighbouring their palazzo. For the church of San Michele Visdomini, in 1518 Francesco Pucci commissioned Pontormo to paint the Holy family with saints, which was described by Vasari as one of the best paintings by an Empolese painter. Whilst he was archbishop of Bologna, cardinal Antonio Pucci commissioned Raphael to paint a scene of The Ecstasy of Saint Cecilia - now moved to the city's Pinacoteca. At the end of the 16th century, Lorenzo Pucci commissioned Alessandro Allori to paint a Marriage at Cana as an altarpiece for the church of Sant'Agata (completed 1600).The family's palazzo was rebuilt by the grand-ducal architect Bernardo Buontalenti in the second half of the 16th century. Between 1585 and 1595 abbot Alessandro Pucci built the Villa di Bellosguardo, to designs by Giovanni Antonio Dosio - it remained a family property until 1858. The Pucci completed the portico of the church of Santissima Annunziata, in a stylistic unity with the piazza outside (the Pucci device is to be seen on the pavement in front of the entrance and on both sides of the portico) - an inscription on the frieze and a plaque on Via Gino Capponi gives its completion date as 1601.","title":"Patronage"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stemma_Pucci_(SS_Annunziata).JPG"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Palazzo Pucci, Florence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palazzo_Pucci,_Florence"},{"link_name":"Palazzo Pucci, Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_the_Holy_Office"},{"link_name":"Palazzo Pucci di Ottavio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palazzo_Pucci_di_Ottavio&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Santissima Annunziata, Florence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santissima_Annunziata,_Florence"},{"link_name":"San Michele Visdomini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Michele_Visdomini"},{"link_name":"Nastagio degli Onesti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nastagio_degli_Onesti"},{"link_name":"Martyrdom of Saint Sebastian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martyrdom_of_Saint_Sebastian_(Pollaiuolo)"},{"link_name":"Pala Pucci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pala_Pucci"},{"link_name":"Castello di Oliveto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castello_di_Oliveto"},{"link_name":"Villa di Bellosguardo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Villa_di_Bellosguardo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Villa Pucci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Villa_Pucci&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Villa di Granaiolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Villa_di_Granaiolo&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Works linked to the Pucci family","text":"The Pucci emblem on the floor of Santissima Annunziata - the headband originally bore three hammers (symbol of the family's ancestral profession), later replaced by three Ts to represent the acronym of the family motto Tempore tempora tempera (\"time is a great healer\")[2]Palazzo Pucci, Florence\nPalazzo Pucci, Rome\nPalazzo Pucci di Ottavio\nBasilica Church of the Santissima Annunziata, Florence\nChurch of San Michele Visdomini\nChurch of Sant'Agata\nNastagio degli Onesti\nMartyrdom of Saint Sebastian\nPala Pucci\nCastello di Oliveto (built by the Pucci in the 15th century)\nVilla di Bellosguardo\nVilla Pucci (Villa di Granaiolo)","title":"Patronage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Antonio di Puccio Pucci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_di_Puccio_Pucci"},{"link_name":"Puccio Pucci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puccio_Pucci_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Nastagio degli Onesti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nastagio_degli_Onesti"},{"link_name":"Francesco Pucci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francesco_Pucci_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jacopo Pontormo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacopo_Pontormo"},{"link_name":"Lorenzo Pucci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenzo_Pucci"},{"link_name":"Roberto Pucci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Pucci"},{"link_name":"Antonio Pucci (cardinal)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Pucci_(cardinal)"},{"link_name":"Pandolfo Pucci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pandolfo_Pucci&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Orazio Roberto Pucci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orazio_Roberto_Pucci&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Emilio Pucci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilio_Pucci"},{"link_name":"Puccio Pucci di Barsento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Puccio_Pucci_di_Barsento&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Giannozzo Pucci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giannozzo_Pucci&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Idanna Pucci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idanna_Pucci"}],"text":"Its members included:Antonio di Puccio Pucci (c. 1350–1416), Florentine politician and architect\nPuccio Pucci (1389–1449), Florentine politician, son of Antonio\nGiannozzo Pucci (15th century), whose marriage to Lucrezia Bini was the occasion for the painting of the Nastagio degli Onesti\nFrancesco Pucci (Florence 1437–1518), Florentine politician, commissioned a work from Jacopo Pontormo\nLorenzo Pucci (1458–1531), Italian cardinal\nRoberto Pucci (1462–1547), Italian cardinal\nAntonio Pucci (cardinal) (1485–1544), Italian cardinal\nPandolfo Pucci (d. 2 January 1560), responsible for the Pucci plot\nOrazio Roberto Pucci (Florence, 1625–1698), first Marchese di Barsento\nEmilio Pucci (Naples 1914 – Florence 1992), fashion designer and politician\nPuccio Pucci di Barsento (Naples 1915 – Florence 2016), lawyer, architect\nGiannozzo Pucci (Rome 1944 - ), publisher, ecologist\nIdanna Pucci (1945 - ), author, filmmaker","title":"Notable members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"The Lady of Sing Sing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.simonandschuster.com/books/The-Lady-of-Sing-Sing/Idanna-Pucci/9781982139315"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781982139315","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781982139315"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"V&A Museum - Hidden Histories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.vam.ac.uk/collections/periods_styles/medieval/Med_Ren_Features/hidden_histories/hidden_histories_africans/heraldry/index.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20091016094830/http://www.vam.ac.uk/collections/periods_styles/medieval/Med_Ren_Features/hidden_histories/hidden_histories_africans/heraldry/index.html"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"}],"text":"^ Pucci, Idanna (10 March 2020). The Lady of Sing Sing. ISBN 9781982139315.\n\n^ V&A Museum - Hidden Histories Archived 2009-10-16 at the Wayback Machine","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"88-8289-531-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-8289-531-9"}],"text":"(in Italian) Marcello Vannucci, Le grandi famiglie di Firenze, Newton Compton Editori, 2006 ISBN 88-8289-531-9","title":"Bibliography"}]
[{"image_text":"The Pucci family's emblem, with the moor's head","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Palazzo_Pucci%2C_stemma_su_cancellata.jpg/200px-Palazzo_Pucci%2C_stemma_su_cancellata.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Pucci family's coat of arms at the Palazzo Pucci in Florence","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/5045_-_Firenze-_Palazzo_Pucci_-_Stemma_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_27-Jan-2008.jpg/200px-5045_-_Firenze-_Palazzo_Pucci_-_Stemma_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_27-Jan-2008.jpg"},{"image_text":"Nastagio degli Onesti, fourth panel, Sandro Botticelli","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Botticelli%2C_nastagio4.jpg/250px-Botticelli%2C_nastagio4.jpg"},{"image_text":"Coat of arms of the Pucci family of Pitigliano","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Stemma_conte_di_pitigliano.png/220px-Stemma_conte_di_pitigliano.png"},{"image_text":"The Pucci emblem on the floor of Santissima Annunziata - the headband originally bore three hammers (symbol of the family's ancestral profession), later replaced by three Ts to represent the acronym of the family motto Tempore tempora tempera (\"time is a great healer\")[2]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Stemma_Pucci_%28SS_Annunziata%29.JPG/200px-Stemma_Pucci_%28SS_Annunziata%29.JPG"}]
null
[{"reference":"Pucci, Idanna (10 March 2020). The Lady of Sing Sing. ISBN 9781982139315.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.simonandschuster.com/books/The-Lady-of-Sing-Sing/Idanna-Pucci/9781982139315","url_text":"The Lady of Sing Sing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781982139315","url_text":"9781982139315"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norro_Wilson
Norro Wilson
["1 Discography","1.1 Albums","1.2 Singles","2 Awards and recognition","3 References","4 External links"]
American singer-songwriter (1938–2017) This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (April 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Norro WilsonBirth nameNorris Denton WilsonBorn(1938-04-04)April 4, 1938Scottsville, Kentucky, U.S.DiedJune 8, 2017(2017-06-08) (aged 79)Nashville, Tennessee, U.S.GenresCountryOccupation(s)Singer-songwriter, record producerInstrument(s)VocalsYears active1969–2017LabelsSmashMercuryRCACapitolWebsitenorrowilson.comMusical artist Norris Denton "Norro" Wilson (April 4, 1938 – June 8, 2017) was an American country music singer-songwriter, producer, and member of the Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame. Wilson wrote or co-wrote numerous hit songs during more than 40 years in the industry, including songs for David Houston, Jean Shepard, Charlie Rich, Charley Pride, George Jones, and Tammy Wynette, among many others. He also produced or co-produced songs for dozens of artists, including early Reba McEntire, Joe Stampley, Margo Smith, Sara Evans, Kenny Chesney, and Shania Twain. Earlier in his career, Wilson also charted ten singles on the Billboard magazine Hot Country Songs chart. The biggest of his three Top 40 hits was "Do It to Someone You Love" (written by Tom T. Hall) which reached No. 20 in 1970. He also recorded two songs, "Hey, Mister!" and "Mama McClusky", that were the basis for Charlie Rich's 1973 number one song, "The Most Beautiful Girl". He died on June 8, 2017, in Nashville from heart failure. Discography Albums Year Album US Country Label 1969 Dedicated To: Only You 40 Smash Singles Year Single Chart Positions Album US Country CAN Country 1969 "Only You" 68 — Dedicated To: Only You "Love Comes but Once in a Lifetime" 44 — "Shame on Me" 56 — singles only 1970 "Do It to Someone You Love" 20 — "Old Enough to Want To (Fool Enough to Try)" 53 — 1972 "Everybody Needs Lovin'" 28 47 1973 "Darlin' Raise the Shade" 64 — "Ain't It Good (To Feel This Way)" 35 82 1974 "Loneliness (Can Break a Good Man Down)" 96 — 1977 "So Close Again" (w/ Margo Smith) 43 — Happiness (Margo Smith album) Awards and recognition 1975 Grammy Award (with Billy Sherrill, songwriters) for Best Country Song, "A Very Special Love Song" 1996 Inductee into the Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame 2008 Inducted into Kentucky Music Hall of Fame 2018 Academy of Country Music Poet's Award References ^ a b c Whitburn, Joel (2008). Hot Country Songs 1944 to 2008. Record Research, Inc. p. 472. ISBN 978-0-89820-177-2. ^ In Memory of Norris “Norro” Denton Wilson June 8, 2017 accessdate December 12, 2017 ^ Betts, Stephen (June 8, 2017). "Norro Wilson, Nashville Songwriter and Producer, Dead at 79". Rolling Stone. ^ "Norro Wilson". Archived from the original on September 9, 2007. Retrieved July 26, 2007. ^ BubbleUp, LTD. "special awards". Academy of Country Music. Retrieved June 15, 2018. Hight, Michael. "Norro Wilson". In The Encyclopedia of Country Music. Paul Kingsbury, Editor. New York: Oxford University Press. 1998. p. 596. Hyatt, Wesley. The Billboard Book of No. 1 Adult Contemporary Hits. New York: Billboard Publications. 1999. Roland, Tom, "The Billboard Book of Number One Country Hits" (Billboard Books, Watson-Guptill Publications, New York), 1991 (ISBN 0-82-307553-2) External links Nashville Songwriters Foundation Hall of Fame — Norro Wilson Official website Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States Poland Artists MusicBrainz
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_News_Line
The News Line
["1 History","2 Editors","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
Trotskyist newspaper The News LineTypeDaily newspaperFormatTabloidOwner(s)Workers' Revolutionary PartyFounded1969 (as Workers' Press)Political alignmentTrotskyismHeadquartersBCM Box 747LondonWC1N 3XXOCLC number145398605 Websitehttps://wrp.org.uk/newsline The News Line is a daily newspaper published by a British Trotskyist group, the Workers' Revolutionary Party. History The paper was launched in 1969 as Workers Press and renamed News Line in 1976. For a time during the 1980s, the WRP split into two rival factions, and for a short time there were two versions of The News Line being produced every day, one by each faction. Chris Hughton wrote a football column for the newspaper in the 1970s. Editors 1969: Michael Banda 1974: Alex Mitchell 1980s: Paul Jennings See also Workers Revolutionary Party (Workers Press) List of left-wing publications in the United Kingdom References ^ Duncan Hallas: Cult comes a cropper (1985) ^ The News Line Entry in WorldCat ^ Weekly Worker 509 Thursday 18 December 2003 ^ Caulkin, George (19 December 2009). "Chris Hughton the best left-winger in the county". The Times. London. Retrieved 31 October 2010. External links The News Line Article about News Line vteWorkers Revolutionary PartyGeneral Revolutionary Communist Party The Club Socialist Outlook Trotskyism Entryism International Committee of the Fourth International The News Line National Leadership Gerry Healy (1959—1978) Michael Banda (1978—1985) Gerry Healy (1985—1987) Sheila Torrance (1987—present) Derivatives Solidarity Workers' Socialist League Socialist Labour Group Workers Party Workers' Revolutionary Party (Workers Press) (later Communist Forum, International Socialist League and Workers International to Rebuild the Fourth International) Workers' International League Socialist Equality Party Marxist Party (later Communist League and Peace and Progress Party) Related Far-left politics in the United Kingdom This United Kingdom newspaper–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarantine_Act_1908
Quarantine Act 1908
["1 History","2 The Act","3 Repeal and replacement","4 References"]
Quarantine Act 1908Parliament of Australia Long title An Act relating to Quarantine CitationNo. 3 of 1908 or No. 3, 1908 as amendedTerritorial extentStates and territories of AustraliaRoyal assent30 March 1908Repealed byBiosecurity Act 2015SummaryThe Quarantine Act of 1908 was the primary biosecurity and quarantine legislation of the Australian Commonwealth that has been repealed and replaced.Status: Repealed The Quarantine Act 1908 (Cth) was an Act of the Parliament of Australia which is no longer in effect. It was assented to on 30 March 1908. It was superseded by the Biosecurity Act 2015 and repealed on 16 June 2016. History Australia imported livestock from several countries with livestock diseases in the 18th century and by the late 19th century, quarantine measure were implemented by the Australian colonies. Clause 51(ix) of the Australian Constitution empowered the federal government to make laws in relation to quarantine. In 1906, the state premiers agreed that the administration of quarantine be transferred to the Commonwealth Government and thus, two years later, the federal parliament enacted the Act, which provided a national approach to quarantine for the first time. When the Act was passed, sea travel was the only way that people and goods could reach Australia, and the main concern was protecting the country from outbreaks of "quarantinable disease", such as the bubonic plague, yellow fever, smallpox, cholera and leprosy. The Act was amended more than 50 times in its 108 years of existence, as biosecurity risks in Australia changed over time, and the broader concept of biosecurity came to include "protection of the economy, environment and human health from negative impacts associated with entry, establishment or spread of exotic pests and diseases"; a more proactive approach. A number of reviews were undertaken, including the Nairn Report, and then 2008 Beale Review, a "comprehensive and independent review of Australia’s quarantine and biosecurity arrangements", which recommended new biosecurity legislation to replace the Quarantine Act. The Act The Act at its last revision (Compilation No. 44, June 2016) provided for: Power to supersede quarantine measures under State Acts, "Whenever the Governor-General is satisfied that an emergency exists which makes it necessary to do so... And may at any time revoke or vary such proclamation". (Chapter 2A) The Governor-General to declare the existence of an epidemic. (Chapter 2B) The Governor-General to give authorisation to various people or agencies to coordinate a response to the epidemic. (Chapter 3) It also specified the scope of "quarantine" and defined various terms used in the Act; administration arrangements, including arrangements with states and territories; the relationship with the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 and the Environment Minister; general provisions; quarantining of vessels, persons, goods, animals and plants; monitoring and control; powers for enforcement of the Act, and a number of miscellaneous matters. Repeal and replacement In 2015, the Biosecurity Act 2015 replaced most of the Act, which was wholly repealed on 16 June 2016 by the Biosecurity (Consequential Amendments and Transitional Provisions) Act 2015. The new Act was a major reform of the Quarantine Act, in particular in its strengthening and modernising the biosecurity legislation in Australia. New requirements included how the then Department of Agriculture and Water Resources would manage biosecurity risks associated with goods, people and vessels entering Australia. References ^ a b c d "Quarantine Act 1908". Federal Register of Legislation. Australian Government. May 2016. Retrieved 23 March 2020. ^ "Significant events in the history of NAQs". Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2 April 2020. ^ Durant, S.; Faunce, T (April 2018). "Analysis of Australia's New Biosecurity Legislation ". Journal of Law and Medicine. 25 (3): 647–654. PMID 29978659. ^ Beal, Roger. "The Beale Review of Biosecurity". Issues Magazine. Retrieved 2 April 2020. ...an edited version of Chapter 1 of One Biosecurity: A Working Partnership (the Beale review). ^ Beale, Roger; Fairbrother, Jeff; Inglis, Andrew; Trebeck, David; Australia. Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry; Biosecurity Australia (September 2008), One Biosecurity : a working partnership, Dept. of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, ISBN 978-0-9803714-5-1, The independent review of Australia's quarantine and biosecurity arrangements report to the Australian Government. Full text here ^ a b "The Biosecurity Act 2015 - more than 100 years in the making, a shift to risk-based regulation, and activation of the Regulatory Powers Act". Maddocks. 15 June 2015. Retrieved 2 April 2020. ^ "Quarantine Act 1908". Federal Register of Legislation. Australian Government. 8 June 2016. Retrieved 2 April 2020. Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. ^ McPhee, Sarah (17 March 2020). "Human biosecurity emergency declared in Australia". NewsComAu. Retrieved 23 March 2020. ^ "Biosecurity (Consequential Amendments and Transitional Provisions) Act 2015". Federal Register of Legislation. Australian Government. 27 September 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2020. ^ "Biosecurity Act 2015". Federal Register of Legislation. Australian Government. 7 March 2019. Retrieved 23 March 2020. ^ "Vessel Reporting Requirements and the Biosecurity Act". Australian Government. Department of Agriculture. 16 June 2016. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
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A number of reviews were undertaken, including the Nairn Report,[3] and then 2008 Beale Review,[4][5] a \"comprehensive and independent review of Australia’s quarantine and biosecurity arrangements\", which recommended new biosecurity legislation to replace the Quarantine Act.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-quar1908-2016-7"},{"link_name":"quarantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarantine"},{"link_name":"Governor-General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor-General_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"epidemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemic"},{"link_name":"Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_Protection_and_Biodiversity_Conservation_Act_1999"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The Act at its last revision (Compilation No. 44, June 2016) provided for:[7]Power to supersede quarantine measures under State Acts, \"Whenever the Governor-General is satisfied that an emergency exists which makes it necessary to do so... And may at any time revoke or vary such proclamation\". (Chapter 2A)\nThe Governor-General to declare the existence of an epidemic. (Chapter 2B)\nThe Governor-General to give authorisation to various people or agencies to coordinate a response to the epidemic. (Chapter 3)It also specified the scope of \"quarantine\" and defined various terms used in the Act; administration arrangements, including arrangements with states and territories; the relationship with the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 and the Environment Minister; general provisions; quarantining of vessels, persons, goods, animals and plants; monitoring and control; powers for enforcement of the Act, and a number of miscellaneous matters.[citation needed]","title":"The Act"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Biosecurity Act 2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosecurity_Act_2015"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-emergdec-8"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-quar1908-1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-amend2017-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bioact2019-10"},{"link_name":"biosecurity legislation in Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosecurity_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maddocks-6"},{"link_name":"Department of Agriculture and Water Resources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Agriculture_and_Water_Resources"},{"link_name":"biosecurity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosecurity"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"In 2015, the Biosecurity Act 2015 replaced most of the Act,[8] which was wholly repealed on 16 June 2016 by the Biosecurity (Consequential Amendments and Transitional Provisions) Act 2015.[1][9][10] The new Act was a major reform of the Quarantine Act, in particular in its strengthening and modernising the biosecurity legislation in Australia.[6] New requirements included how the then Department of Agriculture and Water Resources would manage biosecurity risks associated with goods, people and vessels entering Australia.[11]","title":"Repeal and replacement"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Quarantine Act 1908\". Federal Register of Legislation. Australian Government. May 2016. Retrieved 23 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.legislation.gov.au/Series/C1908A00003","url_text":"\"Quarantine Act 1908\""}]},{"reference":"\"Significant events in the history of NAQs\". Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.agriculture.gov.au/biosecurity/australia/naqs/significant-events","url_text":"\"Significant events in the history of NAQs\""}]},{"reference":"Durant, S.; Faunce, T (April 2018). \"Analysis of Australia's New Biosecurity Legislation [Abstract]\". Journal of Law and Medicine. 25 (3): 647–654. PMID 29978659.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29978659","url_text":"29978659"}]},{"reference":"Beal, Roger. \"The Beale Review of Biosecurity\". Issues Magazine. Retrieved 2 April 2020. ...an edited version of Chapter 1 of One Biosecurity: A Working Partnership (the Beale review).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.issuesmagazine.com.au/article/issue-march-2010/beale-review-biosecurity.html","url_text":"\"The Beale Review of Biosecurity\""}]},{"reference":"Beale, Roger; Fairbrother, Jeff; Inglis, Andrew; Trebeck, David; Australia. Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry; Biosecurity Australia (September 2008), One Biosecurity : a working partnership, Dept. of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, ISBN 978-0-9803714-5-1, The independent review of Australia's quarantine and biosecurity arrangements report to the Australian Government.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9803714-5-1","url_text":"978-0-9803714-5-1"}]},{"reference":"\"The Biosecurity Act 2015 - more than 100 years in the making, a shift to risk-based regulation, and activation of the Regulatory Powers Act\". Maddocks. 15 June 2015. Retrieved 2 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.maddocks.com.au/biosecurity-act-2015-100-years-making-shift-risk-based-regulation-activation-regulatory-powers-act/","url_text":"\"The Biosecurity Act 2015 - more than 100 years in the making, a shift to risk-based regulation, and activation of the Regulatory Powers Act\""}]},{"reference":"\"Quarantine Act 1908\". Federal Register of Legislation. Australian Government. 8 June 2016. Retrieved 2 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2016C00597","url_text":"\"Quarantine Act 1908\""}]},{"reference":"McPhee, Sarah (17 March 2020). \"Human biosecurity emergency declared in Australia\". NewsComAu. Retrieved 23 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.news.com.au/national/politics/coronavirus-australia-human-biosecurity-emergency-declared/news-story/cd7fbff78297c076c8bb774595459c59","url_text":"\"Human biosecurity emergency declared in Australia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Biosecurity (Consequential Amendments and Transitional Provisions) Act 2015\". Federal Register of Legislation. Australian Government. 27 September 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2017C00318","url_text":"\"Biosecurity (Consequential Amendments and Transitional Provisions) Act 2015\""}]},{"reference":"\"Biosecurity Act 2015\". Federal Register of Legislation. Australian Government. 7 March 2019. Retrieved 23 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2019C00097","url_text":"\"Biosecurity Act 2015\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vessel Reporting Requirements and the Biosecurity Act\". Australian Government. Department of Agriculture. 16 June 2016. Retrieved 23 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.agriculture.gov.au/biosecurity/avm/vessels/vessel-reporting-requirements-biosecurity-act","url_text":"\"Vessel Reporting Requirements and the Biosecurity Act\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membership_statistics_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints
Membership statistics of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
["1 Membership defined","2 Membership considerations","3 Countries","3.1 Congregations","3.2 Members and growth","4 Distribution maps","4.1 Membership","4.2 Percent members","4.3 Congregations","4.4 Areas","4.5 Temples","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
For churchwide membership history, see Membership history of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Membership statistics of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (worldwide)Flags at the Missionary Training Center in Provo, UtahMembers17,255,394 (2023)Stakes3,521Districts517Missions411Temples189 in operationFamily History Centers>5,700 (2023) Congregation growth statistics. In 2023 there was a large increase in Africa, and decline in Europe and North America The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) releases membership, congregational, and related information on a regular basis. The latest membership information the church releases includes a count of membership, stakes, wards, branches, missions, temples, and family history centers for the worldwide church and for individual countries and territories where the church is recognized. The latest information released was as of December 31, 2022. At the end of 2022, the LDS Church had 31,330 congregations and a reported membership of 17,002,461. Membership defined The LDS Church defines membership as a count of living individuals who: have been baptized and confirmed. are under age nine and have been blessed but not baptized. are not accountable because of intellectual disabilities, regardless of age. are unblessed children under age eight when: two member parents request it; or one member parent requests it and the nonmember parent gives permission. After baptism, blessing, or parental request stated above, membership must be recorded and maintained by the church to have and keep membership. Membership considerations In 2005, Peggy Fletcher Stack, longtime religion columnist for The Salt Lake Tribune, estimated that about one-third of the reported LDS membership was "active" (i.e., regularly attending church services and participating in other expected meetings and obligations). In 2005, this would have amounted to approximately 4 million active members among a worldwide LDS population of 12 million. Active membership varied from a high of 40 to 50 percent in congregations in North America and the Pacific Islands, to a low of about 25 percent in Latin America. Fletcher Stack's data was compiled from several sources, including a 2001 survey of religious affiliation by scholars at City University of New York and a demographer at LDS-owned Brigham Young University. In 2003, church leader Dallin H. Oaks, noted that among recent converts "attrition is sharpest in the two months after baptism", which he attributed in part to difficulties adapting to the church's dietary code, the Word of Wisdom, that prohibits the use of alcohol, tobacco, coffee, and tea. In 2001, sociologist Armand Mauss estimated that about 50 percent of LDS converts in the US stopped attending church within a year of baptism, while outside the US the rate was about 70 percent. Countries The tables on this section represents Latter-day Saint membership, as reported by the Church, as of December 31, 2022. Except where indicated, general population figures are based on the latest CIA estimates (primarily for 2023). Percentages of LDS members were calculated with this information. The link under the names of each country, territory, etc. corresponds to brief LDS history and statistical information for that particular area. Congregations Country Area Temples Mis­sions Dis­tricts Stakes Con­gre­ga­tions FHC O U A T Wards Bran­ches Total Albania Europe Central 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 6 8 14 4 American Samoa Pacific 0 1 0 1 0 0 5 38 5 43 5 Andorra Europe Central 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 Angola Africa South 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 8 11 19 1 Antigua and Barbuda Caribbean 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 Argentina SA South 2 3 1 6 13 27 78 484 242 726 133 Armenia Europe East 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 5 5 4 Aruba Caribbean 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 2 2 Australia Pacific 5 0 0 5 5 7 41 236 74 310 143 Austria Europe Central 0 0 1 1 0 0 2 14 3 17 12 Bahamas Caribbean 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 1 Bahrain ME/AN 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 Bangladesh Asia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 Barbados Caribbean 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 3 3 1 Belarus Europe East 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 3 3 1 Belgium Europe Central 0 0 1 1 0 0 2 10 2 12 8 Belize Central America 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 12 12 2 Benin Africa West 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 14 6 20 3 Bermuda North America* 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 Bolivia SA Northwest 1 0 2 3 5 8 33 209 63 272 53 Bonaire Caribbean 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 Bosnia and Herzegovina Europe Central 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 Botswana Africa South 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 9 7 16 2 Brazil Brazil 9 2 9 20 36 40 281 1,773 403 2,176 454 British Virgin Islands Caribbean 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 Bulgaria Europe Central 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 7 7 4 Burundi Africa Central 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 4 4 1 Cambodia Asia 0 1 0 1 1 4 2 10 18 28 11 Cameroon Africa Central 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 15 15 1 Canada North America* 9 0 1 10 6 4 53 349 144 493 154 Cape Verde Europe North 1 0 0 1 1 1 4 28 13 41 6 Cayman Islands Caribbean 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 Central African Republic Africa Central 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 Chile SA South 2 1 1 4 10 16 74 415 157 572 103 China(mainland) Asia 0 0 1 1 0 12 0 0 65 65 0 Colombia SA Northwest 2 0 1 3 5 10 30 175 82 257 53 Cook Islands Pacific 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 5 5 3 Costa Rica Central America 1 0 0 1 2 1 10 59 19 78 27 Croatia Europe Central 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 6 6 4 Cuba Caribbean 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 5 5 0 Curaçao Caribbean 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 Cyprus Europe Central 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 5 5 3 Czechia Europe Central 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 7 5 12 2 Democratic Republic of the Congo Africa Central 1 1 1 3 4 3 26 223 46 269 24 Denmark Europe North 1 0 0 1 1 0 2 13 8 21 12 Djibouti Africa Central 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 Dominica Caribbean 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 Dominican Republic Caribbean 1 0 0 1 3 8 22 144 59 203 33 Ecuador SA Northwest 2 0 0 2 6 5 42 263 54 317 57 Egypt ME/AN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 El Salvador Central America 1 0 0 1 3 0 22 127 28 155 49 Estonia Europe North 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 4 4 2 Eswatini Africa South 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 6 6 2 Ethiopia Africa Central 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 6 6 1 Federated States of Micronesia Asia North 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 5 18 23 11 Fiji Pacific 1 0 0 1 1 3 4 27 25 52 11 Finland Europe North 1 0 0 1 1 0 3 18 11 29 29 France Europe Central 1 0 0 1 2 0 10 68 40 108 73 French Guiana Caribbean 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 French Polynesia Pacific 1 0 0 1 1 2 11 75 22 97 29 Gabon Africa Central 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 1 Georgia Europe East 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 1 Germany Europe Central 2 0 1 3 3 0 14 96 52 148 97 Ghana Africa West 1 0 1 2 4 10 29 201 152 353 75 Greece Europe Central 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 1 Grenada Caribbean 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 Guadeloupe Caribbean 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 3 3 1 Guam Asia North 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 4 1 5 2 Guatemala Central America 2 2 2 6 7 12 51 297 142 439 84 Guernsey Europe North 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 Guinea Africa West 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 Guyana Caribbean 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 12 12 4 Haiti Caribbean 1 0 0 1 1 4 5 31 19 50 13 Honduras Central America 1 1 0 2 4 5 31 178 58 236 78 Hong Kong Asia 1 0 0 1 1 1 6 30 5 35 5 Hungary Europe Central 0 0 1 1 1 2 1 5 16 21 13 Iceland Europe North 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 1 India Asia 0 1 0 1 2 3 4 21 24 45 20 Indonesia Asia 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 16 8 24 7 Ireland Europe North 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 5 8 13 3 Isle of Man Europe North 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 Israel ME/AN 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 3 3 0 Italy Europe Central 1 0 0 1 2 0 10 63 31 94 56 Ivory Coast Africa West 0 1 0 1 3 16 18 140 117 257 43 Jamaica Caribbean 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 6 12 18 7 Japan Asia North 3 1 0 4 6 11 22 143 88 231 63 Jersey Europe North 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 Jordan ME/AN 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 3 3 1 Kazakhstan Europe East 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 1 Kenya Africa Central 0 1 0 1 1 6 2 13 44 57 5 Kiribati Pacific 0 0 1 1 0 3 2 12 31 43 3 Kosovo Europe Central 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 Kuwait ME/AN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 Laos Asia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 Latvia Europe North 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 5 5 3 Lebanon ME/AN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 Lesotho Africa South 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 6 6 1 Liberia Africa West 0 0 1 1 1 1 6 42 25 67 10 Lithuania Europe North 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 5 5 4 Luxembourg Europe Central 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 1 Macau Asia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 1 North Macedonia Europe Central 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 Madagascar Africa South 0 0 1 1 1 2 3 22 21 43 10 Malawi Africa South 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 12 12 0 Malaysia Asia 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 27 27 8 Mali Africa West 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 Malta Europe Central 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 Marshall Islands Pacific 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 12 1 13 3 Martinique Caribbean 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 Mauritius Africa South 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 3 3 0 Mexico Mexico 13 3 7 23 32 47 227 1,369 494 1,863 383 Moldova Unassigned** 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 1 Mongolia Asia North 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 12 12 24 9 Montenegro Europe Central 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 Morocco ME/AN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 Mozambique Africa South 0 0 1 1 2 1 5 32 24 56 8 Myanmar Asia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 Namibia Africa South 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 5 5 1 Nauru Pacific 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 Nepal Asia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 Netherlands Europe Central 1 0 0 1 1 0 3 20 4 24 9 New Caledonia Pacific 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 6 3 9 3 New Zealand Pacific 1 1 1 3 3 2 30 177 51 228 55 Nicaragua Central America 0 1 0 1 2 4 12 71 38 109 35 Nigeria Africa West 1 0 3 4 7 15 68 505 264 769 96 Niue Pacific 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 1 Northern Mariana Islands Asia North 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 Norway Europe North 0 0 1 1 1 0 2 11 8 19 15 Oman ME/AN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 Pakistan Asia 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 13 13 0 Palau Asia North 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 Panama Central America 1 0 0 1 1 4 7 43 29 72 26 Papua New Guinea Pacific 0 1 0 1 2 12 2 10 82 92 2 Paraguay SA South 1 0 0 1 2 9 11 61 72 133 20 Peru SA Northwest 3 1 3 7 14 17 112 665 114 779 167 Philippines Philippines 2 4 6 12 23 55 125 791 481 1,272 186 Poland Europe Central 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 11 11 6 Portugal Europe North 1 0 0 1 1 1 7 39 21 60 24 Puerto Rico Caribbean 1 0 0 1 1 1 5 27 11 38 8 Qatar ME/AN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 3 0 Republic of the Congo Africa Central 0 0 1 1 1 0 4 25 7 32 3 Réunion Africa South 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 4 4 5 Romania Europe Central 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 15 15 3 Russia Europe East 0 0 1 1 5 7 3 16 53 69 0 Rwanda Africa Central 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 6 6 0 Saint Kitts and Nevis Caribbean 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 Saint Lucia Caribbean 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Caribbean 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 3 3 1 Samoa Pacific 1 0 0 1 1 0 20 156 9 165 20 Saudi Arabia (estimate) ME/AN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 10 0 Senegal Africa West 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 Serbia Europe Central 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 3 3 2 Sierra Leone Africa West 0 1 0 1 1 2 9 66 24 90 15 Singapore Asia 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 6 0 6 1 Sint Maarten Caribbean 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 Slovakia Europe Central 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 4 4 0 Slovenia Europe Central 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 2 1 Solomon Islands Pacific 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 0 South Africa Africa South 2 0 1 3 4 10 17 112 81 193 76 South Korea Asia North 1 0 1 2 3 5 12 60 40 100 18 Spain Europe Central 1 0 1 2 3 1 15 95 41 136 56 Sri Lanka Asia 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 5 5 3 Suriname Caribbean 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 6 6 3 Sweden Europe North 1 0 0 1 1 1 4 25 15 40 37 Switzerland Europe Central 1 0 0 1 0 0 5 26 8 34 13 Syria (estimate) ME/AN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 Taiwan Asia 1 0 1 2 2 0 16 90 10 100 12 Tanzania Africa Central 0 0 0 0 1 3 0 0 23 23 1 Thailand Asia 0 1 0 1 1 2 4 21 21 42 9 Togo Africa West 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 15 8 23 1 Tonga Pacific 1 1 0 2 2 2 21 140 35 175 21 Trinidad and Tobago Caribbean 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 5 5 10 1 Turkey Europe Central 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 9 0 Turks and Caicos Islands Caribbean 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 Tuvalu Pacific 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 Uganda Africa Central 0 0 0 0 1 3 3 18 20 38 8 Ukraine Unassigned** 1 0 0 1 2 3 2 13 33 46 35 United Arab Emirates ME/AN 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 5 1 6 0 United Kingdom Europe North 2 0 1 3 6 0 44 275 42 317 124 United States North America* 82 25 17 124 110 6 1,681 12,806 1,808 14,614 1,864 Uruguay SA South 1 0 0 1 2 2 18 97 32 129 23 Vanuatu Pacific 0 1 0 1 1 3 1 5 32 37 3 Venezuela SA Northwest 1 0 0 1 4 6 33 177 58 235 48 Vietnam Asia 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 11 11 2 United States Virgin Islands Caribbean 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 Zambia Africa South 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 6 10 16 2 Zimbabwe Africa South 0 1 0 1 2 2 8 49 42 91 18 Notes *There are several areas that cover the US and Canada. This includes North America Central, North America Northeast, North America Southeast, North America Southwest, North America West, and Utah areas. Bermuda is in the North America Northeast area. **Ukraine and Moldova are the only countries not assigned to an area and are administered by an authority in the Europe North Area. Members and growth Country Area Members Population %LDS 2012 2022 Change Growth (%) % of total growth Albania Europe Central 3,314 3,101,621 0.11% 2,299 3,314 1,015 44.15% 0.05% American Samoa Pacific 16,436 44,620 36.84% 15,629 16,436 807 5.16% 0.04% Andorra Europe Central 70 85,468 0.08% 66 70 4 6.06% 0% Angola Africa South 4,760 35,981,281 0.01% 1,257 4,760 3,503 278.68% 0.16% Antigua and Barbuda Caribbean 286 101,489 0.28% 205 286 81 39.51% 0% Argentina SA South 474,985 46,621,847 1.02% 412,095 474,985 62,890 15.26% 2.86% Armenia Europe East 3,546 2,989,091 0.12% 3,025 3,546 521 17.22% 0.02% Aruba Caribbean 626 123,702 0.51% 516 626 110 21.32% 0% Australia Pacific 155,586 26,461,166 0.59% 136,617 155,586 18,969 13.88% 0.86% Austria Europe Central 4,677 8,940,860 0.05% 4,385 4,677 292 6.66% 0.01% Bahamas Caribbean 1,075 358,508 0.3% 959 1,075 116 12.1% 0.01% Bahrain ME/AN 252 1,553,886 0.02% 162 252 90 55.56% 0% Bangladesh Asia 50 167,184,465 0% 100 50 −50 -50% -0% Barbados Caribbean 1,163 303,431 0.38% 844 1,163 319 37.8% 0.01% Belarus Europe East 469 9,383,853 0.005% 500 469 −31 -6.2% -0% Belgium Europe Central 6,602 11,913,633 0.06% 6,186 6,602 416 6.72% 0.02% Belize Central America 5,534 419,137 1.32% 4,240 5,534 1,294 30.52% 0.06% Benin Africa West 5,606 14,219,908 0.04% 1,081 5,606 4,525 418.59% 0.21% Bermuda North America* 197 72,576 0.27% 153 197 44 28.76% 0% Bolivia SA Northwest 221,030 12,186,079 1.81% 182,964 221,030 38,066 20.81% 1.73% Bonaire Caribbean 80 24,090 0.33% 88 80 −8 -9.09% -0% Bosnia and Herzegovina Europe Central 69 3,807,764 0.002% 60 69 9 15% 0% Botswana Africa South 4,031 2,417,596 0.17% 2,152 4,031 1,879 87.31% 0.09% Brazil Brazil 1,472,521 218,689,757 0.67% 1,209,974 1,472,521 262,547 21.7% 11.93% British Virgin Islands Caribbean 138 39,369 0.35% 144 138 −6 -4.17% -0% Bulgaria Europe Central 2,398 6,827,736 0.04% 2,296 2,398 102 4.44% 0% Burkina Faso Africa West 10 22,489,126 0% 10 10 0 0% 0% Burundi Africa Central 1,240 13,162,952 0.01% 171 1,240 1,069 625.15% 0.05% Cambodia Asia 16,317 16,891,245 0.1% 11,469 16,317 4,848 42.27% 0.22% Cameroon Africa Central 2,721 30,135,732 0.01% 1,277 2,721 1,444 113.08% 0.07% Canada North America* 200,836 38,516,736 0.52% 187,982 200,836 12,854 6.84% 0.58% Cape Verde Europe North 16,773 603,901 2.78% 9,326 16,773 7,447 79.85% 0.34% Cayman Islands Caribbean 230 65,483 0.35% 195 230 35 17.95% 0% Central African Republic Africa Central 270 5,552,228 0.005% 194 270 76 39.18% 0% Chile SA South 604,302 18,549,457 3.26% 577,716 604,302 26,586 4.6% 1.21% China Asia 10,500 1,413,142,846 0.001% 10,500 10,500 0 0% 0% Colombia SA Northwest 214,454 49,336,454 0.43% 180,526 214,454 33,928 18.79% 1.54% Cook Islands Pacific 1,862 7,939 23.45% 1,862 1,862 0 0% 0% Costa Rica Central America 52,234 5,256,612 0.99% 41,353 52,234 10,881 26.31% 0.49% Croatia Europe Central 633 4,169,239 0.02% 583 633 50 8.58% 0% Cuba Caribbean 357 10,985,974 0.003% 50 357 307 614% 0.01% Curaçao Caribbean 582 152,849 0.38% 572 582 10 1.75% 0% Cyprus Europe Central 584 1,308,120 0.04% 430 584 154 35.81% 0.01% Czechia Europe Central 2,643 10,706,242 0.02% 2,369 2,643 274 11.57% 0.01% Democratic Republic of the Congo Africa Central 102,862 111,859,928 0.09% 34,547 102,862 68,315 197.75% 3.1% Denmark Europe North 4,381 5,946,984 0.07% 4,376 4,381 5 0.11% 0% Djibouti Africa Central 10 976,143 0.001% 50 10 −40 -80% -0% Dominica Caribbean 160 74,656 0.21% 140 160 20 14.29% 0% Dominican Republic Caribbean 147,566 10,790,744 1.37% 124,435 147,566 23,131 18.59% 1.05% Ecuador SA Northwest 261,767 17,483,326 1.5% 211,165 261,767 50,602 23.96% 2.3% Egypt ME/AN 100 109,546,720 0% 70 100 30 42.86% 0% El Salvador Central America 129,467 6,602,370 1.96% 114,674 129,467 14,793 12.9% 0.67% Estonia Europe North 1,146 1,202,762 0.1% 1,086 1,146 60 5.52% 0% Eswatini Africa South 2,198 1,130,043 0.19% 1,522 2,198 676 44.42% 0.03% Ethiopia Africa Central 2,075 116,462,712 0.002% 1,678 2,075 397 23.66% 0.02% Federated States of Micronesia Asia North 5,966 100,319 5.95% 4,565 5,966 1,401 30.69% 0.06% Fiji Pacific 23,458 947,760 2.48% 16,951 23,458 6,507 38.39% 0.3% Finland Europe North 4,826 5,614,571 0.09% 4,745 4,826 81 1.71% 0% France Europe Central 38,634 68,521,974 0.06% 36,968 38,634 1,666 4.51% 0.08% French Guiana Caribbean 500 301,099 0.17% 362 500 138 38.12% 0.01% French Polynesia Pacific 29,397 301,488 9.75% 22,659 29,397 6,738 29.74% 0.31% Gabon Africa Central 302 2,397,368 0.01% 20 302 282 1410% 0.01% Georgia Europe East 252 4,936,390 0.01% 216 252 36 16.67% 0% Germany Europe Central 39,748 84,220,184 0.05% 38,739 39,748 1,009 2.6% 0.05% Ghana Africa West 101,924 33,846,114 0.3% 52,387 101,924 49,537 94.56% 2.25% Greece Europe Central 798 10,497,595 0.01% 751 798 47 6.26% 0% Grenada Caribbean 394 114,299 0.34% 305 394 89 29.18% 0% Guadeloupe Caribbean 550 375,845 0.15% 470 550 80 17.02% 0% Guam Asia North 2,547 169,330 1.5% 2,294 2,547 253 11.03% 0.01% Guatemala Central America 287,475 17,980,803 1.6% 239,734 287,475 47,741 19.91% 2.17% Guernsey Europe North 60 67,642 0.09% 46 60 14 30.43% 0% Guinea Africa West 61 13,607,249 0% 50 61 11 22% 0% Guyana Caribbean 6,645 791,739 0.84% 5,415 6,645 1,230 22.71% 0.06% Haiti Caribbean 25,525 11,470,261 0.22% 18,165 25,525 7,360 40.52% 0.33% Honduras Central America 185,182 9,571,352 1.93% 154,207 185,182 30,975 20.09% 1.41% Hong Kong Asia 24,611 7,288,167 0.34% 24,188 24,611 423 1.75% 0.02% Hungary Europe Central 5,259 9,670,009 0.05% 4,940 5,259 319 6.46% 0.01% Iceland Europe North 382 360,872 0.11% 265 382 117 44.15% 0.01% India Asia 14,961 1,399,179,585 0.001% 10,958 14,961 4,003 36.53% 0.18% Indonesia Asia 7,648 279,476,346 0.003% 6,904 7,648 744 10.78% 0.03% Ireland Europe North 3,980 5,323,991 0.07% 3,013 3,980 967 32.09% 0.04% Isle of Man Europe North 281 91,840 0.31% 293 281 −12 -4.1% -0% Israel ME/AN 338 9,043,387 0.004% 260 338 78 30% 0% Italy Europe Central 27,993 61,021,855 0.05% 24,970 27,993 3,023 12.11% 0.14% Ivory Coast Africa West 60,162 29,344,847 0.21% 18,602 60,162 41,560 223.42% 1.89% Jamaica Caribbean 6,810 2,820,982 0.24% 5,580 6,810 1,230 22.04% 0.06% Japan Asia North 130,251 123,719,238 0.11% 126,407 130,251 3,844 3.04% 0.17% Jersey Europe North 282 102,785 0.27% 300 282 −18 -6% -0% Jordan ME/AN 200 11,086,716 0.002% 200 200 0 0% 0% Kazakhstan Europe East 229 19,543,464 0.001% 216 229 13 6.02% 0% Kenya Africa Central 17,438 57,052,004 0.03% 11,869 17,438 5,569 46.92% 0.25% Kiribati Pacific 22,210 115,372 19.25% 16,279 22,210 5,931 36.43% 0.27% Kosovo Europe Central 102 1,964,327 0.01% 30 102 72 240% 0% Kuwait ME/AN 375 3,103,580 0.01% 223 375 152 68.16% 0.01% Laos Asia 275 7,852,377 0.004% 230 275 45 19.57% 0% Latvia Europe North 1,273 1,821,750 0.07% 1,166 1,273 107 9.18% 0% Lebanon ME/AN 225 5,331,203 0.004% 210 225 15 7.14% 0% Lesotho Africa South 1,474 2,210,646 0.07% 880 1,474 594 67.5% 0.03% Liberia Africa West 20,335 5,506,280 0.37% 6,709 20,335 13,626 203.1% 0.62% Lithuania Europe North 943 2,655,755 0.04% 916 943 27 2.95% 0% Luxembourg Europe Central 526 660,924 0.08% 336 526 190 56.55% 0.01% Macau Asia 1,456 639,971 0.23% 1,345 1,456 111 8.25% 0.01% Madagascar Africa South 14,353 28,812,195 0.05% 9,190 14,353 5,163 56.18% 0.23% Malawi Africa South 3,872 21,279,597 0.02% 1,421 3,872 2,451 172.48% 0.11% Malaysia Asia 10,829 34,219,975 0.03% 8,967 10,829 1,862 20.77% 0.08% Mali Africa West 70 21,359,722 0% 50 70 20 40% 0% Malta Europe Central 244 467,138 0.05% 159 244 85 53.46% 0% Marshall Islands Pacific 6,832 80,966 8.44% 6,030 6,832 802 13.3% 0.04% Martinique Caribbean 258 347,686 0.07% 199 258 59 29.65% 0% Mauritius Africa South 566 1,309,448 0.04% 428 566 138 32.24% 0.01% Mexico Mexico 1,507,720 129,875,529 1.16% 1,317,700 1,507,720 190,020 14.42% 8.63% Moldova Unassigned** 455 3,250,532 0.01% 364 455 91 25% 0% Mongolia Asia North 12,477 3,255,468 0.38% 10,591 12,477 1,886 17.81% 0.09% Montenegro Europe Central 32 602,445 0.01% 10 32 22 220% 0% Morocco ME/AN 95 37,067,420 0% 100 95 −5 -5% -0% Mozambique Africa South 18,443 32,513,805 0.06% 6,029 18,443 12,414 205.9% 0.56% Myanmar Asia 200 57,970,293 0% 170 200 30 17.65% 0% Namibia Africa South 1,110 2,777,232 0.04% 763 1,110 347 45.48% 0.02% Nauru Pacific 133 9,852 1.35% 101 133 32 31.68% 0% Nepal Asia 180 30,899,443 0.001% 160 180 20 12.5% 0% Netherlands Europe Central 9,185 17,463,930 0.05% 9,247 9,185 −62 -0.67% -0% New Caledonia Pacific 2,494 300,682 0.83% 2,138 2,494 356 16.65% 0.02% New Zealand Pacific 117,319 5,109,702 2.3% 107,511 117,319 9,808 9.12% 0.45% Nicaragua Central America 101,361 6,359,689 1.59% 80,605 101,361 20,756 25.75% 0.94% Nigeria Africa West 221,172 230,842,743 0.1% 109,998 221,172 111,174 101.07% 5.05% Niue Pacific 317 2,000 15.85% 281 317 36 12.81% 0% North Macedonia Europe Central 41 2,133,410 0.002% 15 41 26 173.33% 0% Northern Mariana Islands Asia North 906 51,295 1.77% 756 906 150 19.84% 0.01% Norway Europe North 4,505 5,597,924 0.08% 4,556 4,505 −51 -1.12% -0% Oman ME/AN 107 3,833,465 0.003% 50 107 57 114% 0% Pakistan Asia 4,000 247,653,551 0.002% 3,500 4,000 500 14.29% 0.02% Palau Asia North 543 21,779 2.49% 430 543 113 26.28% 0.01% Panama Central America 61,009 4,404,108 1.39% 48,669 61,009 12,340 25.35% 0.56% Papua New Guinea Pacific 36,626 9,819,350 0.37% 21,265 36,626 15,361 72.24% 0.7% Paraguay SA South 98,498 7,439,863 1.32% 84,806 98,498 13,692 16.15% 0.62% Peru SA Northwest 630,099 32,440,172 1.94% 527,759 630,099 102,340 19.39% 4.65% Philippines Philippines 853,254 116,434,200 0.73% 675,166 853,254 178,088 26.38% 8.09% Poland Europe Central 2,184 37,991,766 0.01% 1,780 2,184 404 22.7% 0.02% Portugal Europe North 46,849 10,223,150 0.46% 40,941 46,849 5,908 14.43% 0.27% Puerto Rico Caribbean 23,243 3,057,311 0.76% 21,174 23,243 2,069 9.77% 0.09% Qatar ME/AN 537 2,532,104 0.02% 480 537 57 11.88% 0% Republic of the Congo Africa Central 11,481 5,677,493 0.2% 5,750 11,481 5,731 99.67% 0.26% Réunion Africa South 836 873,102 0.1% 882 836 −46 -5.22% -0% Romania Europe Central 3,082 18,326,327 0.02% 3,002 3,082 80 2.66% 0% Russia Europe East 4,995 141,698,923 0.004% 21,709 4,995 −16,714 -76.99% -0.76% Rwanda Africa Central 1,154 13,400,541 0.01% 121 1,154 1,033 853.72% 0.05% Saint Kitts and Nevis Caribbean 219 54,817 0.4% 195 219 24 12.31% 0% Saint Lucia Caribbean 392 167,591 0.23% 261 392 131 50.19% 0.01% Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Caribbean 726 100,804 0.72% 540 726 186 34.44% 0.01% Samoa Pacific 87,695 207,501 42.26% 73,827 87,695 13,868 18.78% 0.63% Saudi Arabia(estimate) ME/AN 1,500 35,939,806 0.004% 20 1,500 1,480 7400% 0.07% Senegal Africa West 108 18,384,660 0.001% 1,950 108 −1,842 -94.46% -0.08% Serbia Europe Central 369 6,693,375 0.01% 308 369 61 19.81% 0% Sierra Leone Africa West 28,867 8,908,040 0.32% 11,664 28,867 17,203 147.49% 0.78% Singapore Asia 3,302 5,975,383 0.06% 3,573 3,302 −271 -7.58% -0.01% Sint Maarten Caribbean 292 45,677 0.64% 230 292 62 26.96% 0% Slovakia Europe Central 305 5,425,319 0.01% 221 305 84 38.01% 0% Slovenia Europe Central 445 2,099,790 0.02% 411 445 34 8.27% 0% Solomon Islands Pacific 1,375 714,766 0.19% 509 1,375 866 170.14% 0.04% South Africa Africa South 70,690 58,048,332 0.12% 59,807 70,690 10,883 18.2% 0.49% South Korea Asia North 88,607 51,966,948 0.17% 85,628 88,607 2,979 3.48% 0.14% South Sudan Africa Central 100 12,118,379 0.001% 80 100 20 25% 0% Spain Europe Central 63,524 47,222,613 0.13% 50,049 63,524 13,475 26.92% 0.61% Sri Lanka Asia 1,662 23,326,272 0.01% 1,319 1,662 343 26% 0.02% Suriname Caribbean 1,797 639,759 0.28% 1,323 1,797 474 35.83% 0.02% Sweden Europe North 9,531 10,536,338 0.09% 9,404 9,531 127 1.35% 0.01% Switzerland Europe Central 9,205 8,563,760 0.11% 8,456 9,205 749 8.86% 0.03% Syria(estimate) ME/AN 40 22,933,531 0% 30 40 10 33.33% 0% Taiwan Asia 62,229 23,588,613 0.26% 55,805 62,229 6,424 11.51% 0.29% Tanzania Africa Central 2,999 65,642,682 0.005% 1,220 2,999 1,779 145.82% 0.08% Thailand Asia 23,450 69,794,997 0.03% 17,424 23,450 6,026 34.58% 0.27% Togo Africa West 6,500 8,703,961 0.07% 1,861 6,500 4,639 249.27% 0.21% Tonga Pacific 68,600 105,221 65.2% 60,680 68,600 7,920 13.05% 0.36% Trinidad and Tobago Caribbean 3,477 1,407,460 0.25% 3,058 3,477 419 13.7% 0.02% Turkey Europe Central 658 83,593,483 0.001% 313 658 345 110.22% 0.02% Turks and Caicos Islands Caribbean 147 59,367 0.25% 82 147 65 79.27% 0% Tuvalu Pacific 344 11,639 2.96% 200 344 144 72% 0.01% Uganda Africa Central 20,693 47,729,952 0.04% 11,442 20,693 9,251 80.85% 0.42% Ukraine Unassigned** 10,344 43,306,477 0.02% 11,178 10,344 −834 -7.46% -0.04% United Arab Emirates ME/AN 1,688 9,973,449 0.02% 965 1,688 723 74.92% 0.03% United Kingdom Europe North 186,933 68,138,484 0.27% 188,462 186,933 −1,529 -0.81% -0.07% United States North America* 6,804,028 339,665,118 2% 6,321,416 6,804,028 482,612 7.63% 21.92% United States Virgin Islands Caribbean 616 104,917 0.59% 586 616 30 5.12% 0% Uruguay SA South 107,911 3,416,264 3.16% 99,758 107,911 8,153 8.17% 0.37% Vanuatu Pacific 11,304 313,046 3.61% 5,491 11,304 5,813 105.86% 0.26% Venezuela SA Northwest 175,753 30,518,260 0.58% 157,795 175,753 17,958 11.38% 0.82% Vietnam Asia 2,466 104,799,174 0.002% 1,300 2,466 1,166 89.69% 0.05% Zambia Africa South 5,313 20,216,029 0.03% 3,044 5,313 2,269 74.54% 0.1% Zimbabwe Africa South 38,289 15,418,674 0.25% 23,117 38,289 15,172 65.63% 0.69% ^ a b December 31, 2022 Information released by the LDS Church. For countries without released info, the most recent year of released info or estimate were used. ^ This does not include member groups, only congregations organized as ward or branch. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag 2018 membership and congregational information shown. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Estimated 2015 membership information shown. ^ a b Estimated membership information was used for Mainland China. ^ a b 2021 membership and congregational information shown. ^ a b 2017 membership and congregational information shown. *There are several areas that cover the US and Canada. This includes North America Central, North America Northeast, North America Southeast, North America Southwest, North America West, and Utah areas. Bermuda is in the North America Northeast area. **Ukraine and Moldova are the only countries not assigned to an area and are administered by an authority in the Europe North Area. Distribution maps Membership The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints membership record count by country as of December 31, 2022, or the latest data or estimate available for country data not published by the church for that year Percent members Percentage of overall population who are members of the church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints by Country or territory. Membership count used for percentage was as of December 31, 2022 or the latest data or estimate available for country data not published by the church for that year. Congregations Number of congregations of the church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints as of December 31, 2019 or the latest data or estimate available for country data not published by the church for that year. Only wards and branches were counted as congregations and does not include member groups. Areas Main article: Area (LDS Church) AfricaCentral AfricaSouth AfricaWest Asia AsiaNorth AN Brazil Caribbean CentralAmerica EuropeCentral EC Eurasian EuropeNorth Mexico Middle East/Africa North North AmericaAreas Philippines SouthAmericaSouth U SouthAmericaNorthwest Pacific Areas of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints outside US and Canada. NorthAmericaCentral NorthAmericaNortheast NorthAmericaSoutheast North AmericaSouthwest NorthAmericaWest Utah Areas of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in the US and Canada. Temples Main articles: List of temples of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and List of temples of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints by geographic region North AmericaSouth AmericaAfricaEuropeAsiaOceaniaOceaniaCanadaUnited StatesMexicoCentral AmericaCaribbeanclass=notpageimage| Worldwide temples (edit) = Operating = Under construction = Announced = Temporarily Closed See also LDS Church portal Membership history of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints Membership statistics of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (United States). Membership statistics of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Canada). Mormons Mormonism References ^ https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/article/2023-statistical-report-church-jesus-christ ^ "FamilySearch.org Facts - Updated May 2023". Retrieved June 30, 2023. ^ "LDS Statistics and Church Facts". LDS Newsroom. Retrieved 2 April 2023. ^ "Membership record". LDSTech Wiki. Retrieved 30 October 2016. ^ "Ordinances for which there is no valid record". LDSTech Wiki. 20 May 2012. Retrieved 16 November 2021. ^ Peggy Fletcher Stack (2005). Keeping members a challenge for LDS church, The Salt Lake Tribune, July 26, 2005; accessed 20 December 2017 ^ Dallin H. Oaks (2003; adapted from a 2000 speech). The Role of Members in Conversion, TheEnsign.com; accessed 20 December 2017 ^ Stacy Willis (2001). Mormon Church is funding its future, The Las Vegas Sun; accessed 20 December 2017 ^ "Facts and Statistics: Worldwide Statistics". LDS Newsroom. Retrieved 14 May 2023. ^ "Population - The World Factbook". www.cia.gov. Retrieved 22 June 2023. ^ a b c "Insee - Population - Estimations de population - Pyramide des âges régionales et départementales". www.insee.fr. Retrieved 2019-04-13. ^ a b member groups ^ "General Handbook: Groups in Stakes, Missions, and Areas". The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Retrieved December 13, 2021. External links adherents.com Worldmapper LDS Church Almanac vteThe Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints by countryNorth America Antigua and Barbuda Aruba Bahamas Barbados Belize Bermuda Bonaire Canada Cayman Islands Costa Rica Curaçao Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guadeloupe Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Martinique Mexico Nicaragua Panama Puerto Rico Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Sint Maarten Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands Virgin Islands of the USSouth America Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Falkland Islands French Guiana Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay VenezuelaEurope Albania Armenia Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Guernsey Hungary Iceland Ireland Isle of Man Italy Jersey Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldova Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom, (England, Northern Ireland, Scotland, Wales)Africa Angola Benin Botswana Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Democratic Republic of the Congo Equatorial Guinea Eswatini Ethiopia Gabon Ghana Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Malawi Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Nigeria Republic of the Congo Réunion Rwanda Sierra Leone South Africa Swaziland Tanzania Togo Uganda Zambia ZimbabweAsia Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Cambodia China Georgia Hong Kong India Indonesia Israel Japan Kazakhstan Kuwait Macau Malaysia Mongolia Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore South Korea Sri Lanka Taiwan Thailand Turkey United Arab Emirates Vietnam YemenOceania American Samoa Australia Cook Islands Fiji French Polynesia Guam Hawaii Kiribati Marshall Islands Federated States of Micronesia Nauru New Caledonia New Zealand Niue Northern Mariana Islands Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu US state/territory pages Membership statistics (All countries, Canada, France, Netherlands, United Kingdom, United States) Membership history Temples Missions vteThe Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day SaintsHistory 1838 Mormon War 1890 Manifesto Anthon Transcript Brigham Young Church of Christ First Vision Good Neighbor policy Historic sites Joseph Smith death succession crisis LGBT Mormon timeline Handcart companies Mormon Battalion Name of the church Pioneers Mormonism and violence Utah War Sacred texts Bible King James Version Joseph Smith Translation Book of Mormon Doctrine and Covenants Pearl of Great Price Book of Moses Book of Abraham Articles of Faith Joseph Smith–Matthew Joseph Smith–History Beliefsand practices Apostolic succession Apostasy and restoration Calling Cosmology Adam and Eve Evolution Plan of salvation Degrees of glory Exaltation Premortal life Family Home Evening Fast Sunday "For the Strength of Youth" Gender "Family Proclamation" Transgender God in Mormonism Heavenly Mother Ministering Marriage Celestial Interracial Polygamy Ordinances Baptism for the dead Marriage sealing Second anointing Temple endowment Priesthood Race Black people Black Mormons Black temple and priesthood restrictions Curses of Cain and Ham Native Americans Pacific Islanders Slavery Revelation Reformed Egyptian Sexuality Birth control Law of chastity Homosexuality Masturbation Soaking spectrums of orthodoxy and practice Temple garment Suicide Word of Wisdom Cultureand worship Cultural depictions Especially for Youth Feminism Films List Foodways General Conference Humanitarian services Hymns Book Latter-day Saints Channel Liahona magazine Missionary service Mormons Music Pageants Pioneer Day Tabernacles Tabernacle Choir Temples List Worship services Sacrament Leadership President Russell M. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Membership history of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membership_history_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Net_Congregation_Growth.png"},{"link_name":"Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newsroom-3"}],"text":"For churchwide membership history, see Membership history of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.Congregation growth statistics. In 2023 there was a large increase in Africa, and decline in Europe and North AmericaThe Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) releases membership, congregational, and related information on a regular basis. The latest membership information the church releases includes a count of membership, stakes, wards, branches, missions, temples, and family history centers for the worldwide church and for individual countries and territories where the church is recognized. The latest information released was as of December 31, 2022.At the end of 2022, the LDS Church had 31,330 congregations and a reported membership of 17,002,461.[3]","title":"Membership statistics of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The LDS Church defines membership as a count of living individuals who:[4]have been baptized and confirmed.\nare under age nine and have been blessed but not baptized.\nare not accountable because of intellectual disabilities, regardless of age.\nare unblessed children under age eight when:\ntwo member parents request it; or\none member parent requests it and the nonmember parent gives permission.After baptism, blessing, or parental request stated above, membership must be recorded and maintained by the church to have and keep membership.[5]","title":"Membership defined"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peggy Fletcher Stack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peggy_Fletcher_Stack"},{"link_name":"The Salt Lake Tribune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Salt_Lake_Tribune"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"City University of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_University_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"Brigham Young University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigham_Young_University"},{"link_name":"Dallin H. Oaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallin_H._Oaks"},{"link_name":"Word of Wisdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_of_Wisdom"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Armand Mauss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armand_Mauss"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"In 2005, Peggy Fletcher Stack, longtime religion columnist for The Salt Lake Tribune, estimated that about one-third of the reported LDS membership was \"active\" (i.e., regularly attending church services and participating in other expected meetings and obligations).[6] In 2005, this would have amounted to approximately 4 million active members among a worldwide LDS population of 12 million. Active membership varied from a high of 40 to 50 percent in congregations in North America and the Pacific Islands, to a low of about 25 percent in Latin America. Fletcher Stack's data was compiled from several sources, including a 2001 survey of religious affiliation by scholars at City University of New York and a demographer at LDS-owned Brigham Young University.In 2003, church leader Dallin H. Oaks, noted that among recent converts \"attrition is sharpest in the two months after baptism\", which he attributed in part to difficulties adapting to the church's dietary code, the Word of Wisdom, that prohibits the use of alcohol, tobacco, coffee, and tea.[7] In 2001, sociologist Armand Mauss estimated that about 50 percent of LDS converts in the US stopped attending church within a year of baptism, while outside the US the rate was about 70 percent.[8]","title":"Membership considerations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-country-9"},{"link_name":"CIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-world-10"}],"text":"The tables on this section represents Latter-day Saint membership, as reported by the Church, as of December 31, 2022.[9] Except where indicated, general population figures are based on the latest CIA estimates (primarily for 2023).[10] Percentages of LDS members were calculated with this information. The link under the names of each country, territory, etc. corresponds to brief LDS history and statistical information for that particular area.","title":"Countries"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Congregations","text":"Notes\n*There are several areas that cover the US and Canada. This includes North America Central, North America Northeast, North America Southeast, North America Southwest, North America West, and Utah areas. Bermuda is in the North America Northeast area.\n**Ukraine and Moldova are the only countries not assigned to an area and are administered by an authority in the Europe North Area.","title":"Countries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-members_11-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-members_11-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-a_12-0"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mg-19"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-y2018_13-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-y2018_13-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-y2018_13-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-y2018_13-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-y2018_13-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-y2018_13-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-y2018_13-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-y2018_13-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-y2018_13-8"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-y2018_13-9"},{"link_name":"k","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-y2018_13-10"},{"link_name":"l","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-y2018_13-11"},{"link_name":"m","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-y2018_13-12"},{"link_name":"n","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-y2018_13-13"},{"link_name":"o","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-y2018_13-14"},{"link_name":"p","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-y2018_13-15"},{"link_name":"q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-y2018_13-16"},{"link_name":"r","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-y2018_13-17"},{"link_name":"s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-y2018_13-18"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-y2018_13-19"},{"link_name":"u","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-y2018_13-20"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-y2018_13-21"},{"link_name":"w","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-y2018_13-22"},{"link_name":"x","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-y2018_13-23"},{"link_name":"y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-y2018_13-24"},{"link_name":"z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-y2018_13-25"},{"link_name":"aa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-y2018_13-26"},{"link_name":"ab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-y2018_13-27"},{"link_name":"ac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-y2018_13-28"},{"link_name":"ad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-y2018_13-29"},{"link_name":"ae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-y2018_13-30"},{"link_name":"af","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-y2018_13-31"},{"link_name":"ag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-y2018_13-32"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-y2015_14-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-y2015_14-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-y2015_14-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-y2015_14-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-y2015_14-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-y2015_14-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-y2015_14-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-y2015_14-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-y2015_14-8"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-y2015_14-9"},{"link_name":"k","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-y2015_14-10"},{"link_name":"l","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-y2015_14-11"},{"link_name":"m","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-y2015_14-12"},{"link_name":"n","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-y2015_14-13"},{"link_name":"o","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-y2015_14-14"},{"link_name":"p","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-y2015_14-15"},{"link_name":"q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-y2015_14-16"},{"link_name":"r","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-y2015_14-17"},{"link_name":"s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-y2015_14-18"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-china_15-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-china_15-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-y2021_17-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-y2021_17-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-y2017_18-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-y2017_18-1"}],"sub_title":"Members and growth","text":"^ a b December 31, 2022 Information released by the LDS Church. For countries without released info, the most recent year of released info or estimate were used.\n\n^ This does not include member groups,[12] only congregations organized as ward or branch.[13]\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag 2018 membership and congregational information shown.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Estimated 2015 membership information shown.\n\n^ a b Estimated membership information was used for Mainland China.\n\n^ a b 2021 membership and congregational information shown.\n\n^ a b 2017 membership and congregational information shown.*There are several areas that cover the US and Canada. This includes North America Central, North America Northeast, North America Southeast, North America Southwest, North America West, and Utah areas. Bermuda is in the North America Northeast area.\n**Ukraine and Moldova are the only countries not assigned to an area and are administered by an authority in the Europe North Area.","title":"Countries"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Distribution maps"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LDS_Worldwide_Members.png"}],"sub_title":"Membership","text":"The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints membership record count by country as of December 31, 2022, or the latest data or estimate available for country data not published by the church for that year","title":"Distribution maps"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LDS_Membership_percentage.png"}],"sub_title":"Percent members","text":"Percentage of overall population who are members of the church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints by Country or territory. Membership count used for percentage was as of December 31, 2022 or the latest data or estimate available for country data not published by the church for that year.","title":"Distribution maps"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LDS_Worldwide_Congregations.png"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mg-19"}],"sub_title":"Congregations","text":"Number of congregations of the church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints as of December 31, 2019 or the latest data or estimate available for country data not published by the church for that year. Only wards and branches were counted as congregations and does not include member groups.[12]","title":"Distribution maps"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Areas","title":"Distribution maps"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:World_location_map_(equirectangular_180).svg"},{"link_name":"North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_temples_of_The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_by_geographic_region#North_America"},{"link_name":"South America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_temples_of_The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_by_geographic_region#South_America"},{"link_name":"Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_temples_of_The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_by_geographic_region#Africa"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_temples_of_The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_by_geographic_region#Europe"},{"link_name":"Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_temples_of_The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_by_geographic_region#Asia"},{"link_name":"Oceania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_temples_of_The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_by_geographic_region#Oceania"},{"link_name":"Oceania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_temples_of_The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_by_geographic_region#Oceania"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_temples_of_The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_by_geographic_region#Canada"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_temples_in_the_United_States_(LDS_Church)"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_temples_of_The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_by_geographic_region#Mexico"},{"link_name":"Central 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AmericaSouth AmericaAfricaEuropeAsiaOceaniaOceaniaCanadaUnited StatesMexicoCentral AmericaCaribbeanclass=notpageimage| Worldwide temples (edit)\n = Operating = Under construction = Announced = Temporarily Closed","title":"Distribution maps"}]
[{"image_text":"Congregation growth statistics. In 2023 there was a large increase in Africa, and decline in Europe and North America","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Net_Congregation_Growth.png/400px-Net_Congregation_Growth.png"},{"image_text":"The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints membership record count by country as of December 31, 2022, or the latest data or estimate available for country data not published by the church for that year","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/LDS_Worldwide_Members.png/900px-LDS_Worldwide_Members.png"},{"image_text":"Percentage of overall population who are members of the church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints by Country or territory. Membership count used for percentage was as of December 31, 2022 or the latest data or estimate available for country data not published by the church for that year.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/LDS_Membership_percentage.png/900px-LDS_Membership_percentage.png"},{"image_text":"Number of congregations of the church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints as of December 31, 2019 or the latest data or estimate available for country data not published by the church for that year. Only wards and branches were counted as congregations and does not include member groups.[12]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/LDS_Worldwide_Congregations.png/900px-LDS_Worldwide_Congregations.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/North_America.svg/76px-North_America.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Blank_South_America_map_with_borders.png/40px-Blank_South_America_map_with_borders.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Europe_map.png/54px-Europe_map.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Blank_Map-Africa.svg/53px-Blank_Map-Africa.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Asia_stub.png/54px-Asia_stub.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png/66px-%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png"}]
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[{"reference":"\"FamilySearch.org Facts - Updated May 2023\". Retrieved June 30, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.familysearch.org/en/newsroom/company-facts","url_text":"\"FamilySearch.org Facts - Updated May 2023\""}]},{"reference":"\"LDS Statistics and Church Facts\". LDS Newsroom. Retrieved 2 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/article/2022-statistical-report-april-2023-conference","url_text":"\"LDS Statistics and Church Facts\""}]},{"reference":"\"Membership record\". LDSTech Wiki. Retrieved 30 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://tech.lds.org/wiki/Membership_record","url_text":"\"Membership record\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ordinances for which there is no valid record\". LDSTech Wiki. 20 May 2012. Retrieved 16 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://tech.churchofjesuschrist.org/wiki/Updating_membership_records_(MLS)","url_text":"\"Ordinances for which there is no valid record\""}]},{"reference":"\"Facts and Statistics: Worldwide Statistics\". LDS Newsroom. Retrieved 14 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/facts-and-statistics/","url_text":"\"Facts and Statistics: Worldwide Statistics\""}]},{"reference":"\"Population - The World Factbook\". www.cia.gov. Retrieved 22 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/population/country-comparison","url_text":"\"Population - The World Factbook\""}]},{"reference":"\"Insee - Population - Estimations de population - Pyramide des âges régionales et départementales\". www.insee.fr. Retrieved 2019-04-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/3696316","url_text":"\"Insee - Population - Estimations de population - Pyramide des âges régionales et départementales\""}]},{"reference":"\"General Handbook: Groups in Stakes, Missions, and Areas\". The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Retrieved December 13, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/manual/general-handbook/37-specialized-stakes-wards-and-branches?lang=eng#title_number18","url_text":"\"General Handbook: Groups in Stakes, Missions, and Areas\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humberside_(European_Parliament_constituency)
Humberside (European Parliament constituency)
["1 Boundaries","2 Members of the European Parliament","3 Results","4 References","5 External links"]
Former European Parliament constituency HumbersideEuropean Parliament constituencyEuropean Parliament logoMember stateUnited KingdomCreated1979Dissolved1999 MEPs1Sources Humberside was a European Parliament constituency, covering most of the former Humberside district of England. Before its uniform adoption of proportional representation in 1999, the United Kingdom used first-past-the-post for the European elections in England, Scotland and Wales. The European Parliament constituencies used under that system were smaller than the later regional constituencies and only had one Member of the European Parliament each. In 1999, the constituency became part of the much larger Yorkshire and the Humber constituency. Boundaries 1979-1984: Bridlington; Brigg and Scunthorpe; Haltemprice; Howden; Hull Central; Hull East; Hull West. 1984-1994: Beverley; Bridlington; Brigg and Cleethorpes; Great Grimsby; Hull East; Hull North; Hull West. 1994-1999: Beverley; Boothferry; Bridlington; Glanford and Scunthorpe; Hull East; Hull North; Hull West. Members of the European Parliament Elected Name Party 1979 Robert Battersby Conservative 1989 Peter Crampton Labour Results European Parliament election, 1979: Humberside Party Candidate Votes % ±% Conservative Robert Battersby 79,531 51.7 Labour Michael Wheaton 56,521 36.8 Liberal Robert Walker 17,643 11.5 Majority 23,010 14.9 Turnout 153,695 30.1 Conservative win (new seat) European Parliament election, 1984: Humberside Party Candidate Votes % ±% Conservative Robert Battersby 61,952 43.2 -8.5 Labour Peter Crampton 53,937 37.7 +0.9 SDP Will Unwin 27,318 19.1 +7.6 Majority 8,015 5.5 -9.4 Turnout 143,207 28.5 -1.6 Conservative hold Swing European Parliament election, 1989: Humberside Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour Peter Crampton 74,163 45.4 +7.7 Conservative Robert Battersby 57,835 35.4 -7.8 Green Jan Clark 23,835 14.6 New SLD Frank L. Parker 3,989 2.5 -16.6 SDP Will Unwin 3,419 2.1 New Majority 16,328 10.0 N/A Turnout 163,241 32.2 +3.7 Labour gain from Conservative Swing European Parliament election, 1994: Humberside Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour Peter Crampton 87,296 51.9 +5.5 Conservative Donald Stewart 46,678 27.8 -7.6 Liberal Democrats Diana Wallis 28,818 17.1 +14.6 Green Sharon Mummery 4,170 2.5 -12.1 Natural Law Anna Miszewska 1,100 0.7 New Majority 40,618 24.1 +14.1 Turnout 168,062 32.4 +0.2 Labour hold Swing References ^ a b c d United Kingdom European Parliamentary Election results 1979–99: England: Part 1 External links David Boothroyd's United Kingdom Election Results Archived 9 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine vteFormer European Parliament constituenciesNationwide Poland Denmark Greenland France East France Île-de-France Massif-central–Centre North-West France Overseas Territories of France South-East France South-West France West France Ireland Connacht–Ulster East Leinster Munster North-West United KingdomBetween 1979 and 1999England Bedfordshire Bedfordshire and Milton Keynes Bedfordshire South Birmingham East Birmingham North Birmingham South Birmingham West Bristol Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire East Cambridge and Bedfordshire North Cambridgeshire Cheshire East Cheshire West Cheshire West and Wirral Cleveland Cleveland and Richmond Cleveland and Yorkshire North Cornwall and Plymouth Cornwall and West Plymouth Cotswolds Coventry and North Warwickshire Cumbria Cumbria and Lancashire North Derbyshire Devon Devon and East Plymouth Dorset and East Devon Dorset East and Hampshire West Durham East Sussex and Kent South Essex North and Suffolk South Essex North East Essex South Essex South West Essex West and Hertfordshire East Greater Manchester Central Greater Manchester East Greater Manchester North Greater Manchester South Greater Manchester West Hampshire Central Hampshire North and Oxford Hampshire West Hereford and Worcester Hertfordshire Herefordshire and Shropshire Humberside Itchen, Test and Avon Kent East Kent West Lancashire Central Lancashire East Lancashire South Lancashire West Leeds Leicester Lincolnshire Lincolnshire and Humberside South Liverpool London Central London East London North London North East London North West London South London South and Surrey East London South East London South Inner London South West London West Merseyside East Merseyside East and Wigan Merseyside West Midlands Central Midlands East Midlands West Norfolk North Yorkshire Northamptonshire Northamptonshire and Blaby Northumbria Nottingham Nottingham and Leicestershire North West Nottinghamshire North and Chesterfield Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Peak District Salop and Stafford Sheffield Shropshire and Stafford Somerset Somerset and Dorset West Somerset and North Devon South Downs West Staffordshire East Staffordshire East and Derby Staffordshire West and Congleton Suffolk Suffolk and South West Norfolk Surrey Surrey West Sussex East Sussex South and Crawley Sussex West Thames Valley Tyne and Wear Tyne South and Wear Upper Thames Wessex Wight and Hampshire East Wight and Hampshire South Wiltshire Wiltshire North and Bath Worcestershire and South Warwickshire York Yorkshire North Yorkshire South Yorkshire South West Yorkshire West Northern Ireland Northern Ireland Scotland Glasgow Highlands and Islands Lothians Mid Scotland and Fife North East Scotland South of Scotland Strathclyde East Strathclyde West Wales Mid and West Wales North Wales South East Wales South Wales South Wales Central South Wales East South Wales West Between 1999 and 2020 East Midlands East of England London North East England North West England Northern Ireland Scotland South East England South West England Wales West Midlands Yorkshire and the Humber This United Kingdom election-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about the European Union is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"European Parliament constituency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliament_constituency"},{"link_name":"Humberside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humberside"},{"link_name":"proportional representation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportional_representation"},{"link_name":"first-past-the-post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plurality_voting_system"},{"link_name":"European elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_the_European_Union"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"European Parliament constituencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliament_constituency"},{"link_name":"Member of the European Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_the_European_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Yorkshire and the Humber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire_and_the_Humber_(European_Parliament_constituency)"}],"text":"Humberside was a European Parliament constituency, covering most of the former Humberside district of England.Before its uniform adoption of proportional representation in 1999, the United Kingdom used first-past-the-post for the European elections in England, Scotland and Wales. The European Parliament constituencies used under that system were smaller than the later regional constituencies and only had one Member of the European Parliament each.In 1999, the constituency became part of the much larger Yorkshire and the Humber constituency.","title":"Humberside (European Parliament constituency)"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"1979-1984: Bridlington; Brigg and Scunthorpe; Haltemprice; Howden; Hull Central; Hull East; Hull West.1984-1994: Beverley; Bridlington; Brigg and Cleethorpes; Great Grimsby; Hull East; Hull North; Hull West.1994-1999: Beverley; Boothferry; Bridlington; Glanford and Scunthorpe; Hull East; Hull North; Hull West.","title":"Boundaries"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Members of the European Parliament"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Results"}]
[]
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[]
[{"Link":"http://www.election.demon.co.uk/","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://www.election.demon.co.uk/epe1.html","external_links_name":"United Kingdom European Parliamentary Election results 1979–99: England: Part 1"},{"Link":"http://www.election.demon.co.uk/","external_links_name":"David Boothroyd's United Kingdom Election Results"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080209182341/http://www.election.demon.co.uk/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Humberside_(European_Parliament_constituency)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Humberside_(European_Parliament_constituency)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midnight_Racer
280 ZZZAP
["1 Gameplay","2 Release","3 Reception","4 References"]
1976 video game 1977 video game280 ZZZAPIn-game screenshotDeveloper(s)Dave Nutting AssociatesPublisher(s)NA: Midway ManufacturingJP: TaitoDesigner(s)Jamie FentonDave NuttingPlatform(s)Arcade, AstrocadeReleaseNA: February 1977Genre(s)RacingMode(s)Single-playerArcade systemIntel 8080-based hardware 280 ZZZAP is a racing arcade video game designed by Jamie Fenton for Dave Nutting Associates. Based on Nissan's Datsun 280Z, it is one of the earliest games with authorized branding. Gameplay Players can drive up to 200 miles per hour (320 km/h) while navigating a tricky road course at night. Players must watch out for treacherous turns, nasty competitors, and the ever-present time limit. Release Midway demonstrated the game under the name Midnight Racer at the AMOA show in November 1976. It drew comparisons to Night Driver, demonstrated at the same show by Atari, Inc.. Both games are derived from the earlier German night driving video game Nürburgring 1 demonstrated at the German IMA show in Spring 1976. Before release in February 1977, the game was re-branded 280 ZZZAP after the US advertising campaign for Nissan's Datsun 280Z. Reception On the US Play Meter arcade chart, 280 ZZZAP was the year's ninth highest-grossing arcade game of 1977. On the US RePlay arcade chart, it was the tenth highest-grossing arcade video game of 1977. On Japan's Game Machine arcade chart, it was among the top 20 highest-grossing arcade video games of 1977. References ^ Akagi, Masumi (13 October 2006). アーケードTVゲームリスト国内•海外編(1971-2005) (in Japanese). Japan: Amusement News Agency. pp. 41, 124. ISBN 978-4990251215. ^ a b c d Datsun 2800 ZZZAP at GameFAQs ^ Bogost, Ian (2007). Persuasive Games: The Expressive Power of Videogames. MIT Press. p. 200. ISBN 9780262026147. ^ "Sexton Star of MOA Seminar: Video". Play Meter. Vol. 2, no. 14. December 1976. pp. 20-26 (23-6). ^ "Top Arcade Games". Play Meter. November 1977. ^ "Profit Chart". RePlay. November 1977. ^ "結果ベスト3" (PDF). Game Machine (in Japanese). No. 90. Amusement Press, Inc. 15 February 1978. pp. 2–3. This arcade game-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This racing game–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racing_game"},{"link_name":"Jamie Fenton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Fenton"},{"link_name":"Dave Nutting Associates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Nutting_Associates"},{"link_name":"Nissan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan"},{"link_name":"Datsun 280Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datsun_280Z"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pervasive-3"}],"text":"1977 video game280 ZZZAP is a racing arcade video game designed by Jamie Fenton for Dave Nutting Associates. Based on Nissan's Datsun 280Z, it is one of the earliest games with authorized branding.[3]","title":"280 ZZZAP"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"road course","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_course"}],"text":"Players can drive up to 200 miles per hour (320 km/h) while navigating a tricky road course at night. Players must watch out for treacherous turns, nasty competitors, and the ever-present time limit.","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Night Driver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_Driver_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Atari, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atari,_Inc."},{"link_name":"Nürburgring 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BCrburgring_1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PM1976-4"},{"link_name":"Nissan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan"},{"link_name":"Datsun 280Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datsun_280Z"}],"text":"Midway demonstrated the game under the name Midnight Racer at the AMOA show in November 1976. It drew comparisons to Night Driver, demonstrated at the same show by Atari, Inc.. Both games are derived from the earlier German night driving video game Nürburgring 1 demonstrated at the German IMA show in Spring 1976.[4] Before release in February 1977, the game was re-branded 280 ZZZAP after the US advertising campaign for Nissan's Datsun 280Z.","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Play Meter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Play_Meter"},{"link_name":"arcade game of 1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_in_video_games"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"arcade video game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcade_video_game"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Game Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GM90-7"}],"text":"On the US Play Meter arcade chart, 280 ZZZAP was the year's ninth highest-grossing arcade game of 1977.[5] On the US RePlay arcade chart, it was the tenth highest-grossing arcade video game of 1977.[6] On Japan's Game Machine arcade chart, it was among the top 20 highest-grossing arcade video games of 1977.[7]","title":"Reception"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"Akagi, Masumi (13 October 2006). アーケードTVゲームリスト国内•海外編(1971-2005) [Arcade TV Game List: Domestic • Overseas Edition (1971-2005)] (in Japanese). Japan: Amusement News Agency. pp. 41, 124. ISBN 978-4990251215.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/ArcadeGameList1971-2005/page/n42","url_text":"アーケードTVゲームリスト国内•海外編(1971-2005)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4990251215","url_text":"978-4990251215"}]},{"reference":"Bogost, Ian (2007). Persuasive Games: The Expressive Power of Videogames. MIT Press. p. 200. ISBN 9780262026147.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/persuasivegamese00bogo/page/200","url_text":"Persuasive Games: The Expressive Power of Videogames"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/persuasivegamese00bogo/page/200","url_text":"200"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262026147","url_text":"9780262026147"}]},{"reference":"\"Sexton Star of MOA Seminar: Video\". Play Meter. Vol. 2, no. 14. December 1976. pp. 20-26 (23-6).","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/play-meter-volume-2-number-14-december-1976-600DPI/Play%20Meter%20-%20Volume%202%2C%20Number%2014%20-%20December%201976/page/n20","url_text":"\"Sexton Star of MOA Seminar: Video\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Play_Meter","url_text":"Play Meter"}]},{"reference":"\"Top Arcade Games\". Play Meter. November 1977.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Play_Meter","url_text":"Play Meter"}]},{"reference":"\"Profit Chart\". RePlay. November 1977.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"結果ベスト3\" [Best 3 Results] (PDF). Game Machine (in Japanese). No. 90. Amusement Press, Inc. 15 February 1978. pp. 2–3.","urls":[{"url":"https://onitama.tv/gamemachine/pdf/19780215p.pdf#page=2","url_text":"\"結果ベスト3\""},{"url":"https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B3","url_text":"Game Machine"},{"url":"https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%9F%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BA%E3%83%A1%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E9%80%9A%E4%BF%A1%E7%A4%BE","url_text":"Amusement Press, Inc."}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexagora
Doctor Who: The Lost Stories
["1 Episodes","1.1 Series 1 (2009–10)","1.2 Series 2 (2010–11)","1.3 Fourth Doctor Lost Stories (2012)","1.4 Series 3 (2011–12)","1.5 Series 4 (2013)","1.6 Series 5 (2019)","1.7 Series 6 (2021)","1.8 Special (2022)","1.9 Series 7 (2023)","1.10 Series 8","2 References"]
Sci-fi audio series Doctor Who: The Lost Stories is a sci-fi audio series produced by Big Finish Productions of Doctor Who audio plays adapted from unused TV stories. Episodes Series 1 (2009–10) The first series is largely adapted from stories planned for the unmade 1985–1986 series. Colin Baker and Nicola Bryant star as the Sixth Doctor and Peri. Clegg wrote a detailed story breakdown for Point of Entry, which Platt turned into a complete script. Hammond wrote an incomplete script for Paradise 5, which was completed and adapted for audio by Lane. Martin, Bidmead, and Mills have revised their own scripts, with Bidmead describing his revision as a "top-to-bottom rewrite". Paul Finch approached Big Finish with a complete script that his father Brian had written for Season 22 in 1985. The story was completely unknown to Big Finish before this. Michael Feeney Callan's The Children of January was originally part of the line-up, but fell through due to the author's other commitments and was replaced by The Macros. No.TitleDirected byWritten byFeaturingReleased 1"The Nightmare Fair"John AinsworthGraham WilliamsSixth Doctor, Peri, Celestial ToymakerNovember 2009 (2009-11) 2"Mission to Magnus"Lisa BowermanPhilip MartinSixth Doctor, Peri, Ice Warriors, SilDecember 2009 (2009-12) 3"Leviathan"Ken BentleyBrian Finch and Paul FinchSixth Doctor, PeriJanuary 2010 (2010-01) 4"The Hollows of Time"John AinsworthChristopher H. BidmeadSixth Doctor, Peri, TractatorsFebruary 2010 (2010-02) 5"Paradise 5"Barnaby EdwardsP.J. Hammond and Andy LaneSixth Doctor, Peri, Cherubs, ElohimMarch 2010 (2010-03) 6"Point of Entry"John AinsworthBarbara Clegg and Marc PlattSixth Doctor, Peri, OmnimApril 2010 (2010-04) 7"The Song of Megaptera"John AinsworthPat MillsSixth Doctor, PeriMay 2010 (2010-05) 8"The Macros"John AinsworthIngrid Pitt and Tony RudlinSixth Doctor, PeriJune 2010 (2010-06) Series 2 (2010–11) The first release of the second series is The First Doctor Boxset, a four-disc boxed set including Moris Farhi's stories Farewell Great Macedon and The Fragile Yellow Arc of Fragrance. Farhi's scripts for Farewell Great Macedon have been adapted as an enhanced audiobook, performed by William Russell and Carole Ann Ford, who, respectively, played Ian Chesterton and Susan Foreman. The second release is The Second Doctor Boxset, another four-disc boxed set including Dick Sharples' The Prison in Space. Sharples' story has been adapted by Simon Guerrier, and is performed by Frazer Hines and Wendy Padbury, who played Jamie McCrimmon and Zoe Heriot. The set also includes The Destroyers, the unmade pilot episode of a proposed Dalek-centred spin-off series for American TV. The episode has been adapted as a full-cast drama, with Nicholas Briggs as the voice of the Daleks. The remaining releases have been adapted from stories planned for the unmade Season 27, and introduced a new companion for the Seventh Doctor, a young safecracker named Raine Creevy, played by Beth Chalmers. They were released monthly from January–April 2011 are as follows. The character of Raine makes her debut as an adult in Crime of the Century, but appears as a newborn baby in Thin Ice; Beth Chalmers plays Raine's mother in that story. No.TitleDirected byWritten byFeaturingReleased 1The First Doctor Boxset"Farewell, Great Macedon""The Fragile Yellow Arc of Fragrance"Lisa BowermanMoris Farhi, adapted by Nigel RobinsonFirst Doctor, Susan Foreman, Ian Chesterton, Barbara WrightNovember 2010 (2010-11) 2The Second Doctor Boxset"Prison in Space""The Destroyers"Lisa BowermanDick Sharples & Terry Nation, adapted by Simon Guerrier, Nicholas Briggs & John DorneySecond Doctor, Jamie McCrimmon, Zoe Heriot, Sara Kingdom, DaleksDecember 2010 (2010-12) 3"Thin Ice"Ken BentleyMarc PlattSeventh Doctor, Ace, Ice WarriorsApril 2011 (2011-04) 4"Crime of the Century"Ken BentleyAndrew CartmelSeventh Doctor, Ace, RaineMay 2011 (2011-05) 5"Animal"Ken BentleyAndrew CartmelSeventh Doctor, Ace, Raine, Brigadier BamberaJune 2011 (2011-06) 6"Earth Aid"Ken BentleyBen Aaronovitch & Andrew CartmelSeventh Doctor, Ace, RaineJuly 2011 (2011-07) Fourth Doctor Lost Stories (2012) No.TitleDirected byWritten byFeaturingReleased –The Fourth Doctor Boxset"The Foe from the Future""The Valley of Death"Ken BentleyRobert Banks Stewart, John Dorney, Philip Hinchcliffe and Jonathan MorrisFourth Doctor, LeelaJanuary 2012 (2012-01) Series 3 (2011–12) This third batch of stories features three stories with the Fifth Doctor, Nyssa and Tegan Jovanka, followed by three stories with the Sixth Doctor and Peri, followed by dramatic readings of a First Doctor and Second Doctor story to round out the final two releases of the series. This series was released in October 2011 – September 2012. No.TitleDirected byWritten byFeaturingReleased 1"The Elite"Ken BentleyBarbara Clegg and John DorneyFifth Doctor, Tegan, Nyssa, DalekOctober 2011 (2011-10) 2"Hexagora"Ken BentleyPaul Finch, from a story by Peter Ling & Hazel AdairFifth Doctor, Tegan, NyssaNovember 2011 (2011-11) 3"The Children of Seth"Ken BentleyChristopher Bailey and Marc PlattFifth Doctor, Tegan, NyssaDecember 2011 (2011-12) 4"The Guardians of Prophecy"Ken BentleyJohnny Byrne and Jonathan MorrisSixth Doctor, Peri, MelkursMay 2012 (2012-05) 5"Power Play"Ken BentleyGary HopkinsSixth Doctor, Peri, VictoriaJune 2012 (2012-06) 6"The First Sontarans"Ken BentleyAndrew SmithSixth Doctor, Peri, Sontarans, RutansJuly 2012 (2012-07) 7"The Masters of Luxor"Lisa BowermanAnthony Coburn, adapted by Nigel RobinsonFirst Doctor, Susan Foreman, Ian Chesterton, Barbara WrightAugust 2012 (2012-08) 8"The Rosemariners"Lisa BowermanDonald ToshSecond Doctor, Jamie McCrimmon, Zoe HeriotSeptember 2012 (2012-09) Series 4 (2013) A fourth series of stories was released in 2013, featuring one story with the First Doctor, two with the Second Doctor and one with the Third Doctor, featuring the first Third Doctor lost story ever released. The series was released September–December 2013, and the first three stories are connected because they were all originally by Brian Hayles. No.TitleDirected byWritten byFeaturingReleased 1"The Dark Planet"Ken BentleyBrian Hayles, adapted by Matt FittonFirst Doctor, Vicki, Ian Chesterton, Barbara WrightSeptember 2013 (2013-09) 2"The Queen of Time"Lisa BowermanBrian Hayles, adapted by Catherine HarveySecond Doctor, Jamie McCrimmon, Zoe Heriot, HecubaOctober 2013 (2013-10) 3"Lords of the Red Planet"Lisa BowermanBrian Hayles, adapted by John DorneySecond Doctor, Jamie McCrimmon, Zoe Heriot, Ice WarriorsNovember 2013 (2013-11) 4"The Mega"Ken BentleyBill Strutton, adapted by Simon GuerrierThird Doctor, Jo Grant, Mike YatesDecember 2013 (2013-12) Series 5 (2019) Two further stories were released in November 2019. The first features the Fifth Doctor, Tegan, and Turlough in an unmade story from Season 21 while the second features the Sixth Doctor and Peri in a fourth story from the unmade 1985–1986 series. No.TitleDirected byWritten byFeaturingReleased 1"Nightmare Country"Ken BentleyStephen GallagherFifth Doctor, Tegan, TurloughNovember 2019 (2019-11) 2"The Ultimate Evil"Helen GoldwynWally K. DalySixth Doctor, PeriNovember 2019 (2019-11) Series 6 (2021) No.TitleDirected byWritten byFeaturingReleased 1"Return of the Cybermen"Nicholas BriggsGerry Davis, adapted by John DorneyFourth Doctor, Harry Sullivan, Sarah Jane SmithMarch 2021 (2021-03) 2"The Doomsday Contract"Nicholas BriggsJohn Lloyd, adapted by Nev FountainFourth Doctor, Romana II and K9 Mk 2March 2021 (2021-03) Special (2022) On 18 January 2021, Russell T Davies, former and current Doctor Who showrunner revealed that, in preparation for a watch party for "The Runaway Bride", he found an old spec script that he submitted to the BBC in 1985–86, titled "Mind of the Hodiac". The audio adaptation of the script was co-written by Scott Handcock, and released in March 2022. It features the Sixth Doctor, alongside companion Mel. No.TitleDirected byWritten byFeaturingReleased 1"Mind of the Hodiac"Scott HandcockRussell T Davies and Scott HandcockSixth Doctor, Mel BushMarch 2022 (2022-03) Series 7 (2023) No.TitleDirected byWritten byFeaturingReleased 1"Doctor Who and The Ark"Samuel ClemensJohn Lucarotti, adapted by Jonathan MorrisFourth Doctor, Harry Sullivan, Sarah Jane SmithJune 2023 (2023-06) 2"Daleks! Genesis of Terror"Samuel ClemensTerry Nation, additional dialogue by Simon GuerrierFourth Doctor, Harry Sullivan, Sarah Jane Smith, Davros, DaleksMay 2023 (2023-05) Series 8 No.TitleDirected byWritten byFeaturingReleased 1"Deathworld"David O'MahonyBob Baker & Dave Martin, adapted by John DorneyThird Doctor, Second Doctor, First Doctor, Jo Grant, Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart, Jamie McCrimmonJuly 2024 (2024-07) 2"Operation Werewolf"David O'MahonyDouglas Camfield & Robert Kitts, Adapted by Jonathan MorrisSecond Doctor, Jamie McCrimmon, Zoe HeriotJuly 2024 (2024-07) References ^ Richardson, David (2009), "'Missing Season 23' news: The line-up of stories – revealed!", Doctor Who Magazine Issue 407, London: Panini Magazines. ^ Berry, Dan (2009), "Lost and Found!", Doctor Who Magazine Issue 415, London: Panini Magazines ^ "The 'missing' Season 27 gets underway at last", Doctor Who Magazine Issue 420, London: Panini Magazines, 2010. ^ "Lost Doctor Who stories return on audio" (Press release). Maidenhead: Big Finish Productions. 29 May 2019. Retrieved 29 May 2019. ^ a b "Lost Doctor Who story Return of the Cybermen will return". Big Finish Productions. Retrieved 9 April 2020. ^ "Doctor Who: Russell T. Davies' First "Who" Script Finding New Life?". bleedingcool.com. 22 December 2020. Retrieved 19 January 2021. ^ Edwards, Chris (18 January 2021). "Russell T Davies confirms 'new' Doctor Who script will be adapted". Digital Spy. Retrieved 19 January 2021. ^ "Russell T Davies' Doctor Who script from 1985 is being made by Big Finish". Radio Times. Retrieved 19 January 2021. ^ a b "Doctor Who: Mind of the Hodiac". Big Finish Productions. Retrieved 27 August 2021. ^ a b "Iconic Doctor Who – The Lost Stories uncovered!". Big Finish Productions. Retrieved 9 August 2021. ^ "8.1. Doctor Who: Deathworld - Doctor Who - The Lost Stories - Big Finish". BigFinish.com. Big Finish. Retrieved 1 May 2024. ^ "8.2. Doctor Who: Operation Werewolf". BigFinish.com. Big Finish. Retrieved 1 May 2024. vteBig Finish Productions Doctor Who rangesDoctor Who The Monthly Adventures Unbound The Companion Chronicles Short Trips The Lost Stories Destiny of the Doctor Philip Hinchcliffe Presents The Early Adventures The War Doctor Classic Doctors, New Monsters Doctor Adventures The First Doctor Adventures The Second Doctor Adventures The Third Doctor Adventures The Fourth Doctor Adventures The Fifth Doctor Adventures The Sixth Doctor Adventures The Seventh Doctor Adventures The Eighth Doctor Adventures The Ninth Doctor Adventures The Tenth Doctor Adventures Spin-offs Bernice Summerfield / The New Adventures of Bernice Summerfield Dalek Empire Sarah Jane Smith UNIT / UNIT: The New Series Cyberman Iris Wildthyme I, Davros Jago & Litefoot Graceless Counter-Measures / The New Counter-Measures Vienna Charlotte Pollard Torchwood River Song The Churchill Years The War Master Jenny - The Doctor's Daughter Class The Paternoster Gang
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Big Finish Productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions"},{"link_name":"Doctor Who","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Who"},{"link_name":"unused TV stories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unmade_Doctor_Who_serials_and_films"}],"text":"Doctor Who: The Lost Stories is a sci-fi audio series produced by Big Finish Productions of Doctor Who audio plays adapted from unused TV stories.","title":"Doctor Who: The Lost Stories"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"unmade 1985–1986 series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unmade_Doctor_Who_serials_and_films#The_originally_planned_season_23"},{"link_name":"Colin Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Baker"},{"link_name":"Nicola Bryant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicola_Bryant"},{"link_name":"Sixth Doctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixth_Doctor"},{"link_name":"Peri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peri_Brown"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bf_s23-1"},{"link_name":"Michael Feeney Callan's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Feeney_Callan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bf_s23-2-2"}],"sub_title":"Series 1 (2009–10)","text":"The first series is largely adapted from stories planned for the unmade 1985–1986 series. Colin Baker and Nicola Bryant star as the Sixth Doctor and Peri.Clegg wrote a detailed story breakdown for Point of Entry, which Platt turned into a complete script. Hammond wrote an incomplete script for Paradise 5, which was completed and adapted for audio by Lane. Martin, Bidmead, and Mills have revised their own scripts, with Bidmead describing his revision as a \"top-to-bottom rewrite\". Paul Finch approached Big Finish with a complete script that his father Brian had written for Season 22 in 1985. The story was completely unknown to Big Finish before this.[1] Michael Feeney Callan's The Children of January was originally part of the line-up, but fell through due to the author's other commitments and was replaced by The Macros.[2]","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Moris Farhi's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moris_Farhi"},{"link_name":"Farewell Great Macedon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unmade_Doctor_Who_serials_and_films#Farewell_Great_Macedon"},{"link_name":"The Fragile Yellow Arc of Fragrance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unmade_Doctor_Who_serials_and_films#The_Fragile_Yellow_Arc_of_Fragrance"},{"link_name":"William Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Russell_(English_actor)"},{"link_name":"Carole Ann Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carole_Ann_Ford"},{"link_name":"Ian Chesterton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Chesterton"},{"link_name":"Susan Foreman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Foreman"},{"link_name":"Dick Sharples'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Sharples"},{"link_name":"The Prison in Space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unmade_Doctor_Who_serials_and_films#The_Prison_in_Space"},{"link_name":"Simon Guerrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Guerrier"},{"link_name":"Frazer Hines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frazer_Hines"},{"link_name":"Wendy Padbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendy_Padbury"},{"link_name":"Jamie McCrimmon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_McCrimmon"},{"link_name":"Zoe Heriot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoe_Heriot"},{"link_name":"The Destroyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unmade_Doctor_Who_serials_and_films#The_Daleks"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Briggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Briggs"},{"link_name":"unmade Season 27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unmade_Doctor_Who_serials_and_films#Under_consideration_for_season_27"},{"link_name":"Seventh Doctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventh_Doctor"},{"link_name":"Raine Creevy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_companions_in_Doctor_Who_spin-offs#Raine_Creevy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bf_s27-3"}],"sub_title":"Series 2 (2010–11)","text":"The first release of the second series is The First Doctor Boxset, a four-disc boxed set including Moris Farhi's stories Farewell Great Macedon and The Fragile Yellow Arc of Fragrance. Farhi's scripts for Farewell Great Macedon have been adapted as an enhanced audiobook, performed by William Russell and Carole Ann Ford, who, respectively, played Ian Chesterton and Susan Foreman.The second release is The Second Doctor Boxset, another four-disc boxed set including Dick Sharples' The Prison in Space. Sharples' story has been adapted by Simon Guerrier, and is performed by Frazer Hines and Wendy Padbury, who played Jamie McCrimmon and Zoe Heriot. The set also includes The Destroyers, the unmade pilot episode of a proposed Dalek-centred spin-off series for American TV. The episode has been adapted as a full-cast drama, with Nicholas Briggs as the voice of the Daleks.The remaining releases have been adapted from stories planned for the unmade Season 27, and introduced a new companion for the Seventh Doctor, a young safecracker named Raine Creevy, played by Beth Chalmers.[3] They were released monthly from January–April 2011 are as follows.The character of Raine makes her debut as an adult in Crime of the Century, but appears as a newborn baby in Thin Ice; Beth Chalmers plays Raine's mother in that story.","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Fourth Doctor Lost Stories (2012)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fifth Doctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Doctor"},{"link_name":"Nyssa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyssa_(Doctor_Who)"},{"link_name":"Tegan Jovanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tegan_Jovanka"},{"link_name":"Sixth Doctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixth_Doctor"},{"link_name":"Peri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peri_Brown"},{"link_name":"First Doctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Doctor"},{"link_name":"Second Doctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Doctor"}],"sub_title":"Series 3 (2011–12)","text":"This third batch of stories features three stories with the Fifth Doctor, Nyssa and Tegan Jovanka, followed by three stories with the Sixth Doctor and Peri, followed by dramatic readings of a First Doctor and Second Doctor story to round out the final two releases of the series. This series was released in October 2011 – September 2012.","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"First Doctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Doctor"},{"link_name":"Second Doctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Doctor"},{"link_name":"Third Doctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Doctor"},{"link_name":"Brian Hayles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Hayles"}],"sub_title":"Series 4 (2013)","text":"A fourth series of stories was released in 2013, featuring one story with the First Doctor, two with the Second Doctor and one with the Third Doctor, featuring the first Third Doctor lost story ever released. The series was released September–December 2013, and the first three stories are connected because they were all originally by Brian Hayles.","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fifth Doctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Doctor"},{"link_name":"Tegan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tegan_Jovanka"},{"link_name":"Turlough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vislor_Turlough"},{"link_name":"Season 21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Who_(season_21)"},{"link_name":"Sixth Doctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixth_Doctor"},{"link_name":"Peri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peri_Brown"},{"link_name":"unmade 1985–1986 series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unmade_Doctor_Who_serials_and_films#The_originally_planned_season_23"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LostStories5-4"}],"sub_title":"Series 5 (2019)","text":"Two further stories were released in November 2019. The first features the Fifth Doctor, Tegan, and Turlough in an unmade story from Season 21 while the second features the Sixth Doctor and Peri in a fourth story from the unmade 1985–1986 series.[4]","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Series 6 (2021)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russell T Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_T_Davies"},{"link_name":"showrunner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Showrunner"},{"link_name":"watch party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watch_party"},{"link_name":"The Runaway Bride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Runaway_Bride_(Doctor_Who)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Scott Handcock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Handcock"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LS-Sp-9"}],"sub_title":"Special (2022)","text":"On 18 January 2021, Russell T Davies, former and current Doctor Who showrunner revealed that, in preparation for a watch party for \"The Runaway Bride\", he found an old spec script that he submitted to the BBC in 1985–86, titled \"Mind of the Hodiac\".[6] The audio adaptation of the script was co-written by Scott Handcock,[7][8] and released in March 2022.[9] It features the Sixth Doctor, alongside companion Mel.","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Series 7 (2023)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Series 8","title":"Episodes"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writers_(film)
Stuck in Love (film)
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","4 Reception","5 Soundtrack","6 References","7 External links"]
For the song by The Judds, see Stuck in Love (song). 2012 American filmStuck in LoveTheatrical release posterDirected byJosh BooneWritten byJosh BooneProduced byJudy CairoStarring Jennifer Connelly Greg Kinnear Lily Collins Nat Wolff Logan Lerman Kristen Bell CinematographyTim OrrEdited byRobb SullivanMusic by Mike Mogis Nathaniel Walcott ProductioncompaniesInformant MediaMICA EntertainmentDistributed byMillennium EntertainmentRelease dates September 9, 2012 (2012-09-09) (TIFF) July 5, 2013 (2013-07-05) (US) Running time96 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBox office$977,671 Stuck in Love is a 2012 American romantic comedy-drama film written and directed by Josh Boone in his directorial debut. The independent film stars Jennifer Connelly, Greg Kinnear, Lily Collins, Nat Wolff, and Logan Lerman. It focuses on the complicated relationships between a successful novelist, played by Kinnear, his ex-wife (Connelly), their college daughter (Collins), and their teenage son (Wolff). The film began a limited theatrical release in the United States on July 5, 2013. Plot Novelist and teacher Bill Borgens still misses Erica, who left him for Martin two years ago. Instead of writing, he spies on them while 'jogging'. Their teen son Rusty secretly crushes on his classmate Kate, and their cynical, college-aged daughter Sam prefers one-night stands to relationships. On Thanksgiving, Bill still sets Erica a place. Over dinner, Sam announces publication of her first novel. Bill is thrilled, as he's raised them to be writers, but upset he didn't help her with it. Rusty goes to a second dinner with Erica and Martin, but Sam refuses, citing Erica's betrayal. At a bar, after Sam's classmate Lou warns her about a sleaze, he himself persists and they go for coffee. Discussing favorite books, Sam is unnerved by their similar tastes so bolts, fearing a relationship. When Lou doesn't come to their writing seminar, she finds him at his dying mother's house. Sam, seeing Lou's vulnerability, goes out with him. Discussing her novel, she explains Erica openly cuckholded Bill. Listening to Lou's favorite song, Between the Bars by Elliott Smith, Sam begins to cry, afraid he'll hurt her. Lou promises he won't, and they kiss. Rusty reads a poem in class, which is about Kate. As Bill pays his kids to write frequently in their journals, he reads Rusty's to check on his progress. When caught, Bill suggests he really experience life to become a better writer. Inadvertently seeing Kate doing cocaine at her boyfriend Glen's party, Rusty and his friend Jason start to leave. When Glen hits her, Rusty punches him and the three flee. Bruised and high, Rusty brings her home. As he is tucking Kate into bed, she guesses his poem was about her, they kiss and begin a relationship. On Christmas Day, they have sex in his closet so it's memorable. Rusty gives Kate a copy of his favorite novel It, and she gives him her favorite album. Being an addict, Erica catches her eyeing her medications. Bill has trysts and jogs with his married neighbor Tricia, but still mopes over Erica. While Christmas shopping he runs into her and, over coffee, says he'd be a much better husband if they tried again. Tricia helps Bill create an online dating profile. After an OK date, he stops to leave his wedding ring at Erica's but changes his mind after seeing her reading his book. At Sam's book-launch, Bill makes a speech about the writing process. Lou invites Erica, who is uncomfortable, but Bill encourages her to talk to Sam. When Erica tries, she barely acknowledges her. Sam breaks up with Lou for inviting Erica. Sam unwittingly gives the alcoholic Kate champagne, who becomes incapacitated after mixing drugs and alcohol. Sam's classmate Gus takes her home, where Bill and Erica discover the unconscious Kate, raped. Devastated, Rusty goes on a drunken binge. While at a convenience store with Jason he runs into Glen, who beats him up. Kate apologizes to Rusty from rehab, hoping she'll deserve him one day. A concerned Bill suggests Rusty channel his pain into his writing, who then gets grounded when he asks if he did the same with Erica. The resulting story is entitled after I've Just Seen a Face" (which he hears when thinking of Kate). Later, his favorite author Stephen King calls, as Sam gave it to him, who gets it published in The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction. A frustrated Sam tells Bill to forget about Erica. He then admits to having left them for six months when she was an infant so, as she'd waited for him, he'd promised to do the same for Erica. When Lou calls Sam upon his mother's death, she realizes both her own mistakes and that she loves her mother. She reconciles with Erica, gets back together with Lou and supports him through his mother's death. A year later, Bill has not set a place for Erica for Thanksgiving. A less cynical Sam is still with Lou. As they sit down, Erica comes and tearfully asks to join them. Shocked, Bill is happy she has finally come home. While the family celebrates, Bill narrates from What We Talk About When We Talk About Love. Cast Greg Kinnear as Bill Borgens Jennifer Connelly as Erica Lily Collins as Samantha Borgens Logan Lerman as Louis Nat Wolff as Rusty Borgens Kristen Bell as Tricia Walcott Liana Liberato as Kate Stephen King as himself (voice only) Spencer Breslin as Jason Patrick Schwarzenegger as Glen Rusty Joiner as Martin Production Stuck in Love started shooting in Wilmington, North Carolina in March 2012, primarily in the Wrightsville Beach area. Filming wrapped on April 6, 2012. On March 6, 2012, it was announced that Lily Collins, Logan Lerman, Liana Liberato, Nat Wolff and Kristen Bell had joined the cast. It was also announced that the film would feature a cameo from Stephen King, as well as actors Rusty Joiner and Patrick Schwarzenegger in supporting roles. In November, the working title of the movie, Writers, was changed to Stuck in Love. In Australia and New Zealand it was released under the title A Place For Me and distributed by Becker Film Group. Reception On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 58% based on 45 reviews. The website's critics consensus reads: "It struggles to enliven its uneven script, but Stuck in Love boasts enough winning performances from its solid veteran cast to offer an appealing diversion for rom-com enthusiasts." One of top critics commented, "The story, while unsurprising, is also quietly satisfying." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 49 out of 100, based on 13 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Soundtrack Varèse Sarabande released the Stuck in Love – Original Motion Picture Soundtrack digitally on May 21 and on CD and vinyl June 11, 2013. The soundtrack features an original score by Mike Mogis and Nathaniel Walcott (from Bright Eyes), and new songs "At Your Door" (by Mike Mogis and Nathaniel Walcott featuring Big Harp), "You Are Your Mother's Child" (by Conor Oberst) and "Somersaults in Spring" (by Friends of Gemini: Corina Figueroa Escamilla, Nathaniel Walcott and Mike Mogis). Complete song track listing: "Home" • Edward Sharpe and the Magnetic Zeros "At Your Door" • Nathaniel Walcott and Mike Mogis featuring Big Harp "You Are Your Mother's Child" • Conor Oberst "American Man" • Rio Bravo "Polkadot" • Like Pioneers "Will You Be by Me" • Wallpaper Airplanes "I Won't Love You Any Less" • Nat & Alex Wolff "Between the Bars" • Elliott Smith "The Calendar Hung Itself..." • Bright Eyes "A Mountain, a Peak" • Bill Ricchini "Somersaults in Spring" • Friends of Gemini "Beach Baby" • Bon Iver References ^ "Stuck in Love (2013)". Box Office Mojo. 2013-07-05. Retrieved 2013-08-31. ^ Kilday, Gregg (January 26, 2012). "Greg Kinnear and Jennifer Connelly to Star in 'Writers'". Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved February 4, 2012. ^ Royal, Judy (February 5, 2012). "Greg Kinnear, Jennifer Connelly headed to Wilmington". Star News Online. Retrieved February 4, 2012. ^ Foss, Cassie (April 5, 2012). "As 'Writers' wraps, actors praise all involved". Star News Online. Retrieved April 8, 2012. ^ "Cast set for 'Writers'". Archived from the original on March 7, 2012. Retrieved March 7, 2012. ^ "Becker Film Group". Becker Film Group. Archived from the original on 2013-09-11. Retrieved 2013-08-31. ^ "Stuck in Love (2013)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved May 3, 2020. ^ "Stuck in Love Reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved May 3, 2020. External links Stuck in Love at IMDb vteJosh Boone filmographyFeature films Stuck in Love (2012) The Fault in Our Stars (2014) The New Mutants (2020) Television The Stand (2020–21)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stuck in Love (song)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuck_in_Love_(song)"},{"link_name":"romantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romance_film"},{"link_name":"comedy-drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy-drama"},{"link_name":"Josh Boone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Boone_(director)"},{"link_name":"directorial debut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_directorial_debuts"},{"link_name":"independent film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_film"},{"link_name":"Jennifer Connelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Connelly"},{"link_name":"Greg Kinnear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Kinnear"},{"link_name":"Lily Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lily_Collins"},{"link_name":"Nat Wolff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nat_Wolff"},{"link_name":"Logan Lerman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logan_Lerman"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"For the song by The Judds, see Stuck in Love (song).2012 American filmStuck in Love is a 2012 American romantic comedy-drama film written and directed by Josh Boone in his directorial debut. The independent film stars Jennifer Connelly, Greg Kinnear, Lily Collins, Nat Wolff, and Logan Lerman. It focuses on the complicated relationships between a successful novelist, played by Kinnear, his ex-wife (Connelly), their college daughter (Collins), and their teenage son (Wolff).[2] The film began a limited theatrical release in the United States on July 5, 2013.","title":"Stuck in Love (film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"one-night stands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-night_stands"},{"link_name":"Between the Bars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Between_the_Bars"},{"link_name":"Elliott Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliott_Smith"},{"link_name":"It","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It_(novel)"},{"link_name":"I've Just Seen a Face","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27ve_Just_Seen_a_Face"},{"link_name":"Stephen King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_King"},{"link_name":"The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Magazine_of_Fantasy_and_Science_Fiction"}],"text":"Novelist and teacher Bill Borgens still misses Erica, who left him for Martin two years ago. Instead of writing, he spies on them while 'jogging'. Their teen son Rusty secretly crushes on his classmate Kate, and their cynical, college-aged daughter Sam prefers one-night stands to relationships.On Thanksgiving, Bill still sets Erica a place. Over dinner, Sam announces publication of her first novel. Bill is thrilled, as he's raised them to be writers, but upset he didn't help her with it. Rusty goes to a second dinner with Erica and Martin, but Sam refuses, citing Erica's betrayal.At a bar, after Sam's classmate Lou warns her about a sleaze, he himself persists and they go for coffee. Discussing favorite books, Sam is unnerved by their similar tastes so bolts, fearing a relationship. When Lou doesn't come to their writing seminar, she finds him at his dying mother's house.Sam, seeing Lou's vulnerability, goes out with him. Discussing her novel, she explains Erica openly cuckholded Bill. Listening to Lou's favorite song, Between the Bars by Elliott Smith, Sam begins to cry, afraid he'll hurt her. Lou promises he won't, and they kiss.Rusty reads a poem in class, which is about Kate. As Bill pays his kids to write frequently in their journals, he reads Rusty's to check on his progress. When caught, Bill suggests he really experience life to become a better writer.Inadvertently seeing Kate doing cocaine at her boyfriend Glen's party, Rusty and his friend Jason start to leave. When Glen hits her, Rusty punches him and the three flee. Bruised and high, Rusty brings her home. As he is tucking Kate into bed, she guesses his poem was about her, they kiss and begin a relationship. On Christmas Day, they have sex in his closet so it's memorable. Rusty gives Kate a copy of his favorite novel It, and she gives him her favorite album. Being an addict, Erica catches her eyeing her medications.Bill has trysts and jogs with his married neighbor Tricia, but still mopes over Erica. While Christmas shopping he runs into her and, over coffee, says he'd be a much better husband if they tried again. Tricia helps Bill create an online dating profile. After an OK date, he stops to leave his wedding ring at Erica's but changes his mind after seeing her reading his book.At Sam's book-launch, Bill makes a speech about the writing process. Lou invites Erica, who is uncomfortable, but Bill encourages her to talk to Sam. When Erica tries, she barely acknowledges her. Sam breaks up with Lou for inviting Erica.Sam unwittingly gives the alcoholic Kate champagne, who becomes incapacitated after mixing drugs and alcohol. Sam's classmate Gus takes her home, where Bill and Erica discover the unconscious Kate, raped. Devastated, Rusty goes on a drunken binge. While at a convenience store with Jason he runs into Glen, who beats him up. Kate apologizes to Rusty from rehab, hoping she'll deserve him one day.A concerned Bill suggests Rusty channel his pain into his writing, who then gets grounded when he asks if he did the same with Erica. The resulting story is entitled after I've Just Seen a Face\" (which he hears when thinking of Kate). Later, his favorite author Stephen King calls, as Sam gave it to him, who gets it published in The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction.A frustrated Sam tells Bill to forget about Erica. He then admits to having left them for six months when she was an infant so, as she'd waited for him, he'd promised to do the same for Erica. When Lou calls Sam upon his mother's death, she realizes both her own mistakes and that she loves her mother. She reconciles with Erica, gets back together with Lou and supports him through his mother's death.A year later, Bill has not set a place for Erica for Thanksgiving. A less cynical Sam is still with Lou. As they sit down, Erica comes and tearfully asks to join them. Shocked, Bill is happy she has finally come home. While the family celebrates, Bill narrates from What We Talk About When We Talk About Love.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greg Kinnear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Kinnear"},{"link_name":"Jennifer Connelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Connelly"},{"link_name":"Lily Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lily_Collins"},{"link_name":"Logan Lerman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logan_Lerman"},{"link_name":"Nat Wolff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nat_Wolff"},{"link_name":"Kristen Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristen_Bell"},{"link_name":"Liana Liberato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liana_Liberato"},{"link_name":"Stephen King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_King"},{"link_name":"Spencer Breslin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spencer_Breslin"},{"link_name":"Patrick Schwarzenegger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Schwarzenegger"},{"link_name":"Rusty Joiner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusty_Joiner"}],"text":"Greg Kinnear as Bill Borgens\nJennifer Connelly as Erica\nLily Collins as Samantha Borgens\nLogan Lerman as Louis\nNat Wolff as Rusty Borgens\nKristen Bell as Tricia Walcott\nLiana Liberato as Kate\nStephen King as himself (voice only)\nSpencer Breslin as Jason\nPatrick Schwarzenegger as Glen\nRusty Joiner as Martin","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wilmington, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmington,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Wrightsville Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrightsville_Beach,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Lily Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lily_Collins"},{"link_name":"Logan Lerman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logan_Lerman"},{"link_name":"Liana Liberato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liana_Liberato"},{"link_name":"Nat Wolff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nat_Wolff"},{"link_name":"Kristen Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristen_Bell"},{"link_name":"Stephen King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_King"},{"link_name":"Rusty Joiner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusty_Joiner"},{"link_name":"Patrick Schwarzenegger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Schwarzenegger"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Stuck in Love started shooting in Wilmington, North Carolina in March 2012, primarily in the Wrightsville Beach area.[3] Filming wrapped on April 6, 2012.[4]On March 6, 2012, it was announced that Lily Collins, Logan Lerman, Liana Liberato, Nat Wolff and Kristen Bell had joined the cast. It was also announced that the film would feature a cameo from Stephen King, as well as actors Rusty Joiner and Patrick Schwarzenegger in supporting roles.[5] In November, the working title of the movie, Writers, was changed to Stuck in Love. In Australia and New Zealand it was released under the title A Place For Me and distributed by Becker Film Group.[6]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"review aggregator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Review_aggregator"},{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 58% based on 45 reviews. The website's critics consensus reads: \"It struggles to enliven its uneven script, but Stuck in Love boasts enough winning performances from its solid veteran cast to offer an appealing diversion for rom-com enthusiasts.\" One of top critics commented, \"The story, while unsurprising, is also quietly satisfying.\"[7] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 49 out of 100, based on 13 critics, indicating \"mixed or average reviews\".[8]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Varèse Sarabande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Var%C3%A8se_Sarabande"},{"link_name":"Mike Mogis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Mogis"},{"link_name":"Nathaniel Walcott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nate_Walcott"},{"link_name":"Bright Eyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bright_Eyes_(band)"},{"link_name":"Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_(Edward_Sharpe_and_the_Magnetic_Zeros_song)"},{"link_name":"Edward Sharpe and the Magnetic Zeros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Sharpe_and_the_Magnetic_Zeros"},{"link_name":"Nathaniel Walcott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nate_Walcott"},{"link_name":"Mike Mogis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Mogis"},{"link_name":"Big Harp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Harp"},{"link_name":"Conor Oberst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conor_Oberst"},{"link_name":"Between the Bars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Between_the_Bars"},{"link_name":"Elliott Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliott_Smith"},{"link_name":"Bright Eyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bright_Eyes_(band)"},{"link_name":"Bon Iver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bon_Iver"}],"text":"Varèse Sarabande released the Stuck in Love – Original Motion Picture Soundtrack digitally on May 21 and on CD and vinyl June 11, 2013. The soundtrack features an original score by Mike Mogis and Nathaniel Walcott (from Bright Eyes), and new songs \"At Your Door\" (by Mike Mogis and Nathaniel Walcott featuring Big Harp), \"You Are Your Mother's Child\" (by Conor Oberst) and \"Somersaults in Spring\" (by Friends of Gemini: Corina Figueroa Escamilla, Nathaniel Walcott and Mike Mogis). Complete song track listing:\"Home\" • Edward Sharpe and the Magnetic Zeros\n\"At Your Door\" • Nathaniel Walcott and Mike Mogis featuring Big Harp\n\"You Are Your Mother's Child\" • Conor Oberst\n\"American Man\" • Rio Bravo\n\"Polkadot\" • Like Pioneers\n\"Will You Be by Me\" • Wallpaper Airplanes\n\"I Won't Love You Any Less\" • Nat & Alex Wolff\n\"Between the Bars\" • Elliott Smith\n\"The Calendar Hung Itself...\" • Bright Eyes\n\"A Mountain, a Peak\" • Bill Ricchini\n\"Somersaults in Spring\" • Friends of Gemini\n\"Beach Baby\" • Bon Iver","title":"Soundtrack"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Stuck in Love (2013)\". Box Office Mojo. 2013-07-05. Retrieved 2013-08-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=intl&id=stuckinlove.htm","url_text":"\"Stuck in Love (2013)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_Office_Mojo","url_text":"Box Office Mojo"}]},{"reference":"Kilday, Gregg (January 26, 2012). \"Greg Kinnear and Jennifer Connelly to Star in 'Writers'\". Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved February 4, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/greg-kinnear-jennifer-connelly-writers-285216","url_text":"\"Greg Kinnear and Jennifer Connelly to Star in 'Writers'\""}]},{"reference":"Royal, Judy (February 5, 2012). \"Greg Kinnear, Jennifer Connelly headed to Wilmington\". Star News Online. Retrieved February 4, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.starnewsonline.com/article/20120203/ENT/120209868/1002/news%2006?Title=Greg-Kinnear-Jennifer-Connelly-headed-to-Wilmington","url_text":"\"Greg Kinnear, Jennifer Connelly headed to Wilmington\""}]},{"reference":"Foss, Cassie (April 5, 2012). \"As 'Writers' wraps, actors praise all involved\". Star News Online. Retrieved April 8, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.starnewsonline.com/article/20120405/ARTICLES/120409838?Title=As-Writers-wraps-actors-praise-all-involved-&tc=ar","url_text":"\"As 'Writers' wraps, actors praise all involved\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cast set for 'Writers'\". Archived from the original on March 7, 2012. Retrieved March 7, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.variety.com/article/VR1118051122","url_text":"\"Cast set for 'Writers'\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120307010101/http://www.variety.com/article/VR1118051122?refCatId%3D13","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Becker Film Group\". Becker Film Group. Archived from the original on 2013-09-11. Retrieved 2013-08-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130911050422/http://beckerfilmgroup.com/2012/#/a-place-for-me","url_text":"\"Becker Film Group\""},{"url":"http://beckerfilmgroup.com/2012/#/a-place-for-me","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Stuck in Love (2013)\". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved May 3, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/stuck_in_love/","url_text":"\"Stuck in Love (2013)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes","url_text":"Rotten Tomatoes"}]},{"reference":"\"Stuck in Love Reviews\". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved May 3, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/movie/stuck-in-love","url_text":"\"Stuck in Love Reviews\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Interactive","url_text":"CBS Interactive"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBA_Live_19
NBA Live 19
["1 Features","1.1 Career Mode – \"The One\"","1.2 Court battles","1.3 Soundtrack","2 Reception","2.1 Accolades","3 References"]
2018 basketball video game 2018 video gameNBA Live 19Cover art featuring Joel EmbiidDeveloper(s)EA TiburonPublisher(s)EA SportsSeriesNBA LiveEngineIgnitePlatform(s)PlayStation 4, Xbox OneReleaseWW: September 7, 2018Genre(s)SportsMode(s)Single-player, multiplayer NBA Live 19 is a basketball simulation video game developed by EA Tiburon and published by EA Sports. It features Joel Embiid of the Philadelphia 76ers as its cover athlete and was released for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One on September 7, 2018. It was the 22nd and last installment in the NBA Live series and the follow-up to 2017's NBA Live 18 while being the latest entry in the franchise to date as of 2024. It received mixed-to-positive reviews from critics, who praised the improved gameplay, new additions and modes but criticized the AI and animations. Features NBA Live 19 features Joel Embiid of the Philadelphia 76ers on the cover. Much like EA's Madden NFL 19, gameplay improvements include the introduction of real-player motion and the expansion of one-on-one features. It is also the first basketball game to include the option to create a female player. In addition, NBA Live 19 received a new commentary team of New York Knicks radio play-by-play announcer Ed Cohen and ESPN basketball analyst Jay Williams, replacing Mike Breen and Jeff Van Gundy, who voiced the NBA Live series since NBA Live 14 and the canceled NBA Elite 11. New presentation elements debuted for this season, and career mode is enhanced with streetballer Grayson "The Professor" Boucher and ESPN's First Take as co-hosts Stephen A. Smith and Max Kellerman, among others, reacting to player performances. Career Mode – "The One" Career mode includes online features as well as offline modes, known collectively as "The One" for both NBA and street games. Players create either a male or female player followed by choosing to play as a guard, wing, or power forward/center. Players choose play styles determined by two upgradeable initial attributes and three unlockable attributes. They can then choose an icon corresponding to either a current NBA star or NBA legend that determines a special ability and an extra attribute that can be upgraded as well as various boosts as the character gains experience. Moreover, three WNBA stars also have icons inspired by them. For example, a player who creates a slashing guard can choose Beast Mode based on Russell Westbrook to increase dunking, The Answer based on Allen Iverson to increase steals or The Spark based on Candace Parker to increase shot blocking. The 25 icons and their associated players are as follows: Play Style Current NBA Icon Classic NBA Icon WNBA Icon Guards Backcourt Shooter ChefStephen Curry, Golden State Warriors SniperRay Allen, Milwaukee Bucks none Slasher Beast ModeRussell Westbrook, Oklahoma City Thunder The AnswerAllen Iverson, Philadelphia 76ers The SparkCandace Parker, Los Angeles Sparks Backcourt Defender The WizardJohn Wall, Washington Wizards The GloveGary Payton, Seattle SuperSonics none Floor General Point GawdChris Paul, Houston Rockets MaestroJason Kidd, Dallas Mavericks none Wings Wing Shooter The ReaperKevin Durant, Golden State Warriors The LegendLarry Bird, Boston Celtics Triple ThreatElena Delle Donne, Washington Mystics Wing Scorer The AssassinDeMar DeRozan, San Antonio Spurs VinsanityVince Carter, Toronto Raptors none Wing Defender The ClawKawhi Leonard, Toronto Raptors PipScottie Pippen, Chicago Bulls none Playmaker The KingLeBron James, Los Angeles Lakers MagicEarvin "Magic" Johnson, Los Angeles Lakers none Bigs Post Anchor The ProcessJoel Embiid, Philadelphia 76ers The DreamHakeem Olajuwon, Houston Rockets The PhenomBrittney Griner, Phoenix Mercury Rim Protector The EvolutionAnthony Davis, New Orleans Pelicans The MountainDikembe Mutombo, Denver Nuggets none Stretch Big Big KatKarl-Anthony Towns, Minnesota Timberwolves The MarksmanDirk Nowitzki, Dallas Mavericks none Attributes and Skills Breakdown Every player has 6 different skill categories: Interior Offense, Interior Defense, Perimeter Offense, Perimeter Defense, Playmaking and Athleticism. All 6 categories are made up of 24 attributes (there are 25 attributes in the game, but "Injury" is an auto-generated number that can't be increased or decreased by a player, and "Draw Shooting Foul" isn't assigned to any of the 6 categories). Below is a breakdown of what attributes are included in each skill category. Interior Offense - Driving Layup - Dunk - Inside Shot - Post Moves Interior Defense - Defensive Awareness - Post Defense - Rebounding - Shot Block Perimeter Offense - 3-Pt Shot - Contested Shot - Free Throw - Mid-Range Shot - Shot Off Dribble Perimeter Defense - On-Ball Defense - Steal Playmaking - Court Vision - Dribbling - Passing Athleticism - Injury - Speed - Stamina - Strength - Vertical Note - Depending on the player's position and their playstyle, all 25 attributes are grouped into Primary, Secondary, and Minor sub-sections. Primary are attributes that strongly affect the player's OVR. Secondary attributes slightly affect the player's OVR. Minor attributes have very little to no effect on the player's OVR. These 3 groups distinguish what attributes are important for each position/playstyle. For example: A Point-Guard/Backcourt Defender will have a high Perimeter Defense, as On-Ball Defense and Steal are important attributes to succeed in. But a Shooting-Guard/Slasher will be more focused on increasing their Dribbling and Layup attributes. Court battles Along with Live Run and Live Events as live multiplayer, the Court Battles mode allows each player to create and customize a home court and then specify a rule set (for example, Meet Me at the Rim, where bonus points are given for dunks and blocks) and a team to defend it. At the same time, the player tries to win games on opponents' home courts to take control of them. Unique rewards are available in this mode, including unlocking star players for Court Battles and the Streets World Tour. Each player may use a created player from The One for away games in this mode as long as the created player meets the home court requirements set by the defending team. Soundtrack The game's soundtrack features over 20 songs, including songs by Migos, J. Cole, Logic, Injury Reserve and Lil Pump. It was made available for streaming on Spotify. Reception ReceptionAggregate scoreAggregatorScoreMetacritic(XONE) 75/100(PS4) 73/100Review scoresPublicationScoreElectronic Gaming MonthlyGame Informer7/10GameSpot7/10Hardcore Gamer4/5IGN7.9/10Push SquareUSgamer NBA Live 19 was assigned "mixed or average" reviews on the PlayStation 4 and "generally favorable" reviews for the Xbox One by review aggregator Metacritic. Prior to its release, some reviewers questioned whether or not the game would be released due to the tepid reception and poor overall sales numbers of NBA Live 18. IGN gave the game 7.9/10, saying: "I was pleasantly surprised by how much I liked playing NBA Live 19. The core basketball game and its various modes offer plenty of chances to have a fun basketball experience... NBA Live 19 is great at simulating basketball and has fun modes to shake things up, but its personality comes up a bit short." In its 7/10 review, GameSpot said, "NBA Live 19 is a capable and competent basketball game that offers a multitude of different ways to play and numerous reasons to keep coming back. Its impressive attention to detail complements the strong foundation set by its presentation and gameplay. However, the AI logic and animation problems are impossible to ignore given they're at the heart of the experience the entire game is based on." Accolades The game was nominated for "Control Design, 2D or Limited 3D" and "Control Precision" at the National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers Awards in 2019. References ^ "An Inside Look at Joel Embiid, NBA LIVE 19 Cover Athlete". EA SPORTS. Archived from the original on 2018-08-29. Retrieved 2018-08-29. ^ Kofie Yeboah (June 26, 2018). "Joel Embiid trusted the process onto the 'NBA Live 19' cover". SB Nation. Archived from the original on August 9, 2019. Retrieved September 7, 2018. ^ "NBA Live 19 – Court Battles Trailer". YouTube. EA Sports NBA Live on YouTube. 24 August 2018. Archived from the original on 2020-09-04. Retrieved 2020-07-13. ^ "'NBA Live 19' Official Soundtrack: Complete List Of Songs Featuring Migos, J.Cole, Lil Pump And More". Forbes. August 22, 2018. Archived from the original on August 28, 2017. Retrieved September 7, 2017. ^ "NBA Live 19 for Xbox One Reviews". Metacritic. Archived from the original on October 1, 2018. Retrieved September 15, 2018. ^ "NBA Live 19 for PlayStation 4 Reviews". Metacritic. Archived from the original on October 1, 2018. Retrieved September 23, 2018. ^ Goroff, Michael (14 September 2018). "NBA Live 19 review". Electronic Gaming Monthly. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2022. ^ Bertz, Matt (September 7, 2018). "NBA Live 19: Still Searching For Its Shot". Game Informer. Archived from the original on September 7, 2018. Retrieved September 7, 2018. ^ a b Makuch, Eddie (September 6, 2018). "NBA Live 19 Review". GameSpot. Archived from the original on September 7, 2018. Retrieved September 7, 2018. ^ a b Macy, Seth G. (September 6, 2018). "NBA Live 18 Review". IGN. Archived from the original on November 1, 2023. Retrieved September 7, 2018. ^ Peters, Brenden (September 15, 2018). "NBA Live 19 review". USgamer. Archived from the original on September 15, 2018. Retrieved September 15, 2018. ^ Wells, Cory (17 September 2018). "NBA Live 19 Review". Hardcore Gamer. Archived from the original on 16 January 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2022. ^ Marlow, Brandon (21 September 2018). "NBA Live 19 Review (PS4)". Push Square. Archived from the original on 16 January 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2022. ^ "With Struggling Sales Numbers, Will We See NBA Live 19?". Archived from the original on 2019-05-07. Retrieved 2019-05-07. ^ "Nominee List for 2018". National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers. February 11, 2019. Archived from the original on February 13, 2019. Retrieved February 14, 2019. vteNBA Live seriesGames 95 96 97 98 99 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 06 07 08 09 10 Elite 11 14 15 16 18 19 NBA Playoffs series Lakers versus Celtics Bulls vs. Lakers Bulls vs. Blazers Related games Team USA Basketball NBA Showdown NCAA Basketball series NBA Live 13 (cancelled)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"simulation video game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simulation_video_game"},{"link_name":"EA Tiburon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EA_Tiburon"},{"link_name":"EA Sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EA_Sports"},{"link_name":"Joel Embiid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Embiid"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia 76ers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_76ers"},{"link_name":"PlayStation 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_4"},{"link_name":"Xbox One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_One"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"NBA Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBA_Live"},{"link_name":"NBA Live 18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBA_Live_18"}],"text":"2018 video gameNBA Live 19 is a basketball simulation video game developed by EA Tiburon and published by EA Sports. It features Joel Embiid of the Philadelphia 76ers as its cover athlete and was released for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One on September 7, 2018.[1] It was the 22nd and last installment in the NBA Live series and the follow-up to 2017's NBA Live 18 while being the latest entry in the franchise to date as of 2024. It received mixed-to-positive reviews from critics, who praised the improved gameplay, new additions and modes but criticized the AI and animations.","title":"NBA Live 19"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joel Embiid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Embiid"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia 76ers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_76ers"},{"link_name":"Madden NFL 19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madden_NFL_19"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Ed Cohen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Cohen"},{"link_name":"Jay Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Williams_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"NBA Elite 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBA_Elite_11"},{"link_name":"Grayson \"The Professor\" Boucher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grayson_Boucher"},{"link_name":"First Take","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Take_(talk_show)"},{"link_name":"Stephen A. Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_A._Smith"},{"link_name":"Max Kellerman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Kellerman"}],"text":"NBA Live 19 features Joel Embiid of the Philadelphia 76ers on the cover. Much like EA's Madden NFL 19, gameplay improvements include the introduction of real-player motion and the expansion of one-on-one features. It is also the first basketball game to include the option to create a female player.[2] In addition, NBA Live 19 received a new commentary team of New York Knicks radio play-by-play announcer Ed Cohen and ESPN basketball analyst Jay Williams, replacing Mike Breen and Jeff Van Gundy, who voiced the NBA Live series since NBA Live 14 and the canceled NBA Elite 11. New presentation elements debuted for this season, and career mode is enhanced with streetballer Grayson \"The Professor\" Boucher and ESPN's First Take as co-hosts Stephen A. Smith and Max Kellerman, among others, reacting to player performances.","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russell Westbrook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Westbrook"},{"link_name":"Allen Iverson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Iverson"},{"link_name":"Candace Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candace_Parker"}],"sub_title":"Career Mode – \"The One\"","text":"Career mode includes online features as well as offline modes, known collectively as \"The One\" for both NBA and street games. Players create either a male or female player followed by choosing to play as a guard, wing, or power forward/center. Players choose play styles determined by two upgradeable initial attributes and three unlockable attributes. They can then choose an icon corresponding to either a current NBA star or NBA legend that determines a special ability and an extra attribute that can be upgraded as well as various boosts as the character gains experience. Moreover, three WNBA stars also have icons inspired by them. For example, a player who creates a slashing guard can choose Beast Mode based on Russell Westbrook to increase dunking, The Answer based on Allen Iverson to increase steals or The Spark based on Candace Parker to increase shot blocking. The 25 icons and their associated players are as follows:Attributes and Skills BreakdownEvery player has 6 different skill categories: Interior Offense, Interior Defense, Perimeter Offense, Perimeter Defense, Playmaking and Athleticism. All 6 categories are made up of 24 attributes (there are 25 attributes in the game, but \"Injury\" is an auto-generated number that can't be increased or decreased by a player, and \"Draw Shooting Foul\" isn't assigned to any of the 6 categories). Below is a breakdown of what attributes are included in each skill category.Interior Offense- Driving Layup\n - Dunk\n - Inside Shot\n - Post MovesInterior Defense- Defensive Awareness\n - Post Defense\n - Rebounding\n - Shot BlockPerimeter Offense- 3-Pt Shot\n - Contested Shot\n - Free Throw\n - Mid-Range Shot\n - Shot Off DribblePerimeter Defense- On-Ball Defense\n - StealPlaymaking- Court Vision\n - Dribbling\n - PassingAthleticism- Injury\n - Speed\n - Stamina\n - Strength\n - VerticalNote - Depending on the player's position and their playstyle, all 25 attributes are grouped into Primary, Secondary, and Minor sub-sections. Primary are attributes that strongly affect the player's OVR. Secondary attributes slightly affect the player's OVR. Minor attributes have very little to no effect on the player's OVR. These 3 groups distinguish what attributes are important for each position/playstyle. For example: A Point-Guard/Backcourt Defender will have a high Perimeter Defense, as On-Ball Defense and Steal are important attributes to succeed in. But a Shooting-Guard/Slasher will be more focused on increasing their Dribbling and Layup attributes.","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Court battles","text":"Along with Live Run and Live Events as live multiplayer, the Court Battles mode allows each player to create and customize a home court and then specify a rule set (for example, Meet Me at the Rim, where bonus points are given for dunks and blocks) and a team to defend it. At the same time, the player tries to win games on opponents' home courts to take control of them.[3] Unique rewards are available in this mode, including unlocking star players for Court Battles and the Streets World Tour. Each player may use a created player from The One for away games in this mode as long as the created player meets the home court requirements set by the defending team.","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Migos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migos"},{"link_name":"J. Cole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Cole"},{"link_name":"Logic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"Injury Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injury_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Lil Pump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lil_Pump"},{"link_name":"Spotify","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spotify"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Soundtrack","text":"The game's soundtrack features over 20 songs, including songs by Migos, J. Cole, Logic, Injury Reserve and Lil Pump. It was made available for streaming on Spotify.[4]","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MetaXbox-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MetaPS4-6"},{"link_name":"Electronic Gaming Monthly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Gaming_Monthly"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Game Informer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Informer"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gir-8"},{"link_name":"GameSpot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gsr-9"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN-10"},{"link_name":"Push Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Push_Square"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"USgamer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USgamer"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"review aggregator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Review_aggregator"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"NBA Live 18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBA_Live_18"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN-10"},{"link_name":"GameSpot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gsr-9"}],"text":"ReceptionAggregate scoreAggregatorScoreMetacritic(XONE) 75/100[5](PS4) 73/100[6]Review scoresPublicationScoreElectronic Gaming Monthly[7]Game Informer7/10[8]GameSpot7/10[9]Hardcore Gamer4/5[12]IGN7.9/10[10]Push Square[13]USgamer[11]NBA Live 19 was assigned \"mixed or average\" reviews on the PlayStation 4 and \"generally favorable\" reviews for the Xbox One by review aggregator Metacritic. Prior to its release, some reviewers questioned whether or not the game would be released due to the tepid reception and poor overall sales numbers of NBA Live 18.[14]IGN gave the game 7.9/10, saying: \"I was pleasantly surprised by how much I liked playing NBA Live 19. The core basketball game and its various modes offer plenty of chances to have a fun basketball experience... NBA Live 19 is great at simulating basketball and has fun modes to shake things up, but its personality comes up a bit short.\"[10] In its 7/10 review, GameSpot said, \"NBA Live 19 is a capable and competent basketball game that offers a multitude of different ways to play and numerous reasons to keep coming back. Its impressive attention to detail complements the strong foundation set by its presentation and gameplay. However, the AI logic and animation problems are impossible to ignore given they're at the heart of the experience the entire game is based on.\"[9]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Accolades","text":"The game was nominated for \"Control Design, 2D or Limited 3D\" and \"Control Precision\" at the National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers Awards in 2019.[15]","title":"Reception"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"An Inside Look at Joel Embiid, NBA LIVE 19 Cover Athlete\". EA SPORTS. Archived from the original on 2018-08-29. Retrieved 2018-08-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.easports.com/nba-live/news/2018/nba-live-cover-athlete-joel-embiid-interview","url_text":"\"An Inside Look at Joel Embiid, NBA LIVE 19 Cover Athlete\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180829082435/https://www.easports.com/nba-live/news/2018/nba-live-cover-athlete-joel-embiid-interview","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kofie Yeboah (June 26, 2018). \"Joel Embiid trusted the process onto the 'NBA Live 19' cover\". SB Nation. Archived from the original on August 9, 2019. Retrieved September 7, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sbnation.com/nba/2018/6/26/17505510/joel-embiid-nba-live-19-cover","url_text":"\"Joel Embiid trusted the process onto the 'NBA Live 19' cover\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SB_Nation","url_text":"SB Nation"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190809152512/https://www.sbnation.com/nba/2018/6/26/17505510/joel-embiid-nba-live-19-cover","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"NBA Live 19 – Court Battles Trailer\". YouTube. EA Sports NBA Live on YouTube. 24 August 2018. Archived from the original on 2020-09-04. Retrieved 2020-07-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yAJPoS7wOzE","url_text":"\"NBA Live 19 – Court Battles Trailer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200904083222/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yAJPoS7wOzE","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"'NBA Live 19' Official Soundtrack: Complete List Of Songs Featuring Migos, J.Cole, Lil Pump And More\". Forbes. August 22, 2018. Archived from the original on August 28, 2017. Retrieved September 7, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.easports.com/nba-live/news/2017/nba-live18-soundtrack","url_text":"\"'NBA Live 19' Official Soundtrack: Complete List Of Songs Featuring Migos, J.Cole, Lil Pump And More\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes","url_text":"Forbes"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170828221019/https://www.easports.com/nba-live/news/2017/nba-live18-soundtrack","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"NBA Live 19 for Xbox One Reviews\". Metacritic. Archived from the original on October 1, 2018. Retrieved September 15, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/game/nba-live-19/critic-reviews/?platform=xbox-one","url_text":"\"NBA Live 19 for Xbox One Reviews\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181001213101/https://www.metacritic.com/game/xbox-one/nba-live-19","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"NBA Live 19 for PlayStation 4 Reviews\". Metacritic. Archived from the original on October 1, 2018. Retrieved September 23, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/game/nba-live-19/critic-reviews/?platform=playstation-4","url_text":"\"NBA Live 19 for PlayStation 4 Reviews\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181001213101/https://www.metacritic.com/game/playstation-4/nba-live-19","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Goroff, Michael (14 September 2018). \"NBA Live 19 review\". Electronic Gaming Monthly. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://egmnow.com/nba-live-19-review/","url_text":"\"NBA Live 19 review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Gaming_Monthly","url_text":"Electronic Gaming Monthly"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220115161930/https://egmnow.com/nba-live-19-review/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bertz, Matt (September 7, 2018). \"NBA Live 19: Still Searching For Its Shot\". Game Informer. Archived from the original on September 7, 2018. Retrieved September 7, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gameinformer.com/review/nba-live-19/still-searching-for-its-shot","url_text":"\"NBA Live 19: Still Searching For Its Shot\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Informer","url_text":"Game Informer"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180907221422/https://www.gameinformer.com/review/nba-live-19/still-searching-for-its-shot","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Makuch, Eddie (September 6, 2018). \"NBA Live 19 Review\". GameSpot. Archived from the original on September 7, 2018. Retrieved September 7, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamespot.com/reviews/nba-live-19-review-dribbling-forward/1900-6416980/","url_text":"\"NBA Live 19 Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot","url_text":"GameSpot"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180907084216/https://www.gamespot.com/reviews/nba-live-19-review-dribbling-forward/1900-6416980/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Macy, Seth G. (September 6, 2018). \"NBA Live 18 Review\". IGN. Archived from the original on November 1, 2023. Retrieved September 7, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ign.com/articles/2018/09/07/nba-live-19-review","url_text":"\"NBA Live 18 Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN","url_text":"IGN"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231101210032/https://www.ign.com/articles/2018/09/07/nba-live-19-review","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Peters, Brenden (September 15, 2018). \"NBA Live 19 review\". USgamer. Archived from the original on September 15, 2018. Retrieved September 15, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usgamer.net/articles/nba-live-19-review","url_text":"\"NBA Live 19 review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurogamer","url_text":"USgamer"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180915121812/https://www.usgamer.net/articles/nba-live-19-review","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Wells, Cory (17 September 2018). \"NBA Live 19 Review\". Hardcore Gamer. Archived from the original on 16 January 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://hardcoregamer.com/reviews/review-nba-live-19/312573/","url_text":"\"NBA Live 19 Review\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220116012152/https://hardcoregamer.com/reviews/review-nba-live-19/312573/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Marlow, Brandon (21 September 2018). \"NBA Live 19 Review (PS4)\". Push Square. Archived from the original on 16 January 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pushsquare.com/reviews/ps4/nba_live_19","url_text":"\"NBA Live 19 Review (PS4)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Push_Square","url_text":"Push Square"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220116012211/https://www.pushsquare.com/reviews/ps4/nba_live_19","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"With Struggling Sales Numbers, Will We See NBA Live 19?\". Archived from the original on 2019-05-07. Retrieved 2019-05-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.twingalaxies.com/feed_details.php/147/will-we-see-nba-live-19/2","url_text":"\"With Struggling Sales Numbers, Will We See NBA Live 19?\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190507011025/https://www.twingalaxies.com/feed_details.php/147/will-we-see-nba-live-19/2","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Nominee List for 2018\". National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers. February 11, 2019. Archived from the original on February 13, 2019. Retrieved February 14, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20190213220549/http://navgtr.org/archives/3566/","url_text":"\"Nominee List for 2018\""},{"url":"http://navgtr.org/archives/3566/","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fighting_Ranger_(serial)
The Fighting Ranger (serial)
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Chapter titles","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
1925 film For the 1934 Columbia Pictures film, see The Fighting Ranger (1934 film). The Fighting RangerAdvertisementDirected byJay MarchantWritten byFred McConnellGeorge W. PyperStarringJack DoughertyEileen SedgwickDistributed byUniversal PicturesRelease date May 11, 1925 (1925-05-11) Running time18 episodesCountryUnited StatesLanguagesSilentEnglish intertitles The Fighting Ranger is a 1925 American silent Western film serial directed by Jay Marchant and starring Jack Dougherty. The film is now considered to be lost. Plot As described in a review in a film magazine, fifteen years earlier, John Marshall (Welsh), a prosperous cattle raiser, shot a man. He knew the act was justifiable, but because of the political influence of his victim he felt his only recourse was to flee. Taking his little daughter, he hid himself in a fastness of the mountains that constitute a part of his vast ranch. The only man he trusts in the outside world is Topaz Taggart (Osborne), a political boss and all-round tricky citizen, who is really trying to get Marshall's ranch as he knows that buried on it is a fabulous treasure that is guarded by an aged Yaqui, the last of his tribe. Bud Hughes (Wilson), one time an aviator but now a tramp, has attached himself to Marshall's hiding place which also includes Miguel Cordero (Avery), a faithful Mexican workman. One day Terrence O'Rourke (Dougherty), a forest ranger with a double mission, drops into the hiding place because, due to a wound, he lost control of his airplane. Marshall's daughter Mary (Sedgwick), now grown into womanhood, nurses the young man back to health. From here, in later chapters Terrence becomes her and her father's protector in a series of disheartening experiences at the hands of Taggart and his tools. Cast Jack Dougherty as Terrence O'Rourke (credited as Jack Daugherty) Eileen Sedgwick as Mary Marshall Al Wilson as Bud Hughes Bud Osborne as Topaz Taggart William Welsh as John Marshall Charles Avery as Miguel Cordero Frank Lanning as Komi Sam Polo as Ramon Slim Cole as Buck Gladys Roy as Stella Montrose Chapter titles The Intruder The Frame-Up The Secret Trail Falsely Accused The Betrayal The Lost Fortune Cattle Wolves Under Fire Man to Man The Fatal Message Hidden Fangs False Friends Stolen Secrets Steeds of the Sky Yaqui Gold Left for Dead Yaqui Gold See also List of American films of 1925 List of film serials List of film serials by studio List of lost films References ^ "Progressive Silent Film List: The Fighting Ranger". silentera.com. Retrieved August 22, 2008. ^ "The Fighting Ranger; Thumb Nail Theme". The Moving Picture World. 72 (5). New York City: Chalmers Publishing Co.: 454 January 31, 1925. Retrieved August 8, 2021. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Fighting Ranger (serial). The Fighting Ranger at IMDb vteUniversal serialsSerialsSilent Serials(1914-1929) Lucille Love, Girl of Mystery The Master Key The Trey o' Hearts The Black Box The Broken Coin Graft Under the Crescent The Adventures of Peg o' the Ring Liberty The Mystery Ship The Red Ace The Gray Ghost The Voice on the Wire The Brass Bullet The Bull's Eye The Lion's Claws The Lure of the Circus The Red Glove The Great Radium Mystery The Lion Man The Midnight Man The Flaming Disc The Moon Riders King of the Circus The Vanishing Dagger The Dragon's Net The Diamond Queen Do or Die The Secret Four Terror Trail The White Horseman Winners of the West The Adventures of Robinson Crusoe In the Days of Buffalo Bill Perils of the Yukon The Radio King With Stanley in Africa Around the World in 18 Days Beasts of Paradise The Eagle's Talons The Ghost City In the Days of Daniel Boone The Oregon Trail The Phantom Fortune The Social Buccaneer The Steel Trail The Fast Express The Fighting Ranger The Iron Man The Riddle Rider Wolves of the North Ace of Spades The Great Circus Mystery The Scarlet Streak Fighting with Buffalo Bill Strings of Steel The Winking Idol Blake of Scotland Yard The Fire Fighters The Return of the Riddle Rider The Trail of the Tiger Whispering Smith Rides Haunted Island Tarzan the Mighty The Vanishing Rider The Diamond Master A Final Reckoning The Pirate of Panama Part-sound Serials(1929-1930) The Ace of Scotland Yard Tarzan the Tiger The Jade Box The Lightning Express Terry of the Times The Indians Are Coming Pre-war Sound Serials(1931-1942) Finger Prints Heroes of the Flames Danger Island Battling with Buffalo Bill The Spell of the Circus Detective Lloyd The Airmail Mystery Heroes of the West Jungle Mystery The Lost Special Clancy of the Mounted The Phantom of the Air Gordon of Ghost City The Perils of Pauline Pirate Treasure The Vanishing Shadow The Red Rider Tailspin Tommy Rustlers of Red Dog The Call of the Savage The Roaring West Tailspin Tommy in the Great Air Mystery The Adventures of Frank Merriwell Flash Gordon The Phantom Rider Ace Drummond Jungle Jim Secret Agent X-9 Wild West Days Radio Patrol Tim Tyler's Luck Flash Gordon's Trip to Mars Flaming Frontiers Red Barry Scouts to the Rescue Buck Rogers The Oregon Trail The Phantom Creeps The Green Hornet Flash Gordon Conquers the Universe Winners of the West Junior G-Men The Green Hornet Strikes Again! Sky Raiders Riders of Death Valley Sea Raiders War-time Serials(1942-1945) Don Winslow of the Navy Gang Busters Junior G-Men of the Air Overland Mail The Adventures of Smilin' Jack Don Winslow of the Coast Guard Adventures of the Flying Cadets The Great Alaskan Mystery Raiders of Ghost City Mystery of the River Boat Jungle Queen The Master Key Secret Agent X-9 Post-war Serials(1945-1946) The Royal Mounted Rides Again The Scarlet Horseman Lost City of the Jungle The Mysterious Mr. M See also Film serials List of film serials List of film serials by studio
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Columbia Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Pictures"},{"link_name":"The Fighting Ranger (1934 film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fighting_Ranger_(1934_film)"},{"link_name":"silent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_film"},{"link_name":"Western","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_(genre)"},{"link_name":"film serial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_serial"},{"link_name":"Jay Marchant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Marchant"},{"link_name":"Jack Dougherty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Dougherty_(actor)"},{"link_name":"lost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_film"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-silentera-1"}],"text":"For the 1934 Columbia Pictures film, see The Fighting Ranger (1934 film).The Fighting Ranger is a 1925 American silent Western film serial directed by Jay Marchant and starring Jack Dougherty. The film is now considered to be lost.[1]","title":"The Fighting Ranger (serial)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MPW-2"}],"text":"As described in a review in a film magazine,[2] fifteen years earlier, John Marshall (Welsh), a prosperous cattle raiser, shot a man. He knew the act was justifiable, but because of the political influence of his victim he felt his only recourse was to flee. Taking his little daughter, he hid himself in a fastness of the mountains that constitute a part of his vast ranch. The only man he trusts in the outside world is Topaz Taggart (Osborne), a political boss and all-round tricky citizen, who is really trying to get Marshall's ranch as he knows that buried on it is a fabulous treasure that is guarded by an aged Yaqui, the last of his tribe. Bud Hughes (Wilson), one time an aviator but now a tramp, has attached himself to Marshall's hiding place which also includes Miguel Cordero (Avery), a faithful Mexican workman. One day Terrence O'Rourke (Dougherty), a forest ranger with a double mission, drops into the hiding place because, due to a wound, he lost control of his airplane. Marshall's daughter Mary (Sedgwick), now grown into womanhood, nurses the young man back to health. From here, in later chapters Terrence becomes her and her father's protector in a series of disheartening experiences at the hands of Taggart and his tools.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jack Dougherty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Dougherty_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Eileen Sedgwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eileen_Sedgwick"},{"link_name":"Al Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Wilson_(pilot)"},{"link_name":"Bud Osborne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bud_Osborne"},{"link_name":"William Welsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Welsh_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Charles Avery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Avery_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Frank Lanning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Lanning"},{"link_name":"Sam Polo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Polo"},{"link_name":"Slim Cole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slim_Cole"},{"link_name":"Gladys Roy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladys_Roy"}],"text":"Jack Dougherty as Terrence O'Rourke (credited as Jack Daugherty)\nEileen Sedgwick as Mary Marshall\nAl Wilson as Bud Hughes\nBud Osborne as Topaz Taggart\nWilliam Welsh as John Marshall\nCharles Avery as Miguel Cordero\nFrank Lanning as Komi\nSam Polo as Ramon\nSlim Cole as Buck\nGladys Roy as Stella Montrose","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Intruder\nThe Frame-Up\nThe Secret Trail\nFalsely Accused\nThe Betrayal\nThe Lost Fortune\nCattle Wolves\nUnder Fire\nMan to Man\nThe Fatal Message\nHidden Fangs\nFalse Friends\nStolen Secrets\nSteeds of the Sky\nYaqui Gold\nLeft for Dead\nYaqui Gold\n[Unknown title]","title":"Chapter titles"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of American films of 1925","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_American_films_of_1925"},{"title":"List of film serials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_film_serials"},{"title":"List of film serials by studio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_film_serials_by_studio"},{"title":"List of lost films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lost_films"}]
[{"reference":"\"Progressive Silent Film List: The Fighting Ranger\". silentera.com. Retrieved August 22, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.silentera.com/PSFL/data/F/FightingRanger1925.html","url_text":"\"Progressive Silent Film List: The Fighting Ranger\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Fighting Ranger; Thumb Nail Theme\". The Moving Picture World. 72 (5). New York City: Chalmers Publishing Co.: 454 January 31, 1925. Retrieved August 8, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/movingpicturewor72janf/page/454/mode/1up","url_text":"\"The Fighting Ranger; Thumb Nail Theme\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.silentera.com/PSFL/data/F/FightingRanger1925.html","external_links_name":"\"Progressive Silent Film List: The Fighting Ranger\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/movingpicturewor72janf/page/454/mode/1up","external_links_name":"\"The Fighting Ranger; Thumb Nail Theme\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0015812/","external_links_name":"The Fighting Ranger"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jobsite_Theater
Jobsite Theater
["1 History","2 Focus","3 References","4 External links"]
Coordinates: 27°57′06″N 82°27′51″W / 27.9516°N 82.4641°W / 27.9516; -82.4641This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Jobsite Theater" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Jobsite Theater is an American professional theater company incorporated in 1999 and located in Tampa, Florida, United States. They are the resident theater company of the Straz Center for the Performing Arts (formerly Tampa Bay Performing Arts Center). History Founded by David M. Jenkins, Michael Caban, Alan Fessenden, John Lott, and Jason Vaughan Evans using the 54-seat Silver Meteor Gallery in Ybor City as their first home, the company moved into the Off Center Theater (now the Shimberg Playhouse) as resident theater company in 2003. Focus Jobsite produces a broad range of theater, focusing on younger and non-traditional theater attendees but attracting audiences of all ages and backgrounds to downtown Tampa. Jobsite has modeled their company, the material they produce, and their approach to theater production on companies like the Steppenwolf Theatre and the Berliner Ensemble. Jobsite is an ensemble cast theater with actors, directors, designers, stage managers, artisans, and musicians in their membership. Per the mission statement on their website: Jobsite is dedicated to producing socially and politically relevant theater for the broadest possible audience. We have established a collective of like-minded regional artists over 60 members strong, creating both a supportive collaborative environment and professional theatrical laboratory. Through all forms of theater – experimental, new plays, contemporary work, or the classics – and our expanding educational and community outreach, we hope to inspire our community to become not just consumers, but true citizens. References ^ Meacham, Andrew (14 August 2018). "Jobsite brings back 'Hedwig and the Angry Inch' while celebrating 20 years". Tampa Bay Times. Retrieved 1 January 2021. ^ Salustri, Cathy (22 August 2018). "Michael Murphy incubates Tampa artists and actors at Ybor's Silver Meteor Gallery". Creative Loafing. Retrieved 1 January 2021. ^ "Who We Are – Jobsite Theater". Jobsite Theater. Retrieved 6 September 2023. External links Jobsite Theater online 27°57′06″N 82°27′51″W / 27.9516°N 82.4641°W / 27.9516; -82.4641 This United States theatre–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tampa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Straz Center for the Performing Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straz_Center_for_the_Performing_Arts"},{"link_name":"Tampa Bay Performing Arts Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Performing_Arts_Center"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hedwig-1"}],"text":"Jobsite Theater is an American professional theater company incorporated in 1999 and located in Tampa, Florida, United States. They are the resident theater company of the Straz Center for the Performing Arts (formerly Tampa Bay Performing Arts Center).[1]","title":"Jobsite Theater"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ybor City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ybor_City"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Murphy-2"}],"text":"Founded by David M. Jenkins, Michael Caban, Alan Fessenden, John Lott, and Jason Vaughan Evans using the 54-seat Silver Meteor Gallery in Ybor City as their first home,[2] the company moved into the Off Center Theater (now the Shimberg Playhouse) as resident theater company in 2003.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Steppenwolf Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steppenwolf_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Berliner Ensemble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berliner_Ensemble"},{"link_name":"ensemble cast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensemble_cast"},{"link_name":"actors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actor"},{"link_name":"directors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_director"},{"link_name":"designers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Designer"},{"link_name":"stage managers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stage_manager"},{"link_name":"artisans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artisan"},{"link_name":"musicians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musician"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Jobsite produces a broad range of theater, focusing on younger and non-traditional theater attendees but attracting audiences of all ages and backgrounds to downtown Tampa. Jobsite has modeled their company, the material they produce, and their approach to theater production on companies like the Steppenwolf Theatre and the Berliner Ensemble.Jobsite is an ensemble cast theater with actors, directors, designers, stage managers, artisans, and musicians in their membership. Per the mission statement on their website:[3]Jobsite is dedicated to producing socially and politically relevant theater for the broadest possible audience. We have established a collective of like-minded regional artists over 60 members strong, creating both a supportive collaborative environment and professional theatrical laboratory. Through all forms of theater – experimental, new plays, contemporary work, or the classics – and our expanding educational and community outreach, we hope to inspire our community to become not just consumers, but true citizens.","title":"Focus"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Meacham, Andrew (14 August 2018). \"Jobsite brings back 'Hedwig and the Angry Inch' while celebrating 20 years\". Tampa Bay Times. Retrieved 1 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tampabay.com/things-to-do/stage/Jobsite-brings-back-Hedwig-and-the-Angry-Inch-while-celebrating-20-years_170866924","url_text":"\"Jobsite brings back 'Hedwig and the Angry Inch' while celebrating 20 years\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Times","url_text":"Tampa Bay Times"}]},{"reference":"Salustri, Cathy (22 August 2018). \"Michael Murphy incubates Tampa artists and actors at Ybor's Silver Meteor Gallery\". Creative Loafing. Retrieved 1 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cltampa.com/arts-entertainment/article/21018989/meteor-man-michael-murphy-incubates-tampa-artists-and-actors-at-ybors-silver-meteor-gallery","url_text":"\"Michael Murphy incubates Tampa artists and actors at Ybor's Silver Meteor Gallery\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_Loafing","url_text":"Creative Loafing"}]},{"reference":"\"Who We Are – Jobsite Theater\". Jobsite Theater. Retrieved 6 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jobsitetheater.org/who-we-are","url_text":"\"Who We Are – Jobsite Theater\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93lafur_Sk%C3%BAlason
Ólafur Skúlason
["1 Biography","2 Sexual abuse","3 References"]
This is an Icelandic name. The last name is patronymic, not a family name; this person is referred to by the given name Ólafur. The Right ReverendÓlafur SkúlasonBishop of IcelandChurchChurch of IcelandDioceseIcelandElected1989In office1989–1997PredecessorPétur SigurgeirssonSuccessorKarl SigurbjörnssonOrdersOrdination5 June 1955Consecration24 July 1983by Pétur SigurgeirssonPersonal detailsBorn(1929-12-29)29 December 1929Birtingaholt, Hrunamannahreppur, Kingdom of IcelandDied9 June 2008(2008-06-09) (aged 78)Fossvogur, IcelandNationalityIcelandicDenominationLutheranParentsSkúli Oddleifsson & Sigríður ÁgústsdóttirSpouseEbba SigurðardóttirChildren3Previous post(s)Bishop of Skálholt (1983-1989)Alma materUniversity of Iceland Ólafur Skúlason (29 December 1929 - 9 June 2008 ) was an Icelandic prelate who was Bishop of Iceland from 1989 to 1997. Since 1996 he had been accused of sexually abusing many women, including his daughter. Biography Ólafur was born in Birtingaholt in Hrunamannahreppur, Iceland, the son of Skúli Oddleifsson and Sigríður Ágústsdóttir. After graduating from the University of Iceland in 1955, he was ordained priest for service to the Icelandic congregation in Mountain, North Dakota. In 1960, he was appointed as the first youth representative of the National Church and in 1964 became pastor of Bústaðarkirkja in Reykjavik. In 1975 he was appointed a Dean in Reykjavik. In 1983 he was appointed and consecrated Bishop of Skálholt and suffragan to the Bishop of Iceland. In 1989 he was elected Bishop of Iceland. His time as bishop saw a great transformation towards more independence for the National Church. The highlight of these changes was the law (on the status, government and practice of the National Church), where the Church was granted the right to decide on the issues that concerned it. At the time, he was also a board member of the Lutheran World Federation and chaired the administration of the Ecumenical Organisation in Strasbourg . Sexual abuse During his tenure, a series of sexual abuse scandals related to priests, as well as accusations against Ólafur himself, started to come out, whereby he was accused of sexually abusing numerous women. At that time the scandals were kept in secrecy and dismissed by the church. However, after his death, in 2010 his daughter Guðrún Ebba Ólafsdóttir attended the Church Council and disclosed that Ólafur had sexually abused her for many years. References ^ "In Focus: Icelandic National Church’s Council of Specialists & Sexual Violence", Iceland Review, Reykjavik, 23 September 2017. Retrieved on 09 July 2019. ^ Kjartansdóttir, K. "Biskup: Æðri dómstólar fara yfir mál séra Ólafs", Vísir.is, Reykjavik, 20 August 2010. Retrieved on 09 July 2019. Authority control databases International FAST VIAF National United States
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[]
null
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wael_Al_Zard
Wael Al Zard
["1 Biography","2 Personal life and death","3 References"]
Palestinian Islamic preacher (1972–2023) Wael Al Zardوائل محيي الدين سيد الزردBornWael Mohieddin Sayyed Al Zard(1972-12-24)24 December 1972Gaza City, Gaza StripDied13 October 2023(2023-10-13) (aged 50)Gaza City, Gaza StripOccupationsIslamic preacheruniversity professor Wael Mohieddin Sayyed Al Zard (Arabic: وائل محيي الدين سيد الزرد; 24 December 1972 – 13 October 2023) was a Palestinian Islamic preacher and university professor. Biography Al Zard graduated from high school in 1990–1991. He obtained a bachelor’s degree in fundamentals of religion in 1995. He represented the State of Palestine in the Holy Quran memorization competition in Mecca in 1997. He obtained a master’s degree in The Noble Hadith in 2001 from the Islamic University of Gaza, and his master’s thesis was entitled "Manifestations of Ignorance as Conceived by the Texts of the Prophet’s Sunnah." He obtained a doctorate from Ain Shams University in coordination with Al-Aqsa University in the joint program. Personal life and death Al Zard was married with eight children. He died on 13 October 2023, two days after being admitted to the intensive care unit, after his home in Gaza City was targeted by Israeli aircraft. References ^ "The Palestinian Sharia Lawyers Association receives Dr. Wael Al-Zard". Archived from the original on 12 August 2020. Retrieved 14 October 2023. ^ "He bid farewell to his son a month ago.. The martyrdom of preacher Wael Al-Zard in an Israeli bombing of Gaza". Burt International. 16 October 2023. Archived from the original on 16 October 2023. Retrieved 19 October 2023. ^ "Joining his son.. The martyrdom of Hamas leader Wael Al-Zard after the occupation bombed his house". Sada Al-Bilad. 13 October 2023. Archived from the original on 16 October 2023. Retrieved 19 October 2023. vteIsrael–Hamas war Timeline Outline Engage-mentsHamas-ledattack on IsraelAttacks on civilians Netiv HaAsara Alumim Be'eri Elhanan Team Holit Kfar Aza Kissufim Nir Oz Nir Yitzhak Nahal Oz Nirim Nova music festival Psyduck music festival Battles Re'im Sderot Sufa Zikim Israeli female tank crew fight General topics Allegations of genocide Allegations of involvement of UNRWA employees Denial Sexual and gender-based violence Screams Before Silence Israeli invasionof Gaza Beit Hanoun Gaza City Khan Yunis Rafah Background Attacks on refugee camps Jabalia 31 October Al-Shati Al-Maghazi Tel al-Sultan massacre Al-Mawasi Nuseirat refugee camp massacre Attacks on schools Al-Fakhoora Al-Falah Shadia Abu Ghazala School Al-Sardi Attacks on health facilities Al-Ahli Arab Hospital explosion Al-Shifa Hospital siege alleged military use ambulance airstrike Gaza Strip mass graves Kamal Adwan Hospital siege Killing of health workers Nasser Hospital siege Nasser Hospital mass graves Other attacks Airstrikes on municipal services in Gaza Church of Saint Porphyrius Engineer's Building airstrike Super Bowl massacre Flour massacre Palestinians evacuating Gaza City World Central Kitchen aid convoy attack General topics AI-assisted targeting Bombing of the Gaza Strip Destruction of cultural heritage during the 2023 Israeli invasion of Gaza Environmental damage caused by the Israel–Hamas war Gaza genocide allegations Torture Other theaters Israel–Lebanon border clashes Attacks on journalists Israeli incursions in the West Bank Killing of Benjamin Achimeir April 2024 Israeli settler rampages Givat Shaul shooting Tower 22 drone attack Iran–Israel conflict Israeli airstrike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus Iranian strikes in Israel Israeli strikes on Iran Red Sea crisis Operation Prosperity Guardian Attacks on the MV Maersk Hangzhou 2024 missile strikes in Yemen Marlin Luanda missile strike Hostagecrisis 2023 hostage–prisoner exchange Kidnapped from Israel Hostages and Missing Families Forum Hostages Square Hostages Bibas family Alex Dancyg Oded Lifshitz Hersh Goldberg-Polin Naama Levy Rescued hostages Operation Golden Hand Ori Megidish Nuseirat operation Noa Argamani Released hostages Rachel Edry Yarden Roman-Gat Mia Schem Deceased hostages Alon Shamriz, Yotam Haim, and Samer Talalka Generaltopics 2023 Israeli blockade of the Gaza Strip Ceasefire COGAT Effect on children in Gaza Humanitarian aid International recognition of the State of Palestine Israeli interrogations Women Wikipedia Historical context Arab–Israeli conflict Blockade of the Gaza Strip Palestinian freedom of movement Israel and apartheid Children Gaza–Israel conflict Casualties of Israeli attacks on the Gaza Strip Human shields Israeli settlement Israeli outpost Israeli settler violence Israeli disengagement from Gaza Palestinian rocket attacks Palestinian tunnel warfare anti-tunnel barrier Women Effects Calls for the destruction of Israel Israeli government response Israeli war cabinet Mass detentions Economic impact Environment impact in Gaza Evacuations Gaza Strip evacuations Humanitarian crisis Gaza floating pier Healthcare collapse Premature baby crisis Famine Media coverage Violence against journalists Misinformation Pallywood Palestinian genocide accusation Accusations of United States complicity in Israeli war crimes in the Israel–Hamas war Sexual violence against Palestinians War crimes Hamas Israeli Cemetery destruction and necroviolence Israeli torture in the occupied territories Proposed Israeli resettlement of Gaza Reactions International reactions Calls for a ceasefire Three-phase proposal Diplomatic impact University donors European Union US support for Israel UK support for Israel Islamic Summit Conference Arab–Islamic extraordinary summit Hurmat-e-Masjid Aqsa Conference Cancellation of the 2023 MTV EMA Proposed Israeli resettlement of the Gaza Strip Discrimination Antisemitism Riots in the North Caucasus Anti-Palestinianism Islamophobia Violent incidents 2023 Nicosia Israeli embassy bombing Killing of Wadea al-Fayoume Death of Paul Kessler Vermont student shooting Zürich stabbing attack University of Texas at Austin stabbing Protests University campuses Columbia Sciences Po UCLA France March for the Republic and Against Antisemitism Indonesia 2023 Bitung clashes Israel United Kingdom United States Artists4Ceasefire DNC protests March on Washington for Gaza March for Israel National March on Washington: Free Palestine Protest votes Self-immolation of Aaron Bushnell Pakistan D-Chowk Dharna UN resolutions A/RES/ES-10/21 S/RES/2712 A/RES/ES-10/22 S/RES/2720 S/RES/2728 S/RES/2735 UN inquiry Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Occupied Palestinian Territory Global courts South Africa v. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperner_poset
Sperner property of a partially ordered set
["1 Variations","2 References"]
In order-theoretic mathematics, a graded partially ordered set is said to have the Sperner property (and hence is called a Sperner poset), if no antichain within it is larger than the largest rank level (one of the sets of elements of the same rank) in the poset. Since every rank level is itself an antichain, the Sperner property is equivalently the property that some rank level is a maximum antichain. The Sperner property and Sperner posets are named after Emanuel Sperner, who proved Sperner's theorem stating that the family of all subsets of a finite set (partially ordered by set inclusion) has this property. The lattice of partitions of a finite set typically lacks the Sperner property. Variations A k-Sperner poset is a graded poset in which no union of k antichains is larger than the union of the k largest rank levels, or, equivalently, the poset has a maximum k-family consisting of k rank levels. A strict Sperner poset is a graded poset in which all maximum antichains are rank levels. A strongly Sperner poset is a graded poset which is k-Sperner for all values of k up to the largest rank value. References ^ a b Stanley, Richard (1984), "Quotients of Peck posets", Order, 1 (1): 29–34, doi:10.1007/BF00396271, MR 0745587, S2CID 14857863. ^ a b c d Handbook of discrete and combinatorial mathematics, by Kenneth H. Rosen, John G. Michaels ^ Graham, R. L. (June 1978), "Maximum antichains in the partition lattice" (PDF), The Mathematical Intelligencer, 1 (2): 84–86, doi:10.1007/BF03023067, MR 0505555, S2CID 120190991 This combinatorics-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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