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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinus_jeffreyi
Pinus jeffreyi
["1 Description","2 Distribution and habitat","3 Ecology","4 Uses","5 Taxonomy","6 See also","7 References","8 Further reading","9 External links"]
Pine tree found in North America Pinus jeffreyi A stand of Pinus jeffreyi growing on volcanic table lands south of Mono Lake, California Conservation status Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Gymnospermae Division: Pinophyta Class: Pinopsida Order: Pinales Family: Pinaceae Genus: Pinus Subgenus: P. subg. Pinus Section: P. sect. Trifoliae Subsection: P. subsect. Ponderosae Species: P. jeffreyi Binomial name Pinus jeffreyiBalf. Pinus jeffreyi, also known as Jeffrey pine, Jeffrey's pine, yellow pine and black pine, is a North American pine tree. It is mainly found in California, but also in the westernmost part of Nevada, southwestern Oregon, and northern Baja California.: 4  It is named in honor of its botanist documenter John Jeffrey. Description Pinus jeffreyi is a large coniferous evergreen tree, reaching 25 to 40 meters (82 to 131 ft) tall, rarely up to 53 m (174 ft) tall, though smaller when growing at or near tree line. The leaves are needle-like, in bundles of three, stout, glaucous gray-green, 12 to 23 centimeters (4+3⁄4 to 9 in) long. The cones are 12 to 25 cm (4+3⁄4 to 9+3⁄4 in) long, dark purple when immature, ripening pale brown, with thinly woody scales bearing a short, sharp inward-pointing barb. The seeds are 10 to 12 millimeters (3⁄8 to 1⁄2 in) long, with a large (15 to 25 mm (5⁄8 to 1 in)) wing. Pinus jeffreyi is closely related to Pinus ponderosa (ponderosa pine) and is similar in appearance. One way to distinguish between them is by their cones. Each has barbs at the end of the scales. The sharp Pinus jeffreyi cone scale barbs point inward, so the cone feels smooth to the palm of one's hand when rubbed down the cone. Pinus ponderosa cone scale barbs point outward, so feel sharp and prickly to the palm of one's hands. The memory device of 'gentle Jeffrey' and 'prickly ponderosa' can be used to differentiate between the species. Another distinguishing characteristic is that the needles of Pinus jeffreyi are glaucous, less bright green than those of Pinus ponderosa, and by the stouter, heavier cones with larger seeds and inward-pointing barbs. Pinus jeffreyi can be somewhat distinguished from Pinus ponderosa by the relatively smaller scales of reddish-brown bark as compared to the larger plates of orangish ponderosa bark. The scent of Pinus jeffreyi is variously described as reminiscent of vanilla, lemon, pineapple, violets, apple, and, quite commonly, butterscotch. This scent may be sampled by breaking off a shoot or some needles, or by simply smelling the resin's scent in between the plates of the bark. This scent is related to the very unusual composition of the resin, with the volatile component made up almost entirely of pure n-heptane. It is because of this peculiarity that the trees are sometimes known as gasoline trees. The largest Pinus jeffreyi, by trunk volume, is the Eureka Valley Giant, in the Stanislaus National Forest. Its trunk contains 129 m3 (4,600 cu ft) of wood, is 59 m (194 ft) tall, with a diameter of 2.5 m (8 ft 2 in). Distribution and habitat Pinus jeffreyi occurs from southwest Oregon south through much of California (mainly on the eastern side of the Sierra Nevada), to northern Baja California in Mexico. It is a high-altitude species; in the north of its range, it grows widely at 1,500 to 2,100 m (4,900 to 6,900 ft) altitude, and at 1,800 to 2,900 m (5,900 to 9,500 ft) in the south of its range. Pinus jeffreyi is more stress tolerant than Pinus ponderosa. At higher elevations, on poorer soils, in colder climates, and in drier climates, Pinus jeffreyi replaces Pinus ponderosa as the dominant tree. Pinus jeffreyi is also tolerant of serpentine soils and is often dominant in these conditions, even on dry sites at fairly low altitudes. Pinus jeffreyi in the Siskiyou Mountains of northwest California, growing on serpentine Ecology Pinus jeffreyi can hybridize with Pinus ponderosa and the Coulter pine, however this occurrence is rare due to the fact that the pines release pollen at different periods of time, and they naturally have difficulty crossing. However, hybrids do occasionally occur. Uses Pinus jeffreyi wood is similar to ponderosa pine wood, and is used for the same purposes. Crystallized sap of Pinus jeffreyi has been eaten as candy. The exceptional purity of n-heptane distilled from Pinus jeffreyi resin led to n-heptane being selected as the zero point on the octane rating scale of petrol. As it mainly consists of n-heptane, Pinus jeffreyi resin is a poor source of turpentine. Before Pinus jeffreyi was distinguished from ponderosa pine as a distinct species in 1853, resin distillers operating in its range suffered a number of "inexplicable" explosions during distillation, now known to have been caused by the unwitting use of Jeffrey pine resin. Taxonomy Pinus jeffreyi is named for its discoverer, Scottish botanist John Jeffrey, who encountered it in 1852 near Mount Shasta. Pinus is Latin for pine. See also List of California native plants Sentinel Dome References ^ Farjon, A. (2013). "Pinus jeffreyi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T42371A2975870. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42371A2975870.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021. ^ Elliot, Daniel Giraud (1904). "A List of Mammals obtained by Edmund Heller from the Coast Region of Northern California and Oregon". Field Columbian Museum Publication, Zoological Series. 3 (11): 175–197. ^ "Pinus jeffreyi". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 2018-11-03. ^ a b Safford, H.D. 2013. Natural Range of Variation (NRV) for yellow pine and mixed conifer forests in the bioregional assessment area, including the Sierra Nevada, southern Cascades, and Modoc and Inyo National Forests. Unpublished report. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Region, Vallejo, CA, ^ a b c Jenkinson, James L. (1990). "Pinus jeffreyi". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Conifers. Silvics of North America. Vol. 1. Washington, D.C.: United States Forest Service (USFS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) – via Southern Research Station. ^ a b c Arno, Stephen F.; Hammerly, Ramona P. (2020) . Northwest Trees: Identifying & Understanding the Region's Native Trees (field guide ed.). Seattle: Mountaineers Books. pp. 57–58. ISBN 978-1-68051-329-5. OCLC 1141235469. ^ Moore, Gerry; Kershner, Bruce; Tufts, Craig; Mathews, Daniel; et al. (2008). National Wildlife Federation Field Guide to Trees of North America. New York: Sterling. p. 86. ISBN 978-1-4027-3875-3. ^ "Jeffrey Pine". enature.com. Archived from the original on 2011-06-14. ^ Vizgirdas, Ray S.; Rey-Vizgirdas, Edna M. (2006). Wild Plants of the Sierra Nevada. Reno, Nevada: University of Nevada Press. ^ Van Pelt, Robert (2001). Forest Giants of the Pacific Coast. Global Forest Society. p. 108. ^ "PinusieffreyiGrev". www.srs.fs.usda.gov. Retrieved 2022-10-17. ^ a b Ritter, Matt (2018). California plants : a guide to our iconic flora. Pacific Street. ISBN 978-0-9998960-0-6. OCLC 1036213303. ^ "Jeffrey Pine" (PDF). NRCS Plant Guide. USDA. ^ Smith, C. Stowell (1914-12-04). "Turpentine possibilities on the pacific coast". Proceedings of the Society of American Foresters. IX (1): 327–338. Retrieved 2019-12-22. ^ "Pinus jeffreyi, Jeffrey pine | Trees of Stanford & Environs". trees.stanford.edu. Retrieved 2022-10-04. Further reading Chase, J. Smeaton (1911). "Pinus Ponderosa var. Jeffreyi (Jeffrey-pine)". Cone-bearing Trees of the California Mountains. Eytel, Carl (illustrations). Chicago: A.C. McClurg & Co. pp. 20–22. LCCN 11004975. OCLC 3477527. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Pinus jeffreyi (category) Jepson Manual treatment Pinus jeffreyi in the CalPhotos photo database, University of California, Berkeley Taxon identifiersPinus jeffreyi Wikidata: Q251370 Wikispecies: Pinus jeffreyi ARKive: pinus-jeffreyi Calflora: 6515 CoL: 77KTP EoL: 999712 EPPO: PIUJE EUNIS: 150582 FEIS: pinjef FNA: 233500938 GBIF: 5285010 GRIN: 28461 iNaturalist: 48463 IPA: 3223 IPNI: 263023-1 IRMNG: 10719005 ITIS: 183345 IUCN: 42371 MoBotPF: 284997 NatureServe: 2.127906 NCBI: 55061 NZOR: 9806ebc7-d24e-4138-b669-a8f39a6123c4 Observation.org: 129778 Open Tree of Life: 736886 PPE: pinus-jeffreyi Plant List: kew-2561675 PLANTS: PIJE POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:1215899-2 RHS: 13090 Tropicos: 24900195 WFO: wfo-0000481099 Authority control databases: National Czech Republic
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-itis-3"},{"link_name":"North American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"pine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinus"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevada"},{"link_name":"Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon"},{"link_name":"Baja California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baja_California"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NRVYP-4"},{"link_name":"John Jeffrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jeffrey_(botanist)"}],"text":"Pinus jeffreyi, also known as Jeffrey pine, Jeffrey's pine, yellow pine[2] and black pine,[3] is a North American pine tree. It is mainly found in California, but also in the westernmost part of Nevada, southwestern Oregon, and northern Baja California.[4]: 4  It is named in honor of its botanist documenter John Jeffrey.","title":"Pinus jeffreyi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"coniferous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinophyta"},{"link_name":"evergreen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evergreen"},{"link_name":"tree line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_line"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-silvics-5"},{"link_name":"leaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf"},{"link_name":"glaucous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaucous"},{"link_name":"cones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conifer_cone"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"Pinus ponderosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinus_ponderosa"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Moore2008-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"volatile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volatile_organic_compound"},{"link_name":"n-heptane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heptane"},{"link_name":"Stanislaus National Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanislaus_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Pinus jeffreyi is a large coniferous evergreen tree, reaching 25 to 40 meters (82 to 131 ft) tall, rarely up to 53 m (174 ft) tall, though smaller when growing at or near tree line.[5] The leaves are needle-like, in bundles of three, stout, glaucous gray-green, 12 to 23 centimeters (4+3⁄4 to 9 in) long. The cones are 12 to 25 cm (4+3⁄4 to 9+3⁄4 in) long,[6] dark purple when immature, ripening pale brown, with thinly woody scales bearing a short, sharp inward-pointing barb. The seeds are 10 to 12 millimeters (3⁄8 to 1⁄2 in) long, with a large (15 to 25 mm (5⁄8 to 1 in)) wing.Pinus jeffreyi is closely related to Pinus ponderosa (ponderosa pine) and is similar in appearance. One way to distinguish between them is by their cones. Each has barbs at the end of the scales. The sharp Pinus jeffreyi cone scale barbs point inward, so the cone feels smooth to the palm of one's hand when rubbed down the cone. Pinus ponderosa cone scale barbs point outward, so feel sharp and prickly to the palm of one's hands. The memory device of 'gentle Jeffrey' and 'prickly ponderosa' can be used to differentiate between the species. Another distinguishing characteristic is that the needles of Pinus jeffreyi are glaucous, less bright green than those of Pinus ponderosa, and by the stouter, heavier cones with larger seeds and inward-pointing barbs.[7] Pinus jeffreyi can be somewhat distinguished from Pinus ponderosa by the relatively smaller scales of reddish-brown bark as compared to the larger plates of orangish ponderosa bark.[6]The scent of Pinus jeffreyi is variously described as reminiscent of vanilla, lemon, pineapple, violets, apple,[8] and, quite commonly, butterscotch.[9] This scent may be sampled by breaking off a shoot or some needles, or by simply smelling the resin's scent in between the plates of the bark. This scent is related to the very unusual composition of the resin, with the volatile component made up almost entirely of pure n-heptane. It is because of this peculiarity that the trees are sometimes known as gasoline trees.The largest Pinus jeffreyi, by trunk volume, is the Eureka Valley Giant, in the Stanislaus National Forest. Its trunk contains 129 m3 (4,600 cu ft) of wood, is 59 m (194 ft) tall, with a diameter of 2.5 m (8 ft 2 in).[10]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"eastern side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Sierra"},{"link_name":"Sierra Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_(U.S.)"},{"link_name":"Baja California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baja_California"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-silvics-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NRVYP-4"},{"link_name":"serpentine soils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpentine_soil"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-silvics-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jeffrey_pine_Siskiyou_Wilderness.jpg"},{"link_name":"Siskiyou Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siskiyou_Mountains"},{"link_name":"serpentine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpentine_group"}],"text":"Pinus jeffreyi occurs from southwest Oregon south through much of California (mainly on the eastern side of the Sierra Nevada), to northern Baja California in Mexico. It is a high-altitude species; in the north of its range, it grows widely at 1,500 to 2,100 m (4,900 to 6,900 ft) altitude, and at 1,800 to 2,900 m (5,900 to 9,500 ft) in the south of its range.[5]Pinus jeffreyi is more stress tolerant than Pinus ponderosa. At higher elevations, on poorer soils, in colder climates, and in drier climates, Pinus jeffreyi replaces Pinus ponderosa as the dominant tree.[4] Pinus jeffreyi is also tolerant of serpentine soils and is often dominant in these conditions, even on dry sites at fairly low altitudes.[5]Pinus jeffreyi in the Siskiyou Mountains of northwest California, growing on serpentine","title":"Distribution and habitat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Coulter pine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coulter_pine"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Pinus jeffreyi can hybridize with Pinus ponderosa and the Coulter pine, however this occurrence is rare due to the fact that the pines release pollen at different periods of time, and they naturally have difficulty crossing. However, hybrids do occasionally occur.[6][11]","title":"Ecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-12"},{"link_name":"n-heptane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heptane"},{"link_name":"octane rating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrol#Octane_rating"},{"link_name":"petrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrol"},{"link_name":"turpentine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turpentine"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Pinus jeffreyi wood is similar to ponderosa pine wood, and is used for the same purposes. Crystallized sap of Pinus jeffreyi has been eaten as candy.[12] The exceptional purity of n-heptane distilled from Pinus jeffreyi resin led to n-heptane being selected as the zero point on the octane rating scale of petrol.As it mainly consists of n-heptane, Pinus jeffreyi resin is a poor source of turpentine.[13] Before Pinus jeffreyi was distinguished from ponderosa pine as a distinct species in 1853, resin distillers operating in its range suffered a number of \"inexplicable\" explosions during distillation,[14] now known to have been caused by the unwitting use of Jeffrey pine resin.","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Jeffrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jeffrey_(botanist)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-12"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Pinus jeffreyi is named for its discoverer, Scottish botanist John Jeffrey, who encountered it in 1852 near Mount Shasta.[12] Pinus is Latin for pine.[15]","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chase, J. Smeaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Smeaton_Chase"},{"link_name":"\"Pinus Ponderosa var. Jeffreyi (Jeffrey-pine)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/conebearingtrees00chas/page/20/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"Eytel, Carl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Eytel"},{"link_name":"A.C. McClurg & Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.C._McClurg_%26_Co."},{"link_name":"LCCN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"11004975","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//lccn.loc.gov/11004975"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3477527","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/3477527"}],"text":"Chase, J. Smeaton (1911). \"Pinus Ponderosa var. Jeffreyi (Jeffrey-pine)\". Cone-bearing Trees of the California Mountains. Eytel, Carl (illustrations). Chicago: A.C. McClurg & Co. pp. 20–22. LCCN 11004975. OCLC 3477527.","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"title":"List of California native plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_California_native_plants"},{"title":"Sentinel Dome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentinel_Dome"}]
[{"reference":"Farjon, A. (2013). \"Pinus jeffreyi\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T42371A2975870. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42371A2975870.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/42371/2975870","url_text":"\"Pinus jeffreyi\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42371A2975870.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42371A2975870.en"}]},{"reference":"Elliot, Daniel Giraud (1904). \"A List of Mammals obtained by Edmund Heller from the Coast Region of Northern California and Oregon\". Field Columbian Museum Publication, Zoological Series. 3 (11): 175–197.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/20354#page/9/mode/1up","url_text":"\"A List of Mammals obtained by Edmund Heller from the Coast Region of Northern California and Oregon\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pinus jeffreyi\". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 2018-11-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=183345","url_text":"\"Pinus jeffreyi\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System","url_text":"Integrated Taxonomic Information System"}]},{"reference":"Jenkinson, James L. (1990). \"Pinus jeffreyi\". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Conifers. Silvics of North America. Vol. 1. Washington, D.C.: United States Forest Service (USFS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) – via Southern Research Station.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/misc/ag_654/volume_1/pinus/jeffreyi.htm","url_text":"\"Pinus jeffreyi\""},{"url":"https://srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/misc/ag_654/volume_1/vol1_table_of_contents.htm","url_text":"Conifers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C.","url_text":"Washington, D.C."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Forest_Service","url_text":"United States Forest Service"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture","url_text":"United States Department of Agriculture"}]},{"reference":"Arno, Stephen F.; Hammerly, Ramona P. (2020) [1977]. Northwest Trees: Identifying & Understanding the Region's Native Trees (field guide ed.). Seattle: Mountaineers Books. pp. 57–58. ISBN 978-1-68051-329-5. OCLC 1141235469.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1141235469","url_text":"Northwest Trees: Identifying & Understanding the Region's Native Trees"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountaineers_Books","url_text":"Mountaineers Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-68051-329-5","url_text":"978-1-68051-329-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1141235469","url_text":"1141235469"}]},{"reference":"Moore, Gerry; Kershner, Bruce; Tufts, Craig; Mathews, Daniel; et al. (2008). National Wildlife Federation Field Guide to Trees of North America. New York: Sterling. p. 86. ISBN 978-1-4027-3875-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4027-3875-3","url_text":"978-1-4027-3875-3"}]},{"reference":"\"Jeffrey Pine\". enature.com. Archived from the original on 2011-06-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110614142314/http://www.enature.com/flashcard/show_flash_card.asp?recordNumber=TS0040","url_text":"\"Jeffrey Pine\""},{"url":"http://www.enature.com/flashcard/show_flash_card.asp?recordNumber=TS0040","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Vizgirdas, Ray S.; Rey-Vizgirdas, Edna M. (2006). Wild Plants of the Sierra Nevada. Reno, Nevada: University of Nevada Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Van Pelt, Robert (2001). Forest Giants of the Pacific Coast. Global Forest Society. p. 108.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/forestgiantsofpa0000vanp","url_text":"Forest Giants of the Pacific Coast"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/forestgiantsofpa0000vanp/page/108","url_text":"108"}]},{"reference":"\"PinusieffreyiGrev\". www.srs.fs.usda.gov. Retrieved 2022-10-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/misc/ag_654/volume_1/pinus/jeffreyi.htm","url_text":"\"PinusieffreyiGrev\""}]},{"reference":"Ritter, Matt (2018). California plants : a guide to our iconic flora. Pacific Street. ISBN 978-0-9998960-0-6. OCLC 1036213303.","urls":[{"url":"http://worldcat.org/oclc/1036213303","url_text":"California plants : a guide to our iconic flora"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9998960-0-6","url_text":"978-0-9998960-0-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1036213303","url_text":"1036213303"}]},{"reference":"\"Jeffrey Pine\" (PDF). NRCS Plant Guide. USDA.","urls":[{"url":"https://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/pg_pije.pdf","url_text":"\"Jeffrey Pine\""}]},{"reference":"Smith, C. Stowell (1914-12-04). \"Turpentine possibilities on the pacific coast\". Proceedings of the Society of American Foresters. IX (1): 327–338. Retrieved 2019-12-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=P6hec39aNmYC&pg=PA327","url_text":"\"Turpentine possibilities on the pacific coast\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pinus jeffreyi, Jeffrey pine | Trees of Stanford & Environs\". trees.stanford.edu. Retrieved 2022-10-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://trees.stanford.edu/ENCYC/PINjeff.htm#:~:text=Name%20derivation:%20Pinus%20%E2%80%93%20Latin%20for,Botanic%20Garden,%20who%20discovered%20it.","url_text":"\"Pinus jeffreyi, Jeffrey pine | Trees of Stanford & Environs\""}]},{"reference":"Chase, J. Smeaton (1911). \"Pinus Ponderosa var. Jeffreyi (Jeffrey-pine)\". Cone-bearing Trees of the California Mountains. Eytel, Carl (illustrations). Chicago: A.C. McClurg & Co. pp. 20–22. LCCN 11004975. OCLC 3477527.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Smeaton_Chase","url_text":"Chase, J. Smeaton"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/conebearingtrees00chas/page/20/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Pinus Ponderosa var. Jeffreyi (Jeffrey-pine)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Eytel","url_text":"Eytel, Carl"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.C._McClurg_%26_Co.","url_text":"A.C. McClurg & Co."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/11004975","url_text":"11004975"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/3477527","url_text":"3477527"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genoplesium_ruppii
Genoplesium ruppii
["1 Description","2 Taxonomy and naming","3 Distribution and habitat","4 References"]
Species of orchid Rupp's midge orchid Genoplesium ruppii near Wangi Wangi Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Monocots Order: Asparagales Family: Orchidaceae Subfamily: Orchidoideae Tribe: Diurideae Genus: Genoplesium Species: G. ruppii Binomial name Genoplesium ruppii(R.S.Rogers) D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. Synonyms Corunastylis ruppii (R.S.Rogers) D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. Prasophyllum ruppii R.S.Rogers Prasophyllum ruppii R.S.Rogers var. ruppii Genoplesium ruppii, commonly known as Rupp's midge orchid, is a species of small terrestrial orchid that is endemic to eastern Australia. It has a single thin leaf fused to the flowering stem and up to twenty five small, hairy green flowers with a purple labellum. Description Genoplesium ruppii is a terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, herb with an underground tuber and a single thin leaf 100–180 mm (4–7 in) long and fused to the flowering stem with the free part 8–15 mm (0.3–0.6 in) long. Between twelve and twenty five greenish flowers are crowded along a flowering stem 15–30 mm (0.6–1 in) long and much taller than the leaf. The flowers are about 5 mm (0.2 in) long and 4 mm (0.2 in) wide and are inverted so that the labellum is above the column rather than below it. The dorsal sepal is about 3 mm (0.12 in) long, 2.5 mm (0.1 in) wide and pointed with short glandular hairs on its edges. The lateral sepals are about 5 mm (0.2 in) long, 1 mm (0.04 in) wide and spread apart from each other. The petals are about 2.5 mm (0.1 in) long, 1 mm (0.04 in) wide and sharply pointed with short coarse hairs on their edges. The labellum is dark purple, broadly egg-shaped, thick and fleshy, about 2.5 mm (0.1 in) long, 1.5 mm (0.06 in) wide, with short glandular hairs on its edges. There is a small callus in the centre of the labellum and extending about halfway to its tip. Flowering occurs between January and April. Taxonomy and naming Rupp's midge orchid was first formally described in 1927 by Richard Sanders Rogers who gave it the name Prasophyllum ruppii. The type specimen was collected near Paterson by Herman Rupp and the description was published in Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of South Australia. In 2001, David Jones changed the name to Genoplesium ruppii and in 2002 Jones and Mark Clements changed the name again to Corunastylis ruppii, but the latter name change is not accepted by the Australian Plant Census. Distribution and habitat Genoplesium ruppii grows in swampy and grassy sites and in heathy forest. References ^ a b c "Genoplesium ruppii". Australian Plant Census. Retrieved 13 July 2021. ^ a b Jones, David L. (2006). A complete guide to native orchids of Australia including the island territories. Frenchs Forest, N.S.W.: New Holland. p. 183. ISBN 1877069124. ^ "Prasophyllum ruppii". APNI. Retrieved 9 February 2018. ^ Rogers, Richard S. (1927). "Contribution to the Orchidology of Australia". Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of South Australia. 51: 292–293. Retrieved 9 February 2018. ^ "Genoplesium ruppii". APNI. Retrieved 9 February 2018. ^ "Corunastylis ruppii". APNI. Retrieved 9 February 2018. Taxon identifiersGenoplesium ruppii Wikidata: Q15462623 Wikispecies: Genoplesium ruppii APNI: 163609 CoL: 3FLMD EoL: 1118765 GBIF: 2796534 iNaturalist: 1176976 IPNI: 1019538-1 NSWFlora: Genoplesium~ruppii Open Tree of Life: 3970760 Plant List: kew-246899 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:1019538-1 Species+: 76620 Tropicos: 100197383 WFO: wfo-0000429349 Prasophyllum ruppii Wikidata: Q39348015 APNI: 106368 CoL: 7Y3MP GBIF: 2796537 IPNI: 654957-1 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:654957-1 Tropicos: 50033231 WFO: wfo-0000282487
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Viljam_Hagelin
Albert Viljam Hagelin
["1 Early life","2 Career in Germany","3 World War II","4 Death","5 References","6 External links"]
Norwegian politician (1881–1946) Albert Viljam HagelinBorn(1881-04-24)24 April 1881Bergen, NorwayDied25 May 1946(1946-05-25) (aged 65)Akershus Fortress, Oslo, NorwayCause of deathExecution by firing squadPolitical partyNasjonal Samling (1935–1945)Criminal statusExecutedConviction(s)TreasonCriminal penaltyDeath Albert Viljam Hagelin (24 April 1881 – 25 May 1946) was a Norwegian businessman and opera singer who became the Minister of Domestic Affairs in the Quisling regime, the puppet government headed by Vidkun Quisling during Germany's World War II occupation of Norway. Early life Albert Viljam Hagelin's father, Harald Joachim Hagelin (1852–1889), was a goldsmith who died when his son was nine years old. He was part of a Swedish family that immigrated to Norway in the early 18th century. Hagelin's mother, Gerd Anna Hedvig Eleonore Meyer (1857–1926), was of Danish-Jewish descent, and her father was also a goldsmith; as a widow, she ran a private hotel in Bergen after the family's jewelry business was closed down. Albert Hagelin was the brother-in-law of Kjeld Stub Irgens and the brother of the Conservative politician and factory owner, Robert Hagelin. Career in Germany Hagelin left Norway around 1900 to study as an architect at the Technische Hochschule in Dresden. Later, Nina Grieg encouraged him to study music. According to family tradition, he sang operatic roles in both Berlin and Dresden. In total, Hagelin lived abroad for over 40 years until the end of the 1930s, mostly in Dresden. Hagelin married the owner of an import company in Bremen and increased his fortune through successful stock market speculation, coffee business, art trade and hotel business. In the 1930s, the couple lived in Loschwitz outside Dresden. After his wife's death in January 1935, Hagelin also became very ill, to the extent that he had to be hospitalized the day after his wife's funeral. Hagelin went on a longer tour of Norway. While visiting Oslo, he sought out Vidkun Quisling. Details from the two conversations are not known, but Hagelin shortly afterwards joined Nasjonal Samling (NS). In the spring of 1939, Hagelin tried to obtain German money for the NS newspaper Fritt Folk. Through his tennis club in Dresden, he knew Hermann Göring's nephew Herbert Göring and thus came into contact with the country's top management. The funding attempts failed. However, Hagelin managed to establish ties with other German leaders and came into contact with Grand Admiral Erich Raeder and the NSDAP's chief ideologist Alfred Rosenberg. Quisling visited Hagelin in Germany in the summer of 1939, and the two became well acquainted. World War II Albert Viljam Hagelin with Adolf Hitler and Vidkun Quisling, 13 February 1942 When World War II broke out, Hagelin blamed the war on a "Judeo-Masonic Clique". With Quisling's coup on 9 April 1940, Hagelin was appointed Minister of Trade and Supply, and thus gained a place in the innermost NS circles. Later that year, he became county leader for Oslo and Akershus, and the party's deputy leader. He thus became Quisling's deputy and in practice party leader in the summer of 1940 when Quisling stayed in Germany for a longer period of time. In the autumn of 1940, Hagelin was appointed head of the newly established Ministry of the Interior, as part of Josef Terboven's commissary cabinet. He was thus responsible for the nazification of the municipalities through the Municipal Ordinance and for the NS takeover of organizational life and public administration in general. He had the jurist Thorleif Dahl with him as a ministerial adviser. Among other things, they had to defend "Norwegian" interests vis-à-vis Terboven, and among other things were coached on a German initiative on a tax reform that would finance the occupation. Hagelin also pressured Quisling to reach a final peace agreement with Germany. His cooperation with the Germans worsened throughout the war. Among other things, he was against the arrest and deportation of the Norwegian Jews and was in favor of the administration of Jewish affairs being placed under the Ministry of the Interior. Terboven eventually made it clear that Norway's position would be stronger if Hagelin disappeared. Rumors gradually circulated within NS that Hagelin was of Jewish blood, and that he was corrupt. The rumors became so strong that Quisling had to launch an investigation. While this was going on, Hagelin was stripped of his post as county manager in Greater Oslo. The investigation cleared Hagelin. Nevertheless, he was later forced to resign in the autumn of 1944, when he refused to go to Finnmark to lead the forced evacuation. For the rest of the occupation, he lived in seclusion on Bygdøy. Death Hagelin was sentenced to death during the Norwegian post-war trials. He was executed by firing squad at Oslo's Akershus Fortress, where many of the 37 individuals condemned for treason and war crimes were executed. References ^ "Hagelin, Albert Viljam" (in Norwegian). NorgesLexi.com. Archived from the original on 15 March 2012. Retrieved 29 August 2008. ^ a b c d e Dahl, Hans Fredrik; Sæveraas, Torgeir Ekerholt (15 February 2024), "Albert Viljam Hagelin", Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian), retrieved 6 May 2024 ^ "Nasjonalbiblioteket". www.nb.no. Retrieved 6 May 2024. ^ Associated Press, "Quisling Aide Executed", The San Bernardino Daily Sun, San Bernardino, California, Sunday 26 May 1946, Volume 52, page 1. External links Media related to Albert Viljam Hagelin at Wikimedia Commons Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States This article about a Norwegian politician born in the 1880s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a notable individual during World War II is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Quisling regime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quisling_regime"},{"link_name":"puppet government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puppet_government"},{"link_name":"Vidkun Quisling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidkun_Quisling"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"World War II occupation of Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_Norway_by_Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Albert Viljam Hagelin (24 April 1881 – 25 May 1946) was a Norwegian businessman and opera singer who became the Minister of Domestic Affairs in the Quisling regime, the puppet government headed by Vidkun Quisling during Germany's World War II occupation of Norway.[1]","title":"Albert Viljam Hagelin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"goldsmith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldsmith"},{"link_name":"Danish-Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Denmark"},{"link_name":"Kjeld Stub Irgens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kjeld_Stub_Irgens"},{"link_name":"Robert Hagelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hagelin"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"text":"Albert Viljam Hagelin's father, Harald Joachim Hagelin (1852–1889), was a goldsmith who died when his son was nine years old. He was part of a Swedish family that immigrated to Norway in the early 18th century. Hagelin's mother, Gerd Anna Hedvig Eleonore Meyer (1857–1926), was of Danish-Jewish descent, and her father was also a goldsmith; as a widow, she ran a private hotel in Bergen after the family's jewelry business was closed down. Albert Hagelin was the brother-in-law of Kjeld Stub Irgens and the brother of the Conservative politician and factory owner, Robert Hagelin.[2]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Technische Hochschule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technische_Hochschule"},{"link_name":"Dresden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden"},{"link_name":"Nina Grieg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nina_Grieg"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"Bremen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremen"},{"link_name":"Loschwitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loschwitz"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Oslo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo"},{"link_name":"Nasjonal Samling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasjonal_Samling"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Fritt Folk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritt_Folk"},{"link_name":"Hermann Göring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring"},{"link_name":"Erich Raeder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Raeder"},{"link_name":"NSDAP's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Party"},{"link_name":"Alfred Rosenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"text":"Hagelin left Norway around 1900 to study as an architect at the Technische Hochschule in Dresden. Later, Nina Grieg encouraged him to study music. According to family tradition, he sang operatic roles in both Berlin and Dresden. In total, Hagelin lived abroad for over 40 years until the end of the 1930s, mostly in Dresden. Hagelin married the owner of an import company in Bremen and increased his fortune through successful stock market speculation, coffee business, art trade and hotel business. In the 1930s, the couple lived in Loschwitz outside Dresden.[2] After his wife's death in January 1935, Hagelin also became very ill, to the extent that he had to be hospitalized the day after his wife's funeral. Hagelin went on a longer tour of Norway. While visiting Oslo, he sought out Vidkun Quisling. Details from the two conversations are not known, but Hagelin shortly afterwards joined Nasjonal Samling (NS).[2]In the spring of 1939, Hagelin tried to obtain German money for the NS newspaper Fritt Folk. Through his tennis club in Dresden, he knew Hermann Göring's nephew Herbert Göring and thus came into contact with the country's top management. The funding attempts failed. However, Hagelin managed to establish ties with other German leaders and came into contact with Grand Admiral Erich Raeder and the NSDAP's chief ideologist Alfred Rosenberg. Quisling visited Hagelin in Germany in the summer of 1939, and the two became well acquainted.[2]","title":"Career in Germany"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Albert_Viljam_Hagelin_with_Adolf_Hitler_and_Vidkun_Quisling,_13_February_1942.png"},{"link_name":"Adolf Hitler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler"},{"link_name":"Vidkun Quisling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidkun_Quisling"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Judeo-Masonic Clique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judeo-Masonic_conspiracy_theory"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"9 April 1940","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9_april_1940_invasion_of_Denmark,_Norway"},{"link_name":"Akershus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akershus"},{"link_name":"Josef Terboven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Terboven"},{"link_name":"nazification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleichschaltung"},{"link_name":"Thorleif Dahl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorleif_Dahl_(jurist)"},{"link_name":"peace agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_treaty"},{"link_name":"arrest and deportation of the Norwegian Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Norway"},{"link_name":"Greater Oslo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Oslo_Region"},{"link_name":"Finnmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnmark"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"text":"Albert Viljam Hagelin with Adolf Hitler and Vidkun Quisling, 13 February 1942When World War II broke out, Hagelin blamed the war on a \"Judeo-Masonic Clique\".[3] With Quisling's coup on 9 April 1940, Hagelin was appointed Minister of Trade and Supply, and thus gained a place in the innermost NS circles. Later that year, he became county leader for Oslo and Akershus, and the party's deputy leader. He thus became Quisling's deputy and in practice party leader in the summer of 1940 when Quisling stayed in Germany for a longer period of time.In the autumn of 1940, Hagelin was appointed head of the newly established Ministry of the Interior, as part of Josef Terboven's commissary cabinet. He was thus responsible for the nazification of the municipalities through the Municipal Ordinance and for the NS takeover of organizational life and public administration in general. He had the jurist Thorleif Dahl with him as a ministerial adviser. Among other things, they had to defend \"Norwegian\" interests vis-à-vis Terboven, and among other things were coached on a German initiative on a tax reform that would finance the occupation. Hagelin also pressured Quisling to reach a final peace agreement with Germany.His cooperation with the Germans worsened throughout the war. Among other things, he was against the arrest and deportation of the Norwegian Jews and was in favor of the administration of Jewish affairs being placed under the Ministry of the Interior. Terboven eventually made it clear that Norway's position would be stronger if Hagelin disappeared.Rumors gradually circulated within NS that Hagelin was of Jewish blood, and that he was corrupt. The rumors became so strong that Quisling had to launch an investigation. While this was going on, Hagelin was stripped of his post as county manager in Greater Oslo. The investigation cleared Hagelin. Nevertheless, he was later forced to resign in the autumn of 1944, when he refused to go to Finnmark to lead the forced evacuation. For the rest of the occupation, he lived in seclusion on Bygdøy.[2]","title":"World War II"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"post-war trials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_purge_in_Norway_after_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"executed by firing squad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firing_squad"},{"link_name":"Oslo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo"},{"link_name":"Akershus Fortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akershus_Fortress"},{"link_name":"treason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treason"},{"link_name":"war crimes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_crime"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Hagelin was sentenced to death during the Norwegian post-war trials. He was executed by firing squad at Oslo's Akershus Fortress, where many of the 37 individuals condemned for treason and war crimes were executed.[4]","title":"Death"}]
[{"image_text":"Albert Viljam Hagelin with Adolf Hitler and Vidkun Quisling, 13 February 1942","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Albert_Viljam_Hagelin_with_Adolf_Hitler_and_Vidkun_Quisling%2C_13_February_1942.png/220px-Albert_Viljam_Hagelin_with_Adolf_Hitler_and_Vidkun_Quisling%2C_13_February_1942.png"}]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Fitzgibbon_Cup
2015 Fitzgibbon Cup
["1 Carlow IT Controversy","2 Fixtures and results","2.1 Group A","2.2 Group B","2.3 Group C","2.4 Group D","2.5 Quarter-finals","2.6 Semi-finals","2.7 Final","3 References","4 External links"]
2015 Fitzgibbon CupTournament detailsYear2015TrophyFitzgibbon CupSponsorindependent.ieWinnersChampionsUniversity of Limerick (5th win)ManagerBrian LohanCaptainDavid McInerneyRunners-upRunners-upWITManagerColm BonnarCaptainJake DillonOtherPlayer of the YearTony Kelly← 20142016 → The 2015 independent.ie Fitzgibbon Cup was the 99th staging of the Fitzgibbon Cup since its establishment in 1912. The semi-finals were hosted by Limerick IT on 27 February 2015 with the final played the following day at the Gaelic Grounds, Limerick. University of Limerick won the cup, defeating WIT in a replayed final on 11 March. Carlow IT Controversy Carlow IT were disqualified on 16 February 2015 for fielding a part-time student James Gannon. Carlow IT appealed the decision on 18 February 2015, the appeal was upheld and the decision to disqualify Carlow IT was overturned. On 24 February 2015, Mary I's request for an interlocutory injunction was refused by the Disputes Resolution Authority (DRA). This meant that the remaining quarter-finals could go ahead on that same day. Fixtures and results Group A Pos Team Pld W D L SF SA Diff Pts 1 CIT 3 3 0 0 2-50 3-30 17 6 2 UCD 3 2 0 1 4-49 3-34 18 4 3 DCU 3 1 0 2 3-40 2-44 -1 2 4 St. Pat's, Drumcondra 3 0 0 3 2-31 3-62 -34 0 29 January 2015 14:00 Round 1 CIT 0-17 - 1-6 DCU DCU Sportsgrounds Referee: Brian Gavin J O'Dwyer 0-8 (7f), C Hammersly 0-3, J Herlihy, D Lordan, J Cronin, B Cooper, M Ellis, J Cashman 0-1 each. Report K O'Flynn 1-1, D Breathnach 0-3 (2f), P Breheny, D Staunton 0-1 each. 29 January 2015 15:30 Round 1 UCD 1-23 - 1-6 St. Pat's, Drumcondra Belfield, UCD Referee: John Keane Matthew O'Hanlon (0-1), Pat Purcell (0-3), Colm O'Croinin (0-4), Conor Devitt (0-2), Jack O'Connor (0-2), Conor McDonagh (0-1), Ross King (0-6, 4 frees), Caolán Conway (1-4) Report Eoin Price (0-2), Peter Sutton (1-2, 0-1 free), Colm Morris (0-1), Jack McGrath (0-1) 5 February 2015 14:00 Round 2 UCD 2-16 - 1-14 DCU Belfield, UCD Referee: Patrick Murphy O Ó'Ruairc (1-6, 0-4 frees); R King (0-5, 0-3 frees); C O'Croinin (1-1); C Devitt (0-2); C Buckley, C Conway (0-1) Report D Breathnach (0-10, 0-6 frees); K O'Flynn (1-0); C Boland (0-2); M Daly, P Breheny (0-1) 5 February 2015 14:00 Round 2 CIT 1-19 - 1-14 St. Pat's, Drumcondra St. Pat's Referee: Owen Elliot A Walsh (1-3); P Ralph (0-5, 0-2 frees, 0-1 '65, 0-1 penalty); J Cronin (0-4); N McNamara (0-2); D Lordan, J Cashman, C Hammersley, S O'Mahoney, C Buckley (0-1) Report E Price (1-1); P Sutton (0-4, 0-1 free); J McGrath, E McIntyre (0-2); C Joyce (0-2, 0-1 sideline); C Breathnach, W Murphy, C Morris (0-1) 10 February 2015 19:00 Round 3 CIT 1-14 - 1-10 UCD CIT Referee: Gavin Quilty John O'Dwyer (0-4 frees); Noel McNamara (1-1); Aidan Walsh (0-3); Bill Cooper, John Cronin (0-2); Jack Herlihy, Conor Hammersley (0-1) Report Ross King (0-8, 0-6 frees); Oisin Ó'Ruairc (1-1), Colm Cronin (0-1) 10 February 2015 18:30 Round 3 DCU 1-20 - 0-11 St. Pat's, Drumcondra DCU Sportsgrounds Referee: James McGrah D Breathnach (0-12, 0-7 frees, 0-3 65's); P Brehony (0-4); G Bailey (1-0); C Boland, T French, P Burke, N O'Connor (0-1) Report P Sutton (0-6, 0-5 frees); C Morris (0-2); C Breathnach, C Joyce, W Murphy (0-1) Group B Pos Team Pld W D L SF SA Diff Pts 1 UL 3 2 1 0 3-59 2-34 28 5 2 NUI Galway 3 2 0 1 0-47 2-55 -14 4 3 UCC 3 1 1 1 4-52 1-43 18 3 4 GMIT 3 0 0 3 1-31 3-57 -32 0 29 January 2015 14:00 Round 1 UCC 3-19 - 0-8 GMIT Mardyke, UCC Referee: John O'Brien B Lawton (0-7, 0-4 frees); C Lehane, S O'Donnell, A Cadogan (1-2 each); J Barron (0-2); R O’Shea, D Roche, T Devine, A Spillane (0-1 each). Report C O'Donnell (0-4, 0-3 frees, 0-1 '65); T Haran (0-2, 0-1 sideline cut); S Lawless, J Flynn (0-1 each). 29 January 2015 14:00 Round 1 UL 2-24 - 0-9 NUI Galway Dangan, NUIG Referee: Fergal Horgan J Forde 0-10 (0-4f); K O'Brien 2-1; T Kelly 0-4; B Stapleton 0-3; J McGrath 0-2; S O’Gorman, C Martin, M Carmody, PJ Scully 0-1 each. Report B Duggan 0-4 (0-2f, 1'65); N O'Brien 0-2; S Hynes, E Brannigan, G Hennelly 0-1 each 5 February 2015 14:00 Round 2 NUI Galway 0-21 - 0-19 UCC Dangan, NUIG Referee: Paud O'Dwyer B Duggan (0-12, 0-7 frees); N O'Brien (0-4); E Brannigan, K Ryan, G Hennelly, C Mannion, B O'Connor (0-1) Report C Lehane (0-9, 0-5 frees, 0-1 sideline, 0-1 '65); J Power (0-4); B Lawton (0-3 frees); S O'Donnell, A Cadogan, A Spillane (0-1) 5 February 2015 13:00 Round 2 UL 0-21 - 1-11 GMIT UL Referee: Brian Gavin T Kelly (0-7, 0-3 frees); K O'Brien (0-5, 0-1 free); J Forde (0-4, 0-2 frees); PJ Scully (1-1); T Heffernan (0-3); J McGrath (0-2); D McInerney, D Quinn (0-1) Report T Haran (0-7, 0-6 frees, 0-1 sideline); J Flynn (1-3); D Burke (0-1); 10 February 2015 14:00 Round 3 NUI Galway 0-17 - 0-12 GMIT Carnmore, Galway Referee: David Hughes B Duggan (0-8, 0-7 frees); C Mannion (0-4); N O'Brien (0-2); S Ward, S Cooney, C Cleary (0-1) Report T Haran (0-9 frees); C O'Donnell, D Conroy, G Brennan (0-1 ) 10 February 2015 14:00 Round 3 UCC 1-14 - 1-14 UL Mardyke, UCC Referee: Fergal Horgan B Lawton (1-3, 0-2 frees); A Cadogan (0-4); C Lehane (0-2); C Murphy, A Spillane, P Prendergast, S O'Keeffe, J Power (0-1) Report C Martin (1-3, 0-3 frees); T Kelly (0-5); B Stapleton, J McGrath, T Heffernan, K O'Brien, PJ Scully (0-1); J Forde (0-1 free) Group C Pos Team Pld W D L SF SA Diff Pts 1 WIT 3 2 0 1 9-58 2-32 47 4 2 IT Carlow 3 2 0 1 9-33 4-16 32 4 3 Mary I Limerick 3 2 0 1 6-37 1-16 36 4 4 Maynooth University 3 0 0 3 2-13 19-77 -115 0 29 January 2015 19:00 Round 1 WIT 3-13 - 0-9 IT Carlow IT Carlow Referee: James Owens P Mahony 0-8 (0-5f, 0-2 65s), L McGrath 1-2, A Glesson, C O’Brien 1-0 each, G O’Brien, H Kehoe, J Dillon 0-1 each. Report S Maher 0-7 (0-6f, 0-1 65), C Bolger, J Fagan 0-1 each. 7 February 2015 14:00 Round 1 Mary I Limerick 4-18 - 1-6 Maynooth University Maynooth University Referee: James Owens S Cahill (2-1); D Reidy (0-7 frees); D Corry, D Hannon (1-0), T Gallagher, S Curran (0-2); D O'Donovan (0-2, 0-1 sideline, 0-1 free); J Meaghar, R English, S Linnane, J Hannon (0-1) Report A Gleeson (0-5, 0-4 free); S Farrelly (1-0); J White (0-1) Maynooth University v Mary I Limerick was initially scheduled for 29 January 2014 but postponed due to snow 5 February 2015 19:00 Round 2 IT Carlow 9-24 - 1-3 Maynooth University Maynooth University North Campus Referee: Alan Kelly C Bolger (3-1); J Fagan (1-6); I Byrne (2-1, 1-1 frees); S Maher (1-4, 0-3 frees, 0-1 '65); K Kelly (1-3); A Fogarty (0-4, 0-1 free, 0-1 '65); M Kavanagh (1-0); J Doyle (0-3); C Doughan (0-2, 0-1f) Report C Fenlon (1-0); J Maher (0-2, 0-1 free); C Chan (0-1 free) 5 February 2015 14:30 Round 2 Mary I Limerick 2-19 - 0-10 WIT MICL Grounds Referee: Cathal Mc Allister D Reidy (0-8, 0-5 frees, 0-1 '65); D Corry, D O'Donovan (1-1); S Kennedy (0-4); D Hannon (0-2); S Cahill, T Gallagher, N O'Meara (0-1) Report P Mahony (0-7, 0-5 frees); M O'Neill (0-2, 0-1 free); G O'Brien (0-1) 10 February 2015 19:00 Round 3 WIT 6-35 - 0-4 Maynooth University WIT Referee: Diarmuid Kirwin Pauric Mahony (2-18, 0-12 frees); Austin Gleeson (2-3); Jack Langton (1-3); Liam McGrath (1-2); Martin O'Neill (0-3); Gavin O'Brien, Jake Dillon (0-2); Joe O'Dwyer, Stephen Roche (0-1) 10 February 2015 19:00 Round 3 IT Carlow 4-17 - 1-17 Mary I Limerick IT Carlow Referee: Johnny Ryan Stephen Maher (1-10, 0-4 frees); Chris Bolger (2-0); Jack Fagan (1-2); Conor Doughan (0-2 frees); Aidan Fogarty, Kevin Kelly, James Doyle (0-1) Report David Reidy (0-5 frees); Declan Hannon (1-2); Ronan Maher, Daragh Corry, Stephen Cahill (0-2); Seamus Kennedy, Daragh O'Donovan (0-1) Having won the original fixture by 4-17 to 1-17, IT Carlow were later found guilty of playing an illegal player. James Gannon was deemed to be a part-time student and therefore ineligible. The fixture was retrospectively awarded to Mary I Limerick. This meant that Carlow IT finished third in Group C. IT Carlow then won an appeal against this decision and were re-awarded the fixture despite another late Mary I Limerick request for an interlocutory injunction to the DRA. Group D Pos Team Pld W D L SF SA Diff Pts 1 Limerick IT 2 2 0 0 2-35 1-24 14 4 2 DIT 2 1 0 1 2-35 1-38 -4 2 3 UUJ 2 0 0 2 0-31 2-39 -10 0 29 January 2015 15:00 Round 1 Limerick IT 1-17 - 0-11 UUJ LIT Referee: Alan Kelly S O'Halloran (0-2), P Flaherty (0-1), S O'Brien (0-4), D Reidy (0-10f), P Killeen (1-1), M Fitzgerald (0-1), P Fitzgerald (0-1), M Gennery (0-1) Report M Bradley (0-1), M Duddley (0-1), C Johnson (0-1f), D Toner (0-1), C Clarke (0-8, 6f) 5 February 2015 14:00 Round 2 Limerick IT 1-18 - 1-13 DIT Parnells GAA, Coolock Referee: Fergal Horgan D Reidy (0-8 frees); P Killeen (1-2); S O'Brien, A Dempsey (0-2), A Murphy (0-1 free); W Ryan, P Flaherty, M Fitzgerald, P Fitzgerald (0-1) Report J Guiney (0-9, 0-7 frees); M Lee (1-0); J McManus (0-2); D McNicholas, C Sheehan (0-1) 10 February 2015 14:00 Round 3 DIT 1-22 - 0-20 UUJ Jordanstown Referee: Eamon Hassan D McNicholas (1-4); J Guiney (0-7, 0-2 frees); M Lee (0-4); C Sheehan (0-2); J Cahill, J Sweeney, G Whelan, W McGrath, D Roberts (0-1) Report C Clarke (0-5, 0-3 frees); D Casey (0-4); D Toner (0-3); C Johnson (0-3, 0-1 free); D McKernan (0-2); S McAfee, M Bradley, E McCloskey (0-1) Quarter-finals Group winners had home advantage for the quarter-finals. 18 February 2015 14:00 Quarter-final CIT 0-19 - 0-10 NUI Galway CIT Referee: Brian Gavin J O'Dwyer (0-8, 0-4 frees); C Hammersley, J Cronin, K Kavanagh, D Lordan (0-2); N McNamara, P White (0-1) Report B Duggan (0-5, 0-1 free, 0-1 '65), C Mannion (0-2, 0-1 free); N O'Brien, G Hennelly, S Ward (0-1) 18 February 2015 15:00 Quarter-final UL 0-18 - 0-15 UCD UL Referee: Barry Kelly John McGrath (0-7, 0-5 frees); Conor Martin (0-4, 0-1 frees); Tommy Heffernan (0-2); Jason Forde (0-2, 0-1 free, 0-1 '65); Brian Stapleton, Dan Morrissey, Stephen Bennett (0-1) Report Ross King (0-6 frees); Conor Devitt, Pat Purcell (0-2), Conor O'Shea (0-1 free); Jack O'Connor, Colm Cronin, Garrett Sinnott, Dillon Mulligan (0-1) 24 February 2015 19:00 Quarter-final WIT 1-18 - 1-7 DIT Carriganore Referee: Johnny Ryan Pauric Mahony (0-8, 0-6 frees); Stephen Roche (1-1); Austin Gleeson (0-3); Gavin O'Brien, Liam McGrath (0-2); Jack Dillon, Johnny Hayes (0-1) Report Jack Guiney (1-6, 0-5 frees); Conor Sheehan (0-1) 24 February 2015 14:00 Quarter-final Limerick IT 1-15 - 0-14 IT Carlow LIT Referee: Alan Kelly David Reidy (1-8, 0-5 frees, 0-1 '65, 0-1 penalty); Paul Flaherty (0-3); Barry O'Connell, Alan Dempsey, Seanie O'Brien, Joe Campion (0-1) Report Kevin Kelly (0-8 frees); Conor Doughan (0-3, 0-2 frees, 0-1 '65); Jack Fagan, Chris Bolger, Garry Keegan (0-1) Semi-finals 27 February 2015 13:00 Semi-final WIT 1-20 - 0-19AET CIT LIT Referee: Fergal Horgan J O'Dwyer (0-5, 0-3 frees, 0-1 '65); C Buckley (0-3); A Walsh, J Cronin, B Cooper, N McNamara (0-2); D Lordan (0-2, 0-1 free); K Kavanagh (0-1) Report A Gleeson (1-6, 0-1 sideline); P Mahony (0-8, 0-5 frees, 0-1 '65); G O'Brien (0-4); J Dillon, J Hayes (0-1) 27 February 2015 15:00 Semi-final UL 2-18 - 1-14 Limerick IT LIT Referee: James McGrath Jason Forde (1-3, 0-1 sideline); John McGrath (0-4 frees), Stephen Bennett (1-0); David McInerney, Cathal McInerney (0-3); Kevin O'Brien (0-2); Tommy Heffernan, Conor Martin, Dan Morrissey (0-1) Report David Reidy (0-8, 0-7 frees); Willie Ryan (1-0); Paul Killeen, Martin Fitzgerald (0-2); Paul Flaherty, Seanie O'Brien (0-1) Final 28 February 2015 19:30 Final WIT 0-21 - 3-12AET UL Gaelic Grounds, Limerick Referee: Brian Gavin Pauric Mahony (0-8, 0-5 frees, 0-1 '65); Johnny Hayes (0-3); Tom Fox, Martin O'Neill, Jake Dillon (0-2); Austin Gleeson (0-2, 0-1 sideline); Harry Kehoe, Tomas Hamill (0-1) Report John McGrath (0-5, 0-3 frees); Tommy Heffernan (1-1); Jason Forde (1-1, 0-1 free); Stephen Bennett (1-0); Tony Kelly (0-2, 0-1 free); Kevin O'Brien, Cathal McInerney, PJ Scully (0-1) 11 March 2015 19:30 Final Replay UL 2-18 - 1-14 WIT Páirc Uí Rinn, Cork Referee: Barry Kelly Tony Kelly (0-6, 0-2 frees); John McGrath (0-6, 0-4 frees); Tommy Heffernan (1-1); Daire Quinn (1-0); Kevin O'Brien (0-2); Conor Martin, Cathal McInerney (0-1); Jason Forde (0-1 sideline) Report Pauric Mahony (0-8, 0-5 frees, 0-1 '65); Gavin O'Brien (1-2); Tom Fox, Harry Kehoe, Jake Dillon, Johnny Hayes (0-1) References ^ "Kelly shines as UL claim Fitzgibbon". Irish Independent. 11 March 2015. Retrieved 12 March 2015. ^ "UL ease to fifth Fitzgibbon Cup crown". RTE Sport. 11 March 2015. Retrieved 12 March 2015. ^ "McInerney and Kelly drive UL to Fitzigbbon victory". Irish Examiner. 12 March 2015. Retrieved 12 March 2015. ^ a b "IT Carlow thrown out of Fitzgibbon Cup". irishexaminer.com. 16 February 2015. Retrieved 18 February 2015. ^ Duffy, Cóilín (16 February 2015). "IT Carlow thrown out of the Independent.ie Fitzgibbon Cup for fielding illegal player". independent.ie. Retrieved 16 February 2015. ^ Cahill, Jackie (17 February 2015). "IT Carlow to appeal expulsion from Fitzgibbon Cup". irishexaminer.com. Retrieved 18 February 2015. ^ "DJ Carey's IT Carlow to submit appeal against Fitzgibbon Cup expulsion today". the42.ie. 18 February 2015. Retrieved 18 February 2015. ^ "Today's Fitzgibbon Cup quarter-finals cancelled after IT Carlow appeal upheld". the42.ie. 19 February 2015. Retrieved 19 February 2015. ^ "Fitzgibbon Cup quarter-finals to go ahead after Mary I's appeal fails". the42.ie. 24 February 2015. Retrieved 24 February 2015. ^ "WIT scorers". www.twitter.com. @WITGAA. Retrieved 11 February 2015. ^ Sullivan, Arthur. "Previews: Fitzgibbon Cup Quarter-Finals". gaa.ie. GAA. Archived from the original on 18 February 2015. Retrieved 18 February 2015. External links 2015 Fitzgibbon Cup Fixtures GAA Higher Education Official Website vteFitzgibbon CupsFitzgibbon Cups 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fitzgibbon Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitzgibbon_Cup"},{"link_name":"Limerick IT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limerick_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"Gaelic Grounds, Limerick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaelic_Grounds"},{"link_name":"University of Limerick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Limerick"},{"link_name":"WIT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterford_IT_GAA"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The 2015 independent.ie Fitzgibbon Cup was the 99th staging of the Fitzgibbon Cup since its establishment in 1912. The semi-finals were hosted by Limerick IT on 27 February 2015 with the final played the following day at the Gaelic Grounds, Limerick.University of Limerick won the cup, defeating WIT in a replayed final on 11 March.[1][2][3]","title":"2015 Fitzgibbon Cup"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-carlow-independent-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Carlow IT were disqualified on 16 February 2015 for fielding a part-time student James Gannon.[4][5] Carlow IT appealed the decision on 18 February 2015,[6][7] the appeal was upheld and the decision to disqualify Carlow IT was overturned.[8] On 24 February 2015, Mary I's request for an interlocutory injunction was refused by the Disputes Resolution Authority (DRA).[9] This meant that the remaining quarter-finals could go ahead on that same day.","title":"Carlow IT Controversy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Fixtures and results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Group A","title":"Fixtures and results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Group B","title":"Fixtures and results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maynooth University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maynooth_University"},{"link_name":"Mary I Limerick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Immaculate_College"},{"link_name":"IT Carlow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Technology,_Carlow"},{"link_name":"Mary I Limerick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Immaculate_College"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-carlow-independent-4"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"IT Carlow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Technology,_Carlow"},{"link_name":"Mary I Limerick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Immaculate_College"}],"sub_title":"Group C","text":"Maynooth University v Mary I Limerick was initially scheduled for 29 January 2014 but postponed due to snowHaving won the original fixture by 4-17 to 1-17, IT Carlow were later found guilty of playing an illegal player. James Gannon was deemed to be a part-time student and therefore ineligible. The fixture was retrospectively awarded to Mary I Limerick.[4] This meant that Carlow IT finished third in Group C.[11] IT Carlow then won an appeal against this decision and were re-awarded the fixture despite another late Mary I Limerick request for an interlocutory injunction to the DRA.","title":"Fixtures and results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Group D","title":"Fixtures and results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Quarter-finals","text":"Group winners had home advantage for the quarter-finals.","title":"Fixtures and results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Semi-finals","title":"Fixtures and results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Final","title":"Fixtures and results"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Kelly shines as UL claim Fitzgibbon\". Irish Independent. 11 March 2015. Retrieved 12 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.independent.ie/sport/gaelic-games/hurling/kelly-shines-as-ul-claim-fitzgibbon-31060261.html","url_text":"\"Kelly shines as UL claim Fitzgibbon\""}]},{"reference":"\"UL ease to fifth Fitzgibbon Cup crown\". RTE Sport. 11 March 2015. Retrieved 12 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rte.ie/sport/gaa/2015/0311/686425-ul-ease-to-fifth-fitzgibbon-cup-crown/","url_text":"\"UL ease to fifth Fitzgibbon Cup crown\""}]},{"reference":"\"McInerney and Kelly drive UL to Fitzigbbon victory\". Irish Examiner. 12 March 2015. Retrieved 12 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.irishexaminer.com/ireland/mcinerney-and-kelly-drive-ul-to-fitzigbbon-victory-317948.html","url_text":"\"McInerney and Kelly drive UL to Fitzigbbon victory\""}]},{"reference":"\"IT Carlow thrown out of Fitzgibbon Cup\". irishexaminer.com. 16 February 2015. Retrieved 18 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.independent.ie/sport/gaelic-games/hurling/it-carlow-thrown-out-of-the-independentie-fitzgibbon-cup-for-fielding-illegal-player-30996571.html","url_text":"\"IT Carlow thrown out of Fitzgibbon Cup\""}]},{"reference":"Duffy, Cóilín (16 February 2015). \"IT Carlow thrown out of the Independent.ie Fitzgibbon Cup for fielding illegal player\". independent.ie. Retrieved 16 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.independent.ie/sport/gaelic-games/hurling/it-carlow-thrown-out-of-the-independentie-fitzgibbon-cup-for-fielding-illegal-player-30996571.html","url_text":"\"IT Carlow thrown out of the Independent.ie Fitzgibbon Cup for fielding illegal player\""}]},{"reference":"Cahill, Jackie (17 February 2015). \"IT Carlow to appeal expulsion from Fitzgibbon Cup\". irishexaminer.com. Retrieved 18 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.independent.ie/sport/gaelic-games/hurling/it-carlow-to-appeal-expulsion-from-fitzgibbon-cup-30997752.html","url_text":"\"IT Carlow to appeal expulsion from Fitzgibbon Cup\""}]},{"reference":"\"DJ Carey's IT Carlow to submit appeal against Fitzgibbon Cup expulsion today\". the42.ie. 18 February 2015. Retrieved 18 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.the42.ie/it-carlow-fitzgibbon-cup-dj-carey-1945423-Feb2015/","url_text":"\"DJ Carey's IT Carlow to submit appeal against Fitzgibbon Cup expulsion today\""}]},{"reference":"\"Today's Fitzgibbon Cup quarter-finals cancelled after IT Carlow appeal upheld\". the42.ie. 19 February 2015. Retrieved 19 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.the42.ie/fitzgibbon-cup-quarter-finals-postponed-it-carlow-1947079-Feb2015/","url_text":"\"Today's Fitzgibbon Cup quarter-finals cancelled after IT Carlow appeal upheld\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fitzgibbon Cup quarter-finals to go ahead after Mary I's appeal fails\". the42.ie. 24 February 2015. Retrieved 24 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.the42.ie/fitzgibbon-cup-quarter-finals-to-go-ahead-1956680-Feb2015/","url_text":"\"Fitzgibbon Cup quarter-finals to go ahead after Mary I's appeal fails\""}]},{"reference":"\"WIT scorers\". www.twitter.com. @WITGAA. Retrieved 11 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/WITGAA/status/565268015122743296","url_text":"\"WIT scorers\""}]},{"reference":"Sullivan, Arthur. \"Previews: Fitzgibbon Cup Quarter-Finals\". gaa.ie. GAA. Archived from the original on 18 February 2015. Retrieved 18 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150218141933/http://www.gaa.ie/gaa-news-and-videos/daily-news/10/1702151408-previews-fitzgibbon-cup-quarter-finals/","url_text":"\"Previews: Fitzgibbon Cup Quarter-Finals\""},{"url":"http://www.gaa.ie/gaa-news-and-videos/daily-news/10/1702151408-previews-fitzgibbon-cup-quarter-finals/","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirotaka_Akamatsu
Hirotaka Akamatsu
["1 Life and career","2 References","3 External links"]
Japanese politician Hirotaka Akamatsu赤松 広隆Vice Speaker of the House of Representatives of JapanIn office1 November 2017 – 14 October 2021SpeakerTadamori OshimaPreceded byTatsuo KawabataSucceeded byBanri KaiedaIn office26 December 2012 – 21 November 2014SpeakerBunmei IbukiPreceded bySeishirō EtōSucceeded byTatsuo KawabataMinister of Agriculture, Forestry and FisheriesIn office16 September 2009 – 8 June 2010Prime MinisterYukio HatoyamaPreceded byShigeru IshibaSucceeded byMasahiko YamadaMember of the House of RepresentativesIn office18 February 1990 – 14 October 2021ConstituencyAichi-5th (1996–2005, 2009–2012, 2014–2021)Tōkai PR (2005–2009, 2012–2014)Aichi-6th (1990–1996) Personal detailsBorn (1948-05-03) 3 May 1948 (age 76)Nagoya, Aichi, JapanPolitical partyCDPOther politicalaffiliationsDP (2016–2017, split)DPJ (1996–2016, merger)SDP (Jan–Sep 1996)JSP (1966–1996, name change)Alma materWaseda UniversityWebsitego-akamatsu.com Hirotaka Akamatsu (赤松 広隆, Akamatsu Hirotaka, born May 3, 1948) is a Japanese politician from the Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan, a former minister and Vice Speaker of the House of Representatives of Japan. Life and career with James Zumwalt (right) A native of Nagoya and graduate of Waseda University, he was elected to the first of his three terms in the Aichi Prefectural Assembly and then to the House of Representatives for the first time in 1990 as a member of the Japan Socialist Party. He was appointed Minister of Agriculture in 2009. In April 2010, he skipped the traditional visit by legislators to Ise Jingu, opting instead to take a holiday in Mexico with his wife. While he was on vacation, Japan suffered a large outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease. His response to the outbreak was widely criticized and the Ministry of Agriculture apologized on his behalf on May 31. The Hatoyama government collapsed in June and Akamatsu was not reappointed. Akamatsu was the Vice Speaker of the House of Representatives between 2012 and 2014 and again between 2017 and 2021. References ^ "農相が口蹄疫問題で謝罪 対応の検証方針を表明 - 47News（よんななニュース）". Archived from the original on 2011-12-22. Retrieved 2012-02-12. 政治家情報 〜赤松 広隆〜. ザ･選挙 (in Japanese). JANJAN. Retrieved 2007-10-16. External links Official website in Japanese. Political offices Preceded byShigeru Ishiba Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries of Japan 2009–2010 Succeeded byMasahiko Yamada Party political offices Preceded byTatsuo Kawabata Chairman of the DPJ Diet Affairs Committee 2000–2001 Succeeded byHiroshi Kumagai New political party Chairman of the DPJ Diet Affairs Committee 1996–1997 Succeeded byJunsuke Iwata Preceded bySadao Yamahana Secretary-General of the Japan Socialist Party 1993 Succeeded byWataru Kubo House of Representatives (Japan) Preceded byKenji Kanda Representative for Aichi's 5th district 2014–2021 Succeeded byKenji Kanda Preceded by- Representative for the Tōkai proportional representation block 2012–2014 Succeeded by- Preceded byTakahide Kimura Representative for Aichi's 5th district 2009–2012 Succeeded byKenji Kanda Preceded by- Representative for the Tōkai proportional representation block 2005–2009 Succeeded by- New district Representative for Aichi's 5th district 1996–2005 Succeeded byTakahide Kimura Preceded bySaburō TsukamotoTakeshi KataokaKōshirō IshidaIwao Andō Representative for Aichi's 6th district (multi-member) 1990–1996 Served alongside: Kōshirō Ishida, Tadao Ōtani, Takeshi Kataoka, Saburō Tsukamoto District eliminated Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States Japan Academics CiNii This article about a Japanese politician born in the 1950s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"politician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politician"},{"link_name":"Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_Democratic_Party_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Vice Speaker of the House of Representatives of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_of_the_House_of_Representatives_(Japan)"}],"text":"Hirotaka Akamatsu (赤松 広隆, Akamatsu Hirotaka, born May 3, 1948) is a Japanese politician from the Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan, a former minister and Vice Speaker of the House of Representatives of Japan.","title":"Hirotaka Akamatsu"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hirotaka_Akamatsu_and_James_Zumwalt_20100309.jpg"},{"link_name":"James Zumwalt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Zumwalt"},{"link_name":"Nagoya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagoya"},{"link_name":"Waseda University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waseda_University"},{"link_name":"Aichi Prefectural Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aichi_Prefectural_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Japan Socialist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Socialist_Party"},{"link_name":"Ise Jingu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ise_Jingu"},{"link_name":"Japan suffered a large outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_foot-and-mouth_outbreak"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Hatoyama government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatoyama_Cabinet"},{"link_name":"Vice Speaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Speakers_of_the_House_of_Representatives_of_Japan#Vice-Speakers"},{"link_name":"House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_Japan"}],"text":"with James Zumwalt (right)A native of Nagoya and graduate of Waseda University, he was elected to the first of his three terms in the Aichi Prefectural Assembly and then to the House of Representatives for the first time in 1990 as a member of the Japan Socialist Party.He was appointed Minister of Agriculture in 2009. In April 2010, he skipped the traditional visit by legislators to Ise Jingu, opting instead to take a holiday in Mexico with his wife. While he was on vacation, Japan suffered a large outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease. His response to the outbreak was widely criticized and the Ministry of Agriculture apologized on his behalf on May 31.[1] The Hatoyama government collapsed in June and Akamatsu was not reappointed.Akamatsu was the Vice Speaker of the House of Representatives between 2012 and 2014 and again between 2017 and 2021.","title":"Life and career"}]
[{"image_text":"with James Zumwalt (right)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Hirotaka_Akamatsu_and_James_Zumwalt_20100309.jpg"}]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Standard_Arrow_(ID-1532)
USS Standard Arrow
["1 Construction, acquisition, and commissioning","2 United States Navy service as USS Standard Arrow, 1917-1919","3 United States Navy service as USS Signal, 1944-1946","4 Later career","5 Notes","6 References"]
For other ships with the same name, see USS Signal. SS Standard Arrow in commercial service, probably prior to her U.S. Navy service. History Name 1916: Standard Arrow 1944: Signal 1946: Standard Arrow OwnerStandard Oil Company Operator 1916: Standard Oil Company 1917–19: U.S. Navy, as USS Standard Arrow (ID-1532) 1944–46: U.S. Navy, as USS Signal (IX-142) Port of registry United States BuilderNew York Shipbuilding Company, Camden, New Jersey Yard number167 Launched15 May 1916 CompletedAugust 1916 Commissioned22 August 1917, as USS Standard Arrow Decommissioned29 January 1919 RenamedUSS Signal, April 1944 Commissioned4 April 1944, as USS Signal Decommissionedc. 20 February 1946 RenamedStandard Arrow Stricken12 March 1946 FateScrapped, April 1947 General characteristics as USS Standard Arrow TypeTanker Tonnage7,794 GRT Displacement18,275 long tons (18,568 t) Length485 ft 3 in (147.90 m) Beam62 ft 7 in (19.08 m) Draft27 ft (8.2 m) PropulsionSteam engine Speed12 knots Complement86 Armament2 × 5 in (130 mm) guns General characteristics as USS Signal Displacement15,333 long tons (15,579 t) Length485 ft (148 m) Beam62 ft 6 in (19.05 m) Draft27 ft (8.2 m) Installed power2,000 shp (1,500 kW) PropulsionThree S. E. Scotch boilers; one vertical quadruple-expansion steam engine, 220 pounds per square inch (1,500 kPa); one shaft Speed10.2 knots (18.9 km/h) Complement101 or 111 Armament 1 × 5 in (130 mm)/51-caliber gun mount 1 × 3 in (76 mm)/50 gun mount USS Standard Arrow (ID-1532) was a United States Navy tanker in commission from 1917 to 1919. She was built as SS Standard Arrow for the Standard Oil Company. In World War II, she was again acquired by the U.S. Navy from Standard Oil and commissioned as USS Signal (IX-142) a station tanker in the Pacific from 1944 to 1946. Construction, acquisition, and commissioning SS Standard Arrow was built as a commercial tanker in 1916 at Camden, New Jersey, by the New York Shipbuilding Company for the Standard Transportation Company of New York City. The U.S. Navy acquired Standard Arrow from Standard Transportation under a bareboat charter on 22 August 1917 for use during World War I. She was assigned the Naval Registry Identification Number (Id. No.) 1532 and commissioned as USS Standard Arrow the same day at Mare Island Navy Yard in Vallejo, California. United States Navy service as USS Standard Arrow, 1917-1919 Standard Arrow was on a voyage from Devonport, England, to New York City when the Naval Overseas Transportation Service was established on 9 January 1918 and she was assigned to it. She arrived at New York on 19 January 1918 and was refitted for Navy duty. She then loaded a cargo of fuel oil and departed New York for Devonport on 4 February 1918. However, she collided with the tanker SS Norman Bridge that day, damaged her steering gear, and sprang a leak in her forward hold. She returned to port, discharged her cargo to tanker USS Maumee (AO-2), and was drydocked until 25 February 1918. Standard Arrow then replenished her cargo and sailed with a convoy for England, arriving at Portsmouth on 16 March 1918. Between that day and 17 December 1918, she made five additional trips to Europe. Upon her arrival at New York City on 17 December 1918, Standard Arrow was scheduled for demobilization. She was decommissioned on 29 January 1919 and transferred to the United States Shipping Board. United States Navy service as USS Signal, 1944-1946 The U.S. Navy again acquired Standard Arrow on 4 April 1944 for World War II service and commissioned her as the miscellaneous auxiliary USS Signal (IX-142) the same day. Signal operated in the Pacific Ocean for the remainder of World War II, carrying and storing oil for Service Squadron 10, based at Majuro Atoll and Ulithi Atoll, and serving as station tanker at those atolls. In February 1946, the Navy transferred Signal to the Maritime Commission, which placed her in its reserve fleet at Mobile, Alabama. She was returned to her owner on 20 February 1946 and her name was stricken from the Navy List on 12 March 1946. Later career Once again named SS Standard Arrow, the ship resumed commercial operations for about a year. She was scrapped in April 1947. Notes ^ Per NavSource Online at http://www.navsource.org/archives/12/171532.htm. ^ Per the Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships at http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/s12/signal-ii.htm. References  This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. The entries can be found here and here.  This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the Naval History and Heritage Command. NavSource Online: Section Patrol Craft Photo Archive: Signal (IX 142) ex-Standard Arrow (ID 1532)
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In World War II, she was again acquired by the U.S. Navy from Standard Oil and commissioned as USS Signal (IX-142) a station tanker in the Pacific from 1944 to 1946.","title":"USS Standard Arrow"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Camden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camden,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"New York Shipbuilding Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Shipbuilding_Company"},{"link_name":"Standard Transportation Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standard_Transportation_Company&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"bareboat charter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bareboat_charter"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Naval Registry Identification Number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Registry_Identification_Number"},{"link_name":"commissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_commissioning"},{"link_name":"Mare Island Navy Yard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare_Island_Navy_Yard"},{"link_name":"Vallejo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vallejo,_California"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"}],"text":"SS Standard Arrow was built as a commercial tanker in 1916 at Camden, New Jersey, by the New York Shipbuilding Company for the Standard Transportation Company of New York City. The U.S. Navy acquired Standard Arrow from Standard Transportation under a bareboat charter on 22 August 1917 for use during World War I. She was assigned the Naval Registry Identification Number (Id. No.) 1532 and commissioned as USS Standard Arrow the same day at Mare Island Navy Yard in Vallejo, California.","title":"Construction, acquisition, and commissioning"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Devonport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devonport,_Devon"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Naval Overseas Transportation Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Overseas_Transportation_Service"},{"link_name":"refitted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refit"},{"link_name":"cargo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargo"},{"link_name":"fuel oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_oil"},{"link_name":"SS Norman Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS_Norman_Bridge&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"hold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hold_(ship)"},{"link_name":"USS Maumee (AO-2)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Maumee_(AO-2)"},{"link_name":"drydocked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drydock"},{"link_name":"convoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convoy"},{"link_name":"Portsmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth,_England"},{"link_name":"decommissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_decommissioning"},{"link_name":"United States Shipping Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Shipping_Board"}],"text":"Standard Arrow was on a voyage from Devonport, England, to New York City when the Naval Overseas Transportation Service was established on 9 January 1918 and she was assigned to it. She arrived at New York on 19 January 1918 and was refitted for Navy duty. She then loaded a cargo of fuel oil and departed New York for Devonport on 4 February 1918. However, she collided with the tanker SS Norman Bridge that day, damaged her steering gear, and sprang a leak in her forward hold. She returned to port, discharged her cargo to tanker USS Maumee (AO-2), and was drydocked until 25 February 1918. Standard Arrow then replenished her cargo and sailed with a convoy for England, arriving at Portsmouth on 16 March 1918. Between that day and 17 December 1918, she made five additional trips to Europe.Upon her arrival at New York City on 17 December 1918, Standard Arrow was scheduled for demobilization. She was decommissioned on 29 January 1919 and transferred to the United States Shipping Board.","title":"United States Navy service as USS Standard Arrow, 1917-1919"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Pacific Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean"},{"link_name":"oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil"},{"link_name":"Majuro Atoll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majuro_Atoll"},{"link_name":"Ulithi Atoll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulithi_Atoll"},{"link_name":"atolls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atoll"},{"link_name":"Maritime Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_Commission"},{"link_name":"reserve fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserve_fleet"},{"link_name":"Mobile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama"},{"link_name":"Navy List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_List"}],"text":"The U.S. Navy again acquired Standard Arrow on 4 April 1944 for World War II service and commissioned her as the miscellaneous auxiliary USS Signal (IX-142) the same day.Signal operated in the Pacific Ocean for the remainder of World War II, carrying and storing oil for Service Squadron 10, based at Majuro Atoll and Ulithi Atoll, and serving as station tanker at those atolls.In February 1946, the Navy transferred Signal to the Maritime Commission, which placed her in its reserve fleet at Mobile, Alabama. She was returned to her owner on 20 February 1946 and her name was stricken from the Navy List on 12 March 1946.","title":"United States Navy service as USS Signal, 1944-1946"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Once again named SS Standard Arrow, the ship resumed commercial operations for about a year. She was scrapped in April 1947.","title":"Later career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"http://www.navsource.org/archives/12/171532.htm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.navsource.org/archives/12/171532.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/s12/signal-ii.htm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.history.navy.mil/danfs/s12/signal-ii.htm"}],"text":"^ Per NavSource Online at http://www.navsource.org/archives/12/171532.htm.\n\n^ Per the Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships at http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/s12/signal-ii.htm.","title":"Notes"}]
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[{"Link":"http://www.navsource.org/archives/12/171532.htm","external_links_name":"http://www.navsource.org/archives/12/171532.htm"},{"Link":"http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/s12/signal-ii.htm","external_links_name":"http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/s12/signal-ii.htm"},{"Link":"http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/s17/standard_arrow.htm","external_links_name":"here"},{"Link":"http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/s12/signal-ii.htm","external_links_name":"here"},{"Link":"http://www.navsource.org/archives/12/171532.htm","external_links_name":"NavSource Online: Section Patrol Craft Photo Archive: Signal (IX 142) ex-Standard Arrow (ID 1532)"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.S.D._Torres_Calcio
SEF Torres 1903
["1 History","1.1 Beginnings","1.2 The 1920s and 1930s: First local derbies and the first promotion","1.3 Post Second World War period","1.4 The first bankruptcy and the rebirth","1.5 Exclusions in 2006 and 2008","1.6 The fourth re-foundation and the ascent to Serie C","2 Colours, badge and identity","2.1 Name","2.2 Colours","2.3 Coat of arms","3 Honours and distinctions","3.1 National competitions","3.1.1 Leagues","3.1.2 Cups","3.2 Sardinian competitions","3.2.1 Leagues","3.2.2 Cups","3.3 Friedlies trophies","3.4 Individual Player & Coach awards","4 Players","4.1 Current squad","4.2 Out on loan","5 Notable former players","6 League and cup history","7 Women's team","8 See also","9 References","10 External links"]
Italian football club Football clubTorresFull nameTorres CalcioNickname(s)Rossoblù (The red and blue)Founded19 April 1903; 121 years ago (1903-04-19)GroundStadio Vanni SannaCapacity7,480ChairmanStefano UdassiManagerAlfonso GrecoLeagueSerie C Group B2023–24Serie C Group B, 2nd of 20WebsiteClub website Home colours Away colours Torres is an Italian football club based in the city of Sassari. It plays in Serie C, the third division of the Italian football league system. Re-founded in 2017, the club is the continuation of the Società per l'Educazione Fisica Torres, born in 1903 and reconstituted thrice throughout its history. Together with Ilvamaddalena, it is the oldest football club in Sardinia. The highest division it took part in was the third tier. It played thirty seasons, making Sassari the most populous city in Italy that has never had a team in Serie B. Its best result in the third tier is the third place, while it has won Serie C2 twice, in 1986-1987 and 1999–2000. The club colours are red and blue. It plays its home matches at the Stadio Vanni Sanna. History Beginnings List of clubs affiliated to the F.G.N.I. Torres appears in the section referring to 19 April 1907 Torres was founded on 19 April 1903 as Società per l'Educazione Fisica Torres (Torres Physical Education Society) and starts its sporting activity the 1 July. On 20 September 1903, the Torres players made their public debut with a gymnastic recital held in the Verdi Theatre in Sassari. The club soon distinguished itself as one of the most active at the regional level in various disciplines, achieving outstanding results even at a national level. The first away game played by Torres dates back to 19 April 1908 when the rossoblù faced in Ajaccio the local team, a game played in Piazza Diamante. As for football, after eight years of amateur activity, a special section was founded in 1911. Torres won the first edition of the Sardinian football championships the same year. In addition to Torres, two other teams from Sassari, Iosto and Club Sportivo, and one from Cagliari, Amsicora, participated in the championship. At La Maddalena, in the summer of 1912, Torres won the Coppa Città della Maddalena, first beating Ilva 7-0 and, in the final, the Marina 3–1. The inter-war period was a phase of little sporting activity, which resumed with more continuity in the 1920s. The 1920s and 1930s: First local derbies and the first promotion On 8 September 1920, Sardinia's two leading clubs played in Cagliari at the Stallaggio Meloni. Surprisingly, Cagliari won 5–2. On 27 May 1922, in the presence of Prince Umberto di Savoia, the Stadio Acquedotto, still the stadium of Torres, was inaugurated. On 4 November 1924, another historic derby was played for the first time, that between Torres and the then Terranovese to celebrate the 21st anniversary of Torres. The Sassaresi won 2-1 The game between Olbia and Torres, known as the Derby del Nord Sardegna, is the most played derby on the island, with more than 100 matches. It is a fierce rivalry between both fans. After the first few years of friendly activity, they entered the Terza Divisione in 1927–1928, finishing runners-up behind Cagliari and ahead of Monteponi Iglesias and Avanguardia Giovanile Fascista of Cagliari. In the 1930–1931 season, participated in a regional championship (with the Lazio Regional Directorate because the Sardinian one could not organise it), resulting in a promotion to the Prima Divisione (the third tier at the time). In the 1931-1932 championship, the Sassaresi, led by the Hungarian Ferenc Plemich, came close to promotion to Serie B. The following season was less positive, finishing second to last and relegated, but still being readmitted to the third tier. In 1934-35 it finished mid-table but renounced to play the next championship and played friendly matches until 1939. In 1939-40 they finished fifth in the Sardinian First Division, which corresponded to the fourth national level. Post Second World War period In the first part of the 1940s, Torres played in the Sardinian First Division without great results; the best position was third place in 1942–43. Due to the war, the championships were suspended the following year until 1944–45. In 1946–47, despite finishing fourth, the club was admitted to Serie C. A friendly against Juventus was played to celebrate this event on 5 June 1947 at the Stadio Acquedotto, with Juventus winning 3–1. The following season, however, the team was relegated back to the First Division, almost missing out on promotion in 1949–50. They won the group A but finished only third in the final round. Gianfranco Zola played for Torres in the 1980s. In 1950-51 Torres won the Sardinian First Division and entered the newly formed fourth division. It remained until 1958-59 when it won the championship and was promoted to the Serie C. In the third national division, it disputes mid-table championships but was awarded the CONI Stella d'oro al merito sportivo (Golden Star for sporting merit). It was relegated again in 1970–71 to Serie D but returned to the third division in 1971–72. It was relegated again in 1974–75. In 1980-81 they won another Serie D championship, being promoted to the newly formed Serie C2, corresponding to the fourth level. In 1982 it changed its name to Torres Calcio s.r.l. Dragged along by the experience of Mario Piga, back in the red and blue after a brilliant career at the highest level, and the rising star Gianfranco Zola, in 1986–87, the club, coached by Lamberto Leonardi, won the championship and gained promotion to Serie C1. This was the standard formation: Pinna, Tamponi, Poggi, Petrella, Cariola, Del Favero, Tolu, Zola, Galli, Piga, Ennis. At the end of the following season, they finished ahead of rivals Cagliari. At the same time, in the 1988–1989 season, Torres reached the fourth-place finish just a step away from Serie B, behind rivals Cagliari (winners of the tournament), Foggia and Palermo. The first bankruptcy and the rebirth In 1990–1991, following relegation on the field to Serie C2, came exclusion for financial defaults. In the 1991–1992 season, the club entered the interregional championship. Under the presidency of Corrado Sanna, Torres finished 5th and won the Coppa Italia Dilettanti (interregional phase). In the summer of 1992, the club was re-founded, retaining the sporting title and the interregional category but changing its name to Polisportiva Sassari Torres. In 1992-1993 Torres, taken over by the building entrepreneur Gianni Marrosu and coached by Giuseppe 'Eppe' Zolo, immediately achieved a return to the professional ranks, thanks to a 2–1 victory (goals by Antonio Podda and Renato Greco) in the play-off against L'Aquila, played at the Stadio Flaminio in Rome in front of over three thousand torresini fans. After many Serie C2 championships and some unsuccessful attempts at corporate changeovers, in the 1999–2000 season, Torres was bought by a group of businessmen from Sassari, who entrusted the presidency to Leonardo Marras. The team, led again by Leonardi, regained promotion to Serie C1, thanks also to the goals of former Panionios Greek forward Theofilos Karasavvidīs, who scored 19 goals in 32 matches. In the 2000–2001 season in Serie C1, Torres had a good championship as newly promoted, placing 7th. Among the most important results, it is necessary to remember the 3–0 home victories against Catania and Palermo and 2–0 against Messina. Antonello Cuccureddu in 2009 Initially excluded from the 2005-2006 championship, the club gained registration thanks to an order of the administrative judge and, led by Antonello Cuccureddu, managed to reach the playoffs for promotion to Serie B. On 16 May 2006, Torres was involuntarily involved in the Calciopoli investigation when telephone interceptions were published between the then Minister of the Interior, Beppe Pisanu and the Juventus manager Luciano Moggi. The team suffered the backlash, being defeated in the semifinals in the double-header by Grosseto, losing both games 1–0. Exclusions in 2006 and 2008 The defeat was followed by exclusion from the championship due to the club's serious financial collapse because of debts accrued under the management of president Rinaldo Carta. In the 2006-2007 championship, with the new name of Sassari Torres 1903 and under the presidency of Sassari entrepreneur Antonio Mascia, the club obtained admission to Serie C2 in extremis, thanks to the Lodo Petrucci. The team, built in just a few weeks during the summer, struggled due to poor pre-season preparation and the club's inexperience. The tournament fell short of expectations, alternating good play and victories with discouraging results. In fact, in April, the coach Maurizio Costantini was exonerated. However, the team won salvation and avoided the play-outs. In the 2007–2008 season, still in the Serie C2 group A, under the guidance of Luciano Foschi, Torres played a first leg that ended at the top of the league table and with a record sequence of nine consecutive home victories. However, a crisis of results and an eight-point penalty for administrative irregularities during the failed Mascia management plunged the team into the play-out zone, but the team avoided relegation. In the summer of 2008, the federal control bodies ordered the club's exclusion from Serie C2 again for financial reasons. The appeal to the Lazio Regional Administrative Court against this decision was rejected, as was the request to the Council of State on 27 August. Torres was condemned to exclusion from the professional championships and thus restarted from the Sardinian Promozione championship with a new club chaired by Leonardo Marras, former president in 1999 and patron of Torres Femminile. Former red-blue bomber Roberto Ennas has been chosen as a manager. Amarcord of the eighties, also in the club's name: Torres Calcio. After winning the 2008-2009 Sardinian Promozione (second tier), under the direction of Roberto Ennas, Torres gained promotion to Eccellenza. On 27 September 2010, the club exonerated the coach for the bad results at the beginning of the season. It appointed a new coach Angelino Fiori. On 17 January 2011, the club dismissed Fiori; Ennas returned to the team's bench the next day. On 27 February 2011, after the 3–1 defeat suffered in Tortolì, Ennas resigned from the post. The club was then assigned to Guglielmo Bacci, who finished runners-up in the standings and participated in the playoffs as the top seed. After winning the regional phase, they entered the national playoff phase. In the semi-final of the national stage of the playoffs for promotion to Serie D, Torres met the Umbrian club of Trestina, from which it was eliminated. The following season was triumphant, winning all the titles with record numbers (28 wins out of 34 matches played, 12 consecutive victories, 28 consecutive results without losing, 17 wins out of 17 games played at home). On 25 January 2012 came the first trophy, the Sardinian Cup, with a 2–1 victory over Taloro Gavoi, defending champions of the 2011 trophy. On 18 March 2012, beating Calangianus 1–0, the Torres returned to Serie D mathematically four days in advance. Finally, on 20 May 2012, the rossoblù closed the season by winning the Sardinian Supercup, imposing 2–1 on Fonni. During the following summer, the club was largely renewed with good elements from different clubs on the island. To the general surprise, it was at the top of the Serie D championship standings for almost the entire season. The team's top scorer is Giuseppe Meloni, a striker from Nuoro with experience in Lega Pro, who scores a total of 21 goals. On 28 April 2013, drawing 4–4 with Hyria Nola and Casertana losing to Torre Neapolis, he returned to the Second Division. In June, President Lorenzoni denounced that registration for the Lega Pro Seconda Divisione was at risk, due to difficulties in obtaining the necessary bank guarantee, and subsequently resigned. A committee of fans announced Operation Fundraising whose guarantor was the lawyer Umberto Carboni from Sassari, who is in charge of collecting and guarding the money received. The operation was successful, and around €110,000 was raised in a week. On 27 June, Torres shares officially passed into the hands of Lazio entrepreneur Domenico Capitani. He became the new owner of the Sassari club. He is joined by the new Sardinian partner Antonio Filippo Salaris. The 2013-14 Lega Pro Seconda Divisione started disastrously. For this reason, and also due to the fans' protest, the club exonerated coach Salvo Fulvio D'Adderio. Lazio's Marco Cari replaced him. The team was completely renewed during the winter market and placed 12th, which still ensured participation in the play-outs. In the double-header against Forlì they won 1–0 in the first leg but lost 3–0 in the return match in Romagna. On 25 May 2014 Torres was relegated in Serie D, however, on 1 August 2014, the club was readmitted in the new Lega Pro. In the 2014–2015 season the club incorporated A.S.D. Torres (the city's women's team), one of the most important Italian female clubs with 7 Scudetti, 8 Coppe Italia and 7 Italian Super Cups in its palmarès, before it was excluded from the championship for financial defaults, and reborn the following season with a separate entity from the men's team. In the Lega Pro Torres avoided relegation on the field with two days to go before the end of the championship. Still, on 29 August 2015 the FIGC's Corte d'Appello Federale relegated it to Serie D for sports offences. In the 2015-16 Serie D Torres reached the play-offs. In the semifinals it draws 1–1 in extra time with Rieti. It enters the final by the best placement in the standings at the end of the league (3rd). On 29 May 2016, they lost at home 0–1 against Olbia in the play-off final for the repechage to Lega Pro. In the 2016–2017 season, the financial situation was problematic. However, the entry of Salvatore Sechi in the club, with the new sports director Vittorio Tossi, completely renewed the team to try to save the category. Still, despite all the efforts, the Sassaresi relegated to the top regional division. Due to huge financial problems, the club was put into liquidation and went bankrupt. The club did not enter the Sardinia. The fourth re-foundation and the ascent to Serie C The new president Salvatore Sechi tried to relaunch the Sassari sporting legacy by taking the reins of the Tergu Plubium, a team of excellence born from the merger of the towns of Tergu and Ploaghe. In the presentation of the new club, the new logo was unveiled, identical to the previous one but with the wording Torres Calcio. Still, federal regulations prohibited the transfer of the sport's title due to the previous merger between the two teams from the province of Sassari and the sporting offences of the old S.E.F. Torres. The legacy of S.E.F. is therefore continued by Sechi with the former Tergu Plubium, even though that club does not possess the sporting title of the predecessor Torres club. On 2 August 2017 came the confirmation of the change of name of the A.S.D. F.C. Tergu Plubium to A.S.D. Torres, with the consequent relocation of the playing field for home matches to the Stadio Vanni Sanna, with consequent dispensation from the FIGC as it is not located in the territory of the municipality of Tergu. Consequently, the club's social colours also changed from white-blue to Torresino red-blue. The new club finished third, followed by the victory in the regional playoffs with consequent admission to the national disputes for promotion to Serie D, which are won, ensuring the team promotion. The management Sechi provides stability but is fluctuating in terms of results: in the first season, the team avoided relegation only at the play-out in the derby with Castiadas, while the following year, after a good championship, interrupted only by the pandemic of COVID-19, it finished third. In 2020–2021, the team started among the favourites. Still, the performances are mediocre, and the team only manages to save the category at best. The turning point came in the summer of 2021 when the Sardinian company Abinsula Srl bought the club. The new president became the former flagman of the 1990s, Stefano Udassi, who immediately set up a team to return to Serie C. The expectations are confirmed, and only Giugliano denies the conquest of direct promotion. Even in the Coppa Italia Dilettanti, the path was excellent. The victory faded only in the final loss in Genzano di Roma against Follonica Gavorrano. The third place in the championship guarantees participation in the play-off for the repechage list. After the semi-final with Arzachena, the red and blue, on 8 June 2022, beat Afragolese at home in the final, thus guaranteeing the second slot of the potential admitted in the third series. In this perspective, the extra-football corporate operations in July, such as the renovation of parts of the Stadio Vanni Sanna and the transformation from Associazione Sportiva Dilettantistica to a limited liability company, thus changing its name to Torres Srl, had an impact. On 3 August 2022, following Campobasso and Teramo's exclusion for financial defaults from Serie C, the Sassaresi obtained the official repechage to Serie C, thus returning to the professional ranks after eight seasons of absence. Colours, badge and identity Name The choice of the name Torres is due to one of the club's founders, Professor Berlinguer. Judicate of Logudoro or Torres was the medieval Sardinian Judicates in which Sassari was located in the north-western part of island. At the beginning of the 20th century, several Sardinian football clubs and sports associations chose names that recalled Sardinian history. It was due to a rediscovery of local identity that also took place through naming historical names. Colours The club's official colours are red and blue, following a survey by the founding members. They, looking for a gala suit, put three on display in a well-known city shop. What met with great success was a blue double-breasted jacket with red lapels. The classic Torres uniform is the one commonly - but improperly - known as the red and blue quartered shirt: red on the right and blue on the left, with the sleeves, generally reversed, i.e. red on the left and blue on the right. On the left side, at heart, is the club's coat of arms, which for a long time was represented by a white shield with the heraldic coat of arms of the city of Sassari. Rarely this historical combination has undergone variations. In the 1977–1978 season, the two parts of the uniform were separated diagonally. In the 1980s, the uniform often had a single colour, red or blue, with trim in the opposite colour on the shoulders and above the heart. At the time, another jersey was also used, with red and blue vertical stripes. Particularly the uniform used in the 1997-1998 Serie C2, blue with a red vertical stripe running through the centre of the shirt, edged in white. This uniform is reminiscent of the classic combination of the French club Paris Saint-Germain. The classic second uniform is white with red-blue trim. Players have also worn white uniforms with a red-blue diagonal or horizontal stripe over the years. 1972-1973 1976-1977 1977-1978 1978-1979 1980-1981 1984-1985 1987-1988 1992-1994 1997-1998 Coat of arms The club's emblem adopted by the club since the 1950s (and since then only modified from a graphic point of view, but never in substance) faithfully follows the heraldic coat of arms of the city of Sassari: a red and blue quartered shield, with a white tower drawn in the red quarters and an equally white cross in the blue ones. Honours and distinctions National competitions Leagues Serie C1 (Tier 3): Third-place (1): 2005-06 Group B IV Serie / Serie C2 / Serie D (Tier 4): Winners (4): 1956-57 Group F, 1971-72 Group F, 1986-87 Group A, 1999-00 Group B Runners-up (3): 1954-55 Group F, 2015-16 Group G, 2019-20 Group G Third-place (1): 1982-83 Group A Serie D (Tier 5): Winners (3): 1980-81 Group D, 1992-93 Group F, 2012–13 Group G Cups Coppa Cossu-Mariotti: Winners (1): 1976–77, 1977–78 Coppa Italia Dilettanti (interregional phase): Winners (1): 1991–92 Coppa Italia Serie D: Runners-up (1): 2021–22 Sardinian competitions Leagues Prima Divisione / Eccellenza (Tier 1): Winners (3): 1949–50, 1950–51, 2011–12 Runners-up (1): 2010–11 Third-place (2): 1951-52 Group I, 2017–18 Promozione (Tier 2): Winners (1): 2008-09 Group B Cups Sardinian Cup: Winners (1): 2011–12 Sardinian Supercup: Winners (1): 2011–12 Friedlies trophies Campionati sardi di foot-ball: Winners (1): 1911 Coppa Città de La Maddalena: Winners (1): 1912 Individual Player & Coach awards Top Scorer Theofilos Karasavvidis Serie C1:1999-00 (19 gol) Players Current squad As of 5 February 2024 Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality. No. Pos. Nation Player 1 GK  ITA Pierpaolo Garau 2 DF  ITA Aleandro Rosi 3 DF  ITA Riccardo Pinna 5 DF  ITA Paolo Dametto 6 MF  GAM Kalifa Kujabi (on loan from Frosinone) 7 DF  ITA Matteo Liviero 8 MF  ITA Alessandro Masala 9 FW  ITA Luigi Scotto 10 MF  ITA Francesco Ruocco 11 FW  CIV Adama Diakité 12 GK  ITA Andrea Zaccagno 14 DF  ITA Riccardo Idda 17 FW  ARG Patricio Goglino 19 DF  ITA Giacomo Siniega (on loan from Empoli) No. Pos. Nation Player 20 FW  ITA Manuel Fischnaller 21 FW  ITA Giuseppe Mastinu 22 GK  ITA Danilo Petriccione 23 DF  ITA Niccolò Antonelli 24 MF  ITA Daniele Giorico 25 MF  ITA Francesco Nunziatini (on loan from Inter Milan) 27 MF  ITA Filippo Lora 28 DF  ITA Nicola Mandrelli (on loan from Sassuolo) 29 FW  ITA Mohamed Sanat 30 DF  ITA Cristian Fabriani 44 MF  ITA Stefano Cester (on loan from Vicenza) 72 MF  ITA Eyob Zambataro 77 FW  ITA Giacomo Zecca 96 DF  ITA Giuseppe Verduci Out on loan Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality. No. Pos. Nation Player — DF  RUS Andrea Pelamatti (at Recanatese until 30 June 2024) Notable former players Further information: Category:SEF Torres 1903 players Albania Ador Gjuci Edgar Çani Argentina Mauricio Sanna Belgium Denis Dasoul Greece Theofilos Karasavvidis Vasilios Kinalis Charalampos Tsoulfas Eleftherios Tzivanakis Ivory Coast Adama Diakité Malta Andrei Agius Perù Kevin Ramírez Poland Damian Rasak Damian Rasak San Marino Edoardo Colombo Senegal Yves Baraye Spain Christian Rutjens Venezuela Giovanni Savarese League and cup history See also: List of S.E.F. Torres 1903 seasons Season Div. Pos. Pl. W D L GS GA P Domestic Cup Other Notes 2018–19 Serie D 15/20 38 12 4 22 35 59 40 2019–20 Serie D 3/18 26 14 9 3 44 25 51 2020–21 Serie D 15/20 34 8 10 16 31 48 34 2021–22 Serie D Finalist Women's team The women's team Torres Calcio Femminile has won six Serie A titles and eight Italian Women's Cups. See also Torres Calcio Femminile U.S.D. Latte Dolce Dinamo Basket Sassari References ^ "Una targa nel luogo di nascita della Sef Torres". 6 December 2014. ^ "Lo stadio di Sassari: 90 anni di storia". La Nuova Sardegna. 21 April 2021. ^ "Ilvarsenal di La Maddalena, il club di calcio più antico di tutta la Sardegna". ^ "Le 10 città più popolate d'Italia mai state in serie B". 4 April 2022. ^ "Una targa nel luogo di nascita della Sef Torres". 6 December 2014. ^ "Addio a Gianni Zara, storica voce rossoblù". ^ "SEF Torres 1903". ^ "Cento anni fa il "foot-ball"". La Nuova Sardegna. 26 July 2011. ^ "SEF Torres 1903". ^ "La Nascita". ^ "SEF Torres 1903". ^ "1920/27". ^ "SEF Torres 1903". ^ "Lo stadio di Sassari: 90 anni di storia". La Nuova Sardegna. 21 April 2021. ^ Salvatore Zappadu, Carlo Fontanelli, Kentannos. Storia dell'Olbia Calcio, dalle origini al terzo millennio, Empoli: GeoEdizioni, p. 18 ^ "Derby del nord Sardegna Olbia-Torres, il comune blinda il match". La Nuova Sardegna. 30 September 2022. ^ "La nascita". ^ "5/06/1947 – Torres-Juventus 1-3". ^ "Torres-Massese, i precedenti". ^ "SEF Torres 1903". ^ "La nascita". ^ "1987/88". ^ "1988/89". ^ "La Torres conquista la Coppa Italia della serie D". ^ "Le giocate e i gol arrivano invece dal bomber greco Theofilos Karasavvidīs e, tra gli altri, da Luca Amoruso, fratello dell'ex attaccante della Juventus, Nicola, e Antonio Langella". ^ "Ordinanza 3865/2005". ^ "Pisanu chiamò Moggi: aiuta la Torres". ^ "Il rossoblù vincente. Tutte le promozioni della Torres". ^ "Terremoto alla Torres, esonerato il tecnico Roberto Ennas". ^ "Angelino Fiori è il nuovo tecnico della Torres". ^ "Torres: esonerato anche Angelino Fiori". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. ^ "Si riparte da Bacci". Archived from the original on 15 April 2012. ^ "Calcio: il Trestina batte la Torres (3-1) e vola in finale per salire in Serie D". ^ "La Torres vince la Coppa Italia di Eccellenza regionale". La Nuova Sardegna. 24 January 2012. ^ "Finale di Coppa Italia: il Taloro vince 5-3 ai rigori contro il Tortolì". La Nuova Sardegna. 19 January 2011. ^ "Sanna e Manzini regalano a Sassari l'ennesimo trofeo. La supercoppa strappata al Fonni". La Nuova Sardegna. 19 May 2012. ^ "La Torres è promossa in Seconda divisione". La Nuova Sardegna. 28 April 2013. ^ "Uomini e donne, solo una Torres. Capitani: "Rilanciamo e puntiamo sui giovani". Comune Sassari: "Stadio? Si può fare"". Sardegna Sport. 27 June 2014. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. ^ "Fine della storia: la Torres lascia e non si iscrive alla serie A". Corriere dello Sport. 11 September 2015. ^ "Finale playoff: Torres-Olbia 0-1, gol di Mastinu dopo 6' e i galluresi ora vedono la Lega Pro". Sardegna Diario Sportivo. 29 May 2016. ^ "Eccellenza, ufficiale la mancata iscrizione della SEF Torres 1903". Sardegna Sport. 24 July 2017. Archived from the original on 3 August 2017. ^ "Ecco la nuova Torres". Sardegna Sport. 19 June 2017. Archived from the original on 25 July 2017. ^ "Torres sogno ripescaggio, ma (quest'anno) la fusione non si può fare,". Sardegna Sport. 9 July 2017. Archived from the original on 3 August 2017. ^ "Eccellenza, ufficiale la mancata iscrizione della SEF Torres 1903". Sardegna Sport. 24 July 2017. Archived from the original on 3 August 2017. ^ "Ufficiale: nasce la A.S.D. Torres. Gioca al "Vanni Sanna" ma..." Sardegna Sport. 2 August 2017. Archived from the original on 3 August 2017. ^ "Pareggio magico della Torres in trasferta, tripudio dei giocatori neopromossi in D". La Nuova Sardegna. 10 June 2018. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. ^ "Calcio, la Torres venduta: la nuova proprietaria è Abinsula Sport". La Nuova Sardegna. 15 July 2021. ^ "La nuova Torres di Abinsula parte da Udassi presidente". Centotrentuno. 15 July 2021. ^ "Delusione in Coppa Italia, la Torres perde in finale contro il Follonica". La Nuova Sardegna. 1 June 2022. ^ "Playoff, la Torres batte l'Afragolese 2-1 e sogna un posto in Serie C". La Nuova Sardegna. 8 June 2022. ^ Marras, Giampiero (19 July 2022). "La Torres ha presentato la domanda di ripescaggio". La Nuova Sardegna. ^ Marras, Giampiero (3 August 2022). "E' ufficiale: la Torres in serie C". La Nuova Sardegna. ^ "SEF Torres 1903". ^ Branca, Domenico (2012). ""Serás eterno como el tiempo y florecerás en cada primavera". La squadra di calcio come fenomeno identitario". Anuac. 1 (1): 59–69. doi:10.7340/anuac2239-625X-16. ^ "Non tutti sanno che...". torres 1903. ^ "Maglie". amst1903. ^ "PRIMA SQUADRA". seftorrescalcio.it. ^ "Coppa Italia Serie D: Follonica Gavorrano-Torres 2-1: trofeo ai toscani" (in Italian). La Gazzetta dello Sport. 2 June 2022. Retrieved 2 June 2022. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to SEF Torres 1903. Official website Historical Archives vteSerie C clubs 2023–24 season Group A AlbinoLeffe Alessandria Atalanta U23 Arzignano Giana Erminio Fiorenzuola Legnago Lumezzane Mantova Novara Padova Pergolettese Pro Patria Pro Sesto Pro Vercelli Renate Trento Triestina Vicenza Virtus Verona Group B Ancona Arezzo Carrarese Cesena Fermana Gubbio Juventus Next Gen Lucchese Olbia Perugia Pescara Pineto Pontedera Recanatese Rimini Sestri Levante SPAL Torres Virtus Entella Vis Pesaro Group C Audace Cerignola Avellino Benevento Brindisi Casertana Catania Crotone Foggia Giugliano Juve Stabia Latina Messina Monopoli Monterosi Picerno Potenza Sorrento Taranto Turris Virtus Francavilla Formerclubs Abbiategrasso Acireale Acqui Agrigento Akragas Ala Littoria Alba Roma Albenga Albese Albissola Alcamo Alfa Romeo Alzano Virescit Amatori Bologna Ampelea Andrea Doria Andreanelli Aosta Ardens Armando Casalini Arsa Arsenale Venezia Arzachena Ascoli Asti Atalanta Audace Aullese Aversa Normanna Avio Calcio Avio Squadra Aviosicula Palermo Baracca Lugo Bari Barletta Bassano Virtus Battipagliese Belluno Biellese Bisceglie Bologna Bolzano Bondenese Breda Brescia Budrio Cagliari Campobasso Cantiere Tosi Cantù Caproni Caratese Carbosarda Carpi Casale Castel di Sangro Catanzaro Cavese Cecina Centese Centrale del Latte di Genova Chieti Chievo Chinotto Neri Cinzano Cirio Cittadella Città di Castello Civitanovese Civitavecchia Clodia Sottomarina Codogno Colleferro Como Corniglianese Cosenza Cossatese Crema Cremonese Cuneo Cynthia Derthona Dipendenti Municipali La Spezia Edera Trieste Empoli Enna FEDIT Feralpisalò FIAT Torino Falck Fanfulla Fano Fidelis Andria Fiumana Foligno Fondi Forlimpopoli Forlì Forte dei Marmi Fortitudo Trieste Fossanese Frosinone Fucecchio Gallaratese Galliate Gallipoli Gavinovese Gavorrano Gelbison Genoa Gerli Giovinezza Giulianova Gozzano Grion Pola Grosseto Guastalla Hellas Verona Igea Virtus Ilva Bagnolese Ilva Savona Imolese Imperia Internapoli Ischia Isolaverde Isotta Fraschini Ivrea Jesi Juve Pomigliano Juventina Palermo Juventus Domo Juventus Siderno L'Aquila Lanciano Lanciotto Lecce Lecco Legnago Libertas Trieste Licata Livorno Lodigiani Luino Lupa Roma Luparense MATER Maceratese Magazzini Generali Magenta Manfredonia Marsala Marzotto Marzotto Manerbio Massese Massiminiana Matelica Matera Meda Melfi Mestre Mirandolese Modena Mogliano Molfetta Molinella Monfalcone Monsummanese Montebelluna Montevarchi Monza Mortara Napoli Nardò Nissa Nocerina Novese Nuorese Omegna Orbetello Paganese Palazzolo Palermo Palmese Panigale Parabiago Parma Pavia Piacenza Pianese Pieris Pietro Resta Pinerolo Piombino Pirelli Pisa Pistoiese Ponte San Pietro Pontedecimo Ponziana Pordenone Portogruaro Prato Pro Enna Pro Gorizia Pro Italia Pro Lissone Pro San Giorgio Pro Piacenza RST Littorio Racing Roma Ragusa Rapallo Ravenna Real Vicenza Redaelli Rogoredo Reggiana Reggina Rende Rieti Reparto Reggimento Distrettuale Riccione Rivarolese Rizzoli Rosignano Solvay Rovereto Rovigo SIAI Marchetti SIME Popoli Salernitana Sambenedettese San Donà San Donato Tavarnelle San Marino Sangiovannese Sangiuliano City Sanremese Sant'Angelo Santarcangelo Saronno Saviglianese Savoia Savona Scafatese Schio Sebinia Seregno Sestrese Settimese Sicula Leonzio Siena Signa Siracusa Solbiatese Sora SPAL Sparta Novara Spezia Südtirol Suzzara Tenente Mario Passamonte Teramo Ternana Tevere Roma Tivoli Toma Maglie Torviscosa Trani Trapani Trevigliese Treviso Tuttocuoio Udinese VVFF Palermo VVFF Roma Vado Varazze Varese Vastese Venezia Ventimigliese Verbania Verona Viareggio Vibonese Vigevano Vigor Lamezia Villafranca Villasanta Vincenzo Benini Virtus Spoleto Vis Nova Viterbese Vittorio Necchi Vittorio Veneto Vogherese Champions and promotions • Serie C vteSEF Torres 1903Grounds Stadio Vanni Sanna Categories Players Presidents Managers Seasons Notable players Comunardo Niccolai Antonello Cuccureddu Gianfranco Zola Theofilos Karasavvidis Alessandro Frau Michele Fini Antonio Langella SupportersNuova Guardia
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sassari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sassari"},{"link_name":"Serie C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_C"},{"link_name":"Italian football league system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_football_league_system"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Sardinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardinia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"third tier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_football_league_system"},{"link_name":"Sassari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sassari"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Serie C2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_C2"},{"link_name":"Stadio Vanni Sanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadio_Vanni_Sanna"}],"text":"Football clubTorres is an Italian football club based in the city of Sassari. It plays in Serie C, the third division of the Italian football league system.Re-founded in 2017, the club is the continuation of the Società per l'Educazione Fisica Torres, born in 1903 and reconstituted thrice throughout its history. Together with Ilvamaddalena, it is the oldest football club in Sardinia.[3]The highest division it took part in was the third tier. It played thirty seasons, making Sassari the most populous city in Italy that has never had a team in Serie B.[4] Its best result in the third tier is the third place, while it has won Serie C2 twice, in 1986-1987 and 1999–2000.The club colours are red and blue. It plays its home matches at the Stadio Vanni Sanna.","title":"SEF Torres 1903"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FGNI_elenco_1912_pag.3.jpg"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Sassari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sassari"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Ajaccio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajaccio"},{"link_name":"local team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_Ajaccio"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Sassari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sassari"},{"link_name":"Cagliari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cagliari"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"La Maddalena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Maddalena"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Beginnings","text":"List of clubs affiliated to the F.G.N.I. Torres appears in the section referring to 19 April 1907Torres was founded on 19 April 1903 as Società per l'Educazione Fisica Torres (Torres Physical Education Society)[5] and starts its sporting activity the 1 July. On 20 September 1903, the Torres players made their public debut with a gymnastic recital held in the Verdi Theatre in Sassari.[6] The club soon distinguished itself as one of the most active at the regional level in various disciplines, achieving outstanding results even at a national level. The first away game played by Torres dates back to 19 April 1908 when the rossoblù faced in Ajaccio the local team, a game played in Piazza Diamante.[7] As for football, after eight years of amateur activity, a special section was founded in 1911. Torres won the first edition of the Sardinian football championships the same year. In addition to Torres, two other teams from Sassari, Iosto and Club Sportivo, and one from Cagliari, Amsicora, participated in the championship.[8][9][10] At La Maddalena, in the summer of 1912, Torres won the Coppa Città della Maddalena, first beating Ilva 7-0 and, in the final, the Marina 3–1.[11] The inter-war period was a phase of little sporting activity, which resumed with more continuity in the 1920s.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sardinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardinia"},{"link_name":"Cagliari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cagliari"},{"link_name":"Cagliari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cagliari_Calcio"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Prince Umberto di Savoia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_II_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"Stadio Acquedotto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadio_Vanni_Sanna"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Terranovese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olbia_Calcio"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Olbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olbia_Calcio"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Cagliari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cagliari_Calcio"},{"link_name":"Cagliari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cagliari"},{"link_name":"Prima Divisione","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prima_Divisione"},{"link_name":"Hungarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Ferenc Plemich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ferenc_Plemich&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Serie B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_B"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"following season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1932-33_Prima_Divisione"},{"link_name":"1934-35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1934-35_Prima_Divisione"},{"link_name":"fourth national level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_football_league_system"}],"sub_title":"The 1920s and 1930s: First local derbies and the first promotion","text":"On 8 September 1920, Sardinia's two leading clubs played in Cagliari at the Stallaggio Meloni. Surprisingly, Cagliari won 5–2.[12] On 27 May 1922, in the presence of Prince Umberto di Savoia, the Stadio Acquedotto, still the stadium of Torres, was inaugurated.[13][14] On 4 November 1924, another historic derby was played for the first time, that between Torres and the then Terranovese to celebrate the 21st anniversary of Torres. The Sassaresi won 2-1[15] The game between Olbia and Torres, known as the Derby del Nord Sardegna, is the most played derby on the island, with more than 100 matches. It is a fierce rivalry between both fans.[16] After the first few years of friendly activity, they entered the Terza Divisione in 1927–1928, finishing runners-up behind Cagliari and ahead of Monteponi Iglesias and Avanguardia Giovanile Fascista of Cagliari.In the 1930–1931 season, participated in a regional championship (with the Lazio Regional Directorate because the Sardinian one could not organise it), resulting in a promotion to the Prima Divisione (the third tier at the time). In the 1931-1932 championship, the Sassaresi, led by the Hungarian Ferenc Plemich, came close to promotion to Serie B.[17]The following season was less positive, finishing second to last and relegated, but still being readmitted to the third tier. In 1934-35 it finished mid-table but renounced to play the next championship and played friendly matches until 1939. In 1939-40 they finished fifth in the Sardinian First Division, which corresponded to the fourth national level.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"Serie C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_C"},{"link_name":"friendly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friendly_(sport)"},{"link_name":"Juventus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juventus"},{"link_name":"Stadio Acquedotto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadio_Vanni_Sanna"},{"link_name":"Juventus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juventus"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zola_%26_Benitez_Upton_Park_09May09_-_crop.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gianfranco Zola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gianfranco_Zola"},{"link_name":"fourth division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IV_Serie"},{"link_name":"Serie C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_C"},{"link_name":"CONI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CONI"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Serie D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_D"},{"link_name":"Serie D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_D"},{"link_name":"Serie C2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_C2"},{"link_name":"Gianfranco Zola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gianfranco_Zola"},{"link_name":"Serie C1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_C1"},{"link_name":"Zola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gianfranco_Zola"},{"link_name":"Cagliari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cagliari_Calcio"},{"link_name":"Serie B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_B"},{"link_name":"Cagliari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cagliari_Calcio"},{"link_name":"Foggia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foggia_Calcio"},{"link_name":"Palermo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palermo_F.C."},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Post Second World War period","text":"In the first part of the 1940s, Torres played in the Sardinian First Division without great results; the best position was third place in 1942–43. Due to the war, the championships were suspended the following year until 1944–45. In 1946–47, despite finishing fourth, the club was admitted to Serie C. A friendly against Juventus was played to celebrate this event on 5 June 1947 at the Stadio Acquedotto, with Juventus winning 3–1.[18] The following season, however, the team was relegated back to the First Division, almost missing out on promotion in 1949–50. They won the group A but finished only third in the final round.Gianfranco Zola played for Torres in the 1980s.In 1950-51 Torres won the Sardinian First Division and entered the newly formed fourth division. It remained until 1958-59 when it won the championship and was promoted to the Serie C. In the third national division, it disputes mid-table championships but was awarded the CONI Stella d'oro al merito sportivo (Golden Star for sporting merit).[19] It was relegated again in 1970–71 to Serie D but returned to the third division in 1971–72. It was relegated again in 1974–75. In 1980-81 they won another Serie D championship, being promoted to the newly formed Serie C2, corresponding to the fourth level. In 1982 it changed its name to Torres Calcio s.r.l. Dragged along by the experience of Mario Piga, back in the red and blue after a brilliant career at the highest level, and the rising star Gianfranco Zola, in 1986–87, the club, coached by Lamberto Leonardi, won the championship and gained promotion to Serie C1. This was the standard formation: Pinna, Tamponi, Poggi, Petrella, Cariola, Del Favero, Tolu, Zola, Galli, Piga, Ennis. At the end of the following season, they finished ahead of rivals Cagliari. At the same time, in the 1988–1989 season, Torres reached the fourth-place finish just a step away from Serie B, behind rivals Cagliari (winners of the tournament), Foggia and Palermo.[20][21][22][23]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Coppa Italia Dilettanti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coppa_Italia_Dilettanti"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"L'Aquila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Aquila_Calcio"},{"link_name":"Stadio Flaminio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadio_Flaminio"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"Serie C2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_C2"},{"link_name":"Sassari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sassari"},{"link_name":"Serie C1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_C1"},{"link_name":"Panionios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panionios"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Serie C1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_C1"},{"link_name":"Catania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catania_Calcio"},{"link_name":"Palermo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palermo_F.C."},{"link_name":"Messina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.C.R._Messina"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Antonello_Cuccureddu_2009.jpg"},{"link_name":"Antonello Cuccureddu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonello_Cuccureddu"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Serie B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_B"},{"link_name":"Calciopoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calciopoli"},{"link_name":"Minister of the Interior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_the_Interior"},{"link_name":"Beppe Pisanu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Pisanu"},{"link_name":"Juventus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juventus"},{"link_name":"Luciano Moggi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luciano_Moggi"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Grosseto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Grosseto_1912"}],"sub_title":"The first bankruptcy and the rebirth","text":"In 1990–1991, following relegation on the field to Serie C2, came exclusion for financial defaults. In the 1991–1992 season, the club entered the interregional championship. Under the presidency of Corrado Sanna, Torres finished 5th and won the Coppa Italia Dilettanti (interregional phase).[24] In the summer of 1992, the club was re-founded, retaining the sporting title and the interregional category but changing its name to Polisportiva Sassari Torres. In 1992-1993 Torres, taken over by the building entrepreneur Gianni Marrosu and coached by Giuseppe 'Eppe' Zolo, immediately achieved a return to the professional ranks, thanks to a 2–1 victory (goals by Antonio Podda and Renato Greco) in the play-off against L'Aquila, played at the Stadio Flaminio in Rome in front of over three thousand torresini fans.After many Serie C2 championships and some unsuccessful attempts at corporate changeovers, in the 1999–2000 season, Torres was bought by a group of businessmen from Sassari, who entrusted the presidency to Leonardo Marras. The team, led again by Leonardi, regained promotion to Serie C1, thanks also to the goals of former Panionios Greek forward Theofilos Karasavvidīs, who scored 19 goals in 32 matches. In the 2000–2001 season in Serie C1, Torres had a good championship as newly promoted, placing 7th. Among the most important results, it is necessary to remember the 3–0 home victories against Catania and Palermo and 2–0 against Messina.[25]Antonello Cuccureddu in 2009Initially excluded from the 2005-2006 championship, the club gained registration thanks to an order[26] of the administrative judge and, led by Antonello Cuccureddu, managed to reach the playoffs for promotion to Serie B. On 16 May 2006, Torres was involuntarily involved in the Calciopoli investigation when telephone interceptions were published between the then Minister of the Interior, Beppe Pisanu and the Juventus manager Luciano Moggi.[27] The team suffered the backlash, being defeated in the semifinals in the double-header by Grosseto, losing both games 1–0.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sassari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sassari"},{"link_name":"Serie C2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_C2"},{"link_name":"Lodo Petrucci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodo_Petrucci"},{"link_name":"Serie C2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_C2"},{"link_name":"Serie C2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_C2"},{"link_name":"Sardinian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardinia"},{"link_name":"Promozione","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promozione"},{"link_name":"Eccellenza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eccellenza_Sardinia"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Tortolì","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortol%C3%AC"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Serie D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_D"},{"link_name":"Umbrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbria"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Sardinian Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardinian_Cup"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Serie D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_D"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardinia"},{"link_name":"Serie D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_D"},{"link_name":"Nuoro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuoro"},{"link_name":"Lega Pro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_C"},{"link_name":"Hyria Nola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.S.D._F.C._S.S._Nola_1925"},{"link_name":"Casertana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casertana_F.C."},{"link_name":"Torre Neapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.S._Turris_Calcio"},{"link_name":"Second Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_C2"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Lega Pro Seconda Divisione","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lega_Pro_Seconda_Divisione"},{"link_name":"Sassari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sassari"},{"link_name":"Lazio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazio"},{"link_name":"Sassari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sassari"},{"link_name":"2013-14 Lega Pro Seconda Divisione","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013-14_Lega_Pro_Seconda_Divisione"},{"link_name":"Lazio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazio"},{"link_name":"Forlì","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forl%C3%AC_F.C."},{"link_name":"Romagna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romagna"},{"link_name":"Serie D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_D"},{"link_name":"Lega Pro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lega_Pro"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Lega Pro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lega_Pro"},{"link_name":"FIGC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIGC"},{"link_name":"Serie D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_D"},{"link_name":"2015-16 Serie D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015-16_Serie_D"},{"link_name":"Olbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olbia_Calcio_1905"},{"link_name":"Lega Pro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lega_Pro"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Sardinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eccellenza_Sardinia"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"sub_title":"Exclusions in 2006 and 2008","text":"The defeat was followed by exclusion from the championship due to the club's serious financial collapse because of debts accrued under the management of president Rinaldo Carta. In the 2006-2007 championship, with the new name of Sassari Torres 1903 and under the presidency of Sassari entrepreneur Antonio Mascia, the club obtained admission to Serie C2 in extremis, thanks to the Lodo Petrucci. The team, built in just a few weeks during the summer, struggled due to poor pre-season preparation and the club's inexperience. The tournament fell short of expectations, alternating good play and victories with discouraging results. In fact, in April, the coach Maurizio Costantini was exonerated. However, the team won salvation and avoided the play-outs. In the 2007–2008 season, still in the Serie C2 group A, under the guidance of Luciano Foschi, Torres played a first leg that ended at the top of the league table and with a record sequence of nine consecutive home victories. However, a crisis of results and an eight-point penalty for administrative irregularities during the failed Mascia management plunged the team into the play-out zone, but the team avoided relegation.In the summer of 2008, the federal control bodies ordered the club's exclusion from Serie C2 again for financial reasons. The appeal to the Lazio Regional Administrative Court against this decision was rejected, as was the request to the Council of State on 27 August. Torres was condemned to exclusion from the professional championships and thus restarted from the Sardinian Promozione championship with a new club chaired by Leonardo Marras, former president in 1999 and patron of Torres Femminile. Former red-blue bomber Roberto Ennas has been chosen as a manager. Amarcord of the eighties, also in the club's name: Torres Calcio.After winning the 2008-2009 Sardinian Promozione (second tier), under the direction of Roberto Ennas, Torres gained promotion to Eccellenza.[28]On 27 September 2010, the club exonerated the coach for the bad results at the beginning of the season.[29] It appointed a new coach Angelino Fiori.[30] On 17 January 2011, the club dismissed Fiori;[31] Ennas returned to the team's bench the next day. On 27 February 2011, after the 3–1 defeat suffered in Tortolì, Ennas resigned from the post. The club was then assigned to Guglielmo Bacci,[32] who finished runners-up in the standings and participated in the playoffs as the top seed. After winning the regional phase, they entered the national playoff phase. In the semi-final of the national stage of the playoffs for promotion to Serie D, Torres met the Umbrian club of Trestina, from which it was eliminated.[33]The following season was triumphant, winning all the titles with record numbers (28 wins out of 34 matches played, 12 consecutive victories, 28 consecutive results without losing, 17 wins out of 17 games played at home). On 25 January 2012 came the first trophy, the Sardinian Cup, with a 2–1 victory over Taloro Gavoi,[34] defending champions of the 2011 trophy.[35] On 18 March 2012, beating Calangianus 1–0, the Torres returned to Serie D mathematically four days in advance. Finally, on 20 May 2012, the rossoblù closed the season by winning the Sardinian Supercup, imposing 2–1 on Fonni.[36]During the following summer, the club was largely renewed with good elements from different clubs on the island. To the general surprise, it was at the top of the Serie D championship standings for almost the entire season. The team's top scorer is Giuseppe Meloni, a striker from Nuoro with experience in Lega Pro, who scores a total of 21 goals. On 28 April 2013, drawing 4–4 with Hyria Nola and Casertana losing to Torre Neapolis, he returned to the Second Division.[37]In June, President Lorenzoni denounced that registration for the Lega Pro Seconda Divisione was at risk, due to difficulties in obtaining the necessary bank guarantee, and subsequently resigned. A committee of fans announced Operation Fundraising whose guarantor was the lawyer Umberto Carboni from Sassari, who is in charge of collecting and guarding the money received. The operation was successful, and around €110,000 was raised in a week. On 27 June, Torres shares officially passed into the hands of Lazio entrepreneur Domenico Capitani. He became the new owner of the Sassari club. He is joined by the new Sardinian partner Antonio Filippo Salaris. The 2013-14 Lega Pro Seconda Divisione started disastrously.\nFor this reason, and also due to the fans' protest, the club exonerated coach Salvo Fulvio D'Adderio. Lazio's Marco Cari replaced him. The team was completely renewed during the winter market and placed 12th, which still ensured participation in the play-outs. In the double-header against Forlì they won 1–0 in the first leg but lost 3–0 in the return match in Romagna. On 25 May 2014 Torres was relegated in Serie D, however, on 1 August 2014, the club was readmitted in the new Lega Pro.In the 2014–2015 season the club incorporated A.S.D. Torres (the city's women's team),[38] one of the most important Italian female clubs with 7 Scudetti, 8 Coppe Italia and 7 Italian Super Cups in its palmarès, before it was excluded from the championship for financial defaults, and reborn the following season with a separate entity from the men's team.[39] In the Lega Pro Torres avoided relegation on the field with two days to go before the end of the championship. Still, on 29 August 2015 the FIGC's Corte d'Appello Federale relegated it to Serie D for sports offences.In the 2015-16 Serie D Torres reached the play-offs. In the semifinals it draws 1–1 in extra time with Rieti. It enters the final by the best placement in the standings at the end of the league (3rd). On 29 May 2016, they lost at home 0–1 against Olbia in the play-off final for the repechage to Lega Pro.[40]In the 2016–2017 season, the financial situation was problematic. However, the entry of Salvatore Sechi in the club, with the new sports director Vittorio Tossi, completely renewed the team to try to save the category. Still, despite all the efforts, the Sassaresi relegated to the top regional division. Due to huge financial problems, the club was put into liquidation and went bankrupt. The club did not enter the Sardinia.[41]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sassari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sassari"},{"link_name":"Tergu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tergu"},{"link_name":"Ploaghe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ploaghe"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Sassari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sassari"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Stadio Vanni Sanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadio_Vanni_Sanna"},{"link_name":"FIGC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIGC"},{"link_name":"Tergu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tergu"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Serie D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_D"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Castiadas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.S.D._Socio_Culturale_Castiadas"},{"link_name":"COVID-19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19"},{"link_name":"Sardinian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardinia"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Serie C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_C"},{"link_name":"Giugliano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giugliano_Calcio_1928"},{"link_name":"Coppa Italia Dilettanti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coppa_Italia_Dilettanti"},{"link_name":"Genzano di Roma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genzano_di_Roma"},{"link_name":"Follonica Gavorrano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Gavorrano"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Arzachena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arzachena_Academy_Costa_Smeralda"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Stadio Vanni Sanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadio_Vanni_Sanna"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Campobasso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campobasso_Calcio"},{"link_name":"Teramo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teramo_Calcio"},{"link_name":"Serie C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_C"},{"link_name":"Serie C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_C"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"}],"sub_title":"The fourth re-foundation and the ascent to Serie C","text":"The new president Salvatore Sechi tried to relaunch the Sassari sporting legacy by taking the reins of the Tergu Plubium, a team of excellence born from the merger of the towns of Tergu and Ploaghe. In the presentation of the new club, the new logo was unveiled, identical to the previous one but with the wording Torres Calcio.[42] Still, federal regulations prohibited the transfer of the sport's title due to the previous merger between the two teams from the province of Sassari and the sporting offences of the old S.E.F. Torres.[43] The legacy of S.E.F. is therefore continued by Sechi with the former Tergu Plubium, even though that club does not possess the sporting title of the predecessor Torres club.[44] On 2 August 2017 came the confirmation of the change of name of the A.S.D. F.C. Tergu Plubium to A.S.D. Torres, with the consequent relocation of the playing field for home matches to the Stadio Vanni Sanna, with consequent dispensation from the FIGC as it is not located in the territory of the municipality of Tergu. Consequently, the club's social colours also changed from white-blue to Torresino red-blue.[45] The new club finished third, followed by the victory in the regional playoffs with consequent admission to the national disputes for promotion to Serie D, which are won, ensuring the team promotion.[46] The management Sechi provides stability but is fluctuating in terms of results: in the first season, the team avoided relegation only at the play-out in the derby with Castiadas, while the following year, after a good championship, interrupted only by the pandemic of COVID-19, it finished third. In 2020–2021, the team started among the favourites. Still, the performances are mediocre, and the team only manages to save the category at best.The turning point came in the summer of 2021 when the Sardinian company Abinsula Srl bought the club.[47] The new president became the former flagman of the 1990s, Stefano Udassi,[48] who immediately set up a team to return to Serie C. The expectations are confirmed, and only Giugliano denies the conquest of direct promotion. Even in the Coppa Italia Dilettanti, the path was excellent. The victory faded only in the final loss in Genzano di Roma against Follonica Gavorrano.[49] The third place in the championship guarantees participation in the play-off for the repechage list. After the semi-final with Arzachena, the red and blue, on 8 June 2022, beat Afragolese at home in the final, thus guaranteeing the second slot of the potential admitted in the third series.[50] In this perspective, the extra-football corporate operations in July, such as the renovation of parts of the Stadio Vanni Sanna and the transformation from Associazione Sportiva Dilettantistica to a limited liability company, thus changing its name to Torres Srl, had an impact.[51]\nOn 3 August 2022, following Campobasso and Teramo's exclusion for financial defaults from Serie C, the Sassaresi obtained the official repechage to Serie C, thus returning to the professional ranks after eight seasons of absence.[52]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Colours, badge and identity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Judicate of Logudoro or Torres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicate_of_Logudoro"},{"link_name":"Sardinian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardinia"},{"link_name":"Judicates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardinian_medieval_kingdoms"},{"link_name":"Sassari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sassari"},{"link_name":"island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardinia"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"}],"sub_title":"Name","text":"The choice of the name Torres is due to one of the club's founders, Professor Berlinguer.[53] Judicate of Logudoro or Torres was the medieval Sardinian Judicates in which Sassari was located in the north-western part of island. At the beginning of the 20th century, several Sardinian football clubs and sports associations chose names that recalled Sardinian history. It was due to a rediscovery of local identity that also took place through naming historical names.[54]","title":"Colours, badge and identity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Sassari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sassari"},{"link_name":"Serie C2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_C2"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Paris Saint-Germain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Saint-Germain"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"}],"sub_title":"Colours","text":"The club's official colours are red and blue, following a survey by the founding members. They, looking for a gala suit, put three on display in a well-known city shop. What met with great success was a blue double-breasted jacket with red lapels.[55]The classic Torres uniform is the one commonly - but improperly - known as the red and blue quartered shirt: red on the right and blue on the left, with the sleeves, generally reversed, i.e. red on the left and blue on the right. On the left side, at heart, is the club's coat of arms, which for a long time was represented by a white shield with the heraldic coat of arms of the city of Sassari. Rarely this historical combination has undergone variations. In the 1977–1978 season, the two parts of the uniform were separated diagonally. In the 1980s, the uniform often had a single colour, red or blue, with trim in the opposite colour on the shoulders and above the heart. At the time, another jersey was also used, with red and blue vertical stripes. Particularly the uniform used in the 1997-1998 Serie C2, blue with a red vertical stripe running through the centre of the shirt, edged in white. This uniform is reminiscent of the classic combination of the French club Paris Saint-Germain. The classic second uniform is white with red-blue trim. Players have also worn white uniforms with a red-blue diagonal or horizontal stripe over the years.[56]","title":"Colours, badge and identity"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Coat of arms","text":"The club's emblem adopted by the club since the 1950s (and since then only modified from a graphic point of view, but never in substance) faithfully follows the heraldic coat of arms of the city of Sassari: a red and blue quartered shield, with a white tower drawn in the red quarters and an equally white cross in the blue ones.","title":"Colours, badge and identity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SEF_Torres_1903&action=edit&section=13"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SEF_Torres_1903&action=edit&section=14"},{"link_name":"Serie C1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_C1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bronze_medal_icon.svg"},{"link_name":"IV Serie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IV_Serie"},{"link_name":"Serie C2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lega_Pro_Seconda_Divisione"},{"link_name":"Serie D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_D"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gold_medal_icon.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Silver_medal_icon.svg"},{"link_name":"2015-16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015-16_Serie_D"},{"link_name":"2019-20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019-20_Serie_D"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bronze_medal_icon.svg"},{"link_name":"Serie D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_D"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gold_medal_icon.svg"},{"link_name":"2012–13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_Serie_D"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SEF_Torres_1903&action=edit&section=15"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gold_medal_icon.svg"},{"link_name":"Coppa Italia Dilettanti (interregional phase)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coppa_Italia_Dilettanti"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gold_medal_icon.svg"},{"link_name":"Coppa Italia Serie D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coppa_Italia_Serie_D"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Silver_medal_icon.svg"},{"link_name":"2021–22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_Coppa_Italia_Serie_D"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SEF_Torres_1903&action=edit&section=16"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SEF_Torres_1903&action=edit&section=17"},{"link_name":"Prima Divisione","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prima_Divisione"},{"link_name":"Eccellenza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eccellenza_Sardinia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gold_medal_icon.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Silver_medal_icon.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bronze_medal_icon.svg"},{"link_name":"Promozione","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promozione"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gold_medal_icon.svg"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SEF_Torres_1903&action=edit&section=18"},{"link_name":"Sardinian Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardinian_Cup"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gold_medal_icon.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gold_medal_icon.svg"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SEF_Torres_1903&action=edit&section=19"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gold_medal_icon.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gold_medal_icon.svg"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SEF_Torres_1903&action=edit&section=20"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Theofilos Karasavvidis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theofilos_Karasavvidis"},{"link_name":"Serie C1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lega_Pro_Prima_Divisione"}],"text":"National competitions[edit]\nLeagues[edit]\nSerie C1 (Tier 3):\n Third-place (1): 2005-06 Group B\nIV Serie / Serie C2 / Serie D (Tier 4):\n Winners (4): 1956-57 Group F, 1971-72 Group F, 1986-87 Group A, 1999-00 Group B\n Runners-up (3): 1954-55 Group F, 2015-16 Group G, 2019-20 Group G\n Third-place (1): 1982-83 Group A\nSerie D (Tier 5):\n Winners (3): 1980-81 Group D, 1992-93 Group F, 2012–13 Group G\nCups[edit]\nCoppa Cossu-Mariotti:\n Winners (1): 1976–77, 1977–78\nCoppa Italia Dilettanti (interregional phase):\n Winners (1): 1991–92\nCoppa Italia Serie D:\n Runners-up (1): 2021–22\nSardinian competitions[edit]\nLeagues[edit]\nPrima Divisione / Eccellenza (Tier 1):\n Winners (3): 1949–50, 1950–51, 2011–12\n Runners-up (1): 2010–11\n Third-place (2): 1951-52 Group I, 2017–18\nPromozione (Tier 2):\n Winners (1): 2008-09 Group B\nCups[edit]\nSardinian Cup:\n Winners (1): 2011–12\nSardinian Supercup:\n Winners (1): 2011–12\nFriedlies trophies[edit]\nCampionati sardi di foot-ball:\n Winners (1): 1911\nCoppa Città de La Maddalena:\n Winners (1): 1912\n\n\nIndividual Player & Coach awards[edit]\nTop Scorer\n Theofilos Karasavvidis Serie C1:1999-00 (19 gol)","title":"Honours and distinctions"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"FIFA eligibility rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_eligibility_rules"}],"sub_title":"Current squad","text":"As of 5 February 2024[57]Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.","title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FIFA eligibility rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_eligibility_rules"}],"sub_title":"Out on loan","text":"Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.","title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Category:SEF Torres 1903 players","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:SEF_Torres_1903_players"}],"text":"Further information: Category:SEF Torres 1903 players","title":"Notable former players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of S.E.F. Torres 1903 seasons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_S.E.F._Torres_1903_seasons"},{"link_name":"2018–19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_Serie_D"},{"link_name":"Serie D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_D"},{"link_name":"2019–20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Serie_D"},{"link_name":"Serie D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_D"},{"link_name":"2020–21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_Serie_D"},{"link_name":"Serie D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_D"},{"link_name":"2021–22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_Serie_D"},{"link_name":"Serie D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_D"},{"link_name":"Finalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_Coppa_Italia_Serie_D"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"}],"text":"See also: List of S.E.F. Torres 1903 seasonsSeason\n\nDiv.\n\nPos.\n\nPl.\n\nW\n\nD\n\nL\n\nGS\n\nGA\n\nP\n\nDomestic Cup\n\nOther\n\nNotes\n\n\n2018–19\n\nSerie D\n\n15/20\n\n38\n\n12\n\n4\n\n22\n\n35\n\n59\n\n40\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2019–20\n\nSerie D\n\n3/18\n\n26\n\n14\n\n9\n\n3\n\n44\n\n25\n\n51\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2020–21\n\nSerie D\n\n15/20\n\n34\n\n8\n\n10\n\n16\n\n31\n\n48\n\n34\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2021–22\n\nSerie D\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFinalist\n\n\n\n\n\n[58]","title":"League and cup history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Torres Calcio Femminile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torres_Calcio_Femminile"},{"link_name":"Serie A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_A_(women%27s_football)"},{"link_name":"Italian Women's Cups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Women%27s_Cup"}],"text":"The women's team Torres Calcio Femminile has won six Serie A titles and eight Italian Women's Cups.","title":"Women's team"}]
[{"image_text":"List of clubs affiliated to the F.G.N.I. Torres appears in the section referring to 19 April 1907","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/FGNI_elenco_1912_pag.3.jpg/170px-FGNI_elenco_1912_pag.3.jpg"},{"image_text":"Gianfranco Zola played for Torres in the 1980s.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Zola_%26_Benitez_Upton_Park_09May09_-_crop.jpg/170px-Zola_%26_Benitez_Upton_Park_09May09_-_crop.jpg"},{"image_text":"Antonello Cuccureddu in 2009","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Antonello_Cuccureddu_2009.jpg/170px-Antonello_Cuccureddu_2009.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Torres Calcio Femminile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.S.D._Torres_Calcio_Femminile"},{"title":"U.S.D. Latte Dolce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S.D._Latte_Dolce"},{"title":"Dinamo Basket Sassari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinamo_Basket_Sassari"}]
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La Nuova Sardegna. 21 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lanuovasardegna.it/sport/2011/04/21/news/lo-stadio-di-sassari-90-anni-di-storia-1.3419751","url_text":"\"Lo stadio di Sassari: 90 anni di storia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ilvarsenal di La Maddalena, il club di calcio più antico di tutta la Sardegna\".","urls":[{"url":"https://footballstory.mondocalcionews.it/categorie-inferiori/ilvarsenal-di-la-maddalena-il-club-di-calcio-piu-antico-di-tutta-la-sardegna/vittorio-cornacchia/","url_text":"\"Ilvarsenal di La Maddalena, il club di calcio più antico di tutta la Sardegna\""}]},{"reference":"\"Le 10 città più popolate d'Italia mai state in serie B\". 4 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cronachedispogliatoio.it/serie-b-citta-piu-popolate-mai-state/","url_text":"\"Le 10 città più popolate d'Italia mai state in serie B\""}]},{"reference":"\"Una targa nel luogo di nascita della Sef Torres\". 6 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0w0dqRx_vuY","url_text":"\"Una targa nel luogo di nascita della Sef Torres\""}]},{"reference":"\"Addio a Gianni Zara, storica voce rossoblù\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.torres1903.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=7796","url_text":"\"Addio a Gianni Zara, storica voce rossoblù\""}]},{"reference":"\"SEF Torres 1903\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.alleniamo.com/storiacalcio/torres/torres.htm","url_text":"\"SEF Torres 1903\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cento anni fa il \"foot-ball\"\". La Nuova Sardegna. 26 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lanuovasardegna.it/sport/2011/07/26/news/cento-anni-fa-il-foot-ball-1.3498069","url_text":"\"Cento anni fa il \"foot-ball\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"SEF Torres 1903\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.alleniamo.com/storiacalcio/torres/torres.htm","url_text":"\"SEF Torres 1903\""}]},{"reference":"\"La Nascita\".","urls":[{"url":"https://seftorrescalcio.it/storia/","url_text":"\"La Nascita\""}]},{"reference":"\"SEF Torres 1903\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.alleniamo.com/storiacalcio/torres/torres.htm","url_text":"\"SEF Torres 1903\""}]},{"reference":"\"1920/27\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.storiadelcagliari.it/1920-1927/i-primi-anni.php","url_text":"\"1920/27\""}]},{"reference":"\"SEF Torres 1903\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.alleniamo.com/storiacalcio/torres/torres.htm","url_text":"\"SEF Torres 1903\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lo stadio di Sassari: 90 anni di storia\". La Nuova Sardegna. 21 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lanuovasardegna.it/sport/2011/04/21/news/lo-stadio-di-sassari-90-anni-di-storia-1.3419751","url_text":"\"Lo stadio di Sassari: 90 anni di storia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Derby del nord Sardegna Olbia-Torres, il comune blinda il match\". La Nuova Sardegna. 30 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.olbianotizie.it/articolo/52614-derby_del_nord_sardegna_olbia_torres_il_comune_blinda_il_match","url_text":"\"Derby del nord Sardegna Olbia-Torres, il comune blinda il match\""}]},{"reference":"\"La nascita\".","urls":[{"url":"https://seftorrescalcio.it/storia/","url_text":"\"La nascita\""}]},{"reference":"\"5/06/1947 – Torres-Juventus 1-3\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.juworld.net/partita.asp?idm=1533","url_text":"\"5/06/1947 – Torres-Juventus 1-3\""}]},{"reference":"\"Torres-Massese, i precedenti\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.torres1903.com/modules.php?name=News&file=print&sid=84","url_text":"\"Torres-Massese, i precedenti\""}]},{"reference":"\"SEF Torres 1903\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.alleniamo.com/storiacalcio/torres/torres.htm","url_text":"\"SEF Torres 1903\""}]},{"reference":"\"La nascita\".","urls":[{"url":"https://seftorrescalcio.it/storia/","url_text":"\"La nascita\""}]},{"reference":"\"1987/88\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.storiadelcagliari.it/1987-1988/campionato/serie-c/il-racconto-della-stagione.php","url_text":"\"1987/88\""}]},{"reference":"\"1988/89\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.storiadelcagliari.it/1988-1989/campionato/serie-c/il-racconto-della-stagione.php","url_text":"\"1988/89\""}]},{"reference":"\"La Torres conquista la Coppa Italia della serie D\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.torres1903.com/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=232","url_text":"\"La Torres conquista la Coppa Italia della serie D\""}]},{"reference":"\"Le giocate e i gol arrivano invece dal bomber greco Theofilos Karasavvidīs e, tra gli altri, da Luca Amoruso, fratello dell'ex attaccante della Juventus, Nicola, e Antonio Langella\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tuttocampo.it/Sardegna/News/1263758/la-storia-della-torres-la-societa-di-calcio-piu-antica-della-sardegna","url_text":"\"Le giocate e i gol arrivano invece dal bomber greco Theofilos Karasavvidīs e, tra gli altri, da Luca Amoruso, fratello dell'ex attaccante della Juventus, Nicola, e Antonio Langella\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ordinanza 3865/2005\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.giustizia-amministrativa.it/DocumentiGA/Consiglio%20di%20Stato/Sezione%206/2005/200506857/Provvedimenti/CDS_200503865_OO.DOC","url_text":"\"Ordinanza 3865/2005\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pisanu chiamò Moggi: aiuta la Torres\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.corriere.it/Primo_Piano/Cronache/2006/05_Maggio/16/sarza.shtml","url_text":"\"Pisanu chiamò Moggi: aiuta la Torres\""}]},{"reference":"\"Il rossoblù vincente. Tutte le promozioni della Torres\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amst1903.it/index.php/memorie/29-il-rossoblu-vincente-tutte-le-promozioni-della-torres-prima-parte","url_text":"\"Il rossoblù vincente. Tutte le promozioni della Torres\""}]},{"reference":"\"Terremoto alla Torres, esonerato il tecnico Roberto Ennas\".","urls":[{"url":"https://sardegna.diariosportivo.it/ultimora/terremoto-alla-torres-esonerato-il-tecnico-roberto-ennas","url_text":"\"Terremoto alla Torres, esonerato il tecnico Roberto Ennas\""}]},{"reference":"\"Angelino Fiori è il nuovo tecnico della Torres\".","urls":[{"url":"https://sardegna.diariosportivo.it/ultimora/angelino-fiori-il-nuovo-tecnico-della-torres","url_text":"\"Angelino Fiori è il nuovo tecnico della Torres\""}]},{"reference":"\"Torres: esonerato anche Angelino Fiori\". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304230149/http://notizie.alguer.it/n?id=38062","url_text":"\"Torres: esonerato anche Angelino Fiori\""},{"url":"http://notizie.alguer.it/n?id=38062","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Si riparte da Bacci\". Archived from the original on 15 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120415063214/http://www.torrescalcio.it/notizia.asp?id=7210","url_text":"\"Si riparte da Bacci\""},{"url":"http://www.torrescalcio.it/notizia.asp?id=7210","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Calcio: il Trestina batte la Torres (3-1) e vola in finale per salire in Serie D\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.trgmedia.it/Calcio-il-Trestina-batte-la-Torres-3-1-e-vola-in-finale-per-salire-in-serie-D/news-43054.aspx","url_text":"\"Calcio: il Trestina batte la Torres (3-1) e vola in finale per salire in Serie D\""}]},{"reference":"\"La Torres vince la Coppa Italia di Eccellenza regionale\". La Nuova Sardegna. 24 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lanuovasardegna.it/sport/2012/01/24/news/la-torres-vince-la-coppa-italia-di-eccellenza-regionale-1.3646934","url_text":"\"La Torres vince la Coppa Italia di Eccellenza regionale\""}]},{"reference":"\"Finale di Coppa Italia: il Taloro vince 5-3 ai rigori contro il Tortolì\". La Nuova Sardegna. 19 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://sardegna.diariosportivo.it/ultimora/finale-di-coppa-italia-il-taloro-vince-5-3-ai-rigori-contro-il-tortol","url_text":"\"Finale di Coppa Italia: il Taloro vince 5-3 ai rigori contro il Tortolì\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sanna e Manzini regalano a Sassari l'ennesimo trofeo. La supercoppa strappata al Fonni\". La Nuova Sardegna. 19 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://sardegna.diariosportivo.it/articoli/sanna-e-manzini-regalano-sassari-lennesimo-trofeo-la-supercoppa-strappata-al-fonni","url_text":"\"Sanna e Manzini regalano a Sassari l'ennesimo trofeo. La supercoppa strappata al Fonni\""}]},{"reference":"\"La Torres è promossa in Seconda divisione\". La Nuova Sardegna. 28 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lanuovasardegna.it/sassari/cronaca/2013/04/28/news/la-torres-e-promossa-in-seconda-divisione-1.6965944","url_text":"\"La Torres è promossa in Seconda divisione\""}]},{"reference":"\"Uomini e donne, solo una Torres. Capitani: \"Rilanciamo e puntiamo sui giovani\". Comune Sassari: \"Stadio? Si può fare\"\". Sardegna Sport. 27 June 2014. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141006105809/http://www.sardegnasport.com/?p=28639#","url_text":"\"Uomini e donne, solo una Torres. Capitani: \"Rilanciamo e puntiamo sui giovani\". Comune Sassari: \"Stadio? Si può fare\"\""},{"url":"http://www.sardegnasport.com/?p=28639#","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Fine della storia: la Torres lascia e non si iscrive alla serie A\". Corriere dello Sport. 11 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.corrieredellosport.it/news/calcio/calcio-femminile/2015/09/11-3932443/fine_della_storia_la_torres_lascia_e_non_si_iscrive_alla_serie_a?cookieAccept=","url_text":"\"Fine della storia: la Torres lascia e non si iscrive alla serie A\""}]},{"reference":"\"Finale playoff: Torres-Olbia 0-1, gol di Mastinu dopo 6' e i galluresi ora vedono la Lega Pro\". Sardegna Diario Sportivo. 29 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://sardegna.diariosportivo.it/ultimora/finale-playoff-torres-olbia-0-1-gol-di-mastinu-dopo-6-e-i-galluresi-ora-vedono-la-lega-pro","url_text":"\"Finale playoff: Torres-Olbia 0-1, gol di Mastinu dopo 6' e i galluresi ora vedono la Lega Pro\""}]},{"reference":"\"Eccellenza, ufficiale la mancata iscrizione della SEF Torres 1903\". Sardegna Sport. 24 July 2017. Archived from the original on 3 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170803012636/http://www.sardegnasport.com/2017/07/24/ufficiale-la-mancata-iscrizione-della-sef-torres-1903-in-eccellenza/","url_text":"\"Eccellenza, ufficiale la mancata iscrizione della SEF Torres 1903\""},{"url":"http://www.sardegnasport.com/2017/07/24/ufficiale-la-mancata-iscrizione-della-sef-torres-1903-in-eccellenza/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ecco la nuova Torres\". Sardegna Sport. 19 June 2017. Archived from the original on 25 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170725054004/http://www.sardegnasport.com/2017/06/19/live-la-nuova-torres-si-presenta-a-sassari-tergu-segui-la-diretta-dellincontro-pubblico-con-salvatore-sechi-e-gianfranco-satta-a-il-vialetto-di-sassari/","url_text":"\"Ecco la nuova Torres\""},{"url":"http://www.sardegnasport.com/2017/06/19/live-la-nuova-torres-si-presenta-a-sassari-tergu-segui-la-diretta-dellincontro-pubblico-con-salvatore-sechi-e-gianfranco-satta-a-il-vialetto-di-sassari/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Torres sogno ripescaggio, ma (quest'anno) la fusione non si può fare,\". Sardegna Sport. 9 July 2017. Archived from the original on 3 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170803011821/http://www.sardegnasport.com/2017/07/08/fusione-torres-non-si-puo-fare-tra-tergu-plubium-e-sporting-sassari-sogno-ripescaggio-per-salvatore-sechi-e-gianfranco-satta/","url_text":"\"Torres sogno ripescaggio, ma (quest'anno) la fusione non si può fare,\""},{"url":"http://www.sardegnasport.com/2017/07/08/fusione-torres-non-si-puo-fare-tra-tergu-plubium-e-sporting-sassari-sogno-ripescaggio-per-salvatore-sechi-e-gianfranco-satta/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Eccellenza, ufficiale la mancata iscrizione della SEF Torres 1903\". Sardegna Sport. 24 July 2017. Archived from the original on 3 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170803012636/http://www.sardegnasport.com/2017/07/24/ufficiale-la-mancata-iscrizione-della-sef-torres-1903-in-eccellenza/","url_text":"\"Eccellenza, ufficiale la mancata iscrizione della SEF Torres 1903\""},{"url":"http://www.sardegnasport.com/2017/07/24/ufficiale-la-mancata-iscrizione-della-sef-torres-1903-in-eccellenza/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ufficiale: nasce la A.S.D. Torres. Gioca al \"Vanni Sanna\" ma...\" Sardegna Sport. 2 August 2017. Archived from the original on 3 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170803014420/http://www.sardegnasport.com/2017/08/02/ufficiale-nasce-la-a-s-d-torres-gioca-al-vanni-sanna-ma/","url_text":"\"Ufficiale: nasce la A.S.D. Torres. Gioca al \"Vanni Sanna\" ma...\""},{"url":"http://www.sardegnasport.com/2017/08/02/ufficiale-nasce-la-a-s-d-torres-gioca-al-vanni-sanna-ma/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Pareggio magico della Torres in trasferta, tripudio dei giocatori neopromossi in D\". La Nuova Sardegna. 10 June 2018. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142704/http://www.lanuovasardegna.it/sassari/foto-e-video/2018/06/10/fotogalleria/pareggio-magico-della-torres-in-trasferta-tripudio-dei-giocatori-neopromossi-in-d-1.16947312#1","url_text":"\"Pareggio magico della Torres in trasferta, tripudio dei giocatori neopromossi in D\""},{"url":"http://www.lanuovasardegna.it/sassari/foto-e-video/2018/06/10/fotogalleria/pareggio-magico-della-torres-in-trasferta-tripudio-dei-giocatori-neopromossi-in-d-1.16947312#1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Calcio, la Torres venduta: la nuova proprietaria è Abinsula Sport\". La Nuova Sardegna. 15 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lanuovasardegna.it/sport/2021/07/15/news/calcio-la-torres-venduta-la-nuova-proprietaria-e-abinsula-sport-1.40500337","url_text":"\"Calcio, la Torres venduta: la nuova proprietaria è Abinsula Sport\""}]},{"reference":"\"La nuova Torres di Abinsula parte da Udassi presidente\". Centotrentuno. 15 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.centotrentuno.com/news/la-nuova-torres-di-abinsula-parte-da-udassi-presidente/","url_text":"\"La nuova Torres di Abinsula parte da Udassi presidente\""}]},{"reference":"\"Delusione in Coppa Italia, la Torres perde in finale contro il Follonica\". La Nuova Sardegna. 1 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lanuovasardegna.it/sport/2022/06/01/news/delusione-in-coppa-italia-la-torres-perde-in-finale-contro-il-follonica-1.41482836","url_text":"\"Delusione in Coppa Italia, la Torres perde in finale contro il Follonica\""}]},{"reference":"\"Playoff, la Torres batte l'Afragolese 2-1 e sogna un posto in Serie C\". La Nuova Sardegna. 8 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lanuovasardegna.it/tempo-libero/2022/06/08/news/playoff-torres-afragolese-sassaresi-in-vantaggio-per-2-0-1.41498340","url_text":"\"Playoff, la Torres batte l'Afragolese 2-1 e sogna un posto in Serie C\""}]},{"reference":"Marras, Giampiero (19 July 2022). \"La Torres ha presentato la domanda di ripescaggio\". La Nuova Sardegna.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.unionesarda.it/sport-sardegna/la-torres-ha-presentato-la-domanda-di-ripescaggio-rb3zeymf","url_text":"\"La Torres ha presentato la domanda di ripescaggio\""}]},{"reference":"Marras, Giampiero (3 August 2022). \"E' ufficiale: la Torres in serie C\". La Nuova Sardegna.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lanuovasardegna.it/sport/2022/08/03/news/e-ufficiale-la-torres-in-serie-c-1.100064544","url_text":"\"E' ufficiale: la Torres in serie C\""}]},{"reference":"\"SEF Torres 1903\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.alleniamo.com/storiacalcio/torres/torres.htm","url_text":"\"SEF Torres 1903\""}]},{"reference":"Branca, Domenico (2012). \"\"Serás eterno como el tiempo y florecerás en cada primavera\". La squadra di calcio come fenomeno identitario\". Anuac. 1 (1): 59–69. doi:10.7340/anuac2239-625X-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://ojs.unica.it/index.php/anuac/article/view/1589","url_text":"\"\"Serás eterno como el tiempo y florecerás en cada primavera\". La squadra di calcio come fenomeno identitario\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.7340%2Fanuac2239-625X-16","url_text":"10.7340/anuac2239-625X-16"}]},{"reference":"\"Non tutti sanno che...[prima puntata]\". torres 1903.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.torres1903.com/modules.php?name=Memorie&file=index1","url_text":"\"Non tutti sanno che...[prima puntata]\""}]},{"reference":"\"Maglie\". amst1903.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.amst1903.it/index.php/maglie","url_text":"\"Maglie\""}]},{"reference":"\"PRIMA SQUADRA\". seftorrescalcio.it.","urls":[{"url":"https://seftorrescalcio.it/rosa-20162017/#","url_text":"\"PRIMA SQUADRA\""}]},{"reference":"\"Coppa Italia Serie D: Follonica Gavorrano-Torres 2-1: trofeo ai toscani\" (in Italian). La Gazzetta dello Sport. 2 June 2022. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su_Chiao-hui
Su Chiao-hui
["1 Early life","2 Legal career","3 Political career","4 Personal life","5 References"]
Taiwanese politician and lawyer Su Chiao-huiMLY蘇巧慧Official portrait, 2023Member of the Legislative YuanIncumbentAssumed office 1 February 2016Preceded byHuang Chih-hsiungConstituencyNew Taipei V5th Head of the New Taipei Branch ofthe Democratic Progressive PartyIncumbentAssumed office 7 June 2024ChairmanLai Ching-tePreceded byHo Po-wen Personal detailsBorn (1976-04-05) 5 April 1976 (age 48)Taipei, TaiwanPolitical partyDemocratic Progressive PartySpouse Lungnan Isak Fangas ​(m. 2008)​Children2Parent(s)Su Tseng-chang and Chan Hsiu-lingAlma materNational Taiwan UniversityBoston UniversityUniversity of Pennsylvania Law School Su Chiao-hui (Chinese: 蘇巧慧; pinyin: Sū Qiǎohuì; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: So͘ Kháu-hūi; 5 April 1976) is a Taiwanese politician and lawyer who is currently a member of the Legislative Yuan. Early life Su Chiao-hui was born in Taipei. She obtained her bachelor's degree in law from National Taiwan University. She then obtained her Master of Laws from the Boston University School of Law and the University of Pennsylvania Law School. Legal career Su Chiao-hui was a trial lawyer who did pro bono work for people in poverty. While working for Formosa Transnational Attorneys at Law, a firm founded by Fan Kuang-chun and John Chen, Su was mentored by Wellington Koo. She has also served as executive director of her father's Eball Foundation  starting in 2012. Political career Su defeated Ou Chin-shih and Liao Yi-kun in a Democratic Progressive Party primary held in March 2015 to win her party's nomination for the fifth constituency of New Taipei City. She defeated Kuomintang incumbent Huang Chih-hsiung, who had held the seat for three terms. Legislative Election 2016: New Taipei 5th district Party Candidate Votes % ±% DPP Su Chiao-hui 92,237 56.11 Kuomintang Huang Chih-hsiung 67,014 40.77 NPP Kuo Po-yu 5,130 3.12 Majority 25,223 15.34 Total valid votes 164,381 98.83 Rejected ballots 1,940 1.17 DPP gain from Kuomintang Swing Turnout 166,321 68.16 Registered electors 244,030 Personal life Su is the eldest daughter of the former Prime Minister (President of the Executive Yuan) of Taiwan, Su Tseng-chang and Chan Hsiu-ling. Su's husband, Lungnan Isak Fangas, is an Amis filmmaker. References ^ Huang, Jewel (1 January 2005). "Su Tseng-chang enters race for DPP chairman". Taipei Times. Retrieved 12 June 2016. ^ Mo, Yan-chih (25 November 2010). "Su Tseng-chang: Comeback kid". Taipei Times. Retrieved 12 June 2016. ^ "Penn Law alums elected to Taiwan's parliament". University of Pennsylvania Law School. 21 January 2016. Retrieved 12 June 2016. ^ a b Chang, An-chiao; Chin, Jonathan (4 November 2015). "Su Chiao-hui hopes to expand dad's legacy". Taipei Times. Retrieved 17 January 2016. ^ Chuang, Jimmy (5 December 2004). "Koos's legal experience helping DPP". Taipei Times. Retrieved 18 February 2016. ^ Lin, Enru (31 May 2014). "Brave new classroom". Taipei Times. Retrieved 18 February 2016. ^ Loa, Lok-sin (21 March 2015). "Lai Jui-lung wins DPP nomination". Taipei Times. Retrieved 17 January 2016. ^ "Former premier's daughter wins seat in legislature". Central News Agency. 16 January 2016. Retrieved 17 January 2016. ^ Hou, Elaine (17 January 2016). "New faces to enter Taiwan's Legislature as young generation rises". Central News Agency. Retrieved 17 January 2016. ^ Lee, Daw-Ming (2012). Historical Dictionary of Taiwan Cinema. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810879225. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Su Chiao-hui. vte Members of the 9th Legislative Yuan Speaker: Su Jia-chyuan Deputy Speaker: Tsai Chi-chang Secretary General: Lin Chih-chia Democratic Progressive Party(68 Seats) Ker Chien-ming (leader) Chang Hung-lu Chang Liao Wan-chien Chen Chi-mai Chen Lai Su-mei Chen Ming-wen Chen Ou-po Cheng Pao-ching Chen Su-yueh Chen Ting-fei Chen Ying Cheng Yun-peng Chiang chieh-an Chiang Yung-chang Chen Chien-kuo Chien Tung-ming Chiu Chih-wei Liu Chih-fen Chiu Yi-ying Chou Chun-mi Chung Chia-pin Chuang Jui-hsiung Chung Kung-chao Gao Jyh-peng Ho Hsin-chun Hsiao Bi-khim Huang Hsiu-fang Huang Kuo-shu Huang Wei-cher Hung Chin-yi Kuan Bi-ling Lai Jui-lung Lee Chun-yi Lee Kun-tse Lin Chun-hsien Lin Shu-fen Lin Tai-hua Lin Ching-yi Liu Chao-hao Liu Shyh-fang Lo Chih-cheng Lu Sun-ling Su Cheng-ching Su Chiao-hui Su Jia-chyuan Hsu Tien-lin Tsai Chi-chang Tsai Shih-ying Frida Tsai Tsai Yi-yu Tuan Yi-kang Wang Ting-yu Wang Jung-chang Wu Yu-qing Wu Chi-ming Wu Kuen-yuh Rosalia Wu Wu Ping-jui Yang Yao Yeh Yi-jin Pasuya Yao Yu Mei-nu Karen Yu Kuomintang(35 Seats) Lin Te-fu (leader) Chang Li-shan Chen Chao-ming Chen Hsueh-sheng Apollo Chen Chen Yi-min Johnny Chiang Chiang Nai-shin Chiang Wan-an Chien Tung-ming Alex Fai Hsu Chen-wei Hsu Chih-jung Hsu Shu-hua Huang Chao-shun Kung Wen-chi Ko Chih-en Lai Shyh-bao Lee Yen-hsiu Liao Kuo-tung Lin Li-chan Lin Wei-chou Lo Ming-tsai Lu Shiow-yen Lu Yu-ling Ma Wen-chun Tseng Ming-chung John Wu Wang Huei-mei Wang Jin-pyng Alicia Wang Sra Kacaw Yang Cheng-wu Yen Kuan-heng New Power Party(3 Seats) Hsu Yung-ming (leader) Huang Kuo-chang Jang Show-ling People First Party(3 Seats) Lee Hung-chun (leader) Chen Yi-chieh Chou Chen Hsiu-hsia Non-Partisan Solidarity Union (1 Seat) Kao Chin Su-mei Independent (3 Seats) Chao Cheng-yu Hung Tzu-yung Freddy Lim
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"Pe̍h-ōe-jī","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB"},{"link_name":"Legislative Yuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_Yuan"}],"text":"Su Chiao-hui (Chinese: 蘇巧慧; pinyin: Sū Qiǎohuì; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: So͘ Kháu-hūi; 5 April 1976) is a Taiwanese politician and lawyer who is currently a member of the Legislative Yuan.","title":"Su Chiao-hui"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"National Taiwan University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Taiwan_University"},{"link_name":"Master of Laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Laws"},{"link_name":"Boston University School of Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_University_School_of_Law"},{"link_name":"University of Pennsylvania Law School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Law_School"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Su Chiao-hui was born in Taipei.[1][2] She obtained her bachelor's degree in law from National Taiwan University. She then obtained her Master of Laws from the Boston University School of Law and the University of Pennsylvania Law School.[3]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ttprofile-4"},{"link_name":"Fan Kuang-chun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan_Kuang-chun"},{"link_name":"Wellington Koo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington_Koo_(Taiwan)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Eball Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eball_Foundation&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"zh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E8%B6%8A%E5%9F%BA%E9%87%91%E6%9C%83"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Su Chiao-hui was a trial lawyer who did pro bono work for people in poverty.[4] While working for Formosa Transnational Attorneys at Law, a firm founded by Fan Kuang-chun and John Chen, Su was mentored by Wellington Koo.[5] She has also served as executive director of her father's Eball Foundation [zh] starting in 2012.[6]","title":"Legal career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Huang Chih-hsiung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huang_Chih-hsiung"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Su defeated Ou Chin-shih and Liao Yi-kun in a Democratic Progressive Party primary held in March 2015 to win her party's nomination for the fifth constituency of New Taipei City.[7] She defeated Kuomintang incumbent Huang Chih-hsiung, who had held the seat for three terms.[8][9]","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prime Minister (President of the Executive Yuan) of Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_of_the_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"Su Tseng-chang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su_Tseng-chang"},{"link_name":"Amis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amis_people"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ttprofile-4"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Su is the eldest daughter of the former Prime Minister (President of the Executive Yuan) of Taiwan, Su Tseng-chang and Chan Hsiu-ling. Su's husband, Lungnan Isak Fangas, is an Amis filmmaker.[4][10]","title":"Personal life"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Huang, Jewel (1 January 2005). \"Su Tseng-chang enters race for DPP chairman\". Taipei Times. Retrieved 12 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2005/01/01/2003217559","url_text":"\"Su Tseng-chang enters race for DPP chairman\""}]},{"reference":"Mo, Yan-chih (25 November 2010). \"Su Tseng-chang: Comeback kid\". Taipei Times. Retrieved 12 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2010/11/25/2003489385/2","url_text":"\"Su Tseng-chang: Comeback kid\""}]},{"reference":"\"Penn Law alums elected to Taiwan's parliament\". University of Pennsylvania Law School. 21 January 2016. Retrieved 12 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.law.upenn.edu/live/news/5939-penn-law-alums-join-taiwan-parliament","url_text":"\"Penn Law alums elected to Taiwan's parliament\""}]},{"reference":"Chang, An-chiao; Chin, Jonathan (4 November 2015). \"Su Chiao-hui hopes to expand dad's legacy\". Taipei Times. Retrieved 17 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2015/11/04/2003631658","url_text":"\"Su Chiao-hui hopes to expand dad's legacy\""}]},{"reference":"Chuang, Jimmy (5 December 2004). \"Koos's legal experience helping DPP\". Taipei Times. Retrieved 18 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2004/12/05/2003213817","url_text":"\"Koos's legal experience helping DPP\""}]},{"reference":"Lin, Enru (31 May 2014). \"Brave new classroom\". Taipei Times. Retrieved 18 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2014/05/31/2003591644/2","url_text":"\"Brave new classroom\""}]},{"reference":"Loa, Lok-sin (21 March 2015). \"Lai Jui-lung wins DPP nomination\". Taipei Times. Retrieved 17 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2015/03/21/2003614056","url_text":"\"Lai Jui-lung wins DPP nomination\""}]},{"reference":"\"Former premier's daughter wins seat in legislature\". Central News Agency. 16 January 2016. Retrieved 17 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://focustaiwan.tw/news/aipl/201601160020.aspx","url_text":"\"Former premier's daughter wins seat in legislature\""}]},{"reference":"Hou, Elaine (17 January 2016). \"New faces to enter Taiwan's Legislature as young generation rises\". Central News Agency. Retrieved 17 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://focustaiwan.tw/news/aipl/201601170033.aspx","url_text":"\"New faces to enter Taiwan's Legislature as young generation rises\""}]},{"reference":"Lee, Daw-Ming (2012). Historical Dictionary of Taiwan Cinema. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810879225.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YYubb-xIgiYC&q=Lungnan+Isak+Fangas&pg=PA42","url_text":"Historical Dictionary of Taiwan Cinema"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810879225","url_text":"9780810879225"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Monahan_(comedian)
Patrick Monahan (comedian)
["1 Background","2 Career","2.1 Live performances","2.2 Television","2.3 Stand-Up DVDs","3 Other work","4 References","5 External links"]
Irish-Iranian comedian (born 1976) This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Patrick Monahan" comedian – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Patrick MonahanBorn (1976-06-23) 23 June 1976 (age 47)Ahvaz, IranMediumStand-upNationalityIrish/IranianYears active2001–presentSubject(s)EthnicityUniversal IssuesYouthWebsitepatrickmonahan.co.ukWinner of Take the Mike in 2001Winner of Show Me the Funny in 2011 Patrick J Monahan The Green Room at Teddington TV Studios Patrick Monahan (born 23 June 1976) is an Irish-Iranian comedian, who won the television competition series Take the Mike in 2001 and Show Me the Funny in 2011. He has performed regularly at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe. Monahan also holds the world record for "Longest Hug" at a time of 25 hours and 25 minutes, alongside fellow comedian Bob Slayer. They set this record at Edinburgh Fringe Festival in 2013. Background Monahan's father was an Irish welder who met Monahan's mother in a bank in Ahvaz, Iran before the Iranian Revolution, where Monhen was born. When he was 3, he and his parents and siblings had to leave the country during the '79 revolution; in company with his brother and sister, the three-year-old Monahan had to pose as his grandparents' son, because only one boy per couple could leave the country. Monahan has two passports – one Iranian and one Irish- using his Irish passport for traveling. Career Live performances Monahan is a comedy festival regular and has performed solo shows in several cities, including Edinburgh, Glasgow, and Manchester, and also at most major venues throughout the UK. He has also performed across the globe in countries including Dubai, Luxembourg, and Germany. He has done shows which refer to the occasional racism he encountered growing up in Middlesbrough. During the Edinburgh Festival Fringe he has performed at the Gilded Balloon, including in August 2015 with his show The Disco Years. Also at the 2015 Edinburgh Fringe, he debuted a play which he wrote and in which he also performed. Monahan's humor relies heavily on audience interaction and an animated story-telling style that draws on his experiences. He is known within comedy circles to "ignore the light", meaning he will eat into other comics' time or cause overall delays to the program. Television In August 2011, Monahan won the ITV stand-up comedy contest Show Me the Funny. Shortly after winning, he performed on The Comedy Annual, a one-off program celebrating the year in comedy. On 10 March 2012, he participated in the BBC One program Let's Dance for Sport Relief. He danced to "Only Girl (In the World)" by Rihanna, but was eliminated by the public vote and did not go on to perform in the final the following week. In January 2014, Monahan participated in the second series of the ITV celebrity diving show Splash!. His first appearance on the show was in the third heat, which aired live on 18 January 2014. Despite coming 2nd out of 5 contestants, he was the first celebrity diver to be eliminated in Heat 3. Also was the only celebrity to dive from the 10 meters board in his heat. Stand-Up DVDs Patrick Monahan Live was his Show Me The Funny winner's DVD. It was released on 28 November 2011 by 2 Entertain and produced by Big Talk Productions. Other work Monahan became a patron of Zoe's Place Baby Hospice in Middlesbrough, after active fundraising for the charity, and runs the London Marathon, Great North Run, and Middlesbrough 10K annually in its aid. On 15 March 2013, Monahan visited Stokesley School, where he helped raise over £1,000 for Comic Relief. He did this by getting the entire school to do the Harlem shake. In 2016, Monahan, along with numerous other celebrities, toured the UK to support Jeremy Corbyn's bid to become Prime Minister. References ^ a b c "Make jokes, not war". New Statesman. 7 May 2007. Retrieved 28 February 2016. ^ "Patrick Monahan". Chortle. Retrieved 28 February 2016. ^ Gardner, Joe (28 February 2016). "Interview: Patrick Monahan". The Wee Review. Retrieved 28 February 2016. ^ "Patrick Monahan – The Disco Years". Archived from the original on 13 July 2015. Retrieved 6 July 2015. ^ "Double Life of Malcolm Drinkwater". Archived from the original on 13 July 2015. Retrieved 6 July 2015. ^ Wright, Jade (6 June 2016). "Jeremy Corbyn concert will see famous faces celebrating Labour leader". Liverpool: Liverpool Echo. Retrieved 27 November 2019. External links https://www.facebook.com/patrickjmonahan https://twitter.com/PatrickJMonahan
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Patrick_J_Monahan.jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NS-1"},{"link_name":"Show Me the Funny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Show_Me_the_Funny"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ChortleProfile-2"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh Festival Fringe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_Festival_Fringe"},{"link_name":"world record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_record"},{"link_name":"Bob Slayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Slayer"}],"text":"Patrick J Monahan The Green Room at Teddington TV StudiosPatrick Monahan (born 23 June 1976) is an Irish-Iranian[1] comedian, who won the television competition series Take the Mike in 2001 and Show Me the Funny in 2011.[2] He has performed regularly at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe.Monahan also holds the world record for \"Longest Hug\" at a time of 25 hours and 25 minutes, alongside fellow comedian Bob Slayer. They set this record at Edinburgh Fringe Festival in 2013.","title":"Patrick Monahan (comedian)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ahvaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahvaz"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_State_of_Iran"},{"link_name":"Iranian Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NS-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TWR-3"}],"text":"Monahan's father was an Irish welder who met Monahan's mother in a bank in Ahvaz, Iran before the Iranian Revolution, where Monhen was born. \nWhen he was 3, he and his parents and siblings had to leave the country during the '79 revolution; in company with his brother and sister, the three-year-old Monahan had to pose as his grandparents' son, because only one boy per couple could leave the country.[1]Monahan has two passports – one Iranian and one Irish- using his Irish passport for traveling.[3]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester"},{"link_name":"Dubai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai"},{"link_name":"Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NS-1"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh Festival Fringe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_Festival_Fringe"},{"link_name":"Gilded Balloon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gilded_Balloon"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fringe15A-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fringe15B-5"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Live performances","text":"Monahan is a comedy festival regular and has performed solo shows in several cities, including Edinburgh, Glasgow, and Manchester, and also at most major venues throughout the UK. He has also performed across the globe in countries including Dubai, Luxembourg, and Germany.He has done shows which refer to the occasional racism he encountered growing up in Middlesbrough.[1]During the Edinburgh Festival Fringe he has performed at the Gilded Balloon, including in August 2015 with his show The Disco Years.[4] Also at the 2015 Edinburgh Fringe, he debuted a play which he wrote and in which he also performed.[5]Monahan's humor relies heavily on audience interaction and an animated story-telling style that draws on his experiences. He is known within comedy circles to \"ignore the light\", meaning he will eat into other comics' time or cause overall delays to the program.[citation needed]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ITV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)"},{"link_name":"Show Me the Funny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Show_Me_the_Funny"},{"link_name":"The Comedy Annual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Comedy_Annual"},{"link_name":"BBC One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_One"},{"link_name":"Let's Dance for Sport Relief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let%27s_Dance_for_Sport_Relief"},{"link_name":"Only Girl (In the World)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Only_Girl_(In_the_World)"},{"link_name":"Rihanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rihanna"},{"link_name":"second series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splash!_(British_series_2)"},{"link_name":"ITV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)"},{"link_name":"Splash!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splash!_(British_TV_series)"}],"sub_title":"Television","text":"In August 2011, Monahan won the ITV stand-up comedy contest Show Me the Funny. Shortly after winning, he performed on The Comedy Annual, a one-off program celebrating the year in comedy.On 10 March 2012, he participated in the BBC One program Let's Dance for Sport Relief. He danced to \"Only Girl (In the World)\" by Rihanna, but was eliminated by the public vote and did not go on to perform in the final the following week.In January 2014, Monahan participated in the second series of the ITV celebrity diving show Splash!. His first appearance on the show was in the third heat, which aired live on 18 January 2014. Despite coming 2nd out of 5 contestants, he was the first celebrity diver to be eliminated in Heat 3. Also was the only celebrity to dive from the 10 meters board in his heat.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Show Me The Funny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Show_Me_The_Funny"},{"link_name":"2 Entertain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_Entertain"},{"link_name":"Big Talk Productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Talk_Productions"}],"sub_title":"Stand-Up DVDs","text":"Patrick Monahan Live was his Show Me The Funny winner's DVD. It was released on 28 November 2011 by 2 Entertain and produced by Big Talk Productions.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zoe's Place Baby Hospice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoe%27s_Place_Baby_Hospice"},{"link_name":"Middlesbrough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlesbrough"},{"link_name":"London Marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Marathon"},{"link_name":"Great North Run","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_North_Run"},{"link_name":"Stokesley School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stokesley_School"},{"link_name":"Comic Relief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_Relief"},{"link_name":"Harlem shake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlem_shake_(dance)"},{"link_name":"Jeremy Corbyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-liverpoolecho-6"}],"text":"Monahan became a patron of Zoe's Place Baby Hospice in Middlesbrough, after active fundraising for the charity, and runs the London Marathon, Great North Run, and Middlesbrough 10K annually in its aid. On 15 March 2013, Monahan visited Stokesley School, where he helped raise over £1,000 for Comic Relief. He did this by getting the entire school to do the Harlem shake.In 2016, Monahan, along with numerous other celebrities, toured the UK to support Jeremy Corbyn's bid to become Prime Minister.[6]","title":"Other work"}]
[{"image_text":"Patrick J Monahan The Green Room at Teddington TV Studios","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Patrick_J_Monahan.jpg/220px-Patrick_J_Monahan.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Make jokes, not war\". New Statesman. 7 May 2007. Retrieved 28 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newstatesman.com/arts-and-culture/2007/05/iranian-monahan-khorsandi","url_text":"\"Make jokes, not war\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Statesman","url_text":"New Statesman"}]},{"reference":"\"Patrick Monahan\". Chortle. Retrieved 28 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chortle.co.uk/comics/p/509/patrick_monahan","url_text":"\"Patrick Monahan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chortle","url_text":"Chortle"}]},{"reference":"Gardner, Joe (28 February 2016). \"Interview: Patrick Monahan\". The Wee Review. Retrieved 28 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://theweereview.com/interview/interview-patrick-monahan-on-the-disco-years/","url_text":"\"Interview: Patrick Monahan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Wee_Review&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"The Wee Review"}]},{"reference":"\"Patrick Monahan – The Disco Years\". Archived from the original on 13 July 2015. Retrieved 6 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150713213950/https://tickets.edfringe.com/whats-on/patrick-monahan-the-disco-years","url_text":"\"Patrick Monahan – The Disco Years\""},{"url":"https://tickets.edfringe.com/whats-on/patrick-monahan-the-disco-years","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Double Life of Malcolm Drinkwater\". Archived from the original on 13 July 2015. Retrieved 6 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150713213954/https://tickets.edfringe.com/whats-on/double-life-of-malcolm-drinkwater","url_text":"\"Double Life of Malcolm Drinkwater\""},{"url":"https://tickets.edfringe.com/whats-on/double-life-of-malcolm-drinkwater","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Wright, Jade (6 June 2016). \"Jeremy Corbyn concert will see famous faces celebrating Labour leader\". Liverpool: Liverpool Echo. Retrieved 27 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/whats-on/music-nightlife-news/jeremy-corbyn-concert-see-famous-11433117","url_text":"\"Jeremy Corbyn concert will see famous faces celebrating Labour leader\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_Echo","url_text":"Liverpool Echo"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dra%C5%A1ko_Nenadi%C4%87
Draško Nenadić
["1 References","2 External links"]
Serbian handball player (born 1990) Draško Nenadić Personal informationBorn (1990-02-15) 15 February 1990 (age 34)Belgrade, SR Serbia, YugoslaviaNationality SerbianHeight 2.03 m (6 ft 8 in)Playing position Left backClub informationCurrent club RK Crvena zvezdaNumber 5Senior clubsYears Team2007–2010 RK Crvena zvezda2010–2012 BM Granollers2012–2013 BM Guadalajara2013–2015 SG Flensburg-Handewitt2015–2016 HSV Hamburg2017 Füchse Berlin2018 Bjerringbro-Silkeborg2018–2019 RK Celje2019–2020 BM Granollers2020–2021 HSC 2000 Coburg2021– RK Crvena zvezdaNational teamYears Team Apps (Gls)2012– Serbia 32 (32) Draško Nenadić (born 15 February 1990) is a Serbian handball player who plays for RK Crvena zvezda and the Serbian national team. His brother Petar Nenadić is also a handball player, and was part of the national team. References ^ EHF profile ^ "2019 World Men's Handball Championship roster" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 April 2019. Retrieved 12 April 2019. External links Draško Nenadić at the European Handball Federation Draško Nenadić at the Olimpijski Komitet Srbije (in Serbian) vteSerbia squad – 2014 European Men's Handball Championship – 13th place 1 Đukanović 6 Vujin 7 Nikčević 9 Manojlović 11 Toskić 12 Stanić 13 M. Ilić (c) 14 Radivojević 16 Milić 17 Prodanović 18 Stojković 19 N. Ilić 20 Rnić 24 Mitrović 25 Zelenović 30 D. Nenadić 31 P. Nenadić Coach: Matić vteSerbia squad – 2019 World Men's Handball Championship – 18th place 2 Pušica 3 Vorkapić 6 Orbović 7 Vujić 12 Verkić 14 Radivojević 15 Nenadić 19 N. Ilić (c) 20 Mošić 21 V. Ilić 23 Nikolić 24 Kukić 25 Zelenović 29 Milić 33 Marsenić 42 Obradović 76 Cupara 96 Milosavljev Coach: Peruničić
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[]
null
[{"reference":"\"2019 World Men's Handball Championship roster\" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 April 2019. Retrieved 12 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://competition.ihf.info/sites/default/files/competitions/226654de-f6a5-40ac-bc6c-bfdbfd5f8b28/pdf/SRB.PDF","url_text":"\"2019 World Men's Handball Championship roster\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190412111555/https://competition.ihf.info/sites/default/files/competitions/226654de-f6a5-40ac-bc6c-bfdbfd5f8b28/pdf/SRB.PDF","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.eurohandball.com/player/531910","external_links_name":"EHF profile"},{"Link":"https://competition.ihf.info/sites/default/files/competitions/226654de-f6a5-40ac-bc6c-bfdbfd5f8b28/pdf/SRB.PDF","external_links_name":"\"2019 World Men's Handball Championship roster\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190412111555/https://competition.ihf.info/sites/default/files/competitions/226654de-f6a5-40ac-bc6c-bfdbfd5f8b28/pdf/SRB.PDF","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://history.eurohandball.com/player/531910","external_links_name":"Draško Nenadić"},{"Link":"https://oks.org.rs/sportisti/drasko-nenadic/","external_links_name":"Draško Nenadić"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_black_swift
American black swift
["1 Taxonomy","2 Description","3 Distribution and habitat","4 Behavior and ecology","4.1 Food and feeding","4.2 Breeding","5 References","6 External links"]
Species of bird American black swift An adult on its nest in Shoshone County, Idaho Conservation status Vulnerable  (IUCN 3.1) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Clade: Strisores Order: Apodiformes Family: Apodidae Genus: Cypseloides Species: C. niger Binomial name Cypseloides niger(Gmelin, JF, 1789) Range   breeding visitor   passage and vagrancy   present year-round (movements in South America are poorly known) The American black swift, or more simply black swift (Cypseloides niger), is a species of bird that is found from northern British Columbia in Canada through the United States and Mexico to Costa Rica and Brazil. They are also found in the Caribbean. Taxonomy The American black swift was formally described in 1789 by the German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin in his revised and expanded edition of Carl Linnaeus's Systema Naturae. He placed it with all the other swallows and swifts in the genus Hirundo and coined the binomial name Hirundo nigra. Gmelin based his description on that of French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson who, in 1760, had described and illustrated "Le Martinet de Saint Dominigue" from a preserved specimen. The type locality is Hispaniola: Saint-Domingue was a French colony on the Caribbean island. The American black swift is now placed with seven other swifts in the genus Cypseloides and was introduced in 1848 by the German naturist August Vollrath Streubel. The genus name combines the genus Cypselus introduced by Johann Illiger in 1811 and the Ancient Greek -oidēs meaning "resembling". The specific epithet niger is the Latin word for "black". Three subspecies are recognised: C. n. borealis (Kennerly, 1858) – southeast Alaska to southwest USA C. n. costaricensis Ridgway, 1910 – central Mexico to Costa Rica C. n. niger (Gmelin, JF, 1789) – West Indies and Trinidad Description In flight, these birds resemble flying cigars with long slender curved wings. The plumage is mostly a sooty, dark gray. There is some contrast between the inner and outer portions of the wing. The shoulders are distinctly darker in color than other parts of the wing. They have short tails that are slightly forked. Distribution and habitat Fewer than 150 black swift breeding sites are known in the United States, with 108 (as of July 2012) known from Colorado. These include: In Alberta: next to a waterfall in Johnston Canyon, Banff National Park (declining, given extra protection as of August 2018); Maligne Canyon, Jasper National Park In California: the Santa Cruz coast (where it is declining); Berry Creek Falls; Burney Falls State Park; Yosemite, Sequoia, and Kings Canyon National Parks; the San Bernardino Mountains; and the San Jacinto Mountains In Colorado: Box Canyon near Ouray, Hanging Lake, Hawk Creek Falls, Falls Creek Falls, and Niagara and Cataract Gulches In New Mexico: Jemez Falls In Utah: Stewart Falls In Washington: Semiahmoo Bay These birds migrate out of North America after the breeding season. It remains unclear where most of the birds spend the winter, although some of the birds have been tracked as far south as Brazil. A study published in 2012 tagged four birds breeding in Colorado with a light-level geolocator and found that the birds wintered in the lowland rainforest of western Brazil. Some of the birds in the West Indies appear to be permanent residents. They are late spring migrants into the breeding range, with Colorado breeders not arriving until the very end of May into June. Large flocks of migrants are occasionally seen in spring and fall, but only very rarely far south of the U.S. breeding range. Behavior and ecology Food and feeding American black swifts live on the wing, foraging in flight. They eat flying insects, primarily flying ants and beetles, often foraging in small groups. Breeding Their breeding habitat is frequently associated with water. The birds most often nest on high cliff faces, either above the ocean surf or behind or next to waterfalls. The nest is made of twigs and moss glued together with mud. They will also use ferns and seaweed if available. The clutch size is one egg, with incubation lasting 23–27 days. Newly hatched young are probably fed multiple times a day, but older nestlings usually only once a day by each parent, most often at dusk. Adults spend the night roosting at or near the nest site. References ^ BirdLife International (2021). "Cypseloides niger". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T22686440A178440176. Retrieved 11 November 2021. ^ Gmelin, Johann Friedrich (1789). Systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1, Part 1 (13th ed.). Lipsiae : Georg. Emanuel. Beer. p. 1025. ^ Brisson, Mathurin Jacques (1760). Ornithologie, ou, Méthode Contenant la Division des Oiseaux en Ordres, Sections, Genres, Especes & leurs Variétés (in French and Latin). Vol. 2. Paris: Jean-Baptiste Bauche. pp. 514–515, Plate 46 fig. 3. The two stars (**) at the start of the section indicates that Brisson based his description on the examination of a specimen. ^ Peters, James Lee, ed. (1940). Check-list of Birds of the World. Vol. 4. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 243. ^ Streubel, August Vollrath (1848). "Die Cypseliden des Berliner Museums". Isis von Oken (in German). Cols 348–373 . ^ a b Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (January 2022). "Owlet-nightjars, treeswifts & swifts". IOC World Bird List Version 12.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 9 July 2022. ^ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 129, 270. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4. ^ a b c d e f g Levad, Rich (2007). "The Coolest Bird" (PDF). The American Birding Association. ^ Staff writers (2018-08-17). "Unofficial trail in 'secret cave' area of Johnston Canyon closed by Parks Canada to protect unique birds". CBC News. Retrieved 2018-08-19. ^ "Ouray, Colorado: Birding". Ouray Chamber Resort Association. ^ "Audubon IBAs: Hanging Lake". Archived from the original on 14 March 2012. ^ Beason, J.P.; Gunn, C.; Potter, K.M.; Sparks, R.A.; Fox, J.W. (2012). "The northern black swift: migration path and wintering area revealed". The Wilson Journal of Ornithology. 124 (1): 1–8. doi:10.1676/11-146.1. ^ Gunn, C.; Lowther, P.E.; Collins, C.T.; Beason, J.; Potter, K.; Webb, M. (2020). Billerman, S.M.; Keeney, B.K. (eds.). "Black Swift (Cypseloides niger), version 2.0". Birds of the World. Ithaca, NY, USA: Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Retrieved 9 July 2022. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cypseloides niger. Wikispecies has information related to Cypseloides niger. Black swift Stamps from the Lesser Antilles: Dominica at bird-stamps.org American black swift photo gallery at VIREO (Drexel University) BirdLife species factsheet for Cypseloides niger "Black swift media". Internet Bird Collection. Interactive range map of Cypseloides niger at IUCN Red List maps Audio recordings of American black swift on Xeno-canto. Taxon identifiersCypseloides niger Wikidata: Q1267488 Wikispecies: Cypseloides niger ABA: blaswi ADW: Cypseloides_niger Avibase: 7FB66FEB52C865E7 BirdLife: 22686440 BOW: blkswi CoL: 6BWH4 eBird: blkswi EURING: 7880 GBIF: 2477282 GNAB: black-swift IBC: black-swift-cypseloides-niger iNaturalist: 6667 IRMNG: 10196862 ITIS: 177997 IUCN: 22686440 NatureServe: 2.101434 NCBI: 46500 Neotropical: blkswi Observation.org: 71671 Open Tree of Life: 882703 Paleobiology Database: 372036 Xeno-canto: Cypseloides-niger Hirundo nigra Wikidata: Q109563307 CoL: 8KDVJ GBIF: 9575782 ITIS: 1149465
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Caribbean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean"}],"text":"The American black swift, or more simply black swift (Cypseloides niger), is a species of bird that is found from northern British Columbia in Canada through the United States and Mexico to Costa Rica and Brazil. They are also found in the Caribbean.","title":"American black swift"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"formally described","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_description"},{"link_name":"Johann Friedrich Gmelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Gmelin"},{"link_name":"Carl Linnaeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus"},{"link_name":"Systema Naturae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systema_Naturae"},{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"Hirundo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirundo"},{"link_name":"binomial name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Mathurin Jacques Brisson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathurin_Jacques_Brisson"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"type locality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_locality_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Hispaniola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaniola"},{"link_name":"Saint-Domingue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Domingue"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Cypseloides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypseloides"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ioc-6"},{"link_name":"Johann Illiger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Karl_Wilhelm_Illiger"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"subspecies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subspecies"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ioc-6"},{"link_name":"Ridgway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Ridgway"}],"text":"The American black swift was formally described in 1789 by the German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin in his revised and expanded edition of Carl Linnaeus's Systema Naturae. He placed it with all the other swallows and swifts in the genus Hirundo and coined the binomial name Hirundo nigra.[2] Gmelin based his description on that of French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson who, in 1760, had described and illustrated \"Le Martinet de Saint Dominigue\" from a preserved specimen.[3] The type locality is Hispaniola: Saint-Domingue was a French colony on the Caribbean island.[4] The American black swift is now placed with seven other swifts in the genus Cypseloides and was introduced in 1848 by the German naturist August Vollrath Streubel.[5][6] The genus name combines the genus Cypselus introduced by Johann Illiger in 1811 and the Ancient Greek -oidēs meaning \"resembling\". The specific epithet niger is the Latin word for \"black\".[7]Three subspecies are recognised:[6]C. n. borealis (Kennerly, 1858) – southeast Alaska to southwest USA\nC. n. costaricensis Ridgway, 1910 – central Mexico to Costa Rica\nC. n. niger (Gmelin, JF, 1789) – West Indies and Trinidad","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"In flight, these birds resemble flying cigars with long slender curved wings. The plumage is mostly a sooty, dark gray. There is some contrast between the inner and outer portions of the wing. The shoulders are distinctly darker in color than other parts of the wing. They have short tails that are slightly forked.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Levad-8"},{"link_name":"Alberta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta"},{"link_name":"Johnston Canyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnston_Creek_(Alberta)#Johnston_Canyon"},{"link_name":"Banff National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banff_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Maligne Canyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maligne_Canyon"},{"link_name":"Jasper National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasper_National_Park"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Levad-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"Santa Cruz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Cruz_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Burney Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McArthur-Burney_Falls_Memorial_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Yosemite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yosemite_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Sequoia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequoia_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Kings Canyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_Canyon_National_Park"},{"link_name":"San Bernardino Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Bernardino_Mountains"},{"link_name":"San Jacinto Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jacinto_Mountains"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Levad-8"},{"link_name":"Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado"},{"link_name":"Box Canyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_Canyon,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Ouray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouray_County,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ouray-10"},{"link_name":"Hanging Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanging_Lake"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IBA-11"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Levad-8"},{"link_name":"New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Jemez Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jemez_Falls"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Levad-8"},{"link_name":"Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Levad-8"},{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_(U.S._state)"},{"link_name":"Semiahmoo Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiahmoo_Bay"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Levad-8"},{"link_name":"light-level geolocator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_level_geolocator"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Fewer than 150 black swift breeding sites are known in the United States, with 108 (as of July 2012) known from Colorado.[8] These include:In Alberta: next to a waterfall in Johnston Canyon, Banff National Park (declining, given extra protection as of August 2018); Maligne Canyon, Jasper National Park[8][9]\nIn California: the Santa Cruz coast (where it is declining); Berry Creek Falls; Burney Falls State Park; Yosemite, Sequoia, and Kings Canyon National Parks; the San Bernardino Mountains; and the San Jacinto Mountains[8]\nIn Colorado: Box Canyon near Ouray,[10] Hanging Lake,[11] Hawk Creek Falls, Falls Creek Falls, and Niagara and Cataract Gulches[8]\nIn New Mexico: Jemez Falls[8]\nIn Utah: Stewart Falls[8]\nIn Washington: Semiahmoo Bay[8]These birds migrate out of North America after the breeding season. It remains unclear where most of the birds spend the winter, although some of the birds have been tracked as far south as Brazil. A study published in 2012 tagged four birds breeding in Colorado with a light-level geolocator and found that the birds wintered in the lowland rainforest of western Brazil.[12] Some of the birds in the West Indies appear to be permanent residents. They are late spring migrants into the breeding range, with Colorado breeders not arriving until the very end of May into June. Large flocks of migrants are occasionally seen in spring and fall, but only very rarely far south of the U.S. breeding range.[13]","title":"Distribution and habitat"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Behavior and ecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"insects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect"},{"link_name":"ants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ants"},{"link_name":"beetles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beetle"}],"sub_title":"Food and feeding","text":"American black swifts live on the wing, foraging in flight. They eat flying insects, primarily flying ants and beetles, often foraging in small groups.","title":"Behavior and ecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cliff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliff"},{"link_name":"waterfalls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterfall"},{"link_name":"moss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moss"},{"link_name":"mud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mud"},{"link_name":"ferns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fern"},{"link_name":"seaweed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaweed"},{"link_name":"clutch size","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avian_clutch_size"}],"sub_title":"Breeding","text":"Their breeding habitat is frequently associated with water. The birds most often nest on high cliff faces, either above the ocean surf or behind or next to waterfalls. The nest is made of twigs and moss glued together with mud. They will also use ferns and seaweed if available. The clutch size is one egg, with incubation lasting 23–27 days. Newly hatched young are probably fed multiple times a day, but older nestlings usually only once a day by each parent, most often at dusk. Adults spend the night roosting at or near the nest site.","title":"Behavior and ecology"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"BirdLife International (2021). \"Cypseloides niger\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T22686440A178440176. Retrieved 11 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22686440/178440176","url_text":"\"Cypseloides niger\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"}]},{"reference":"Gmelin, Johann Friedrich (1789). Systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1, Part 1 (13th ed.). Lipsiae [Leipzig]: Georg. Emanuel. Beer. p. 1025.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Gmelin","url_text":"Gmelin, Johann Friedrich"},{"url":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2656520","url_text":"Systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis"}]},{"reference":"Brisson, Mathurin Jacques (1760). Ornithologie, ou, Méthode Contenant la Division des Oiseaux en Ordres, Sections, Genres, Especes & leurs Variétés (in French and Latin). Vol. 2. Paris: Jean-Baptiste Bauche. pp. 514–515, Plate 46 fig. 3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathurin_Jacques_Brisson","url_text":"Brisson, Mathurin Jacques"},{"url":"http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/36010428","url_text":"Ornithologie, ou, Méthode Contenant la Division des Oiseaux en Ordres, Sections, Genres, Especes & leurs Variétés"}]},{"reference":"Peters, James Lee, ed. (1940). Check-list of Birds of the World. Vol. 4. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 243.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_L._Peters","url_text":"Peters, James Lee"},{"url":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14476714","url_text":"Check-list of Birds of the World"}]},{"reference":"Streubel, August Vollrath (1848). \"Die Cypseliden des Berliner Museums\". Isis von Oken (in German). Cols 348–373 [366].","urls":[{"url":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13256271","url_text":"\"Die Cypseliden des Berliner Museums\""}]},{"reference":"Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (January 2022). \"Owlet-nightjars, treeswifts & swifts\". IOC World Bird List Version 12.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 9 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Gill_(ornithologist)","url_text":"Gill, Frank"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamela_Rasmussen","url_text":"Rasmussen, Pamela"},{"url":"http://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/swifts/","url_text":"\"Owlet-nightjars, treeswifts & swifts\""}]},{"reference":"Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 129, 270. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling#page/n129/mode/1up","url_text":"129"},{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling#page/n270/mode/1up","url_text":"270"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4081-2501-4","url_text":"978-1-4081-2501-4"}]},{"reference":"Levad, Rich (2007). \"The Coolest Bird\" (PDF). The American Birding Association.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aba.org/thecoolestbird.pdf","url_text":"\"The Coolest Bird\""}]},{"reference":"Staff writers (2018-08-17). \"Unofficial trail in 'secret cave' area of Johnston Canyon closed by Parks Canada to protect unique birds\". CBC News. Retrieved 2018-08-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/alberta-johnston-canyon-black-swift-nesting-1.4788971","url_text":"\"Unofficial trail in 'secret cave' area of Johnston Canyon closed by Parks Canada to protect unique birds\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBC_News","url_text":"CBC News"}]},{"reference":"\"Ouray, Colorado: Birding\". Ouray Chamber Resort Association.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ouraycolorado.com/ouray-activities/Birding.php","url_text":"\"Ouray, Colorado: Birding\""}]},{"reference":"\"Audubon IBAs: Hanging Lake\". Archived from the original on 14 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120314050953/http://iba.audubon.org/iba/profileReport.do?siteId=469","url_text":"\"Audubon IBAs: Hanging Lake\""},{"url":"http://iba.audubon.org/iba/profileReport.do?siteId=469","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Beason, J.P.; Gunn, C.; Potter, K.M.; Sparks, R.A.; Fox, J.W. (2012). \"The northern black swift: migration path and wintering area revealed\". The Wilson Journal of Ornithology. 124 (1): 1–8. doi:10.1676/11-146.1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1676%2F11-146.1","url_text":"10.1676/11-146.1"}]},{"reference":"Gunn, C.; Lowther, P.E.; Collins, C.T.; Beason, J.; Potter, K.; Webb, M. (2020). Billerman, S.M.; Keeney, B.K. (eds.). \"Black Swift (Cypseloides niger), version 2.0\". Birds of the World. Ithaca, NY, USA: Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Retrieved 9 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.blkswi.02","url_text":"\"Black Swift (Cypseloides niger), version 2.0\""}]},{"reference":"\"Black swift media\". Internet Bird Collection.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hbw.com/ibc/species/black-swift-cypseloides-niger","url_text":"\"Black swift media\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Bird_Collection","url_text":"Internet Bird Collection"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Portcullis
Operation Portcullis
["1 Background","1.1 Malta","1.2 North Africa","2 Prelude","2.1 Axis command","2.2 Convoy plan","3 Convoy MW 14","4 Aftermath","4.1 Analysis","5 See also","6 Notes","7 Footnotes","8 References","9 External links"]
Convoy to Malta in WWII Operation PortcullisPart of the Battle of the Mediterranean of the Second World WarRelief map of the Mediterranean SeaDate1–5 December 1942LocationMediterranean Sea, Malta35°53′42″N 14°31′14″E / 35.89500°N 14.52056°E / 35.89500; 14.52056Result British victoryBelligerents  United Kingdom  Kingdom of Italy Nazi GermanyvteBattle of the Mediterranean1940 Vado Malta Club Run¹ Espero ¹² Mers-el-Kébir Calabria¹² Cape Spada Hurry ¹ Cape Passero¹ MB8 ¹ Taranto Otranto² White ¹ Cape Spartivento¹ 1941 Excess ¹ Convoy AN 14¹ Genoa Abstention Souda Bay Matapan Tarigo ² Crete ² Substance ¹ Grand Harbour Halberd ¹ Duisburg ² Bon² 1st Sirte¹² Alexandria 1942 2nd Sirte¹ Calendar ¹ Bowery ¹ Albumen Harpoon ¹ Vigorous ¹ Pedestal ¹ Agreement Torch Stoneage ¹ Toulon Portcullis ¹ Skerki² Olterra¹ Algiers¹ 1943 Zuwarah Cigno ² Campobasso ² Pantelleria Sicily Gela Scylla ² Messina convoy² Bastia Strait of Bonifacio Dodecanese Rhodes Leros Kos Cape Bougaroun¹ 1944 Ist Santorini Symi Port Cros La Ciotat 1945 Ligurian Sea ¹ Allied convoys Malta convoys U-boat Campaign¹ — Involved an Allied convoy or delivery mission ² — Involved an Axis convoy or delivery mission Operation Portcullis (1–5 December 1942) was the voyage of the Allied Convoy MW 14 with supplies to Malta from Port Said in Egypt during the Second World War. The convoy followed the success of Operation Stoneage (16–20 November) which had raised the Siege of Malta. Four merchant ships were escorted to Malta by seven destroyers of the 12th Destroyer Flotilla, supported by three cruisers of the 15th Cruiser Squadron and three destroyers from Alexandria. The convoy was met by Force K from Malta with two cruisers and four destroyers. Convoy MW 14 was not attacked by Axis forces en route or while unloading which was complete by 9 December. Lack of opposition led to the sailing of pairs of ships to Malta with ordinary western desert convoys as far as Benghazi. The ships rendezvoused with escorts from Malta and Force K guarded against a sortie by Italian ships from Taranto. Background Malta Main article: Malta convoys In the autumn of 1942, the British regained control of the central Mediterranean, through the combined effects of the survival of Malta, brought about by the success of Operation Pedestal (3–15 August 1942) and Operation Stoneage (16–20 November), the Second Battle of Alamein (23 October – 11 November) in Egypt and Operation Torch (8–16 November) the Allied invasion of French North Africa. Offensive operations from Malta had been resumed with the supplies delivered by Pedestal and intensified with those of Stoneage. Axis shipping losses contributed to the chronic fuel shortage that constrained Panzerarmee Afrika and limited it to delaying actions back to the Tunisian border. With the revival of Malta as an offensive base after the arrival of the Stoneage convoy, the short journey by Axis ships from Italy to Tunis and Tripoli became much more hazardous. Allied submarines sank 14 Italian ships in October and in November the air anti-shipping offensive had similar success, sinking 21 ships. The fast Abdiel class minelayer HMS Manxman sailed from Alexandria on 10 November and arrived on 12 November with powdered milk, cereals and meat, leaving for Gibraltar that day to collect mines and lay them off Cape Bon. HMS Welshman detached from a convoy bringing supplies to North Africa for Operation Torch and arrived on 18 November. Force K was re-established at Malta on 27 November with the cruisers HMS Cleopatra, Dido and Euryalus of the 15th Cruiser Squadron and four ships of the 14th Destroyer Flotilla, taken from the Stoneage convoy escorts. Force Q, the 12th Cruiser Squadron with HMS Aurora, Penelope, Dido and Sirius with four destroyers moved to Bône (now Annaba) on 30 November. North Africa Main article: Ultra (cryptography) Advance of the Eighth Army, November 1942 – February 1943 As the Panzerarmee retreated, the Axis air forces had to leapfrog backwards from airfield to airfield. The Desert Air Force swiftly took over abandoned airfields and the landing grounds at Gazala were open by 17 November; Martuba, near Derna, was operational on 19 November and the Navy began scheduled convoys to Benghazi on 26 November. Ultra intercepts of Axis Enigma machine cyphers revealed that on 24 November, the Panzerarmee had only a few days' fuel left and on 3 December, that Italian troops were withdrawing to Buerat. By the middle of November the Panzerarmee retreat from Alamein had reached El Agheila. The front was 110 mi (180 km) wide and had to be held with a force that was a shadow of the Axis force that had been in Egypt that October. The front settled while the British built up their supplies for an attack and the Axis forces tried to get supplies to the Panzerarmee across the Mediterranean. Prelude Axis command The Axis command structure in the Mediterranean was centralised at the top and fragmented below. Benito Mussolini had monopolised authority over the Italian armed forces since 1933 by taking the offices of Minister of War, Minister of the Navy and Minister of the Air Force. Feldmarschall Albert Kesselring of the Luftwaffe commanded German ground forces in the theatre as Commander-in-Chief South (Oberbefehlshaber Süd, OB Süd) but had no authority over Axis operations in North Africa or the organisation of convoys to Libya. Fliegerkorps II and Fliegerkorps X came under the usual Luftwaffe chain of command. Since November 1941, Kesselring had exercised some influence over the conduct of the German naval operations in the Mediterranean as the nominal head of Naval Command Italy (Marinekommando Italien) but this was subordinate to the Kriegsmarine chain of command. German service rivalries obstructed co-operation and there was little unity of effort between German and the Italian forces in the Mediterranean. Kesselring had the authority only to co-ordinate plans for combined operations by German and Italian forces and some influence on the use of the Regia Aeronautica for the protection of convoys to North Africa. The Italian Navy resisted all German attempts to integrate its operations; ships in different squadrons never trained together and Supermarina (Italian Naval High Command) constantly over-ruled subordinate commanders. Convoy plan Location map of Malta Convoy MW 14 consisted of the Agwimonte (6,679 gross register tons ), Alcoa Prospector (6,797 grt), Suffolk (13,890 grt) and Glenartney (9,795 grt) which had a naval crew. A continuous escort was provided by seven Hunt-class destroyers of the 12th Destroyer Flotilla, comprising HMS Aldenham, Belvoir, Croome, Exmoor, Hursley, Tetcott and the Greek Pindos after the tanker Yoruba Linda joined from Benghazi with its two escorts. The next day, the 6-inch cruiser HMS Orion with the destroyers Pakenham, Petard and Vasilissa Olga were to join from Alexandria. When south-west of Crete, the convoy was to be met by the 5.25-inch cruisers Dido and Euryalus, with the fleet destroyers HMS Jervis, Javelin, Kelvin, Nubian of Force K (Rear-Admiral Arthur Power) from Malta. Convoy MW 14 During the evening of 1 December, Convoy MW 14 departed Port Said and on 2 December, rendezvoused with the tanker Yorba Linda and two Hunt-class destroyers. Next day, the cruiser Orion and three destroyers arrived from Alexandria and on 4 December, when south-west of Crete, the convoy was joined by Force K, comprising two cruisers and four destroyers from Malta. The convoy steamed for Malta at 16 kn (18 mph; 30 km/h), receiving only a few ineffectual attacks from Axis torpedo-bombers. The convoy reached Grand Harbour early on 5 December and received the customary welcome from the populace and garrison. As the swift unloading of the ships began, congestion in the harbour was relieved by Operation MH 2, the dispatch of Convoy ME 11 on 7 December, containing Yoruba Linda from Convoy MW 14 and eight ships from Pedestal and Stoneage. By 9 December the ships were unloaded. Aftermath Analysis Stoneage and Portcullis delivered 56,000 long tons (57,000 t) of cargo, not including fuel oils; once the Portcullis ships had unloaded, enough flour was on the island to last until May 1943, food and fodder were sufficient until March and cooking fuels until April, even after some small ration increases. The success of Portcullis led to the institution of the Quadrangle operations, regular voyages by pairs of ships accompanying ordinary west-bound convoys supplying the Eighth Army in its advance from El Agheila to Tunisia. The ships would be met off Benghazi by escorts from Malta and sail northwards to Malta, protected by the 15th Cruiser Squadron from a possible sortie by the Italian fleet at Taranto. See also Battle of the Mediterranean Notes ^ Glenartney had been loaded at Port Tewfik at the south end of the Suez canal, then sailed southwards into the Red Sea to mislead Axis spies. At Port Sudan the cargo was emptied and reloaded, the cased petrol being put into stronger containers. The crew went on strike over being kept in the dark about the destination and the captain took on a party of twelve troops, making sure that the deck machine guns had been disabled. At Suez, the ships' company was forced off the ship and imprisoned for the duration of Portcullis. The last portion of the cargo was taken on board at Ismailia and the ship joined the rest of the convoy at Port Said, the Navy crew under Merchant Navy orders. Footnotes ^ Roskill 1962, pp. 341–346. ^ Roskill 1962, pp. 343–344. ^ Woodman 2003, pp. 457–458. ^ Playfair 2004, p. 205. ^ Hinsley 1994, pp. 266–267. ^ Woodman 2003, p. 455; Playfair 2004, pp. 196–197. ^ Hinsley 1994, pp. 249–250. ^ Cooper 1978, p. 390. ^ Vego 2010, pp. 127–128. ^ Woodman 2003, p. 461. ^ Woodman 2003, pp. 461–462. ^ Woodman 2003, pp. 460–461. ^ Woodman 2003, pp. 462–463. ^ Roskill 1962, p. 344. ^ Playfair 2004, p. 199. ^ Roskill 1962, pp. 344–345. References Books Cooper, Matthew (1978). The German Army 1933–1945: Its Political and Military Failure. Briarcliff Manor, NY: Stein and Day. ISBN 978-0-8128-2468-1. Hinsley, F. H. (1994) . British Intelligence in the Second World War. Its influence on Strategy and Operations. History of the Second World War. abridged (2nd rev. ed.). London: HMSO. ISBN 978-0-11-630961-7. Playfair, Major-General I. S. O.; et al. (2004) . Butler, J. R. M. (ed.). The Mediterranean and Middle East: The Destruction of the Axis Forces in Africa. History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series. Vol. IV. Uckfield: Naval & Military Press. ISBN 978-1-84574-068-9. Roskill, S. W. (1962) . The Period of Balance. History of the Second World War: The War at Sea 1939–1945. Vol. II (3rd impression ed.). London: HMSO. OCLC 174453986. Retrieved 25 November 2016. Woodman, Richard (2003). Malta Convoys 1940–1943. London: John Murray. ISBN 978-0-7195-6408-6. Journals Vego, M. (Winter 2010). "Major Convoy Operation To Malta, 10–15 August 1942 (Operation Pedestal)". Naval War College Review. 63 (1). ISSN 0028-1484. Archived from the original on 12 August 2014. Retrieved 5 June 2018. External links Chronology of the siege of Malta, 1940–43: Merlins over Malta The Supply of Malta 1940–1942, Part 1 of 3 Arnold Hague, naval-history com vteWorld War II Outline Battles Operations Leaders Allied Axis Commanders Casualties Conferences GeneralTopics Air warfare of World War II In Europe Blitzkrieg Comparative military ranks Cryptography Declarations of war Diplomacy Governments in exile Home front Australian United Kingdom United States Lend-Lease Manhattan Project British contribution Military awards Military equipment Military production Naval history Nazi plunder Opposition Technology Allied cooperation Mulberry harbour Total war Strategic bombing Puppet states Women Art and World War II Music in World War II Theaters Asia and Pacific China South-East Asia Pacific North and Central Pacific South-West Pacific Indian Ocean Europe Western Front Eastern Front Mediterranean and Middle East North Africa East Africa Italy West Africa Atlantic timeline Americas Aftermath 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Denmark Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang German invasion of Luxembourg German invasion of the Netherlands German invasion of Belgium Battle of France Dunkirk evacuation Battle of Britain Battle of the Mediterranean North Africa West Africa British Somaliland Hundred Regiments Offensive Baltic states Eastern Romania Japanese invasion of French Indochina Italian invasion of Greece Compass 1941 Battle of South Henan Battle of Shanggao Invasion of Yugoslavia German invasion of Greece Battle of Crete Anglo-Iraqi War Battle of South Shanxi Syria–Lebanon campaign East African campaign Invasion of the Soviet Union Summer War Finland (Silver Fox) Lithuania Battle of Kiev Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran Second Battle of Changsha Siege of Leningrad Battle of Moscow Bombing of Gorky Siege of Sevastopol Attack on Pearl Harbor Japanese invasion of Thailand Fall of Hong Kong Fall of the Philippines Battle of Guam Battle of Wake Island Malayan campaign Battle of Borneo Japanese invasion of Burma Third Battle of Changsha Greek famine of 1941–1944 1942 Fall of Singapore Battle of the Java Sea St Nazaire Raid Battle of Christmas Island Battle of the Coral Sea Battle of Madagascar Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign Battle of Gazala Battle of Dutch Harbor Battle of Midway Aleutian Islands campaign Kiska Attu Blue First Battle of El Alamein Battle of Stalingrad Rzhev Jubilee Second Battle of El Alamein Guadalcanal campaign Torch Chinese famine of 1942–1943 1943 Tunisian campaign Battle of West Hubei Battle of Attu Bombing of Gorky Battle of Kursk Allied invasion of Sicily Smolensk Solomon Islands campaign Cottage Battle of the Dnieper Allied invasion of Italy Armistice of Cassibile Burma Northern Burma and Western Yunnan Changde Second Battle of Kiev Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign Tarawa Makin Bengal famine of 1943 1944 Tempest Monte Cassino / Anzio Korsun–Cherkassy Narva Ichi-Go Overlord Neptune Mariana and Palau Bagration Western Ukraine Second Battle of Guam Tannenberg Line Warsaw Uprising Eastern Romania Liberation of Paris Dragoon Gothic Line Belgrade offensive Lapland Market Garden Estonia Crossbow Pointblank Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 Philippines (1944–1945) Leyte Syrmian Front Hungary Budapest Burma (1944–1945) Ardennes Bodenplatte Dutch famine of 1944–1945 1945 Vistula–Oder Battle of Manila Battle of Iwo Jima Indochina Vienna offensive Project Hula Western invasion of Germany Bratislava–Brno offensive Battle of Okinawa Second Guangxi campaign West Hunan Italy (Spring 1945) Battle of Berlin Prague offensive Surrender of Germany document Borneo Taipei Naval bombardment of Japan Manchuria Atomic bombings Debate South Sakhalin Kuril Islands Shumshu Surrender of Japan Potsdam Declaration document End of World War II in Asia World portal Bibliography Category
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Battle of the Mediterranean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mediterranean"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Relief_Map_of_Mediterranean_Sea.png"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea"},{"link_name":"Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta"},{"link_name":"35°53′42″N 14°31′14″E / 35.89500°N 14.52056°E / 35.89500; 14.52056","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Operation_Portcullis&params=35_53_42_N_14_31_14_E_source:Geohack"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascist_Italy"},{"link_name":"Nazi Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Mediterranean_Campaign"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Mediterranean_Campaign"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Mediterranean_Campaign"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Mediterranean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mediterranean"},{"link_name":"Vado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Vado"},{"link_name":"Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Malta_(World_War_II)"},{"link_name":"Club Run","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Run"},{"link_name":"Espero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Espero_Convoy"},{"link_name":"Mers-el-Kébir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_Mers-el-K%C3%A9bir"},{"link_name":"Calabria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Calabria"},{"link_name":"Cape Spada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Spada"},{"link_name":"Hurry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Hurry"},{"link_name":"Cape Passero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Passero_(1940)"},{"link_name":"MB8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_MB8"},{"link_name":"Taranto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Taranto"},{"link_name":"Otranto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Strait_of_Otranto_(1940)"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_White"},{"link_name":"Cape Spartivento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Spartivento"},{"link_name":"Excess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Excess"},{"link_name":"Convoy AN 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_Convoy_AN_14"},{"link_name":"Genoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Grog"},{"link_name":"Abstention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Abstention"},{"link_name":"Souda Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raid_on_Souda_Bay"},{"link_name":"Matapan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Matapan"},{"link_name":"Tarigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Tarigo_Convoy"},{"link_name":"Crete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Crete"},{"link_name":"Substance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Substance"},{"link_name":"Grand Harbour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Grand_Harbour"},{"link_name":"Halberd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Halberd"},{"link_name":"Duisburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Duisburg_Convoy"},{"link_name":"Bon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Bon_(1941)"},{"link_name":"1st Sirte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_Sirte"},{"link_name":"Alexandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raid_on_Alexandria_(1941)"},{"link_name":"2nd Sirte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Sirte"},{"link_name":"Calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Calendar"},{"link_name":"Bowery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Bowery"},{"link_name":"Albumen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Albumen"},{"link_name":"Harpoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Harpoon_(1942)"},{"link_name":"Vigorous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Vigorous"},{"link_name":"Pedestal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Pedestal"},{"link_name":"Agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Agreement"},{"link_name":"Torch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Torch"},{"link_name":"Stoneage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Stoneage"},{"link_name":"Toulon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scuttling_of_the_French_fleet_at_Toulon"},{"link_name":"Portcullis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Skerki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Skerki_Bank"},{"link_name":"Olterra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_auxiliary_ship_Olterra"},{"link_name":"Algiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raid_on_Algiers"},{"link_name":"Zuwarah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_off_Zuwarah"},{"link_name":"Cigno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Cigno_Convoy"},{"link_name":"Campobasso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Campobasso_Convoy"},{"link_name":"Pantelleria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Corkscrew"},{"link_name":"Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily"},{"link_name":"Gela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gela_(1943)"},{"link_name":"Scylla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Scylla"},{"link_name":"Messina convoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Messina_Convoy"},{"link_name":"Bastia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_off_Bastia"},{"link_name":"Strait of Bonifacio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_battleship_Roma_(1940)#Service_history"},{"link_name":"Dodecanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodecanese_campaign"},{"link_name":"Rhodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Rhodes_(1943)"},{"link_name":"Leros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Leros"},{"link_name":"Kos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kos"},{"link_name":"Cape Bougaroun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_off_Cape_Bougaroun"},{"link_name":"Ist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ist"},{"link_name":"Santorini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raid_on_Santorini"},{"link_name":"Symi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raid_on_Symi"},{"link_name":"Port Cros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Port_Cros"},{"link_name":"La Ciotat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_La_Ciotat"},{"link_name":"Ligurian Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ligurian_Sea"},{"link_name":"Allied convoys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Allied_convoys_during_World_War_II_by_region#Mediterranean_and_North_African_Coastal_Convoys"},{"link_name":"Malta convoys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta_convoys"},{"link_name":"U-boat Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_U-boat_campaign_of_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Allied","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Convoy MW 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta_convoys"},{"link_name":"Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta"},{"link_name":"Port Said","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Said"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"Operation Stoneage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Stoneage"},{"link_name":"Siege of Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Malta_(World_War_II)"},{"link_name":"12th Destroyer Flotilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12th_Destroyer_Flotilla"},{"link_name":"15th Cruiser Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15th_Cruiser_Squadron"},{"link_name":"Force K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force_K"}],"text":"Operation PortcullisPart of the Battle of the Mediterranean of the Second World WarRelief map of the Mediterranean SeaDate1–5 December 1942LocationMediterranean Sea, Malta35°53′42″N 14°31′14″E / 35.89500°N 14.52056°E / 35.89500; 14.52056Result\nBritish victoryBelligerents\n United Kingdom\n Kingdom of Italy Nazi GermanyvteBattle of the Mediterranean1940\nVado\nMalta\nClub Run¹\nEspero ¹²\nMers-el-Kébir\nCalabria¹²\nCape Spada\nHurry ¹\nCape Passero¹\nMB8 ¹\nTaranto\nOtranto²\nWhite ¹\nCape Spartivento¹\n1941\n\nExcess ¹\nConvoy AN 14¹\nGenoa\nAbstention\nSouda Bay\nMatapan\nTarigo ²\nCrete ²\nSubstance ¹\nGrand Harbour\nHalberd ¹\nDuisburg ²\nBon²\n1st Sirte¹²\nAlexandria\n1942\n\n2nd Sirte¹\nCalendar ¹\nBowery ¹\nAlbumen\nHarpoon ¹\nVigorous ¹\nPedestal ¹\nAgreement\nTorch\nStoneage ¹\nToulon\nPortcullis ¹\nSkerki²\nOlterra¹\nAlgiers¹\n1943\n\nZuwarah\nCigno ²\nCampobasso ²\nPantelleria\nSicily\nGela\nScylla ²\nMessina convoy²\nBastia\nStrait of Bonifacio\nDodecanese\nRhodes\nLeros\nKos\nCape Bougaroun¹\n1944\n\nIst\nSantorini\nSymi\nPort Cros\nLa Ciotat\n1945\n\nLigurian Sea ¹\n\nAllied convoys\nMalta convoys\nU-boat Campaign¹ — Involved an Allied convoy or delivery mission\n² — Involved an Axis convoy or delivery missionOperation Portcullis (1–5 December 1942) was the voyage of the Allied Convoy MW 14 with supplies to Malta from Port Said in Egypt during the Second World War. The convoy followed the success of Operation Stoneage (16–20 November) which had raised the Siege of Malta. Four merchant ships were escorted to Malta by seven destroyers of the 12th Destroyer Flotilla, supported by three cruisers of the 15th Cruiser Squadron and three destroyers from Alexandria.The convoy was met by Force K from Malta with two cruisers and four destroyers. Convoy MW 14 was not attacked by Axis forces en route or while unloading which was complete by 9 December. Lack of opposition led to the sailing of pairs of ships to Malta with ordinary western desert convoys as far as Benghazi. The ships rendezvoused with escorts from Malta and Force K guarded against a sortie by Italian ships from Taranto.","title":"Operation Portcullis"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Operation Pedestal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Pedestal"},{"link_name":"Operation Stoneage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Stoneage"},{"link_name":"Second Battle of Alamein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Alamein"},{"link_name":"Operation Torch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Torch"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoskill1962341%E2%80%93346-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoskill1962343%E2%80%93344-2"},{"link_name":"Abdiel class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdiel_class_minelayer"},{"link_name":"HMS Manxman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Manxman_(M70)"},{"link_name":"HMS Welshman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Welshman_(M84)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodman2003457%E2%80%93458-3"},{"link_name":"Force K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force_K"},{"link_name":"HMS Cleopatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Cleopatra_(33)"},{"link_name":"Dido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Dido_(37)"},{"link_name":"Euryalus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Euryalus_(42)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004205-4"},{"link_name":"Force Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Force_Q&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"HMS Aurora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Aurora_(12)"},{"link_name":"Penelope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Penelope_(97)"},{"link_name":"Sirius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Sirius_(82)"},{"link_name":"Annaba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annaba"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinsley1994266%E2%80%93267-5"}],"sub_title":"Malta","text":"In the autumn of 1942, the British regained control of the central Mediterranean, through the combined effects of the survival of Malta, brought about by the success of Operation Pedestal (3–15 August 1942) and Operation Stoneage (16–20 November), the Second Battle of Alamein (23 October – 11 November) in Egypt and Operation Torch (8–16 November) the Allied invasion of French North Africa. Offensive operations from Malta had been resumed with the supplies delivered by Pedestal and intensified with those of Stoneage. Axis shipping losses contributed to the chronic fuel shortage that constrained Panzerarmee Afrika and limited it to delaying actions back to the Tunisian border.[1] With the revival of Malta as an offensive base after the arrival of the Stoneage convoy, the short journey by Axis ships from Italy to Tunis and Tripoli became much more hazardous. Allied submarines sank 14 Italian ships in October and in November the air anti-shipping offensive had similar success, sinking 21 ships.[2]The fast Abdiel class minelayer HMS Manxman sailed from Alexandria on 10 November and arrived on 12 November with powdered milk, cereals and meat, leaving for Gibraltar that day to collect mines and lay them off Cape Bon. HMS Welshman detached from a convoy bringing supplies to North Africa for Operation Torch and arrived on 18 November.[3] Force K was re-established at Malta on 27 November with the cruisers HMS Cleopatra, Dido and Euryalus of the 15th Cruiser Squadron and four ships of the 14th Destroyer Flotilla, taken from the Stoneage convoy escorts.[4] Force Q, the 12th Cruiser Squadron with HMS Aurora, Penelope, Dido and Sirius with four destroyers moved to Bône (now Annaba) on 30 November.[5]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AfricaMap5.jpg"},{"link_name":"Desert Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodman2003455Playfair2004196%E2%80%93197-6"},{"link_name":"Enigma machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enigma_machine"},{"link_name":"Buerat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buerat"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinsley1994249%E2%80%93250-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper1978390-8"}],"sub_title":"North Africa","text":"Advance of the Eighth Army, November 1942 – February 1943As the Panzerarmee retreated, the Axis air forces had to leapfrog backwards from airfield to airfield. The Desert Air Force swiftly took over abandoned airfields and the landing grounds at Gazala were open by 17 November; Martuba, near Derna, was operational on 19 November and the Navy began scheduled convoys to Benghazi on 26 November.[6] Ultra intercepts of Axis Enigma machine cyphers revealed that on 24 November, the Panzerarmee had only a few days' fuel left and on 3 December, that Italian troops were withdrawing to Buerat.[7] By the middle of November the Panzerarmee retreat from Alamein had reached El Agheila. The front was 110 mi (180 km) wide and had to be held with a force that was a shadow of the Axis force that had been in Egypt that October. The front settled while the British built up their supplies for an attack and the Axis forces tried to get supplies to the Panzerarmee across the Mediterranean.[8]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Prelude"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Benito Mussolini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_Mussolini"},{"link_name":"Feldmarschall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feldmarschall"},{"link_name":"Albert Kesselring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Kesselring"},{"link_name":"OB Süd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OB_S%C3%BCd"},{"link_name":"Fliegerkorps II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Air_Corps_(Germany)"},{"link_name":"Fliegerkorps X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_Air_Corps_(Germany)"},{"link_name":"chain of command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_hierarchy"},{"link_name":"unity of effort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unity_of_effort"},{"link_name":"Supermarina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermarina"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVego2010127%E2%80%93128-9"}],"sub_title":"Axis command","text":"The Axis command structure in the Mediterranean was centralised at the top and fragmented below. Benito Mussolini had monopolised authority over the Italian armed forces since 1933 by taking the offices of Minister of War, Minister of the Navy and Minister of the Air Force. Feldmarschall Albert Kesselring of the Luftwaffe commanded German ground forces in the theatre as Commander-in-Chief South (Oberbefehlshaber Süd, OB Süd) but had no authority over Axis operations in North Africa or the organisation of convoys to Libya. Fliegerkorps II and Fliegerkorps X came under the usual Luftwaffe chain of command. Since November 1941, Kesselring had exercised some influence over the conduct of the German naval operations in the Mediterranean as the nominal head of Naval Command Italy (Marinekommando Italien) but this was subordinate to the Kriegsmarine chain of command. German service rivalries obstructed co-operation and there was little unity of effort between German and the Italian forces in the Mediterranean. Kesselring had the authority only to co-ordinate plans for combined operations by German and Italian forces and some influence on the use of the Regia Aeronautica for the protection of convoys to North Africa. The Italian Navy resisted all German attempts to integrate its operations; ships in different squadrons never trained together and Supermarina (Italian Naval High Command) constantly over-ruled subordinate commanders.[9]","title":"Prelude"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Malta_in_its_region_(special_marker).svg"},{"link_name":"gross register tons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_register_tonnage"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodman2003461-10"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Hunt-class destroyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunt-class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"12th Destroyer Flotilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12th_Destroyer_Flotilla"},{"link_name":"HMS Aldenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Aldenham"},{"link_name":"Belvoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Belvoir_(L32)"},{"link_name":"Croome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Croome_(L62)"},{"link_name":"Exmoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Exmoor_(L61)"},{"link_name":"Hursley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Hursley_(L84)"},{"link_name":"Tetcott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Tetcott_(L99)"},{"link_name":"Pindos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_destroyer_Pindos"},{"link_name":"6-inch cruiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arethusa-class_cruiser_(1934)"},{"link_name":"HMS Orion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Orion_(85)"},{"link_name":"Pakenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Pakenham_(G06)"},{"link_name":"Petard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Petard_(G56)"},{"link_name":"Vasilissa Olga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_destroyer_Vasilissa_Olga"},{"link_name":"Crete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crete"},{"link_name":"5.25-inch cruisers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dido-class_cruiser"},{"link_name":"HMS Jervis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Jervis"},{"link_name":"Javelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Javelin"},{"link_name":"Kelvin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Kelvin_(F37)"},{"link_name":"Nubian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Nubian_(F36)"},{"link_name":"Arthur Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Power"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodman2003460%E2%80%93461-13"}],"sub_title":"Convoy plan","text":"Location map of MaltaConvoy MW 14 consisted of the Agwimonte (6,679 gross register tons [grt]), Alcoa Prospector (6,797 grt), Suffolk (13,890 grt) and Glenartney (9,795 grt) which had a naval crew.[10][a] A continuous escort was provided by seven Hunt-class destroyers of the 12th Destroyer Flotilla, comprising HMS Aldenham, Belvoir, Croome, Exmoor, Hursley, Tetcott and the Greek Pindos after the tanker Yoruba Linda joined from Benghazi with its two escorts. The next day, the 6-inch cruiser [6 in (150 mm)] HMS Orion with the destroyers Pakenham, Petard and Vasilissa Olga were to join from Alexandria. When south-west of Crete, the convoy was to be met by the 5.25-inch cruisers [5.25 in (133 mm)] Dido and Euryalus, with the fleet destroyers HMS Jervis, Javelin, Kelvin, Nubian of Force K (Rear-Admiral Arthur Power) from Malta.[12]","title":"Prelude"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Port Said","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Said"},{"link_name":"Grand Harbour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Harbour"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodman2003462%E2%80%93463-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoskill1962344-15"}],"text":"During the evening of 1 December, Convoy MW 14 departed Port Said and on 2 December, rendezvoused with the tanker Yorba Linda and two Hunt-class destroyers. Next day, the cruiser Orion and three destroyers arrived from Alexandria and on 4 December, when south-west of Crete, the convoy was joined by Force K, comprising two cruisers and four destroyers from Malta. The convoy steamed for Malta at 16 kn (18 mph; 30 km/h), receiving only a few ineffectual attacks from Axis torpedo-bombers. The convoy reached Grand Harbour early on 5 December and received the customary welcome from the populace and garrison. As the swift unloading of the ships began, congestion in the harbour was relieved by Operation MH 2, the dispatch of Convoy ME 11 on 7 December, containing Yoruba Linda from Convoy MW 14 and eight ships from Pedestal and Stoneage.[13] By 9 December the ships were unloaded.[14]","title":"Convoy MW 14"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004199-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoskill1962344%E2%80%93345-17"}],"sub_title":"Analysis","text":"Stoneage and Portcullis delivered 56,000 long tons (57,000 t) of cargo, not including fuel oils; once the Portcullis ships had unloaded, enough flour was on the island to last until May 1943, food and fodder were sufficient until March and cooking fuels until April, even after some small ration increases.[15] The success of Portcullis led to the institution of the Quadrangle operations, regular voyages by pairs of ships accompanying ordinary west-bound convoys supplying the Eighth Army in its advance from El Agheila to Tunisia. The ships would be met off Benghazi by escorts from Malta and sail northwards to Malta, protected by the 15th Cruiser Squadron from a possible sortie by the Italian fleet at Taranto.[16]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"Port Tewfik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Tewfik"},{"link_name":"Port Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Sudan"},{"link_name":"Ismailia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismailia"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodman2003461%E2%80%93462-11"}],"text":"^ Glenartney had been loaded at Port Tewfik at the south end of the Suez canal, then sailed southwards into the Red Sea to mislead Axis spies. At Port Sudan the cargo was emptied and reloaded, the cased petrol being put into stronger containers. The crew went on strike over being kept in the dark about the destination and the captain took on a party of twelve troops, making sure that the deck machine guns had been disabled. At Suez, the ships' company was forced off the ship and imprisoned for the duration of Portcullis. The last portion of the cargo was taken on board at Ismailia and the ship joined the rest of the convoy at Port Said, the Navy crew under Merchant Navy orders.[11]","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoskill1962341%E2%80%93346_1-0"},{"link_name":"Roskill 1962","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRoskill1962"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoskill1962343%E2%80%93344_2-0"},{"link_name":"Roskill 1962","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRoskill1962"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodman2003457%E2%80%93458_3-0"},{"link_name":"Woodman 2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWoodman2003"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004205_4-0"},{"link_name":"Playfair 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFPlayfair2004"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHinsley1994266%E2%80%93267_5-0"},{"link_name":"Hinsley 1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHinsley1994"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodman2003455Playfair2004196%E2%80%93197_6-0"},{"link_name":"Woodman 2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWoodman2003"},{"link_name":"Playfair 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFPlayfair2004"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHinsley1994249%E2%80%93250_7-0"},{"link_name":"Hinsley 1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHinsley1994"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooper1978390_8-0"},{"link_name":"Cooper 1978","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCooper1978"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVego2010127%E2%80%93128_9-0"},{"link_name":"Vego 2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFVego2010"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodman2003461_10-0"},{"link_name":"Woodman 2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWoodman2003"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodman2003461%E2%80%93462_11-0"},{"link_name":"Woodman 2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWoodman2003"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodman2003460%E2%80%93461_13-0"},{"link_name":"Woodman 2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWoodman2003"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodman2003462%E2%80%93463_14-0"},{"link_name":"Woodman 2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWoodman2003"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoskill1962344_15-0"},{"link_name":"Roskill 1962","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRoskill1962"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004199_16-0"},{"link_name":"Playfair 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFPlayfair2004"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoskill1962344%E2%80%93345_17-0"},{"link_name":"Roskill 1962","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRoskill1962"}],"text":"^ Roskill 1962, pp. 341–346.\n\n^ Roskill 1962, pp. 343–344.\n\n^ Woodman 2003, pp. 457–458.\n\n^ Playfair 2004, p. 205.\n\n^ Hinsley 1994, pp. 266–267.\n\n^ Woodman 2003, p. 455; Playfair 2004, pp. 196–197.\n\n^ Hinsley 1994, pp. 249–250.\n\n^ Cooper 1978, p. 390.\n\n^ Vego 2010, pp. 127–128.\n\n^ Woodman 2003, p. 461.\n\n^ Woodman 2003, pp. 461–462.\n\n^ Woodman 2003, pp. 460–461.\n\n^ Woodman 2003, pp. 462–463.\n\n^ Roskill 1962, p. 344.\n\n^ Playfair 2004, p. 199.\n\n^ Roskill 1962, pp. 344–345.","title":"Footnotes"}]
[{"image_text":"Advance of the Eighth Army, November 1942 – February 1943","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/AfricaMap5.jpg/220px-AfricaMap5.jpg"},{"image_text":"Location map of Malta","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Malta_in_its_region_%28special_marker%29.svg/220px-Malta_in_its_region_%28special_marker%29.svg.png"}]
[{"title":"Battle of the Mediterranean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mediterranean"}]
[{"reference":"Cooper, Matthew (1978). The German Army 1933–1945: Its Political and Military Failure. Briarcliff Manor, NY: Stein and Day. ISBN 978-0-8128-2468-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8128-2468-1","url_text":"978-0-8128-2468-1"}]},{"reference":"Hinsley, F. H. (1994) [1993]. British Intelligence in the Second World War. Its influence on Strategy and Operations. History of the Second World War. abridged (2nd rev. ed.). London: HMSO. ISBN 978-0-11-630961-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMSO","url_text":"HMSO"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-11-630961-7","url_text":"978-0-11-630961-7"}]},{"reference":"Playfair, Major-General I. S. O.; et al. (2004) [HMSO 1966]. Butler, J. R. M. (ed.). The Mediterranean and Middle East: The Destruction of the Axis Forces in Africa. History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series. Vol. IV. Uckfield: Naval & Military Press. ISBN 978-1-84574-068-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Stanley_Ord_Playfair","url_text":"Playfair, Major-General I. S. O."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Ramsay_Montagu_Butler","url_text":"Butler, J. R. M."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84574-068-9","url_text":"978-1-84574-068-9"}]},{"reference":"Roskill, S. W. (1962) [1956]. The Period of Balance. History of the Second World War: The War at Sea 1939–1945. Vol. II (3rd impression ed.). London: HMSO. OCLC 174453986. Retrieved 25 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Roskill","url_text":"Roskill, S. W."},{"url":"http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/UK/UK-RN-II/index.html","url_text":"The Period of Balance"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Second_World_War","url_text":"History of the Second World War"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMSO","url_text":"HMSO"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/174453986","url_text":"174453986"}]},{"reference":"Woodman, Richard (2003). Malta Convoys 1940–1943. London: John Murray. ISBN 978-0-7195-6408-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Woodman","url_text":"Woodman, Richard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Murray_(publishing_house)","url_text":"John Murray"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7195-6408-6","url_text":"978-0-7195-6408-6"}]},{"reference":"Vego, M. (Winter 2010). \"Major Convoy Operation To Malta, 10–15 August 1942 (Operation Pedestal)\". Naval War College Review. 63 (1). ISSN 0028-1484. Archived from the original on 12 August 2014. Retrieved 5 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140812121917/https://www.usnwc.edu/getattachment/4679327a-c2e5-495e-9b97-ca231dae2516/Major-Convoy-Operation-to-Malta,-10-15-August-1942","url_text":"\"Major Convoy Operation To Malta, 10–15 August 1942 (Operation Pedestal)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-1484","url_text":"0028-1484"},{"url":"https://www.usnwc.edu/getattachment/4679327a-c2e5-495e-9b97-ca231dae2516/Major-Convoy-Operation-to-Malta,-10-15-August-1942","url_text":"the original"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Operation_Portcullis&params=35_53_42_N_14_31_14_E_source:Geohack","external_links_name":"35°53′42″N 14°31′14″E / 35.89500°N 14.52056°E / 35.89500; 14.52056"},{"Link":"http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/UK/UK-RN-II/index.html","external_links_name":"The Period of Balance"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/174453986","external_links_name":"174453986"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140812121917/https://www.usnwc.edu/getattachment/4679327a-c2e5-495e-9b97-ca231dae2516/Major-Convoy-Operation-to-Malta,-10-15-August-1942","external_links_name":"\"Major Convoy Operation To Malta, 10–15 August 1942 (Operation Pedestal)\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-1484","external_links_name":"0028-1484"},{"Link":"https://www.usnwc.edu/getattachment/4679327a-c2e5-495e-9b97-ca231dae2516/Major-Convoy-Operation-to-Malta,-10-15-August-1942","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160315010909/http://merlinsovermalta.gdenney.co.uk/worldwar2/timeline/","external_links_name":"Chronology of the siege of Malta, 1940–43: Merlins over Malta"},{"Link":"http://www.naval-history.net/xAH-MaltaSupply01b.htm","external_links_name":"The Supply of Malta 1940–1942, Part 1 of 3 Arnold Hague, naval-history com"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoyan_Stefanov
Stoyan Stefanov
["1 References","2 External links"]
Bulgarian footballer Stoyan StefanovPersonal informationFull name Stoyan Ivanov StefanovDate of birth (1983-07-28) 28 July 1983 (age 40)Place of birth Sliven, BulgariaHeight 1.76 m (5 ft 9+1⁄2 in)Position(s) MidfielderSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)2005–2008 Kastoria 10 (0)2008–2009 Kaliakra Kavarna 24 (0)2009–2010 Sliven 2000 15 (0)2011 Costuleni 10 (0)2011–2012 Minyor Pernik 4 (0) *Club domestic league appearances and goals Stoyan Stefanov (Bulgarian: Стоян Стефанов; born 28 July 1983) is a Bulgarian former footballer who played as a midfielder. References ^ "Stoyan Stefanov Facts". Footballdatabase.eu. External links Stoyan Stefanov at Soccerway
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bulgarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_language"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"midfielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midfielder"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Stoyan Stefanov (Bulgarian: Стоян Стефанов; born 28 July 1983) is a Bulgarian former footballer who played as a midfielder.[1]","title":"Stoyan Stefanov"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Stoyan Stefanov Facts\". Footballdatabase.eu.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.footballdatabase.eu/football.joueurs.stoyan.stefanov.84718.en.html","url_text":"\"Stoyan Stefanov Facts\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.footballdatabase.eu/football.joueurs.stoyan.stefanov.84718.en.html","external_links_name":"\"Stoyan Stefanov Facts\""},{"Link":"https://int.soccerway.com/players/stoyan-stefanov/124593/","external_links_name":"Stoyan Stefanov"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinia_Mojica
Vinia Mojica
["1 Life and career","2 Discography","3 References","4 External links"]
American hip hop musician This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Vinia Mojica" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Vinia MojicaBackground informationBirth nameVinia A. MojicaBorn (1970-03-14) March 14, 1970 (age 54)Queens, New York, U.S.GenresHip hop, R&BOccupation(s)Singer, songwriterYears active1989–2003 (active)2003–present (unknown)LabelsFruitmeat, Giant StepMusical artist Vinia A. Mojica (born March 14, 1970) is an American singer from Queens, New York. She is best known for her collaborations with the Native Tongues collective and other hip hop artists. Life and career Her recording career began in 1989 with the song "Acknowledge Your Own History", from the Jungle Brothers' 1989 album Done By the Forces of Nature. It would be the beginning of her association with the Native Tongues Posse – which would produce De La Soul's 1991 hit "A Roller Skating Jam Named "Saturdays"" – and continue with A Tribe Called Quest and later with its second generation of Mos Def, Talib Kweli, Hi-Tek and Common. Mojica also made numerous appearances on Heavy D's album Nuttin' But Love (1995) and his 1997 single, "Water Bed Hev"; collaborated with French hip hop group Alliance Ethnik in 1995 and 1998; and made guest appearances on albums by Heltah Skeltah, Rahzel, and Pete Rock. Outside of hip hop, she has also recorded and performed with Mary J. Blige, Youssou N'Dour and Arto Lindsay, as well as downtempo artists like Cibo Matto, DJ Spinna, and, in 2005, Jneiro Jarel. In 2002 Mojica collaborated with French hip hop and electro artist DJ Mehdi (credited as Espion) on "Anything Is Possible", a track later remixed by Château Flight. She worked and toured with pianist Andy Milne in his band, as a lead vocalist. In 2003, Mojica finally released her debut single, "Guilt Junkie" (with the B-side "Sands of Time"). Discography Singles "Magnificent" (2002) (with Mos Def) "Guilt Junkie" b/w "Sands of Time" (2003) Guest appearances A Tribe Called Quest – "Verses from the Abstract" from The Low End Theory (1991) De La Soul – "A Roller Skating Jam Named 'Saturdays'" "Keepin' the Faith" from De La Soul is Dead (1991) Pete Rock & CL Smooth – "Searching" from The Main Ingredient (1994) Heltah Skeltah – "Therapy" from Nocturnal (1996) Pete Rock – "Mind Blowin'" from Soul Survivor (1998) Black Star – "K.O.S. (Determination)" from Mos Def & Talib Kweli Are Black Star (1998) Mos Def – "Climb" from Black on Both Sides (1999) Alliance Ethnik – "Honesty & jalousie" from "Honesty et Jalousie (fais un choix dans la vie) (1995)"; "Respect", "Fat Come Back", "Tu Sais Quoi", and "5 Heures Du Mat" from Fat Comeback (1999) Reflection Eternal – "The Blast" from Train of Thought (2000) Da Beatminerz – "Take That" from Brace 4 Impak (2001) Hi-Tek – "The Sun God" and "Get Ta Steppin'" from Hi-Teknology (2001) Talib Kweli – "Stand to the Side" from Quality (2002) DJ Mehdi – "Anything Is Possible" from (The Story of) Espion (2002) Common – "Ferris Wheel" from Electric Circus (2002) DJ Spinna – "Idols" from Here to There (2003) References ^ Davidson, Tamara (February 28, 2012). "Vinia Mojica: The Hip-Hop Troubadour Tells Her Story". Revive. Retrieved March 3, 2015. ^ Kokayi, Kokayi (2022). You Are Ketchup: And Other Fly Music Industry Tales. Backbeat Books. External links Vinia Mojica discography at Discogs Vinia Mojica press release on Giant Step Records Authority control databases: Artists MusicBrainz This biographical article related to hip hop music in the United States is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Queens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Native Tongues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Tongues"},{"link_name":"hip hop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop_music"}],"text":"Musical artistVinia A. Mojica (born March 14, 1970) is an American singer from Queens, New York.[1] She is best known for her collaborations with the Native Tongues collective and other hip hop artists.","title":"Vinia Mojica"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jungle Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungle_Brothers"},{"link_name":"Done By the Forces of Nature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Done_By_the_Forces_of_Nature"},{"link_name":"De La Soul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_La_Soul"},{"link_name":"A Roller Skating Jam Named \"Saturdays\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Roller_Skating_Jam_Named_%22Saturdays%22"},{"link_name":"A Tribe Called Quest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Tribe_Called_Quest"},{"link_name":"Mos Def","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mos_Def"},{"link_name":"Talib Kweli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talib_Kweli"},{"link_name":"Hi-Tek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi-Tek"},{"link_name":"Common","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"Heavy D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_D"},{"link_name":"French hip hop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_hip_hop"},{"link_name":"Alliance Ethnik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_Ethnik"},{"link_name":"Heltah Skeltah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heltah_Skeltah"},{"link_name":"Rahzel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahzel"},{"link_name":"Pete Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Rock"},{"link_name":"Mary J. Blige","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_J._Blige"},{"link_name":"Youssou N'Dour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youssou_N%27Dour"},{"link_name":"Arto Lindsay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arto_Lindsay"},{"link_name":"downtempo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtempo"},{"link_name":"Cibo Matto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cibo_Matto"},{"link_name":"DJ Spinna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Spinna"},{"link_name":"Jneiro Jarel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jneiro_Jarel"},{"link_name":"hip hop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_Hop_music"},{"link_name":"electro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electro_music"},{"link_name":"DJ Mehdi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Mehdi"},{"link_name":"Andy Milne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Milne"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"B-side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-side"}],"text":"Her recording career began in 1989 with the song \"Acknowledge Your Own History\", from the Jungle Brothers' 1989 album Done By the Forces of Nature. It would be the beginning of her association with the Native Tongues Posse – which would produce De La Soul's 1991 hit \"A Roller Skating Jam Named \"Saturdays\"\" – and continue with A Tribe Called Quest and later with its second generation of Mos Def, Talib Kweli, Hi-Tek and Common.Mojica also made numerous appearances on Heavy D's album Nuttin' But Love (1995) and his 1997 single, \"Water Bed Hev\"; collaborated with French hip hop group Alliance Ethnik in 1995 and 1998; and made guest appearances on albums by Heltah Skeltah, Rahzel, and Pete Rock. Outside of hip hop, she has also recorded and performed with Mary J. Blige, Youssou N'Dour and Arto Lindsay, as well as downtempo artists like Cibo Matto, DJ Spinna, and, in 2005, Jneiro Jarel. In 2002 Mojica collaborated with French hip hop and electro artist DJ Mehdi (credited as Espion) on \"Anything Is Possible\", a track later remixed by Château Flight.She worked and toured with pianist Andy Milne in his band, as a lead vocalist.[2]In 2003, Mojica finally released her debut single, \"Guilt Junkie\" (with the B-side \"Sands of Time\").","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mos Def","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mos_Def"},{"link_name":"A Tribe Called Quest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Tribe_Called_Quest"},{"link_name":"The Low End Theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Low_End_Theory"},{"link_name":"De La Soul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_La_Soul"},{"link_name":"De La Soul is Dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_La_Soul_is_Dead"},{"link_name":"Pete Rock & CL Smooth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Rock_%26_CL_Smooth"},{"link_name":"The Main Ingredient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Main_Ingredient_(Pete_Rock_%26_CL_Smooth_album)"},{"link_name":"Heltah Skeltah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heltah_Skeltah"},{"link_name":"Nocturnal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nocturnal_(Heltah_Skeltah_album)"},{"link_name":"Pete Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Rock"},{"link_name":"Soul Survivor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_Survivor_(Pete_Rock_album)"},{"link_name":"Black Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Star_(rap_duo)"},{"link_name":"Mos Def & Talib Kweli Are Black Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mos_Def_%26_Talib_Kweli_Are_Black_Star"},{"link_name":"Mos Def","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mos_Def"},{"link_name":"Black on Both Sides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_on_Both_Sides"},{"link_name":"Alliance Ethnik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_Ethnik"},{"link_name":"Reflection Eternal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflection_Eternal"},{"link_name":"Train of Thought","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Train_of_Thought_(Reflection_Eternal_album)"},{"link_name":"Da Beatminerz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da_Beatminerz"},{"link_name":"Brace 4 Impak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brace_4_Impak"},{"link_name":"Hi-Tek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi-Tek"},{"link_name":"Hi-Teknology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi-Teknology"},{"link_name":"Talib Kweli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talib_Kweli"},{"link_name":"Quality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_(Talib_Kweli_album)"},{"link_name":"DJ Mehdi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Mehdi"},{"link_name":"Common","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"Electric Circus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_Circus_(album)"},{"link_name":"DJ Spinna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Spinna"},{"link_name":"Here to There","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Here_to_There_(DJ_Spinna_album)"}],"text":"Singles\"Magnificent\" (2002) (with Mos Def)\n\"Guilt Junkie\" b/w \"Sands of Time\" (2003)Guest appearancesA Tribe Called Quest – \"Verses from the Abstract\" from The Low End Theory (1991)\nDe La Soul – \"A Roller Skating Jam Named 'Saturdays'\" \"Keepin' the Faith\" from De La Soul is Dead (1991)\nPete Rock & CL Smooth – \"Searching\" from The Main Ingredient (1994)\nHeltah Skeltah – \"Therapy\" from Nocturnal (1996)\nPete Rock – \"Mind Blowin'\" from Soul Survivor (1998)\nBlack Star – \"K.O.S. (Determination)\" from Mos Def & Talib Kweli Are Black Star (1998)\nMos Def – \"Climb\" from Black on Both Sides (1999)\nAlliance Ethnik – \"Honesty & jalousie\" from \"Honesty et Jalousie (fais un choix dans la vie) (1995)\"; \"Respect\", \"Fat Come Back\", \"Tu Sais Quoi\", and \"5 Heures Du Mat\" from Fat Comeback (1999)\nReflection Eternal – \"The Blast\" from Train of Thought (2000)\nDa Beatminerz – \"Take That\" from Brace 4 Impak (2001)\nHi-Tek – \"The Sun God\" and \"Get Ta Steppin'\" from Hi-Teknology (2001)\nTalib Kweli – \"Stand to the Side\" from Quality (2002)\nDJ Mehdi – \"Anything Is Possible\" from (The Story of) Espion (2002)\nCommon – \"Ferris Wheel\" from Electric Circus (2002)\nDJ Spinna – \"Idols\" from Here to There (2003)","title":"Discography"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Davidson, Tamara (February 28, 2012). \"Vinia Mojica: The Hip-Hop Troubadour Tells Her Story\". Revive. Retrieved March 3, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://revive-music.com/2012/02/28/vinia-mojica-the-hip-hop-troubadour-tells-her-story/","url_text":"\"Vinia Mojica: The Hip-Hop Troubadour Tells Her Story\""}]},{"reference":"Kokayi, Kokayi (2022). You Are Ketchup: And Other Fly Music Industry Tales. Backbeat Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/books/edition/You_Are_Ketchup/QyV6EAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22Vinia+Mojica%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA98&printsec=frontcover","url_text":"You Are Ketchup: And Other Fly Music Industry Tales"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Vinia+Mojica%22","external_links_name":"\"Vinia Mojica\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Vinia+Mojica%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Vinia+Mojica%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Vinia+Mojica%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Vinia+Mojica%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Vinia+Mojica%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://revive-music.com/2012/02/28/vinia-mojica-the-hip-hop-troubadour-tells-her-story/","external_links_name":"\"Vinia Mojica: The Hip-Hop Troubadour Tells Her Story\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/books/edition/You_Are_Ketchup/QyV6EAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22Vinia+Mojica%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA98&printsec=frontcover","external_links_name":"You Are Ketchup: And Other Fly Music Industry Tales"},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/artist/Vinia+Mojica","external_links_name":"Vinia Mojica"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20051123204539/http://www.giantstep.net/artists/417/bio/","external_links_name":"Vinia Mojica press release"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/4e57afda-4e64-49ac-8dff-f8993c70ffcd","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vinia_Mojica&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australasian_Institute_of_Mining_Engineers
Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy
["1 History","2 Member grades and post-nominals","3 Some notable members","4 See also","5 References"]
Professional association The Australasian Institute of Mining and MetallurgyFounded1893TypeProfessional AssociationLocationCarlton, Victoria, AustraliaArea served Australia, Papua New Guinea, New Zealand, Hong KongMethodProfessional developmentMembers 13,500Key peopleDave Clark (President)Stephen Durkin (CEO)Revenue ·Endowment·Employees .Websitewww.ausimm.com.au The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy (AusIMM) provides services to professionals engaged in all facets of the global minerals sector and is based in Carlton, Victoria, Australia. History The Institute had its genesis in 1893 with the formation in Adelaide of the Australasian Institute of Mining Engineers drawing its inspiration from the success of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, and some impetus from the Mine Managers Association of Broken Hill. Office-holders were equally from South Australia and "The Hill", where the Institute established its headquarters. This approach to the foundation of a federal organization was welcomed in mining districts of other Australian colonies. and branches were formed in Broken Hill, the Thames Goldfield (New Zealand), Ballarat, and elsewhere. Succeeding annual conferences were held at Ballarat, Hobart, Broken Hill and other mining centres. The 1926 conference was held in Otago, New Zealand. In 1896 its headquarters were removed from Broken Hill to Melbourne, and in June 1919 adopted its present name. In 1954 the institute applied for a royal charter, granted 1955. The AusIMM represents more than 15 500 members drawn from all sections of the industry and supported by a network of branches and societies in Australasia and internationally. Member grades and post-nominals   Honorary Fellow of the AusIMM HonFAusIMM   Fellow of the AusIMM FAusIMM   Member of the AusIMM MAusIMM   Associate member of the AusIMM AAusIMM   Student member of the AusIMM SAusIMM Some notable members AIME Sir Henry Ayers foundation president, 1893 Uriah Dudley foundation general secretary 1893–1897 David Lauder Stirling (c. 1871 – 30 August 1949); president 1894, secretary 1906–1941 or later; also secretary, Victorian Chamber of Mines 1898–1945 H. W. Ferd Kayser (mine manager Mount Bischoff Tin Mining Company), vice-president 1894, president 1898, 1899 Alexander Montgomery (government geologist in New Zealand, Tasmania, and Western Australia), president 1895 Ernest Lidgey geological surveyor in Victoria; conducted Australia's first geophysical surveys; president 1901 Samuel Henry McGowan (c. 1845 – 13 May 1921), accountant specializing in gold mining companies, mayor of Bendigo 1899–1900; president 1902 F. Danvers Power, lecturer at Sydney University, president 1897, 1904. Robert C. Sticht general manager, Mount Lyell Mining & Railway Company, president 1905, 1915, vice-president 1909 G. D. Delprat (manager of the Broken Hill mine), president 1906 Dr. Alfred William Howitt, C.M.G., F.G.S., the eminent naturalist, was president 1907 Frank A. Moss, (general manager of Kalgurli Gold Mines), president 1907 C. F. Courtney (general manager of the Sulphide Corporation), president 1908 Richard Hamilton, (general manager of the Great Boulder Proprietary mine), president 1909, vice-president 1910 G. A. Richard (of Mount Morgan, Queensland), president 1910 Herman Carl Bellinger from US; mine manager, Cobar 1909–1914, president 1912 James Hebbard (manager of the Central Mine, Broken Hill), president 1913 John Warren (mining) (manager of Block 10, Broken Hill), vice-president 1894, president 1902 Hyman Herman (director of the Victorian geological survey), joined 1897, president 1914, remained councillor to 1959. Robert Silvers Black, (general manager of Kalgurli Gold Mines), president 1917 J. W. Sutherland metallurgist at Lake View Consols and Golden Horse Shoe gold mines; president 1918 Professor D. B. Waters of Otago, New Zealand, vice-president 1917,1918 (absent for most of this period — he was with New Zealand Tunnelling Company in France). AIMM R. W. Chapman, vice-president 1906, president 1920 Colin Fraser (later Sir Colin), president 1923 H. W. Gepp, later Sir Herbert William Gepp, president 1924 Ernest W. Skeats (professor of geology, University of Melbourne), vice-president 1924, president 1925 David Lauder Stirling, general secretary 1922–45 R. M. Murray (general manager, Mount Lyell Mining & Railway Company), president 1927 Alfred Stephen Kenyon, treasurer 1897, secretary 1906, president 1928 E. C. Andrews (New South Wales Government Geologist), president 1929 William Edward Wainwright (general manager of Broken Hill South), president 1919, 1930, vice-president 1916–18, 1933, 1934 Wiliam Harley Wainwright son of W. E. Wainwright, (chief metallurgist, BHP) life member Essington Lewis (managing director of BHP) vice-president 1932, president 1935 Andrew Fairweather, president 1932 (succeeded W. E. Mainwright at Broken Hill South mine and as General Manager) Professor J. Neill Greenwood (dean of Melbourne University Faculty of Applied Science), president 1936,1937 Donald Yates, superintendent of Broken Hill Associated Smelters Pty., president 1937 Julius Kruttschnitt (general manager, Mount Isa Mines) president 1939 Oliver H. Woodward (general manager, North Mine, Broken Hill) active in tunnelling operations WWI, president 1940 Arthur H. P. Moline (1877–1965) (succeeded R. M. Murray as general manager, Mount Lyell, in 1944), president 1945 Asdruebal James Keast (general manager, Zinc Corporation; Australian Aluminium Production Commission 1951–55), president 1946, vice-president 1947 Frank R. Hockey / Francis Richard Hockey (general superintendent, BHP), president 1947, vice-president 1949,1950 F. F. Espie / Frank Fancett Espie (general superintendent, Western Mining Corporation), president 1948 Godfrey Bernard O'Malley, vice-president 1943–46 Maurice Alan Edgar Mawby (director of exploration, Zinc Corporation, Limited), vice-president 1950,1951, president 1953,1954 Ian Munro McLennan (General Manager, BHP), president 1951 Beryl Elaine Jacka MBE, typist 1936; assistant general secretary 1945–52, secretary 1952–1976 Gordon Colvin Lindesay Clark CMG See also British North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers (known as the Mining Institute) founded 1852 Institution of Mining Engineers founded 1889, incorporating the Mining Institute above Institution of Mining and Metallurgy founded 1892 Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining merger of IMM and Institute of Materials in 2002. US American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers (originally American Institute of Mining Engineers founded 1871) References ^ "Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy". Encyclopedia of Australian Science. ^ "Institute of Mining Engineers". South Australian Register. Vol. LVII, no. 14, 386. South Australia. 21 December 1892. p. 2. Retrieved 23 December 2018 – via National Library of Australia. ^ "Mining in the Colonies". Kadina and Wallaroo Times. Vol. XXVIII, no. 3097. South Australia. 8 April 1893. p. 2. Retrieved 24 December 2018 – via National Library of Australia. Report of the first annual conference includes contents of Sir Henry's speech as read by Professor Tate at the South Australian School of Mines and Industries. ^ "Concentrates". The Barrier Miner. Vol. 5, no. 1366. New South Wales, Australia. 11 August 1892. p. 3. Retrieved 26 December 2018 – via National Library of Australia. ^ "Untitled". The Ballarat Star. Vol. 38, no. 11549. Victoria, Australia. 7 April 1893. p. 2. Retrieved 24 December 2018 – via National Library of Australia. ^ "Mining". Launceston Examiner. Vol. LIII, no. 98. Tasmania, Australia. 26 April 1893. p. 6. Retrieved 24 December 2018 – via National Library of Australia. ^ "Australasian Institute of Mining Engineers". The Ballarat Star. No. 11829. Victoria, Australia. 2 March 1894. p. 4. Retrieved 24 December 2018 – via National Library of Australia. ^ "Australasian Institute of Mining & Metallurgy". Barrier Miner. Vol. XXXVIII, no. 11, 458. New South Wales, Australia. 22 August 1925. p. 5. Retrieved 24 December 2018 – via National Library of Australia. ^ "Conference Opens". Newcastle Morning Herald & Miners' Advocate. No. 19, 296. New South Wales, Australia. 16 August 1938. p. 11. Retrieved 24 December 2018 – via National Library of Australia. ^ "Institute of Mining Engineers". The Argus (Melbourne). No. 22, 730. Victoria, Australia. 7 June 1919. p. 21. Retrieved 23 December 2018 – via National Library of Australia. ^ "Advertising". The News (Adelaide). Vol. 63, no. 9, 751. South Australia. 11 November 1954. p. 40. Retrieved 23 December 2018 – via National Library of Australia. ^ "AusIMM The Minerals Institute". Retrieved 16 June 2014. ^ "Australasian Institute of Mining Engineers". The Express and Telegraph. Vol. XXIX, no. 8, 688. South Australia. 5 November 1892. p. 7. Retrieved 24 December 2018 – via National Library of Australia. This article includes a list of foundation members ^ "Family Notices". The West Australian. Vol. 56, no. 16, 872. Western Australia. 1 August 1940. p. 5. Retrieved 24 December 2018 – via National Library of Australia. ^ "Obituary". The Argus (Melbourne). No. 29, 673. Victoria, Australia. 30 September 1941. p. 3. Retrieved 24 December 2018 – via National Library of Australia. ^ Bellinger was later chairman Anaconda Copper Company. A son Carl Bellinger was born in Australia 1913, became test pilot for Republic Aviation Corporation's Thunderjet.- ^ "The New President's Career". Barrier Miner. Vol. XXV, no. 7656. New South Wales, Australia. 19 February 1913. p. 3. Retrieved 24 December 2018 – via National Library of Australia. ^ "A Handsome Testimonial". Adelaide Observer. Vol. L, no. 2, 703. South Australia. 22 July 1893. p. 30. Retrieved 24 December 2018 – via National Library of Australia. ^ "VICTORIA". The Express and Telegraph. Vol. XLVII, no. 14, 151. South Australia. 1 November 1910. p. 4. Retrieved 24 December 2018 – via National Library of Australia. ^ "Mr. Robert Black Dead". The West Australian. Vol. 50, no. 9, 907. Western Australia. 31 March 1934. p. 12. Retrieved 24 December 2018 – via National Library of Australia. ^ "Mining". The Sun (Kalgoorlie). No. 983. Western Australia. 3 February 1918. p. 7. Retrieved 24 December 2018 – via National Library of Australia. ^ "Sir Herbert Gepp Dies". The Advertiser (Adelaide). Vol. 96, no. 29, 798. South Australia. 15 April 1954. p. 3. Retrieved 23 December 2018 – via National Library of Australia. ^ "Obituary Mr D. L. Stirling". The Argus (Melbourne). No. 32, 136. Victoria, Australia. 1 September 1949. p. 5. Retrieved 23 December 2018 – via National Library of Australia. ^ "Death of Mr. A. S. Kenyon". The Argus (Melbourne). No. 30, 176. Victoria, Australia. 15 May 1943. p. 4. Retrieved 23 December 2018 – via National Library of Australia. ^ "Death of Mr. W.H. Wainwright". Victor Harbour Times. Vol. 65, no. 2, 852. South Australia. 9 February 1977. p. 3. Retrieved 23 December 2018 – via National Library of Australia. ^ "Australian Awards in Birthday Honours". The Canberra Times. Vol. 35, no. 9, 935. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 10 June 1961. p. 1. Retrieved 24 December 2018 – via National Library of Australia. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Israel United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carlton, Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlton,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy (AusIMM) provides services to professionals engaged in all facets of the global minerals sector and is based in Carlton, Victoria, Australia.[1]","title":"Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"American Institute of Mining Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Institute_of_Mining_Engineers"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Broken Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broken_Hill"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Ballarat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballarat"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Hobart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobart"},{"link_name":"Otago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otago"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"royal charter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_charter"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"The Institute had its genesis in 1893 with the formation in Adelaide of the Australasian Institute of Mining Engineers[2] drawing its inspiration from the success of the American Institute of Mining Engineers,[3] and some impetus from the Mine Managers Association of Broken Hill.[4] Office-holders were equally from South Australia and \"The Hill\", where the Institute established its headquarters.This approach to the foundation of a federal organization was welcomed in mining districts of other Australian colonies.[5][6] and branches were formed in Broken Hill, the Thames Goldfield (New Zealand), Ballarat, and elsewhere. Succeeding annual conferences were held at Ballarat,[7] Hobart, Broken Hill and other mining centres. The 1926 conference was held in Otago, New Zealand.[8]In 1896 its headquarters were removed from Broken Hill to Melbourne,[9] and in June 1919 adopted its present name.[10]\nIn 1954 the institute applied for a royal charter,[11] granted 1955.The AusIMM represents more than 15 500 members drawn from all sections of the industry and supported by a network of branches and societies in Australasia and internationally.[12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Member grades and post-nominals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henry Ayers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ayers"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Uriah Dudley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uriah_Dudley"},{"link_name":"H. W. Ferd Kayser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._W._Ferd_Kayser"},{"link_name":"Mount Bischoff Tin Mining Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Bischoff"},{"link_name":"Alexander Montgomery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Montgomery_(geologist)"},{"link_name":"Ernest Lidgey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Lidgey"},{"link_name":"Samuel Henry McGowan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Henry_McGowan"},{"link_name":"F. Danvers Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._Danvers_Power"},{"link_name":"Robert C. Sticht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_C._Sticht"},{"link_name":"Mount Lyell Mining & Railway Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Lyell_Mining_%26_Railway_Company"},{"link_name":"G. D. Delprat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._D._Delprat"},{"link_name":"Alfred William Howitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_William_Howitt"},{"link_name":"Frank A. Moss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_A._Moss"},{"link_name":"Kalgurli Gold Mines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kalgurli_Gold_Mines&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"C. F. Courtney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._F._Courtney"},{"link_name":"Sulphide Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sulphide_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Richard Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Hamilton_(mining)"},{"link_name":"G. A. Richard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._A._Richard"},{"link_name":"Herman Carl Bellinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herman_Carl_Bellinger&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cobar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobar"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"James Hebbard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hebbard"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"John Warren (mining)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Warren_(mining)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Hyman Herman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyman_Herman"},{"link_name":"Robert Silvers Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Silvers_Black"},{"link_name":"Kalgurli Gold Mines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kalgurli_Gold_Mines&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"J. W. Sutherland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._W._Sutherland"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"D. B. Waters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=D._B._Waters&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Otago, New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otago,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"New Zealand Tunnelling Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Tunnelling_Company"},{"link_name":"R. W. Chapman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_William_Chapman_(engineer)"},{"link_name":"Colin Fraser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Fraser_(mining)"},{"link_name":"H. W. Gepp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._W._Gepp"},{"link_name":"Herbert William Gepp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_William_Gepp"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Ernest W. Skeats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_W._Skeats"},{"link_name":"David Lauder Stirling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Lauder_Stirling&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"R. M. Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._M._Murray"},{"link_name":"Mount Lyell Mining & Railway Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Lyell_Mining_%26_Railway_Company"},{"link_name":"Alfred Stephen Kenyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Stephen_Kenyon"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"E. C. Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._C._Andrews"},{"link_name":"William Edward Wainwright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Edward_Wainwright"},{"link_name":"Broken Hill South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broken_Hill_South"},{"link_name":"Wiliam Harley Wainwright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wiliam_Harley_Wainwright&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Essington Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essington_Lewis"},{"link_name":"BHP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BHP"},{"link_name":"Andrew Fairweather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Fairweather"},{"link_name":"J. Neill Greenwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J._Neill_Greenwood&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Donald Yates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Donald_Yates&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Broken Hill Associated Smelters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Broken_Hill_Associated_Smelters&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Julius Kruttschnitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Kruttschnitt_II"},{"link_name":"Mount Isa Mines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Isa_Mines"},{"link_name":"Oliver H. Woodward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oliver_H._Woodward&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"North Mine, Broken Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Limited"},{"link_name":"Arthur H. P. Moline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arthur_H._P._Moline&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Asdruebal James Keast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asdruebal_James_Keast&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Zinc Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Frank R. Hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frank_R._Hockey&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Francis Richard Hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francis_Richard_Hockey&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"F. F. Espie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=F._F._Espie&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Frank Fancett Espie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frank_Fancett_Espie&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Western Mining Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WMC_Resources"},{"link_name":"Godfrey Bernard O'Malley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Godfrey_Bernard_O%27Malley&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Maurice Alan Edgar Mawby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maurice_Alan_Edgar_Mawby&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ian Munro McLennan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Munro_McLennan"},{"link_name":"Beryl Elaine Jacka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beryl_Elaine_Jacka"},{"link_name":"Gordon Colvin Lindesay Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Colvin_Lindesay_Clark"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"AIMESir Henry Ayers foundation president, 1893[13]\nUriah Dudley foundation general secretary 1893–1897\nDavid Lauder Stirling (c. 1871 – 30 August 1949); president 1894, secretary 1906–1941 or later; also secretary, Victorian Chamber of Mines 1898–1945\nH. W. Ferd Kayser (mine manager Mount Bischoff Tin Mining Company), vice-president 1894, president 1898, 1899\nAlexander Montgomery (government geologist in New Zealand, Tasmania, and Western Australia), president 1895\nErnest Lidgey geological surveyor in Victoria; conducted Australia's first geophysical surveys; president 1901\nSamuel Henry McGowan (c. 1845 – 13 May 1921), accountant specializing in gold mining companies, mayor of Bendigo 1899–1900; president 1902\nF. Danvers Power, lecturer at Sydney University, president 1897, 1904.\nRobert C. Sticht general manager, Mount Lyell Mining & Railway Company, president 1905, 1915, vice-president 1909\nG. D. Delprat (manager of the Broken Hill mine), president 1906\nDr. Alfred William Howitt, C.M.G., F.G.S., the eminent naturalist, was president 1907\nFrank A. Moss, (general manager of Kalgurli Gold Mines), president 1907[14]\nC. F. Courtney (general manager of the Sulphide Corporation), president 1908[15]\nRichard Hamilton, (general manager of the Great Boulder Proprietary mine), president 1909, vice-president 1910\nG. A. Richard (of Mount Morgan, Queensland), president 1910\nHerman Carl Bellinger from US; mine manager, Cobar 1909–1914, president 1912[16]\nJames Hebbard (manager of the Central Mine, Broken Hill), president 1913[17]\nJohn Warren (mining) (manager of Block 10, Broken Hill), vice-president 1894, president 1902[18][19]\nHyman Herman (director of the Victorian geological survey), joined 1897, president 1914, remained councillor to 1959.\nRobert Silvers Black, (general manager of Kalgurli Gold Mines), president 1917[20]\nJ. W. Sutherland metallurgist at Lake View Consols and Golden Horse Shoe gold mines; president 1918[21]\nProfessor D. B. Waters of Otago, New Zealand, vice-president 1917,1918 (absent for most of this period — he was with New Zealand Tunnelling Company in France).AIMMR. W. Chapman, vice-president 1906, president 1920\nColin Fraser (later Sir Colin), president 1923\nH. W. Gepp, later Sir Herbert William Gepp, president 1924[22]\nErnest W. Skeats (professor of geology, University of Melbourne), vice-president 1924, president 1925\nDavid Lauder Stirling, general secretary 1922–45[23]\nR. M. Murray (general manager, Mount Lyell Mining & Railway Company), president 1927\nAlfred Stephen Kenyon, treasurer 1897, secretary 1906, president 1928[24]\nE. C. Andrews (New South Wales Government Geologist), president 1929\nWilliam Edward Wainwright (general manager of Broken Hill South), president 1919, 1930, vice-president 1916–18, 1933, 1934\nWiliam Harley Wainwright son of W. E. Wainwright, (chief metallurgist, BHP) life member[25]\nEssington Lewis (managing director of BHP) vice-president 1932, president 1935\nAndrew Fairweather, president 1932 (succeeded W. E. Mainwright at Broken Hill South mine and as General Manager)\nProfessor J. Neill Greenwood (dean of Melbourne University Faculty of Applied Science), president 1936,1937\nDonald Yates, superintendent of Broken Hill Associated Smelters Pty., president 1937\nJulius Kruttschnitt (general manager, Mount Isa Mines) president 1939\nOliver H. Woodward (general manager, North Mine, Broken Hill) active in tunnelling operations WWI, president 1940\nArthur H. P. Moline (1877–1965) (succeeded R. M. Murray as general manager, Mount Lyell, in 1944), president 1945\nAsdruebal James Keast (general manager, Zinc Corporation; Australian Aluminium Production Commission 1951–55), president 1946, vice-president 1947\nFrank R. Hockey / Francis Richard Hockey (general superintendent, BHP), president 1947, vice-president 1949,1950\nF. F. Espie / Frank Fancett Espie (general superintendent, Western Mining Corporation), president 1948\nGodfrey Bernard O'Malley, vice-president 1943–46\nMaurice Alan Edgar Mawby (director of exploration, Zinc Corporation, Limited), vice-president 1950,1951, president 1953,1954\nIan Munro McLennan (General Manager, BHP), president 1951\nBeryl Elaine Jacka MBE, typist 1936; assistant general secretary 1945–52, secretary 1952–1976\nGordon Colvin Lindesay Clark CMG[26]","title":"Some notable members"}]
[]
[{"title":"North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_of_England_Institute_of_Mining_and_Mechanical_Engineers"},{"title":"Institution of Mining Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institution_of_Mining_Engineers"},{"title":"Institution of Mining and Metallurgy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institution_of_Mining_and_Metallurgy"},{"title":"Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Materials,_Minerals_and_Mining"},{"title":"American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Institute_of_Mining,_Metallurgical,_and_Petroleum_Engineers"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Worthington_(sculptor)
David Worthington
["1 Early life and education","2 Career","3 Personal life","4 References","5 External links"]
British sculptor For the footballer, see Dave Worthington. Great Tripod, on display at On Form 08, Asthall Manor, Oxfordshire, 2004. Family: from another place, 2010. Red Iranian Travertine stone, Great Queen Street, London. David Worthington (born 1962) is a British sculptor in stone and fellow of the Royal British Society of Sculptors. He specialises in kinetic sculptures that members of the public can physically interact with. Early life and education Worthington was born in 1962. He received is advanced education at the Art Students League in New York, and at Oxford University from where he graduated in 1984 with a degree in philosophy and theology. In 2001 Worthington received an MA in visual culture and in 2007 finished an MA in computer arts at Thames Valley University. Career Worthington works mainly in stone, and specialises in kinetic sculptures that members of the public can physically interact with. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Sculptors. He has curated shows at Woburn Abbey, Glyndebourne, and the Chelsea Physic Garden. In 2010, he produced Family: from another place, in Red Iranian Travertine stone, for a commission from Henderson Global Investors. The work is displayed outside the premises of Action for Children in Great Queen Street, London. From November 2014 to January 2015 his works titled Experiments in Colour were exhibited at the William Benington Gallery in London. Personal life Worthington is married to Jane Fox and they work in Bridport in Dorset where they opened the Fox & Worthington Fine Art gallery in 2013. References ^ a b David WORTHINGTON (b. 1962). Archived 18 January 2017 at the Wayback Machine Crane Kalman Gallery. Retrieved 19 January 2017. ^ David Worthington. Cass Sculpture Foundation. Retrieved 17 January 2017. ^ a b "David Worthington FRSS". Royal Society of Sculptors. Retrieved 26 July 2022. ^ a b David Worthington. onform Retrieved 17 January 2017. ^ David Worthington: Experiments in Colour William Benington Gallery, London, 2014. Archived here. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to David Worthington. Official website. Authority control databases International FAST VIAF WorldCat National United States
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_do_MaiN
Digital do MaiN
["1 Technology","2 Awards","3 References","4 Further reading"]
Japanese audio engineering company Digital do MaiNNative nameデジタルドメイン株式会社Company typePrivateIndustryAudio electronicsFounderKazuhiko NishiHeadquartersChiyoda, Tokyo, JapanArea servedWorldwideKey peopleYasunori Mochida (Chairman)Kazuhiko Nishi (President)Tamotsu Kajiwara (CEO)ProductsPower and Compact AmplifiersSuper Audio CDD/A ConvertersLoudspeakersWebsitewww.digital-do-main.co.jp (in Japanese) Digital do MaiN (Japanese: デジタルドメイン株式会社, Dezitaru do MēiN Kabushiki Gaisha) is a Japanese audio engineering company headquartered in Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan. The company name emphasises symbiosis of analog and digital technologies (implemented, for example, in a volume control subsystem); the logo symbolizes an input pin jack (left square), output pin jack (right square) and an innovative signal processing unit in between. Technology Digital do MaiN's power amplifiers use V-FET technology transistors. Initially developed by Nippon Gakki Seizo K.K. in the 1970s (US Patent 4,216,038), the technology was improved, and the 2SK77B transistor was released. As V-FET devices are no longer manufactured, Digital do MaiN builds them itself. Original design and usage of the 2SK77B V-FET transistor give amplifiers characteristics similar to vacuum tube devices and Triode class A amplifiers which feature very high quality of output sound and cancellation of most of the even distortion harmonics, and allow noise distortion to be less than 0.005% and no loss of original harmonics. Digital do MaiN also uses technologies and complementary products from its partners: MSB Technology's (USA) DACs, Cabasse (France) loudspeakers, Denon (Japan) waveform reproduction technology. Awards Japanese Audio Excellence Award 2009, Separate Digital Players category (D-1a D/A converter) and Main Amplifiers category (B-1a power amplifier) References ^ "Company" (in Japanese). Retrieved 2019-01-14. ^ Nishizawa, Jun-ichi; Mochida, Yasunori; Nonaka, Terumoto; Hotta, Tadahiko; Yamashita, Shin (1977-06-11). "US Patent 4,216,038". Nippon Gakki Seizo Kabushiki Gaisha. Retrieved 2019-01-14. ^ Kennedy, Jason (2009-11-03). "Digital do MaiN B-1a review". Techradar.com. Retrieved 2019-01-14. ^ "西和彦氏創立のデジタルドメイン、SIT搭載アンプなど新製品を発表" (in Japanese). Phile-web. 2008-02-22. Retrieved 2019-01-14. ^ "Digital do MaiN 製品情報 DCアンプ" (in Japanese). Retrieved 2019-01-14. ^ Linnman (October 2008). "6moons audio reviews: Roadtour Digital do MaiN". 6moons.com. Retrieved 2019-01-14. ^ "Digital do MaiN 製品情報 DA コンバーター" (in Japanese). Retrieved 2019-01-14. ^ "Digital do MaiN 製品情報 SACDトランスポート" (in Japanese). Retrieved 2019-01-14. ^ "オーディオ銘機賞 2009 - Audio Excellence Award 2009". Phile-web. Retrieved 2019-01-14. Further reading Pictures from 2009 Tokyo International Audio Show Interview with founder Mr. Kazuhiko Nishi (in Japanese)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kabushiki Gaisha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabushiki_Gaisha"},{"link_name":"Chiyoda, Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiyoda,_Tokyo"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Digital do MaiN (Japanese: デジタルドメイン株式会社, Dezitaru do MēiN Kabushiki Gaisha) is a Japanese audio engineering company headquartered in Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan.[1] The company name emphasises symbiosis of analog and digital technologies (implemented, for example, in a volume control subsystem); the logo symbolizes an input pin jack (left square), output pin jack (right square) and an innovative signal processing unit in between.","title":"Digital do MaiN"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nippon Gakki Seizo K.K.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamaha_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Triode class A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_amplifier#Single-ended_and_triode_class_A_amplifiers"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Cabasse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabasse_(company)"},{"link_name":"Denon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denon"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Digital do MaiN's power amplifiers use V-FET technology transistors. Initially developed by Nippon Gakki Seizo K.K. in the 1970s (US Patent 4,216,038[2]), the technology was improved, and the 2SK77B transistor was released. As V-FET devices are no longer manufactured, Digital do MaiN builds them itself.[3] Original design and usage of the 2SK77B V-FET transistor give amplifiers characteristics similar to vacuum tube devices[4] and Triode class A amplifiers which feature very high quality of output sound and cancellation of most of the even distortion harmonics, and allow noise distortion to be less than 0.005%[5] and no loss of original harmonics.[6] Digital do MaiN also uses technologies and complementary products from its partners: MSB Technology's (USA) DACs,[7] Cabasse (France) loudspeakers, Denon (Japan) waveform reproduction technology.[8]","title":"Technology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Japanese Audio Excellence Award 2009,[9] Separate Digital Players category (D-1a D/A converter) and Main Amplifiers category (B-1a power amplifier)","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2009 Tokyo International Audio Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.avcat.jp/event/2009/ias2/digital/index.html"},{"link_name":"Interview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//ascii.jp/elem/000/000/113/113846/"}],"text":"Pictures from 2009 Tokyo International Audio Show\nInterview with founder Mr. Kazuhiko Nishi (in Japanese)","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Company\" (in Japanese). Retrieved 2019-01-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.digital-do-main.com/ja/company/","url_text":"\"Company\""}]},{"reference":"Nishizawa, Jun-ichi; Mochida, Yasunori; Nonaka, Terumoto; Hotta, Tadahiko; Yamashita, Shin (1977-06-11). \"US Patent 4,216,038\". Nippon Gakki Seizo Kabushiki Gaisha. Retrieved 2019-01-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junichi_Nishizawa","url_text":"Nishizawa, Jun-ichi"},{"url":"https://patents.google.com/patent/US4216038","url_text":"\"US Patent 4,216,038\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamaha_Corporation","url_text":"Nippon Gakki Seizo Kabushiki Gaisha"}]},{"reference":"Kennedy, Jason (2009-11-03). \"Digital do MaiN B-1a review\". Techradar.com. Retrieved 2019-01-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.techradar.com/reviews/audio-visual/hi-fi-and-audio/amplifiers/digital-do-main-b-1a-646182/review","url_text":"\"Digital do MaiN B-1a review\""}]},{"reference":"\"西和彦氏創立のデジタルドメイン、SIT搭載アンプなど新製品を発表\" [Digital do MaiN founder Mr. Kazuhiko Nishi introduces SIT amplifier, new products and features] (in Japanese). Phile-web. 2008-02-22. Retrieved 2019-01-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.phileweb.com/news/audio/200802/22/7780.html","url_text":"\"西和彦氏創立のデジタルドメイン、SIT搭載アンプなど新製品を発表\""}]},{"reference":"\"Digital do MaiN 製品情報 DCアンプ\" [Digital do MaiN product information - DC amplifier] (in Japanese). Retrieved 2019-01-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.digital-do-main.com/ja/products/B-1a/","url_text":"\"Digital do MaiN 製品情報 DCアンプ\""}]},{"reference":"Linnman (October 2008). \"6moons audio reviews: Roadtour Digital do MaiN\". 6moons.com. Retrieved 2019-01-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.6moons.com/audioreviews/roadtourdigitaldomain/visit.html","url_text":"\"6moons audio reviews: Roadtour Digital do MaiN\""}]},{"reference":"\"Digital do MaiN 製品情報 DA コンバーター\" [Digital do MaiN product information - DA converter] (in Japanese). Retrieved 2019-01-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.digital-do-main.com/ja/products/D-3/","url_text":"\"Digital do MaiN 製品情報 DA コンバーター\""}]},{"reference":"\"Digital do MaiN 製品情報 SACDトランスポート\" [Digital do MaiN - Super Audio CD] (in Japanese). Retrieved 2019-01-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.digital-do-main.com/ja/products/2930DSP-4/","url_text":"\"Digital do MaiN 製品情報 SACDトランスポート\""}]},{"reference":"\"オーディオ銘機賞 2009 - Audio Excellence Award 2009\". Phile-web. Retrieved 2019-01-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.phileweb.com/ranking/aea/2009/aex-e.html","url_text":"\"オーディオ銘機賞 2009 - Audio Excellence Award 2009\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richeldis_de_Faverches
Richeldis de Faverches
["1 Traditional account","2 References","3 External links"]
English noblewoman This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Richeldis de Faverches" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Our Lady of Walsingham Richeldis de Faverches, also known as Rychold, was a devout English Christian noblewoman who is credited with establishing the original shrine of Our Lady of Walsingham. The story of the vision of "Rychold" was recounted in the 15th century in "The Foundation of the Chapel of Walsingham" (ca. 1485, also known as the "Pynson Ballad"), published by Richard Pynson. The reputed appearance of the Virgin Mary to Richeldis is one of the earliest Marian apparitions. Traditional account According to the tradition preserved in the ballad, Richeldis had a series of three visions in which the Virgin Mary appeared to her. In these visions Richeldis was shown the house of the Annunciation in Nazareth and was told to build a replica of the house in Walsingham as a place of pilgrimage where people could honour the Virgin Mary. Mary is said to have promised, "Whoever seeks my help there will not go away empty-handed." According to the same tradition, there were early construction problems. One night, Richeldis heard singing and went out to her garden where she found that the little house had been completed about two hundred yards from the site of the original construction. Richeldis saw what she took to be angels leaving the now completed building. The original Holy House was a simple wooden structure measuring approximately 24 ft. by 13 ft., with four small turrets and a central tower. The 'Holy House' was later encased in stone to protect it from the elements. Based upon a review of relevant documents, historian J.C. Dickinson (1959) posits a later date for the foundation of the shrine, sometime between 1130 and 1153, the founding of the nearby priory. The Richeldis identified by J.C. Dickinson died in 1145, leaving her estate to her son. Before leaving to join the Second Crusade, Lord Geoffrey de Faverches had left the Holy House and its grounds to his chaplain, Edwin, to establish a religious order to care for the chapel of Our Lady of Walsingham. As travelling abroad became more difficult during the time of the Crusades, Walsingham became a place of pilgrimage, ranking alongside Jerusalem, Rome and Santiago de Compostella. The historian Henrietta Leyser also rejects the date of 1061, arguing that Richeldis flourished around 1130 and the family is not recorded in the Domesday Book as landowners in the area. References ^ "A Brief History", The Roman Catholic Shrine of Our Lady, Walsingham, England ^ a b "A Brief History of the Shrine of Our Lady of Walsingham", Archdiocese of Southwark ^ Moore, James T., "The Virgin of Walsingham" ^ Dickinson, J.D., The Shrine of Our Lady of Walsingham, 1956, Walsingham Anglican Archives ^ "History of Walsingham", Walsingham Village, Norfolk, England ^ Leyser, Henrietta (2004). "Favereches , Richeldis de (fl. c. 1130)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/57621. ISBN 978-0-19-861412-8. Retrieved 13 August 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required) External links Cooper, Kristina. "Walsingham in a Marian Year", Catholic Herald, 5 June 1987 at the Wayback Machine (archived 12 December 2013) Gapen, George Ben. "Our Lady of Walsingham: an Orthodox Introduction", 2002 "(dead link as of 15 January 2021)"
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[{"image_text":"Our Lady of Walsingham","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Our_Lady_of_Walsingham.JPG/220px-Our_Lady_of_Walsingham.JPG"}]
null
[{"reference":"Leyser, Henrietta (2004). \"Favereches [Favarches], Richeldis de (fl. c. 1130)\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/57621. ISBN 978-0-19-861412-8. Retrieved 13 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-57621","url_text":"\"Favereches [Favarches], Richeldis de (fl. c. 1130)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F57621","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/57621"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861412-8","url_text":"978-0-19-861412-8"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRASS_(programming_language)
GRASS (programming language)
["1 History","1.1 GRASS","1.2 ZGRASS and UV-1","1.3 GRASS RT/1","2 Description","3 Example","4 Notes","5 References","5.1 Citations","5.2 Bibliography"]
This article is about the programming language. For the GIS system, see Grass GIS. GRASS (GRAphics Symbiosis System) is a programming language created to script 2D vector graphics animations. GRASS was similar to BASIC in syntax, but added numerous instructions for specifying 2D object animation, including scaling, translation and rotation over time. These functions were directly supported by the Vector General 3D graphics terminal GRASS was written for. It quickly became a hit with the artistic community who were experimenting with the new medium of computer graphics, and is most famous for its use by Larry Cuba to create the original "attacking the Death Star will not be easy" animation in Star Wars (1977). As part of a later partnership with Midway Games, the language was ported to the Midway's Z80-based Z Box. This machine used raster graphics and a form of sprites, which required extensive changes to support, along with animating color changes. This version was known as ZGRASS. History GRASS The original version of GRASS was developed by Tom DeFanti for his 1974 Ohio State University Ph.D. thesis. It was developed on a PDP-11/45 driving a Vector General 3DR display. As the name implies, this was a purely vector graphics machine. GRASS included a number of vector-drawing commands, and could organize collections of them into a hierarchy, applying the various animation effects to whole "trees" of the image at once (stored in arrays). After graduation, DeFanti moved to the University of Illinois, Chicago Circle. There he joined up with Dan Sandin and together they formed the Circle Graphics Habitat (today known as the Electronic Visualization Laboratory, or EVL). Sandin had joined the university in 1971 and built the Sandin Image Processor, or IP. The IP was an analog computer which took two video inputs, mixed them, colored the results, and then re-created TV output. He described it as the video version of a Moog synthesizer. DeFanti added the existing GRASS system as the input to the IP, creating the GRASS/Image Processor, which was used throughout the mid-1970s. In order to make the system more useful, DeFanti and Sandin added all sorts of "one-off" commands to the existing GRASS system, but these changes also made the language considerably more idiosyncratic. In 1977 another member of the Habitat, Nola Donato, re-designed many of GRASS's control structures into more general forms, resulting in the considerably cleaner GRASS3. Larry Cuba's Star Wars work is based on semi-automated filming of a GRASS system running on a Vector General 3D terminal. The VG3D had internal hardware that performed basic transformations - scaling, rotation, etc. - in realtime without interacting with the computer. It is only during the times when new scenery is being presented that the much slower communications with the GRASS language takes place. This can be seen in the sequence, as the initial sections of the film show the Death Star being rotated and scaled very rapidly, while the later sections simulating flight down the trench requires new scenery to be paged in from GRASS "trees". These can be seen appearing in groups. ZGRASS and UV-1 In 1977, DeFanti was introduced to Jeff Frederiksen, a chip designer working at Dave Nutting Associates. Nutting had been contracted by Midway, the videogame division of Bally, to create a standardized graphics driver chip. They intended to use it in most of their future arcade games, as well as a video game console they were working on which would later turn into the Astrocade. Midway was quite interested in seeing the GRASS language running on their system, and contracted DeFanti to port it to the platform. A number of people at the Habitat, as well as some from Nutting, worked on the project, which they referred to as the Z Box. GRASS3 running on it became ZGRASS. The Z-Box was a raster graphics machine, unlike the original GRASS systems, so while most of the GRASS3 style was maintained in ZGRASS, it added a number of commands dedicated to raster images. This included an extensive set of bit block transfer commands in order to simulate sprites, something the hardware didn't include. The work would never be released by Midway, but the Circle would produce machines based on it as the Datamax UV-1. GRASS RT/1 The last version of GRASS was RT/1, a port of GRASS to other platforms that divorced the language from the display model and allowed it to be ported to other platforms. Versions existed for MS-DOS, Microsoft Windows, SGI platform using OpenGL, HP-UX, AIX, Macintosh and Amiga. The language remains similar to the earlier versions, so the reason for the change of name is unclear. Description This description is based on the original Bally manuals as well as the ACM description. Zgrass was based on a standard set of BASIC commands and used most of its syntax. Where Zgrass differed from BASIC was that all commands were in fact functions and returned values, similar to the C programming language. If there was no obvious return value it was expected that a function would return 1 if it succeeded, and 0 if it failed. For instance, the command PRINT PRINT 10 would be illegal in BASIC, but in Zgrass this would print 10 1, the 1 being the value returned by second PRINT, meaning "I successfully output the string '10'". Programs in Zgrass were referred to as "macros", and stored as strings. Both of these oddities were deliberate, as Zgrass allowed any string to become a program. For instance, MYBOX="BOX 0,0,100,100,2" defines a string (no need for a $ on the variable as in Microsoft BASICs) containing a snippet of Zgrass code. Simply typing MYBOX from that point on would run the command(s) inside. This feature can be used in place of the more traditional GOSUB command from BASIC, but has the added advantage of having a well-defined name as opposed to an opaque line number. In addition, the command remains in the form of a string in memory and can be manipulated at runtime with standard string operations. Most BASIC interpreters of the era converted the input text into a tokenized version in which each of the commands was replaced by a single number (typically one byte long). This made the program run faster because it didn't have to continually decode the commands from the strings every time. Zgrass's use of string-based macros made this difficult, so they didn't bother with tokenization. Instead, they included a compiler which could be used on any particular macro, speeding it up many times. Programs would often consist of a mix of compiled and uncompiled macros. Line numbers were optional in Zgrass, and typically only appeared on lines that were the target of a GOTO. Most BASIC interpreters required line numbers for every line of code, but this was due to their use in the "line editor"–if you needed to edit a particular line, the only way to refer to it was by number. Zgrass used a more advanced full-screen editor that eliminated this need. Zgrass allowed any string to act as a "line number", GOTO 10 and GOTO MARKER were both valid. Zgrass also included nameless branches, using the SKIP instruction, which would move forward or back a given number of lines. This is important in Zgrass as the line numbers were optional and different macros might make use of the same labels. For instance, some variation on LOOPSTART is likely to be found in many bits of code, and thus GOTO LOOPSTART might result in a name clash. Using SKIP avoided this possibility. In keeping with its original purpose as a graphics language, Zgrass included numerous commands for simple drawing. Zgrass's coordinate system had one point for each pixel in the high-resolution mode of Nutting's graphics chip, giving a 320×202 grid. The Astrocade, by design, could only use that chip's low-resolution mode, a 160×101 display. To avoid potential mapping problems, the coordinate space's zero point was placed in the center of the screen. −160 to 160 were valid X locations, and -101 to 101 valid Y locations. For use on the Astrocade you used the positive locations only, whereas on the UV-1 the entire space was available. Zgrass added a fairly complete set of array functions, as arrays are widely used in graphics. This included the ability to "capture" parts of the display into an array as a bitmap, which could then be manipulated as any other graphic item. This allowed Zgrass to include sprite-like functionality in the language, something the Nutting hardware did not directly include. Another feature the Astrocade did not include was the ability to process arrays with any reasonable speed, so the UV-1 included a Zilog supplied FPU for added performance. Zgrass included three priorities (called levels) that allowed macros to be run normally, or in "foreground" or "background" levels. This added a simple form of multitasking which was tremendously useful in an animation-oriented language. Game authors could place joystick-reading routines in a macro set to run in the background, and then the joystick would be read automatically whenever the current drawing macro completed. Functions placed in the foreground ran before either, and was often used for timers and other "low latency" needs. Zgrass included a TIMEOUT function that would call macros on a timed basis, making the implementation of timers very easy. Zgrass also included a series of commands that "covered" CP/M, which allowed the disk to be accessed without exiting to the command prompt. You could easily save out macros to named files, and load them in the same way, allowing you to construct programs by loading up various macros from the disk into one large program. The commands also automatically made a backup copy of every save. Similar features were supported for Compact Cassette storage, but oddly the syntax was not parallel: disk commands were D-something, like DPUT, but tape commands were not T-something, like TPUT, but rather something-TAPE, like PUTTAPE. With programs constructed from randomly selected modules, Zgrass needed to have better control over its variables than BASIC. In BASIC all variables are "global", so if two subroutines both use the variable I, which is very commonly used as a loop index variable, then they could set each other's values which leads to hard-to-debug problems. Under Zgrass a programmer loading up two modules could easily find that both used I as a loop counter, which could cause problems. To address this issue, Zgrass considered variables named with lowercase letters to be local only to that macro, so I and i were different variables, global and local respectively. Oddly, the examples provided with the language do not make widespread use of this feature, potentially confusing new programmers who might not be aware the feature exists. Example SINCURVE=[PROMPT "WHAT IS THE OFFSET?" INPUT OFFSET x=-160 angle=0 POINT OFFSET+x,SIN(angle)*80,3 angle=angle+2 IF (x=x+1)<159,SKIP -2] This text creates a new macro called SINCURVE that can be called simply by typing SINCURVE into the command prompt, or from other macros or programs. SINCURVE uses two local variables, x and angle, as well as a global variable, OFFSET. The PROMPT/INPUT is a modification of the original BASIC INPUT which will not ask for the input if the user types it into the command line when calling the macro. In this case, typing SINCURVE will result in the prompt appearing and the program waiting for input, whereas typing SINCURVE 30 will skip the prompt and OFFSET will automatically be assigned 30. This allows a single macro to be used both interactively and within a program as a function. POINT is an example of one of the many graphics commands included in the Zgrass language. POINT requires an X and Y location, as well as a color. In this example, the user supplied OFFSET moves the x position of the curve on the screen, while the Y position is supplied by the trig function, suitably enlarged for display (in this case, 80 times). The color is supplied in the last input, and in this case is 3. The UV-1 used color registers, so 3 did not imply a particular color, but a color selected from the current palette. The IF is likewise notable. It places an increment, (x=x+1), in front of the test, a feature not normally available in BASIC. In this case the IF is told to call SKIP -2 if true, which will move back two lines and can be used in place of a GOTO, as there is no line number target. Notes References Citations ^ a b c d e f g DeFanti 1980. ^ DeFanti, Fenton & Donato 1978. Bibliography DeFanti, Thomas; Fenton, Jay; Donato, Nola (August 1978). "BASIC Zgrass—a sophisticated graphics language for the Bally Home Library Computer". Proceedings of the 5th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques. Vol. 12. ACM SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics. pp. 33–37. doi:10.1145/800248.807366. ISBN 9781450379083. S2CID 8014940. DeFanti, Thomas (November 1980). "Language Control Structures for Easy Electronic Visualization". BYTE. vteDialects of the BASIC programming language (list)ClassicMicrosoft Microsoft BASIC TRS-80 BASICs (Level I, Level II/III) Thomson BASIC 1.0 Texas Instruments TI-BASIC (calculators) TI Extended BASIC (aka XBasic) TI-BASIC 83 Hewlett-Packard HP Time-Shared BASIC Rocky Mountain BASIC HP Basic Locomotive Software Locomotive BASIC Mallard BASIC Microcomputers Atom BASIC Integer BASIC North Star BASIC SCELBAL Minicomputers BASIC-11 Business Basic (B32, Data General) Data General Extended BASIC Southampton BASIC System Wang BASIC Time-sharing computers BASIC-PLUS VSI BASIC for OpenVMS SUPER BASIC CALL/360:BASIC Other AlphaBasic Astro BASIC BASICODE BAL Casio BASIC CBASIC PBASIC SDS BASIC Tiny BASIC UBASIC ZBasic ETBASIC  Extenders BASIC 8 Graphics BASIC Simons' BASIC Super Expander Super Expander 64 YS MegaBasic Procedure-orientedProprietary AmigaBASIC AMOS BASIC ASIC BasicX Beta BASIC FutureBASIC GRASS Liberty BASIC LSE MapBasic Mobile BASIC OWBasic PowerBASIC PureBasic SmileBASIC ThinBasic Tiger-BASIC True BASIC Turbo Basic WordBASIC Free andopen source Basic-256 Basic4GL DarkBASIC Euphoria Indic BASIC Open Programming Language SdlBasic SmallBASIC QB64 wxBasic XBasic Xblite Yabasic With objectextensionsProprietary AutoIt Chipmunk Basic GLBasic LotusScript Morfik PowerBASIC ProvideX Run BASIC VBA VBScript VB 5 for Microsoft Excel 5.0 VSTO VSTA Embedded Visual Basic WinWrap Basic Free andopen source BlitzMax FreeBASIC Microsoft Small Basic Mono-Basic OpenOffice Basic ScriptBasic Roslyn RADdesignersProprietary CA-Realizer Visual Basic (classic) NS Basic RapidQ Visual Basic .NET (Mercury) Xojo Free andopen source B4X (Basic4android, Basic4ppc) Gambas WinFBE, Visual FB Editor Defunct Altair BASIC Applesoft BASIC Atari BASIC Atari Microsoft BASIC Atari ST BASIC BASIC A+ BASIC XE BASIC XL BASIC Programming (Atari 2600) BBC BASIC Benton Harbor BASIC Chinese BASIC Commodore BASIC Color BASIC Dartmouth BASIC Disk Extended Color BASIC Extended Color BASIC Family BASIC GFA BASIC GW-BASIC IBM BASIC JR-BASIC MacBASIC MBASIC MSX BASIC MS BASIC for Macintosh QBasic QuickBASIC Phoenix Object Basic S-BASIC Sinclair BASIC STOS BASIC SuperBASIC TI BASIC (TI 99/4A) Turbo-BASIC XL Vilnius BASIC
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For the GIS system, see Grass GIS.GRASS (GRAphics Symbiosis System) is a programming language created to script 2D vector graphics animations. GRASS was similar to BASIC in syntax, but added numerous instructions for specifying 2D object animation, including scaling, translation and rotation over time. These functions were directly supported by the Vector General 3D graphics terminal GRASS was written for. It quickly became a hit with the artistic community who were experimenting with the new medium of computer graphics, and is most famous for its use by Larry Cuba to create the original \"attacking the Death Star will not be easy\" animation in Star Wars (1977).As part of a later partnership with Midway Games, the language was ported to the Midway's Z80-based Z Box. This machine used raster graphics and a form of sprites, which required extensive changes to support, along with animating color changes. This version was known as ZGRASS.","title":"GRASS (programming language)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tom DeFanti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_DeFanti"},{"link_name":"Ohio State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_State_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeFanti1980-1"},{"link_name":"PDP-11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDP-11"},{"link_name":"Vector General 3DR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_General_3D"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeFanti1980-1"},{"link_name":"vector graphics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_graphics"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeFanti1980-1"},{"link_name":"University of Illinois, Chicago Circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Chicago"},{"link_name":"Dan Sandin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Sandin"},{"link_name":"Electronic Visualization Laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Visualization_Laboratory"},{"link_name":"Sandin Image Processor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandin_Image_Processor"},{"link_name":"analog computer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_computer"},{"link_name":"Moog synthesizer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moog_synthesizer"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeFanti1980-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeFanti1980-1"},{"link_name":"Larry Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Cuba"},{"link_name":"Vector General 3D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_General_3D"},{"link_name":"Death Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_Star"}],"sub_title":"GRASS","text":"The original version of GRASS was developed by Tom DeFanti for his 1974 Ohio State University Ph.D. thesis.[1] It was developed on a PDP-11/45 driving a Vector General 3DR display.[1] As the name implies, this was a purely vector graphics machine. GRASS included a number of vector-drawing commands, and could organize collections of them into a hierarchy, applying the various animation effects to whole \"trees\" of the image at once (stored in arrays).[1]After graduation, DeFanti moved to the University of Illinois, Chicago Circle. There he joined up with Dan Sandin and together they formed the Circle Graphics Habitat (today known as the Electronic Visualization Laboratory, or EVL). Sandin had joined the university in 1971 and built the Sandin Image Processor, or IP. The IP was an analog computer which took two video inputs, mixed them, colored the results, and then re-created TV output. He described it as the video version of a Moog synthesizer.[1]DeFanti added the existing GRASS system as the input to the IP, creating the GRASS/Image Processor, which was used throughout the mid-1970s. In order to make the system more useful, DeFanti and Sandin added all sorts of \"one-off\" commands to the existing GRASS system, but these changes also made the language considerably more idiosyncratic. In 1977 another member of the Habitat, Nola Donato, re-designed many of GRASS's control structures into more general forms, resulting in the considerably cleaner GRASS3.[1]Larry Cuba's Star Wars work is based on semi-automated filming of a GRASS system running on a Vector General 3D terminal. The VG3D had internal hardware that performed basic transformations - scaling, rotation, etc. - in realtime without interacting with the computer. It is only during the times when new scenery is being presented that the much slower communications with the GRASS language takes place. This can be seen in the sequence, as the initial sections of the film show the Death Star being rotated and scaled very rapidly, while the later sections simulating flight down the trench requires new scenery to be paged in from GRASS \"trees\". These can be seen appearing in groups.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dave Nutting Associates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Nutting_Associates"},{"link_name":"graphics driver chip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_display_controller"},{"link_name":"video game console","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_console"},{"link_name":"Astrocade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrocade"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeFanti1980-1"},{"link_name":"raster graphics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raster_graphics"},{"link_name":"bit block transfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit_blit"},{"link_name":"sprites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprite_(computer_science)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeFanti1980-1"},{"link_name":"Datamax UV-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datamax_UV-1"}],"sub_title":"ZGRASS and UV-1","text":"In 1977, DeFanti was introduced to Jeff Frederiksen, a chip designer working at Dave Nutting Associates. Nutting had been contracted by Midway, the videogame division of Bally, to create a standardized graphics driver chip. They intended to use it in most of their future arcade games, as well as a video game console they were working on which would later turn into the Astrocade. Midway was quite interested in seeing the GRASS language running on their system, and contracted DeFanti to port it to the platform. A number of people at the Habitat, as well as some from Nutting, worked on the project, which they referred to as the Z Box. GRASS3 running on it became ZGRASS.[1]The Z-Box was a raster graphics machine, unlike the original GRASS systems, so while most of the GRASS3 style was maintained in ZGRASS, it added a number of commands dedicated to raster images. This included an extensive set of bit block transfer commands in order to simulate sprites, something the hardware didn't include.[1] The work would never be released by Midway, but the Circle would produce machines based on it as the Datamax UV-1.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MS-DOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS"},{"link_name":"Microsoft Windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows"},{"link_name":"SGI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Graphics"},{"link_name":"OpenGL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenGL"},{"link_name":"HP-UX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HP-UX"},{"link_name":"AIX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_AIX"},{"link_name":"Macintosh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_(computer)"},{"link_name":"Amiga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiga"}],"sub_title":"GRASS RT/1","text":"The last version of GRASS was RT/1, a port of GRASS to other platforms that divorced the language from the display model and allowed it to be ported to other platforms. Versions existed for MS-DOS, Microsoft Windows, SGI platform using OpenGL, HP-UX, AIX, Macintosh and Amiga. The language remains similar to the earlier versions, so the reason for the change of name is unclear.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeFantiFentonDonato1978-2"},{"link_name":"functions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Function_(programming)"},{"link_name":"C programming language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"Microsoft BASICs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_BASIC"},{"link_name":"interpreters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpreter_(computing)"},{"link_name":"tokenized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexical_analysis"},{"link_name":"byte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byte"},{"link_name":"compiler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compiler"},{"link_name":"bitmap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitmap"},{"link_name":"FPU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floating-point_unit"},{"link_name":"multitasking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_multitasking"},{"link_name":"Compact Cassette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_Cassette_(data)"},{"link_name":"lowercase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowercase"}],"text":"This description is based on the original Bally manuals as well as the ACM description.[2]Zgrass was based on a standard set of BASIC commands and used most of its syntax. Where Zgrass differed from BASIC was that all commands were in fact functions and returned values, similar to the C programming language. If there was no obvious return value it was expected that a function would return 1 if it succeeded, and 0 if it failed. For instance, the command PRINT PRINT 10 would be illegal in BASIC, but in Zgrass this would print 10 1, the 1 being the value returned by second PRINT, meaning \"I successfully output the string '10'\".Programs in Zgrass were referred to as \"macros\", and stored as strings. Both of these oddities were deliberate, as Zgrass allowed any string to become a program. For instance, MYBOX=\"BOX 0,0,100,100,2\" defines a string (no need for a $ on the variable as in Microsoft BASICs) containing a snippet of Zgrass code. Simply typing MYBOX from that point on would run the command(s) inside. This feature can be used in place of the more traditional GOSUB command from BASIC, but has the added advantage of having a well-defined name as opposed to an opaque line number. In addition, the command remains in the form of a string in memory and can be manipulated at runtime with standard string operations.Most BASIC interpreters of the era converted the input text into a tokenized version in which each of the commands was replaced by a single number (typically one byte long). This made the program run faster because it didn't have to continually decode the commands from the strings every time. Zgrass's use of string-based macros made this difficult, so they didn't bother with tokenization. Instead, they included a compiler which could be used on any particular macro, speeding it up many times. Programs would often consist of a mix of compiled and uncompiled macros.Line numbers were optional in Zgrass, and typically only appeared on lines that were the target of a GOTO. Most BASIC interpreters required line numbers for every line of code, but this was due to their use in the \"line editor\"–if you needed to edit a particular line, the only way to refer to it was by number. Zgrass used a more advanced full-screen editor that eliminated this need. Zgrass allowed any string to act as a \"line number\", GOTO 10 and GOTO MARKER were both valid.Zgrass also included nameless branches, using the SKIP instruction, which would move forward or back a given number of lines. This is important in Zgrass as the line numbers were optional and different macros might make use of the same labels. For instance, some variation on LOOPSTART is likely to be found in many bits of code, and thus GOTO LOOPSTART might result in a name clash. Using SKIP avoided this possibility.In keeping with its original purpose as a graphics language, Zgrass included numerous commands for simple drawing. Zgrass's coordinate system had one point for each pixel in the high-resolution mode of Nutting's graphics chip, giving a 320×202 grid. The Astrocade, by design, could only use that chip's low-resolution mode, a 160×101 display. To avoid potential mapping problems, the coordinate space's zero point was placed in the center of the screen. −160 to 160 were valid X locations, and -101 to 101 valid Y locations. For use on the Astrocade you used the positive locations only, whereas on the UV-1 the entire space was available.Zgrass added a fairly complete set of array functions, as arrays are widely used in graphics. This included the ability to \"capture\" parts of the display into an array as a bitmap, which could then be manipulated as any other graphic item. This allowed Zgrass to include sprite-like functionality in the language, something the Nutting hardware did not directly include. Another feature the Astrocade did not include was the ability to process arrays with any reasonable speed, so the UV-1 included a Zilog supplied FPU for added performance.Zgrass included three priorities (called levels) that allowed macros to be run normally, or in \"foreground\" or \"background\" levels. This added a simple form of multitasking which was tremendously useful in an animation-oriented language. Game authors could place joystick-reading routines in a macro set to run in the background, and then the joystick would be read automatically whenever the current drawing macro completed. Functions placed in the foreground ran before either, and was often used for timers and other \"low latency\" needs. Zgrass included a TIMEOUT function that would call macros on a timed basis, making the implementation of timers very easy.Zgrass also included a series of commands that \"covered\" CP/M, which allowed the disk to be accessed without exiting to the command prompt. You could easily save out macros to named files, and load them in the same way, allowing you to construct programs by loading up various macros from the disk into one large program. The commands also automatically made a backup copy of every save. Similar features were supported for Compact Cassette storage, but oddly the syntax was not parallel: disk commands were D-something, like DPUT, but tape commands were not T-something, like TPUT, but rather something-TAPE, like PUTTAPE.With programs constructed from randomly selected modules, Zgrass needed to have better control over its variables than BASIC. In BASIC all variables are \"global\", so if two subroutines both use the variable I, which is very commonly used as a loop index variable, then they could set each other's values which leads to hard-to-debug problems. Under Zgrass a programmer loading up two modules could easily find that both used I as a loop counter, which could cause problems. To address this issue, Zgrass considered variables named with lowercase letters to be local only to that macro, so I and i were different variables, global and local respectively. Oddly, the examples provided with the language do not make widespread use of this feature, potentially confusing new programmers who might not be aware the feature exists.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"trig function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigonometry"}],"text":"SINCURVE=[PROMPT \"WHAT IS THE OFFSET?\"\n INPUT OFFSET\n x=-160\n angle=0\n POINT OFFSET+x,SIN(angle)*80,3\n angle=angle+2\n IF (x=x+1)<159,SKIP -2]This text creates a new macro called SINCURVE that can be called simply by typing SINCURVE into the command prompt, or from other macros or programs. SINCURVE uses two local variables, x and angle, as well as a global variable, OFFSET.The PROMPT/INPUT is a modification of the original BASIC INPUT which will not ask for the input if the user types it into the command line when calling the macro. In this case, typing SINCURVE will result in the prompt appearing and the program waiting for input, whereas typing SINCURVE 30 will skip the prompt and OFFSET will automatically be assigned 30. This allows a single macro to be used both interactively and within a program as a function.POINT is an example of one of the many graphics commands included in the Zgrass language. POINT requires an X and Y location, as well as a color. In this example, the user supplied OFFSET moves the x position of the curve on the screen, while the Y position is supplied by the trig function, suitably enlarged for display (in this case, 80 times). The color is supplied in the last input, and in this case is 3. The UV-1 used color registers, so 3 did not imply a particular color, but a color selected from the current palette.The IF is likewise notable. It places an increment, (x=x+1), in front of the test, a feature not normally available in BASIC. In this case the IF is told to call SKIP -2 if true, which will move back two lines and can be used in place of a GOTO, as there is no line number target.","title":"Example"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notes"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"DeFanti, Thomas; Fenton, Jay; Donato, Nola (August 1978). \"BASIC Zgrass—a sophisticated graphics language for the Bally Home Library Computer\". Proceedings of the 5th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques. Vol. 12. ACM SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics. pp. 33–37. doi:10.1145/800248.807366. ISBN 9781450379083. S2CID 8014940.","urls":[{"url":"http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=807366","url_text":"\"BASIC Zgrass—a sophisticated graphics language for the Bally Home Library Computer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1145%2F800248.807366","url_text":"10.1145/800248.807366"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781450379083","url_text":"9781450379083"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8014940","url_text":"8014940"}]},{"reference":"DeFanti, Thomas (November 1980). \"Language Control Structures for Easy Electronic Visualization\". BYTE.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/byte-magazine-1980-11-rescan/page/n91/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Language Control Structures for Easy Electronic Visualization\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=807366","external_links_name":"\"BASIC Zgrass—a sophisticated graphics language for the Bally Home Library Computer\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1145%2F800248.807366","external_links_name":"10.1145/800248.807366"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8014940","external_links_name":"8014940"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/byte-magazine-1980-11-rescan/page/n91/mode/2up","external_links_name":"\"Language Control Structures for Easy Electronic Visualization\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904_Delaware_gubernatorial_election
1904 Delaware gubernatorial election
["1 General election","2 References","3 Bibliography"]
Delawarean gubernatorial election For related races, see 1904 United States gubernatorial elections. 1904 Delaware gubernatorial election ← 1900 November 8, 1904 1908 →   Nominee Preston Lea Caleb S. Pennewill Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 22,532 19,780 Percentage 51.40% 45.13% Governor before election John Hunn Republican Elected Governor Preston Lea Republican Elections in Delaware Federal government Presidential elections 1788-89 1792 1796 1800 1804 1808 1812 1816 1820 1824 1828 1832 1836 1840 1844 1848 1852 1856 1860 1864 1868 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 Presidential primaries Democratic 2004 2008 2016 2020 Republican 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 U.S. Senate elections 1788 1790 1792 1793 1797 1799 1803 1805 1809 1811 1815 1817 1820 1822 1823 1827 1829 1832 1835 1841 1845 1851 1853 1857 1858 1863 1864 1869 1870 1875 1876 1881 1883 1887 1893 1899 1907 1911 1913 1916 1918 1922 1924 1928 1930 1934 1936 1940 1942 1946 1948 1952 1954 1958 1960 1964 1966 1970 1972 1976 1978 1982 1984 1988 1990 1994 1996 2000 2002 2006 2008 2012 2014 2018 2020 2024 2026 U.S. House of Representatives elections 1789 1790 1792 1794 1796 1798 1800 1802 1804 1806 1808 1810 1812 1814 1816 1818 1820 1822 1824 1826 1828 1830 1832 1834 1836 1838 1840 1842 1844 1846 1848 1850 1852 1854 1856 1858 1860 1862 1864 1866 1868 1870 1872 1874 1876 1878 1880 1882 1884 1886 1888 1890 1892 1894 1896 1898 1900 1902 1904 1906 1908 1910 1912 1914 1916 1918 1920 1922 1924 1926 1928 1930 1932 1934 1936 1938 1940 1942 1944 1946 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 Special elections Senate 1795 1796 1798 1799 1802 1804 1810 1813 1822 1824 1827 1830 1836 1837 1841 1849 1857 1864 1869 1885 1897 1899 1903 1906 1922 1930 2010 House 1805 1806 1807 1822 1827 1863 1900 State government General elections 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 Gubernatorial elections 1792 1795 1798 1801 1804 1807 1810 1813 1816 1819 1820 sp 1822 sp 1823 sp 1826 1829 1832 1836 1840 1844 1846 sp 1850 1854 1858 1862 1866 1870 1874 1878 1882 1886 1890 1894 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 Lieutenant gubernatorial elections 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 Attorney General elections 2018 2022 Treasurer elections 2018 2022 Senate elections 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2017 10th sp 2018 2020 2022 2024 House of Representatives elections 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 Wilmington Mayoral elections 2012 2016 2020 2024 vte The 1904 Delaware gubernatorial election was held on November 8, 1904. Though incumbent Republican Governor John Hunn was eligible to run for re-election, he declined to do so. Instead, as the intra-party battle in the Republican Party between the Addicks and anti-Addicks factions continued, Hunn stepped aside to avoid additional conflict. The Addicks, or Union Republicans, nominated Henry C. Conrad for Governor, while the anti-Addicks, or Regular Republicans, held out with their own ticket and nominated Joseph H. Chandler for Governor. On October 12, 1904, the two factions united and agreed to jointly nominate industrialist Preston Lea, a favorite of the Regular Republicans. In the general election, Lea faced Chandler, the erstwhile candidate of the Regular Republicans, who refused to step aside for Lea and continued his campaign, and former State Senator Caleb S. Pennewill, the Democratic nominee. Lea ended up defeating his opponents by a decisive margin, though somewhat reduced from Hunn's victory in 1900. General election 1904 Delaware gubernatorial election Party Candidate Votes % ±% Republican Preston Lea 22,532 51.40% -2.17% Democratic Caleb S. Pennewill 19,780 45.13% +0.20% Independent Republican Joseph H. Chandler 802 1.83% — Prohibition John R. Price 588 0.13% -0.03% Socialist Gustave E. Reinike 131 0.30% +0.17% Majority 2,752 6.28% -2.37% Turnout 43,833 100.00% Republican hold References ^ "Hunn Steps Aside: Governor Says He Does Not Wish to Imperil Party Success". Morning News. Wilmington, Del. August 12, 1904. p. 1. Retrieved June 16, 2021. ^ "One Ticket in Sight". Morning News. Wilmington, Del. October 11, 1904. p. 4. Retrieved June 16, 2021. ^ "Will Confer Again To-Day: Republicans Are Expected to Complete Their State Ticket at Another Conference". Morning News. Wilmington, Del. October 12, 1904. p. 1. Retrieved June 16, 2021. ^ "Republicans Fail to Agree on One Ticket". Morning News. Wilmington, Del. October 12, 1904. p. 1. Retrieved June 16, 2021. ^ "Can Change Ticket But Not the Votes: So Says Dr. Joseph H. Chandler, Who is Determined to Remain on the Ticket". News Journal. Wilmington, Del. October 28, 1904. p. 5. Retrieved June 16, 2021. ^ "Sketch of Mr. Pennewill: Says He Will Not Make Any Speeches But Will go Around and Meet the People". Morning News. Wilmington, Del. September 8, 1904. p. 3. Retrieved June 16, 2021. ^ 1905 Senate Journal, p. 41-42 Bibliography Delaware Senate Journal, 90th General Assembly, 1st Reg. Sess. (1905). vteElections in DelawareGeneral 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1982 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 Del. Senate 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 Del. House 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 Governor 1777 1778 1781 1783 1786 1789 1792 1795 1798 1801 1804 1807 1810 1813 1816 1819 1820 (sp) 1822 (sp) 1823 (sp) 1826 1829 1832 1836 1840 1844 1846 (sp) 1850 1854 1858 1862 1866 1870 1874 1878 1882 1886 1890 1894 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 U.S. President 1788–89 1792 1796 1800 1804 1808 1812 1816 1820 1824 1828 1832 1836 1840 1844 1848 1852 1856 1860 1864 1868 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 U.S. SenateClass 1 1788 1790 1796 1803 1808 1815 1820 1827 1833 1839 1845 1851 (sp) 1851 1857 1863 1869 1875 1881 1887 1893 1899 1905 1911 1916 1922 1928 1934 1940 1946 1952 1958 1964 1970 1976 1982 1988 1994 2000 2006 2012 2018 2024 U.S. SenateClass 2 1788 1793 1798 1805 1816 1822 1828 1835 1841 1847 1853 1859 1865 1871 1877 1883 1889 1895 1901 1907 1913 1918 1924 1930 1936 1942 1948 1954 1960 1966 1972 1978 1984 1990 1996 2002 2008 2010 (sp) 2014 2020 2026 U.S. House 1789 1790 1792 1794 1796 1798 1802 1804 1805 (sp) 1806 1808 1810 1812 1814 1816 1818 1820 1822 1822 (sp) 1824 1826 1827 (sp) 1828 1830 1833 1834 1836 1838 1840 1842 1844 1846 1848 1850 1852 1854 1856 1858 1860 1862 1864 1866 1868 1870 1872 1874 1876 1878 1880 1882 1884 1886 1888 1890 1892 1894 1896 1898 1900 1902 1904 1906 1908 1910 1912 1914 1916 1918 1920 1922 1924 1926 1928 1930 1932 1934 1936 1938 1940 1942 1944 1946 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 See also: Political party strength in Delaware vte(1903 ←)   1904 United States elections   (→ 1905)U.S.President Alabama Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming U.S. Senate Louisiana Maryland Mississippi Ohio Ohio (Special) Vermont Virginia U.S. House ofRepresentatives Alabama Arkansas California 3rd sp Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Territory Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New York 12th sp North Carolina North Dakota Ohio 19th sp Oklahoma Territory Oregon Pennsylvania 3rd sp Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Gubernatorial Arkansas Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Idaho Illinois Lt. Gov Indiana Kansas Louisiana Maine Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Lt. Gov Missouri Montana Nebraska Lt. Gov New Hampshire New Jersey New York North Carolina North Dakota Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming (special) Mayors Los Angeles Manchester, NH General Alabama Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Territory Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1904 United States gubernatorial elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904_United_States_gubernatorial_elections"},{"link_name":"John Hunn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hunn_(governor)"},{"link_name":"Addicks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Edward_Addicks"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Preston Lea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preston_Lea"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"1900","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900_Delaware_gubernatorial_election"}],"text":"For related races, see 1904 United States gubernatorial elections.The 1904 Delaware gubernatorial election was held on November 8, 1904. Though incumbent Republican Governor John Hunn was eligible to run for re-election, he declined to do so. Instead, as the intra-party battle in the Republican Party between the Addicks and anti-Addicks factions continued, Hunn stepped aside to avoid additional conflict.[1] The Addicks, or Union Republicans, nominated Henry C. Conrad for Governor, while the anti-Addicks, or Regular Republicans, held out with their own ticket and nominated Joseph H. Chandler for Governor.[2] On October 12, 1904, the two factions united and agreed to jointly nominate industrialist Preston Lea,[3] a favorite of the Regular Republicans.[4]In the general election, Lea faced Chandler, the erstwhile candidate of the Regular Republicans, who refused to step aside for Lea and continued his campaign,[5] and former State Senator Caleb S. Pennewill, the Democratic nominee.[6] Lea ended up defeating his opponents by a decisive margin, though somewhat reduced from Hunn's victory in 1900.","title":"1904 Delaware gubernatorial election"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"General election"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Elections_in_Delaware_footer"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Elections_in_Delaware_footer"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Elections_in_Delaware_footer"},{"link_name":"Elections in Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Delaware"},{"link_name":"1948","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1948_Delaware_general_election&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1950","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1950_Delaware_general_election&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1952","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1952_Delaware_general_election&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1954","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1954_Delaware_general_election&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1956","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1956_Delaware_general_election&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1958","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1958_Delaware_general_election&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1960","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1960_Delaware_general_election&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1962","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1962_Delaware_general_election&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1964_Delaware_general_election&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1966","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1966_Delaware_general_election&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1968","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1968_Delaware_general_election&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1970","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1970_Delaware_general_election&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1972_Delaware_general_election&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1974","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1974_Delaware_general_election&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1976","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1976_Delaware_general_election&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1978","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1978_Delaware_general_election&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1982","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1982_Delaware_general_election&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1986_Delaware_general_election&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1988","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1988_Delaware_general_election&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1990","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1990_Delaware_general_election&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1992_Delaware_general_election&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1994_Delaware_general_election&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1996_Delaware_general_election&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1998_Delaware_general_election&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2000_Delaware_elections&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2002_Delaware_elections&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2004_Delaware_elections&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2006_Delaware_elections&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2008_Delaware_elections&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Delaware_elections"},{"link_name":"2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Delaware_elections"},{"link_name":"2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Delaware_elections"},{"link_name":"2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Delaware_elections"},{"link_name":"2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Delaware_elections"},{"link_name":"2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Delaware_elections"},{"link_name":"2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Delaware_elections"},{"link_name":"Del. 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Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_Utah"},{"link_name":"Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Vermont"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_Washington"},{"link_name":"West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Wyoming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"Gubernatorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904_United_States_gubernatorial_elections"},{"link_name":"Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904_Arkansas_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904_Colorado_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904_Florida_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904_Georgia_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"Idaho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904_Idaho_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904_Illinois_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"Lt. Gov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904_Illinois_lieutenant_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904_Indiana_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904_Kansas_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904_Louisiana_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904_Maine_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904_Michigan_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904_Minnesota_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"Lt. Gov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904_Minnesota_lieutenant_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904_Missouri_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"Montana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904_Montana_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"Nebraska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904_Nebraska_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"Lt. Gov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904_Nebraska_lieutenant_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904_New_Hampshire_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904_New_Jersey_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904_New_York_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904_North_Carolina_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"North Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904_North_Dakota_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904_Rhode_Island_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904_South_Carolina_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"South Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904_South_Dakota_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904_Tennessee_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904_Texas_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904_Utah_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904_Vermont_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904_Washington_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904_West_Virginia_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904_Wisconsin_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"Wyoming (special)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904_Wyoming_gubernatorial_special_election"},{"link_name":"Mayors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1904_United_States_mayoral_elections"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904_Los_Angeles_mayoral_election"},{"link_name":"Manchester, NH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904_Manchester,_New_Hampshire,_mayoral_election"},{"link_name":"Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1904_Alabama_elections"},{"link_name":"Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1904_Arkansas_elections"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1904_California_elections"},{"link_name":"Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1904_Colorado_elections"},{"link_name":"Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1904_Connecticut_elections"},{"link_name":"Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1904_Delaware_elections"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1904_Florida_elections"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1904_Georgia_(U.S._state)_elections"},{"link_name":"Idaho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1904_Idaho_elections"},{"link_name":"Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1904_Illinois_elections"},{"link_name":"Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1904_Indiana_elections"},{"link_name":"Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1904_Iowa_elections"},{"link_name":"Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1904_Kansas_elections"},{"link_name":"Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1904_Kentucky_elections"},{"link_name":"Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1904_Louisiana_elections"},{"link_name":"Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1904_Maine_elections"},{"link_name":"Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1904_Maryland_elections"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1904_Massachusetts_elections"},{"link_name":"Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1904_Michigan_elections"},{"link_name":"Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1904_Minnesota_elections"},{"link_name":"Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1904_Mississippi_elections"},{"link_name":"Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1904_Missouri_elections"},{"link_name":"Montana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1904_Montana_elections"},{"link_name":"Nebraska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1904_Nebraska_elections"},{"link_name":"Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1904_Nevada_elections"},{"link_name":"New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1904_New_Hampshire_elections"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1904_New_Jersey_elections"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1904_New_York_(state)_elections"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1904_North_Carolina_elections"},{"link_name":"North Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1904_North_Dakota_elections"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1904_Ohio_elections"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1904_Oklahoma_Territory_elections"},{"link_name":"Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1904_Oregon_elections"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1904_Pennsylvania_elections"},{"link_name":"Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1904_Rhode_Island_elections"},{"link_name":"South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1904_South_Carolina_elections"},{"link_name":"South Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1904_South_Dakota_elections"},{"link_name":"Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1904_Tennessee_elections"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1904_Texas_elections"},{"link_name":"Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1904_Utah_elections"},{"link_name":"Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1904_Vermont_elections"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1904_Virginia_elections"},{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1904_Washington_(state)_elections"},{"link_name":"West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1904_West_Virginia_elections"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1904_Wisconsin_elections"},{"link_name":"Wyoming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1904_Wyoming_elections"}],"text":"Delaware Senate Journal, 90th General Assembly, 1st Reg. Sess. (1905).vteElections in DelawareGeneral\n1948\n1950\n1952\n1954\n1956\n1958\n1960\n1962\n1964\n1966\n1968\n1970\n1972\n1974\n1976\n1978\n1982\n1986\n1988\n1990\n1992\n1994\n1996\n1998\n2000\n2002\n2004\n2006\n2008\n2010\n2012\n2014\n2016\n2018\n2020\n2022\nDel. Senate\n2000\n2002\n2004\n2006\n2008\n2010\n2012\n2014\n2016\n2018\n2020\n2022\nDel. House\n2000\n2002\n2004\n2006\n2008\n2010\n2012\n2014\n2016\n2018\n2020\n2022\nGovernor\n1777\n1778\n1781\n1783\n1786\n1789\n1792\n1795\n1798\n1801\n1804\n1807\n1810\n1813\n1816\n1819\n1820 (sp)\n1822 (sp)\n1823 (sp)\n1826\n1829\n1832\n1836\n1840\n1844\n1846 (sp)\n1850\n1854\n1858\n1862\n1866\n1870\n1874\n1878\n1882\n1886\n1890\n1894\n1896\n1900\n1904\n1908\n1912\n1916\n1920\n1924\n1928\n1932\n1936\n1940\n1944\n1948\n1952\n1956\n1960\n1964\n1968\n1972\n1976\n1980\n1984\n1988\n1992\n1996\n2000\n2004\n2008\n2012\n2016\n2020\n2024\nU.S. President\n1788–89\n1792\n1796\n1800\n1804\n1808\n1812\n1816\n1820\n1824\n1828\n1832\n1836\n1840\n1844\n1848\n1852\n1856\n1860\n1864\n1868\n1872\n1876\n1880\n1884\n1888\n1892\n1896\n1900\n1904\n1908\n1912\n1916\n1920\n1924\n1928\n1932\n1936\n1940\n1944\n1948\n1952\n1956\n1960\n1964\n1968\n1972\n1976\n1980\n1984\n1988\n1992\n1996\n2000\n2004\n2008\n2012\n2016\n2020\n2024\nU.S. SenateClass 1\n1788\n1790\n1796\n1803\n1808\n1815\n1820\n1827\n1833\n1839\n1845\n1851 (sp)\n1851\n1857\n1863\n1869\n1875\n1881\n1887\n1893\n1899\n1905\n1911\n1916\n1922\n1928\n1934\n1940\n1946\n1952\n1958\n1964\n1970\n1976\n1982\n1988\n1994\n2000\n2006\n2012\n2018\n2024\nU.S. SenateClass 2\n1788\n1793\n1798\n1805\n1816\n1822\n1828\n1835\n1841\n1847\n1853\n1859\n1865\n1871\n1877\n1883\n1889\n1895\n1901\n1907\n1913\n1918\n1924\n1930\n1936\n1942\n1948\n1954\n1960\n1966\n1972\n1978\n1984\n1990\n1996\n2002\n2008\n2010 (sp)\n2014\n2020\n2026\nU.S. House\n1789\n1790\n1792\n1794\n1796\n1798\n1802\n1804\n1805 (sp)\n1806\n1808\n1810\n1812\n1814\n1816\n1818\n1820\n1822\n1822 (sp)\n1824\n1826\n1827 (sp)\n1828\n1830\n1833\n1834\n1836\n1838\n1840\n1842\n1844\n1846\n1848\n1850\n1852\n1854\n1856\n1858\n1860\n1862\n1864\n1866\n1868\n1870\n1872\n1874\n1876\n1878\n1880\n1882\n1884\n1886\n1888\n1890\n1892\n1894\n1896\n1898\n1900\n1902\n1904\n1906\n1908\n1910\n1912\n1914\n1916\n1918\n1920\n1922\n1924\n1926\n1928\n1930\n1932\n1934\n1936\n1938\n1940\n1942\n1944\n1946\n1948\n1950\n1952\n1954\n1956\n1958\n1960\n1962\n1964\n1966\n1968\n1970\n1972\n1974\n1976\n1978\n1980\n1982\n1984\n1986\n1988\n1990\n1992\n1994\n1996\n1998\n2000\n2002\n2004\n2006\n2008\n2010\n2012\n2014\n2016\n2018\n2020\n2022\nSee also: Political party strength in Delawarevte(1903 ←)   1904 United States elections   (→ 1905)U.S.President\nAlabama\nArkansas\nCalifornia\nColorado\nConnecticut\nDelaware\nFlorida\nGeorgia\nIdaho\nIllinois\nIndiana\nIowa\nKansas\nKentucky\nLouisiana\nMaine\nMaryland\nMassachusetts\nMichigan\nMinnesota\nMississippi\nMissouri\nMontana\nNebraska\nNevada\nNew Hampshire\nNew Jersey\nNew York\nNorth Carolina\nNorth Dakota\nOhio\nOregon\nPennsylvania\nRhode Island\nSouth Carolina\nSouth Dakota\nTennessee\nTexas\nUtah\nVermont\nVirginia\nWashington\nWest Virginia\nWisconsin\nWyoming\nU.S. Senate\nLouisiana\nMaryland\nMississippi\nOhio\nOhio (Special)\nVermont\nVirginia\nU.S. House ofRepresentatives\nAlabama\nArkansas\nCalifornia\n3rd sp\nColorado\nConnecticut\nDelaware\nFlorida\nGeorgia\nHawaii Territory\nIdaho\nIllinois\nIndiana\nIowa\nKansas\nKentucky\nLouisiana\nMaine\nMaryland\nMassachusetts\nMichigan\nMinnesota\nMississippi\nMissouri\nMontana\nNebraska\nNevada\nNew Hampshire\nNew Jersey\nNew York\n12th sp\nNorth Carolina\nNorth Dakota\nOhio\n19th sp\nOklahoma Territory\nOregon\nPennsylvania\n3rd sp\nRhode Island\nSouth Carolina\nSouth Dakota\nTennessee\nTexas\nUtah\nVermont\nVirginia\nWashington\nWest Virginia\nWisconsin\nWyoming\nGubernatorial\nArkansas\nColorado\nConnecticut\nDelaware\nFlorida\nGeorgia\nIdaho\nIllinois\nLt. Gov\nIndiana\nKansas\nLouisiana\nMaine\nMassachusetts\nMichigan\nMinnesota\nLt. Gov\nMissouri\nMontana\nNebraska\nLt. Gov\nNew Hampshire\nNew Jersey\nNew York\nNorth Carolina\nNorth Dakota\nRhode Island\nSouth Carolina\nSouth Dakota\nTennessee\nTexas\nUtah\nVermont\nWashington\nWest Virginia\nWisconsin\nWyoming (special)\nMayors\nLos Angeles\nManchester, NH\nGeneral\nAlabama\nArkansas\nCalifornia\nColorado\nConnecticut\nDelaware\nFlorida\nGeorgia\nIdaho\nIllinois\nIndiana\nIowa\nKansas\nKentucky\nLouisiana\nMaine\nMaryland\nMassachusetts\nMichigan\nMinnesota\nMississippi\nMissouri\nMontana\nNebraska\nNevada\nNew Hampshire\nNew Jersey\nNew York\nNorth Carolina\nNorth Dakota\nOhio\nOklahoma Territory\nOregon\nPennsylvania\nRhode Island\nSouth Carolina\nSouth Dakota\nTennessee\nTexas\nUtah\nVermont\nVirginia\nWashington\nWest Virginia\nWisconsin\nWyoming","title":"Bibliography"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"\"Hunn Steps Aside: Governor Says He Does Not Wish to Imperil Party Success\". Morning News. Wilmington, Del. August 12, 1904. p. 1. Retrieved June 16, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/160042637/","url_text":"\"Hunn Steps Aside: Governor Says He Does Not Wish to Imperil Party Success\""}]},{"reference":"\"One Ticket in Sight\". Morning News. Wilmington, Del. October 11, 1904. p. 4. Retrieved June 16, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/160043401/","url_text":"\"One Ticket in Sight\""}]},{"reference":"\"Will Confer Again To-Day: Republicans Are Expected to Complete Their State Ticket at Another Conference\". Morning News. Wilmington, Del. October 12, 1904. p. 1. Retrieved June 16, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/160043406/","url_text":"\"Will Confer Again To-Day: Republicans Are Expected to Complete Their State Ticket at Another Conference\""}]},{"reference":"\"Republicans Fail to Agree on One Ticket\". Morning News. Wilmington, Del. October 12, 1904. p. 1. Retrieved June 16, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/160043314/","url_text":"\"Republicans Fail to Agree on One Ticket\""}]},{"reference":"\"Can Change Ticket But Not the Votes: So Says Dr. Joseph H. Chandler, Who is Determined to Remain on the Ticket\". News Journal. Wilmington, Del. October 28, 1904. p. 5. Retrieved June 16, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/161736170/","url_text":"\"Can Change Ticket But Not the Votes: So Says Dr. Joseph H. Chandler, Who is Determined to Remain on the Ticket\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sketch of Mr. Pennewill: Says He Will Not Make Any Speeches But Will go Around and Meet the People\". Morning News. Wilmington, Del. September 8, 1904. p. 3. Retrieved June 16, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/160043007/","url_text":"\"Sketch of Mr. Pennewill: Says He Will Not Make Any Speeches But Will go Around and Meet the People\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/160042637/","external_links_name":"\"Hunn Steps Aside: Governor Says He Does Not Wish to Imperil Party Success\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/160043401/","external_links_name":"\"One Ticket in Sight\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/160043406/","external_links_name":"\"Will Confer Again To-Day: Republicans Are Expected to Complete Their State Ticket at Another Conference\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/160043314/","external_links_name":"\"Republicans Fail to Agree on One Ticket\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/161736170/","external_links_name":"\"Can Change Ticket But Not the Votes: So Says Dr. Joseph H. Chandler, Who is Determined to Remain on the Ticket\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/160043007/","external_links_name":"\"Sketch of Mr. Pennewill: Says He Will Not Make Any Speeches But Will go Around and Meet the People\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jcrom
Jcrom
["1 Features","2 References","3 External links"]
JCROMDeveloper(s)Olafur Gauti Gudmundsson, Nicolas Dos SantosStable release2.1.0 / June 19, 2013 (2013-06-19) Written inJavaTypeContent repositoryLicenseApache License 2.0Websitejcrom.googlecode.com JCROM is an acronym that stands for Java Content Repository (JCR) Object Mapper. It is a simple and lightweight annotation-based framework for mapping Plain Old Java Objects (POJOs) to/from nodes in a JCR. This is commonly called Object Content Mapping. JCR specifies an API for application developers (and application frameworks) to use for interaction with modern content repositories that provide content services such as searching, versioning, transactions, etc. There are object mapping frameworks for JDBC, like Hibernate and the Enterprise JavaBeans spec. There are also solutions for mapping to/from XML. The vision of JCROM is to provide the same for JCR. Features Annotation based (needs Java 1.5) Lightweight, minimal external dependencies Works with any JCR implementation (e.g. Apache Jackrabbit, ModeShape, Adobe CQ, ...) DAO support Works with the Spring Framework and Spring Extension JCR Works with Google Guice References ^ Apache Jackrabbit home page ^ ModeShape open source project ^ "Adobe CQ". Archived from the original on 2013-05-20. Retrieved 2013-07-07. ^ Spring Framework home page ^ "Spring Extension JCR open source project". Archived from the original on 2015-05-29. Retrieved 2013-07-07. ^ Google Guice framework home page External links JSR-170: Content Repository for Java(TM) Technology API JSR-283: Content Repository for Java(TM) Technology API, version 2.0
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Java Content Repository","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_Content_Repository"},{"link_name":"Plain Old Java Objects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plain_Old_Java_Objects"},{"link_name":"Object Content Mapping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Object_Content_Mapping&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"JCROM is an acronym that stands for Java Content Repository (JCR) Object Mapper. It is a simple and lightweight annotation-based framework for mapping Plain Old Java Objects (POJOs) to/from nodes in a JCR. This is commonly called Object Content Mapping.JCR specifies an API for application developers (and application frameworks) to use for interaction with modern content repositories that provide content services such as searching, versioning, transactions, etc.There are object mapping frameworks for JDBC, like Hibernate and the Enterprise JavaBeans spec. There are also solutions for mapping to/from XML. The vision of JCROM is to provide the same for JCR.","title":"Jcrom"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Annotation based (needs Java 1.5)\nLightweight, minimal external dependencies\nWorks with any JCR implementation (e.g. Apache Jackrabbit,[1] ModeShape,[2] Adobe CQ,[3] ...)\nDAO support\nWorks with the Spring Framework[4] and Spring Extension JCR[5]\nWorks with Google Guice[6]","title":"Features"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacaille_9352
Lacaille 9352
["1 Properties","2 Planetary system","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
Coordinates: 23h 05m 52.03604s, −35° 51′ 11.0475″Star in the constellation Piscis Austrinus Lacaille 9352 the neighborhood of the solar system which also includes Lacaille 9352 Observation dataEpoch J2000      Equinox J2000 Constellation Piscis Austrinus Right ascension 23h 05m 52.03604s Declination −35° 51′ 11.0475″ Apparent magnitude (V) 7.34 Characteristics Spectral type M0.5V U−B color index +1.18 B−V color index +1.50 Variable type Suspected AstrometryRadial velocity (Rv)+9.7 km/sProper motion (μ) RA: +6,765.995 mas/yr Dec.: +1,330.388 mas/yr Parallax (π)304.1354 ± 0.0200 masDistance10.7241 ± 0.0007 ly (3.2880 ± 0.0002 pc)Absolute magnitude (MV)9.8 DetailsMass0.479+0.011−0.010 M☉Radius0.474±0.008 R☉Luminosity0.0368±0.0006 L☉Surface gravity (log g)4.78 cgsTemperature3,672+36−34 KMetallicity −0.22±0.09 dexRotational velocity (v sin i)1 km/sAge4.57 Gyr Other designations HD 217987, CD-36°15693, GCTP 5584, GJ 887, LHS 70, SAO 214301, LTT 9348, LFT 1758, Cordoba 31353, NSV 14420, HIP 114046, UGPMF 591 Database referencesSIMBADdataARICNSdata Lacaille 9352Location of Lacaille 9352 in the constellation Piscis Austrinus Lacaille 9352 (Lac 9352) is a red dwarf star in the southern constellation of Piscis Austrinus. With an apparent visual magnitude of 7.34, this star is too faint to be viewed with the naked eye except possibly under excellent seeing conditions. Parallax measurements place it at a distance of about 10.74 light-years (3.29 parsecs) from Earth. It is the eleventh closest star system to the Solar System and is the closest star in the constellation Piscis Austrinus. The ChView simulation shows that its closest neighbour is the EZ Aquarii triple star system at about 4.1 ly away. Properties This star has the fourth highest known proper motion, (which was first noticed by Benjamin Gould in 1881) moving a total of 6.9 arcseconds per year. However, this is still a very small movement overall, as there are 3,600 arcseconds in a degree of arc. The space velocity components of this star are (U, V, W) = (−93.9, −14.1, −51.4) km/s. If the radial velocity (Vr) equals +9.7 km/s then about 2,700 years ago Lacaille 9352 was at its minimal distance of approximately 10.63 ly (3.26 pc) from the Sun. The spectrum of Lacaille 9352 places it at a stellar classification of M0.5V, indicating it is a type of main sequence star known as a red dwarf. This was the first red dwarf star to have its angular diameter measured, with the physical diameter being about 47% of the Sun's radius. It has around half the mass of the Sun and the outer envelope has an effective temperature of about 3,670 K. Planetary system In June 2020, two super-Earth planets were reported, as well as a third signal with a period of 50.7 days that may be due to stellar activity—however, if this planet is real it may be located within the habitable zone. They were detected using the radial velocity method from observations with HARPS in Chile and HIRES in Hawaii. The Lacaille 9352 planetary system Companion(in order from star) Mass Semimajor axis(AU) Orbital period(days) Eccentricity Inclination Radius b ≥ 4.2±0.6 M🜨 0.068±0.002 9.262±0.001 0.09+0.09−0.06 — — c ≥ 7.6±1.2 M🜨 0.120±0.004 21.789+0.004−0.005 0.22+0.09−0.10 — — d (unconfirmed) ≳ 8.3 M🜨 ~0.21 ~50.7 0.25+0.20−0.15 — — See also List of nearest stars and brown dwarfs References ^ a b c van Leeuwen, F. (November 2007). "Validation of the new Hipparcos reduction". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 474 (2): 653–664. arXiv:0708.1752. Bibcode:2007A&A...474..653V. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20078357. S2CID 18759600. ^ a b c d Cousins, A. W. J. (1973). "UBV photometry of some southern stars". Monthly Notes of the Astronomical Society of Southern Africa. 32: 11. Bibcode:1973MNSSA..32...11C. ^ a b c Demory, Brice-Olivier; Ségransan, Damien; Forveille, Thierry; Queloz, Didier; Beuzit, Jean-Luc; Delfosse, Xavier; Di Folco, Emmanuel; Kervella, Pierre; Le Bouquin, Jean-Baptiste; Perrier, Christian; Benisty, Myriam; Duvert, Gilles; Hofmann, Karl-Heinz; Lopez, Bruno; Petrov, Romain (October 2009). "Mass-radius relation of low and very low-mass stars revisited with the VLTI". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 505 (1): 205–215. arXiv:0906.0602. Bibcode:2009A&A...505..205D. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200911976. S2CID 14786643. ^ Micela, G.; Pye, J.; Sciortino, S. (April 1997). "Coronal properties of nearby old disk and halo dM stars". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 320: 865–877. Bibcode:1997A&A...320..865M. ^ a b Torres, G. R.; et al. (December 2006). "Search for associations containing young stars (SACY). I. Sample and searching method". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 460 (3): 695–708. arXiv:astro-ph/0609258. Bibcode:2006A&A...460..695T. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20065602. S2CID 16080025. ^ a b Brown, A. G. A.; et al. (Gaia collaboration) (August 2018). "Gaia Data Release 2: Summary of the contents and survey properties". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 616. A1. arXiv:1804.09365. Bibcode:2018A&A...616A...1G. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833051. Gaia DR2 record for this source at VizieR. ^ Brown, A. G. A.; et al. (Gaia collaboration) (2021). "Gaia Early Data Release 3: Summary of the contents and survey properties". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 649: A1. arXiv:2012.01533. Bibcode:2021A&A...649A...1G. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202039657. S2CID 227254300. (Erratum: doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202039657e). Gaia EDR3 record for this source at VizieR. ^ Murdin, Paul, ed. (November 2000). "Lacaille 9352". Encyclopedia of Astronomy and Astrophysics. Bristol: Institute of Physics Publishing. Bibcode:2000eaa..bookE5158.. doi:10.1888/0333750888/5158. ISBN 0333750888. absolute magnitude is 9.8 ^ a b c d e f Pineda, J. Sebastian; et al. (September 2021). "The M-dwarf Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Sample. I. Determining Stellar Parameters for Field Stars". The Astrophysical Journal. 918 (1): 23. arXiv:2106.07656. Bibcode:2021ApJ...918...40P. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac0aea. S2CID 235435757. 40. ^ Rabus, Markus; Lachaume, Régis; Jordán, Andrés; Brahm, Rafael; Boyajian, Tabetha; Von Braun, Kaspar; Espinoza, Néstor; Berger, Jean-Philippe; Le Bouquin, Jean-Baptiste; Absil, Olivier (2019). "A discontinuity in the Teff–radius relation of M-dwarfs". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 484 (2): 2674–2683. arXiv:1901.08077. Bibcode:2019MNRAS.484.2674R. doi:10.1093/mnras/sty3430. S2CID 119189542. ^ López-Morales, Mercedes (May 2007). "On the Correlation between the Magnetic Activity Levels, Metallicities, and Radii of Low-Mass Stars". The Astrophysical Journal. 660 (1): 732–739. arXiv:astro-ph/0701702. Bibcode:2007ApJ...660..732L. doi:10.1086/513142. S2CID 119530297. ^ Yee, Samuel W.; Petigura, Erik A.; von Braun, Kaspar (2017). "Precision Stellar Characterization of FGKM Stars using an Empirical Spectral Library". The Astrophysical Journal. 836 (1): 77. arXiv:1701.00922. Bibcode:2017ApJ...836...77Y. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/836/1/77. S2CID 6302522. ^ "LACAILLE 9352 -- Pre-main sequence Star". SIMBAD. Centre de Données astronomiques de Strasbourg. Retrieved 2010-01-20. ^ Research Consortium on Nearby Stars. "The One Hundred Nearest Star Systems". Georgia State University. Archived from the original on 2012-05-13. Retrieved 2010-01-20. ^ "Solstation and ChView". Retrieved 2010-04-20. ^ "High Proper Motion Stars in the Hipparcos Catalogue". European Space Agency. July 1, 2007. Retrieved 2010-01-20. ^ Gould, B. A. (1881). "Corrigenda in the Uranometria Argentina. Star with large proper motion". Astronomische Nachrichten. 100 (1): 7–10. Bibcode:1881AN....100....7G. doi:10.1002/asna.18811000104. ^ "ARICNS star page of Lacaille 9352". Astronomisches Rechen-Institut Heidelberg. Archived from the original on 2012-09-16. Retrieved 2010-04-16. ^ "Annotations on NAME LACAILLE 9352 object". SIMBAD. Centre de Données astronomiques de Strasbourg. Retrieved 2010-04-16. ^ Glindemann, Andreas; Paresce, Francesco. "Giant Eyes for the VLT Interferometer". European Southern Observatory. Retrieved 2010-01-20. ^ Jeffers, S. V.; Dreizler, S.; Barnes, J. R.; Haswell, C. A.; Nelson, R. P.; Rodríguez, E.; López-González, M. J.; Morales, N.; Luque, R.; et al. (2020), "A multiple planet system of super-Earths orbiting the brightest red dwarf star GJ887", Science, 368 (6498): 1477–1481, arXiv:2006.16372, Bibcode:2020Sci...368.1477J, doi:10.1126/science.aaz0795, PMID 32587019, S2CID 220075207 ^ Witze, Alexandra (2020). "Why boring could be good for this star's two intriguing planets". Nature. doi:10.1038/d41586-020-01905-5. PMID 34168349. S2CID 220507688. Retrieved 2020-06-30. External links SolStation.com: Lacaille 9352 vte← Celestial objects within 15–20 light-years    Primary member typeCelestial objects by systems.Subgiant starsG-type Delta Pavonis (19.893±0.015 ly) Main-sequencestarsA-type Altair (Alpha Aquilae) (16.730±0.049 ly) G-type Alsafi (Sigma Draconis) (18.7993±0.0081 ly) Achird (Eta Cassiopeiae) (19.3314±0.0025 ly) K-type main-sequence star B e (82 G.) Eridani (19.7045±0.0093 ly) 3 (6?) planets: b, c?, d (c), e?, f?, g?, d K-type Groombridge 1618 (15.8857±0.0017 ly) Omicron2 (40) Eridani (16.3330±0.0042 ly) white dwarf B red dwarf C 70 Ophiuchi (16.7074±0.0087 ly) K-type main-sequence star B Gliese 570 (19.1987±0.0074 ly) 2 red dwarfs: B, C T-type brown dwarf D 36 Ophiuchi (19.4185±0.0036 ly) 2 K-type main-sequence stars: B, C HR 7703 (19.609±0.013 ly) red dwarf B M-type(red dwarfs) GJ 1245 (15.2001±0.0034 ly) 2 red dwarfs: B, C Gliese 876 (15.2382±0.0025 ly) 4 planets: d, c, b, e LHS 288 (15.7586±0.0034 ly) GJ 1002 (15.8060±0.0036 ly) 2 planets: b, c Gliese 412 (15.9969±0.0026 ly) red dwarf B AD Leonis (16.1939±0.0024 ly) Gliese 832 (16.2005±0.0019 ly) planet b Gliese 682 (16.3328±0.0026 ly) 2? planets: b?, c? EV Lacertae (16.4761±0.0018 ly) G 9-38 (16.800±0.011 ly) red dwarf B GJ 3379 (16.9861±0.0027 ly) Gliese 445 (17.1368±0.0017 ly) 2M1540 (17.3738±0.0046 ly) GJ 3323 (17.5309±0.0026 ly) 2 planets: b, c Gliese 526 (17.7263±0.0024 ly) Stein 2051 (17.9925±0.0020 ly) white dwarf B Gliese 251 (18.2146±0.0028 ly) planet b LP 816-60 (18.3305±0.0038 ly) LSR J1835+3259 (18.5534±0.0049 ly) Gliese 205 (18.6042±0.0022 ly) Gliese 229 (18.7906±0.0018 ly) T-type brown dwarf B 2 planets: Ab, Ac Ross 47 (18.8883±0.0031 ly) Gliese 693 (19.2078±0.0053 ly) Gliese 754 (19.2724±0.0067 ly) Gliese 908 (19.2745±0.0032 ly) Gliese 752 (19.2922±0.0027 ly) red dwarf B (vB 10) planet Ab Gliese 588 (19.2996±0.0031 ly) 2? planets: b?, c? YZ Canis Minoris (19.5330±0.0040 ly) GJ 1005 (19.577±0.035 ly) red dwarf B Gliese 268 (19.7414±0.0076 ly) red dwarf B DegeneratestarsWhite dwarfs Gliese 440 (15.1226±0.0013 ly) Brown dwarfsL-type DENIS 0255−4700 (15.877±0.014 ly) T-type WISE 1741+2553 (15.22±0.20 ly) WISE 1506+7027 (16.856±0.052 ly) DENIS 0817-6155 (17.002±0.037 ly) 2MASS 0939-2448 (17.41±0.44 ly) T-type brown dwarf B 2MASS 1114-2618 (18.20±0.14 ly) 2MASS 0415-0935 (18.62±0.18 ly) SIMP0136 (19.955±0.057 ly) 2MASS 0937+2931 (19.96+0.22−0.21 ly) Y-type WISE 1639−6847 (15.450±0.041 ly) WISE 0350−5658 (18.49±0.24 ly) Sub-brown dwarfsand rogue planetsY-type WISE 1541−2250 (19.54±0.24 ly) vteConstellation of Piscis Austrinus List of stars in Piscis Austrinus Piscis Austrinus in Chinese astronomy StarsBayer α (Fomalhaut) A B β γ δ ε ζ η θ ι λ μ π τ υ Flamsteed 5 6 7 8 11 13 19 20 21 Variable RW TY UU VZ WX HD 205739 (Sāmaya) 207832 216770 217987 Exoplanets HD 205739 b (Samagiya) HD 216770 b GalaxiesNGC 7130 7172 7259 7314 Other BDF-521 BDF-3299 PKS 2155-304 Galaxy clusters Abell S1077 Astronomical events SN 2009ip Fomalhaut b (Dagon) Category
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Coordinates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celestial_coordinate_system"},{"link_name":"23h 05m 52.03604s, −35° 51′ 11.0475″","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.wikisky.org/?ra=23.097787788889&de=-35.85306875&zoom=2&show_grid=1&show_constellation_lines=1&show_constellation_boundaries=1&show_const_names=1&show_galaxies=1&img_source=IMG_all"},{"link_name":"red dwarf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_dwarf"},{"link_name":"constellation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation"},{"link_name":"Piscis Austrinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piscis_Austrinus"},{"link_name":"apparent visual magnitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apparent_visual_magnitude"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mnrassa32-2"},{"link_name":"excellent seeing conditions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bortle_scale"},{"link_name":"Parallax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallax"},{"link_name":"light-years","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-year"},{"link_name":"parsecs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsec"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aaa474_2_653-1"},{"link_name":"Solar System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_System"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RECONS-14"},{"link_name":"closest star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nearest_stars"},{"link_name":"constellation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation"},{"link_name":"Piscis Austrinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piscis_Austrinus"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SolStation-15"},{"link_name":"EZ Aquarii triple star system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EZ_Aquarii"},{"link_name":"ly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-year"}],"text":"Coordinates: 23h 05m 52.03604s, −35° 51′ 11.0475″Star in the constellation Piscis AustrinusLacaille 9352 (Lac 9352) is a red dwarf star in the southern constellation of Piscis Austrinus. With an apparent visual magnitude of 7.34,[2] this star is too faint to be viewed with the naked eye except possibly under excellent seeing conditions. Parallax measurements place it at a distance of about 10.74 light-years (3.29 parsecs) from Earth.[1] It is the eleventh closest star system to the Solar System[14] and is the closest star in the constellation Piscis Austrinus. The ChView simulation[15] shows that its closest neighbour is the EZ Aquarii triple star system at about 4.1 ly away.","title":"Lacaille 9352"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"proper motion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proper_motion"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-esa20070701-16"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Gould","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Gould"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-first_noted-17"},{"link_name":"arcseconds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcseconds"},{"link_name":"space velocity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_velocity_(astronomy)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aricns-18"},{"link_name":"radial velocity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radial_velocity"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-simbad_notes-19"},{"link_name":"spectrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar_spectrum"},{"link_name":"stellar classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar_classification"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aaa505-3"},{"link_name":"main sequence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_sequence"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glindemann_paresce-20"},{"link_name":"Sun's radius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_radius"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pineda2021-9"},{"link_name":"mass of the Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_mass"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aaa505-3"},{"link_name":"effective temperature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effective_temperature"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pineda2021-9"}],"text":"This star has the fourth highest known proper motion,[16] (which was first noticed by Benjamin Gould in 1881[17]) moving a total of 6.9 arcseconds per year. However, this is still a very small movement overall, as there are 3,600 arcseconds in a degree of arc. The space velocity components of this star are (U, V, W) = (−93.9, −14.1, −51.4) km/s.[18] If the radial velocity (Vr) equals +9.7 km/s then about 2,700 years ago Lacaille 9352 was at its minimal distance of approximately 10.63 ly (3.26 pc) from the Sun.[19]The spectrum of Lacaille 9352 places it at a stellar classification of M0.5V,[3] indicating it is a type of main sequence star known as a red dwarf. This was the first red dwarf star to have its angular diameter measured,[20] with the physical diameter being about 47% of the Sun's radius.[9] It has around half the mass of the Sun[3] and the outer envelope has an effective temperature of about 3,670 K.[9]","title":"Properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"super-Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super-Earth"},{"link_name":"HARPS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HARPS"},{"link_name":"HIRES","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIRES"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jeffers_Dreizler_Barnes_Haswell_pp._1477%E2%80%931481-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GJ887_Nature-22"}],"text":"In June 2020, two super-Earth planets were reported, as well as a third signal with a period of 50.7 days that may be due to stellar activity—however, if this planet is real it may be located within the habitable zone. They were detected using the radial velocity method from observations with HARPS in Chile and HIRES in Hawaii.[21][22]","title":"Planetary system"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of nearest stars and brown dwarfs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nearest_stars_and_brown_dwarfs"}]
[{"reference":"van Leeuwen, F. (November 2007). \"Validation of the new Hipparcos reduction\". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 474 (2): 653–664. arXiv:0708.1752. Bibcode:2007A&A...474..653V. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20078357. S2CID 18759600.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/0708.1752","url_text":"0708.1752"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007A&A...474..653V","url_text":"2007A&A...474..653V"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%3A20078357","url_text":"10.1051/0004-6361:20078357"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18759600","url_text":"18759600"}]},{"reference":"Cousins, A. W. J. (1973). \"UBV photometry of some southern stars\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub_(disambiguation)
Sub
["1 Places","2 People","3 Computing and technology","4 Typography","5 Entertainment and media","6 Other uses","7 See also"]
Look up sub or sub- in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Sub or SUB may refer to: Places Juanda International Airport, Surabaya, Indonesia, IATA code SUB People Bottom (BDSM), or "sub" for "submissive" Substitute teacher Computing and technology <sub>, an HTML tag for subscript SUB designates a subroutine in some programming languages SUB, substitute character, ASCII character 26 SUB, subtraction processor command .sub (disambiguation), several file extensions Subeditor Subwoofer loudspeaker Typography Subscript and superscript Subtitle Entertainment and media Sub (TV channel) Sub (album), a 2000 album by Swiss industrial metal band Apollyon Sun The Sub, a 2017 American short horror film Subs (novel), a 2011 novel by Thor Kunkel Other uses Seafarers' Union of Burma, or SUB Submarine sandwich, or hero sandwich Submarine boat Submersible boat Subscription See also Search for "sub" on Wikipedia. All pages with titles beginning with Sub All pages with titles containing Sub Semisub Süß Substitute (disambiguation) Submarine (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Sub.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda_Tadakatsu
Honda Tadakatsu
["1 Biography","1.1 Campaign against Asakura-Azai alliance","1.2 Campaign against Takeda clan","1.3 After Nobunaga's death","1.4 Famed Four Tokugawa's Guardians under Toyotomi Regency","1.5 Sekigahara campaign","1.6 Retirement & death","2 Personal info","2.1 Tonbokiri spear","2.2 Nakatsukasa sword","3 Popular culture","4 Appendix","4.1 Footnotes","4.2 References","4.3 Bibliography"]
16th-Century AD Japanese samurai, general and daimyo In this Japanese name, the surname is Honda. Honda Tadakatsu本多 忠勝Daimyo of Ōtaki DomainIn office1590–1601Succeeded byHonda TadatomoDaimyo of Kuwana DomainIn office1601–1609Succeeded byHonda Tadamasa Personal detailsBornMarch 17, 1548Mikawa Province, JapanDiedDecember 3, 1610 (aged 62)Edo, JapanRelationsSanada Nobuyuki (son-in-law)ChildrenKomatsuhimeHonda TadatomoHonda TadamasaParentHonda Tadataka (father)Military serviceAllegiance Matsudaira clan Tokugawa clan Eastern Army Tokugawa shogunateRankBuke ShitsuyakuUnit Honda clanBattles/wars Battle of Washizu Fort Siege of Ōtaka Castle Mikawa Ikkō-ikki uprising Siege of Yoshida Castle (1564) Battle of Anegawa Tokugawa-Takeda clan conflict (1572 - 1582) Battle of Hitokotosaka Battle of Mikatagahara Siege of Nagashino castle Siege of Komyo castle Battle of Nagashino Siege of Suwahara castle Battle of Tanaka castle (1581) Siege of Takatenjin (1581) Journey in Iga Tokugawa-Toyotomi conflict (1584) Siege of Kanie Castle Battle of Komaki and Nagakute Odawara Campaign Siege of Sakura Castle Siege of Tamanawa Castle Siege of Iwatsuki Castle Siege of Hachigata Castle Siege of Mangi Castle Kunohe rebellion Sekigahara Campaign Battle of Takegahana castle Battle of Gifu Castle Battle of Kuisegawa Battle of Sekigahara Honda Tadakatsu (本多 忠勝, March 17, 1548 – December 3, 1610), also called Honda Heihachirō (本多 平八郎) was a Japanese samurai, general, and daimyo of the late Sengoku through early Edo periods, who served Tokugawa Ieyasu. Honda Tadakatsu was one of the Tokugawa Four Heavenly Kings (Shitennō) along with Ii Naomasa, Sakakibara Yasumasa, and Sakai Tadatsugu. It was reported that he never suffered any single wound despite participating in a total of 57 military campaign throughout his life. For his fighting prowess on the battlefield Honda Tadakatsu has earned many praises from various contemporary figures such as Oda Nobunaga, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, and even Ieyasu himself Biography Honda Tadakatsu's birthplace monument（Okazaki, Aichi Prefecture） Tadakatsu was born in 1548, in Kuramae, Nukata, Mikawa Province (present-day Nishi-Kuramae, Okazaki, Aichi Prefecture), the eldest son of Honda Tadataka. The Honda clan was one of the oldest Anjō fudai families, a family of fudai daimyo who had been serving Tokugawa Ieyasu since he was in Anjō. In 1560, Tadakatsu participated his first battle in the battle of Washizu Fort, where he accompaning his father. Later, he also participated in Ieyasu's campaign during the siege of Ōtaka Castle which occurred before the Battle of Okehazama. In 1561, It was said that when he just reached 14 old age, Tadakatsu recorded his first kill in battle. At first his uncle, Honda Tadazane, killed an enemy samurai and asked Tadakatsu to cut off the corpse head as trophy for Tadakatsu. However, Tadakatsu stated that he did not want to rely on others to achieve military merit. Tadakatsu followed suit by charging towards the enemy rank and made his own trophy by killing an enemy by his own hand. Tadakatsu, who became the head of the core branch of Honda clan, at first were a follower of Jōdo Shinshū (True pure land Buddhism). However, as radical sectarian rebels of Ikkō-ikki which following Jōdo Shinshū broke out, Tadakatsu abandoned Jōdo Shinshū and changing his faith to Jōdo-shū(pure land Buddhism), as he stay loyal to Ieyasu. Tadakatsu joined Ina Tadatsugu, Sakai Tadatsugu, Mizuno Sanzaemon, Torii Mototada, Ōkubo Tadakatsu, and Ishikawa Tadanari to support Ieyasu in suppression of Ikkō-ikki. Around 1561-1563, The Ietada nikki journal has stated at some point of this rebellion, 200 Tokugawa soldiers led by Tadakatsu and Ishikawa Ienari were ambushed and routed by Ikkō-ikki rebels led by Sakai Tadanao. In June 1564, Tadakatsu competes with Hachiya Sadatsugu to be appointed as vanguard commander to attack Yoshida Castle. In the end, Tadakatsu were chosen to lead the troops and they manage to defeat the garrison and forcing the castle to surrender. However, Sadatsugu were killed during the battle by the enemy commander Masanori Kawai. In 1566 , at the age of 19, Tadakatsu was promoted Hatamoto and was given command of 54 cavalry soldiers. Campaign against Asakura-Azai alliance in 1570, Tadakatsu gained distinction at the Battle of Anegawa against Azai and Asakura clans along with Tokugawa's ally, Oda Nobunaga. In this battle, Tadakatsu was placed in the left flank along with Ōkubo Tadayo. It was recorded that at the beginning of this battle, as the Tokugawa army steadily pushed back by the Asakura army, then suddenly Tadakatsu rode his horse and charging alone against the approaching 10,000-strong Asakura army. Seeing this, the panicked Ieyasu immediately leading his forces to counter the advance of Asakura and to save Tadakatsu, which in the end they manage to defeat the Asakura army. Tadakatsu survived the battle despite the grave danger he faced. There is also a report of single combat between Honda Tadakatsu against a giant Asakura warrior named Magara Naotaka or also known as Magara Jurozaemon. However, The duel was cut short as during their duel, the Asakura army started to retreat. After Tokugawa force was done dealing with Asakura force, they immediately dispatch Yasumasa and Honda Tadakatsu troops to assist Oda Nobunaga who were struggling against the Azai army. As Yasumasa and Tadakatsu struck the right flank of Azai Nagamasa's formation in subsequent with Inaba Yoshimichi slammed into Nagamasa's left flank, they finally manage to overcame the Azai army. Campaign against Takeda clan “Illustration of the Battle of Hitokotosaka” by Shunobu: Naitō Nobunari in the center, Honda Tadakatsu on the right In 1572, during the Takeda clan campaign in Mikawa, Tadakatsu participated in the forces of Tokugawa. Ieyasu sent him, Naitō Nobunari, and Ōkubo Tadasuke, to lead the vanguard, where they meet Takeda forces led by Yamagata Masakage and Baba Nobuharu at the battle of Hitokotosaka. It is said that in this battle Tadakatsu gained recognition from the enemy forces for his antler helmet and his Tonbo-giri spear for his exploit in staving off the charges of Baba Nobuharu units. In the end of this battle, Tadakatsu and Naitō Nobunari fought well, as both of them managed to break through from the encirclement attempts by Takeda forces and managed to lead the Tokugawa forces to escape safely. In 1573, Tadakatsu also served at Tokugawa's greatest defeat, the Battle of Mikatagahara, where he commanded the left wing of his master's army, facing off against troops under one of the Takeda clan's more notable generals, Naitō Masatoyo. In the prelude of Tadakatsu manage to ward off the first wave, however, the Tokugawa forces getting overrun by the next waves of Takeda forces. In the last phase of the battle, Tadakatsu reportedly fought alongside Sakakibara Yasumasa engaging Takeda clan general named Oyamada Masayuki, while Ishikawa Kazumasa were busy covering the retreat of Ieyasu from the battle. In the end, the Tokugawa forces manage to withdraw safely from the battle due to dexterous performance of Tadakatsu in organizing the cover of their retreat. Later in the same year, Tadakatsu and Sakakibara Yasumasa were tasked to capture the Nagashino Castle. Both of them manage to defeat the Takeda clan armies which guarded the castle and completed their mission to capture it. Aside from that, Tadakatsu also captured many other castles in Tōtōmi Province from Takeda clan. In 1575, during the conflict between Oda-Tokugawa alliance against Takeda Katsuyori, when the latter invaded Enshū province, Tadakatsu and Sakakibara fought under the Tokugawa forces against Katsuyori, where they captured the Komyo castle in June. Later in the same month, Tadakatsu was one of those Tokugawa generals present at the Battle of Nagashino in 1575. Honda commanded a rank of musketeers as the combined Oda-Tokugawa forces annihilated the Takeda Katsuyori army, due to the skillful use of ranked muskets, as they fired in cycling volleys. In this battle, units under Tadakatsu were facing against Yamagata Masakage, who is killed on his track by a shot from Tadakatsu's riflemen. At some point of this battle, 1,500 Takeda soldiers under Naitō Masatoyo manage to breaking through with 24 men managing to climb the third fence of Oda-Tokugawa force defensive position. Masatoyo was said almost reaching Ieyasu's main camp, until Tadakatsu, Sakakibara Yasumasa, and Osuga Yasutaka coming in to block his way. One source recorded that Tadakatsu took his spear and personally engaging Masatoyo's soldiers on the frontline, preventing them to encroach further. Tadakatsu fought hard until the Masatoyo's corps were annihilated, while Masatoyo himself captured. Kansei Chōshū Shokafu chronicle has recorded that in the final phase of the battle, Tadakatsu fought ferociously until the Takeda forces routed, while a retainer of Honda clan named Kaji Masamichi managed to take the heads of Yamagata Masakage and Baba Nobuharu as a prize. Immediately after the Nagashino battle, Tadakatsu and Sakakibara Yasumasa attacked and captured the Suwahara Castle. In 1581, Tadakatsu participated in the Tokugawa army attack on Tanaka castle which guarded by Takeda clan general named Ichijō Nobutatsu. In this battle, Tadakatsu fought together with Matsudaira Ietada, Sakakibara Yasumasa, and Ii Naomasa as they all climbed to Tanaka castle wall and fighting Nobutatsu's soldiers. Later during the Siege of Takatenjin, Tokugawa forces under Tadakatsu and others stormed the castle managed to kill a Takeda general named Okabe Motonobu. Later in the same year, Tadakatsu also defeat the army of Takeda Nobukado. Later, in March of same year, According to Meishō genkō-roku record, After the death of Takeda Katsuyori at the Battle of Tenmokuzan in 1582 and subjugated the Takeda clan territories, Ieyasu organized a kishōmon(blood oath) with many samurai clans that formerly was a vassal of Takeda clan to be assigned under the command of Tokugawa clan retainers. Among those who has assigned the commands of the former Takeda samurais was Honda Tadakatsu, who received a command over 60 members of Asari clan led by Asari Masatane. After Nobunaga's death In 1582, after the Honnō-ji Incident, Tadakatsu accompanied Ieyasu in an arduous journey to escape the enemies of Nobunaga in Sakai and returning to Mikawa. However, their journey were very dangerous due to the existence of "Ochimusha-gari" groups across the route. During this journey, Tadakatsu and other senior Ieyasu retainers such as Sakai Tadatsugu and Ii Naomasa fought their way out against the raids and harassments from Ochimusha-gari (Samurai hunters) outlaws during their march escorting Ieyasu, while sometimes also paying bribes of gold and silver to the Ochimusha-gari gangs which they could bribe. Arthur Lindsay Sadler said that Tadakatsu often "repelling the bandits" during this journey. As they reached Kada, an area between Kameyama town and Iga, The attacks from Ochimusha-gari finally ended as they reached the territory of Kōka ikki clans of Jizamurai who are friendly to the Tokugawa clan. The Koka ikki samurais helping them killing Ochimusha-gari and then escorting them until they reached Iga Province, where they further protected by samurai clans from Iga ikki which accompany the Ieyasu group until they safely reach Mikawa. The Ietada nikki journal has recorded that the escorts of Ieyasu has suffered around 200 casualties and only 34 person left when they finally arrived at Ietada residence in Mikawa. In 1584, Tadakatsu finest moment came in the Komaki Campaign. Left at Komaki while Ieyasu departed to engage Toyotomi troops at Nagakute, Tadakatsu observed a huge host under Hideyoshi himself move out in pursuit. With a handful of men, Tadakatsu rode out and challenged the Toyotomi army from the opposite bank of the Shōnai River. Toyotomi Hideyoshi was said to have been impressed by Tadakatsu and commanded his army to not attack the small units of Tadakatsu. After the Battle of Komaki and Nagakute, the front line in northern Owari reached stalemate. Ieyasu and Oda Nobukatsu led 20,000 soldiers and besieged three castles: Kanie Castle, Maeda Castle, and Shimoichiba Castle. The Kanie castle were defended by Maeda Nagatane and Takigawa Kazumasu. Tadatsugu, Okanabe Mori, and Yamaguchi Shigemasa spearheading the attack towards Shimoichiba castle. On June 22, Nobukatsu and Ieyasu launch an all-out attack on Kanie Castle. The soldiers led by Tadatsugu, While Tadakatsu, Ishikawa Kazumasa, Ii Naomasa, Sakakibara Yasumasa, and Matsudaira Ietada deployed in reserve before entering the battle with Ieyasu himself. On June 23, Ieyasu entered the castle with Sakakibara Yasumasa, thus the castle were subdued. Famed Four Tokugawa's Guardians under Toyotomi Regency on November 13, 1585, Ishikawa Kazumasa defected from Ieyasu to Hideyoshi. This accident caused Ieyasu to undergone massive reforms of the structures of Tokugawa clan military government. At first, Ieyasu ordered Torii Mototada, who served as the county magistrate of Kai, to collect military laws, weapons, and military equipment from the time of Takeda Shingen and bring them to Hamamatsu Castle (Hamamatsu City, Shizuoka Prefecture). Later, he also appointed two former Takeda vassals, Naruse Masakazu and Okabe Masatsuna, as magistrates under authority of Ii Naomasa and Honda Tadakatsu, while he also ordered all of former Takeda vassals who now serve him to impart any military doctrines and structures they knew during their service under Takeda clan., and lastly, he ordered the three of his prime generals, the so-called "Tokugawa Four Heavenly Kings," Ii Naomasa, Honda Tadakatsu, and Sakakibara Yasumasa, to serve as supreme commander of this new military regiments. In 1586, according to "Sakakibara clan historical records", Ieyasu sent Tadakatsu, Sakakibara Yasumasa and Ii Naomasa as representatives to Kyoto, where three of them being regarded as "Tokugawa Sanketsu"(Three great nobles of Tokugawa). Then in following month, the three of them joined by Sakai Tadatsugu to accompany Ieyasu in his personal trip to Kyoto, where the four of them became famous as "Four Tokugawa Guardians". Tadakatsu also rewarded with several ranks promotion here. In 1590, Tokugawa Ieyasu participated in Hideyoshi Toyotomi campaign against Hōjō clan and sent Tadakatsu, Torii Mototada, Hiraiwa Chikayoshi, and his other vassals to command the Tokugawa army to subdue various branches of castles controlled by the Hōjō clan. Tadakatsu and Sakai Ietsugu captured Sakura Castle and fought against the Chiba clan, allies of the Hōjō in Shimōsa Province. Tadakatsu besieged Tamanawa Castle which defended by Hōjō Ujikatsu, until it fallen in April 21 and forcing Ujikatsu to abandon the castle. In May 19, Tadakatsu, Torii Mototada, Hiraiwa Chikayoshi, and Kawakubo Nobutoshi, joined with Asano Nagamasa and Shigeka, forming 20,000 strong advance troops besieging Iwatsuki Castle. The forces of Honda clan under Tadakatsu's vassal, Kaji Masamichi, entered the castle and then go up to the top floor, where Masamichi raised a black flag to the outside to signalling their allies to follow suit entering the castle. Iwatsuki castle has fallen in May 22. In May 14, Tokugawa troops detachment under Tadakatsu, Shimada Toshimasa, and Torii Mototada were attaching themselves to the Toyotomi army besieging Hachigata Castle, with total strength of 35,000. On June 13, When Tadakatsu was deployed under Asano Nagamasa, he carried a cannon up a nearby mountain and began firing it into the castle, which causing severe damage to the castle, prompting its defender, Ujikuni, surrendered the castle in exchange for sparing the lives of the castle's soldiers. the castle fallen in June 14. During this campaign, Tadakatsu also subdued Mangi Castle, which he temporarily settled in. Later in the same year, when Ieyasu was transferred to the Kantō region,, Ieyasu promoted him from daimyō/lord of the Ōtaki Domain (100000 koku) in Isumi District, Kazusa Province, to the Kuwana Domain (150000 koku) as a reward for his service. In addition, his son Honda Tadatomo became daimyo of Ōtaki. It was said the reason why Ieyasu placed Tadakatsu far from Edo was due to Ieyasu's policy of placing his Fudai daimyō on the borders in anticipation of potential enemy invasion. Yasumasa was preparing against the Sanada clan and Uesugi clan in the north, while Tadakatsu was prepared to anticipate potential aggression from the Satomi clan in Awa Province. In 1591, after one year settling in Mangi castle, Tadakatsu move into Otaki Castle. Later, Ieyasu Tokugawa brought Tadakatsu, Sakakibara Yasumasa, and Ii Naomasa to participate in the suppression of Kunohe rebellion. Sekigahara campaign Tadakatsu's position in the Battle of Sekigahara. In 1600, Tadakatsu had a major role in the Tokugawa campaign against Ishida Mitsunari faction. Before the start of the conflict, Tadakatsu also played diplomatic role as he entered negotiation with Katō Sadayasu , daimyo of Hōki Province, and swayed him to side with Tokugawa faction. On August 21, The Eastern army alliance which sided with Ieyasu Tokugawa attacked Takegahana castle which defended by Oda Hidenobu, who sides with Mitsunari faction. They split themselves into two groups, where 18,000 soldiers led by Ikeda Terumasa and Asano Yoshinaga went to the river crossing, while 16,000 soldiers led by Naomasa, Fukushima Masanori, Hosokawa Tadaoki, Kyogoku Kochi, Kuroda Nagamasa, Katō Yoshiaki, Tōdō Takatora, Tanaka Yoshimasa, and Honda Tadakatsu went downstream at Ichinomiya. The first group led by Terumasa crossed the Kiso River and engaged in a battle at Yoneno, causing the Hidenobu army routed. On the other hand, Takegahana castle were reinforced by a Western army faction's general named Sugiura Shigekatsu. The Eastern army led by Naomasa and Fukushima crossed the river and directly attacked Takegahana Castle at 9:00 AM on the August 22nd. Shigekatsu himself setting the castle on fire and committed suicide as a final act of defiance. On September 29, Tadakatsu and Masanori led their army to rendezvous with Ikeda Terumasa army, where they engaged Oda Hidenobu army in the Battle of Gifu Castle. crossing a river near Hagiwara and Ogoe town, and approached the Gifu Castle with total 35,000 soldiers. In this battle, Hidenobu castle were deprived the expected support from Ishikawa Sadakiyo (石川貞清), who decided to not help the Western army in this war after he made an agreement with Naomasa. Hidenobu was prepared to commit seppuku, but was persuaded by Ikeda Terumasa and others to surrender to the eastern forces, and the Gifu Castle fell. In October, Tadakatsu participated in the Battle of Kuisegawa. At first, two Tokugawa generals Nakamura Kazuhide and Arima Toyouji fell into a trap of ambush from the flanks as they were pursuing the fleeing Western Army officers Shima Sakon and Akashi Teruzumi. However, the timely intervention of Tadakatsu gave space for Kazuhide and Toyouji to escape from Sakon aggression, and Tadakatsu managed to halt the western army from pursuing his comrades. Later, Honda Tadakatsu participated at the Battle of Sekigahara as one of Eastern army commander. At some point during this battle, Tadakatsu rode his horse, "Migoku-Kuro", to penetrate the ranks of the camps of Shimazu Yoshihiro and Ukita Hideie, two of Western Army commanders. However, Tadakatsu's beloved horse Migoku-Kuro was shot (or, according to one theory, hit by an arrow) during this moment, forcing Tadakatsu to desperately fought in the middle of by enemy soldiers encirclement, until his senior vassal, Katsutada Kaji, immediately came to his rescue and offered his horse to Tadakatsu from being surrounded by the enemies. Ōta Gyūichi chronicles of Daifu-Kō gunki has recorded, after several western army generals such as Ōtani Yoshitsugu and Shima Sakon along with his son were slain in the battle, Tadakatsu units surging forward against the western army unimpeded until reached Nakasuji, causing the western army to rout and flee down to the Tamafuji River. After the victory of Ieyasu forces in Sekigahara, Ieyasu rewarded Tadakatsu with domain increase of 150,000 koku. However, Tadakatsu refused this promotion, so Ieyasu instead assigned reward of 50,000 to Tadakatsu's son instead. Tadakatsu and Ii Naomasa engaged in peace agreement with Mōri Terumoto. Itazaka Bokusai (1578－1655), personal physician of Tokugawa Ieyasu, has recorded a memorial from anonymous soldier from Sekigahara in his work, "Keichō Chronicle", that after Ishida Mitsunari was caught and brought in to be executed, Tadakatsu came close while bowed politely towards Mitsunari, and saying "Lord Mitsunari has made a mistake". Retirement & death In 1609, Tadakatsu retired, and his other son Tadamasa took over the position of the head of Honda clan. Tadakatsu's daughter, Komatsuhime was Sanada Nobuyuki's lawful wife and mother of Sanada Nobumasa, daimyō of Matsushiro Domain. His grandson, Tadatoki, married the granddaughter of Tokugawa Ieyasu, Senhime. Despite his years of loyal service, Tadakatsu became increasingly estranged from the Tokugawa shogunate (Bakufu government) as it evolved from a military to a civilian political institution. This was a fate shared by many other warriors of the time, who were not able to make the conversion from the chaotic lifetime of warfare of the Sengoku period to the more stable peace of the Tokugawa shogunate. Personal info Armor of Honda Tadakatsu, an Important Cultural Property of Japan, private collection, Iyeyasu and Mikawa Bushi Museum, Okazaki, Aichi prefecture Tadakatsu reputation has gained praise from Oda Nobunaga, has praised him, called him a "samurai among samurai". Moreover, Toyotomi Hideyoshi noted that the best samurai were "Honda Tadakatsu in the east and Tachibana Muneshige in the west". Even Takeda Shingen praised Honda, saying that "he is a luxury of Tokugawa Ieyasu". It was widely acknowledged that he was a reputed samurai, war hero and a loyal retainer of Tokugawa Ieyasu. Tadakatsu is nicknamed as "The Warrior who surpassed Death itself" because he never once suffered a significant wound, despite being the veteran of over 57 battles by the end of his life. An anecdote recorded by Japanese writer Kusudo Yoshiaki has stated that Honda Tadakatsu always compared to another Tokugawa general Ii Naomasa, where despite being lightly armored, Tadakatsu never received any injury during his life, while Naomasa always received wounds every battle despite heavily armored. There is anecdote in a record from a descendant of Sakakibara clan, that stated despite Tadakatsu exceeding Sakakibara Yasumasa in terms of valor and combat, Yasumasa is better than Tadakatsu in the field leadership skill. Another anecdote spoke about physical strength of Tadakatsu stated he could slice a bamboo in a single slash reed using a wooden oar, instead of metal blade. The armor set used by Honda Tadakatsu has unique style of two-piece body with iron hinges. Cut iron plates with black lacquer. it has white large Japamala rosary is hung across the shoulder to armpit of the armor. The helmet is black lacquer with large deer antler shaped Wakidate(Crests fitted to the sides of a helmet). His horse was known as Mikuniguro. Tonbokiri spear Main article: Tonbokiri His spear was named Tonbokiri(Dragonfly Cutter), was made by Fujiwara Masazane. it became known as one of the "Three Great Spears of Japan". As the modern era preserved, It has 79 centimeters in length. According to historical records, Tonbokiri originally has length of 6 meters. However, according to the record of Honda Tadakatsu worlds himself, he purposely shorten the length by 1 meter after he reached advanced age to match his physical demand for carrying such weapons, unlike when he was still young. From the bottom of the shaft, the Tonbokiri has inscriptions of Kaman of Fudo Myoo, the evil-destroying sword Sankoken, the Sa (Sanskrit) of Sho Kannon Bodhisattva, the Kiriku of Amida Tathagata, and Jizo. Each one is engraved with the ka (Sanskrit character) for Bodhisattva. Legend held that the tip of the spear was so sharp, that a dragonfly that landed on it was cut in two. Nakatsukasa sword Aside from this incredible spear, Tadakatsu also used the katana - Nakatsukasaa made by Masamune (中務正宗),Nakatsukasa Masamune (中務正宗)# a 67 cm blade, another national treasure of Japan. Preceded bynone Daimyō of Ōtaki 1590–1601 Succeeded byHonda Tadatomo Preceded bynone Daimyō of Kuwana 1601–1609 Succeeded byHonda Tadamasa vteProminent people of the Sengoku and Azuchi–Momoyama periodsThree major daimyō Oda Nobunaga Toyotomi Hideyoshi Tokugawa Ieyasu Shōgun Ashikaga Yoshiharu Ashikaga Yoshiteru Ashikaga Yoshihide Ashikaga Yoshiaki Tokugawa Hidetada Emperor Go-Kashiwabara Go-Nara Ōgimachi Go-Yōzei Other daimyō Amago Tsunehisa Amago Haruhisa Asakura Yoshikage Ashina Moriuji Akechi Mitsuhide Azai Nagamasa Chōsokabe Motochika Date Terumune Date Masamune Hatakeyama Yoshitaka Honda Tadakatsu Hōjō Sōun Hōjō Ujimasa Hōjō Ujiyasu Ii Naomasa Imagawa Yoshimoto Imagawa Ujizane Isshiki Yoshimichi Itō Yoshisuke Kitabatake Tomonori Kuroda Nagamasa Matsunaga Hisahide Miyoshi Nagayoshi Mogami Yoshiaki Mōri Motonari Ōuchi Yoshitaka Ōuchi Yoshinaga Ōtomo Sōrin Rokkaku Yoshikata Ryūzōji Takanobu Saitō Dōsan Saitō Yoshitatsu Sakai Tadatsugu Sakakibara Yasumasa Satomi Yoshitaka Sanada Yukitaka Sanada Masayuki Sanada Nobuyuki Satake Yoshishige Sagara Yoshihi Shimazu Yoshihisa Shimazu Yoshihiro Tachibana Dōsetsu Takeda Nobutora Takeda Shingen Tōdō Takatora Uesugi Kagekatsu Uesugi Kenshin Uesugi Norimasa Ukita Naoie Uragami Munekage Yamana Toyokuni Yamana Suketoyo Swordsmen Marume Nagayoshi Hikita Bungorō Kamiizumi Nobutsuna Miyamoto Musashi Mizuno Katsushige Sasaki Kojirō Tadashima Akiyama Tsukahara Bokuden Tsutsumi Hōzan Yagyū Munenori Yagyū Munetoshi Shinmen Munisai Itō Ittōsai Advisers and strategists Kobayakawa Takakage Kuroda Yoshitaka Naoe Kanetsugu Takenaka Shigeharu Usami Sadamitsu Yamamoto Kansuke Ninja, rogues andmercenaries Mochizuki Chiyome Fūma Kotarō Hatsume no Tsubone Hattori Hanzō Ishikawa Goemon Katō Danzō Kirigakure Shikaemon Kōzuki Sasuke Nakamura Chōbei Ohama Kagetaka Sugitani Zenjūbō Saika Magoichi Suzuki Sadayu Suzuki Shigehide Suzuki Shigetomo Suzuki Magoroku Igasaki Dōshun Umemura Sawano Monks and otherreligious figures Ankokuji Ekei Hongan-ji Kennyo Hon'inbō Sansa Ishin Sūden Jion Koji Kashin Nankōbō Tenkai Rennyo Sessai Chōrō Shimozuma Chūkō Shimotsuma Rairen Shimozuma Rairyū Takuan Sōhō Female castellans Akai Teruko Ashikaga Ujihime Chacha Jukei-ni Miyohime Munakata Saikaku Nene Onamihime Otazu no Kata Otsuya no Kata Seishin-ni Tachibana Ginchiyo Tōshōin Female warriors Fujishiro Gozen Ichikawa no Tsubone Ikeda Sen Kaihime Kamehime Katakura Kita Katō Tsune Komatsuhime Kushihashi Teru Maeda Matsu Myōki Myōrin Numata Jakō Ōhōri Tsuruhime Okaji no Kata Okyō no Kata Omasa Oni Gozen Shigashi Shirai no Tsubone Ueno Tsuruhime Yuki no Kata Other women Lady Acha Akohime Asahihime Lady Chaa Chikurin-in Gōhime Lady Goryū Dota Gozen Gotokuhime Tsumaki Hiroko Lady Hayakawa Hosokawa Gracia Irohahime Izumo no Okuni Shimazu Kameju Lady Kasuga Keigin-ni Kitsuno Konoe Sakiko Kōzōsu Kyōgoku Maria Kyōgoku Tatsuko Kyōun'in Matsuhime Megohime Lady Myōkyū Naitō Julia Nōhime Odai no Kata Oeyo Oichi Oinu Ohatsu Lady Ōkurakyo Ōmandokoro Ono Otsū Ōtomo-Nata Jezebel Rikei Lady Saigō Lady Sanjō Seien-in Seikōin Senhime Sentōin Tobai-in Toyotomi Sadako Tomo Lady Toida Tokuhime Lady Tsukiyama Yamauchi Chiyo Yoshihime Yoshihiro Kikuhime Foreign people in Japan Alessandro Valignano Francis Xavier Gaspar Coelho Jacob Quaeckernaeck Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn Julia Ota Luís Fróis Rodrigo de Vivero Soga Seikan Wakita Naokata Wang Zhi William Adams Yasuke See also List of samurai from the Sengoku period Authority control databases International VIAF National Japan Popular culture Main article: People of the Sengoku period in popular culture § Honda Tadakatsu In theater and other contemporary works, Tadakatsu is often characterized as polar opposite of Ieyasu's other great general, Ii Naomasa. While both were fierce warriors of the Tokugawa, Tadakatsu's ability to elude injury is often contrasted with the common depiction of Naomasa enduring many battle wounds, but fighting through them. Honda Tadakatsu appears in numerous Japanese jidaigeki (historical dramas for television) set in the 16th century. He is a minor character in Akira Kurosawa's movie Kagemusha. Honda Tadakatsu, or fictive characters based loosely on the historical figure, appears in several video games and associated anime, including the Sengoku Basara games and anime, Samurai Warriors, Warriors Orochi, Nioh 2, Pokémon Conquest, and Kessen. Honda appears as a playable character in the Mobile/PC Game titled "Rise of Kingdoms". Appendix Footnotes ^ Hachiya Hannojō Sadatsugu was a relative of Ōkubo clan and former follower of Ikkō-ikki sect led by Kōsa who rebelled against Samurai daimyo in Mikawa. Sadatsugu later pardoned by Tokugawa Ieyasu. ^ Daimon Watanabe, professor of Bukkyo University, and director of Japan institute of arts and culture stated the historical primary sources about the duel between Tadakatsu and Naotaka were very few and scarce. ^ Honda clan's records. ^ According to Imatani Akira, professor of Tsuru University, and Ishikawa Tadashi, assistant professor University of Central Florida, during Sengoku period there are emergence of particularly dangerous groups called "Ochimusha-gari" or "fallen warrior hunt" groups. these groups were decentralized peasant or Rōnin self-defense forces who operates outside the law, while in actuality they often resorted to hunt Samurais or soldiers who has been defeated in wars. ^ However, Murayama did not mention the sobriquet of "Four Guardians" here. 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Retrieved 19 May 2024. ^ Kajiwara Ai; Matsudaira Yoriyasu (2003). 田中城、井伊直政歲十八 (in Japanese). 神道大系編纂会. Retrieved 19 May 2024. ^ Kimura Takaatsu (1976). 武徳編年集成 (in Japanese). 名著出版. p. 229. Retrieved 19 May 2024. ^ Motonao Narushima; Tadachika Kuwata; Takehisa Udagawa (1976). 改正三河後風土記 Volume 2 (in Japanese). 秋田書店. p. 110. ^ "デジタル版 日本人名大辞典+Plus「岡部長教」の解説". kotobank. Retrieved 20 October 2021. ^ 小宮山敏和「戦国大名家臣の徳川家臣化について　戦国大名武田家家臣を事例として」『論集きんせい』26号、2004年 ^ Toshikazu Komiyama (1981). "戦国大名家臣の徳川家臣化について" . --戦国大名武田家家臣を事例として =A case study of Sengoku daimyo Takeda family vassals (in Japanese). Retrieved 23 May 2024. ^ Toshikazu Komiyama (2004). "戦国大名家臣の徳川家臣化について　戦国大名武田家家臣を事例として」" . collection of essays (in Japanese). 1 (26). Retrieved 23 May 2024. ^ 山梨県史の刊行・訂正・補足情報 (in Japanese). Retrieved 23 May 2024. ^ a b c Akira Imatani (1993, pp. 152–153, 157–158, ､167) ^ Fujiki Hisashi (2005). 刀狩り: 武器を封印した民衆 (in Japanese). 岩波書店. p. 29･30. ISBN 4004309654. Kunio Yanagita "History of Japanese Farmers" ^ Kirino Sakuto (2001). 真説本能寺 (学研M文庫 R き 2-2) (in Japanese). 学研プラス. pp. 218–9. ISBN 4059010421. Tadashi Ishikawa quote ^ Mitsuhisa Takayanagi (1958). 戦国戦記本能寺の変・山崎の戦 (1958年) (in Japanese). 春秋社. p. 65. Retrieved 9 May 2024. Luís Fróis;History of Japan..; Nihon Yoso-kai Annual Report", Japanese historical materials also show that Ieyasu distributed a large amount of gold and silver to his subordinates) A certain " Ishikawa Tadashi Sosho ^ Arthur Lindsay Sadler (2014, p. 115) ^ 藤田達生 (2005). "「神君伊賀越え」再考". 愛知県史研究. 9. 愛知県: 1–15. doi:10.24707/aichikenshikenkyu.9.0_1. ^ Masahiko Iwasawa (1968). "(Editorial) Regarding the original of Ietada's diary" (PDF). 東京大学史料編纂所報第２号. Retrieved 2022-11-16. ^ Morimoto Masahiro (1999). 家康家臣の戦と日常 松平家忠日記をよむ (角川ソフィア文庫) Kindle Edition. KADOKAWA. Retrieved 10 May 2024. ^ Mikawa Go Fudoki Seisetsu Daizen Volume 42 & 43 (in Japanese). Aichi Prefectural Library. 1853. Retrieved 4 May 2024. ^ a b Fujita Tatsuo (2006). 小牧・長久手の戦いの構造 (in Japanese). 岩田書院. p. 107. ISBN 4-87294-422-4. Retrieved 14 May 2024. ^ 神谷存心 (1889). 小牧陣始末記(日本戦史材料 ; 第1巻) (in Japanese). Tokyo: 武蔵吉彰. Retrieved 14 May 2024. ^ Kimura Takaatsu. Naotoki, Tamaru (ed.). 武徳編年集成 (in Japanese). 拙修斎. Retrieved 14 May 2024. ^ Narushima shichoku; Udagawa Takehisa; kuwata tadachika (1976). 改正三河後風土記 Volume 1 (in Japanese). 秋田書店. p. 197. Retrieved 14 May 2024. ^ Tanaka 2007, p. 14. sfn error: no target: CITEREFTanaka2007 (help) ^ Okanoya Shigezane (2007). Shogun and Samurai Tales of Nobunaga, Hideyoshi, and Ieyasu. Translated by Andrew and Yoshiko Dykstra. Mānoa: University of Hawaiʻi; Japanese Literature Translations by Yoshiko K. Dykstra. p. 147. Retrieved 2 June 2024. ^ Daimon, Watanabe. "家臣が出奔するというピンチをチャンスに変えた、徳川家康の先見性とは". yahoo.co.jp/expert/articles/ (in Japanese). 渡邊大門 無断転載を禁じます。 © LY Corporation. Retrieved 2 June 2024. ^ a b Tetsuo Nakamura; Kazuo Murayama (1991). 徳川四天王: 精強家康軍団奮闘譜 歴史群像シリーズ22号. 学研プラス. pp. 111, 125. ISBN 4051053679. ^ Arthur Lindsay Sadler (2014, p. 147) ^ 松本諒士 (1996). 築城 覇者と天下普請 (in Japanese). 理工学社. p. 209. ISBN 4844591053. Retrieved 25 May 2024. ^ a b Kōya Nakamura (1965). 家康傳 (in Japanese). 講談社. p. 1965. Retrieved 19 May 2024. ^ Yabe Kentaro (2011). 秀吉の小田原出兵と「清華成」大名 (in Japanese). Kokugakuin University. pp. 131–59. Retrieved 19 May 2024. (Kokugakuin University Bulletin No. 49, 2011) NAID 40018727719 ^ "Mangi Castle". jp-history.info. Shiroyama Mangi Isumi-shi Chiba (Mangi Castle Ruin Park): Japanese Castle Guide. Retrieved 25 May 2024. ^ 名古屋大学文学部所蔵「滝川文書」所収・天正18年8月7日付滝川忠征宛本多忠勝書状 / Letter from Honda Tadakatsu to Tadayuki Takigawa, dated August 7, 1880, from the Takigawa Documents in the collection ^ "桑名藩". Archived from the original on 2012-01-20. Retrieved 2007-03-26. ^ "大多喜藩". Archived from the original on 2012-01-28. Retrieved 2007-03-26. ^ 中嶋次太郎 (1966). 徳川家臣団の研究 . 吉川弘文館. ^ 柴裕之 (2012), "豊臣政権の関東仕置と徳川領国―本多忠勝の上総万喜入城を通じて―", in 佐藤博信 (ed.), 中世房総と東国社会, 岩田書院, ISBN 978-4-87294-739-7 ^ Shigeo Negishi (2000). 近世武家社会の形成と構造 (in Japanese). 吉川弘文館. p. 68. Retrieved 15 May 2024. ^ Tokorozawa City History Editorial Committee (1979). 六一書房：新着の本 (in Japanese). 所沢市. p. 349. Retrieved 15 May 2024. ^ Goki Mizuno (2020). "関ヶ原の役と本多忠勝" . 研究論集 歴史と文化 (Research paper of History and cultures (in Japanese) (6): 154–175. Retrieved 8 May 2024. ^ a b 竹鼻町史編集委員会 (1999). 竹鼻の歴史 (in Japanese). Takehana Town History Publication Committee. pp. 30–31. ^ 尾西市史 通史編 · Volume 1 (in Japanese). 尾西市役所. 1998. p. 242. Retrieved 16 May 2024. ^ Tetsuo Owada (1993). 関ヶ原の戦い 勝者の研究・敗者の研究 (in Japanese). 三笠書房. p. 43. ISBN 9784837915003. Retrieved 8 May 2024. ^ 参謀本部 (1911), "石川貞清三成ノ陣ニ赴ク", 日本戦史. 関原役 , 元真社 ^ Mitsutoshi Takayanagi (1964). 新訂寛政重修諸家譜 6 (in Japanese). Retrieved 16 May 2024. ^ Tadachika Kuwata; Shohachi Yamaoka (1965). 日本の戦史 Volume 6 (in Japanese). Tokuma Shoten, Showa 40-41 ; Japan Army.General Staff Headquarters. p. 156. Retrieved 9 May 2024. ^ Tatsuya Naramoto (1982). 心ぞ翔ばん (in Japanese). 思文閣出版. p. 19. Retrieved 9 May 2024. ^ Dupuy, Trevor N.; Johnson, Bondard (1992). The Harper Encyclopedia of Military Biography. HarperCollins. p. 345. ISBN 9780062700155. ^ Watanabe Daimon (2023). "関ヶ原合戦で東軍の勝利に貢献！　徳川家康から隠居を慰留された本多忠勝の晩年" . yahoo.co.jp/expert/articles/ (in Japanese). 渡邊大門 無断転載を禁じます。 © LY Corporation. Retrieved 3 June 2024. ^ Ōsawa Izumi (大澤 泉) (2009). "関連する報告書 2009 実績報告書 栃山斉氏所蔵『内府公軍記』". 中世の国衙とその変遷について (37). Waseda University: appendix :「『内府公軍記』諸本の比較と編纂過程. Retrieved 8 May 2024. ^ Mouri Terumoto's invitation letter dated September 22nd to Ii Naomasa Honda TadakatsuHistoriographical Institute of the University of Tokyo (1970). 大日本古文書 家わけ第八（毛利家文書之三） (in Japanese). University of Tokyo. p. 300. ISBN 978-4-13-091083-5. Retrieved 5 May 2024. ^ Masahiko Naishi (乃至政彦) (2023). "関ヶ原で負けた三成に本多忠勝がひれ伏したのはなぜか…敗戦責任で切腹させられると覚悟していた三成の潔さ". PRESIDENT Online（プレジデントオンライン） (in Japanese). PRESIDENT inc. Retrieved 4 June 2024. ^ a b 郡義武 (November 2009). シリーズ藩物語 桑名藩 (in Japanese). シリーズ藩物語. pp. 15, 18. ISBN 978-4-7684-7117-3. Retrieved 4 May 2024. ^ Takamoto Shimei (1916). 立花遺香 銀台遺事 銀台拾遺 (日本偉人言行資料) (in Japanese). National History Research Association. p. 2. Retrieved 30 May 2024. ^ Yano Kazutada (1926). 筑後国史 : 原名・筑後将士軍談 上巻 (in Japanese). 筑後遺籍刊行会. p. 528-529. Retrieved 16 April 2024. ^ Papinot, Edmond (1906). Dictionnaire d'histoire et de géographie du Japon (in French). p. 199. ^ "朝日日本歴史人物事典「本多忠勝」の解説". kotobank. Retrieved 23 October 2021. ^ Yoshiaki Kusudo (2017). 戦国武将「お墓」でわかる意外な真実 (in Japanese). 株式会社ＰＨＰ研究所. Retrieved 22 May 2024. ^ 中川昌久. 武備神木抄. 内閣文庫和書和書(多聞櫓文書を除く）. Retrieved 5 May 2024. Acceptable: CC0 (CC0 1.0 Worldwide Public domain provided) ^ Kaoruko Uno (14 June 2022). "榊原康政～徳川四天王、部隊の指揮に優れ能筆家で、井伊直政・本多忠勝とは特に仲が良かったとされています。". akechi1582 (in Japanese). 歴史探索. Retrieved 5 May 2024. ^ "黒糸威胴丸具足〈鹿角脇立兜・小具足付／（本多忠勝所用）〉" . kunishitei.bunka.go.jp (in Japanese). Aichi prefecture, Japan: Agency for Cultural Affairs, Government of Japan. 1977. Retrieved 19 May 2024. ^ Kanzan Satō (1983). The Japanese Sword (Hardcover). Kodansha International. p. 64. ISBN 978-0-87011-562-2. Retrieved 5 May 2024. ^ Koroku Tateto (2022). "戦国最強！？本多忠勝と蜻蛉切にまつわるエピソードとは" . sengoku-his.com (in Japanese). sengoku-his.com. Retrieved 26 May 2024. ^ a b Koroku Tateto (2021). "「蜻蛉切」天下三名槍のひとつ、本多忠勝愛用の名槍を徹底解説！" . sengoku-his.com (in Japanese). sengoku-his.com. Retrieved 26 May 2024. ^ 名物中務正宗 . Cultural Properties Online (in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs. Archived from the original on 2023-02-01. Retrieved 2020-11-05. ^ Official Gazette. English Edition Issues 227-259. the University of California. 1947. p. 6. Retrieved 8 May 2024. ^ 原田一敏 (2009). Ogawa, Morihiro (ed.). Art of the Samurai Japanese Arms and Armor, 1156-1868. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 160. ISBN 9781588393456. Retrieved 8 May 2024. ^ "Kagemuša". csfd.cz (in Czech). Česko-Slovenská filmová databáze. Retrieved 8 May 2024. ^ "Honda Tadakatsu". rok.guide. Rise of Kingdoms. 2021. Retrieved 8 May 2024. Bibliography Wikimedia Commons has media related to Honda Tadakatsu. Akira Imatani (1993). 天皇と天下人. 新人物往来社. ISBN 4404020732. Akira Imatani"Practice of attacking fallen warriors"; 2000; p.153 chapter 4 Hotta Masaatsu, p. 1073) harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFHotta_Masaatsu (help) "Tadakatsu Honda". Kuwana-city Tourist guide. Kuwana-City. Retrieved April 30, 2017. Arthur Lindsay Sadler (2014). The Maker of Modern Japan The Life of Tokugawa Ieyasu. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781136924705. Retrieved 6 May 2024. Carol Richmond Tsang (2020). War and Faith Ikkō Ikki in Late Muromachi Japan. Brill. p. 215, 219, 303. ISBN 9781684174577. Retrieved 8 May 2024. Stephen Turnbull (2012). Tokugawa Ieyasu. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 13, 27, 34. ISBN 9781849085755. Retrieved 9 May 2024.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Japanese name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_name"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"samurai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samurai"},{"link_name":"daimyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daimyo"},{"link_name":"Sengoku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sengoku_period"},{"link_name":"Edo periods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edo_period"},{"link_name":"Tokugawa Ieyasu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokugawa_Ieyasu"},{"link_name":"Tokugawa Four Heavenly Kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shitenn%C5%8D_(Tokugawa_clan)"},{"link_name":"Ii Naomasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ii_Naomasa"},{"link_name":"Sakakibara Yasumasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakakibara_Yasumasa"},{"link_name":"Sakai Tadatsugu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakai_Tadatsugu"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Oda Nobunaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oda_Nobunaga"},{"link_name":"Toyotomi Hideyoshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyotomi_Hideyoshi"}],"text":"In this Japanese name, the surname is Honda.Honda Tadakatsu (本多 忠勝, March 17, 1548 – December 3, 1610), also called Honda Heihachirō (本多 平八郎) was a Japanese samurai, general, and daimyo of the late Sengoku through early Edo periods, who served Tokugawa Ieyasu.Honda Tadakatsu was one of the Tokugawa Four Heavenly Kings (Shitennō) along with Ii Naomasa, Sakakibara Yasumasa, and Sakai Tadatsugu.[3] It was reported that he never suffered any single wound despite participating in a total of 57 military campaign throughout his life.For his fighting prowess on the battlefield Honda Tadakatsu has earned many praises from various contemporary figures such as Oda Nobunaga, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, and even Ieyasu himself","title":"Honda Tadakatsu"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tadakatsu-Honda-Birthplace-1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Okazaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okazaki,_Aichi"},{"link_name":"Aichi Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aichi_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"Nukata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nukata_District"},{"link_name":"Mikawa Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikawa_Province"},{"link_name":"Okazaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okazaki,_Aichi"},{"link_name":"Aichi Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aichi_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Honda clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda_clan"},{"link_name":"fudai daimyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fudai_daimy%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Anjō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anj%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sengokuhis;Tadakatsu3-6"},{"link_name":"Ōtaka Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Ctaka_Castle"},{"link_name":"Battle of Okehazama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Okehazama"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Akira_Ozaki-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sengokuhis;Tadakatsu3-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sengokuhis;Tadakatsu-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Jōdo Shinshū","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C5%8Ddo_Shinsh%C5%AB"},{"link_name":"Ikkō-ikki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikk%C5%8D-ikki"},{"link_name":"Jōdo-shū","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C5%8Ddo-sh%C5%AB"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Turnbull_2012;_Honda_Tadakatsu-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-War_and_Faith_Ikk%C5%8D_Ikki_in_Late_Muromachi_Japan;_Hachiya_Sadatsugu-11"},{"link_name":"Ina Tadatsugu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ina_Tadatsugu"},{"link_name":"Torii Mototada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torii_Mototada"},{"link_name":"Ikkō-ikki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikk%C5%8D-ikki"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Yoshida Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshida_Castle_(Mikawa_Province)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Hatamoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatamoto"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"Honda Tadakatsu's birthplace monument（Okazaki, Aichi Prefecture）Tadakatsu was born in 1548,[4] in Kuramae, Nukata, Mikawa Province (present-day Nishi-Kuramae, Okazaki, Aichi Prefecture),[5] the eldest son of Honda Tadataka. The Honda clan was one of the oldest Anjō fudai families, a family of fudai daimyo who had been serving Tokugawa Ieyasu since he was in Anjō.[4]In 1560, Tadakatsu participated his first battle in the battle of Washizu Fort, where he accompaning his father.[6] Later, he also participated in Ieyasu's campaign during the siege of Ōtaka Castle which occurred before the Battle of Okehazama.[7]In 1561, It was said that when he just reached 14 old age, Tadakatsu recorded his first kill in battle. At first his uncle, Honda Tadazane, killed an enemy samurai and asked Tadakatsu to cut off the corpse head as trophy for Tadakatsu. However, Tadakatsu stated that he did not want to rely on others to achieve military merit. Tadakatsu followed suit by charging towards the enemy rank and made his own trophy by killing an enemy by his own hand.[6][8][9]Tadakatsu, who became the head of the core branch of Honda clan, at first were a follower of Jōdo Shinshū (True pure land Buddhism). However, as radical sectarian rebels of Ikkō-ikki which following Jōdo Shinshū broke out, Tadakatsu abandoned Jōdo Shinshū and changing his faith to Jōdo-shū(pure land Buddhism), as he stay loyal to Ieyasu.[10][11] Tadakatsu joined Ina Tadatsugu, Sakai Tadatsugu, Mizuno Sanzaemon, Torii Mototada, Ōkubo Tadakatsu, and Ishikawa Tadanari to support Ieyasu in suppression of Ikkō-ikki.[12]Around 1561-1563, The Ietada nikki journal has stated at some point of this rebellion, 200 Tokugawa soldiers led by Tadakatsu and Ishikawa Ienari were ambushed and routed by Ikkō-ikki rebels led by Sakai Tadanao.[13][14]In June 1564, Tadakatsu competes with Hachiya Sadatsugu[a] to be appointed as vanguard commander to attack Yoshida Castle. In the end, Tadakatsu were chosen to lead the troops and they manage to defeat the garrison and forcing the castle to surrender. However, Sadatsugu were killed during the battle by the enemy commander Masanori Kawai.[16][17][18] In 1566 , at the age of 19, Tadakatsu was promoted Hatamoto and was given command of 54 cavalry soldiers.[19]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Battle of Anegawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Anegawa"},{"link_name":"Azai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azai_clan"},{"link_name":"Asakura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asakura_clan"},{"link_name":"Oda Nobunaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oda_Nobunaga"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Turnbull-21"},{"link_name":"Ōkubo Tadayo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Ckubo_Tadayo"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E7%B9%94%E7%94%B0%E4%BF%A1%E9%95%B7;_Tadakatsu-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E7%89%A9%E8%AA%9E%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E3%81%AE%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2_16:_%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%8B%E3%81%B3%E3%81%A8%E3%81%AE%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3Anegawa-23"},{"link_name":"Magara Naotaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magara_Naotaka"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Inaba Yoshimichi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inaba_Yoshimichi"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Samurai_A_Military_History;_Anegawa2013-26"}],"sub_title":"Campaign against Asakura-Azai alliance","text":"in 1570, Tadakatsu gained distinction at the Battle of Anegawa against Azai and Asakura clans along with Tokugawa's ally, Oda Nobunaga.[20] In this battle, Tadakatsu was placed in the left flank along with Ōkubo Tadayo.[21] It was recorded that at the beginning of this battle, as the Tokugawa army steadily pushed back by the Asakura army, then suddenly Tadakatsu rode his horse and charging alone against the approaching 10,000-strong Asakura army. Seeing this, the panicked Ieyasu immediately leading his forces to counter the advance of Asakura and to save Tadakatsu, which in the end they manage to defeat the Asakura army. Tadakatsu survived the battle despite the grave danger he faced.[22]There is also a report of single combat between Honda Tadakatsu against a giant Asakura warrior named Magara Naotaka or also known as Magara Jurozaemon. However, The duel was cut short as during their duel, the Asakura army started to retreat.[b]After Tokugawa force was done dealing with Asakura force, they immediately dispatch Yasumasa and Honda Tadakatsu troops to assist Oda Nobunaga who were struggling against the Azai army. As Yasumasa and Tadakatsu struck the right flank of Azai Nagamasa's formation in subsequent with Inaba Yoshimichi slammed into Nagamasa's left flank, they finally manage to overcame the Azai army.[24]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E5%91%B3%E6%96%B9%E3%83%B6%E5%8E%9F%E5%90%88%E6%88%A6%E4%B9%8B%E5%9B%B3.jpg"},{"link_name":"Naitō Nobunari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nait%C5%8D_Nobunari"},{"link_name":"Takeda clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takeda_clan"},{"link_name":"Naitō Nobunari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nait%C5%8D_Nobunari"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E6%9D%91%E4%B8%8A%E9%83%B7%E5%9C%9F%E5%8F%B2_%E3%80%90%E6%96%B0%E6%BD%9F%E7%9C%8C%E3%80%91-27"},{"link_name":"Ōkubo Tadasuke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Ckubo_Tadasuke"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Yamagata Masakage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamagata_Masakage"},{"link_name":"Baba Nobuharu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_Nobuharu"},{"link_name":"battle of Hitokotosaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E8%A8%80%E5%9D%82%E3%81%AE%E6%88%A6%E3%81%84"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Samurai_Vs_Ashigaru_Japan_1543%E2%80%9375-29"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Akira_Ozaki-7"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Meisho_Genkoroku-32"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E6%9D%91%E4%B8%8A%E9%83%B7%E5%9C%9F%E5%8F%B2_%E3%80%90%E6%96%B0%E6%BD%9F%E7%9C%8C%E3%80%91-27"},{"link_name":"Battle of Mikatagahara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mikatagahara"},{"link_name":"Naitō Masatoyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nait%C5%8D_Masatoyo"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cassell-33"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tokugawa_Ieyasu,_Shogun_A_Biography;_Conrad-34"},{"link_name":"Takeda clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takeda_clan"},{"link_name":"Ishikawa Kazumasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishikawa_Kazumasa"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Japan_Weekly_Mail;_Battle_of_Mikatagahara-35"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Samurai_Vs_Ashigaru_Japan_1543%E2%80%9375-29"},{"link_name":"Nagashino Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagashino_Castle"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nagashino1573;TadakatsuYasumasa-36"},{"link_name":"Tōtōmi Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%8Dt%C5%8Dmi_Province"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Takeda Katsuyori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takeda_Katsuyori"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Research_establishment-38"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Research_of_Fudai-39"},{"link_name":"Battle of Nagashino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Nagashino"},{"link_name":"Takeda Katsuyori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takeda_Katsuyori"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steve-40"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AtsushiHonda-42"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Naitō Masatoyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nait%C5%8D_Masatoyo"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sengoku_senki_[2]_Nagashino_no_tatakai-44"},{"link_name":"Kansei Chōshū Shokafu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AF%9B%E6%94%BF%E9%87%8D%E4%BF%AE%E8%AB%B8%E5%AE%B6%E8%AD%9C"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kanseifu564_kokumin1073-46"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sakakibara_Yasumasa;_Atsushi_Kawai-47"},{"link_name":"Ichijō Nobutatsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichij%C5%8D_Nobutatsu"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tadakatsu;Kajiwara_Ai-48"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Siege of Takatenjin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Takatenjin_(1581)"},{"link_name":"Okabe Motonobu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okabe_Motonobu"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kotobank-52"},{"link_name":"Takeda Nobukado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takeda_Nobukado"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tadakatsu;Kajiwara_Ai-48"},{"link_name":"Meishō genkō-roku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%8D%E5%B0%86%E8%A8%80%E8%A1%8C%E9%8C%B2"},{"link_name":"Takeda Katsuyori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takeda_Katsuyori"},{"link_name":"Battle of Tenmokuzan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tenmokuzan"},{"link_name":"Takeda clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takeda_clan"},{"link_name":"organized a kishōmon(blood oath)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%AD%A3%E5%A3%AC%E5%8D%88%E8%B5%B7%E8%AB%8B%E6%96%87"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"}],"sub_title":"Campaign against Takeda clan","text":"“Illustration of the Battle of Hitokotosaka” by Shunobu: Naitō Nobunari in the center, Honda Tadakatsu on the rightIn 1572, during the Takeda clan campaign in Mikawa, Tadakatsu participated in the forces of Tokugawa. Ieyasu sent him, Naitō Nobunari,[25] and Ōkubo Tadasuke,[26] to lead the vanguard, where they meet Takeda forces led by Yamagata Masakage and Baba Nobuharu at the battle of Hitokotosaka.[27] It is said that in this battle Tadakatsu gained recognition from the enemy forces for his antler helmet and his Tonbo-giri spear for his exploit in staving off the charges of Baba Nobuharu units.[7][28][29][30] In the end of this battle, Tadakatsu and Naitō Nobunari fought well, as both of them managed to break through from the encirclement attempts by Takeda forces and managed to lead the Tokugawa forces to escape safely.[25]In 1573, Tadakatsu also served at Tokugawa's greatest defeat, the Battle of Mikatagahara, where he commanded the left wing of his master's army, facing off against troops under one of the Takeda clan's more notable generals, Naitō Masatoyo.[31] In the prelude of Tadakatsu manage to ward off the first wave, however, the Tokugawa forces getting overrun by the next waves of Takeda forces.[32] In the last phase of the battle, Tadakatsu reportedly fought alongside Sakakibara Yasumasa engaging Takeda clan general named Oyamada Masayuki, while Ishikawa Kazumasa were busy covering the retreat of Ieyasu from the battle.[33] In the end, the Tokugawa forces manage to withdraw safely from the battle due to dexterous performance of Tadakatsu in organizing the cover of their retreat.[27]Later in the same year, Tadakatsu and Sakakibara Yasumasa were tasked to capture the Nagashino Castle. Both of them manage to defeat the Takeda clan armies which guarded the castle and completed their mission to capture it.[34] Aside from that, Tadakatsu also captured many other castles in Tōtōmi Province from Takeda clan.[35]In 1575, during the conflict between Oda-Tokugawa alliance against Takeda Katsuyori, when the latter invaded Enshū province, Tadakatsu and Sakakibara fought under the Tokugawa forces against Katsuyori, where they captured the Komyo castle in June.[36][37] Later in the same month, Tadakatsu was one of those Tokugawa generals present at the Battle of Nagashino in 1575. Honda commanded a rank of musketeers as the combined Oda-Tokugawa forces annihilated the Takeda Katsuyori army, due to the skillful use of ranked muskets, as they fired in cycling volleys.[38] In this battle, units under Tadakatsu were facing against Yamagata Masakage, who is killed on his track by a shot from Tadakatsu's riflemen.[39][40][41] At some point of this battle, 1,500 Takeda soldiers under Naitō Masatoyo manage to breaking through with 24 men managing to climb the third fence of Oda-Tokugawa force defensive position. Masatoyo was said almost reaching Ieyasu's main camp, until Tadakatsu, Sakakibara Yasumasa, and Osuga Yasutaka coming in to block his way. One source recorded that Tadakatsu took his spear and personally engaging Masatoyo's soldiers on the frontline, preventing them to encroach further.[c] Tadakatsu fought hard until the Masatoyo's corps were annihilated, while Masatoyo himself captured.[42] Kansei Chōshū Shokafu chronicle has recorded that in the final phase of the battle, Tadakatsu fought ferociously until the Takeda forces routed, while a retainer of Honda clan named Kaji Masamichi managed to take the heads of Yamagata Masakage and Baba Nobuharu as a prize.[43] Immediately after the Nagashino battle, Tadakatsu and Sakakibara Yasumasa attacked and captured the Suwahara Castle.[44]In 1581, Tadakatsu participated in the Tokugawa army attack on Tanaka castle which guarded by Takeda clan general named Ichijō Nobutatsu. In this battle, Tadakatsu fought together with Matsudaira Ietada, Sakakibara Yasumasa, and Ii Naomasa as they all climbed to Tanaka castle wall and fighting Nobutatsu's soldiers.[45][46][47][48] Later during the Siege of Takatenjin, Tokugawa forces under Tadakatsu and others stormed the castle managed to kill a Takeda general named Okabe Motonobu.[49] Later in the same year, Tadakatsu also defeat the army of Takeda Nobukado.[45]Later, in March of same year, According to Meishō genkō-roku record, After the death of Takeda Katsuyori at the Battle of Tenmokuzan in 1582 and subjugated the Takeda clan territories, Ieyasu organized a kishōmon(blood oath) with many samurai clans that formerly was a vassal of Takeda clan to be assigned under the command of Tokugawa clan retainers.[50] Among those who has assigned the commands of the former Takeda samurais was Honda Tadakatsu, who received a command over 60 members of Asari clan led by Asari Masatane.[51][52][53]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Honnō-ji Incident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honn%C5%8D-ji_Incident"},{"link_name":"arduous journey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E8%B3%80%E8%B6%8A%E3%81%88"},{"link_name":"Sakai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakai"},{"link_name":"Mikawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikawa_Province"},{"link_name":"\"Ochimusha-gari\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%90%BD%E3%81%A1%E6%AD%A6%E8%80%85%E7%8B%A9%E3%82%8A"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SAMURAIHUNTER3-57"},{"link_name":"[d]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SAMURAIHUNTER4-61"},{"link_name":"Arthur Lindsay Sadler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Lindsay_Sadler"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"Kameyama town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kameyama,_Mie"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fujita-63"},{"link_name":"Kōka ikki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%8Dka_ikki"},{"link_name":"Jizamurai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jizamurai"},{"link_name":"Iga Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iga_Province"},{"link_name":"Iga ikki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iga_ikki"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SAMURAIHUNTER3-57"},{"link_name":"Ietada nikki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsudaira_Ietada_(Fuk%C5%8Dzu)#Legacy"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"Komaki Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Komaki_and_Nagakute"},{"link_name":"Shōnai River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dnai_River"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mikawa_Go_Fudoki_Seisetsu_Daizen-66"},{"link_name":"Oda Nobukatsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oda_Nobukatsu"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Komaki_Nagakute;_Tatsuo-67"},{"link_name":"Maeda Nagatane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maeda_Nagatane"},{"link_name":"Takigawa Kazumasu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takigawa_Kazumasu"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Komaki_Nagakute;_Tatsuo-67"}],"sub_title":"After Nobunaga's death","text":"In 1582, after the Honnō-ji Incident, Tadakatsu accompanied Ieyasu in an arduous journey to escape the enemies of Nobunaga in Sakai and returning to Mikawa. However, their journey were very dangerous due to the existence of \"Ochimusha-gari\" groups across the route.[54][d] During this journey, Tadakatsu and other senior Ieyasu retainers such as Sakai Tadatsugu and Ii Naomasa fought their way out against the raids and harassments from Ochimusha-gari (Samurai hunters) outlaws during their march escorting Ieyasu, while sometimes also paying bribes of gold and silver to the Ochimusha-gari gangs which they could bribe.[57] Arthur Lindsay Sadler said that Tadakatsu often \"repelling the bandits\" during this journey.[58] As they reached Kada, an area between Kameyama town and Iga,[59] The attacks from Ochimusha-gari finally ended as they reached the territory of Kōka ikki clans of Jizamurai who are friendly to the Tokugawa clan. The Koka ikki samurais helping them killing Ochimusha-gari and then escorting them until they reached Iga Province, where they further protected by samurai clans from Iga ikki which accompany the Ieyasu group until they safely reach Mikawa.[54] The Ietada nikki journal has recorded that the escorts of Ieyasu has suffered around 200 casualties and only 34 person left when they finally arrived at Ietada residence in Mikawa.[60][61]In 1584, Tadakatsu finest moment came in the Komaki Campaign. Left at Komaki while Ieyasu departed to engage Toyotomi troops at Nagakute, Tadakatsu observed a huge host under Hideyoshi himself move out in pursuit. With a handful of men, Tadakatsu rode out and challenged the Toyotomi army from the opposite bank of the Shōnai River. Toyotomi Hideyoshi was said to have been impressed by Tadakatsu and commanded his army to not attack the small units of Tadakatsu.[62] After the Battle of Komaki and Nagakute, the front line in northern Owari reached stalemate. Ieyasu and Oda Nobukatsu led 20,000 soldiers and besieged three castles: Kanie Castle, Maeda Castle, and Shimoichiba Castle.[63] The Kanie castle were defended by Maeda Nagatane and Takigawa Kazumasu. Tadatsugu, Okanabe Mori, and Yamaguchi Shigemasa spearheading the attack towards Shimoichiba castle.[64][65] On June 22, Nobukatsu and Ieyasu launch an all-out attack on Kanie Castle. The soldiers led by Tadatsugu, While Tadakatsu, Ishikawa Kazumasa, Ii Naomasa, Sakakibara Yasumasa, and Matsudaira Ietada deployed in reserve before entering the battle with Ieyasu himself.[66] On June 23, Ieyasu entered the castle with Sakakibara Yasumasa, thus the castle were subdued. [63]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ishikawa Kazumasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishikawa_Kazumasa"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanaka200714-71"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shogun_and_Samurai_Tales_of_Nobunaga,_Hideyoshi,_and_Ieyasu-72"},{"link_name":"Tokugawa Four Heavenly Kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shitenn%C5%8D_(Tokugawa_clan)"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Honda;_Watanabe_Daimon1-73"},{"link_name":"Sakakibara clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakakibara_clan"},{"link_name":"Kyoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E5%BE%B3%E5%B7%9D%E5%9B%9B%E5%A4%A9%E7%8E%8B-74"},{"link_name":"[e]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"campaign against Hōjō clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Odawara_(1590)"},{"link_name":"Torii Mototada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torii_Mototada"},{"link_name":"Hiraiwa Chikayoshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiraiwa_Chikayoshi"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"Sakura Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakura_Castle"},{"link_name":"Hōjō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Later_H%C5%8Dj%C5%8D_clan"},{"link_name":"Shimōsa Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shim%C5%8Dsa_Province"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Tamanawa Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamanawa_Castle"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AtsushiHonda-42"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nakamura;TadakatsuOdawara-78"},{"link_name":"Torii Mototada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torii_Mototada"},{"link_name":"Hiraiwa Chikayoshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiraiwa_Chikayoshi"},{"link_name":"Iwatsuki Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwatsuki_Castle"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kanseifu564_kokumin1073-46"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yabe;TadakatsuOdawara-79"},{"link_name":"Hachigata Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hachigata_Castle"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nakamura;TadakatsuOdawara-78"},{"link_name":"[f]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"Kantō region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kant%C5%8D_region"},{"link_name":"daimyō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daimy%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Ōtaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otaki,_Chiba"},{"link_name":"Domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_(Japan)"},{"link_name":"koku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koku"},{"link_name":"Isumi District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isumi_District"},{"link_name":"Kazusa Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazusa_Province"},{"link_name":"Kuwana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwana,_Mie"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"Honda Tadatomo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda_Tadatomo"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"Fudai daimyō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fudai_daimy%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Satomi clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satomi_clan"},{"link_name":"Awa Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awa_Province_(Chiba)"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-naka-85"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"Kunohe rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunohe_rebellion"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"}],"sub_title":"Famed Four Tokugawa's Guardians under Toyotomi Regency","text":"on November 13, 1585, Ishikawa Kazumasa defected from Ieyasu to Hideyoshi.[67] This accident caused Ieyasu to undergone massive reforms of the structures of Tokugawa clan military government. At first, Ieyasu ordered Torii Mototada, who served as the county magistrate of Kai, to collect military laws, weapons, and military equipment from the time of Takeda Shingen and bring them to Hamamatsu Castle (Hamamatsu City, Shizuoka Prefecture). Later, he also appointed two former Takeda vassals, Naruse Masakazu and Okabe Masatsuna, as magistrates under authority of Ii Naomasa and Honda Tadakatsu, while he also ordered all of former Takeda vassals who now serve him to impart any military doctrines and structures they knew during their service under Takeda clan.[68], and lastly, he ordered the three of his prime generals, the so-called \"Tokugawa Four Heavenly Kings,\" Ii Naomasa, Honda Tadakatsu, and Sakakibara Yasumasa, to serve as supreme commander of this new military regiments.[69]In 1586, according to \"Sakakibara clan historical records\", Ieyasu sent Tadakatsu, Sakakibara Yasumasa and Ii Naomasa as representatives to Kyoto, where three of them being regarded as \"Tokugawa Sanketsu\"(Three great nobles of Tokugawa).[70] Then in following month, the three of them joined by Sakai Tadatsugu to accompany Ieyasu in his personal trip to Kyoto, where the four of them became famous as \"Four Tokugawa Guardians\".[e] Tadakatsu also rewarded with several ranks promotion here.[71] In 1590, Tokugawa Ieyasu participated in Hideyoshi Toyotomi campaign against Hōjō clan and sent Tadakatsu, Torii Mototada, Hiraiwa Chikayoshi, and his other vassals to command the Tokugawa army to subdue various branches of castles controlled by the Hōjō clan.[72] Tadakatsu and Sakai Ietsugu captured Sakura Castle and fought against the Chiba clan, allies of the Hōjō in Shimōsa Province.[citation needed] Tadakatsu besieged Tamanawa Castle which defended by Hōjō Ujikatsu, until it fallen in April 21 and forcing Ujikatsu to abandon the castle.[40][73] In May 19, Tadakatsu, Torii Mototada, Hiraiwa Chikayoshi, and Kawakubo Nobutoshi, joined with Asano Nagamasa and Shigeka, forming 20,000 strong advance troops besieging Iwatsuki Castle. The forces of Honda clan under Tadakatsu's vassal, Kaji Masamichi, entered the castle and then go up to the top floor, where Masamichi raised a black flag to the outside to signalling their allies to follow suit entering the castle.[43] Iwatsuki castle has fallen in May 22.[74] In May 14, Tokugawa troops detachment under Tadakatsu, Shimada Toshimasa, and Torii Mototada were attaching themselves to the Toyotomi army besieging Hachigata Castle, with total strength of 35,000. On June 13, When Tadakatsu was deployed under Asano Nagamasa, he carried a cannon up a nearby mountain and began firing it into the castle, which causing severe damage to the castle, prompting its defender, Ujikuni, surrendered the castle in exchange for sparing the lives of the castle's soldiers. the castle fallen in June 14.[73] During this campaign, Tadakatsu also subdued Mangi Castle, which he temporarily settled in.[f][76]Later in the same year, when Ieyasu was transferred to the Kantō region,, Ieyasu promoted him from daimyō/lord of the Ōtaki Domain (100000 koku) in Isumi District, Kazusa Province, to the Kuwana Domain (150000 koku) as a reward for his service.[77] In addition, his son Honda Tadatomo became daimyo of Ōtaki.[78] It was said the reason why Ieyasu placed Tadakatsu far from Edo was due to Ieyasu's policy of placing his Fudai daimyō on the borders in anticipation of potential enemy invasion. Yasumasa was preparing against the Sanada clan and Uesugi clan in the north, while Tadakatsu was prepared to anticipate potential aggression from the Satomi clan in Awa Province.[79]In 1591, after one year settling in Mangi castle, Tadakatsu move into Otaki Castle.[80] Later, Ieyasu Tokugawa brought Tadakatsu, Sakakibara Yasumasa, and Ii Naomasa to participate in the suppression of Kunohe rebellion.[81][82]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Site_of_Honda_Tadakatsu%27s_Position.jpg"},{"link_name":"Battle of Sekigahara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sekigahara"},{"link_name":"Ishida Mitsunari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishida_Mitsunari"},{"link_name":"Hōki Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C5%8Dki_Province"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_role_of_Honda_Tadakatsu_in_Sekigahara-89"},{"link_name":"Oda Hidenobu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oda_Hidenobu"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Takegahana_castle;_Sekigahara-90"},{"link_name":"Ikeda Terumasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikeda_Terumasa"},{"link_name":"Asano Yoshinaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asano_Yoshinaga"},{"link_name":"Fukushima Masanori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukushima_Masanori"},{"link_name":"Hosokawa Tadaoki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosokawa_Tadaoki"},{"link_name":"Katō Yoshiaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kat%C5%8D_Yoshiaki"},{"link_name":"Tōdō Takatora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%8Dd%C5%8D_Takatora"},{"link_name":"Ichinomiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichinomiya,_Aichi"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Takegahana_castle;_Sekigahara-90"},{"link_name":"Battle of Gifu Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gifu_Castle"},{"link_name":"Gifu Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifu_Castle"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E9%96%A2%E3%83%B6%E5%8E%9F%E3%81%AE%E6%88%A6%E3%81%84_%E5%8B%9D%E8%80%85%E3%81%AE%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E3%83%BB%E6%95%97%E8%80%85%E3%81%AE%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6;_Gifu_castle-92"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-military_history;_Gifu-93"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"Battle of Kuisegawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kuisegawa"},{"link_name":"Shima Sakon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shima_Sakon"},{"link_name":"Akashi Teruzumi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akashi_Teruzumi"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Battle_of_Kuisegawa-95"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"Battle of Sekigahara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sekigahara"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"Shimazu Yoshihiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimazu_Yoshihiro"},{"link_name":"Ukita Hideie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukita_Hideie"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HondaTadakatsu;_Watanabe_Daimon2-98"},{"link_name":"Ōta Gyūichi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E7%94%B0%E7%89%9B%E4%B8%80"},{"link_name":"Ōtani Yoshitsugu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Ctani_Yoshitsugu"},{"link_name":"Shima Sakon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shima_Sakon"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E6%A0%83%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%89%E6%B0%8F%E6%89%80%E8%94%B5%E3%80%8E%E5%86%85%E5%BA%9C%E5%85%AC%E8%BB%8D%E8%A8%98%E3%80%8F;_%C5%8Csawa_Izumi-99"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"Mōri Terumoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C5%8Dri_Terumoto"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"}],"sub_title":"Sekigahara campaign","text":"Tadakatsu's position in the Battle of Sekigahara.In 1600, Tadakatsu had a major role in the Tokugawa campaign against Ishida Mitsunari faction. Before the start of the conflict, Tadakatsu also played diplomatic role as he entered negotiation with Katō Sadayasu , daimyo of Hōki Province, and swayed him to side with Tokugawa faction.[83]On August 21, The Eastern army alliance which sided with Ieyasu Tokugawa attacked Takegahana castle which defended by Oda Hidenobu, who sides with Mitsunari faction.[84] They split themselves into two groups, where 18,000 soldiers led by Ikeda Terumasa and Asano Yoshinaga went to the river crossing, while 16,000 soldiers led by Naomasa, Fukushima Masanori, Hosokawa Tadaoki, Kyogoku Kochi, Kuroda Nagamasa, Katō Yoshiaki, Tōdō Takatora, Tanaka Yoshimasa, and Honda Tadakatsu went downstream at Ichinomiya.[85] The first group led by Terumasa crossed the Kiso River and engaged in a battle at Yoneno, causing the Hidenobu army routed. On the other hand, Takegahana castle were reinforced by a Western army faction's general named Sugiura Shigekatsu. The Eastern army led by Naomasa and Fukushima crossed the river and directly attacked Takegahana Castle at 9:00 AM on the August 22nd. Shigekatsu himself setting the castle on fire and committed suicide as a final act of defiance.[84]On September 29, Tadakatsu and Masanori led their army to rendezvous with Ikeda Terumasa army, where they engaged Oda Hidenobu army in the Battle of Gifu Castle. crossing a river near Hagiwara and Ogoe town, and approached the Gifu Castle with total 35,000 soldiers.[86] In this battle, Hidenobu castle were deprived the expected support from Ishikawa Sadakiyo (石川貞清), who decided to not help the Western army in this war after he made an agreement with Naomasa. Hidenobu was prepared to commit seppuku, but was persuaded by Ikeda Terumasa and others to surrender to the eastern forces, and the Gifu Castle fell.[87][88]In October, Tadakatsu participated in the Battle of Kuisegawa. At first, two Tokugawa generals Nakamura Kazuhide and Arima Toyouji fell into a trap of ambush from the flanks as they were pursuing the fleeing Western Army officers Shima Sakon and Akashi Teruzumi. However, the timely intervention of Tadakatsu gave space for Kazuhide and Toyouji to escape from Sakon aggression, and Tadakatsu managed to halt the western army from pursuing his comrades.[89][90]Later, Honda Tadakatsu participated at the Battle of Sekigahara as one of Eastern army commander.[91] At some point during this battle, Tadakatsu rode his horse, \"Migoku-Kuro\", to penetrate the ranks of the camps of Shimazu Yoshihiro and Ukita Hideie, two of Western Army commanders. However, Tadakatsu's beloved horse Migoku-Kuro was shot (or, according to one theory, hit by an arrow) during this moment, forcing Tadakatsu to desperately fought in the middle of by enemy soldiers encirclement, until his senior vassal, Katsutada Kaji, immediately came to his rescue and offered his horse to Tadakatsu from being surrounded by the enemies.[92] Ōta Gyūichi chronicles of Daifu-Kō gunki has recorded, after several western army generals such as Ōtani Yoshitsugu and Shima Sakon along with his son were slain in the battle, Tadakatsu units surging forward against the western army unimpeded until reached Nakasuji, causing the western army to rout and flee down to the Tamafuji River.[93]After the victory of Ieyasu forces in Sekigahara, Ieyasu rewarded Tadakatsu with domain increase of 150,000 koku. However, Tadakatsu refused this promotion, so Ieyasu instead assigned reward of 50,000 to Tadakatsu's son instead.[4] Tadakatsu and Ii Naomasa engaged in peace agreement with Mōri Terumoto.[94] Itazaka Bokusai (1578－1655), personal physician of Tokugawa Ieyasu, has recorded a memorial from anonymous soldier from Sekigahara in his work, \"Keichō Chronicle\", that after Ishida Mitsunari was caught and brought in to be executed, Tadakatsu came close while bowed politely towards Mitsunari, and saying \"Lord Mitsunari has made a mistake\".[95]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tadamasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda_Tadamasa"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E3%82%B7%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BA%E8%97%A9%E7%89%A9%E8%AA%9E_%E6%A1%91%E5%90%8D%E8%97%A9-102"},{"link_name":"Komatsuhime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komatsuhime"},{"link_name":"Sanada Nobuyuki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanada_Nobuyuki"},{"link_name":"Sanada Nobumasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sanada_Nobumasa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Matsushiro Domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsushiro_Domain"},{"link_name":"Tadatoki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda_Tadatoki"},{"link_name":"Senhime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senhime"},{"link_name":"Tokugawa shogunate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Retirement & death","text":"In 1609, Tadakatsu retired, and his other son Tadamasa took over the position of the head of Honda clan.[96] Tadakatsu's daughter, Komatsuhime was Sanada Nobuyuki's lawful wife and mother of Sanada Nobumasa, daimyō of Matsushiro Domain. His grandson, Tadatoki, married the granddaughter of Tokugawa Ieyasu, Senhime. Despite his years of loyal service, Tadakatsu became increasingly estranged from the Tokugawa shogunate (Bakufu government) as it evolved from a military to a civilian political institution. This was a fate shared by many other warriors of the time, who were not able to make the conversion from the chaotic lifetime of warfare of the Sengoku period to the more stable peace of the Tokugawa shogunate.[citation needed]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Armor_of_Honda_Tadakatsu.jpg"},{"link_name":"Important Cultural Property of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Important_Cultural_Property_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Aichi prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aichi_prefecture"},{"link_name":"Oda Nobunaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oda_Nobunaga"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sengokuhis;Tadakatsu-8"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Toyotomi Hideyoshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyotomi_Hideyoshi"},{"link_name":"Tachibana Muneshige","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachibana_Muneshige"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"Takeda Shingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takeda_Shingen"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Samurai_Vs_Ashigaru_Japan_1543%E2%80%9375-29"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E3%82%B7%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BA%E8%97%A9%E7%89%A9%E8%AA%9E_%E6%A1%91%E5%90%8D%E8%97%A9-102"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"Sakakibara clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakakibara_clan"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E6%AD%A6%E5%82%99%E7%A5%9E%E6%9C%A8%E6%8A%84-108"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E6%A6%8A%E5%8E%9F%E5%BA%B7%E6%94%BF%EF%BD%9E%E5%BE%B3%E5%B7%9D%E5%9B%9B%E5%A4%A9%E7%8E%8B%E3%80%81%E9%83%A8%E9%9A%8A%E3%81%AE%E6%8C%87%E6%8F%AE%E3%81%AB%E5%84%AA%E3%82%8C%E8%83%BD%E7%AD%86%E5%AE%B6%E3%81%A7%E3%80%81%E4%BA%95%E4%BC%8A%E7%9B%B4%E6%94%BF%E3%83%BB%E6%9C%AC%E5%A4%9A%E5%BF%A0%E5%8B%9D%E3%81%A8%E3%81%AF%E7%89%B9%E3%81%AB%E4%BB%B2%E3%81%8C%E8%89%AF%E3%81%8B%E3%81%A3%E3%81%9F%E3%81%A8%E3%81%95%E3%82%8C%E3%81%A6%E3%81%84%E3%81%BE%E3%81%99%E3%80%82-109"},{"link_name":"oar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oar"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sengokuhis;Tadakatsu-8"},{"link_name":"Japamala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japamala"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"}],"text":"Armor of Honda Tadakatsu, an Important Cultural Property of Japan, private collection, Iyeyasu and Mikawa Bushi Museum, Okazaki, Aichi prefectureTadakatsu reputation has gained praise from Oda Nobunaga, has praised him,[8] called him a \"samurai among samurai\".[citation needed] Moreover, Toyotomi Hideyoshi noted that the best samurai were \"Honda Tadakatsu in the east and Tachibana Muneshige in the west\".[97][98] Even Takeda Shingen praised Honda, saying that \"he is a luxury of Tokugawa Ieyasu\". It was widely acknowledged that he was a reputed samurai, war hero and a loyal retainer of Tokugawa Ieyasu.[99]Tadakatsu is nicknamed as \"The Warrior who surpassed Death itself\" because he never once suffered a significant wound, despite being the veteran of over 57 battles by the end of his life.[100][27][96] An anecdote recorded by Japanese writer Kusudo Yoshiaki has stated that Honda Tadakatsu always compared to another Tokugawa general Ii Naomasa, where despite being lightly armored, Tadakatsu never received any injury during his life, while Naomasa always received wounds every battle despite heavily armored.[101]There is anecdote in a record from a descendant of Sakakibara clan, that stated despite Tadakatsu exceeding Sakakibara Yasumasa in terms of valor and combat, Yasumasa is better than Tadakatsu in the field leadership skill.[102][103]Another anecdote spoke about physical strength of Tadakatsu stated he could slice a bamboo in a single slash reed using a wooden oar, instead of metal blade.[8]The armor set used by Honda Tadakatsu has unique style of two-piece body with iron hinges. Cut iron plates with black lacquer. it has white large Japamala rosary is hung across the shoulder to armpit of the armor. The helmet is black lacquer with large deer antler shaped Wakidate(Crests fitted to the sides of a helmet).[104]His horse was known as Mikuniguro.","title":"Personal info"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tonbokiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonbokiri"},{"link_name":"Three Great Spears of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Great_Spears_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Japanese_Sword;_Kanzan_Sat%C5%8D-111"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"Fudo Myoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acala"},{"link_name":"Bodhisattva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhisattva"},{"link_name":"Amida Tathagata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha"},{"link_name":"Jizo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Koroku;Tonbokiri1-113"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Koroku;Tonbokiri1-113"}],"sub_title":"Tonbokiri spear","text":"His spear was named Tonbokiri(Dragonfly Cutter), was made by Fujiwara Masazane. it became known as one of the \"Three Great Spears of Japan\". As the modern era preserved, It has 79 centimeters in length.[105] According to historical records, Tonbokiri originally has length of 6 meters. However, according to the record of Honda Tadakatsu worlds himself, he purposely shorten the length by 1 meter after he reached advanced age to match his physical demand for carrying such weapons, unlike when he was still young.[106]From the bottom of the shaft, the Tonbokiri has inscriptions of Kaman of Fudo Myoo, the evil-destroying sword Sankoken, the Sa (Sanskrit) of Sho Kannon Bodhisattva, the Kiriku of Amida Tathagata, and Jizo. Each one is engraved with the ka (Sanskrit character) for Bodhisattva.[107]Legend held that the tip of the spear was so sharp, that a dragonfly that landed on it was cut in two.[107]","title":"Personal info"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Masamune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masamune"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"national treasure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_treasure"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nakatsukasa_sword-116"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:People_of_the_Sengoku_period"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:People_of_the_Sengoku_period"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:People_of_the_Sengoku_period"},{"link_name":"Sengoku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sengoku_period"},{"link_name":"Azuchi–Momoyama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azuchi%E2%80%93Momoyama_period"},{"link_name":"daimyō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daimy%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Oda Nobunaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oda_Nobunaga"},{"link_name":"Toyotomi Hideyoshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyotomi_Hideyoshi"},{"link_name":"Tokugawa Ieyasu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokugawa_Ieyasu"},{"link_name":"Shōgun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dgun"},{"link_name":"Ashikaga Yoshiharu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashikaga_Yoshiharu"},{"link_name":"Ashikaga Yoshiteru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashikaga_Yoshiteru"},{"link_name":"Ashikaga Yoshihide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashikaga_Yoshihide"},{"link_name":"Ashikaga Yoshiaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashikaga_Yoshiaki"},{"link_name":"Tokugawa Hidetada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokugawa_Hidetada"},{"link_name":"Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Go-Kashiwabara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Go-Kashiwabara"},{"link_name":"Go-Nara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Go-Nara"},{"link_name":"Ōgimachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_%C5%8Cgimachi"},{"link_name":"Go-Yōzei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Go-Y%C5%8Dzei"},{"link_name":"daimyō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_daimy%C5%8Ds_from_the_Sengoku_period"},{"link_name":"Amago Tsunehisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amago_Tsunehisa"},{"link_name":"Amago Haruhisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amago_Haruhisa"},{"link_name":"Asakura Yoshikage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asakura_Yoshikage"},{"link_name":"Ashina Moriuji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashina_Moriuji"},{"link_name":"Akechi Mitsuhide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akechi_Mitsuhide"},{"link_name":"Azai Nagamasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azai_Nagamasa"},{"link_name":"Chōsokabe Motochika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dsokabe_Motochika"},{"link_name":"Date Terumune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Date_Terumune"},{"link_name":"Date Masamune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Date_Masamune"},{"link_name":"Hatakeyama Yoshitaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatakeyama_Yoshitaka"},{"link_name":"Honda Tadakatsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Hōjō Sōun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C5%8Dj%C5%8D_S%C5%8Dun"},{"link_name":"Hōjō Ujimasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C5%8Dj%C5%8D_Ujimasa"},{"link_name":"Hōjō Ujiyasu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C5%8Dj%C5%8D_Ujiyasu"},{"link_name":"Ii Naomasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ii_Naomasa"},{"link_name":"Imagawa 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Norimasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uesugi_Norimasa"},{"link_name":"Ukita Naoie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukita_Naoie"},{"link_name":"Uragami Munekage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uragami_Munekage"},{"link_name":"Yamana Toyokuni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamana_Toyokuni"},{"link_name":"Yamana Suketoyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamana_Suketoyo"},{"link_name":"Swordsmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenjutsu"},{"link_name":"Marume Nagayoshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marume_Nagayoshi"},{"link_name":"Hikita Bungorō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hikita_Bungor%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Kamiizumi Nobutsuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamiizumi_Nobutsuna"},{"link_name":"Miyamoto Musashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miyamoto_Musashi"},{"link_name":"Mizuno Katsushige","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mizuno_Katsushige"},{"link_name":"Sasaki 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Danzō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kat%C5%8D_Danz%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Kirigakure Shikaemon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirigakure_Saiz%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Kōzuki Sasuke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarutobi_Sasuke"},{"link_name":"Nakamura Chōbei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakamura_(bandit)"},{"link_name":"Ohama Kagetaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohama_Kagetaka"},{"link_name":"Sugitani Zenjūbō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugitani_Zenj%C5%ABb%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Saika Magoichi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzuki_Magoichi"},{"link_name":"Suzuki Sadayu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzuki_Shigeoki"},{"link_name":"Suzuki Shigehide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzuki_Shigehide"},{"link_name":"Suzuki Shigetomo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzuki_Magoichi"},{"link_name":"Suzuki Magoroku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzuki_Magoroku"},{"link_name":"Igasaki Dōshun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tateoka_Doshun"},{"link_name":"Umemura Sawano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umemura_Sawano"},{"link_name":"Monks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monk"},{"link_name":"Ankokuji Ekei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankokuji_Ekei"},{"link_name":"Hongan-ji Kennyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%8Dsa"},{"link_name":"Hon'inbō Sansa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hon%27inb%C5%8D_Sansa"},{"link_name":"Ishin Sūden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishin_S%C5%ABden"},{"link_name":"Jion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jion_(monk)"},{"link_name":"Koji Kashin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koji_Kashin"},{"link_name":"Nankōbō Tenkai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenkai"},{"link_name":"Rennyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rennyo"},{"link_name":"Sessai Chōrō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sessai_Ch%C5%8Dr%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Shimozuma Chūkō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimozuma_Ch%C5%ABk%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Shimotsuma Rairen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimotsuma_Rairen"},{"link_name":"Shimozuma Rairyū","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimozuma_Rairy%C5%AB"},{"link_name":"Takuan Sōhō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takuan_S%C5%8Dh%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Female castellans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_female_castellans_in_Japan"},{"link_name":"Akai Teruko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akai_Teruko"},{"link_name":"Ashikaga Ujihime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashikaga_Ujinohime"},{"link_name":"Chacha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yodo-dono"},{"link_name":"Jukei-ni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jukei-ni"},{"link_name":"Miyohime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miyohime"},{"link_name":"Munakata Saikaku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munakata_Saikaku"},{"link_name":"Nene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nene_(aristocrat)"},{"link_name":"Onamihime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onamihime"},{"link_name":"Otazu no Kata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otazu_no_kata"},{"link_name":"Otsuya no Kata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Otsuya"},{"link_name":"Seishin-ni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seishin-ni"},{"link_name":"Tachibana Ginchiyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachibana_Ginchiyo"},{"link_name":"Tōshōin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%8Dsh%C5%8Din"},{"link_name":"Female warriors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onna-musha"},{"link_name":"Fujishiro Gozen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujishiro_Gozen"},{"link_name":"Ichikawa no Tsubone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Ichikawa"},{"link_name":"Ikeda Sen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikeda_Sen"},{"link_name":"Kaihime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaihime"},{"link_name":"Kamehime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamehime"},{"link_name":"Katakura Kita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katakura_Kita"},{"link_name":"Katō Tsune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kat%C5%8D_Tsune"},{"link_name":"Komatsuhime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komatsuhime"},{"link_name":"Kushihashi Teru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kushihashi_Teru"},{"link_name":"Maeda Matsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maeda_Matsu"},{"link_name":"Myōki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My%C5%8Dki"},{"link_name":"Myōrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myorin"},{"link_name":"Numata Jakō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numata_Jak%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Ōhōri Tsuruhime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsuruhime"},{"link_name":"Okaji no Kata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okaji_no_Kata"},{"link_name":"Okyō no Kata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oky%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Omasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omasa"},{"link_name":"Oni Gozen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oni_Gozen"},{"link_name":"Shigashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shigashi"},{"link_name":"Shirai no Tsubone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Shirai"},{"link_name":"Ueno Tsuruhime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ueno_Tsuruhime"},{"link_name":"Yuki no Kata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuki_no_Kata"},{"link_name":"Lady Acha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Acha"},{"link_name":"Akohime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akohime"},{"link_name":"Asahihime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asahi_no_kata"},{"link_name":"Lady Chaa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Chaa"},{"link_name":"Chikurin-in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chikurin-in"},{"link_name":"Gōhime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C5%8Dhime"},{"link_name":"Lady Goryū","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Gory%C5%AB"},{"link_name":"Dota Gozen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsuchida_Gozen"},{"link_name":"Gotokuhime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokuhime_(1559%E2%80%931636)"},{"link_name":"Tsumaki Hiroko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsumaki_Hiroko"},{"link_name":"Lady Hayakawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Hayakawa"},{"link_name":"Hosokawa Gracia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosokawa_Gracia"},{"link_name":"Irohahime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irohahime"},{"link_name":"Izumo no Okuni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izumo_no_Okuni"},{"link_name":"Shimazu Kameju","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimazu_Kameju"},{"link_name":"Lady Kasuga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Kasuga"},{"link_name":"Keigin-ni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keigin-ni"},{"link_name":"Kitsuno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitsuno"},{"link_name":"Konoe Sakiko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konoe_Sakiko"},{"link_name":"Kōzōsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%8Dz%C5%8Dsu"},{"link_name":"Kyōgoku Maria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ky%C5%8Dgoku_Maria"},{"link_name":"Kyōgoku Tatsuko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ky%C5%8Dgoku_Tatsuko"},{"link_name":"Kyōun'in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ky%C5%8Dun%27in"},{"link_name":"Matsuhime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsuhime"},{"link_name":"Megohime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megohime"},{"link_name":"Lady Myōkyū","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_My%C5%8Dky%C5%AB"},{"link_name":"Naitō Julia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nait%C5%8D_Julia"},{"link_name":"Nōhime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C5%8Dhime"},{"link_name":"Odai no Kata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odai_no_Kata"},{"link_name":"Oeyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oeyo"},{"link_name":"Oichi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oichi"},{"link_name":"Oinu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oinu"},{"link_name":"Ohatsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohatsu"},{"link_name":"Lady Ōkurakyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Ckuraky%C5%8D_no_Tsubone"},{"link_name":"Ōmandokoro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Cmandokoro"},{"link_name":"Ono Otsū","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ono_Ots%C5%AB"},{"link_name":"Ōtomo-Nata Jezebel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Ctomo-Nata_Jezebel"},{"link_name":"Rikei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rikei"},{"link_name":"Lady Saigō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Saig%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Lady Sanjō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Sanj%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Seien-in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seien-in"},{"link_name":"Seikōin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seik%C5%8Din"},{"link_name":"Senhime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senhime"},{"link_name":"Sentōin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aya-Gozen"},{"link_name":"Tobai-in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobai-in"},{"link_name":"Toyotomi Sadako","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyotomi_Sadako"},{"link_name":"Tomo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomo_(Toyotomi)"},{"link_name":"Lady Toida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Toida"},{"link_name":"Tokuhime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokuhime_(1565%E2%80%931615)"},{"link_name":"Lady Tsukiyama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Tsukiyama"},{"link_name":"Yamauchi Chiyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamauchi_Chiyo"},{"link_name":"Yoshihime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshihime"},{"link_name":"Yoshihiro Kikuhime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshihiro_Kikuhime"},{"link_name":"Alessandro Valignano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Valignano"},{"link_name":"Francis Xavier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Xavier"},{"link_name":"Gaspar Coelho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspar_Coelho"},{"link_name":"Jacob Quaeckernaeck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Quaeckernaeck"},{"link_name":"Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Joosten_van_Lodensteijn"},{"link_name":"Julia Ota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Ota"},{"link_name":"Luís Fróis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_Fr%C3%B3is"},{"link_name":"Rodrigo de Vivero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodrigo_de_Vivero,_1st_Count_of_Valle_de_Orizaba"},{"link_name":"Wakita Naokata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakita_Naokata"},{"link_name":"Wang Zhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Zhi_(pirate)"},{"link_name":"William Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Adams_(pilot)"},{"link_name":"Yasuke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasuke"},{"link_name":"List of samurai from the Sengoku period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_samurai_from_the_Sengoku_period"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q467417#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/259662826"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00626531"}],"sub_title":"Nakatsukasa sword","text":"Aside from this incredible spear, Tadakatsu also used the katana\n- Nakatsukasaa made by Masamune (中務正宗),Nakatsukasa Masamune (中務正宗)#[108][109] a 67 cm blade, another national treasure of Japan.[110]vteProminent people of the Sengoku and Azuchi–Momoyama periodsThree major daimyō\nOda Nobunaga\nToyotomi Hideyoshi\nTokugawa Ieyasu\nShōgun\nAshikaga Yoshiharu\nAshikaga Yoshiteru\nAshikaga Yoshihide\nAshikaga Yoshiaki\nTokugawa Hidetada\nEmperor\nGo-Kashiwabara\nGo-Nara\nŌgimachi\nGo-Yōzei\nOther daimyō\nAmago Tsunehisa\nAmago Haruhisa\nAsakura Yoshikage\nAshina Moriuji\nAkechi Mitsuhide\nAzai Nagamasa\nChōsokabe Motochika\nDate Terumune\nDate Masamune\nHatakeyama Yoshitaka\nHonda Tadakatsu\nHōjō Sōun\nHōjō Ujimasa\nHōjō Ujiyasu\nIi Naomasa\nImagawa Yoshimoto\nImagawa Ujizane\nIsshiki Yoshimichi\nItō Yoshisuke\nKitabatake Tomonori\nKuroda Nagamasa\nMatsunaga Hisahide\nMiyoshi Nagayoshi\nMogami Yoshiaki\nMōri Motonari\nŌuchi Yoshitaka\nŌuchi Yoshinaga\nŌtomo Sōrin\nRokkaku Yoshikata\nRyūzōji Takanobu\nSaitō Dōsan\nSaitō Yoshitatsu\nSakai Tadatsugu\nSakakibara Yasumasa\nSatomi Yoshitaka\nSanada Yukitaka\nSanada Masayuki\nSanada Nobuyuki\nSatake Yoshishige\nSagara Yoshihi\nShimazu Yoshihisa\nShimazu Yoshihiro\nTachibana Dōsetsu\nTakeda Nobutora\nTakeda Shingen\nTōdō Takatora\nUesugi Kagekatsu\nUesugi Kenshin\nUesugi Norimasa\nUkita Naoie\nUragami Munekage\nYamana Toyokuni\nYamana Suketoyo\nSwordsmen\nMarume Nagayoshi\nHikita Bungorō\nKamiizumi Nobutsuna\nMiyamoto Musashi\nMizuno Katsushige\nSasaki Kojirō\nTadashima Akiyama\nTsukahara Bokuden\nTsutsumi Hōzan\nYagyū Munenori\nYagyū Munetoshi\nShinmen Munisai\nItō Ittōsai\nAdvisers and strategists\nKobayakawa Takakage\nKuroda Yoshitaka\nNaoe Kanetsugu\nTakenaka Shigeharu\nUsami Sadamitsu\nYamamoto Kansuke\nNinja, rogues andmercenaries\nMochizuki Chiyome\nFūma Kotarō\nHatsume no Tsubone\nHattori Hanzō\nIshikawa Goemon\nKatō Danzō\nKirigakure Shikaemon\nKōzuki Sasuke\nNakamura Chōbei\nOhama Kagetaka\nSugitani Zenjūbō\nSaika Magoichi\nSuzuki Sadayu\nSuzuki Shigehide\nSuzuki Shigetomo\nSuzuki Magoroku\nIgasaki Dōshun\nUmemura Sawano\nMonks and otherreligious figures\nAnkokuji Ekei\nHongan-ji Kennyo\nHon'inbō Sansa\nIshin Sūden\nJion\nKoji Kashin\nNankōbō Tenkai\nRennyo\nSessai Chōrō\nShimozuma Chūkō\nShimotsuma Rairen\nShimozuma Rairyū\nTakuan Sōhō\nFemale castellans\nAkai Teruko\nAshikaga Ujihime\nChacha\nJukei-ni\nMiyohime\nMunakata Saikaku\nNene\nOnamihime\nOtazu no Kata\nOtsuya no Kata\nSeishin-ni\nTachibana Ginchiyo\nTōshōin\nFemale warriors\nFujishiro Gozen\nIchikawa no Tsubone\nIkeda Sen\nKaihime\nKamehime\nKatakura Kita\nKatō Tsune\nKomatsuhime\nKushihashi Teru\nMaeda Matsu\nMyōki\nMyōrin\nNumata Jakō\nŌhōri Tsuruhime\nOkaji no Kata\nOkyō no Kata\nOmasa\nOni Gozen\nShigashi\nShirai no Tsubone\nUeno Tsuruhime\nYuki no Kata\nOther women\nLady Acha\nAkohime\nAsahihime\nLady Chaa\nChikurin-in\nGōhime\nLady Goryū\nDota Gozen\nGotokuhime\nTsumaki Hiroko\nLady Hayakawa\nHosokawa Gracia\nIrohahime\nIzumo no Okuni\nShimazu Kameju\nLady Kasuga\nKeigin-ni\nKitsuno\nKonoe Sakiko\nKōzōsu\nKyōgoku Maria\nKyōgoku Tatsuko\nKyōun'in\nMatsuhime\nMegohime\nLady Myōkyū\nNaitō Julia\nNōhime\nOdai no Kata\nOeyo\nOichi\nOinu\nOhatsu\nLady Ōkurakyo\nŌmandokoro\nOno Otsū\nŌtomo-Nata Jezebel\nRikei\nLady Saigō\nLady Sanjō\nSeien-in\nSeikōin\nSenhime\nSentōin\nTobai-in\nToyotomi Sadako\nTomo\nLady Toida\nTokuhime\nLady Tsukiyama\nYamauchi Chiyo\nYoshihime\nYoshihiro Kikuhime\nForeign people in Japan\nAlessandro Valignano\nFrancis Xavier\nGaspar Coelho\nJacob Quaeckernaeck\nJan Joosten van Lodensteijn\nJulia Ota\nLuís Fróis\nRodrigo de Vivero\nSoga Seikan\nWakita Naokata\nWang Zhi\nWilliam Adams\nYasuke\nSee also\nList of samurai from the Sengoku periodAuthority control databases International\nVIAF\nNational\nJapan","title":"Personal info"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ii Naomasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ii_Naomasa"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"jidaigeki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jidaigeki"},{"link_name":"Akira Kurosawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akira_Kurosawa"},{"link_name":"Kagemusha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kagemusha"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"Sengoku Basara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sengoku_Basara"},{"link_name":"Samurai Warriors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samurai_Warriors"},{"link_name":"Warriors Orochi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warriors_Orochi"},{"link_name":"Nioh 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nioh_2"},{"link_name":"Pokémon Conquest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_Conquest"},{"link_name":"Kessen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kessen"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"}],"text":"In theater and other contemporary works, Tadakatsu is often characterized as polar opposite of Ieyasu's other great general, Ii Naomasa. While both were fierce warriors of the Tokugawa, Tadakatsu's ability to elude injury is often contrasted with the common depiction of Naomasa enduring many battle wounds, but fighting through them.[citation needed]Honda Tadakatsu appears in numerous Japanese jidaigeki (historical dramas for television) set in the 16th century. He is a minor character in Akira Kurosawa's movie Kagemusha.[111]Honda Tadakatsu, or fictive characters based loosely on the historical figure, appears in several video games and associated anime, including the Sengoku Basara games and anime, Samurai Warriors, Warriors Orochi, Nioh 2, Pokémon Conquest, and Kessen.Honda appears as a playable character in the Mobile/PC Game titled \"Rise of Kingdoms\".[112]","title":"Popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Appendix"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"Ōkubo clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Ckubo_clan"},{"link_name":"Kōsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%8Dsa"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-War_and_Faith_Ikk%C5%8D_Ikki_in_Late_Muromachi_Japan;_Hachiya_Sadatsugu-11"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"Bukkyo University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukkyo_University"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HondavsMagara;_Watanabedaimon-24"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-45"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sengoku_senki_[2]_Nagashino_no_tatakai-44"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-60"},{"link_name":"Tsuru University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsuru_University"},{"link_name":"University of Central Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Central_Florida"},{"link_name":"Sengoku period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sengoku_period"},{"link_name":"\"Ochimusha-gari\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%90%BD%E3%81%A1%E6%AD%A6%E8%80%85%E7%8B%A9%E3%82%8A"},{"link_name":"Rōnin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C5%8Dnin"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SAMURAI_HUNTER1-58"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SAMURAIHUNTER2-59"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SAMURAIHUNTER3-57"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-75"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E5%BE%B3%E5%B7%9D%E5%9B%9B%E5%A4%A9%E7%8E%8B-74"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-81"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mangicastlejapan-80"}],"sub_title":"Footnotes","text":"^ Hachiya Hannojō Sadatsugu was a relative of Ōkubo clan and former follower of Ikkō-ikki sect led by Kōsa who rebelled against Samurai daimyo in Mikawa. Sadatsugu later pardoned by Tokugawa Ieyasu.[11][15]\n\n^ Daimon Watanabe, professor of Bukkyo University, and director of Japan institute of arts and culture stated the historical primary sources about the duel between Tadakatsu and Naotaka were very few and scarce.[23]\n\n^ Honda clan's records.[42]\n\n^ According to Imatani Akira, professor of Tsuru University, and Ishikawa Tadashi, assistant professor University of Central Florida, during Sengoku period there are emergence of particularly dangerous groups called \"Ochimusha-gari\" or \"fallen warrior hunt\" groups. these groups were decentralized peasant or Rōnin self-defense forces who operates outside the law, while in actuality they often resorted to hunt Samurais or soldiers who has been defeated in wars.[55][56][54]\n\n^ However, Murayama did not mention the sobriquet of \"Four Guardians\" here. He only mention that those four Tokugawa generals \"became famous[70]\n\n^ The kanji of Mangi castle could be written either 万木城 or 万喜城 (Mangi-jō)[75]","title":"Appendix"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Le Japon: Le Japon des Tokugawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.co.id/books?id=0EceAAAAMAAJ&q="},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"A History of Japan, Volume 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English Edition Issues 227-259","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=i28lAQAAIAAJ"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Nakatsukasa_sword_116-0"},{"link_name":"Art of the Samurai Japanese Arms and Armor, 1156-1868","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=FmLpLkEj1LgC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781588393456","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781588393456"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-117"},{"link_name":"\"Kagemuša\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.csfd.cz/film/5428-kagemusa/prehled/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-118"},{"link_name":"\"Honda Tadakatsu\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.rok.guide/commander/honda-tadakatsu/"}],"sub_title":"References","text":"^ Antoine Rous marquis de La Mazelière (1907). Le Japon: Le Japon des Tokugawa (in French). Plon-Nourrit et cie. p. 160. Retrieved 25 May 2024.\n\n^ James Murdoch (1996). A History of Japan, Volume 2. Psychology Press. p. 712. ISBN 0415150760. Retrieved 25 May 2024.\n\n^ \"「榊原康政」の解説\". kotobank. Retrieved 23 October 2021.\n\n^ a b c Ōtaki-cho, (Chiba-ken) (1991). Ōtaki-cho shi (大多喜町史). Ōtaki-cho. p. 479.\n\n^ Kōri, Yoshitake (2009). Kuwana-han (Dai 1-han ed.). Gendai Shokan. p. 13. ISBN 978-4-7684-7117-3. OCLC 469634113.\n\n^ a b pinon (2023). \"「本多忠真」は名将・本多忠勝の育ての親だった！\". sengoku-his.com (in Japanese). sengoku-his.com. Retrieved 27 May 2024. Sengoku History Research Group \"Honda Tadakatsu – The Undamaged Great Spear\" PHP Institute 2008; Akio Ichihashi \"Mikawa samurai who supported Ieyasu: Honda Tadakatsu and Ii Naomasa\" Seibunkan Shoten Okazaki 2017; Shinji Nonaka \"Tokugawa Ieyasu and his vassals\" Gakuyo Shobo 2022\n\n^ a b 尾崎 晃 (2009). \"本多忠勝(一五四八～一六一〇)--徳川幕府創出の功労者\". 千葉史学 / 千葉歴史学会 編 (in Japanese) (54): 96–100. Retrieved 4 May 2024.\n\n^ a b c つまみライチ さん (2023). \"本多忠勝ってどんな人？　名言や逸話からその人物像に迫る\" [What kind of person is Honda Tadakatsu? Get to know the person through famous quotes and anecdotes]. sengoku-his.com. sengoku-his.com. Retrieved 26 May 2024. \"Honda Family History Book\" (Donated by Munetaka Tokugawa, manuscript (year unknown), Tokyo National Museum Digital Library); \"Mikawa Gofudoki Seishon Daizen\" (1992, Shinjinjin Oraisha); Shigemi Okaya, \"A Record of Famous Generals' Comments\" (1909, National Diet Library Digital Archive); Masaatsu Hotta \"Kansei Chushun Sho Kafu\" (National Diet Library Digital Archive); Shinei Negishi \"Ear Bag\" (1991, Iwanami Shoten); Tadafuyu Matsudaira \"Ietada Diary Expansion Added\" (Yonezawa Municipal Library Digital Library)\n\n^ Tojin (2019). \"「本多忠勝」戦国最強と称される猛将の生涯と実像とは？\" [“Honda Tadakatsu” What is the life and true image of the fierce general known as the strongest in the Sengoku period?]. sengoku-his.com. sengoku-his.com. Retrieved 26 May 2024. Hiroyuki Shiba, \"Domination of the territory by the feudal lords of the Tokugawa clan during the Sengoku period and Oritoyo period\", Iwata Shoin, 2014; Masuo Senmoto, Encyclopedia of Tokugawa Ieyasu's Vassals, Tokyodo Publishing, 2015; Hiroyuki Kikuchi, \"The Mystery of the Tokugawa Vassals\" Kadokawa publishing, 2016.\n\n^ Stephen Turnbull (2012, pp. 13, 27, 34)\n\n^ a b Carol Richmond Tsang (2020, p. 215, 219, 303 n)\n\n^ Tadachika Kuwata (1965). 日本の合戦. 第5巻 (織田信長) [Battle of Japan Volume 5 (Oda Nobunaga)] (in Japanese). Tokyo: 人物往来社. p. 207. Retrieved 23 May 2024.\n\n^ Norikazu Shingyō (1975). Ikkō ikki no kiso kōzō (in Japanese). Yoshikawa Kobunkan. p. 66. Retrieved 15 May 2024.\n\n^ 新行紀一; 笠原一男 (1975). 一向一揆の基礎構造 三河一揆と松平氏 [Basic structure of Ikko Ikki Mikawa Ikki and the Matsudaira clan]. 吉川弘文館. ISBN 9784642067041. Retrieved 15 May 2024.\n\n^ 堀田, 正敦 (1923). \"蜂屋氏\". 寛政重脩諸家譜 第2輯. 國民圖書. pp. 590–591.\n\n^ 大口喜六 (1937). 国史上より観たる豊橋地方 (in Japanese). Keio University. Retrieved 8 May 2024.\n\n^ 大日本人名辞書 (in Japanese). 經濟雜誌社. 1900. p. 39. Retrieved 8 May 2024.\n\n^ 大日本人名辭書 Volume 3. 大日本人名辭書刊行會. 1937. Retrieved 8 May 2024.\n\n^ Ozaki Akira (2009). 千葉史学 no 54本多忠勝(一五四八～一六一〇)--徳川幕府創出の功労者 (房総に生きた人びとと歴史 ; 近世) [Chiba History Magazine no. 54: Honda Tadakatsu (1548-1610) -- Person who contributed to the creation of the Tokugawa shogunate (People and history who lived in Bōsō; early modern times)] (in Japanese). Chiba Historical Society. pp. 96–100. Retrieved 19 May 2024.\n\n^ Turnbull, Stephen (1987). Battles of the Samurai. Arms and Armour Press. p. 62. ISBN 0853688265.\n\n^ Mitsutoshi Takayanagi; Tadachika Kuwata (1965). 織田信長 (in Japanese). 人物往来社. p. 109. Retrieved 4 May 2024.\n\n^ Kazuo Kasahara (笠原一男) (1992). 物語日本の歴史 16: 天下びとの時代 (in Japanese). 木耳社. p. 193. ISBN 4839375682. Retrieved 22 May 2024.\n\n^ Watanabe Daimon (2023). \"「どうする家康」姉川の戦いにおける、真柄直隆と本多忠勝の一騎打ち\". yahoo.co.jp/expert/articles/ (in Japanese). 渡邊大門 無断転載を禁じます。 © LY Corporation. Retrieved 3 June 2024.\n\n^ Stephen Turnbull (2013, pp. 140) harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFStephen_Turnbull2013 (help)\n\n^ a b 村上郷土史 【新潟県】 (in Japanese). 村上本町教育委員会編纂. 1932. p. 90. Retrieved 5 May 2024.\n\n^ Mitsutoshi Takayanagi (1958). 戰國戰記 (in Japanese). 春秋社. Retrieved 8 May 2024.\n\n^ a b c Stephen Turnbull (28 November 2019). Samurai Vs Ashigaru Japan 1543–75. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 10, 46, 61. ISBN 9781472832429. Retrieved 4 May 2024.\n\n^ 村上郷土史. 村上本町教育会.\n\n^ 村上郷土史. 村上本町教育会. 1931. p. 90.\n\n^ 岡谷繁実 (1944). 名将言行録. 岩波文庫. Vol. 6巻. 岩波書店. ISBN 9784003317365.\n\n^ Turnbull, Stephen (2000). The Samurai Sourcebook. London: Cassell & C0. pp. 222–223. ISBN 1854095234.\n\n^ Conrad Totman (1983). Tokugawa Ieyasu, Shogun A Biography (Paperback). Heian. p. 38. ISBN 9780893462109. Retrieved 4 May 2024.\n\n^ Japan Weekly Mail. Jappan Mēru Shinbunsha. 1876. p. 576. Retrieved 9 May 2024.\n\n^ Murata Shuzo; Hattori Hideo (2000). 都道府県別日本の中世城館調査報告書集成 [Collection of Japanese medieval castle survey reports by prefecture] (in Japanese). 東洋書林. p. 418. ISBN 4887214324. Retrieved 22 May 2024.\n\n^ Shin Jinbutsu Ōraisha (2007). 歴史読本, Volume 52, Issue 3 [History Reader , Volume 52, Masalah] (in Japanese). 新人物往来社. p. 92. Retrieved 22 May 2024.\n\n^ 煎本 増夫 (1979). 幕藩体制成立史の研究 [Research on the history of the establishment of the Shogunate system] (in Japanese). 雄山閣出版. p. 94. Retrieved 15 May 2024.\n\n^ Naito Family Documents Study Group (1972). 譜代藩の研究 : 譜代内藤藩の藩政と藩領 [Research on the Fudai domain: the government and domain of the Fudai Naito domain] (in Japanese). Meiji University. p. 44. Retrieved 15 May 2024.\n\n^ Turnbull, Stephen (1977). The Samurai. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc. pp. 156–160. ISBN 9780026205405.\n\n^ 最強の教訓！ 日本史 (in Japanese). 株式会社ＰＨＰ研究所. 2021. p. 43. ASIN 4569901298.\n\n^ a b Kawaii Atsushi (2022). 徳川家康と9つの危機 (in Japanese). 株式会社ＰＨＰ研究所. Retrieved 8 May 2024.\n\n^ Kawaii Atsushi (12 February 2023). \"｢大量の鉄砲が武田の騎馬隊を蹴散らした｣はウソである…最新の研究でわかった長篠の戦いの本当の姿\". PRESIDENT Online (in Japanese). PRESIDENT Inc. Retrieved 8 May 2024.\n\n^ a b Takayanagi Mitsutoshi (1958). \"[2] Nagashino no tatakai\". 戰國戰記 [Sengoku senki] (in Japanese). Tokyo: Shunjūsha. p. この話は内藤隊が家康の陣所に向かって攻撃をした ... Retrieved 18 May 2024.\n\n^ a b Hotta Masaatsu (1923, p. 1073) harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFHotta_Masaatsu1923 (help)\n\n^ Atsushi Kawai (河合敦) (2023). \"関ヶ原に遅れた秀忠を榊原康政が懲罰覚悟でかばった深い理由…トップ継承の長期的ビジョンを持つ真の忠臣\". president.jp (in Japanese). PRESIDENT Inc. pp. 1–4. Retrieved 4 June 2024.\n\n^ a b ð̇Æ̇̌Þ̄ʹđ̇: Rekicho yoki (in Japanese). 1998. p. 九日圍:田中城、井伊直政歲十八. Retrieved 19 May 2024.\n\n^ Kajiwara Ai; Matsudaira Yoriyasu (2003). 田中城、井伊直政歲十八 (in Japanese). 神道大系編纂会. Retrieved 19 May 2024.\n\n^ Kimura Takaatsu (1976). 武徳編年集成 (in Japanese). 名著出版. p. 229. Retrieved 19 May 2024.\n\n^ Motonao Narushima; Tadachika Kuwata; Takehisa Udagawa (1976). 改正三河後風土記 Volume 2 [Revised Mikawa Go Fudoki Volume 2] (in Japanese). 秋田書店. p. 110.\n\n^ \"デジタル版 日本人名大辞典+Plus「岡部長教」の解説\". kotobank. Retrieved 20 October 2021.\n\n^ 小宮山敏和「戦国大名家臣の徳川家臣化について　戦国大名武田家家臣を事例として」『論集きんせい』26号、2004年\n\n^ Toshikazu Komiyama (1981). \"戦国大名家臣の徳川家臣化について\" [Regarding the transformation of Sengoku daimyo vassals into Tokugawa vassals]. --戦国大名武田家家臣を事例として =A case study of Sengoku daimyo Takeda family vassals (in Japanese). Retrieved 23 May 2024.\n\n^ Toshikazu Komiyama (2004). \"戦国大名家臣の徳川家臣化について　戦国大名武田家家臣を事例として」\" [About turning Sengoku daimyo vassals into Tokugawa vassals: Using the Sengoku daimyo Takeda family vassals as an example]. collection of essays (in Japanese). 1 (26). Retrieved 23 May 2024.\n\n^ 山梨県史の刊行・訂正・補足情報 [Yamanashi Prefectural History Materials 6 Medieval Period 3 Lower Prefectural Records] (in Japanese). Retrieved 23 May 2024.\n\n^ a b c Akira Imatani (1993, pp. 152–153, 157–158, ､167)\n\n^ Fujiki Hisashi (2005). 刀狩り: 武器を封印した民衆 (in Japanese). 岩波書店. p. 29･30. ISBN 4004309654. Kunio Yanagita \"History of Japanese Farmers\"\n\n^ Kirino Sakuto (2001). 真説本能寺 (学研M文庫 R き 2-2) (in Japanese). 学研プラス. pp. 218–9. ISBN 4059010421. Tadashi Ishikawa quote\n\n^ Mitsuhisa Takayanagi (1958). 戦国戦記本能寺の変・山崎の戦 (1958年) (in Japanese). 春秋社. p. 65. Retrieved 9 May 2024. Luís Fróis;History of Japan..; Nihon Yoso-kai Annual Report\", Japanese historical materials also show that Ieyasu distributed a large amount of gold and silver to his subordinates) A certain \" Ishikawa Tadashi Sosho\n\n^ Arthur Lindsay Sadler (2014, p. 115)\n\n^ 藤田達生 (2005). \"「神君伊賀越え」再考\". 愛知県史研究. 9. 愛知県: 1–15. doi:10.24707/aichikenshikenkyu.9.0_1.\n\n^ Masahiko Iwasawa (1968). \"(Editorial) Regarding the original of Ietada's diary\" (PDF). 東京大学史料編纂所報第２号. Retrieved 2022-11-16.\n\n^ Morimoto Masahiro (1999). 家康家臣の戦と日常 松平家忠日記をよむ (角川ソフィア文庫) Kindle Edition. KADOKAWA. Retrieved 10 May 2024.\n\n^ Mikawa Go Fudoki Seisetsu Daizen Volume 42 & 43 (in Japanese). Aichi Prefectural Library. 1853. Retrieved 4 May 2024.\n\n^ a b Fujita Tatsuo (2006). 小牧・長久手の戦いの構造 [Structure of the Battle of Komaki and Nagakute] (in Japanese). 岩田書院. p. 107. ISBN 4-87294-422-4. Retrieved 14 May 2024.\n\n^ 神谷存心 (1889). 小牧陣始末記(日本戦史材料 ; 第1巻) [The story of the end of the Komaki camp (Japanese military history materials; Volume 1)] (in Japanese). Tokyo: 武蔵吉彰. Retrieved 14 May 2024.\n\n^ Kimura Takaatsu. Naotoki, Tamaru (ed.). 武徳編年集成 (in Japanese). 拙修斎. Retrieved 14 May 2024.\n\n^ Narushima shichoku; Udagawa Takehisa; kuwata tadachika (1976). 改正三河後風土記 Volume 1 [Revised Mikawa Go Fudoki Volume 1] (in Japanese). 秋田書店. p. 197. Retrieved 14 May 2024.\n\n^ Tanaka 2007, p. 14. sfn error: no target: CITEREFTanaka2007 (help)\n\n^ Okanoya Shigezane (2007). Shogun and Samurai Tales of Nobunaga, Hideyoshi, and Ieyasu. Translated by Andrew and Yoshiko Dykstra. Mānoa: University of Hawaiʻi; Japanese Literature Translations by Yoshiko K. Dykstra. p. 147. Retrieved 2 June 2024.\n\n^ Daimon, Watanabe. \"家臣が出奔するというピンチをチャンスに変えた、徳川家康の先見性とは\". yahoo.co.jp/expert/articles/ (in Japanese). 渡邊大門 無断転載を禁じます。 © LY Corporation. Retrieved 2 June 2024.\n\n^ a b Tetsuo Nakamura; Kazuo Murayama (1991). 徳川四天王: 精強家康軍団奮闘譜 歴史群像シリーズ22号. 学研プラス. pp. 111, 125. ISBN 4051053679.\n\n^ Arthur Lindsay Sadler (2014, p. 147)\n\n^ 松本諒士 (1996). 築城 覇者と天下普請 [Castle construction: The turret and the nation's construction] (in Japanese). 理工学社. p. 209. ISBN 4844591053. Retrieved 25 May 2024.\n\n^ a b Kōya Nakamura (1965). 家康傳 [Ieyasu den] (in Japanese). 講談社. p. 1965. Retrieved 19 May 2024.\n\n^ Yabe Kentaro (2011). 秀吉の小田原出兵と「清華成」大名 [The siege of Odawara by Toyotomi Hideyoshi and the Seiga-Nari Daimyo] (in Japanese). Kokugakuin University. pp. 131–59. Retrieved 19 May 2024. (Kokugakuin University Bulletin No. 49, 2011) NAID 40018727719\n\n^ \"Mangi Castle[Castle Special Topic Japanese History]\". jp-history.info. Shiroyama Mangi Isumi-shi Chiba (Mangi Castle Ruin Park): Japanese Castle Guide. Retrieved 25 May 2024.\n\n^ 名古屋大学文学部所蔵「滝川文書」所収・天正18年8月7日付滝川忠征宛本多忠勝書状 / Letter from Honda Tadakatsu to Tadayuki Takigawa, dated August 7, 1880, from the Takigawa Documents in the collection\n\n^ \"桑名藩\". Archived from the original on 2012-01-20. Retrieved 2007-03-26.\n\n^ \"大多喜藩\". Archived from the original on 2012-01-28. Retrieved 2007-03-26.\n\n^ 中嶋次太郎 (1966). 徳川家臣団の研究 [Study of the Tokugawa Vassals]. 吉川弘文館.\n\n^ 柴裕之 (2012), \"豊臣政権の関東仕置と徳川領国―本多忠勝の上総万喜入城を通じて―\", in 佐藤博信 (ed.), 中世房総と東国社会, 岩田書院, ISBN 978-4-87294-739-7\n\n^ Shigeo Negishi (2000). 近世武家社会の形成と構造 [Formation and structure of early modern samurai society - Volume 1] (in Japanese). 吉川弘文館. p. 68. Retrieved 15 May 2024.\n\n^ Tokorozawa City History Editorial Committee (1979). 六一書房：新着の本 (in Japanese). 所沢市. p. 349. Retrieved 15 May 2024.\n\n^ Goki Mizuno (2020). \"関ヶ原の役と本多忠勝\" [The role of Honda Tadakatsu in Sekigahara]. 研究論集 歴史と文化 (Research paper of History and cultures (in Japanese) (6): 154–175. Retrieved 8 May 2024.\n\n^ a b 竹鼻町史編集委員会 (1999). 竹鼻の歴史 [Takehana] (in Japanese). Takehana Town History Publication Committee. pp. 30–31.\n\n^ 尾西市史 通史編 · Volume 1 [Onishi City History Complete history · Volume 1] (in Japanese). 尾西市役所. 1998. p. 242. Retrieved 16 May 2024.\n\n^ Tetsuo Owada (1993). 関ヶ原の戦い 勝者の研究・敗者の研究 (in Japanese). 三笠書房. p. 43. ISBN 9784837915003. Retrieved 8 May 2024.\n\n^ 参謀本部 (1911), \"石川貞清三成ノ陣ニ赴ク\", 日本戦史. 関原役 [Japanese military history], 元真社\n\n^ Mitsutoshi Takayanagi (1964). 新訂寛政重修諸家譜 6 (in Japanese). Retrieved 16 May 2024.\n\n^ Tadachika Kuwata; Shohachi Yamaoka (1965). 日本の戦史 Volume 6 [Japanese military history Volume 6] (in Japanese). Tokuma Shoten, Showa 40-41 [1965-66]; Japan Army.General Staff Headquarters. p. 156. Retrieved 9 May 2024.\n\n^ Tatsuya Naramoto (1982). 心ぞ翔ばん (in Japanese). 思文閣出版. p. 19. Retrieved 9 May 2024.\n\n^ Dupuy, Trevor N.; Johnson, Bondard (1992). The Harper Encyclopedia of Military Biography. HarperCollins. p. 345. ISBN 9780062700155.\n\n^ Watanabe Daimon (2023). \"関ヶ原合戦で東軍の勝利に貢献！　徳川家康から隠居を慰留された本多忠勝の晩年\" [Contributed to the victory of the Eastern Army in the Battle of Sekigahara! Honda Tadakatsu's later years after being persuaded into retirement by Tokugawa Ieyasu]. yahoo.co.jp/expert/articles/ (in Japanese). 渡邊大門 無断転載を禁じます。 © LY Corporation. Retrieved 3 June 2024.\n\n^ Ōsawa Izumi (大澤 泉) (2009). \"関連する報告書 2009 実績報告書 [雑誌論文] 栃山斉氏所蔵『内府公軍記』\". 中世の国衙とその変遷について (37). Waseda University: appendix :「『内府公軍記』諸本の比較と編纂過程. Retrieved 8 May 2024.\n\n^ Mouri Terumoto's invitation letter dated September 22nd to Ii Naomasa Honda TadakatsuHistoriographical Institute of the University of Tokyo (1970). 大日本古文書 家わけ第八（毛利家文書之三） [Great Japanese Old Documents Iewake No. 8 (Mouri Family Documents No. 3)] (in Japanese). University of Tokyo. p. 300. ISBN 978-4-13-091083-5. Retrieved 5 May 2024.\n\n^ Masahiko Naishi (乃至政彦) (2023). \"関ヶ原で負けた三成に本多忠勝がひれ伏したのはなぜか…敗戦責任で切腹させられると覚悟していた三成の潔さ\". PRESIDENT Online（プレジデントオンライン） (in Japanese). PRESIDENT inc. Retrieved 4 June 2024.\n\n^ a b 郡義武 (November 2009). シリーズ藩物語 桑名藩 (in Japanese). シリーズ藩物語. pp. 15, 18. ISBN 978-4-7684-7117-3. Retrieved 4 May 2024.\n\n^ Takamoto Shimei (1916). 立花遺香 銀台遺事 銀台拾遺 (日本偉人言行資料) (in Japanese). National History Research Association. p. 2. Retrieved 30 May 2024.\n\n^ Yano Kazutada (1926). 筑後国史 : 原名・筑後将士軍談 上巻 (in Japanese). 筑後遺籍刊行会. p. 528-529. Retrieved 16 April 2024.\n\n^ Papinot, Edmond (1906). Dictionnaire d'histoire et de géographie du Japon (in French). p. 199.\n\n^ \"朝日日本歴史人物事典「本多忠勝」の解説\". kotobank. Retrieved 23 October 2021.\n\n^ Yoshiaki Kusudo (2017). 戦国武将「お墓」でわかる意外な真実 (in Japanese). 株式会社ＰＨＰ研究所. Retrieved 22 May 2024.\n\n^ 中川昌久. 武備神木抄. 内閣文庫和書和書(多聞櫓文書を除く）. Retrieved 5 May 2024. Acceptable: CC0 (CC0 1.0 Worldwide Public domain provided)\n\n^ Kaoruko Uno (14 June 2022). \"榊原康政～徳川四天王、部隊の指揮に優れ能筆家で、井伊直政・本多忠勝とは特に仲が良かったとされています。\". akechi1582 (in Japanese). 歴史探索. Retrieved 5 May 2024.\n\n^ \"黒糸威胴丸具足〈鹿角脇立兜・小具足付／（本多忠勝所用）〉\" [Kuroito Idomaru Gusoku〈Kazuno side standing helmet and accessory feet included/(for Honda Tadakatsu office)〉]. kunishitei.bunka.go.jp (in Japanese). Aichi prefecture, Japan: Agency for Cultural Affairs, Government of Japan. 1977. Retrieved 19 May 2024.\n\n^ Kanzan Satō (1983). The Japanese Sword (Hardcover). Kodansha International. p. 64. ISBN 978-0-87011-562-2. Retrieved 5 May 2024.\n\n^ Koroku Tateto (2022). \"戦国最強！？本多忠勝と蜻蛉切にまつわるエピソードとは\" [The strongest in Sengoku! ? What is the episode related to Honda Tadakatsu and Tonbokiri?]. sengoku-his.com (in Japanese). sengoku-his.com. Retrieved 26 May 2024.\n\n^ a b Koroku Tateto (2021). \"「蜻蛉切」天下三名槍のひとつ、本多忠勝愛用の名槍を徹底解説！\" [A thorough explanation of Tadakatsu Honda's favorite spear, one of the three most famous spears in the world!]. sengoku-his.com (in Japanese). sengoku-his.com. Retrieved 26 May 2024.\n\n^ 名物中務正宗 [Meibutsu Nakatsukasa Masamune]. Cultural Properties Online (in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs. Archived from the original on 2023-02-01. Retrieved 2020-11-05.\n\n^ Official Gazette. English Edition Issues 227-259. the University of California. 1947. p. 6. Retrieved 8 May 2024.\n\n^ 原田一敏 (2009). Ogawa, Morihiro (ed.). Art of the Samurai Japanese Arms and Armor, 1156-1868. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 160. ISBN 9781588393456. Retrieved 8 May 2024.\n\n^ \"Kagemuša\". csfd.cz (in Czech). Česko-Slovenská filmová databáze. Retrieved 8 May 2024.\n\n^ \"Honda Tadakatsu\". rok.guide. Rise of Kingdoms. 2021. Retrieved 8 May 2024.","title":"Appendix"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Honda Tadakatsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Honda_Tadakatsu"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"4404020732","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/4404020732"},{"link_name":"Hotta Masaatsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHotta_Masaatsu"},{"link_name":"help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors"},{"link_name":"\"Tadakatsu Honda\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//kanko.city.kuwana.mie.jp/t-en/history/tadakatsu/index.html"},{"link_name":"Arthur Lindsay Sadler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Lindsay_Sadler"},{"link_name":"The Maker of Modern Japan The Life of Tokugawa Ieyasu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=oftisLbVFwgC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781136924705","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136924705"},{"link_name":"War and Faith Ikkō Ikki in Late Muromachi Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=kqTaDwAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781684174577","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781684174577"},{"link_name":"Stephen Turnbull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Turnbull_(historian)"},{"link_name":"Tokugawa Ieyasu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=gT23CwAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781849085755","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781849085755"}],"sub_title":"Bibliography","text":"Wikimedia Commons has media related to Honda Tadakatsu.Akira Imatani (1993). 天皇と天下人. 新人物往来社. ISBN 4404020732. Akira Imatani\"Practice of attacking fallen warriors\"; 2000; p.153 chapter 4\nHotta Masaatsu, p. 1073) harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFHotta_Masaatsu (help)\n\"Tadakatsu Honda\". Kuwana-city Tourist guide. Kuwana-City. Retrieved April 30, 2017.\nArthur Lindsay Sadler (2014). The Maker of Modern Japan The Life of Tokugawa Ieyasu. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781136924705. Retrieved 6 May 2024.\nCarol Richmond Tsang (2020). War and Faith Ikkō Ikki in Late Muromachi Japan. Brill. p. 215, 219, 303. ISBN 9781684174577. Retrieved 8 May 2024.\nStephen Turnbull (2012). Tokugawa Ieyasu. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 13, 27, 34. ISBN 9781849085755. Retrieved 9 May 2024.","title":"Appendix"}]
[{"image_text":"Honda Tadakatsu's birthplace monument（Okazaki, Aichi Prefecture）","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Tadakatsu-Honda-Birthplace-1.jpg/220px-Tadakatsu-Honda-Birthplace-1.jpg"},{"image_text":"“Illustration of the Battle of Hitokotosaka” by Shunobu: Naitō Nobunari in the center, Honda Tadakatsu on the right","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/%E5%91%B3%E6%96%B9%E3%83%B6%E5%8E%9F%E5%90%88%E6%88%A6%E4%B9%8B%E5%9B%B3.jpg/200px-%E5%91%B3%E6%96%B9%E3%83%B6%E5%8E%9F%E5%90%88%E6%88%A6%E4%B9%8B%E5%9B%B3.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tadakatsu's position in the Battle of Sekigahara.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Site_of_Honda_Tadakatsu%27s_Position.jpg/220px-Site_of_Honda_Tadakatsu%27s_Position.jpg"},{"image_text":"Armor of Honda Tadakatsu, an Important Cultural Property of Japan, private collection, Iyeyasu and Mikawa Bushi Museum, Okazaki, Aichi prefecture","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Armor_of_Honda_Tadakatsu.jpg/200px-Armor_of_Honda_Tadakatsu.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Antoine Rous marquis de La Mazelière (1907). Le Japon: Le Japon des Tokugawa (in French). Plon-Nourrit et cie. p. 160. Retrieved 25 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.co.id/books?id=0EceAAAAMAAJ&q=","url_text":"Le Japon: Le Japon des Tokugawa"}]},{"reference":"James Murdoch (1996). A History of Japan, Volume 2. Psychology Press. p. 712. ISBN 0415150760. Retrieved 25 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.co.id/books?id=fjSQOixtgngC&pg=PA712&dq=","url_text":"A History of Japan, Volume 2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415150760","url_text":"0415150760"}]},{"reference":"\"「榊原康政」の解説\". kotobank. Retrieved 23 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://kotobank.jp/word/%E6%A6%8A%E5%8E%9F%E5%BA%B7%E6%94%BF-68474","url_text":"\"「榊原康政」の解説\""}]},{"reference":"Ōtaki-cho, (Chiba-ken) (1991). Ōtaki-cho shi (大多喜町史). Ōtaki-cho. p. 479.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Kōri, Yoshitake (2009). Kuwana-han (Dai 1-han ed.). Gendai Shokan. p. 13. ISBN 978-4-7684-7117-3. OCLC 469634113.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/469634113","url_text":"Kuwana-han"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-7684-7117-3","url_text":"978-4-7684-7117-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/469634113","url_text":"469634113"}]},{"reference":"pinon (2023). \"「本多忠真」は名将・本多忠勝の育ての親だった！\". sengoku-his.com (in Japanese). sengoku-his.com. Retrieved 27 May 2024. Sengoku History Research Group \"Honda Tadakatsu – The Undamaged Great Spear\" PHP Institute 2008; Akio Ichihashi \"Mikawa samurai who supported Ieyasu: Honda Tadakatsu and Ii Naomasa\" Seibunkan Shoten Okazaki 2017; Shinji Nonaka \"Tokugawa Ieyasu and his vassals\" Gakuyo Shobo 2022","urls":[{"url":"https://sengoku-his.com/171","url_text":"\"「本多忠真」は名将・本多忠勝の育ての親だった！\""}]},{"reference":"尾崎 晃 (2009). \"本多忠勝(一五四八～一六一〇)--徳川幕府創出の功労者\". 千葉史学 / 千葉歴史学会 編 (in Japanese) (54): 96–100. Retrieved 4 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1520572357963114368","url_text":"\"本多忠勝(一五四八～一六一〇)--徳川幕府創出の功労者\""}]},{"reference":"つまみライチ さん (2023). \"本多忠勝ってどんな人？　名言や逸話からその人物像に迫る\" [What kind of person is Honda Tadakatsu? Get to know the person through famous quotes and anecdotes]. sengoku-his.com. sengoku-his.com. Retrieved 26 May 2024. \"Honda Family History Book\" (Donated by Munetaka Tokugawa, manuscript (year unknown), Tokyo National Museum Digital Library); \"Mikawa Gofudoki Seishon Daizen\" (1992, Shinjinjin Oraisha); Shigemi Okaya, \"A Record of Famous Generals' Comments\" (1909, National Diet Library Digital Archive); Masaatsu Hotta \"Kansei Chushun Sho Kafu\" (National Diet Library Digital Archive); Shinei Negishi \"Ear Bag\" (1991, Iwanami Shoten); Tadafuyu Matsudaira \"Ietada Diary Expansion Added\" (Yonezawa Municipal Library Digital Library)","urls":[{"url":"https://sengoku-his.com/2073","url_text":"\"本多忠勝ってどんな人？　名言や逸話からその人物像に迫る\""}]},{"reference":"Tojin (2019). \"「本多忠勝」戦国最強と称される猛将の生涯と実像とは？\" [“Honda Tadakatsu” What is the life and true image of the fierce general known as the strongest in the Sengoku period?]. sengoku-his.com. sengoku-his.com. Retrieved 26 May 2024. Hiroyuki Shiba, \"Domination of the territory by the feudal lords of the Tokugawa clan during the Sengoku period and Oritoyo period\", Iwata Shoin, 2014; Masuo Senmoto, Encyclopedia of Tokugawa Ieyasu's Vassals, Tokyodo Publishing, 2015; Hiroyuki Kikuchi, \"The Mystery of the Tokugawa Vassals\" Kadokawa publishing, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://sengoku-his.com/557","url_text":"\"「本多忠勝」戦国最強と称される猛将の生涯と実像とは？\""}]},{"reference":"Tadachika Kuwata (1965). 日本の合戦. 第5巻 (織田信長) [Battle of Japan Volume 5 (Oda Nobunaga)] (in Japanese). Tokyo: 人物往来社. p. 207. Retrieved 23 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://ndlsearch.ndl.go.jp/books/R100000002-I000000867858","url_text":"日本の合戦. 第5巻 (織田信長)"}]},{"reference":"Norikazu Shingyō (1975). Ikkō ikki no kiso kōzō (in Japanese). Yoshikawa Kobunkan. p. 66. Retrieved 15 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZZUKAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"Ikkō ikki no kiso kōzō"}]},{"reference":"新行紀一; 笠原一男 (1975). 一向一揆の基礎構造 三河一揆と松平氏 [Basic structure of Ikko Ikki Mikawa Ikki and the Matsudaira clan]. 吉川弘文館. ISBN 9784642067041. Retrieved 15 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kosho.or.jp/products/detail.php?product_id=157914176","url_text":"一向一揆の基礎構造 三河一揆と松平氏"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9784642067041","url_text":"9784642067041"}]},{"reference":"堀田, 正敦 (1923). \"蜂屋氏\". 寛政重脩諸家譜 第2輯. 國民圖書. pp. 590–591.","urls":[{"url":"https://ndlsearch.ndl.go.jp/books/R100000039-I1879033","url_text":"寛政重脩諸家譜 第2輯"}]},{"reference":"大口喜六 (1937). 国史上より観たる豊橋地方 (in Japanese). Keio University. Retrieved 8 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=u4VoijkKdTwC","url_text":"国史上より観たる豊橋地方"}]},{"reference":"大日本人名辞書 (in Japanese). 經濟雜誌社. 1900. p. 39. Retrieved 8 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=y2wLAQAAMAAJ","url_text":"大日本人名辞書"}]},{"reference":"大日本人名辭書 Volume 3. 大日本人名辭書刊行會. 1937. Retrieved 8 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lJXRAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"大日本人名辭書 Volume 3"}]},{"reference":"Ozaki Akira (2009). 千葉史学 no 54本多忠勝(一五四八～一六一〇)--徳川幕府創出の功労者 (房総に生きた人びとと歴史 ; 近世) [Chiba History Magazine no. 54: Honda Tadakatsu (1548-1610) -- Person who contributed to the creation of the Tokugawa shogunate (People and history who lived in Bōsō; early modern times)] (in Japanese). Chiba Historical Society. pp. 96–100. Retrieved 19 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://ndlsearch.ndl.go.jp/books/R000000004-I10334838","url_text":"千葉史学 no 54本多忠勝(一五四八～一六一〇)--徳川幕府創出の功労者 (房総に生きた人びとと歴史 ; 近世)"}]},{"reference":"Turnbull, Stephen (1987). Battles of the Samurai. Arms and Armour Press. p. 62. ISBN 0853688265.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0853688265","url_text":"0853688265"}]},{"reference":"Mitsutoshi Takayanagi; Tadachika Kuwata (1965). 織田信長 (in Japanese). 人物往来社. p. 109. Retrieved 4 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ge0lAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"織田信長"}]},{"reference":"Kazuo Kasahara (笠原一男) (1992). 物語日本の歴史 16: 天下びとの時代 (in Japanese). 木耳社. p. 193. ISBN 4839375682. Retrieved 22 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.rakuten.co.jp/rb/514911/","url_text":"物語日本の歴史 16: 天下びとの時代"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/4839375682","url_text":"4839375682"}]},{"reference":"Watanabe Daimon (2023). \"「どうする家康」姉川の戦いにおける、真柄直隆と本多忠勝の一騎打ち\". yahoo.co.jp/expert/articles/ (in Japanese). 渡邊大門 無断転載を禁じます。 © LY Corporation. Retrieved 3 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.yahoo.co.jp/expert/articles/3faf16ae7efeb489d4087c6e309880eb79d18eee","url_text":"\"「どうする家康」姉川の戦いにおける、真柄直隆と本多忠勝の一騎打ち\""}]},{"reference":"村上郷土史 【新潟県】 (in Japanese). 村上本町教育委員会編纂. 1932. p. 90. Retrieved 5 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://lab.ndl.go.jp/dl/book/1178732?page=90","url_text":"村上郷土史 【新潟県】"}]},{"reference":"Mitsutoshi Takayanagi (1958). 戰國戰記 (in Japanese). 春秋社. 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ISBN 9784003317365.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iwanami.co.jp/book/b246197.html","url_text":"名将言行録"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9784003317365","url_text":"9784003317365"}]},{"reference":"Turnbull, Stephen (2000). The Samurai Sourcebook. London: Cassell & C0. pp. 222–223. ISBN 1854095234.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1854095234","url_text":"1854095234"}]},{"reference":"Conrad Totman (1983). Tokugawa Ieyasu, Shogun A Biography (Paperback). Heian. p. 38. ISBN 9780893462109. Retrieved 4 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrad_Totman","url_text":"Conrad Totman"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yt5xAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Tokugawa Ieyasu, Shogun A Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780893462109","url_text":"9780893462109"}]},{"reference":"Japan Weekly Mail. Jappan Mēru Shinbunsha. 1876. p. 576. Retrieved 9 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mm0kR5ldVLYC","url_text":"Japan Weekly Mail"}]},{"reference":"Murata Shuzo; Hattori Hideo (2000). 都道府県別日本の中世城館調査報告書集成 [Collection of Japanese medieval castle survey reports by prefecture] (in Japanese). 東洋書林. p. 418. ISBN 4887214324. Retrieved 22 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/ncid/BA49003233","url_text":"都道府県別日本の中世城館調査報告書集成"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/4887214324","url_text":"4887214324"}]},{"reference":"Shin Jinbutsu Ōraisha (2007). 歴史読本, Volume 52, Issue 3 [History Reader , Volume 52, Masalah] (in Japanese). 新人物往来社. p. 92. Retrieved 22 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.co.id/books?id=v1ozAQAAIAAJ&q=","url_text":"歴史読本, Volume 52, Issue 3"}]},{"reference":"煎本 増夫 (1979). 幕藩体制成立史の研究 [Research on the history of the establishment of the Shogunate system] (in Japanese). 雄山閣出版. p. 94. Retrieved 15 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://bookmeter.com/books/1502589","url_text":"幕藩体制成立史の研究"}]},{"reference":"Naito Family Documents Study Group (1972). 譜代藩の研究 : 譜代内藤藩の藩政と藩領 [Research on the Fudai domain: the government and domain of the Fudai Naito domain] (in Japanese). Meiji University. p. 44. Retrieved 15 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://ndlsearch.ndl.go.jp/books/R100000002-I000001212352","url_text":"譜代藩の研究 : 譜代内藤藩の藩政と藩領"}]},{"reference":"Turnbull, Stephen (1977). The Samurai. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc. pp. 156–160. ISBN 9780026205405.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780026205405","url_text":"9780026205405"}]},{"reference":"最強の教訓！ 日本史 (in Japanese). 株式会社ＰＨＰ研究所. 2021. p. 43. ASIN 4569901298.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Standard_Identification_Number","url_text":"ASIN"},{"url":"https://www.amazon.co.jp/dp/4569901298","url_text":"4569901298"}]},{"reference":"Kawaii Atsushi (2022). 徳川家康と9つの危機 (in Japanese). 株式会社ＰＨＰ研究所. Retrieved 8 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=J4yIEAAAQBAJ","url_text":"徳川家康と9つの危機"}]},{"reference":"Kawaii Atsushi (12 February 2023). \"｢大量の鉄砲が武田の騎馬隊を蹴散らした｣はウソである…最新の研究でわかった長篠の戦いの本当の姿\". PRESIDENT Online (in Japanese). PRESIDENT Inc. Retrieved 8 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://president.jp/articles/-/66303?page=3","url_text":"\"｢大量の鉄砲が武田の騎馬隊を蹴散らした｣はウソである…最新の研究でわかった長篠の戦いの本当の姿\""}]},{"reference":"Takayanagi Mitsutoshi (1958). \"[2] Nagashino no tatakai\". 戰國戰記 [Sengoku senki] (in Japanese). Tokyo: Shunjūsha. p. この話は内藤隊が家康の陣所に向かって攻撃をした ... Retrieved 18 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://searchworks-lb.stanford.edu/view/6278849","url_text":"戰國戰記"}]},{"reference":"Atsushi Kawai (河合敦) (2023). \"関ヶ原に遅れた秀忠を榊原康政が懲罰覚悟でかばった深い理由…トップ継承の長期的ビジョンを持つ真の忠臣\". president.jp (in Japanese). PRESIDENT Inc. pp. 1–4. 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Retrieved 19 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://ndlsearch.ndl.go.jp/books/R100000002-I000001222955","url_text":"武徳編年集成"}]},{"reference":"Motonao Narushima; Tadachika Kuwata; Takehisa Udagawa (1976). 改正三河後風土記 Volume 2 [Revised Mikawa Go Fudoki Volume 2] (in Japanese). 秋田書店. p. 110.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"デジタル版 日本人名大辞典+Plus「岡部長教」の解説\". kotobank. Retrieved 20 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://kotobank.jp/word/%E5%B2%A1%E9%83%A8%E9%95%B7%E6%95%99-1062236","url_text":"\"デジタル版 日本人名大辞典+Plus「岡部長教」の解説\""}]},{"reference":"Toshikazu Komiyama (1981). \"戦国大名家臣の徳川家臣化について\" [Regarding the transformation of Sengoku daimyo vassals into Tokugawa vassals]. --戦国大名武田家家臣を事例として =A case study of Sengoku daimyo Takeda family vassals (in Japanese). Retrieved 23 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.meicho.co.jp/?pid=1047105","url_text":"\"戦国大名家臣の徳川家臣化について\""}]},{"reference":"Toshikazu Komiyama (2004). \"戦国大名家臣の徳川家臣化について　戦国大名武田家家臣を事例として」\" [About turning Sengoku daimyo vassals into Tokugawa vassals: Using the Sengoku daimyo Takeda family vassals as an example]. collection of essays (in Japanese). 1 (26). Retrieved 23 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://ndlsearch.ndl.go.jp/books/R000000016-I2008882746","url_text":"\"戦国大名家臣の徳川家臣化について　戦国大名武田家家臣を事例として」\""}]},{"reference":"山梨県史の刊行・訂正・補足情報 [Yamanashi Prefectural History Materials 6 Medieval Period 3 Lower Prefectural Records] (in Japanese). Retrieved 23 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pref.yamanashi.jp/bunka/kikaku/kenshi.html","url_text":"山梨県史の刊行・訂正・補足情報"}]},{"reference":"Fujiki Hisashi (2005). 刀狩り: 武器を封印した民衆 (in Japanese). 岩波書店. p. 29･30. ISBN 4004309654. Kunio Yanagita \"History of Japanese Farmers\"","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/4004309654","url_text":"4004309654"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunio_Yanagita","url_text":"Kunio Yanagita"}]},{"reference":"Kirino Sakuto (2001). 真説本能寺 (学研M文庫 R き 2-2) (in Japanese). 学研プラス. pp. 218–9. ISBN 4059010421. Tadashi Ishikawa quote","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/4059010421","url_text":"4059010421"}]},{"reference":"Mitsuhisa Takayanagi (1958). 戦国戦記本能寺の変・山崎の戦 (1958年) (in Japanese). 春秋社. p. 65. Retrieved 9 May 2024. Luís Fróis;History of Japan..; Nihon Yoso-kai Annual Report\", Japanese historical materials also show that Ieyasu distributed a large amount of gold and silver to his subordinates) A certain \" Ishikawa Tadashi Sosho","urls":[{"url":"https://ndlsearch.ndl.go.jp/books/R100000039-I2973958","url_text":"戦国戦記本能寺の変・山崎の戦 (1958年)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_Fr%C3%B3is","url_text":"Luís Fróis"}]},{"reference":"藤田達生 (2005). \"「神君伊賀越え」再考\". 愛知県史研究. 9. 愛知県: 1–15. doi:10.24707/aichikenshikenkyu.9.0_1.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.24707/aichikenshikenkyu.9.0_1","url_text":"\"「神君伊賀越え」再考\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.24707%2Faichikenshikenkyu.9.0_1","url_text":"10.24707/aichikenshikenkyu.9.0_1"}]},{"reference":"Masahiko Iwasawa (1968). \"(Editorial) Regarding the original of Ietada's diary\" (PDF). 東京大学史料編纂所報第２号. 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Retrieved 4 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://websv.aichi-pref-library.jp/wahon/detail/174.html","url_text":"Mikawa Go Fudoki Seisetsu Daizen Volume 42 & 43"}]},{"reference":"Fujita Tatsuo (2006). 小牧・長久手の戦いの構造 [Structure of the Battle of Komaki and Nagakute] (in Japanese). 岩田書院. p. 107. ISBN 4-87294-422-4. Retrieved 14 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iwata-shoin.co.jp/bookdata/ISBN4-87294-422-4.htm","url_text":"小牧・長久手の戦いの構造"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-87294-422-4","url_text":"4-87294-422-4"}]},{"reference":"神谷存心 (1889). 小牧陣始末記(日本戦史材料 ; 第1巻) [The story of the end of the Komaki camp (Japanese military history materials; Volume 1)] (in Japanese). Tokyo: 武蔵吉彰. Retrieved 14 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://ndlsearch.ndl.go.jp/books/R100000002-I000000431253","url_text":"小牧陣始末記(日本戦史材料 ; 第1巻)"}]},{"reference":"Kimura Takaatsu. Naotoki, Tamaru (ed.). 武徳編年集成 (in Japanese). 拙修斎. Retrieved 14 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.digital.archives.go.jp/file/1217291.html","url_text":"武徳編年集成"}]},{"reference":"Narushima shichoku; Udagawa Takehisa; kuwata tadachika (1976). 改正三河後風土記 Volume 1 [Revised Mikawa Go Fudoki Volume 1] (in Japanese). 秋田書店. p. 197. Retrieved 14 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-IEzAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"改正三河後風土記 Volume 1"}]},{"reference":"Okanoya Shigezane (2007). Shogun and Samurai Tales of Nobunaga, Hideyoshi, and Ieyasu. Translated by Andrew and Yoshiko Dykstra. Mānoa: University of Hawaiʻi; Japanese Literature Translations by Yoshiko K. Dykstra. p. 147. Retrieved 2 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/0d434090-1065-4bc9-ab1f-31611d094ba2/content","url_text":"Shogun and Samurai Tales of Nobunaga, Hideyoshi, and Ieyasu"}]},{"reference":"Daimon, Watanabe. \"家臣が出奔するというピンチをチャンスに変えた、徳川家康の先見性とは\". yahoo.co.jp/expert/articles/ (in Japanese). 渡邊大門 無断転載を禁じます。 © LY Corporation. Retrieved 2 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.yahoo.co.jp/expert/articles/a826d1080466b78200a81bb25683c64862298924","url_text":"\"家臣が出奔するというピンチをチャンスに変えた、徳川家康の先見性とは\""}]},{"reference":"Tetsuo Nakamura; Kazuo Murayama (1991). 徳川四天王: 精強家康軍団奮闘譜 歴史群像シリーズ22号. 学研プラス. pp. 111, 125. ISBN 4051053679.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/4051053679","url_text":"4051053679"}]},{"reference":"松本諒士 (1996). 築城 覇者と天下普請 [Castle construction: The turret and the nation's construction] (in Japanese). 理工学社. p. 209. ISBN 4844591053. Retrieved 25 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.book61.co.jp/book.php/N81551","url_text":"築城 覇者と天下普請"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/4844591053","url_text":"4844591053"}]},{"reference":"Kōya Nakamura (1965). 家康傳 [Ieyasu den] (in Japanese). 講談社. p. 1965. Retrieved 19 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nypl.org/research/research-catalog/bib/b14943698","url_text":"家康傳"}]},{"reference":"Yabe Kentaro (2011). 秀吉の小田原出兵と「清華成」大名 [The siege of Odawara by Toyotomi Hideyoshi and the Seiga-Nari Daimyo] (in Japanese). Kokugakuin University. pp. 131–59. Retrieved 19 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://ndlsearch.ndl.go.jp/books/R000000004-I11018913","url_text":"秀吉の小田原出兵と「清華成」大名"}]},{"reference":"\"Mangi Castle[Castle Special Topic Japanese History]\". jp-history.info. Shiroyama Mangi Isumi-shi Chiba (Mangi Castle Ruin Park): Japanese Castle Guide. 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Retrieved 2007-03-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120128222646/http://www.asahi-net.or.jp/~me4k-skri/han/kantou/ootaki.html","url_text":"\"大多喜藩\""},{"url":"http://www.asahi-net.or.jp/~me4k-skri/han/kantou/ootaki.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"中嶋次太郎 (1966). 徳川家臣団の研究 [Study of the Tokugawa Vassals]. 吉川弘文館.","urls":[]},{"reference":"柴裕之 (2012), \"豊臣政権の関東仕置と徳川領国―本多忠勝の上総万喜入城を通じて―\", in 佐藤博信 (ed.), 中世房総と東国社会, 岩田書院, ISBN 978-4-87294-739-7","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-87294-739-7","url_text":"978-4-87294-739-7"}]},{"reference":"Shigeo Negishi (2000). 近世武家社会の形成と構造 [Formation and structure of early modern samurai society - Volume 1] (in Japanese). 吉川弘文館. p. 68. 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Dictionnaire d'histoire et de géographie du Japon (in French). p. 199.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Papinot","url_text":"Papinot, Edmond"},{"url":"https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6548379d","url_text":"Dictionnaire d'histoire et de géographie du Japon"}]},{"reference":"\"朝日日本歴史人物事典「本多忠勝」の解説\". kotobank. Retrieved 23 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://kotobank.jp/word/%E6%9C%AC%E5%A4%9A%E5%BF%A0%E5%8B%9D-15019","url_text":"\"朝日日本歴史人物事典「本多忠勝」の解説\""}]},{"reference":"Yoshiaki Kusudo (2017). 戦国武将「お墓」でわかる意外な真実 (in Japanese). 株式会社ＰＨＰ研究所. Retrieved 22 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.php.co.jp/books/detail.php?isbn=978-4-569-76789-5","url_text":"戦国武将「お墓」でわかる意外な真実"}]},{"reference":"中川昌久. 武備神木抄. 内閣文庫和書和書(多聞櫓文書を除く）. Retrieved 5 May 2024. Acceptable: CC0 (CC0 1.0 Worldwide Public domain provided)","urls":[{"url":"https://www.digital.archives.go.jp/file/1233637.html","url_text":"武備神木抄"}]},{"reference":"Kaoruko Uno (14 June 2022). \"榊原康政～徳川四天王、部隊の指揮に優れ能筆家で、井伊直政・本多忠勝とは特に仲が良かったとされています。\". akechi1582 (in Japanese). 歴史探索. Retrieved 5 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://akechi1582.com/16345/","url_text":"\"榊原康政～徳川四天王、部隊の指揮に優れ能筆家で、井伊直政・本多忠勝とは特に仲が良かったとされています。\""}]},{"reference":"\"黒糸威胴丸具足〈鹿角脇立兜・小具足付／（本多忠勝所用）〉\" [Kuroito Idomaru Gusoku〈Kazuno side standing helmet and accessory feet included/(for Honda Tadakatsu office)〉]. kunishitei.bunka.go.jp (in Japanese). Aichi prefecture, Japan: Agency for Cultural Affairs, Government of Japan. 1977. Retrieved 19 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://kunishitei.bunka.go.jp/heritage/detail/201/7158","url_text":"\"黒糸威胴丸具足〈鹿角脇立兜・小具足付／（本多忠勝所用）〉\""}]},{"reference":"Kanzan Satō (1983). The Japanese Sword (Hardcover). Kodansha International. p. 64. ISBN 978-0-87011-562-2. 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Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 160. ISBN 9781588393456. Retrieved 8 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FmLpLkEj1LgC","url_text":"Art of the Samurai Japanese Arms and Armor, 1156-1868"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781588393456","url_text":"9781588393456"}]},{"reference":"\"Kagemuša\". csfd.cz (in Czech). Česko-Slovenská filmová databáze. Retrieved 8 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.csfd.cz/film/5428-kagemusa/prehled/","url_text":"\"Kagemuša\""}]},{"reference":"\"Honda Tadakatsu\". rok.guide. Rise of Kingdoms. 2021. Retrieved 8 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rok.guide/commander/honda-tadakatsu/","url_text":"\"Honda Tadakatsu\""}]},{"reference":"Akira Imatani (1993). 天皇と天下人. 新人物往来社. ISBN 4404020732. Akira Imatani\"Practice of attacking fallen warriors\"; 2000; p.153 chapter 4","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/4404020732","url_text":"4404020732"}]},{"reference":"\"Tadakatsu Honda\". Kuwana-city Tourist guide. Kuwana-City. Retrieved April 30, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://kanko.city.kuwana.mie.jp/t-en/history/tadakatsu/index.html","url_text":"\"Tadakatsu Honda\""}]},{"reference":"Arthur Lindsay Sadler (2014). The Maker of Modern Japan The Life of Tokugawa Ieyasu. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781136924705. 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ISBN 9781849085755. Retrieved 9 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Turnbull_(historian)","url_text":"Stephen Turnbull"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=gT23CwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Tokugawa Ieyasu"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781849085755","url_text":"9781849085755"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Berwick_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)
North Berwick (Parliament of Scotland constituency)
["1 List of burgh commissioners","2 References","3 See also"]
North Berwick in Haddingtonshire was a royal burgh that returned one commissioner to the Parliament of Scotland and to the Convention of Estates. After the Acts of Union 1707, North Berwick, Dunbar, Haddington, Jedburgh and Lauder formed the Haddington district of burghs, returning one member between them to the House of Commons of Great Britain. List of burgh commissioners This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (November 2014) 1639–41, 1643–44, 1644–45: George Home of Wedderburn 1649–51: John Levington 1661-63: Adam Maxwell, merchant-burgess 1665 convention: George Trotter 1667 convention: not represented 1669–74: Sir Andrew Ramsay of Abbotshall 1678 convention, 1681–82, 1685–86: Charles Maitland, merchant-burgess, bailie 1689 convention, 1689–98: Sir Thomas Steuart of Coltness (died 1698) 1698–1702: Sir Robert Stewart of Allanbank 1702–07: Sir Hew Dalrymple of North Berwick References ^ G. E. C., The Complete Baronetage, volume II (1902) p. 442. ^ Parliamentary Papers, Volume 62, Part 2. p. 570. ^ Parliamentary Papers, Volume 62, Part 2. p. 573. ^ Parliamentary Papers, Volume 62, Part 2. p. 576. ^ Complete Baronetage, vol. IV (1904) p. 273. ^ Parliamentary Papers, Volume 62, Part 2. p. 583,585,587. ^ Complete Baronetage, vol. IV, pp. 375–6. ^ Complete Baronetage, vol. IV, p. 353. ^ Complete Baronetage, vol. IV, p. 381. See also List of constituencies in the Parliament of Scotland at the time of the Union vteConstituencies of the Parliament of Scotland before the Act of Union 1707Burghs Aberdeen Annan Anstruther Easter Anstruther Wester Arbroath Auchterarder Ayr Banff Berwick Brechin Burntisland Campbeltown Crail Cromarty Cullen Culross Cupar Dingwall Dornoch Dumbarton Dumfries Dunbar Dundee Dunfermline Dysart Edinburgh Elgin Forfar Forres Fortrose Glasgow Haddington Inveraray Inverbervie Inverkeithing Inverness Inverurie Irvine Jedburgh Kilrenny Kinghorn Kintore Kirkcaldy Kirkcudbright Kirkwall Lanark Lauder Linlithgow Lochmaben Montrose Nairn New Galloway North Berwick Peebles Perth Pittenweem Queensferry Renfrew Rothesay Rutherglen St Andrews Sanquhar Selkirk Stirling Stranraer Tain Whithorn Wick Wigtown Shires Aberdeen Argyll Ayr Banff Berwick Bute Caithness Clackmannan Cromarty Dumbarton Dumfries Edinburgh Elgin and Forres Fife Forfar Haddington Inverness Kincardine Kinross Kirkcudbright Lanark Linlithgow Nairn Orkney and Shetland Peebles Perth Renfrew Ross Roxburgh Selkirk Stirling Sutherland Tarbert Wigtown   This Scottish history-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article related to the politics of Scotland is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This former constituency in the United Kingdom or its predecessor states article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Acts of Union 1707","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707"},{"link_name":"Dunbar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunbar_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Haddington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haddington_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Jedburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jedburgh_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Lauder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauder_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Haddington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haddington_Burghs_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"district of burghs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_of_burghs"},{"link_name":"House of Commons of Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Great_Britain"}],"text":"After the Acts of Union 1707, North Berwick, Dunbar, Haddington, Jedburgh and Lauder formed the Haddington district of burghs, returning one member between them to the House of Commons of Great Britain.","title":"North Berwick (Parliament of Scotland constituency)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wedderburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wedderburn_Castle"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Sir Andrew Ramsay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Andrew_Ramsay,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Sir Thomas Steuart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sir_Thomas_Steuart,_1st_Baronet,_of_Coltness&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Coltness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coltness"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Sir Robert Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Robert_Stewart,_1st_Baronet,_of_Allanbank"},{"link_name":"Allanbank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allanbank"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Sir Hew Dalrymple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hew_Dalrymple,_Lord_North_Berwick"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"1639–41, 1643–44, 1644–45: George Home of Wedderburn[1]\n1649–51: John Levington [2]\n1661-63: Adam Maxwell, merchant-burgess [3]\n1665 convention: George Trotter [4]\n1667 convention: not represented\n1669–74: Sir Andrew Ramsay of Abbotshall[5]\n1678 convention, 1681–82, 1685–86: Charles Maitland, merchant-burgess, bailie [6]\n1689 convention, 1689–98: Sir Thomas Steuart of Coltness (died 1698)[7]\n1698–1702: Sir Robert Stewart of Allanbank[8]\n1702–07: Sir Hew Dalrymple of North Berwick[9]","title":"List of burgh commissioners"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"Parliamentary Papers, Volume 62, Part 2. p. 570.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Parliamentary Papers, Volume 62, Part 2. p. 573.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Parliamentary Papers, Volume 62, Part 2. p. 576.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Parliamentary Papers, Volume 62, Part 2. p. 583,585,587.","urls":[]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1868_New_York_state_election
1868 New York state election
["1 History","2 Result","3 Notes","4 Sources","5 See also"]
1868 New York gubernatorial election ← 1866 November 3, 1868 1870 →   Nominee John T. Hoffman John Augustus Griswold Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 439,301 411,355 Percentage 51.64% 48.36% Governor before election Reuben E. Fenton Republican Elected Governor John T. Hoffman Democratic Elections in New York State Federal government Presidential elections 1792 1796 1800 1804 1808 1812 1816 1820 1824 1828 1832 1836 1840 1844 1848 1852 1856 1860 1864 1868 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 Dem 2004 Dem 2008 Dem GOP 2012 2016 Dem GOP 2020 Dem 2024 Dem GOP U.S. Senate 1789 1791 1795 1796 sp 1797 Jan 1798 sp Aug 1798 sp Apr 1800 sp Nov 1800 sp 1801 1802 sp 1803 Feb 1804 sp Nov 1804 sp 1807 1809 1813 1815 1819–20 1821 1825–26 1827 1829 sp 1831 1833 1833 sp 1837 1839–40 1843 1845 sp 1849 1851 1855 1857 1861 1863 1867 1869 1873 1875 1879 1881 1881 sp 1885 1887 1891 1893 1897 1899 1903 1905 1909 1911 1914 1916 1920 1922 1926 1928 1932 1934 1938 1938 sp 1940 1944 1946 1949 sp 1950 1952 1956 1958 1962 1964 1968 1970 1974 1976 1980 1982 1986 1988 1992 1994 1998 2000 2004 2006 2010 2010 sp 2012 2016 2018 2022 2024 U.S. House 1789 1790 1791 1st sp 1793 1794 1796 1798 1799 1st sp 1800 1801 5th sp 1801 6th sp 1802 1803 6th sp 1803 7th sp 1804 1st sp 2nd and 3rd sp 1805 2nd and 3rd sp 1806 1808 12th sp 1810 2nd sp 1812 6th sp 1813 15th sp 1813 2nd sp 1814 1815 6th sp 1815 12th sp 1816 20th sp 21st sp 1817 4th sp 1818 1821 6th sp 1821 9th sp 1822 1823 28th sp 1824 1826 1827 29th sp 1828 5th sp 1830 6th sp 20th sp 1832 1834 1836 17th sp 30th sp 1838 1840 1841 26th May sp 26th Nov sp 1842 1844 1846 12th sp 1848 1850 1852 1854 12th sp 1856 1858 1859 4th sp 1860 31st sp 1862 1863 14th sp 1864 1866 1868 1870 1872 1874 1876 1878 1879 12th sp 1880 32nd sp 1881 9th sp 11th sp 22nd sp 1881 27th sp 1882 1884 1885 8th sp 1886 15th sp 1888 1889 6th sp 9th sp 27th sp 1890 1891 2nd sp 10th sp 1891 12th sp 22nd sp 1892 1894 14th sp 15th sp 1895 10th sp 1896 1897 3rd sp 1898 1899 34th sp 1900 1902 26th sp 1904 12th sp 1906 8th sp 1908 3rd sp 1910 1912 26th sp 1913 13th sp 20th sp 1914 1915 31st sp 1916 1917 15th sp 1918 7th sp 8th sp 21st sp 22nd sp 1920 14th sp 26th sp 1922 1923 11th sp 16th sp 19th sp 24th sp 32nd sp 1924 1926 1927 35th sp 1928 32nd sp 1929 21st sp 1930 18th sp 1931 7th sp 9th sp 1932 1933 34th sp 1934 1935 2nd sp 22nd sp 1936 1937 27th sp 17th sp 25th sp 1938 1939 34th sp 1940 14th sp 22nd sp 31st sp 1941 14th sp 17th sp 1942 1944 4th sp 11th sp 21st sp 1946 19th sp 1947 14th sp 1948 24th sp 1949 7th sp 10th sp 20th sp 1950 1952 5th sp 32nd sp 1954 1956 22nd sp 1958 1959 43rd sp 1960 23rd sp 1962 6th sp 1964 1966 17th sp 1968 13th sp 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 18th sp 21st sp 1980 1982 1983 7th sp 1984 1986 6th sp 1988 1990 14th sp 18th sp 1992 17th sp 1994 1996 1997 13th sp 1998 6th sp 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2009 20th sp 23rd sp 2010 29th sp 2011 9th sp 26th sp 2012 2014 2015 11th sp 2016 2018 14th 25th sp 2020 27th sp 2022 19th sp 23rd sp 2024 3rd sp 26th sp State government New York gubernatorial elections 1777 1780 1783 1786 1789 1792 1795 1798 1801 1804 1807 1810 1813 1816 1817 1820 1822 1824 1826 1828 1830 1832 1834 1836 1838 1840 1842 1844 1846 1848 1850 1852 1854 1856 1858 1860 1862 1864 1866 1868 1870 1872 1874 1876 1879 1882 1885 1888 1891 1894 1896 1898 1900 1902 1904 1906 1908 1910 1912 1914 1916 1918 1920 1922 1924 1926 1928 1930 1932 1934 1936 1938 1942 1946 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 Attorney General elections 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 State Comptroller elections 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 State Senate elections 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 State Assembly elections 99th district, 2006 2008 2016 2018 2020 2022 State elections by year 1811-LtGSE 1844 1846 1847-JSE 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1870–JSE 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1900 1902 1903 1904 1906 1907 1908 1910 1912 1913 1914 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1926 1927 1928 1930 1932 1933 1934 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1942 1943 1944 1946 1949 1950 1952 1953 1954 1956 1958 1959 1960 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1972 1973 1974 2002 2006 2008 2009 2010 2012 2016 2018 2020 2021 2022 New York City Mayoral elections Pre-consolidation: 1886 Post-consolidation: 1917 1921 1925 1929 1932 1933 1937 1941 1945 1950 1953 1957 1961 1965 1969 1973 1977 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013 2017 2021 City Council elections Pre-consolidation: 1808 Post-consolidation: 1897 1899 1901 1903 1905 1907 1909 1911 1913 1915 1917 1919 1921 1923 1925 1927 1929 1931 1933 1935 1937 1939 1941 1943 1945 1949 1953 1957 1961 1965 1969 1973 1977 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013 2017 2021 Public Advocate elections 1897 1901 1905 1909 1913 1917 1921 1925 1929 1933 1937 1941 1945 1949 1953 1957 1961 1965 1969 1973 1977 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013 2017 2019 (special) 2019 2021 Comptroller elections 1897 1901 1905 1909 1913 1917 1921 1925 1929 1933 1937 1941 1945 1949 1953 1957 1961 1965 1969 1973 1977 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013 2017 2021 Borough president elections 1897 1901 1905 1909 1913 1917 1921 1925 1929 1933 1937 1941 1945 1949 1953 1957 1961 1965 1969 1973 1977 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013 2017 2021 The Bronx Brooklyn Manhattan Queens Staten Island Albany Mayoral elections 2005 2009 2013 2017 2021 Buffalo Mayoral elections 1881 1977 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013 2017 2021 Rochester Mayoral elections 1997 2001 2005 2009 2011 sp 2013 2017 2021 Syracuse Mayoral elections 2009 2013 2017 2021 vteThe 1868 New York state election was held on November 3, 1868, to elect the governor, the lieutenant governor, a Canal Commissioner, an Inspector of State Prisons and the Clerk of the Court of Appeals, as well as all members of the New York State Assembly. History The Republican state convention met on July 8 at Syracuse, New York. Henry Smith was Temporary Chairman until the choice of John Cochrane as president. John A. Griswold was nominated for governor on the first ballot (vote: Griswold 247, Horace Greeley 95, Stewart L. Woodford 36). Alonzo B. Cornell was nominated for lieutenant governor on the first ballot (vote: Cornell 219, Augustus Frank 88, Franz Sigel 6). Alexander Barkley for Canal Commissioner, the incumbent Prison Inspector Henry A. Barnum, and Campbell H. Young for Clerk of the Court of Appeals, were nominated by acclamation. The Democratic state convention met on September 2 and 3 at Tweddle Hall in Albany, New York. H. O. Cheesbro was temporary chairman until the choice of Robert Earl as president. Mayor of New York City John T. Hoffman, the Democratic candidate of 1866, was nominated again for governor by acclamation. Allen C. Beach was nominated for lieutenant governor after an informal ballot (vote: Beach 68, Albert P. Lanning 47, William J. Averill 9, S. T. Ahnot 1). A German Democratic state convention met on September 2 at Schreiber's Hotel in Albany, New York with Henry Clausenger as president, and endorsed the nomination of John T. Hoffman for governor. Result The whole Democratic ticket was elected. The incumbent Barnum was defeated. 75 Republicans and 53 Democrats were elected for the session of 1869 to the New York State Assembly. This was the last time the Clerk of the Court of Appeals was elected. At this time, the term was three years, and the next election of the Clerk would occur in 1871, but in 1870 the Court of Appeals was re-organized and the office became appointive. 1868 state election results Office Democratic ticket Republican ticket Governor John T. Hoffman 439,301 John A. Griswold 411,355 Lieutenant Governor Allen C. Beach 439,327 Alonzo B. Cornell 411,670 Canal Commissioner Oliver Bascom 439,126 Alexander Barkley 411,522 Inspector of State Prisons David B. McNeil 438,784 Henry A. Barnum 411,850 Clerk of the Court of Appeals Edwin O. Perrin 438,357 Campbell H. Young 412,080 Notes ^ THE SYRACUSE CONVENTION in NYT on July 9, 1868 ^ POLITICAL AFFAIRS,; Proceedings of the Democratic State Convention in NYT on September 3, 1868 ^ POLITICAL AFFAIRS.; Convention of German Democrats in NYT on September 3, 1868 ^ Campbell H. Young was the incumbent Deputy Clerk. Sources Result in The Tribune Almanac for 1869 compiled by Horace Greeley of the New York Tribune Result: Official Canvass of the Vote on the State Ticket of New-York in NYT on December 8, 1868 See also New York gubernatorial elections vteElections in New York (state)General 1844 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1900 1902 1903 1904 1906 1907 1908 1910 1912 1913 1914 1916 1917 1918 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1926 1927 1928 1930 1932 1933 1934 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1942 1943 1944 1946 1949 1950 1952 1953 1954 1956 1958 1959 1960 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1972 1973 1974 1976 1988 2002 2006 2008 2010 2012 2016 2018 2020 2021 2022 2023 U.S. President 1792 1796 1800 1804 1808 1812 1816 1820 1824 1828 1832 1836 1840 1844 1848 1852 1856 1860 1864 1868 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 U.S. SenateClass 1 1789 1791 1797 Jan. 1798 (Special) Aug. 1798 (Special) Apr. 1800 (Special) 1803 1804 (Special) 1809 1815 1821 1827 1829 (Special) 1833 1839–40 1845 1851 1857 1863 1869 1875 1881 1881 (Special) 1887 1893 1899 1905 1911 1916 1922 1928 1934 1938 (Special) 1940 1946 1952 1958 1964 1970 1976 1982 1988 1994 2000 2006 2010 (Special) 2012 2018 2024 Class 3 1789 1795 1796 (Special) Nov. 1800 (Special) 1801 1802 (Special) 1804 (Special) 1807 1813 1819–20 1825–26 1831 1833 (Special) 1837 1843 1845 (Special) 1849 1855 1861 1867 1873 1879 1881 (Special) 1885 1891 1897 1903 1909 1914 1920 1926 1932 1938 1944 1949 (Special) 1950 1956 1962 1968 1974 1980 1986 1992 1998 2004 2010 2016 2022 U.S. House 1789 1790 1793 1794 1796 1798 1800 1802 1804 1806 1808 1810 1812 1814 1816 1818 1821 1822 1824 1826 1828 1830 1832 1834 1836 1838 1840 1842 1844 1846 1848 1850 1852 1854 1856 1858 1860 1862 1864 1866 1868 1870 1872 1874 1876 1878 1880 1882 1884 1886 1888 1890 1892 1894 1896 1898 1900 1902 1904 1906 1908 1910 1912 1914 1916 1918 1920 1922 1924 1926 1928 1930 1932 1934 1936 1938 1940 1942 1944 1946 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 6th sp 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2009 20th sp 23rd sp 2010 29th 2011 9th sp 26th sp 2012 2014 2016 2018 14th 25th sp 22nd 2020 27th sp 2022 19th sp 23rd sp 2024 3rd sp 26th sp Governor andLieutenant Governor 1777 1780 1783 1786 1789 1792 1795 1798 1801 1804 1807 1810 1811 sp 1813 1816 1817 1820 1822 1824 1826 1828 1830 1832 1834 1836 1838 1840 1842 1844 1846 1848 1850 1852 1854 1856 1858 1860 1862 1864 1866 1868 1870 1872 1874 1876 1879 sp 1882 1898 1918 1920 1922 1924 1926 1928 1930 1932 1934 1936 1938 1942 1946 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 Attorney General 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 Comptroller 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 State LegislatureState Assembly 2008 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 State Senate 2008 2010 2012 2018 2020 2022 Judicial 1847 (Special) 1870 (Special) See also Political party strength in New York (state)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"lieutenant governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"Canal Commissioner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erie_Canal_Commission"},{"link_name":"Inspector of State Prisons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Prison_Inspector"},{"link_name":"Clerk of the Court of Appeals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clerk_of_the_New_York_Court_of_Appeals"},{"link_name":"New York State Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Assembly"}],"text":"The 1868 New York state election was held on November 3, 1868, to elect the governor, the lieutenant governor, a Canal Commissioner, an Inspector of State Prisons and the Clerk of the Court of Appeals, as well as all members of the New York State Assembly.","title":"1868 New York state election"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Syracuse, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syracuse,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Henry Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Smith_(speaker)"},{"link_name":"John Cochrane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cochrane_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Horace Greeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Greeley"},{"link_name":"Stewart L. Woodford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewart_L._Woodford"},{"link_name":"Augustus Frank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_Frank"},{"link_name":"Franz Sigel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Sigel"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Albany, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Robert Earl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Earl_(judge)"},{"link_name":"John T. Hoffman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_T._Hoffman"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Albany, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The Republican state convention met on July 8 at Syracuse, New York. Henry Smith was Temporary Chairman until the choice of John Cochrane as president. John A. Griswold was nominated for governor on the first ballot (vote: Griswold 247, Horace Greeley 95, Stewart L. Woodford 36). Alonzo B. Cornell was nominated for lieutenant governor on the first ballot (vote: Cornell 219, Augustus Frank 88, Franz Sigel 6). Alexander Barkley for Canal Commissioner, the incumbent Prison Inspector Henry A. Barnum, and Campbell H. Young for Clerk of the Court of Appeals, were nominated by acclamation.[1]The Democratic state convention met on September 2 and 3 at Tweddle Hall in Albany, New York. H. O. Cheesbro was temporary chairman until the choice of Robert Earl as president. Mayor of New York City John T. Hoffman, the Democratic candidate of 1866, was nominated again for governor by acclamation. Allen C. Beach was nominated for lieutenant governor after an informal ballot (vote: Beach 68, Albert P. Lanning 47, William J. Averill 9, S. T. Ahnot 1).[2]A German Democratic state convention met on September 2 at Schreiber's Hotel in Albany, New York with Henry Clausenger as president, and endorsed the nomination of John T. Hoffman for governor.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York State Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Assembly"}],"text":"The whole Democratic ticket was elected.The incumbent Barnum was defeated.75 Republicans and 53 Democrats were elected for the session of 1869 to the New York State Assembly.This was the last time the Clerk of the Court of Appeals was elected. At this time, the term was three years, and the next election of the Clerk would occur in 1871, but in 1870 the Court of Appeals was re-organized and the office became appointive.","title":"Result"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"THE SYRACUSE CONVENTION","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1868/07/09/87582840.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"POLITICAL AFFAIRS,; Proceedings of the Democratic State Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1868/09/03/78954974.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"POLITICAL AFFAIRS.; Convention of German Democrats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1868/09/03/78954974.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"}],"text":"^ THE SYRACUSE CONVENTION in NYT on July 9, 1868\n\n^ POLITICAL AFFAIRS,; Proceedings of the Democratic State Convention in NYT on September 3, 1868\n\n^ POLITICAL AFFAIRS.; Convention of German Democrats in NYT on September 3, 1868\n\n^ Campbell H. Young was the incumbent Deputy Clerk.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Tribune Almanac for 1869","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=53IwAAAAIAAJ&pg=PT203"},{"link_name":"Horace Greeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Greeley"},{"link_name":"New York Tribune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Tribune"},{"link_name":"Official Canvass of the Vote on the State Ticket of New-York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1868/12/08/79380604.pdf"}],"text":"Result in The Tribune Almanac for 1869 compiled by Horace Greeley of the New York Tribune\nResult: Official Canvass of the Vote on the State Ticket of New-York in NYT on December 8, 1868","title":"Sources"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Miko
DJ Miko
["1 Discography","1.1 Singles","1.2 Albums","1.3 Video games","2 References"]
DJ MikoOriginItalyGenresItalodance, EurodanceYears active1993–2001LabelsDig It International (Hotline Records)SAIFAM (One Way Records, Urban Zoo)Past membersMonier Quartararo (keyboards)Louise Gard (vocals)Massimo Artusi ("Max Art", prod.)Riccardo "Ricky" Stecca (prod.)Mauro Farina (prod.)Maria Caprì (studio vocals)Annerley Gordon (studio vocals)Jackie Bodimead (studio vocals)Melody Castellari (studio vocals) DJ Miko was an Italian dance act fronted by keyboardist Monier Quartararo Gagliardo (born 8 February 1973) and British vocalist Louise Anne Gard from Tunbridge Wells. It mainly released dance cover versions of past pop and rock hits and is primarily known for its 1993 hit with a cover of 4 Non Blondes' "What's Up". During its active years, DJ Miko released one album and twelve singles. The project was managed by the Milan-based record company Dig It International, for which Gagliardo already worked as an in-house producer, and released on its Hotline Records label. As with all other releases on Hotline Records, SAIFAM in Verona was responsible for the music production. Following the closure of Dig It International in 1997, the project was fully absorbed by SAIFAM. DJ Miko has made many appearances on the Eurodance compilation album Dancemania series, specifically its sub-series albums including Dancemania Speed and Dancemania Covers since 1999, and on Konami's Bemani series of rhythm music video games with three covers. Over its career, the DJ Miko project has employed various studio vocalists. Its debut single "What's Up" was recorded by singer Maria Caprì from Milan. The follow-up, "Rhythm", featured lead vocals by Annerley Gordon and background vocals by Cristina Dori. The singles "Clementine" (1997) through "Shout" (2000) were all sung by Jackie Bodiemead, a studio vocalist at SAIFAM. "Forever Young" (2001), the final single released on vinyl, was sung by Italian studio singer and vocal coach Melody Castellari. In recent years, SAIFAM has occasionally used the names of its successful projects from the past, including DJ Miko, as aliases for dance cover versions on its many compilation album series. Discography Singles Single Year Peak chart positions Album ITA AUS EUR FIN IRE NZ SCO SPA SWE UK US US Dan. US Rhy. "What's Up" 1993 5 92 21 13 8 23 2 5 17 6 58 19 23 The Last Millennium (1999) "Hot Stuff" / "Lovely Lullaby" 1994 — — — — — — — — — — — — — "Rhythm" — — — — — — — — — — — — — "Clementine" 1997 — — — — — — — — — — — — — "Superboy" 1998 — — — — — — — — — — — — — "My Sharona" / "Keep On" — — — — — — — — — — — — — "Dreaming" — — — — — — — — — — — — — "What's Up 2000" — — — — — — — — — — — — — "Ruby Tuesday" 1999 — — — — — — — — — — — — — "Sky High" — — — — — — — — — — — — — "Shout" 2000 — — — — — — — — — — — — — Singles only "Forever Young" 2001 — — — — — — — — — — — — — Albums The Last Millennium (1999, Italy) "What's Up 2000" (The Ultimate Mix) "My Sharona" "Keep On" (BPM 140 Mix) "Sky High" "Superboy" (Factory Team Dance Mix) "Lovely Lullaby" (LP Version) "Radio Star" "Dreaming" (Original Mix) "Hot Stuff" (Factory Team Edit) "Clementine" (F.T. & Company Edit) "Rhythm" "What's Up" (Original Mix) Video games DJ Miko has a total of 2 cover songs which appear in the Dance Dance Revolution arcade series: "Sky High", originally by Jigsaw (cover also available in StepManiaX) "What a Wonderful World", originally by Louis Armstrong (cover credited to Beatbox vs. DJ Miko) Additional appearances include the following: Dance Dance Revolution A20 golden cabinets received "Sky High (20th Anniversary Mix)" by Haruki Yamada (ATTIC INC.) with Martin Leroux on June 27, 2019. It is a cover of "Sky High" that is inspired by the DJ Miko version. Dance Maniax, known as Dance Freaks in South Korea, features "My Sharona" by DJ Miko. This song was originally by The Knack, and this cover is only available on the first release of the game. Song Arcade game StepManiaXavailability 2000 Ex SN SN2 X SMX "Sky High" Does not appear Does not appear Does not appear April 30, 2021 "What a Wonderful World" Does not appear Does not appear Does not appear — References ^ a b "Datafile". Music Week. 13 August 1994. p. 11. ^ "DJ Miko Discography at Discogs". Discogs.com. Retrieved 2014-08-22. ^ "Top 10 Sales in Europe" (PDF). Music & Media. Vol. 10, no. 51/52. December 18, 1993. p. 30. Retrieved November 24, 2019. ^ "The ARIA Australian Top 100 Singles Chart – Week Ending 10 Apr 1994". ARIA. Retrieved September 26, 2018. ^ "Eurochart Hot 100 Singles" (PDF). Music & Media. September 3, 1994. Retrieved May 8, 2019. ^ Nyman, Jake (2005). Suomi soi 4: Suuri suomalainen listakirja (in Finnish) (1st ed.). Helsinki: Tammi. ISBN 951-31-2503-3. ^ "The Irish Charts - All there is to know". irishcharts.ie. Retrieved 2020-06-20. ^ "charts.nz > DJ Miko – What's Up? (song)". Hung Medien. Retrieved 2016-02-27. ^ "Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 | Official Charts Company". www.officialcharts.com. Retrieved 2020-06-20. ^ Salaverri, Fernando (September 2005). Sólo éxitos: año a año, 1959–2002 (1st ed.). Spain: Fundación Autor-SGAE. ISBN 84-8048-639-2. ^ "swedishcharts.com - DJ Miko - What's Up?". swedishcharts.com. Retrieved 2020-06-20. ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100 | Official Charts Company". www.officialcharts.com. Retrieved 2020-06-20. ^ "The Hot 100 Chart". Billboard. Retrieved 2020-06-20. ^ "Dance Club Songs Chart". Billboard. Retrieved 2020-06-20. ^ "Rhythmic Songs Chart". Billboard. Retrieved 2020-06-20. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National France BnF data Artists MusicBrainz
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Tunbridge Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunbridge_Wells"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"cover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cover_version"},{"link_name":"hits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hit_record"},{"link_name":"4 Non Blondes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4_Non_Blondes"},{"link_name":"What's Up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What%27s_Up%3F_(4_Non_Blondes_song)"},{"link_name":"Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"SAIFAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAIFAM"},{"link_name":"Verona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verona"},{"link_name":"Eurodance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurodance"},{"link_name":"compilation album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compilation_album"},{"link_name":"Dancemania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dancemania"},{"link_name":"Dancemania Speed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dancemania_Speed"},{"link_name":"Dancemania Covers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dancemania_Covers"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Konami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konami"},{"link_name":"Bemani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bemani"},{"link_name":"video games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game"},{"link_name":"Annerley Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Lee_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Jackie Bodiemead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Girlschool_band_members#Jackie_Bodimead"}],"text":"DJ Miko was an Italian dance act fronted by keyboardist Monier Quartararo Gagliardo (born 8 February 1973[citation needed]) and British vocalist Louise Anne Gard from Tunbridge Wells.[1] It mainly released dance cover versions of past pop and rock hits and is primarily known for its 1993 hit with a cover of 4 Non Blondes' \"What's Up\". During its active years, DJ Miko released one album and twelve singles.The project was managed by the Milan-based record company Dig It International, for which Gagliardo already worked as an in-house producer,[1] and released on its Hotline Records label. As with all other releases on Hotline Records, SAIFAM in Verona was responsible for the music production. Following the closure of Dig It International in 1997, the project was fully absorbed by SAIFAM.DJ Miko has made many appearances on the Eurodance compilation album Dancemania series, specifically its sub-series albums including Dancemania Speed and Dancemania Covers since 1999,[2] and on Konami's Bemani series of rhythm music video games with three covers.Over its career, the DJ Miko project has employed various studio vocalists. Its debut single \"What's Up\" was recorded by singer Maria Caprì from Milan. The follow-up, \"Rhythm\", featured lead vocals by Annerley Gordon and background vocals by Cristina Dori. The singles \"Clementine\" (1997) through \"Shout\" (2000) were all sung by Jackie Bodiemead, a studio vocalist at SAIFAM. \"Forever Young\" (2001), the final single released on vinyl, was sung by Italian studio singer and vocal coach Melody Castellari. In recent years, SAIFAM has occasionally used the names of its successful projects from the past, including DJ Miko, as aliases for dance cover versions on its many compilation album series.","title":"DJ Miko"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Singles","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Albums","text":"The Last Millennium (1999, Italy)\"What's Up 2000\" (The Ultimate Mix)\n\"My Sharona\"\n\"Keep On\" (BPM 140 Mix)\n\"Sky High\"\n\"Superboy\" (Factory Team Dance Mix)\n\"Lovely Lullaby\" (LP Version)\n\"Radio Star\"\n\"Dreaming\" (Original Mix)\n\"Hot Stuff\" (Factory Team Edit)\n\"Clementine\" (F.T. & Company Edit)\n\"Rhythm\"\n\"What's Up\" (Original Mix)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dance Dance Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_Dance_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Sky High","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_High_(song)"},{"link_name":"Jigsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jigsaw_(British_band)"},{"link_name":"StepManiaX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/StepManiaX"},{"link_name":"What a Wonderful World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_a_Wonderful_World"},{"link_name":"Louis Armstrong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Armstrong"},{"link_name":"Dance Dance Revolution A20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_Dance_Revolution_A20"},{"link_name":"Dance Maniax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bemani#Dance_Maniax"},{"link_name":"My Sharona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Sharona"},{"link_name":"The Knack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Knack"}],"sub_title":"Video games","text":"DJ Miko has a total of 2 cover songs which appear in the Dance Dance Revolution arcade series:\"Sky High\", originally by Jigsaw (cover also available in StepManiaX)\n\"What a Wonderful World\", originally by Louis Armstrong (cover credited to Beatbox vs. DJ Miko)Additional appearances include the following:Dance Dance Revolution A20 golden cabinets received \"Sky High (20th Anniversary Mix)\" by Haruki Yamada (ATTIC INC.) with Martin Leroux on June 27, 2019. It is a cover of \"Sky High\" that is inspired by the DJ Miko version.\nDance Maniax, known as Dance Freaks in South Korea, features \"My Sharona\" by DJ Miko. This song was originally by The Knack, and this cover is only available on the first release of the game.","title":"Discography"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"\"Datafile\". Music Week. 13 August 1994. p. 11.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Week","url_text":"Music Week"}]},{"reference":"\"DJ Miko Discography at Discogs\". Discogs.com. Retrieved 2014-08-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.discogs.com/artist/DJ+Miko","url_text":"\"DJ Miko Discography at Discogs\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top 10 Sales in Europe\" (PDF). Music & Media. Vol. 10, no. 51/52. December 18, 1993. p. 30. Retrieved November 24, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-Music-and-Media/90s/1993/MM-1993-12-18.pdf","url_text":"\"Top 10 Sales in Europe\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_%26_Media","url_text":"Music & Media"}]},{"reference":"\"The ARIA Australian Top 100 Singles Chart – Week Ending 10 Apr 1994\". ARIA. Retrieved September 26, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://i.imgur.com/2Vwddrs.jpg","url_text":"\"The ARIA Australian Top 100 Singles Chart – Week Ending 10 Apr 1994\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Recording_Industry_Association","url_text":"ARIA"}]},{"reference":"\"Eurochart Hot 100 Singles\" (PDF). Music & Media. September 3, 1994. Retrieved May 8, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-Music-and-Media/90s/1994/MM-1994-09-03.pdf","url_text":"\"Eurochart Hot 100 Singles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_%26_Media","url_text":"Music & Media"}]},{"reference":"Nyman, Jake (2005). Suomi soi 4: Suuri suomalainen listakirja (in Finnish) (1st ed.). Helsinki: Tammi. ISBN 951-31-2503-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/951-31-2503-3","url_text":"951-31-2503-3"}]},{"reference":"\"The Irish Charts - All there is to know\". irishcharts.ie. Retrieved 2020-06-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://irishcharts.ie/search/placement?page=1&search_type=title&placement=What%27s+Up","url_text":"\"The Irish Charts - All there is to know\""}]},{"reference":"\"charts.nz > DJ Miko – What's Up? (song)\". Hung Medien. Retrieved 2016-02-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://charts.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=DJ+Miko&titel=What%27s+Up%3F&cat=s","url_text":"\"charts.nz > DJ Miko – What's Up? (song)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 | Official Charts Company\". www.officialcharts.com. Retrieved 2020-06-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/scottish-singles-chart/19940814/41/","url_text":"\"Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 | Official Charts Company\""}]},{"reference":"Salaverri, Fernando (September 2005). Sólo éxitos: año a año, 1959–2002 (1st ed.). Spain: Fundación Autor-SGAE. ISBN 84-8048-639-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-8048-639-2","url_text":"84-8048-639-2"}]},{"reference":"\"swedishcharts.com - DJ Miko - What's Up?\". swedishcharts.com. Retrieved 2020-06-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://swedishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=DJ+Miko&titel=What%27s+Up?&cat=s","url_text":"\"swedishcharts.com - DJ Miko - What's Up?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Official Singles Chart Top 100 | Official Charts Company\". www.officialcharts.com. Retrieved 2020-06-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/singles-chart/19940814/7501/","url_text":"\"Official Singles Chart Top 100 | Official Charts Company\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Hot 100 Chart\". Billboard. Retrieved 2020-06-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/hot-100/1994-07-16","url_text":"\"The Hot 100 Chart\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dance Club Songs Chart\". Billboard. Retrieved 2020-06-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/dance-club-play-songs/1994-06-11","url_text":"\"Dance Club Songs Chart\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rhythmic Songs Chart\". Billboard. Retrieved 2020-06-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/rhythmic-40/1994-07-23","url_text":"\"Rhythmic Songs Chart\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scudders_in_India
Scudder family of missionaries in India
["1 First generation","2 Second generation","3 Third generation","4 Fourth generation","5 References","6 External links"]
Family of missionaries in India This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) Some of this article's listed sources may not be reliable. Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed. (May 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (May 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: "Scudder family of missionaries in India" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article may contain excessive or inappropriate references to self-published sources. Please help improve it by removing references to unreliable sources where they are used inappropriately. (May 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article may rely excessively on sources too closely associated with the subject, potentially preventing the article from being verifiable and neutral. Please help improve it by replacing them with more appropriate citations to reliable, independent, third-party sources. (May 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) John Scudder Sr. Members of the Scudder family have worked as medical missionaries in South India. First generation John Scudder Sr., born in Freehold Township, New Jersey, on September 3, 1793, was India's first medical missionary. He graduated from Princeton University in 1811 and the New York College of Physicians and Surgeons, and practiced medicine in New York City. Scudder became committed to serving as a medical missionary of the American Board, and later of the Dutch Reformed Board. He went to Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) in 1819, and founded Asia's first Western medical mission in Panditeripo, Jaffna District. Scudder served there for nineteen years as a clergyman and physician, establishing a hospital at which he was the chief physician; he was especially successful in treating cholera and yellow fever, and founded several native schools and churches. He was India's first American medical missionary, beginning more than 1,100 combined years of missionary service there by 42 members of five generations of the family. Scudder and his wife, Harriet, had six surviving sons and two daughters; all became medical missionaries and worked in South India. In 1836, Scudder and another clergyman began a mission in Madras to establish a printing press to publish the New Testament and tracts in the Tamil language. Settling in Chintadrepettah, he returned to the United States from 1842 to 1846. Scudder returned to India in 1847, spending two years providing medical aid in Madurai. He returned to his Madras mission in 1849, where he worked until his death on January 13, 1855. David Coit Scudder, born on October 27, 1835, in Boston, was the son of Charles and Sarah Lathrop (Coit) Scudder. He was not descended from John Scudder, but from a Scudder of the early Massachusetts Bay Colony. On February 25, 1861, David was ordained as a missionary; two days later, he married Harriet Dutton. Their only child, Vida Dutton Scudder, was born in India. David, influenced in boyhood to go to India by the work of John Scudder Sr., arrived in Madras on June 26, 1861. He was in charge of the large mission in Periyakulam, but drowned in the Vaigai River between Andipatti and Periyakulam on November 19, 1862 (20 months after arriving in Tamil Nadu) and is buried in the Anglican churchyard in Kodikanal. A small book entitled Letters to Sabbath School Children by J. Scudder, with "Master David Scudder, from his affectionate friend, J. Scudder, New York, August 8, 1843" written across the flyleaf, was found in his library., The Clancy and Scudder Scholarship, founded with a legacy of $300, was transferred by Mrs. Washburn to the Pasumalai institution. In January 1885, the mission accepted it as the Clancy Scholarship. Four hundred dollars in memory of David Coit Scudder from David's brother, Horace, was added in June of that year. The ₹1,500 scholarship continued until 1906. Second generation Henry Martyn Scudder (1822–1895) was born in Panditeripo, Ceylon, and was John Scudder's oldest child. He graduated from the University of the City of New York in 1840, and Union Theological Seminary in 1843. The following year, Henry went to Madurai as a missionary. He went to Madras in 1846, organizing schools and churches in Madras, Arcot, Vellore, Coonoor and Ootacamund (Udhagamandalam). In 1850, Henry founded a mission at Arcot for the board of the Dutch Reformed Church; the following year, he opened the Wallajapet dispensary. Henry practiced medicine, and moved the dispensary to Ranipet in 1853 because of its better location. The dispensary closed the following year due to his illness, and he went to the hills to recuperate. In 1856, Madurai joined the other American Tamil missions in appointing Henry their representative to a Madras convention to plan a new Tamil version of the Bible. He prepared religious books and tracts in Sanskrit, Tamil, and Telugu. Henry's publications include Liturgy of the Reformed Protestant Dutch Church (Madras, 1862); The Bazaar Book, or the Vernacular Teacher's Companion (1865); Sweet Savors of Divine Truth (an 1868 catechism), and "Spiritual Teaching" (1870). All are in Tamil. In 1864, his health failing in India, he returned to the United States and performed pastoral work for nearly 20 years. Henry was pastor of the Howard Presbyterian Church in San Francisco from 1865 to 1871, the Central Congregational Church in Brooklyn from 1872 to 1882, and the Plymouth Congregational Church in Chicago from 1882 to 1887; he resigned to resume missionary work in Japan until 1889. William Scudder (born c. 1826) served in India for twenty-two years and was then a pastor for eleven years in the United States. When he was sixty years old he went back to India for nine years, and died in 1895. Jared Waterbury Scudder, born in Panditeripo in 1830, graduated from Western Reserve College in 1850 and the New Brunswick Theological Seminary in 1855. He was ordained a missionary to India for the Dutch Reformed Church, and joined the Arcot Mission in 1855. He published Tamil translations of Henry M. Scudder's Spiritual Teaching (Madras, 1870), Bazaar Book (1870), and History of the Arcot Mission. (1872). Jared was a member of the committee to revise the Tamil translation of the Bible. Silas Downer Scudder (born in Ceylon on November 6, 1833) graduated from Rutgers University in 1856, studied medicine, and was licensed to practice in New York City. Asked by the Arcot Mission and his brothers to begin medical work in Ranipet, in 1860 he went to India as a medical missionary and settled in Arcot. Silas founded a dispensary and hospital which were supported by English and native residents. With a large native outdoor practice, some of his patients were high-caste Hindu women who had been reluctant to see an American doctor. Ranipet Hospital opened on March 17, 1866. Due to its high medical standard, the Madras government closed its own dispensary and turned over its resources to Silas. All treatment and medicines were free of charge. In 1872, John Scudder II took over the Ranipet Hospital and its evangelistic work from his elder brother, Silas. After thirteen years he returned to New York because of illness, and died in Brooklyn on December 10, 1877. William Waterbury Scudder, born in 1835 in Panditeripo, joined the Arcot Mission in 1852, retired in 1894, and was buried in Kodaikanal in 1900. Third generation A young Ida S. Scudder In 1877, Henry Martyn Scudder began a maternity clinic in Ranipet. Three years later, he resigned from the Arcot Mission and left for the United States. Ida S. Scudder (December 9, 1870 – May 24, 1960) dedicated her life to Indian women and the fight against plague, cholera and leprosy. In 1918, she founded the Christian Medical College & Hospital, Vellore. After seeing famine, poverty and disease in India as a girl, Ida intended to marry and live in the U.S. following her education at a Massachusetts seminary. In her early 20s, however, she returned to India to help her ailing mother at her mission bungalow in Tindivanam. Ida received an M.D. degree from Cornell University in 1899, returning to India with a $10,000 gift from a Manhattan banker. She founded a small clinic for women in Vellore, 75 miles (121 km) from Madras, and treated 5,000 patients in two years. Ida with Mahatma Gandhi, 1928 Ida opened a medical school for women in Vellore 1918. Although skeptics said that she would be lucky to get three applicants, she had 151 the first year. Although the Reformed Church in America was originally the school's main funder, when Ida agreed to make it coeducational it obtained the support of 40 missions. Of its 242 students in 2005, 95 were men. In 1953, at age 82, Ida received Hobart and William Smith Colleges' Hobart and William Smith Colleges#Elizabeth Blackwell Award as one of 1952's five outstanding women doctors. She died in 1960, at age 90, in Kodaikanal. A commemorative stamp was issued on August 12, 2000, as part of the Christian Medical College Vellore centennial. Its first-day cover depicts Ida caring for pregnant women. Fourth generation Ida B. Scudder, from the 1925 yearbook of Mount Holyoke College Ida Belle Scudder was born in 1900, and graduated from Mount Holyoke College in 1925. She trained in radiology before moving to Vellore for more than 30 years of service at the Christian Medical Colleges (CMC) and Hospital, founded by her aunt Ida S. Scudder. Ida B. founded the hospital's diagnostic radiology and radiotherapy departments, and was influential in CMC's transition to coeducation and its affiliation with the University of Madras for the first two years of its M.B. and B.Ss. courses for female students. She campaigned in the U.S. from 1941 to 1945 for funding for the coeducational program. The Dr. Ida B. Scudder Radiation Therapy Block at CMC was dedicated in 1991, and she died in 1995. An Ida B. Scudder essay competition was begun to perpetuate her ideals. Marilyn Scudder (born in 1939) graduated from Kodaikanal International School in 1956 and Hope College in 1960. She received an M.D. degree from the University of Michigan in 1965, and was a medical missionary in Tanzania for 35 years. Marilyn's work in Tanzania began in 1970, when she was head of the eye department at a hospital in Mvuni. She returned to Minnesota in 1971 for further study before joining the eye department of a medical center in Moshi, Tanzania in 1973, where she became the department head in 1979. Marilyn was sponsored by Christian Blind Mission. The eye team went on medical safaris by vehicle and small plane to 30 mission and government hospitals throughout Tanzania. Scudder retired from surgery in 2001, and went to live and work with the Capuchin Sisters of Maua on the western slopes of Mount Kilimanjaro near the village of Sanya Juu. She continued training nurses and conducting eye clinics there. She received an Outstanding Humanitarian Service Award from the American Academy of Ophthalmology on October 22, 2004, and the George Tani Humanitarian Service Award from the Minnesota Academy of Ophthalmology on December 10, 2004. Hope College presented Marilyn with a Distinguished Alumni Award on May 7, 1988, and profiled her in a story in the August 1985 issue of News from Hope College which had previously appeared in the Kodaikanal International School's alumni publication. Scudder was diagnosed with primary amyloidosis in 2002, and died on May 16, 2005, in Dar es Salaam. Galen Fisher Scudder in Kodaikanal, 1925 In 1920, Galen Fisher Scudder (a graduate of Princeton University and Cornell Medical School) arrived in India. He was appointed medical superintendent of the Ranipet hospital, with the responsibility of building the Scudder Memorial Hospital on $25,000. Galen went on a furlough from 1933 to 1934 and was replaced by John Scudder, the great-grandson of John Scudder Sr. From 1940 to 1945, Galen performed war service. He went to Rangoon and, after its fall, was the district medical officer in Coimbatore. Galen donated part of his government salary to the Ranipet hospital, where he returned in 1947 with surgical equipment and a large sterilizer. He added an X-ray machine, which was a gift of his Princeton University classmates and the Doris Duke Foundation, by 1953. A wing was added to the hospital for the X-ray machine, laboratory and blood bank, and four private male wards were built. Galen retired on June 1, 1954, after 35 years of service. With his departure, a century of his family's association with the Arcot Mission ended. Lewis R. Scudder III was a missionary in Lebanon, Kuwait, Bahrain, Turkey, and Cyprus. References ^ "A Thousand Years in Thy Sight:The Story of the Scudder Missionaries in India", Scudder Association, retrieved 7/19/2007, not seen Scudder Missionaries in India Archived 2006-07-02 at the Wayback Machine ^ Heideman Eugene P. (2001) From Mission to Church: The Reformed Church in American Mission to India (Historical Series of the Reformed Church in America), Wm. B. Eerdmans publishing Co., Grand Rapids, Michigan, retrieved 7/11/2007 excerpts ^ Waterbury, Jared Bell (1870) Memoir of the Rev. John Scudder, M.D.: Thirty-six Years Missionary in India, Harper & Brothers, Franklin Square, New York, retrieved 7/19/2007 full text ^ full text Edward Tanjore Corwin, A Manual of the Reformed Church in America (formerly Ref. Prot. Dutch Church), 1628-1902 ^ Memoir of the Rev. John Scudder, M.D., 36 years Missionary in India, ed. J.B. Waterbury, u.o Rev. John Scudder, M.D. ^ John Scudder Family, Vol. I John Scudder Family Archived July 19, 2006, at the Wayback Machine ^ a b c full text David Coit Scudder, ed. Horace Elisha Scudder, Life and Letters of David Coit Scudder: Missionary in Southern India ^ Dr. Scudder's Tales for Little Readers, About the Heathen by Dr. John Scudder (1849) full text ^ Kennedy Dane (1996) The Magic Mountains: Hill Stations and the British Raj, University of California Press, Berkeley retrieved 7/19/2007 Scudder, p. 128 ^ a b c d Ranipet Reflections, Scudder Memorial Hospital, 2010, archived from the original on 2011-07-28, retrieved 2011-02-14 ^ Johnston Julia H. (1913) Fleming H. Revell Company, London and Edinburgh, retrieved 9/8/2007 Fifty Missionary Heroes ^ Narayanan P.R. Krishna (May, 1994) Relics of the raj - British cemeteries in India, Contemporary Review, retrieved 7/19/2007 British cemeteries in India ^ Legacy and Challenge: The Story of Dr. Ida B. Scudder, published by the Scudder Association Legacy and Challenge Archived 2006-07-02 at the Wayback Machine ^ "Ida S. Scudder". Christian Medical College & Hospital, Vellore. Archived from the original on 2007-06-23. Retrieved March 5, 2020. ^ Christian Medical College (2005)Ida S. Scudder Archived 2007-06-23 at the Wayback Machine ^ Time Magazine (Feb. 16, 1953) A Family Tradition ^ biographical information on ISS and the Scudder family, see the inventory for Ida Sophia Scudder, MC 205, Scudder, Ida Sophia, 1870-1960. Papers, 1843-1976 (inclusive), 1888-1960 (bulk) (84-M159) Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America, Radcliffe College, February 1985 Ida Scudder papers ^ Notable American Women, The Modern Period (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1984). ^ Financial Express (September 12, 2000)Theme stamps mark this year's Independence Day ^ Brouwer, Ruth Compton Modern Women Modernizing Men: The Changing Missions of Three Professional Women in Asia and Africa, 1902 - 1969, retrieved 7/19/2007 abstracts ^ CMC Newsline, Vol. No.43.No. 11, September 04, 2006 Dr. Ida B. Scudder Essay Competition Archived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine ^ Georgia Jennifer (1994)-Legacy and Challenge – The Story of Dr. Ida B. Scudder biography of Ida B. Scudder Archived 2006-09-01 at the Wayback Machine ^ a b Missionary doctor Marilyn Scudder dies, 2005-06-03, retrieved 2011-02-15 ^ Hope College Alumnae Magazine (August 2005)p. 22 Dr. Marilyn Scudder ^ Dr. Scudder retires, June 4, 1954, the Hindu Dr. Scudder retires ^ RCA Profile in Mission for Lewis and Nancy Scudder External links Correspondence and sermons of Reverend William W. Scudder, as well as letters and personal writings of the Scudder family, are in the Andover-Harvard Theological Library at Harvard Divinity School in Cambridge, Massachusetts. vteProtestant missions to IndiaBackground Christianity Thomas the Apostle Pantaenus Protestantism Indian history Missions timeline Christianity in India People David Oliver Allen Paul Olaf Bodding Edith Mary Brown Nathan Brown Robert Caldwell C. T. E. Rhenius William Carey Amy Carmichael Arthur Margoschis Robert F. Cook Alexander Duff Anthony Norris Groves Hermann Gundert John Hyde E. Stanley Jones Thomas Jones Richard Knill Hannah Marshman John Clark Marshman Joshua Marshman Henry Martyn Donald McGavran James Mudge Volbrecht Nagel George Uglow Pope Luther Rice John Edward Robinson Clement Daniel Rockey Christian Friedrich Schwarz Scudder Family Serampore Trio Lars Olsen Skrefsrud Howard Somervell Graham Staines Alfred Sturge William Taylor (bishop) James Mills Thoburn Cecil Tyndale-Biscoe William Ward Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg William Paton Works Andhra Christian College Eccles Establishment Evangelical Missionary Society of Mayurbhanj Gossner Theological College Madras Christian College Serampore College Scottish Church College Scott Christian College St. Stephen's College Wilson College Missionary agencies American Baptist Foreign Mission Society American Board Australian Baptist Missionary Society Baptist Missionary Society Canadian Baptist Mission Church of England Zenana Missionary Society Church Mission Society Scottish General Assembly London Missionary Society Mission to the World New Zealand Baptist Missionary Society United Society Partners in the Gospel Pivotal events Indian Rebellion of 1857 Indian Republic Interactions with Ayyavazhi Indian Protestants Krishna Mohan Banerjee Jashwant Rao Chitambar P. C. John A. B. Masilamani Krishna Pal Victor Premasagar Pandita Ramabai Bakht Singh Sadhu Sundar Singh Y. D. Tiwari
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He graduated from Princeton University in 1811 and the New York College of Physicians and Surgeons, and practiced medicine in New York City.[citation needed]Scudder became committed to serving as a medical missionary of the American Board, and later of the Dutch Reformed Board.[2] He went to Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) in 1819, and founded Asia's first Western medical mission in Panditeripo, Jaffna District. Scudder served there for nineteen years as a clergyman and physician, establishing a hospital at which he was the chief physician; he was especially successful in treating cholera and yellow fever, and founded several native schools and churches. He was India's first American medical missionary, beginning more than 1,100 combined years of missionary service there by 42 members of five generations of the family.[3] Scudder and his wife, Harriet, had six surviving sons and two daughters; all became medical missionaries and worked in South India.[4]In 1836, Scudder and another clergyman began a mission in Madras to establish a printing press to publish the New Testament and tracts in the Tamil language. Settling in Chintadrepettah, he returned to the United States from 1842 to 1846. Scudder returned to India in 1847, spending two years providing medical aid in Madurai. He returned to his Madras mission in 1849, where he worked until his death on January 13, 1855.[5][better source needed]David Coit Scudder, born on October 27, 1835, in Boston, was the son of Charles and Sarah Lathrop (Coit) Scudder. He was not descended from John Scudder, but from a Scudder of the early Massachusetts Bay Colony. On February 25, 1861, David was ordained as a missionary; two days later, he married Harriet Dutton. Their only child, Vida Dutton Scudder, was born in India.[6][7][better source needed]David, influenced in boyhood to go to India by the work of John Scudder Sr., arrived in Madras on June 26, 1861. He was in charge of the large mission in Periyakulam, but drowned in the Vaigai River between Andipatti and Periyakulam on November 19, 1862 (20 months after arriving in Tamil Nadu) and is buried in the Anglican churchyard in Kodikanal.[7][better source needed] A small book entitled Letters to Sabbath School Children by J. Scudder, with \"Master David Scudder, from his affectionate friend, J. Scudder, New York, August 8, 1843\" written across the flyleaf, was found in his library.,[7][8][better source needed]The Clancy and Scudder Scholarship, founded with a legacy of $300, was transferred by Mrs. Washburn to the Pasumalai institution. In January 1885, the mission accepted it as the Clancy Scholarship. Four hundred dollars in memory of David Coit Scudder from David's brother, Horace, was added in June of that year. The ₹1,500 scholarship continued until 1906.[9]","title":"First generation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henry Martyn Scudder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Martyn_Scudder"},{"link_name":"Panditeripo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panditeripo"},{"link_name":"University of the City of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_University"},{"link_name":"Union Theological Seminary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Theological_Seminary_in_the_City_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"Madurai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madurai"},{"link_name":"Arcot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcot,_Ranipet_district"},{"link_name":"Vellore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vellore"},{"link_name":"Coonoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coonoor"},{"link_name":"Ootacamund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ooty"},{"link_name":"mission at Arcot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcot_Mission"},{"link_name":"Dutch Reformed Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Reformed_Church"},{"link_name":"dispensary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispensary"},{"link_name":"Ranipet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranipet"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ranipet-10"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"link_name":"Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible"},{"link_name":"Sanskrit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit"},{"link_name":"Tamil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language"},{"link_name":"Telugu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_language"},{"link_name":"catechism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catechism"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"pastor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastor"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Western Reserve College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_University"},{"link_name":"New Brunswick Theological Seminary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Brunswick_Theological_Seminary"},{"link_name":"Dutch Reformed Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Reformed_Church"},{"link_name":"Arcot Mission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcot_Mission"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Rutgers University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutgers_University"},{"link_name":"caste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caste_system_in_India"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ranipet-10"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Henry Martyn Scudder (1822–1895) was born in Panditeripo, Ceylon, and was John Scudder's oldest child. He graduated from the University of the City of New York in 1840, and Union Theological Seminary in 1843. The following year, Henry went to Madurai as a missionary. He went to Madras in 1846, organizing schools and churches in Madras, Arcot, Vellore, Coonoor and Ootacamund (Udhagamandalam). In 1850, Henry founded a mission at Arcot for the board of the Dutch Reformed Church; the following year, he opened the Wallajapet dispensary. Henry practiced medicine, and moved the dispensary to Ranipet in 1853 because of its better location. The dispensary closed the following year due to his illness, and he went to the hills to recuperate.[10][better source needed]In 1856, Madurai joined the other American Tamil missions in appointing Henry their representative to a Madras convention to plan a new Tamil version of the Bible. He prepared religious books and tracts in Sanskrit, Tamil, and Telugu. Henry's publications include Liturgy of the Reformed Protestant Dutch Church (Madras, 1862); The Bazaar Book, or the Vernacular Teacher's Companion (1865); Sweet Savors of Divine Truth (an 1868 catechism), and \"Spiritual Teaching\" (1870). All are in Tamil.[citation needed]In 1864, his health failing in India, he returned to the United States and performed pastoral work for nearly 20 years. Henry was pastor of the Howard Presbyterian Church in San Francisco from 1865 to 1871, the Central Congregational Church in Brooklyn from 1872 to 1882, and the Plymouth Congregational Church in Chicago from 1882 to 1887; he resigned to resume missionary work in Japan until 1889.[citation needed]William Scudder (born c. 1826) served in India for twenty-two years and was then a pastor for eleven years in the United States. When he was sixty years old he went back to India for nine years, and died in 1895.[11] Jared Waterbury Scudder, born in Panditeripo in 1830, graduated from Western Reserve College in 1850 and the New Brunswick Theological Seminary in 1855. He was ordained a missionary to India for the Dutch Reformed Church, and joined the Arcot Mission in 1855. He published Tamil translations of Henry M. Scudder's Spiritual Teaching (Madras, 1870), Bazaar Book (1870), and History of the Arcot Mission. (1872). Jared was a member of the committee to revise the Tamil translation of the Bible.[citation needed]Silas Downer Scudder (born in Ceylon on November 6, 1833) graduated from Rutgers University in 1856, studied medicine, and was licensed to practice in New York City. Asked by the Arcot Mission and his brothers to begin medical work in Ranipet, in 1860 he went to India as a medical missionary and settled in Arcot. Silas founded a dispensary and hospital which were supported by English and native residents. With a large native outdoor practice, some of his patients were high-caste Hindu women who had been reluctant to see an American doctor.[citation needed]Ranipet Hospital opened on March 17, 1866. Due to its high medical standard, the Madras government closed its own dispensary and turned over its resources to Silas. All treatment and medicines were free of charge. In 1872, John Scudder II took over the Ranipet Hospital and its evangelistic work from his elder brother, Silas.[10][citation needed] After thirteen years he returned to New York because of illness, and died in Brooklyn on December 10, 1877. William Waterbury Scudder, born in 1835 in Panditeripo, joined the Arcot Mission in 1852, retired in 1894, and was buried in Kodaikanal in 1900.[12]","title":"Second generation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ida_S._Scudder_1899.jpg"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ranipet-10"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Ida S. Scudder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_S._Scudder"},{"link_name":"plague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plague_(disease)"},{"link_name":"cholera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholera"},{"link_name":"leprosy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leprosy"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Christian Medical College & Hospital, Vellore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Medical_College_%26_Hospital,_Vellore"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"link_name":"seminary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Female_seminary"},{"link_name":"bungalow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bungalow#India"},{"link_name":"Tindivanam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tindivanam"},{"link_name":"Cornell University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University"},{"link_name":"Vellore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vellore"},{"link_name":"Madras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madras"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ida_S_Scudder.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mahatma Gandhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi"},{"link_name":"Reformed Church in America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformed_Church_in_America"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Hobart and William Smith Colleges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobart_and_William_Smith_Colleges"},{"link_name":"Hobart and William Smith Colleges#Elizabeth Blackwell Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobart_and_William_Smith_Colleges#Elizabeth_Blackwell_Award"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"first-day cover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_day_of_issue"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"A young Ida S. ScudderIn 1877, Henry Martyn Scudder began a maternity clinic in Ranipet. Three years later, he resigned from the Arcot Mission and left for the United States.[10][citation needed]Ida S. Scudder (December 9, 1870 – May 24, 1960) dedicated her life to Indian women and the fight against plague, cholera and leprosy.[13][citation needed] In 1918, she founded the Christian Medical College & Hospital, Vellore.[14][better source needed]After seeing famine, poverty and disease in India as a girl, Ida intended to marry and live in the U.S. following her education at a Massachusetts seminary. In her early 20s, however, she returned to India to help her ailing mother at her mission bungalow in Tindivanam. Ida received an M.D. degree from Cornell University in 1899, returning to India with a $10,000 gift from a Manhattan banker. She founded a small clinic for women in Vellore, 75 miles (121 km) from Madras, and treated 5,000 patients in two years.[citation needed]Ida with Mahatma Gandhi, 1928Ida opened a medical school for women in Vellore 1918. Although skeptics said that she would be lucky to get three applicants, she had 151 the first year. Although the Reformed Church in America was originally the school's main funder, when Ida agreed to make it coeducational it obtained the support of 40 missions. Of its 242 students in 2005, 95 were men.[15][citation needed]In 1953, at age 82, Ida received Hobart and William Smith Colleges' Hobart and William Smith Colleges#Elizabeth Blackwell Award as one of 1952's five outstanding women doctors.[16] She died in 1960, at age 90, in Kodaikanal.[17][18]A commemorative stamp was issued on August 12, 2000, as part of the Christian Medical College Vellore centennial. Its first-day cover depicts Ida caring for pregnant women.[19]","title":"Third generation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IdaBelleScudder1925.png"},{"link_name":"radiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiology"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"link_name":"Kodaikanal International School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodaikanal_International_School"},{"link_name":"Hope College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hope_College"},{"link_name":"University of Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Tanzania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzania"},{"link_name":"Mvuni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mvuni&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Moshi, Tanzania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moshi,_Tanzania"},{"link_name":"Christian Blind Mission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBM_(charity)"},{"link_name":"Capuchin Sisters of Maua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor_Capuchin"},{"link_name":"Mount Kilimanjaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Kilimanjaro"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MS-23"},{"link_name":"amyloidosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amyloidosis"},{"link_name":"Dar es Salaam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dar_es_Salaam"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MS-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dr._Galen_F._Scudder,_KMU-Tennis_1925.jpg"},{"link_name":"Princeton University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University"},{"link_name":"Cornell Medical School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_Medical_School"},{"link_name":"Ranipet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranipet"},{"link_name":"furlough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furlough"},{"link_name":"Rangoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangoon"},{"link_name":"Coimbatore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coimbatore"},{"link_name":"sterilizer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoclave"},{"link_name":"Doris Duke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doris_Duke"},{"link_name":"wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wing_(building)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ranipet-10"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Kuwait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait"},{"link_name":"Bahrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"}],"text":"Ida B. Scudder, from the 1925 yearbook of Mount Holyoke CollegeIda Belle Scudder was born in 1900, and graduated from Mount Holyoke College in 1925. She trained in radiology before moving to Vellore for more than 30 years of service at the Christian Medical Colleges (CMC) and Hospital, founded by her aunt Ida S. Scudder. Ida B. founded the hospital's diagnostic radiology and radiotherapy departments, and was influential in CMC's transition to coeducation and its affiliation with the University of Madras for the first two years of its M.B. and B.Ss. courses for female students. She campaigned in the U.S. from 1941 to 1945 for funding for the coeducational program.[20] The Dr. Ida B. Scudder Radiation Therapy Block at CMC was dedicated in 1991, and she died in 1995. An Ida B. Scudder essay competition was begun to perpetuate her ideals.[21][22][better source needed]Marilyn Scudder (born in 1939) graduated from Kodaikanal International School in 1956 and Hope College in 1960. She received an M.D. degree from the University of Michigan in 1965, and was a medical missionary in Tanzania for 35 years. Marilyn's work in Tanzania began in 1970, when she was head of the eye department at a hospital in Mvuni. She returned to Minnesota in 1971 for further study before joining the eye department of a medical center in Moshi, Tanzania in 1973, where she became the department head in 1979. \nMarilyn was sponsored by Christian Blind Mission. The eye team went on medical safaris by vehicle and small plane to 30 mission and government hospitals throughout Tanzania. Scudder retired from surgery in 2001, and went to live and work with the Capuchin Sisters of Maua on the western slopes of Mount Kilimanjaro near the village of Sanya Juu. She continued training nurses and conducting eye clinics there.[23] She received an Outstanding Humanitarian Service Award from the American Academy of Ophthalmology on October 22, 2004, and the George Tani Humanitarian Service Award from the Minnesota Academy of Ophthalmology on December 10, 2004. Hope College presented Marilyn with a Distinguished Alumni Award on May 7, 1988, and profiled her in a story in the August 1985 issue of News from Hope College which had previously appeared in the Kodaikanal International School's alumni publication. Scudder was diagnosed with primary amyloidosis in 2002, and died on May 16, 2005, in Dar es Salaam.[23][24][better source needed]Galen Fisher Scudder in Kodaikanal, 1925In 1920, Galen Fisher Scudder (a graduate of Princeton University and Cornell Medical School) arrived in India. He was appointed medical superintendent of the Ranipet hospital, with the responsibility of building the Scudder Memorial Hospital on $25,000. Galen went on a furlough from 1933 to 1934 and was replaced by John Scudder, the great-grandson of John Scudder Sr. From 1940 to 1945, Galen performed war service. He went to Rangoon and, after its fall, was the district medical officer in Coimbatore. Galen donated part of his government salary to the Ranipet hospital, where he returned in 1947 with surgical equipment and a large sterilizer. He added an X-ray machine, which was a gift of his Princeton University classmates and the Doris Duke Foundation, by 1953. A wing was added to the hospital for the X-ray machine, laboratory and blood bank, and four private male wards were built.[10] Galen retired on June 1, 1954, after 35 years of service. With his departure, a century of his family's association with the Arcot Mission ended.[25] Lewis R. Scudder III was a missionary in Lebanon, Kuwait, Bahrain, Turkey, and Cyprus.[26][better source needed]","title":"Fourth generation"}]
[{"image_text":"John Scudder Sr.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/John_Scudder.jpg/260px-John_Scudder.jpg"},{"image_text":"A young Ida S. Scudder","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Ida_S._Scudder_1899.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ida with Mahatma Gandhi, 1928","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Ida_S_Scudder.jpg/220px-Ida_S_Scudder.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ida B. Scudder, from the 1925 yearbook of Mount Holyoke College","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/IdaBelleScudder1925.png/120px-IdaBelleScudder1925.png"},{"image_text":"Galen Fisher Scudder in Kodaikanal, 1925","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Dr._Galen_F._Scudder%2C_KMU-Tennis_1925.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Ranipet Reflections, Scudder Memorial Hospital, 2010, archived from the original on 2011-07-28, retrieved 2011-02-14","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110728005812/http://scuddermemorialhospital.org/Ranipet%20Reflections.html","url_text":"Ranipet Reflections"},{"url":"http://scuddermemorialhospital.org/Ranipet%20Reflections.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ida S. Scudder\". Christian Medical College & Hospital, Vellore. Archived from the original on 2007-06-23. Retrieved March 5, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070623044258/http://cmch-vellore.edu/pages/?id=scudder","url_text":"\"Ida S. Scudder\""},{"url":"http://www.cmch-vellore.edu/pages/?id=scudder","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Missionary doctor Marilyn Scudder dies, 2005-06-03, retrieved 2011-02-15","urls":[{"url":"http://atbl1.blogspot.com/2005/06/missionary-doctor-marilyn-scudder-dies.html","url_text":"Missionary doctor Marilyn Scudder dies"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scudder_family_of_missionaries_in_India&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve it"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Scudder+family+of+missionaries+in+India%22","external_links_name":"\"Scudder family of missionaries in India\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Scudder+family+of+missionaries+in+India%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Scudder+family+of+missionaries+in+India%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Scudder+family+of+missionaries+in+India%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Scudder+family+of+missionaries+in+India%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Scudder+family+of+missionaries+in+India%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scudder_family_of_missionaries_in_India&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scudder_family_of_missionaries_in_India&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve it"},{"Link":"http://www.scudder.org/resources.html","external_links_name":"Scudder Missionaries in India"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060702171037/http://www.scudder.org/resources.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0802849008#","external_links_name":"excerpts"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=q4wv-1fJZpoC&q=scudder+missionaries+in+india","external_links_name":"full text"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=idQQAAAAIAAJ&dq=%22dr+john+scudder%22+ceylon&pg=PA724","external_links_name":"full text Edward Tanjore Corwin, A Manual of the Reformed Church in America (formerly Ref. 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Horace Elisha Scudder, Life and Letters of David Coit Scudder: Missionary in Southern India"},{"Link":"http://www.gutenberg.lib.md.us/1/3/5/3/13539/13539-h/13539-h.htm","external_links_name":"full text"},{"Link":"http://content.cdlib.org/xtf/view?docId=ft396nb1sf&chunk.id=d0e4164&doc.view=print","external_links_name":"Scudder, p. 128"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110728005812/http://scuddermemorialhospital.org/Ranipet%20Reflections.html","external_links_name":"Ranipet Reflections"},{"Link":"http://scuddermemorialhospital.org/Ranipet%20Reflections.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060508185626/http://www.pathlightsjr.com/Mission-Stories/Fifty%20Missionary%20Heros.pdf","external_links_name":"Fifty Missionary Heroes"},{"Link":"http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2242/is_n1540_v264/ai_16044494/pg_2","external_links_name":"British cemeteries in India"},{"Link":"http://www.scudder.org/resources.html","external_links_name":"Legacy and Challenge"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060702171037/http://www.scudder.org/resources.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070623044258/http://cmch-vellore.edu/pages/?id=scudder","external_links_name":"\"Ida S. Scudder\""},{"Link":"http://www.cmch-vellore.edu/pages/?id=scudder","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.cmch-vellore.edu/pages/?id=scudder","external_links_name":"Ida S. Scudder"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070623044258/http://cmch-vellore.edu/pages/?id=scudder","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121018003729/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,817967,00.html?promoid=googlep","external_links_name":"Time Magazine (Feb. 16, 1953) A Family Tradition"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120214084532/http://oasis.harvard.edu:10080/oasis/deliver/~sch00898","external_links_name":"Ida Scudder papers"},{"Link":"http://www.financialexpress.com/fe/daily/20000912/fpe10007.html","external_links_name":"Theme stamps mark this year's Independence Day"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=R3mQmd0RRqgC&dq=%22ida+b+scudder%22&pg=PA62","external_links_name":"abstracts"},{"Link":"http://www.cmch-vellore.edu/pdf/weeklynews/2006/09.04.06.pdf","external_links_name":"Dr. Ida B. Scudder Essay Competition"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070927021457/http://www.cmch-vellore.edu/pdf/weeklynews/2006/09.04.06.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.mtholyoke.edu/lits/library/changingthefaceofmedicine/connection.shtml","external_links_name":"biography of Ida B. Scudder"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060901204109/http://www.mtholyoke.edu/lits/library/changingthefaceofmedicine/connection.shtml","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://atbl1.blogspot.com/2005/06/missionary-doctor-marilyn-scudder-dies.html","external_links_name":"Missionary doctor Marilyn Scudder dies"},{"Link":"http://www.hope.edu/pr/nfhc/current/nfhc0805-21-23.pdf","external_links_name":"p. 22 Dr. Marilyn Scudder"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040708195012/http://www.hindu.com/2004/06/04/stories/2004060401070903.htm","external_links_name":"Dr. Scudder retires"},{"Link":"http://www.rca.org/NETCOMMUNITY/Page.aspx?pid=1347&srcid=2607","external_links_name":"RCA Profile in Mission for Lewis and Nancy Scudder"},{"Link":"http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:DIV.LIB:div00596","external_links_name":"Correspondence and sermons"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Conservation_Congress
National Conservation Commission
["1 See also","2 References"]
Commission appointed by Theodore Roosevelt The National Conservation Commission was appointed on June 8, 1908 by President Theodore Roosevelt and consisted of representatives of the United States Congress and relevant executive agency technocrats; Gifford Pinchot served as chairman of its executive committee. The commission was the fourth of seven conservation commissions and conferences established during Roosevelt's presidency (1901-1909). This commission had resulted from the first Conference of Governors just weeks earlier, which similarly had stemmed from the previous recommendations of the Inland Waterways Commission, presented to Congress in February 1908. The National Conservation Commission was divided into four sections, water, forests, lands, and minerals, with each having its own chairman; it prepared the first inventory of the nation's natural resources, in a three-volume report submitted to Congress at the beginning of 1909. The commissions findings also present Pinchot's concepts of resource management as a comprehensive policy recommendation for the government. Roosevelt and Pinchot wanted the Commission to continue, but Congress refused further funding. President Roosevelt also invited representatives from Canada, Newfoundland and Mexico to the North American Conservation Conference so that inter-national conservation issues could be discussed. Those who attended agreed that they would co-ordinate policies about natural resource management between the three countries, but each country would have to separately establish a commission that would allow for cooperation and information exchange. This agreement ultimately did not produce any results, but it did lead to Canada establishing the non-partisan Commission of Conservation. This commission allowed for the completion of over two hundred studies before 1919. The Commission was composed of an executive committee and also involved universities to provide scientific and technical expertise. The committees were divided into seven working groups; forestry, lands, fisheries, game and wildlife, water and waterpower, minerals and public health. See also National Conservation Exposition References ^ Conservation Commissions and Conferences under the Roosevelt Administration 1901-1909, Theodore Roosevelt Association ^ MacDowell, L. S. (2012). An environmental history of canada. Vancouver, BC: UBC Press. This article related to the politics of the United States is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"President Theodore Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"United States Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"Gifford Pinchot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifford_Pinchot"},{"link_name":"Conference of Governors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conference_of_Governors"},{"link_name":"Inland Waterways Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inland_Waterways_Commission"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Newfoundland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion_of_Newfoundland"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The National Conservation Commission was appointed on June 8, 1908 by President Theodore Roosevelt and consisted of representatives of the United States Congress and relevant executive agency technocrats; Gifford Pinchot served as chairman of its executive committee. The commission was the fourth of seven conservation commissions and conferences established during Roosevelt's presidency (1901-1909). This commission had resulted from the first Conference of Governors just weeks earlier, which similarly had stemmed from the previous recommendations of the Inland Waterways Commission, presented to Congress in February 1908. The National Conservation Commission was divided into four sections, water, forests, lands, and minerals, with each having its own chairman; it prepared the first inventory of the nation's natural resources,[1] in a three-volume report submitted to Congress at the beginning of 1909. The commissions findings also present Pinchot's concepts of resource management as a comprehensive policy recommendation for the government. Roosevelt and Pinchot wanted the Commission to continue, but Congress refused further funding.President Roosevelt also invited representatives from Canada, Newfoundland and Mexico to the North American Conservation Conference so that inter-national conservation issues could be discussed. Those who attended agreed that they would co-ordinate policies about natural resource management between the three countries, but each country would have to separately establish a commission that would allow for cooperation and information exchange. This agreement ultimately did not produce any results, but it did lead to Canada establishing the non-partisan Commission of Conservation. This commission allowed for the completion of over two hundred studies before 1919. The Commission was composed of an executive committee and also involved universities to provide scientific and technical expertise. The committees were divided into seven working groups; forestry, lands, fisheries, game and wildlife, water and waterpower, minerals and public health. [2]","title":"National Conservation Commission"}]
[]
[{"title":"National Conservation Exposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Conservation_Exposition"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_Royal_Tank_Regiment
4th Royal Tank Regiment
["1 History","2 Commanding officers","3 Awards","4 References","5 External links"]
Armoured regiment of the British Army 4th Royal Tank RegimentCap badge of the Royal Tank RegimentActive28 July 1917- 1993Country United KingdomBranch British ArmyTypeArmouredSizeBattalionPart ofRoyal Armoured Corps Royal Tank RegimentGarrison/HQTidworthMotto(s)Fear NaughtMarchQuick: My Boy Willie Slow: The Royal Tank Regiment Slow MarchAnniversariesCambrai, 20 NovemberBattle honourssee Battle HonoursCommandersColonel-in-ChiefHM The QueenColonel-CommandantLt-General Andrew Peter Ridgway, CB, CBENotablecommandersHugh EllesInsigniaTartanHunting Rose (pipes and drums) Military unit The 4th Royal Tank Regiment (4 RTR) was an armoured regiment of the British Army from its creation in 1917, during World War I, until 1993. It was part of the Royal Tank Regiment, itself part of the Royal Armoured Corps. History Matilda I tank in France, January 1940 The regiment originally saw action as D Battalion, Tank Corps in 1917. In 1940, it was briefly amalgamated with the 7th Royal Tank Regiment, as the 4th/7th Royal Tank Regiment, returning to its previous title four months later. 4 RTR was captured at Tobruk on 21 June 1942. On 1 March 1945, 144th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps was re-designated 4th Royal Tank Regiment to replace the original. The newly retitled regiment equipped with Buffalo LVTs took part in Operation Plunder, ferrying troops of 51st Highland Division across the Rhine on the night of 23/24 March 1945. The Commanding Officer (Lt-Col Alan Jolly) carried the same standard that was originally carried across by 17th Armoured Car Battalion of the Royal Tank Corps in the First World War. Once again the RTR was first across the Rhine. In 1948 it assisted in the ending of the British Mandate over Palestine. In 1959, it was again amalgamated with 7th Royal Tank Regiment, this time without a change of title, and in 1993 due to Options for Change, amalgamated with the 1st Royal Tank Regiment. Commanding officers This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (February 2021) The Commanding Officers have been: 1941: Lt.-Col. W.C.L. O’Carroll 1960–1962: Lt.-Col. Thomas S. Craig 1962–1964: Lt.-Col. H. Brian C. Watkins 1964–1967: Lt.-Col. John A. Cowgill 1967–1969: Lt.-Col. Roger B.C. Plowden 1969–1971: Lt.-Col. Martin H. Sinnatt 1971–1973: Lt.-Col. Laurence A.W. New 1973–1976: Lt.-Col. David Sands 1976–1978: Lt.-Col. Nicholas H. Cocking 1978–1981: Lt.-Col. Michael J. Rose 1981–1983: Lt.-Col. Philip J. Sanders 1983–1985: Lt.-Col. Hedley D.C. Duncan 1985–1988: Lt.-Col. W. Douglas Cantley 1988–1990: Lt.-Col. Charles J. McBean 1990–1993: Lt.-Col. Martin N.E. Speller Awards Philip John Gardner – Victoria Cross Tobruk 1941 References ^ Military Tartans: Rose ^ a b c d "4th Royal Tank Regiment". Regiments.org. Archived from the original on 19 May 2006. Retrieved 4 March 2018. ^ a b "Royal Tank Regiment". British Armed Forces. Retrieved 4 March 2018. ^ "The History of the 4th and 7th Royal Tank Regiment". Retrieved 4 March 2018. ^ "Regiments and Commanding Officers, 1960 - Colin Mackie" (PDF). p. 32. Retrieved 4 February 2021. External links "4th Royal Tank Regiment". Regiments.org. Archived from the original on 11 October 2007. The History of the 4th and 7th Royal Tank Regiment. revised 2011 The website of 4th RTR on the internet The History of the 4th and 7th Royal Tank Regiment Merseyside RTR (Brian Gills website) vteRAC armoured regiments of the Second World WarRegularDragoons 1st King's Dragoon Guards 2nd Dragoon Guards (Queen's Bays) 3rd Carabiniers (Prince of Wales Dragoon Guards) 4th/7th Dragoon Guards 5th Inniskilling Dragoon Guards 22nd Dragoons 25th Dragoons Royal Scots Greys Hussars 3rd The King's Own Hussars 4th Queen's Own Hussars 7th Queen's Own Hussars 8th King's Royal Irish Hussars 10th Royal Hussars 11th Hussars (Prince Alberts Own) 13th/18th Royal Hussars (Queen Marys Own) 14th/20th King's Hussars 15th/19th The King's Royal Hussars 23rd Hussars 26th Hussars Lancers 9th Queen's Royal Lancers 12th Royal Lancers 16th/5th Lancers 17th/21st Lancers 24th Lancers 27th Lancers Royal Tank Regiments 1st RTR 2nd RTR 3rd RTR 4th RTR 5th RTR 6th RTR 7th RTR 8th RTR 9th RTR 10th RTR 11th RTR 12th RTR 39th RTR 40th RTR 40th/41st RTR 41st RTR 42nd (7th East Surrey) RTR 43rd (6th Royal Northumberland Fusiliers) RTR 44th RTR 45th RTR 46th RTR 47th RTR 48th RTR 49th RTR 50th RTR 51st RTR 61st RTR 62nd RTR 65th RTR 101st RTR 102nd RTR Regiments RAC 46 RAC 107 (King's Own) RAC 108 (Lancashire Fusiliers) RAC 109 RAC 110 (Border) RAC 111 RAC 112 RAC 113 RAC 114 RAC 115 RAC 116 RAC 141 RAC 142 RAC 143 RAC 144 (East Lancashire) RAC 145 RAC 146 RAC 147 RAC 148 RAC 149 RAC 150 RAC 151 RAC 152 RAC 153 RAC 154 RAC 155 RAC 156 RAC 157 RAC 158 RAC 159 RAC 160 RAC 161 RAC 162 RAC 163 RAC Reserve 1st Derbyshire Yeomanry 2nd Derbyshire Yeomanry 1st Royal Gloucestershire Hussars 2nd Royal Gloucestershire Hussars 1st Lothians and Border Horse 2nd Lothians and Border Horse 1st Fife and Forfar Yeomanry 2nd Fife and Forfar Yeomanry 3rd County of London Yeomanry (Sharpshooters) 4th County of London Yeomanry (Sharpshooters) 1st Northamptonshire Yeomanry 2nd Northamptonshire Yeomanry 1st East Riding Yeomanry 2nd East Riding Yeomanry Cheshire Yeomanry Inns of Court Regiment North Irish Horse North Somerset Yeomanry Queen's Own Yorkshire Dragoons Royal Wiltshire Yeomanry Sherwood Rangers Yeomanry Staffordshire Yeomanry Warwickshire Yeomanry Westminster Dragoons (2nd County of London Yeomanry) Yorkshire Hussars
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"armoured regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armoured_regiment_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"British Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Royal Tank Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Tank_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Royal Armoured Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Armoured_Corps"}],"text":"Military unitThe 4th Royal Tank Regiment (4 RTR) was an armoured regiment of the British Army from its creation in 1917, during World War I, until 1993. It was part of the Royal Tank Regiment, itself part of the Royal Armoured Corps.","title":"4th Royal Tank Regiment"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IWM-F-2141-Matilda.jpg"},{"link_name":"Matilda I tank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matilda_I_(tank)"},{"link_name":"7th Royal Tank Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7th_Royal_Tank_Regiment"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-regiments-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-baf-3"},{"link_name":"Tobruk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobruk"},{"link_name":"144th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/144th_Regiment_Royal_Armoured_Corps"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-regiments-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-baf-3"},{"link_name":"LVTs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landing_Vehicle_Tracked"},{"link_name":"Operation Plunder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Plunder"},{"link_name":"Alan Jolly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Jolly"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-regiments-2"},{"link_name":"Options for Change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Options_for_Change"},{"link_name":"1st Royal Tank Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Royal_Tank_Regiment"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-regiments-2"}],"text":"Matilda I tank in France, January 1940The regiment originally saw action as D Battalion, Tank Corps in 1917. In 1940, it was briefly amalgamated with the 7th Royal Tank Regiment, as the 4th/7th Royal Tank Regiment, returning to its previous title four months later.[2][3]4 RTR was captured at Tobruk on 21 June 1942. On 1 March 1945, 144th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps was re-designated 4th Royal Tank Regiment to replace the original.[2][3] The newly retitled regiment equipped with Buffalo LVTs took part in Operation Plunder, ferrying troops of 51st Highland Division across the Rhine on the night of 23/24 March 1945. The Commanding Officer (Lt-Col Alan Jolly) carried the same standard that was originally carried across by 17th Armoured Car Battalion of the Royal Tank Corps in the First World War. Once again the RTR was first across the Rhine.[4]In 1948 it assisted in the ending of the British Mandate over Palestine.[2] In 1959, it was again amalgamated with 7th Royal Tank Regiment, this time without a change of title, and in 1993 due to Options for Change, amalgamated with the 1st Royal Tank Regiment.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Laurence A.W. New","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_New"}],"text":"The Commanding Officers have been:[5]1941: Lt.-Col. W.C.L. O’Carroll\n1960–1962: Lt.-Col. Thomas S. Craig\n1962–1964: Lt.-Col. H. Brian C. Watkins\n1964–1967: Lt.-Col. John A. Cowgill\n1967–1969: Lt.-Col. Roger B.C. Plowden\n1969–1971: Lt.-Col. Martin H. Sinnatt\n1971–1973: Lt.-Col. Laurence A.W. New\n1973–1976: Lt.-Col. David Sands\n1976–1978: Lt.-Col. Nicholas H. Cocking\n1978–1981: Lt.-Col. Michael J. Rose\n1981–1983: Lt.-Col. Philip J. Sanders\n1983–1985: Lt.-Col. Hedley D.C. Duncan\n1985–1988: Lt.-Col. W. Douglas Cantley\n1988–1990: Lt.-Col. Charles J. McBean\n1990–1993: Lt.-Col. Martin N.E. Speller","title":"Commanding officers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Philip John Gardner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_John_Gardner"},{"link_name":"Victoria Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Cross"}],"text":"Philip John Gardner – Victoria Cross Tobruk 1941","title":"Awards"}]
[{"image_text":"Matilda I tank in France, January 1940","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/IWM-F-2141-Matilda.jpg/220px-IWM-F-2141-Matilda.jpg"}]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanapag_Harbor
Tanapag Harbor
["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]
Harbor on Saipan, Northern Mariana Islands, US Tanapag harbor with Managaha island Tanapag Harbor (15°13′36″N 145°44′12″E / 15.22667°N 145.73667°E / 15.22667; 145.73667) is the primary harbor of Saipan, and is located on the western side of the island in the city of Tanapag. It is separated from the Philippine Sea by a barrier reef, located about 3 km (2 miles) off the shore. This reef forms the Saipan Lagoon. During World War II the harbor was occupied and used by Japan and later the United States as Naval Advance Base Saipan with the code name Dugout Zero. Following the war the harbor facilities have been significantly expanded to provide support for the United States Navy. This port is also called Puetton Tanapag, or the inner harbor. The harbor should not be confused with the similarly named popular introductory SCUBA diving site at Tanapag Beach. Dive sites of saipan See also Maritime Heritage Trail – Battle of Saipan References ^ Tanapag Harborpacificwrecks.com ^ Saipan at GlobalSecurity.org External links Orientation to Tanapag with map. This Northern Marianas location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bimbache
Bimbache
["1 Division of aboriginal territory","2 The Spanish conquest and the Bimbache","3 Bimbache mythology","4 Genetics","5 See also","6 References","7 Sources","8 External links"]
Ethnic group BimbachePainting of Bimbache by Leonardo Torriani, 1592Total populationUnknown –Regions with significant populationsReligionAnimismRelated ethnic groupsBerber · Riffian · Guanches Bimbache or Bimbape is the name given to the inhabitants of El Hierro, who inhabited the island before the Spanish conquest of the Canary Islands that took place between 1402 and 1496. The Bimbache are one of several peoples native to the Canaries, with a genetic and cultural link to the Berber people of North Africa. The Bimbache people shared a common link with other aboriginal peoples of the Canary Islands. The island of El Hierro was known to the Bimbache as Eseró or Heró. The word "Bimbache" means "Sons of the Sons of Tenerife", so were believed to be descendants of the Guanches, the ancient inhabitants of the island of Tenerife. Division of aboriginal territory Satellite image of the island of El Hierro. Unlike the other Canary Islands, El Hierro had no internal territorial divisions. The Spanish conquest and the Bimbache Jean de Béthencourt The Spanish conquest was carried out in late 1405 by Jean de Béthencourt, who promised to respect the freedom of the Bimbache, and there was no resistance from the small aboriginal population. This promise was broken by de Béthencourt's son, who sold most of the Bimbache inhabitants as slaves, and the island was repopulated with Spanish and Norman settlers. Before the arrival of the Castilian and Aragonese crown forces, the population was largely pastoral, raising cattle, goats, sheep and pigs, alongside the cultivation of grain and maritime resources. As there were no merchant trade routes servicing the island, the vessels that brought the inhabitants to the island were destroyed with time, and left a domestic market whose trading system was based on the exchange of local produce. Land and other common resources were managed and distributed equally by collective agreements held during meetings chaired by a mediating king, using a system of participatory democracy where the king was a figure of justice and democratic mediation. Bimbache mythology Each island of the Canaries had its own gods, distinct to each island, though the islands shared common concepts in their mythology, such as divine power represented by Nature. The two benign deities in El Hierro were the god Eraorahan and the goddess Moneiba, with a third malevolent god, Aranfaybo, who was prayed to in times of desperation. The gradual expansion of control by the Crown of Castile and Aragon delegated benefits of both land and commercial production rights to a minority by means of a feudal regime. Additionally, the native religion's symbols of nature were suppressed in order to introduce Christianity to the island. Both before and after the incorporation of El Hierro to the Spanish crown, some population of working age were taken from the island to Castile for slave labour, before later regaining the status of human beings, and being returned to the island. Later, the island was also populated by people of French and Galician origin, also under a feudal system by the Crowns of Castile and Aragon. Genetics See also: Guanches § Genetics, Kelif el Boroud § Genetics, and Bell Beaker culture § Genetics Ordóñez et al. 2017 examined the remains of a large number of Bimbache buried at Punta Azul, El Hierro c. 1015-1200 AD. The 16 samples of Y-DNA extracted belonged to the paternal haplogroups E1a (1 sample), E1b1b1a1 (7 samples) and R1b1a2 (7 samples). All the extracted samples of mtDNA belonged to the maternal haplogroup H1-1626. E1a is most common in sub-Saharan Africa, while E1b1b1a1 is very common in North Africa. R1b1a2 is considered a typical European lineage, but is also found at low frequencies in North Africa. About 10% of examined Guanches of Gran Canaria have been found to be carriers of R1b1a2. The dominance of a single maternal lineage (H1-1626) suggested that the Bimbache were a matrilineal society. The authors of the study suggested that the Bimbache were descended from the earliest of two or more migration waves from North Africa to the Canary Islands. See also El Hierro Guanches Conquest of the Canary Islands Berber people References ^ Historia, El Hierro, Islas Canarias ^ Ordóñez et al. 2017, p. 24, Table 2. ^ Ordóñez et al. 2017. Sources Ordóñez, Alejandra C.; et al. (February 2017). "Genetic studies on the prehispanic population buried in Punta Azul cave (El Hierro, Canary Islands)". Journal of Archaeological Science. 78. Elsevier: 20–28. Bibcode:2017JArSc..78...20O. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2016.11.004. Retrieved July 13, 2020. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Guanche. Guanches Museums of Tenerife. vteCultural domain of the Canary Islands Category Commons History Guanches Bimbache Pre-colonial times Conquest Treaty of Alcáçovas First Battle of Acentejo Kingdom of the Canary Islands Battle of Aguere Second Battle of Acentejo Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife (1657) Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife (1797) Spanish transition Autonomous community Canarian Parliament G-clefLanguages Guanche† Canarian (Spanish) Gomeran Whistle Mythology Gara and Jonay Achamán Achuguayo Achuhucanac Chaxiraxi Chijoraji Guayota Magec Maxios Tibicena Historic sites Bienes de Interés Cultural (Las Palmas) Bienes de Interés Cultural (Tenerife) Castillo de San José Caves of Valeron Four Doors cave Guayadeque ravine Las Palmas Cathedral El Maipés Necropolis Museo Canario Painted Cave, Galdar Church of San Juan Bautista Museumsand galleries Archaeological Museum of Puerto de la Cruz Atlantic Center of Modern Art Castle of San Cristóbal (Santa Cruz de Tenerife) Centro de Fotografía Isla de Tenerife Castillo de San José Elder Museum of Science and Technology Museo Canario Museum of the History of Tenerife Museo de la Naturaleza y Arqueología Museo Municipal de Bellas Artes de Santa Cruz de Tenerife Museum of Science and the Cosmos Tenerife Espacio de las Artes Cuisine Almogrote Canarian arepa Canarian wrinkly potatoes Gofio Malvasia Majorero Miel de palma Mojo Pasteles Ropa vieja Sancocho Sangria Tropical beer Wines Musical instruments Chácaras Timple Traditions Carnival of Santa Cruz de Tenerife Carnival of Las Palmas Bajada (festival) Cavalcade of Magi Holy Week Virgin of Candelaria Cristo de La Laguna Akelarre Sports Bola canaria Canarian wrestling Juego del Palo Salto del pastor Open Lanzarote Island Open Costa Adeje Symbols places ofthe Canary Islands Teide Auditorio de Tenerife Garajonay Caldera de Taburiente Spain portal   Islands portal
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"El Hierro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Hierro"},{"link_name":"Canary Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canary_Islands"},{"link_name":"Berber people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berber_people"},{"link_name":"North Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africa"},{"link_name":"Guanches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanches"},{"link_name":"Tenerife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenerife"}],"text":"Bimbache or Bimbape is the name given to the inhabitants of El Hierro, who inhabited the island before the Spanish conquest of the Canary Islands that took place between 1402 and 1496. The Bimbache are one of several peoples native to the Canaries, with a genetic and cultural link to the Berber people of North Africa. The Bimbache people shared a common link with other aboriginal peoples of the Canary Islands.The island of El Hierro was known to the Bimbache as Eseró or Heró. The word \"Bimbache\" means \"Sons of the Sons of Tenerife\", so were believed to be descendants of the Guanches, the ancient inhabitants of the island of Tenerife.","title":"Bimbache"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Santa_Cruz_de_Tenerife_SPOT_1320.jpg"}],"text":"Satellite image of the island of El Hierro.Unlike the other Canary Islands, El Hierro had no internal territorial divisions.","title":"Division of aboriginal territory"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jeandebethencourt.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jean de Béthencourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_de_B%C3%A9thencourt"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Castilian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Aragonese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon"}],"text":"Jean de BéthencourtThe Spanish conquest was carried out in late 1405 by Jean de Béthencourt, who promised to respect the freedom of the Bimbache, and there was no resistance from the small aboriginal population. This promise was broken by de Béthencourt's son, who sold most of the Bimbache inhabitants as slaves, and the island was repopulated with Spanish and Norman settlers.[1]Before the arrival of the Castilian and Aragonese crown forces, the population was largely pastoral, raising cattle, goats, sheep and pigs, alongside the cultivation of grain and maritime resources. As there were no merchant trade routes servicing the island, the vessels that brought the inhabitants to the island were destroyed with time, and left a domestic market whose trading system was based on the exchange of local produce. Land and other common resources were managed and distributed equally by collective agreements held during meetings chaired by a mediating king, using a system of participatory democracy where the king was a figure of justice and democratic mediation.","title":"The Spanish conquest and the Bimbache"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eraorahan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eraorahan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Moneiba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moneiba"},{"link_name":"Aranfaybo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aranfaybo"},{"link_name":"Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Galician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)"}],"text":"Each island of the Canaries had its own gods, distinct to each island, though the islands shared common concepts in their mythology, such as divine power represented by Nature. The two benign deities in El Hierro were the god Eraorahan and the goddess Moneiba, with a third malevolent god, Aranfaybo, who was prayed to in times of desperation.The gradual expansion of control by the Crown of Castile and Aragon delegated benefits of both land and commercial production rights to a minority by means of a feudal regime. Additionally, the native religion's symbols of nature were suppressed in order to introduce Christianity to the island. Both before and after the incorporation of El Hierro to the Spanish crown, some population of working age were taken from the island to Castile for slave labour, before later regaining the status of human beings, and being returned to the island. Later, the island was also populated by people of French and Galician origin, also under a feudal system by the Crowns of Castile and Aragon.","title":"Bimbache mythology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Guanches § Genetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanches#Genetics"},{"link_name":"Kelif el Boroud § Genetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelif_el_Boroud#Genetics"},{"link_name":"Bell Beaker culture § Genetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Beaker_culture#Genetics"},{"link_name":"Ordóñez et al. 2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFOrd%C3%B3%C3%B1ez_et_al.2017"},{"link_name":"Y-DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y-DNA"},{"link_name":"E1a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_E-M132"},{"link_name":"E1b1b1a1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_E-V68"},{"link_name":"R1b1a2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_R-M269"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrd%C3%B3%C3%B1ez_et_al.201724Table_2-2"},{"link_name":"mtDNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MtDNA"},{"link_name":"H1-1626","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_H_(mtDNA)#H1"},{"link_name":"sub-Saharan Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa"},{"link_name":"European","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"Guanches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanches"},{"link_name":"Gran Canaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Canaria"},{"link_name":"matrilineal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrilineal"},{"link_name":"Canary Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canary_Islands"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrd%C3%B3%C3%B1ez_et_al.2017-3"}],"text":"See also: Guanches § Genetics, Kelif el Boroud § Genetics, and Bell Beaker culture § GeneticsOrdóñez et al. 2017 examined the remains of a large number of Bimbache buried at Punta Azul, El Hierro c. 1015-1200 AD. The 16 samples of Y-DNA extracted belonged to the paternal haplogroups E1a (1 sample), E1b1b1a1 (7 samples) and R1b1a2 (7 samples).[2] All the extracted samples of mtDNA belonged to the maternal haplogroup H1-1626. E1a is most common in sub-Saharan Africa, while E1b1b1a1 is very common in North Africa. R1b1a2 is considered a typical European lineage, but is also found at low frequencies in North Africa. About 10% of examined Guanches of Gran Canaria have been found to be carriers of R1b1a2. The dominance of a single maternal lineage (H1-1626) suggested that the Bimbache were a matrilineal society. The authors of the study suggested that the Bimbache were descended from the earliest of two or more migration waves from North Africa to the Canary Islands.[3]","title":"Genetics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Genetic studies on the prehispanic population buried in Punta Azul cave (El Hierro, Canary Islands)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305440316301686"},{"link_name":"Journal of Archaeological Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Archaeological_Science"},{"link_name":"Elsevier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsevier"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2017JArSc..78...20O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JArSc..78...20O"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/j.jas.2016.11.004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jas.2016.11.004"}],"text":"Ordóñez, Alejandra C.; et al. (February 2017). \"Genetic studies on the prehispanic population buried in Punta Azul cave (El Hierro, Canary Islands)\". Journal of Archaeological Science. 78. Elsevier: 20–28. Bibcode:2017JArSc..78...20O. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2016.11.004. Retrieved July 13, 2020.","title":"Sources"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_Fran%C3%A7ais_Paris_(football)
Stade Français (association football)
["1 History","2 Names","3 International competition","4 Notable players","5 Managerial history","6 Honours","6.1 National","6.2 Regional","7 References","8 External links"]
This article is about the football section of Stade Français. For the rugby section, see Stade Français. Football clubStade FrançaisFull nameStade FrançaisFounded1900; 124 years ago (1900)(football section)GroundHaras Lupin, VaucressonFranceWebsiteClub website Home colours Stade Français Football is a French association football team based in Paris and playing in suburb town of Vaucresson. The team is the football section of sports club Stade Français, whose rugby union section is currently the most successful. The team currently plays at the Haras Lupine sports center in Vaucresson (Hauts-de-Seine), in the nearby western suburbs of Paris. The club has repeatedly merged with Île-de-France clubs in its history, once with the Cercle athletétique de Paris between 1942 and 1944 and once with the Red Star to form the Stade français-Red Star between 1948 and 1950. Stade Francais played its matches at the Paris stadium called "Bauer stadium" in Saint-Ouen (Seine-Saint-Denis) after the war, then at the Parc des Princes until 1968 and at the Jean-Bouin stadium in the 70s and 80s when the club evolved at professional and national levels. The Stade Français experienced its heyday during the post-war period with a semi-final of the Coupe de France in 1949 under the name Stade Français-Red Star and a title of champion of France in the second division in 1952. Thereafter , the club discovered continental struggles with two participations in the Cup of Fair Cities in the 1960s (editions 1964-1965, 1965-1966). Since the abandonment of professionalism and high-level football in the national and regional divisions in the 1980s, the club has evolved in the lower divisions of the Hauts-de-Seine departmental football district. History Founded in 1883, the Stade Français (which was also a founding member of USFSA), did not have an association football section until 1900, established by Étienne Delavault. The team played at several venues, first at Becon, then at the Vélodrome de la Seine before settling down at La Faisanderie, in the Saint-Cloud area, from 1906. Stade Français took professional status in 1942 Team that won the Paris championship in 1926 The French football stadium knew its hour of glory from 1945 when the club president set up in Paris a team of professional stars, under the leadership of a legendary pair: Larbi Ben Barek on the field and the mythical Helenio Herrera as coach. Together they entered Division 1 in 1946 and were semi-finalists in the Coupe de France in 1949. However, the club returned to Division 2 the same year. Despite the failure of the merger with the Red Star from 1948 to 1950 to form the "Stade Français–Red Star", the club won its only trophy at today, the title of D2 champion in 1952. The club only stayed 2 years in Division 1, since in 1954, it was relegated after losing the play-offs against the neighbor of Racing, despite the presence in its ranks of Dominique Colonna and Kees Rijvers Nowadays, the club is member of the Paris Ile-de-France Football League, where it registered in 1990. It takes part in departmental competitions but, after a long period of sports decline, the club becomes ambitious again. So in 2009, under the leadership of its new president, Jean-Pierre Pochon, Stade Français decided to return to high-level competition and set up a more dynamic organization. After repairing his two turf pitches, it simultaneously created a U19 team and a Senior team with the objective of winning titles. To mark the occasion, Stade Français aligned its teams with a brand new jersey specially made to measure and which was reminiscent of the blows from the rugby club. The French stadium goes up for the second consecutive year and is thus in the 4th division of the Hauts-de-Seine departmental football district. The objective is to set up a division each year. Names Through its history, the club has changed its name several times: Stade Français (1900–42, 1943–44, 1945–48, 1950–66, 1968–81, 1985–present) Stade-CAP (1942–43) Stade-Capitale (1944–45) Stade Français-Red Star (1948–50) Stade de Paris FC (1966–68) Stade Français 92 (1981–85) International competition Season Competition Round Club Score 1964–65 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup 1st round Real Betis 1–1, 2–0 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup 2nd round Juventus 0–0, 0–1 1965–66 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup 1st round Porto 0–0, 0–1 Notable players Further information: Category:Stade Français (association football) players French international while playing for the club: Henri Arnaudeau Larbi Ben Barek Georges Carnus Raoul Chaisaz Robert Dauphin Edmond Delfour Jacques Dhur Marcel Domingo Jean Grégoire André Grillon Louis Hon André Lerond Maryan Synakowski Zbigniew Gut Jules Monsallier Henri Pavillard Robert Péri Pierre Ranzoni Yvon Ségalen Henri Skiba Édouard Stachowitz Jacques Wild Hakim Chabi (2021-2022) Managerial history Some of the most notable managers of Stade Francais have been: G. Davidović Accard (1942–43) Rose Helenio Herrera (1945–48) André Riou (1948–50) J. Drugeon (1950) W. Wolf (1950–51) Jean Grégoire (1951) Edmond Delfour (1952 – December 1953) André Grillon (December 1953 – 1954) Joseph Mercier (1954–61) Wadoux + Lerond (1961) Joseph Mercier (1961) Léon Rossi (1961 – November 1963) Henri Priami (November 1963–65) André Gérard (1965–67) Alain Avisse (1975–82) Claude Dusseau (1982–84) Yves Todorov (1984–85) Honours National Division 2 (1): 1951–52 Championnat de France (1): 1928 Regional Championat de Paris (6): 1925, 1926, 1928, 1954, 1965, 1979 Coupe de Paris (1): 1978 References ^ a b "Stade Français the champion of friendship" by Victor Sinet on Football Magazine #27, p. 28, Apr 1962 ^ France - Trainers of First and Second Division Clubs by Erik Garin on the RSSSF ^ Fudbal u Kraljevini Jugoslaviji, Milorad Sijić, pag. 33 ^ Stade Francais, Palmarés External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Stade Français Paris (football). Official website
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stade Français","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_Fran%C3%A7ais"},{"link_name":"French association football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_in_France"},{"link_name":"team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_football_clubs_in_France"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Vaucresson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaucresson"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"sports club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_club"},{"link_name":"rugby union section","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_Fran%C3%A7ais"},{"link_name":"Île-de-France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ele-de-France"}],"text":"This article is about the football section of Stade Français. For the rugby section, see Stade Français.Football clubStade Français Football is a French association football team based in Paris and playing in suburb town of Vaucresson. The team is the football section of sports club Stade Français, whose rugby union section is currently the most successful.The team currently plays at the Haras Lupine sports center in Vaucresson (Hauts-de-Seine), in the nearby western suburbs of Paris.The club has repeatedly merged with Île-de-France clubs in its history, once with the Cercle athletétique de Paris between 1942 and 1944 and once with the Red Star to form the Stade français-Red Star between 1948 and 1950. Stade Francais played its matches at the Paris stadium called \"Bauer stadium\" in Saint-Ouen (Seine-Saint-Denis) after the war, then at the Parc des Princes until 1968 and at the Jean-Bouin stadium in the 70s and 80s when the club evolved at professional and national levels.The Stade Français experienced its heyday during the post-war period with a semi-final of the Coupe de France in 1949 under the name Stade Français-Red Star and a title of champion of France in the second division in 1952. Thereafter , the club discovered continental struggles with two participations in the Cup of Fair Cities in the 1960s (editions 1964-1965, 1965-1966).Since the abandonment of professionalism and high-level football in the national and regional divisions in the 1980s, the club has evolved in the lower divisions of the Hauts-de-Seine departmental football district.","title":"Stade Français (association football)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stade Français","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_Fran%C3%A7ais"},{"link_name":"USFSA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_des_Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9s_Fran%C3%A7aises_de_Sports_Athl%C3%A9tiques"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-friendship-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stade_francais_football_1926.jpg"},{"link_name":"Larbi Ben Barek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larbi_Ben_Barek"},{"link_name":"Helenio Herrera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helenio_Herrera"},{"link_name":"Red Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Star_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racing_Club_de_France_football_Colombes_92"},{"link_name":"Dominique Colonna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominique_Colonna"},{"link_name":"Kees Rijvers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kees_Rijvers"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-friendship-1"}],"text":"Founded in 1883, the Stade Français (which was also a founding member of USFSA), did not have an association football section until 1900, established by Étienne Delavault. The team played at several venues, first at Becon, then at the Vélodrome de la Seine before settling down at La Faisanderie, in the Saint-Cloud area, from 1906. Stade Français took professional status in 1942 [1]Team that won the Paris championship in 1926The French football stadium knew its hour of glory from 1945 when the club president set up in Paris a team of professional stars, under the leadership of a legendary pair: Larbi Ben Barek on the field and the mythical Helenio Herrera as coach. Together they entered Division 1 in 1946 and were semi-finalists in the Coupe de France in 1949. However, the club returned to Division 2 the same year. Despite the failure of the merger with the Red Star from 1948 to 1950 to form the \"Stade Français–Red Star\", the club won its only trophy at today, the title of D2 champion in 1952. The club only stayed 2 years in Division 1, since in 1954, it was relegated after losing the play-offs against the neighbor of Racing, despite the presence in its ranks of Dominique Colonna and Kees Rijvers\n[1]Nowadays, the club is member of the Paris Ile-de-France Football League, where it registered in 1990. It takes part in departmental competitions but, after a long period of sports decline, the club becomes ambitious again. So in 2009, under the leadership of its new president, Jean-Pierre Pochon, Stade Français decided to return to high-level competition and set up a more dynamic organization. After repairing his two turf pitches, it simultaneously created a U19 team and a Senior team with the objective of winning titles. To mark the occasion, Stade Français aligned its teams with a brand new jersey specially made to measure and which was reminiscent of the blows from the rugby club. The French stadium goes up for the second consecutive year and is thus in the 4th division of the Hauts-de-Seine departmental football district. The objective is to set up a division each year.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Through its history, the club has changed its name several times:Stade Français (1900–42, 1943–44, 1945–48, 1950–66, 1968–81, 1985–present)\nStade-CAP (1942–43)\nStade-Capitale (1944–45)\nStade Français-Red Star (1948–50)\nStade de Paris FC (1966–68)\nStade Français 92 (1981–85)","title":"Names"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"International competition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Category:Stade Français (association football) players","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Stade_Fran%C3%A7ais_(association_football)_players"},{"link_name":"Larbi Ben Barek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larbi_Ben_Barek"},{"link_name":"Georges Carnus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Carnus"},{"link_name":"Robert Dauphin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Dauphin"},{"link_name":"Edmond Delfour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Delfour"},{"link_name":"Marcel Domingo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Domingo"},{"link_name":"André Grillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Grillon"},{"link_name":"Louis Hon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Hon"},{"link_name":"André Lerond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Lerond"},{"link_name":"Zbigniew Gut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbigniew_Gut"},{"link_name":"Henri Pavillard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Pavillard"},{"link_name":"Robert Péri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_P%C3%A9ri"},{"link_name":"Henri Skiba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Skiba"}],"text":"Further information: Category:Stade Français (association football) playersFrench international while playing for the club:Henri Arnaudeau\nLarbi Ben Barek\nGeorges Carnus\nRaoul Chaisaz\nRobert Dauphin\nEdmond Delfour\nJacques Dhur\nMarcel Domingo\nJean Grégoire\nAndré Grillon\nLouis Hon\nAndré Lerond\nMaryan Synakowski\nZbigniew Gut\nJules Monsallier\nHenri Pavillard\nRobert Péri\nPierre Ranzoni\nYvon Ségalen\nHenri Skiba\nÉdouard Stachowitz\nJacques Wild\nHakim Chabi (2021-2022)","title":"Notable players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Helenio Herrera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helenio_Herrera"},{"link_name":"André Riou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Riou"},{"link_name":"Edmond Delfour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Delfour"},{"link_name":"André Grillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Grillon"},{"link_name":"Joseph Mercier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Mercier"},{"link_name":"Joseph Mercier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Mercier"},{"link_name":"André Gérard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_G%C3%A9rard"},{"link_name":"Yves Todorov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yves_Todorov"}],"text":"Some of the most notable managers of Stade Francais have been:[2]G. Davidović [3]\nAccard (1942–43)\nRose\nHelenio Herrera (1945–48)\nAndré Riou (1948–50)\nJ. Drugeon (1950)\nW. Wolf (1950–51)\nJean Grégoire (1951)\nEdmond Delfour (1952 – December 1953)\nAndré Grillon (December 1953 – 1954)\nJoseph Mercier (1954–61)\nWadoux + Lerond (1961)\nJoseph Mercier (1961)\nLéon Rossi (1961 – November 1963)\nHenri Priami (November 1963–65)\nAndré Gérard (1965–67)\nAlain Avisse (1975–82)\nClaude Dusseau (1982–84)\nYves Todorov (1984–85)","title":"Managerial history"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Division 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligue_2"},{"link_name":"1951–52","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1951%E2%80%9352_French_Division_2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-summ-4"}],"sub_title":"National","text":"Division 2 (1): 1951–52[4]\nChampionnat de France (1): 1928","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Regional","text":"Championat de Paris (6): 1925, 1926, 1928, 1954, 1965, 1979\nCoupe de Paris (1): 1978","title":"Honours"}]
[{"image_text":"Team that won the Paris championship in 1926","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Stade_francais_football_1926.jpg/220px-Stade_francais_football_1926.jpg"}]
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[{"Link":"https://stadefrancais.com/football/","external_links_name":"Club website"},{"Link":"https://www.rsssf.org/players/trainers-fran-clubs.html","external_links_name":"France - Trainers of First and Second Division Clubs"},{"Link":"http://www.pari-et-gagne.com/stadefrancais.html","external_links_name":"Stade Francais, Palmarés"},{"Link":"https://www.stadefrancais.com/sections/football/","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Fox_television_affiliates_(table)
List of Fox Broadcasting Company affiliates (table)
["1 Owned-and-operated stations","2 Affiliate stations","2.1 U.S. territories","2.2 Outside the U.S.","3 Notes","3.1 License ownership/operational agreements","3.2 Primary and secondary affiliations","3.3 Satellites and semi-satellites","3.4 Previous Fox affiliations","3.5 Miscellany","4 See also","5 References"]
For a list of affiliates by state, see List of Fox Broadcasting Company affiliates (by U.S. state). This television-related list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (October 2021) The Fox Broadcasting Company is a television network based in the United States made up of 18 owned-and-operated stations and over 227 network affiliates. Stations are listed in alphabetical order by city of license. A blue background indicates an affiliate originating as a digital subchannel. A gray background indicates a low-power station or translator. A lavender blue background indicates an affiliate originating as a digital subchannel of a low-power station. (**) – Indicates station was a Fox owned-and-operated station from the network's inception in 1986. Owned-and-operated stations Main article: Fox Television Stations City of license / Market Station ChannelTV (RF) Year ofaffiliation Ownedsince Digital subchannels Atlanta, GA WAGA-TV 5 (27) 1994 1997 Movies!BuzzrTheGrioCatchyFox WX Austin, TX KTBC 7 (7) 1994 1997 Movies!BuzzrMeTVCatchyFox WX Bemidji, MN KFTC 26 (26) 1999 2002 MyTVMovies!Fox WX Chicago, IL WFLD** 32 (31) 1986 1986 Movies!BuzzrTheGrioFox WX Dallas–Fort Worth, TX KDFW 4 (35) 1995 1997 MyTVH&IgetTV Detroit, MI WJBK 2 (7) 1994 1997 Movies!BuzzrH&ICatchyFox WX Houston, TX KRIV** 26 (26) 1986 1986 CatchyFox WX Los Angeles, CA KTTV** 11 (11) 1986 1986 Fox WXTheGrioCatchy Milwaukee, WI WITI 6 (31) 1994 2020 Antenna TVHSNFox WX Minneapolis–Saint Paul, MN KMSP-TV 9 (9) 2002 2001 BuzzrTheGrioCatchyStoryMyTV New York City, NY WNYW** 5 (27) 1986 1986 Movies!Fox WXTheGrioCatchy Oakland–San Francisco–San Jose, CA KTVU 2 (31) 1986 2014 Fox WXMovies!Buzzr Ocala–Gainesville, FL WOGX 51 (31) 1991 2002 Movies!IonCatchy Orlando–Daytona Beach–Melbourne, FL WOFL 35 (33) 1986 2002 BuzzrFox WX Philadelphia, PA WTXF-TV 29 (31) 1986 1995 Movies!TheGrioBuzzrFox WX Phoenix, AZ KSAZ-TV 10 (10) 1994 1997 H&ITheGrioFox WX Tacoma–Seattle, WA KCPQ 13 (13) 1986 2020 GritIon MysteryBuzzrFox WX Tampa–St. Petersburg–Sarasota, FL WTVT 13 (12) 1994 1997 Movies!BuzzrH&ICatchyFox WX Washington, D.C. WTTG** 5 (36) 1986 1986 BuzzrStart TV Affiliate stations City of license / Market Station Channel Year of affiliation Ownership Abilene–Sweetwater, TX KXVA 15 2001 Tegna Inc. Albany–Schenectady–Troy, NY WXXA-TV 23 1986 Mission Broadcasting Albany, GA WFXL 31 1989 Sinclair Broadcast Group Albuquerque–Santa Fe, NM KRQE-DT2 13.2 2017 Nexstar Media Group Alexandria, LA WNTZ-TV 48 1991 Nexstar Media Group Alpena, MI WBKB-DT4 11.4 2022 Morgan Murphy Media Altoona–Johnstown, PA WWCP-TV 8 1986 Cunningham Broadcasting Amarillo, TX KCIT 14 1986 Mission Broadcasting Anchorage, AK KTBY 4 1986 Coastal Television Broadcasting Company Augusta, GA WFXG 54 1990 Lockwood Broadcast Group Bakersfield, CA KBFX-CD 58 1995 Sinclair Broadcast Group Bakersfield, CA KBAK-DT2 58.2 1993 Sinclair Broadcast Group Baltimore, MD WBFF 45 1986 Sinclair Broadcast Group Bangor, ME WFVX-LD 22 2003 Rockfleet Broadcasting Bangor, ME WVII-DT2 7.2 2003 Rockfleet Broadcasting Baton Rouge, LA WGMB-TV 44 1991 Nexstar Media Group Beaumont, TX KFDM-DT3 6.3 2021 Sinclair Broadcast Group Belmont–Charlotte, NC WJZY 46 2013 Nexstar Media Group Bend, OR KFXO-CD 39 1993 News-Press & Gazette Company Bend, OR KTVZ-DT4 21.4 1993 News-Press & Gazette Company Billings, MT KHMT 4 1995 Mission Broadcasting Biloxi–Gulfport, MS WXXV-TV 25 1986 Morris Multimedia Binghamton, NY WICZ-TV 40 1996 Imagicomm Communications Birmingham–Tuscaloosa–Anniston, AL WBRC 6 1996 Gray Television Bismarck, ND KFYR-DT2 5.2 2014 Gray Television Bluefield–Beckley–Oak Hill, WV WVNS-DT2 59.2 2006 Nexstar Media Group Boise, ID KNIN-TV 9 2011 Marquee Broadcasting Boston, MA WFXT 25 1986 Cox Media Group Bowling Green, KY WBKO-DT2 13.2 2006 Gray Television Brownsville, TX KXFX-CD 20 2012 Entravision Communications Buffalo, NY WUTV 29 1990 Sinclair Broadcast Group Burlington, VT–Plattsburgh, NY WFFF-TV 44 1997 Nexstar Media Group Butte–Bozeman, MT KWYB-DT2 18.2 2000 Cowles Company Cadillac–Traverse City, MI WFQX-TV 32 1990 Cadillac Telecasting Cape Girardeau, MO–Paducah, KY–Harrisburg, IL KBSI 23 1986 Standard Media Casper, WY KFNB 20 2004 Coastal Television Broadcasting Company Cedar Rapids–Waterloo–Iowa City–Dubuque, IA KGAN-DT2 2.2 2021 Sinclair Broadcast Group Charleston–Huntington, WV WCHS-DT2 8.2 2021 Sinclair Broadcast Group Charleston, SC WTAT-TV 24 1986 Cunningham Broadcasting Charlottesville, VA WCAV-DT2 27.2 2019 Lockwood Broadcast Group Chattanooga, TN WTVC-DT2 9.2 2015 Sinclair Broadcast Group Cheyenne, WY–Scottsbluff, NE KLWY 27 1986 Coastal Television Broadcasting Company Chico–Redding, CA KCVU 20 1987 Cunningham Broadcasting Chippewa Falls–Eau Claire, WI WEUX-TV 48 1993 Nexstar Media Group Cincinnati, OH WXIX-TV 19 1986 Gray Television Clarksburg–Weston, WV WVFX 10 1998 Gray Television Cleveland–Akron, OH WJW-TV 8 1994 Nexstar Media Group Colorado Springs–Pueblo, CO KXRM-TV 21 1986 Nexstar Media Group Columbia–Jefferson City, MO KQFX-LD 22 1997 News-Press & Gazette Company Columbia, SC WACH 57 1988 Sinclair Broadcast Group Columbus–Tupelo, MS WCBI-DT2 4.2 2024 Morris Multimedia Columbus, GA WXTX 54 1986 American Spirit Media Columbus, OH WSYX-DT3 6.3 2021 Sinclair Broadcast Group Corpus Christi, TX KSCC 38 2008 Sinclair Broadcast Group Dayton, OH WKEF-DT2 22.2 2021 Sinclair Broadcast Group Denver, CO KDVR 31 1986 Nexstar Media Group Des Moines, IA KDSM-TV 17 1986 Sinclair Broadcast Group Dickinson, ND KQCD-DT2 7.2 2014 Gray Television Dothan, AL WDFX-TV 34 1991 Lockwood Broadcast Group Duluth, MN–Superior, WI KQDS-TV 21 1999 Red River Broadcasting El Dorado, AR–Monroe, LA KARD 14 1994 Nexstar Media Group El Paso, TX–Las Cruces, NM KFOX-TV 14 1986 Sinclair Broadcast Group Elmira, NY WYDC 48 1996 Coastal Television Broadcasting Company Erie, PA WFXP 66 1986 Mission Broadcasting Eugene, OR KLSR-TV 34 1988 Cox Media Group Eureka, CA KBVU-TV 28 1994 Cunningham Broadcasting Evansville, IN WEVV-DT2 44.2 2011 Allen Media Broadcasting Fairbanks, AK KATN-DT2 2.2 2017 Vision Alaska Fargo, ND–Moorhead, MN KVRR 15 1986 Red River Broadcasting Flint–Saginaw–Bay City, MI WSMH 66 1986 Sinclair Broadcast Group Florence–Myrtle Beach, SC WFXB 43 1997 Bahakel Communications Fort Collins, CO KFCT 22 1994 Nexstar Media Group Fort Myers–Naples, FL WFTX-TV 36 1986 E. W. Scripps Company Fort Smith, AR KFTA-TV 24 2006 Nexstar Media Group Fort Wayne, IN WFFT-TV 55 2013 Allen Media Broadcasting Fresno, CA KMPH-TV 26 1988 Sinclair Broadcast Group Grand Junction–Montrose, CO KFQX 4 1993 Mission Broadcasting Grand Rapids–Kalamazoo–Battle Creek, MI WXMI 17 1986 E. W. Scripps Company Great Falls, MT KFBB-DT2 5.2 2009 Cowles Company Green Bay, WI WLUK-TV 11 1995 Sinclair Broadcast Group Greeneville, TN (Tri-Cities, TN-VA) WEMT 39 1987 Cunningham Broadcasting Greensboro–High Point–Winston-Salem, NC WGHP 8 1995 Nexstar Media Group Greenville–New Bern–Washington, NC WYDO 14 1992 Cunningham Broadcasting Greenville–Spartanburg, SC–Asheville, NC WHNS 21 1988 Gray Television Greenwood–Greenville, MS WABG-DT2 6.2 2006 Imagicomm Communications Harlingen, TX KFXV 60 2020 Entravision Communications Harrisburg–Lancaster–York–Lebanon, PA WPMT 43 1986 Tegna Inc. Harrisonburg, VA WSVF-CD 43 2012 Gray Television Hartford–New Haven, CT WTIC-TV 61 1986 Tegna Inc. Hattiesburg–Laurel, MS WHPM-LD 23 2011 Waypoint Media Helena, MT KHBB-LD2 21.2 2008 Cowles Company Hilo, HI KHAW-TV 11 1996 Nexstar Media Group Hoisington–Great Bend, KS KOCW 14 2000 Sinclair Broadcast Group Honolulu, HI KHON-TV 2 1996 Nexstar Media Group Huntsville, AL WZDX 54 1990 Tegna Inc. Indianapolis, IN WXIN 59 1986 Nexstar Media Group Jackson, MS WDBD 40 2006 American Spirit Media Jackson, TN WJKT 16 2006 Nexstar Media Group Jacksonville, FL WFOX-TV 30 1986 Cox Media Group Jamestown, ND KJRR 7 1986 Red River Broadcasting Jonesboro, AR KJNB-LD 39 2015 Coastal Television Broadcasting Company Jonesboro, AR KJNE-LD 42 2015 Coastal Television Broadcasting Company Joplin, MO–Pittsburg, KS KFJX 14 2005 SagamoreHill Broadcasting Juneau, AK KJUD-DT2 8.2 2011 Vision Alaska Kansas City, MO WDAF-TV 4 1994 Nexstar Media Group Knoxville, TN WTNZ 43 1986 Lockwood Broadcast Group La Crosse, WI WLAX 25 1986 Nexstar Media Group Lafayette, IN WPBI-LD 16 2016 Coastal Television Broadcasting Company Lafayette, LA KADN-TV 15 1986 Allen Media Broadcasting Lake Charles, LA KVHP 29 1986 American Spirit Media Lansing, MI WSYM-TV 47 1990 E. W. Scripps Company Laredo, TX KXOF-CD 31 2018 Entravision Communications Las Vegas, NV KVVU-TV 5 1986 Gray Television Lexington, KY WDKY-TV 56 1986 Nexstar Media Group Lima, OH WLIO-DT2 8.2 2002 Block Communications Lincoln–Hastings–Kearney, NE KFXL-TV 51 2009 Sinclair Broadcast Group Little Rock, AR KLRT-TV 16 1990 Mission Broadcasting Louisville, KY WDRB-TV 41 1987 Block Communications Lubbock, TX KJTV-TV 34 1986 SagamoreHill Broadcasting Macon, GA WGXA 24 1996 Sinclair Broadcast Group Madison, WI WMSN-TV 47 1986 Sinclair Broadcast Group Mankato, MN KEYC-DT2 12.2 2007 Gray Television Marquette, MI WLUC-DT2 6.2 2009 Gray Television McAllen, TX KMBH-LD 67 2012 Entravision Communications Medford–Klamath Falls, OR KMVU-DT 26 1994 Imagicomm Communications Memphis, TN WHBQ-TV 13 1995 Imagicomm Communications Meridian, MS WGBC 30 2009 Coastal Television Broadcasting Company Miami–Fort Lauderdale, FL WSVN 7 1989 Sunbeam Television Midland–Odessa, TX KPEJ-TV 24 1990 Mission Broadcasting Minot, ND KMOT-DT2 10.2 2014 Gray Television Missoula, MT KTMF-DT2 23.2 2009 Cowles Company Mitchell, SD KDLV-DT2 5.2 2020 Gray Television Mobile, AL–Pensacola, FL WALA-TV 10 1996 Gray Television Monterey–Salinas–Santa Cruz, CA KION-DT2 46.2 2022 News-Press & Gazette Company Montgomery–Selma, AL WCOV-TV 20 1986 Allen Media Broadcasting Moorefield, WV W46BR-D 50 — Valley Television Cooperative, Inc. Nashville, TN WZTV 17 1990 Sinclair Broadcast Group New Orleans, LA WVUE-DT 8 1996 Gray Television North Platte, NE KIIT-CD 11 2001 Gray Television North Platte, NE KNOP-DT2 2.2 2001 Gray Television Oklahoma City, OK KOKH-TV 25 1990 Sinclair Broadcast Group Omaha, NE KPTM 42 1988 Sinclair Broadcast Group Ottumwa, IA–Kirksville, MO KYOU-TV 15 1992 Gray Television Palm Springs, CA KDFX-CD 33 1990 News-Press & Gazette Company Palm Springs, CA KESQ-DT2 42.2 1990 News-Press & Gazette Company Panama City, FL WPGX 28 1988 Lockwood Broadcast Group Parkersburg, WV WOVA-LD 22 2012 Gray Television Pembina, ND KNRR 12 1986 Red River Broadcasting Pendleton, OR KFFX-TV 11 1999 Imagicomm Communications Peoria–Bloomington, IL WYZZ-TV 43 1986 Cunningham Broadcasting Pittsburgh, PA WPGH-TV 53 1986 Sinclair Broadcast Group Pocatello–Idaho Falls, ID KXPI-LD2 34.2 2012 News-Press & Gazette Company Pocatello–Idaho Falls, ID KIDK-DT2 3.2 2012 VistaWest Media Portland, ME WPFO 23 2003 Cunningham Broadcasting Portland, OR KPTV 12 2002 Gray Television Portsmouth–Norfolk–Newport News, VA WVBT 43 1998 Nexstar Media Group Presque Isle, ME WAGM-DT2 8.2 2017 Gray Television Providence, RI–New Bedford, MA WNAC-TV 64 1986 Mission Broadcasting Quad Cities, Illinois-Iowa KLJB 18 1990 Mission Broadcasting Quincy, IL–Hannibal, MO WGEM-DT3 10.3 1994 Gray Television Raleigh–Durham–Fayetteville, NC WRAZ 50 1998 Capitol Broadcasting Rapid City, SD KEVN-LD 7 2016 Gray Television Rapid City, SD KHSD-DT2 11.2 2016 Gray Television Rawlins, WY KFNR 9 2004 Coastal Television Broadcasting Company Reno, NV KRXI-TV 11 1995 Sinclair Broadcast Group Richland–Kennewick, WA KBWU-LD 11 1989 Imagicomm Communications Richmond, VA WRLH-TV 35 1986 Sinclair Broadcast Group Riverton, WY KFNE 10 2004 Coastal Television Broadcasting Company Roanoke–Lynchburg, VA WFXR 27 1992 Nexstar Media Group Roanoke–Lynchburg, VA WWCW-DT2 21.2 1986 Nexstar Media Group Rochester–Austin, MN–Mason City, IA KXLT-TV 47 1998 SagamoreHill Broadcasting Rochester, NY WUHF 31 1986 Sinclair Broadcast Group Rockford, IL WQRF-TV 39 1989 Nexstar Media Group Sacramento–Stockton–Modesto, CA KTXL 40 1986 Nexstar Media Group Salina, KS KAAS-TV 17 1988 Sinclair Broadcast Group Salisbury, MD WBOC-DT2 21.2 2006 Draper Holdings Business Trust Salt Lake City, UT KSTU 13 1986 E. W. Scripps Company San Angelo, TX KIDY 6 1986 Tegna Inc. San Antonio, TX KABB 29 1995 Sinclair Broadcast Group San Diego, CA KSWB-TV 69 2008 Nexstar Media Group Santa Barbara–Santa Maria–San Luis Obispo, CA KKFX-CD 24 1998 News-Press & Gazette Company Santa Barbara–Santa Maria–San Luis Obispo, CA KCOY-DT2 19.2 1998 News-Press & Gazette Company Savannah, GA WTGS 28 1986 Sinclair Broadcast Group Scranton–Wilkes-Barre, PA WOLF-TV 56 1986 New Age Media Sherman, TX–Ada, OK KXII-DT3 12.3 2006 Gray Television Shreveport, LA–Texarkana, TX KMSS-TV 33 1986 Mission Broadcasting Sioux City, IA KPTH 44 1999 Sinclair Broadcast Group Sioux Falls, SD KDLT-DT2 46.2 2020 Gray Television South Bend, IN WSBT-DT2 22.2 2016 Sinclair Broadcast Group Spokane, WA KAYU-TV 28 1986 Imagicomm Communications Springfield–Decatur, IL WRSP-TV 55 1986 GOCOM Media of Illinois, L.L.C. Springfield–Holyoke, MA WGGB-DT2 40.2 2008 Gray Television Springfield, MO KRBK 49 2011 Nexstar Media Group St. Joseph, MO KNPN-LD 26 2012 News-Press & Gazette Company St. Louis, MO KTVI 2 1995 Nexstar Media Group Steubenville, OH–Wheeling, WV WTOV-DT2 9.2 2014 Sinclair Broadcast Group Syracuse, NY WSYT-TV 68 1986 Imagicomm Communications Tallahassee, FL–Thomasville, GA WTWC-DT2 40.2 2014 Sinclair Broadcast Group Terre Haute, IN WTHI-DT2 10.2 2011 Allen Media Broadcasting Thief River Falls, MN KBRR 10 1986 Red River Broadcasting Toledo, OH WUPW 36 1986 American Spirit Media Topeka, KS KTMJ-CD 43 1989 Nexstar Media Group Topeka, KS KSNT-DT2 27.2 1989 Nexstar Media Group Tucson, AZ KMSB 11 1986 Tegna Inc. Tulsa, OK KOKI-TV 23 1986 Imagicomm Communications Twin Falls, ID KSVT-LD 43 2012 Gray Television Twin Falls, ID KMVT-DT2 11.3 2012 Gray Television Tyler–Longview, TX KFXK-TV 51 1991 White Knight Broadcasting Urbana–Champaign, IL WCCU 27 1986 GOCOM Media of Illinois, L.L.C. Utica, NY WFXV 33 1986 Nexstar Media Group Vanderbilt–Sault Ste. Marie, MI WFUP-TV 45 1993 Cadillac Telecasting Victoria, TX KVCT 19 1994 SagamoreHill Broadcasting Waco–Temple–Bryan, TX KWKT-TV 44 1986 Nexstar Media Group Waco–Temple–Bryan, TX KYLE-DT2 28.2 1986 Nexstar Media Group Wailuku, HI KAII-TV 7 1996 Nexstar Media Group Watertown, NY WNYF-CD 28 2001 Gray Television Watertown, NY WWNY-DT2 7.2 2001 Gray Television Wausau–Rhinelander, WI WZAW-LD 33 2015 Gray Television West Palm Beach, FL WFLX 29 1986 Gray Television Wichita Falls, TX–Lawton, OK KJTL 18 1986 Mission Broadcasting Wichita, KS KSAS-TV 24 1986 Sinclair Broadcast Group Williston, ND KUMV-DT2 8.2 2014 Gray Television Wilmington, NC WSFX-TV 26 1994 American Spirit Media Yakima, WA KCYU-LD 41 1993 Imagicomm Communications Youngstown, OH WYFX-LD 62 1998 Nexstar Media Group Youngstown, OH WKBN-DT2 27.2 1998 Nexstar Media Group Yuma, AZ–El Centro, CA KECY-TV 9 1995 News-Press & Gazette Company Zanesville, OH WHIZ-DT2 18.2 2022 Marquee Broadcasting U.S. territories City of license / Market Station Channel Year of affiliation Ownership Aguadilla, PR WSJP-LD2 30.2 2015 Caribbean Broadcasting Network Charlotte Amalie, USVI WVXF-DT2 17.2 2014 Caribbean Broadcasting Network Dededo, GU KEQI-LD 22 2004 Sorensen Broadcasting Group Outside the U.S. These channels use the Fox brand but do not necessarily air all of the same programming as the U.S. network: Fox – cable television channel available in the UK and Ireland Fox8 (Australia) – a cable television channel available through the Foxtel cable service Fox Televizija (Serbia) – national coverage TV Fox Turkey (Turkey) – terrestrial commercial broadcaster in Turkey and Europe. Star Channel (Latin America) – cable television channel Notes License ownership/operational agreements ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Operated by Nexstar Media Group. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Operated by Sinclair Broadcast Group. ^ a b Operated by the E. W. Scripps Company. ^ a b Operated by Heritage Broadcasting Group. ^ a b c d e f g Operated by Gray Television. ^ Operated by Coastal Television Broadcasting Company. ^ a b Operated by Morgan Murphy Media. ^ Operated by News-Press & Gazette Company. ^ Operated by Tegna Inc. Primary and secondary affiliations ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Primary channel is affiliated with CBS. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Primary channel is affiliated with ABC. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Primary channel is affiliated with NBC. ^ a b Primary channel is affiliated with Dabl. ^ Primary channel is affiliated with The CW. ^ Primary channel is affiliated with Telemundo. ^ Primary channel is affiliated with MyNetworkTV. ^ Primary channel is affiliated with Cozi TV. ^ Primary channel is affiliated with This TV. Satellites and semi-satellites ^ Satellite of KMSP-TV and WFTC. ^ Semi-satellite of WOFL. ^ a b Satellite of KFXV. ^ Satellite of WLAX. ^ Semi-satellite of KFYR-TV. ^ Semi-satellite of KCVU. ^ Satellite of KDVR. ^ a b Satellite of KHON. ^ a b Satellite of KSAS-TV. ^ a b c Satellite of KVRR. ^ Satellite of KDLT-TV. ^ Independently owned translator of WTTG-TV. ^ a b Satellite of KFNB. ^ Satellite of WFXR. ^ Semi-satellite of WRSP-TV. ^ Satellite of WFQX. ^ Semi-satellite of KMOT. Previous Fox affiliations ^ Previously with Fox from 1986 to 1988. ^ Previously with Fox from 1996 to 2001. ^ Previously with Fox from 1986 to 1989. ^ Previously with Fox from 1986 to 1995. ^ Previously with Fox from 1986 to 2011. ^ Previously with Fox from 1988 to 2001. ^ Previously with Fox from 1986 to 1988. ^ Previously with Fox from 1986 to 1988. Miscellany ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Station was owned by New World Communications and switched network affiliations to Fox between 1994 and 1996. ^ Also owned by Fox from 1997 to 2008. ^ WBKB-DT2 had been with Fox from 2009 to 2022. ^ Successor to KBTV-TV, which had been with Fox from 2009 to 2021. ^ Owned by Fox from 2013 to 2020. ^ a b c d Owned by Fox from 1995 to 2008. ^ a b c d Successors to KNDX/KXND, both of which had been with Fox from 1999 to 2014. ^ Owned by Fox from 1987 to 1990 and 1995 to 2014. ^ Successor to KFXA, which had been with Fox from 1988 to 2021. ^ Successor to WVAH-TV, which had been with Fox from 1986 to 2021. ^ Successor to WAHU-CD, which had been with Fox from 2005 to 2019. ^ Successor to WDSI-TV, which had been with Fox from 1986 to 2015. ^ a b c Owned by Fox from 1997 to 2008. ^ Successor to WTTE, which had been with Fox from 1986 to 2021. ^ Successor to WRGT, which had been with Fox from 1986 to 2021. ^ Owned by Fox from 1995 to 2014. ^ a b Successors to KTTW/KTTM; KTTW had been with Fox from 1987 to 2020, and KTTM from 1992 to 2020. ^ Successor to KCBA, which had been with Fox from 1986 to 2022. ^ Owned by Fox from 2001 to 2002. ^ WAGM's primary channel had been with Fox from 2006 to 2017. ^ a b Successors to KEVN, which had been with Fox from 1996 to 2016. ^ Oldest continuous Fox affiliate among non-owned-and-operated stations. ^ Owned by Fox from 1990 to 2008. ^ Successor to WSJV, which had been with Fox from 1995 to 2016. ^ Successor to WTLH, which had been with Fox from 1989 to 2014. ^ Successor to WFXS-DT, which had been with Fox from 1999 to 2015. See also List of Fox television affiliates (by U.S. state) List of former Fox television affiliates Lists of ABC television affiliates Lists of CBS television affiliates Lists of NBC television affiliates References ^ "Stations for Network - Fox". RabbitEars. Retrieved June 3, 2020. ^ "Stations for Owner - Fox Television Stations". RabbitEars. Retrieved June 3, 2020. vteUnited States broadcast television affiliate stationsMajor ABC (state/table/former) CBS (state/table/former) NBC (state/table/former) Fox (state/table/former) PBS (current/former) Minor The CW (state/table/former) MyNetworkTV Ion Television (O&O/autonomous) News Newsmax TV NewsNet WeatherNation TV Classic/Scripted Antenna TV Buzzr Charge! Comet Cozi TV Catchy Comedy Fave TV Get Grit Heroes & Icons Ion Mystery Laff MeTV MeTV+ MeTV Toons Movies! Rewind TV Start TV Story Television This TV Sports Rev'n Ethnic Bounce TV Dabl Diya TV TheGrio.TV Soul of the South Lifestyle/Reality/Shopping Create (state/table) Defy TV HSN The Nest Localish Quest TBD Music The Country Network Heartland Legal/True crime Court TV True Crime Network Other NASA TV PBS Kids World Youtoo America Spanish-language Estrella (O&O/current/former) LATV (current/former) Telemundo (O&O/state/table (current)/former) UniMás (O&O/current/former) Univision (O&O/state/table (current)/former) Religious Daystar Family Channel Hope Channel 3ABN TBN World Harvest Television Defunct ACC Network (Raycom Sports) America One American Sports Network Azteca América Cheddar Circle DuMont Ion Plus MHz Worldview MTV2 MundoMax NET NTA Network One NHL Network (Hughes) The Works TheCoolTV PTEN Qubo SEC TV (ESPN Plus) Stadium Tuff TV Twist UPN Urban America Television V-me WB vteU.S. broadcast categoriesTelevision American TV Stations Networks Lists in North America Lists of TV channels By state By channel By callsign (K)/(W) Radio American radio Stations Networks Lists in North America Lists of radio stations By state By frequency By callsign Web streaming MLB Network YouTube Blaze Media Network articles ABC CBS The CW ESPN Radio Fox ION MyNetworkTV NBC NPR PBS UPN† The WB† Network templates ABC CBS The CW ESPN Radio Fox ION MyNetworkTV NBC NPR PBS Network affiliates ABC CBS The CW ESPN Radio Fox ION MyNetworkTV NBC NPR PBS Network shows ABC CBS The CW ESPN Radio Fox ION MyNetworkTV NBC NET† NPR PBS UPN† The WB† Lists of affiliates and stations ABC by state table CBS by state table The CW by state table ESPN Radio Fox by state table ION affiliates owned and operated stations MyNetworkTV NBC by state table NPR PBS UPN† The WB† †Defunct network
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Fox Broadcasting Company affiliates (by U.S. state)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Fox_Broadcasting_Company_affiliates_(by_U.S._state)"},{"link_name":"Fox Broadcasting Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"owned-and-operated stations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owned-and-operated_station"},{"link_name":"network affiliates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_affiliate"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"city of license","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_license"},{"link_name":"digital subchannel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_subchannel"}],"text":"For a list of affiliates by state, see List of Fox Broadcasting Company affiliates (by U.S. state).The Fox Broadcasting Company is a television network based in the United States made up of 18 owned-and-operated stations and over 227 network affiliates.[1]Stations are listed in alphabetical order by city of license.A blue background indicates an affiliate originating as a digital subchannel.\nA gray background indicates a low-power station or translator.\nA lavender blue background indicates an affiliate originating as a digital subchannel of a low-power station.\n(**) – Indicates station was a Fox owned-and-operated station from the network's inception in 1986.","title":"List of Fox Broadcasting Company affiliates (table)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Owned-and-operated stations"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Affiliate stations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"U.S. territories","title":"Affiliate stations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_(UK_and_Ireland)"},{"link_name":"Fox8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox8"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Foxtel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foxtel"},{"link_name":"Fox Televizija","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Televizija"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Fox Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Turkey"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Star Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Channel_(Latin_American_TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"Latin America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_America"}],"sub_title":"Outside the U.S.","text":"These channels use the Fox brand but do not necessarily air all of the same programming as the U.S. network:Fox – cable television channel available in the UK and Ireland\nFox8 (Australia) – a cable television channel available through the Foxtel cable service\nFox Televizija (Serbia) – national coverage TV\nFox Turkey (Turkey) – terrestrial commercial broadcaster in Turkey and Europe.\nStar Channel (Latin America) – cable television channel","title":"Affiliate stations"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Nexstar_8-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Nexstar_8-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Nexstar_8-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Nexstar_8-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Nexstar_8-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Nexstar_8-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Nexstar_8-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Nexstar_8-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Nexstar_8-8"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Nexstar_8-9"},{"link_name":"k","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Nexstar_8-10"},{"link_name":"l","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Nexstar_8-11"},{"link_name":"m","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Nexstar_8-12"},{"link_name":"Nexstar Media Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexstar_Media_Group"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Sinclair_11-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Sinclair_11-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Sinclair_11-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Sinclair_11-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Sinclair_11-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Sinclair_11-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Sinclair_11-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Sinclair_11-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Sinclair_11-8"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Sinclair_11-9"},{"link_name":"Sinclair Broadcast Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinclair_Broadcast_Group"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ScrippsOp_19-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ScrippsOp_19-1"},{"link_name":"E. W. Scripps Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._W._Scripps_Company"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Heritage_23-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Heritage_23-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-GrayOp_30-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-GrayOp_30-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-GrayOp_30-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-GrayOp_30-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-GrayOp_30-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-GrayOp_30-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-GrayOp_30-6"},{"link_name":"Gray Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray_Television"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-36"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-MMMOp_43-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-MMMOp_43-1"},{"link_name":"Morgan Murphy Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Murphy_Media"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NPGOp_50-0"},{"link_name":"News-Press & Gazette Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News-Press_%26_Gazette_Company"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-64"},{"link_name":"Tegna Inc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tegna_Inc"}],"sub_title":"License ownership/operational agreements","text":"^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Operated by Nexstar Media Group.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j Operated by Sinclair Broadcast Group.\n\n^ a b Operated by the E. W. Scripps Company.\n\n^ a b Operated by Heritage Broadcasting Group.\n\n^ a b c d e f g Operated by Gray Television.\n\n^ Operated by Coastal Television Broadcasting Company.\n\n^ a b Operated by Morgan Murphy Media.\n\n^ Operated by News-Press & Gazette Company.\n\n^ Operated by Tegna Inc.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-CBSP_9-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-CBSP_9-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-CBSP_9-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-CBSP_9-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-CBSP_9-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-CBSP_9-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-CBSP_9-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-CBSP_9-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-CBSP_9-8"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-CBSP_9-9"},{"link_name":"k","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-CBSP_9-10"},{"link_name":"l","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-CBSP_9-11"},{"link_name":"m","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-CBSP_9-12"},{"link_name":"n","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-CBSP_9-13"},{"link_name":"o","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-CBSP_9-14"},{"link_name":"p","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-CBSP_9-15"},{"link_name":"q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-CBSP_9-16"},{"link_name":"r","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-CBSP_9-17"},{"link_name":"s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-CBSP_9-18"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ABCP_12-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ABCP_12-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ABCP_12-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ABCP_12-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ABCP_12-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ABCP_12-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ABCP_12-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ABCP_12-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ABCP_12-8"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ABCP_12-9"},{"link_name":"k","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ABCP_12-10"},{"link_name":"l","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ABCP_12-11"},{"link_name":"m","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ABCP_12-12"},{"link_name":"n","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ABCP_12-13"},{"link_name":"o","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ABCP_12-14"},{"link_name":"p","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ABCP_12-15"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NBCP_15-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NBCP_15-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NBCP_15-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NBCP_15-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NBCP_15-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NBCP_15-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NBCP_15-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NBCP_15-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NBCP_15-8"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NBCP_15-9"},{"link_name":"k","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NBCP_15-10"},{"link_name":"l","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NBCP_15-11"},{"link_name":"m","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NBCP_15-12"},{"link_name":"n","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NBCP_15-13"},{"link_name":"o","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NBCP_15-14"},{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DablP_49-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DablP_49-1"},{"link_name":"Dabl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dabl"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-CWP_58-0"},{"link_name":"The CW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_CW"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-TeleMP_61-0"},{"link_name":"Telemundo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telemundo"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-MyP_67-0"},{"link_name":"MyNetworkTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MyNetworkTV"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-70"},{"link_name":"Cozi TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cozi_TV"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-71"},{"link_name":"This TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_TV"}],"sub_title":"Primary and secondary affiliations","text":"^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Primary channel is affiliated with CBS.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Primary channel is affiliated with ABC.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Primary channel is affiliated with NBC.\n\n^ a b Primary channel is affiliated with Dabl.\n\n^ Primary channel is affiliated with The CW.\n\n^ Primary channel is affiliated with Telemundo.\n\n^ Primary channel is affiliated with MyNetworkTV.\n\n^ Primary channel is affiliated with Cozi TV.\n\n^ Primary channel is affiliated with This TV.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-KFXV_21-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-KFXV_21-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-33"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-34"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-37"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-KHON_39-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-KHON_39-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-KSAS_40-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-KSAS_40-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-KVRR_42-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-KVRR_42-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-KVRR_42-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-45"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-48"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-KFNB_56-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-KFNB_56-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-57"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-65"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-66"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-69"}],"sub_title":"Satellites and semi-satellites","text":"^ Satellite of KMSP-TV and WFTC.\n\n^ Semi-satellite of WOFL.\n\n^ a b Satellite of KFXV.\n\n^ Satellite of WLAX.\n\n^ Semi-satellite of KFYR-TV.\n\n^ Semi-satellite of KCVU.\n\n^ Satellite of KDVR.\n\n^ a b Satellite of KHON.\n\n^ a b Satellite of KSAS-TV.\n\n^ a b c Satellite of KVRR.\n\n^ Satellite of KDLT-TV.\n\n^ Independently owned translator of WTTG-TV.\n\n^ a b Satellite of KFNB.\n\n^ Satellite of WFXR.\n\n^ Semi-satellite of WRSP-TV.\n\n^ Satellite of WFQX.\n\n^ Semi-satellite of KMOT.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-35"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-38"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-41"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-51"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-54"}],"sub_title":"Previous Fox affiliations","text":"^ Previously with Fox from 1986 to 1988.\n\n^ Previously with Fox from 1996 to 2001.\n\n^ Previously with Fox from 1986 to 1989.\n\n^ Previously with Fox from 1986 to 1995.\n\n^ Previously with Fox from 1986 to 2011.\n\n^ Previously with Fox from 1988 to 2001.\n\n^ Previously with Fox from 1986 to 1988.\n\n^ Previously with Fox from 1986 to 1988.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NewWFox_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NewWFox_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NewWFox_3-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NewWFox_3-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NewWFox_3-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NewWFox_3-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NewWFox_3-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NewWFox_3-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NewWFox_3-8"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NewWFox_3-9"},{"link_name":"k","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NewWFox_3-10"},{"link_name":"l","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NewWFox_3-11"},{"link_name":"New World Communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_World_Pictures"},{"link_name":"switched network affiliations to Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994%E2%80%931996_United_States_broadcast_television_realignment"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"KBTV-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KBTV-TV"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-95-08_16-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-95-08_16-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-95-08_16-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-95-08_16-3"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-KNDB1_17-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-KNDB1_17-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-KNDB1_17-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-KNDB1_17-3"},{"link_name":"KNDX/KXND","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KNDB"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"KFXA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KFXA"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"WVAH-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WVAH-TV"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"WAHU-CD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WVIR-CD"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"WDSI-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDSI-TV"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-97-08_29-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-97-08_29-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-97-08_29-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-31"},{"link_name":"WTTE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTTE"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-32"},{"link_name":"WRGT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WRGT"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-44"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-KWTW1_46-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-KWTW1_46-1"},{"link_name":"KTTW/KTTM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KTTW"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-47"},{"link_name":"KCBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KCBA"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-52"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-53"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-KEVN1_55-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-KEVN1_55-1"},{"link_name":"KEVN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KOTA-TV"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-59"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-60"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-62"},{"link_name":"WSJV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WSJV"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-63"},{"link_name":"WTLH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTLH"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-68"},{"link_name":"WFXS-DT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WFXS-DT"}],"sub_title":"Miscellany","text":"^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Station was owned by New World Communications and switched network affiliations to Fox between 1994 and 1996.\n\n^ Also owned by Fox from 1997 to 2008.\n\n^ WBKB-DT2 had been with Fox from 2009 to 2022.\n\n^ Successor to KBTV-TV, which had been with Fox from 2009 to 2021.\n\n^ Owned by Fox from 2013 to 2020.\n\n^ a b c d Owned by Fox from 1995 to 2008.\n\n^ a b c d Successors to KNDX/KXND, both of which had been with Fox from 1999 to 2014.\n\n^ Owned by Fox from 1987 to 1990 and 1995 to 2014.\n\n^ Successor to KFXA, which had been with Fox from 1988 to 2021.\n\n^ Successor to WVAH-TV, which had been with Fox from 1986 to 2021.\n\n^ Successor to WAHU-CD, which had been with Fox from 2005 to 2019.\n\n^ Successor to WDSI-TV, which had been with Fox from 1986 to 2015.\n\n^ a b c Owned by Fox from 1997 to 2008.\n\n^ Successor to WTTE, which had been with Fox from 1986 to 2021.\n\n^ Successor to WRGT, which had been with Fox from 1986 to 2021.\n\n^ Owned by Fox from 1995 to 2014.\n\n^ a b Successors to KTTW/KTTM; KTTW had been with Fox from 1987 to 2020, and KTTM from 1992 to 2020.\n\n^ Successor to KCBA, which had been with Fox from 1986 to 2022.\n\n^ Owned by Fox from 2001 to 2002.\n\n^ WAGM's primary channel had been with Fox from 2006 to 2017.\n\n^ a b Successors to KEVN, which had been with Fox from 1996 to 2016.\n\n^ Oldest continuous Fox affiliate among non-owned-and-operated stations.\n\n^ Owned by Fox from 1990 to 2008.\n\n^ Successor to WSJV, which had been with Fox from 1995 to 2016.\n\n^ Successor to WTLH, which had been with Fox from 1989 to 2014.\n\n^ Successor to WFXS-DT, which had been with Fox from 1999 to 2015.","title":"Notes"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Land_Code_of_1858
Ottoman Land Code of 1858
["1 Background","1.1 Land property 1516-1858","1.2 Enforcement","2 1858 Land Code","2.1 Opposition","2.2 Outcome","2.3 Land classification","2.4 Regional variation","3 1858 Land Code in the Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem","3.1 Late Ottoman (1858-1918)","3.2 British rule (OETA and Mandate)","3.3 West Bank under Jordanian and Israeli rule","4 See also","5 References","6 Sources","7 Further reading"]
Land titles under the Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Land Code of 1858 (recorded as 1274 in the Islamic calendar) was the beginning of a systematic land reform programme during the Tanzimat (reform) period of the Ottoman Empire in the second half of the 19th century. This was followed by the 1873 land emancipation act. Background Land property 1516-1858 Prior to 1858, land in Ottoman Syria, a part of the Ottoman Empire since 1516, was cultivated or occupied mainly by local farmers. Land ownership was regulated by people living on the land according to customs and traditions. Usually, land was communally owned by village residents, though it could be owned by individuals or families. The Ottoman Empire classified land into five categories: Arazi Memluke- Lands held in fee simple, freehold lands Arazi Mirie- Crown lands belonging to the state exchequer Arazi Mevkufe- Lands possessed in mortmain, but tenanted by a kind of copyhold Arazi Metruke- Lands abandoned without cultivation or ostensible owner Arazi Mevat- Dead lands, uncultivated and unappropriated. Arazi Memluke lands were properties that were owned by private individuals that were collected through conquest, state endowment, or inheritance. These lands were subject to taxation by the Ottoman Empire. Arazi Mirie lands were state owned properties that the Ottoman sultan could bestow to loyal subjects, viziers, and military commanders (these lands were kept through payments to the Ottoman Empire). Arazi Mevkufe is land constituting Arazi Memluke which has been made Vakf in accordance with the Sharia. Vakf means that the Ottoman Sultan has assigned the tithes or taxes to a specific object as opposed to an individual. Arazi Metruke is land that has been allocated for public use (ex. roads). Arazi Mevat is land that nobody has claimed ownership of which has subsequently been neglected and remains uncultivated". The abolition of Musha land tenure is often mistakenly attributed to the 1858 land code. Enforcement Prior to the enactment of the Ottoman Land Code, 1858, land was held by virtue of Sultanic decrees, grants made by conquerors of various areas, judgments of both civil and Muslim religious courts, orders of administrative authorities and deeds of sale executed before the Muslim courts. Encroachment on unoccupied land belonging to the State and various other unauthorised methods accounted for large holdings. Land acquired by lawful means (such as grant from a competent authority) was, in theory at least, reported to Constantinople, where an effort was made to maintain a series of registers known as the daftar khaqani (imperial land registers). 1858 Land Code The Ottoman Land Code of 1858, prepared by the Tanzimat Council, was an original Ottoman creation, neither European nor entirely Islamic. It was founded on traditional land practices and included categories of land cited in Islamic law. In 1858 the Ottoman Empire introduced The Ottoman Land Code of 1858, requiring land owners to register ownership. The reasons behind the law were twofold. (1) to increase tax revenue, and (2) to exercise greater state control over the area. Opposition Small farmers, however, saw no need to register claims, for several reasons: Land owners were subject to military service in the Ottoman Army General opposition to official regulations from the Ottoman Empire Evasion of taxes and registration fees to the Ottoman Empire Outcome The registration process itself was open to manipulation. Land collectively owned by village residents was registered in the name of a single landowner, with merchants and local Ottoman administrators registering large stretches of land in their own name. The result was land that became the legal property of people who may have never lived there, while locals, even those who had lived on the land for generations, became tenants of absentee owners. Land classification With the enactment of the Ottoman Land Code, that same year the Turkish Government also passed the Land Registration Law of 1858, for better regulation of its land tenure laws, and, by way of extension, a more efficient way of levying taxes on property. The Ottoman land law classifies land under five kinds or categories. These, with suggested approximate counterparts in English, are as follows: (a) Waqf generally was property gifted to a pious end, consisting of allodial land in mortmain tenure, being land assured to pious foundations or revenue from land assured to pious foundations; also usufruct State land of which the State revenues are assured to pious foundations (b) Mülk was land given by the Ottoman conqueror to Muslims, or Khuraj lands given to Christians and taxed, in exchange for Muslim protection. It was private or allodial land (held in absolute ownership). (c) Miri was neither (a) nor (b) but referred to lands given out for conditional public use, while ultimate ownership lay with the Emir. It was feudal or State land, but can also specifically refer to vacant State land, private usufruct State land. A sub-category of the same is mahlul (f), or what is defined as escheated State land. Most Ottoman registrations of miri (usufruct) titles existing in the Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem are based on a presumed or lost grant. (d) Matruka = communal profits-à-prendre land, being land subject to public easements in common, or servitude State land, such as roads, cemeteries and pastures. Included in this class is Meraʿa land, meaning, pasture land reserved primarily for the use of the adjoining villages. (e) Mewat/Mawat = dead (uncultivated/uninhabited) land; unoccupied lands not held by title deed, and lying over 1.5 miles from any town or village. (f) A sixth category existed, known as mahlul, land that reverted to the state if left uncultivated for 3 years or left vacant and up for re-grant. Regional variation The extent to which each of these modes of law applied to the several countries under Ottoman rule varied, and was largely dependent upon the country itself. 1858 Land Code in the Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem Late Ottoman (1858-1918) As an example for regional variations, not all of these modes of user were actually found in the Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem. The extent of mulk or allodial lands (privately owned property) in the Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem was limited, and was usually only found in the old cities or in garden areas. Rural land in this category was rare. In nearly all cases (excluding only “Waqf” lands, and communal profits-à-prendre land, or dead and undeveloped land), lands were either mulk or miri tenures. British rule (OETA and Mandate) Local Palestinian tradition, underwritten by both Ottoman and British law, held that the land belonged to God or the sultan: families could maintain the land but the notion of private property title was alien, despite efforts since 1858 to introduce it. Until British rule, which redistributed land to individual family units, village land was held collectively by the hamula or clan. The Ottoman system and all later governments until 1967 acknowledged that the land surrounding the village was for the use of its inhabitants either as common pastures or for the future development of the village. The villagers did not have any need or opportunity to register their lands. They knew among themselves which of the village lands belonged to which families and which were owned in common (mashaa ). Customary practice however under the British was reviewed to consider all land within village and town boundaries as no longer miri but mülk. When the British assumed control over the Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem at the end of 1917 with the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire, they applied the Ottoman laws of the Ottoman Land Code of 1858 to all inhabitants. The laws then in place were officially recognized by Article 46 of the King's Speech (enacted in the name of King George V on 10 August 1922, Palestine Order in Council), according to which provisions the validity of the Ottoman law that existed in Palestine on November 1, 1914, was recognized, and made subject to orders and regulations issued from then on by the mandate government. The Ottoman Land Code inherited by the British prescribed that houses were mostly privately owned and called "mulk land" (land vested fully and completely to their owners), while land was viewed as miri (allotted by the state to a village or number of villages and which cannot be private property of individuals), and is only leased to the tenants of indefinite duration, in which the lease is represented by the obligation to pay land taxes and land registry fees. When the miri interest is alienated, the ultimate ownership called raqaba is retained by the State. At the time of the British occupation the land tax was collected at the rate of 12.5% of the gross yield of the land. Crops were assessed on the threshing floor or in the field and the tithe was collected from the cultivators. In 1925, additional legislation provided that taxation on crops and other produce not exceed 10%. In 1928, as a measure of reform, the Mandate Government of Palestine began to apply an Ordinance for the "Commutation of Tithes," this tax in effect being a fixed aggregate amount paid annually. It was related to the average amount of tithe (tax) that had been paid by the village during the four years immediately preceding the application of the Ordinance to it. In 1936 the Survey of Palestine stated that the State Lands measured 500 sq miles out of Palestine's total area of 10,500 sq miles; at that point 51% of State Domain was occupied by Arabs and 17% by Jews. West Bank under Jordanian and Israeli rule By June 1967, only a third of West Bank land had been registered under the Settlement of Disputes over Land and Water Law and Israel quickly moved, in 1968, to cancel the possibility of registering one's title with the Jordanian Land Register. Claims for land in the other two thirds depended on either a Turkish or British certificate of registration, or through tax registers and proof of purchase under Jordanian law. On assuming control, Israel suspended these procedures, and asserted that of five categories of land in the old Ottoman Law – waqf. mülk, miri, matruke and mawat – the last three were state land, taking advantage of modifications enacted by the British Mandatory Authority, such as the Mawat Land Ordinance of 1921. The Jordanian government never considered the last three as state land, and only a very small proportion of the West Bank was registered as such under Jordanian rule. See also Ottoman law & land administration Düstur, code of law Defter, land and tax registry Tanzimat, 19th-century reform movement Pre-1858 land ownership systems Timar Chiftlik Foreign purchases of real estate in Turkey Israeli land and property laws Torrens title in Israel Land reform References ^ a b Full text of the Ottoman Land Code, Translated by F. Ongley of the Receiver General's Office in British Cyprus ^ a b c d Ottoman Land Registration Law as a Contributing Factor in the Israeli-Arab Conflict Archived 2008-09-16 at the Wayback Machine, Jon-Jay Tilsen, Congregation Beth El–Keser Israel (retrieved August 14, 2006) ^ a b c d e Ottoman Land Code, Translated by F. Ongley of the Receiver General's Office in British Cyprus. Translated by F. Ongley. 1892. ^ Nadan, Amos (2020). "Revisiting the anti-mushāʿ reforms in the levant: origins, scale and outcomes". British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies. 47 (4): 595–611. doi:10.1080/13530194.2018.1533451. S2CID 150197023. ^ The Survey of Palestine under the British Mandate: 1920 – 1948, British Mandate government printing office, Jerusalem 1946, vol. 1, p. 237, chapter 8, section 3, paragraph 37 ^ Islamic Law in Palestine and Israel: A History of the Survival of Tanzimat, Robert H. Eisenman ^ The Survey of Palestine under the British Mandate: 1920–1948, British Mandate government printing office, Jerusalem 1946, vol. 1, p. 226–227, of chapter 8, section 1, paragraph 6 (Reprinted in 1991 by the Institute for Palestine Studies). ^ The Survey of Palestine under the British Mandate: 1920–1948, British Mandate government printing office, Jerusalem 1946, vol. 1, pp. 226 – ff., of chapter 8, section 1, paragraphs 6 & 16(Reprinted in 1991 by the Institute for Palestine Studies). There, it states: "...The 'owners' who hold land by miri tenure (i.e. conditional usufruct tenure of land held by grant from the State) can only exercise such rights as can be shown to have been accorded to them by the State, and these rights are laid down in the Ottoman law... Failure of successors brings the grant to an end and the land becomes mahlul (option land) and returns to the State." ^ The Survey of Palestine under the British Mandate: 1920–1948, British Mandate government printing office, Jerusalem 1946, vol. 1, p. 229, of chapter 8, section 1, paragraph 12. ^ Israel Government Archives (Land Registry Office of Jerusalem - Register of Deeds), p. 39 (Mandatory Organizations); letter written by M. Doukhan, Advocate, on 19 January 1941. "Meraʿa lands," same as "Arazi Metruké" in the Ottoman Land Code, of which there were two kinds: the first being "pasture land" that has been allotted to a village or number of villages, and which cannot be cultivated or turned into private property or belong to individuals (Art. 97 of the Ottoman Land Code). Such lands were used principally as pasture land for grazing; the second being "pasture land" that was privately owned, and which could be used for general cultivation, such as ploughing and sowing (Article 5 of the Law of Disposition of Immovable Property of the year 1913 (1331)), without the necessity of obtaining special authority. ^ Ruth Kark & Michael Oren-Nordheim, Jerusalem and its Environs: Quarters, Neighborhoods, Villages, 1800–1948, Hebrew University: Jerusalem 2001, p. 413 ^ Shehadeh 1985b, pp. 43, 45. ^ LeVine 2005, pp. 184–185. ^ Stein 2017, pp. 11–12. ^ a b LeVine 2005, p. 184. ^ a b The Survey of Palestine under the British Mandate: 1920–1948, British Mandate government printing office, Jerusalem 1946, vol. 1, pp. 225–226 of chapter 8, section 1, paragraph 3 (Reprinted in 1991 by the Institute for Palestine Studies). ^ The Survey of Palestine under the British Mandate: 1920–1948, British Mandate government printing office, Jerusalem 1946, vol. 1, p. 225 of chapter 8, section 1, paragraph 3 (Reprinted in 1991 by the Institute for Palestine Studies). ^ Kimmerling 2008, p. 392,n.43. ^ Kelly 2006, p. 36. ^ Shehadeh 1985b, p. 45. ^ LeVine 2005, p. 187. ^ The Survey of Palestine under the British Mandate: 1920–1948, British Mandate government printing office, Jerusalem 1946, vol. 1, p. 225, of chapter 8, section 1, paragraph 1 (Reprinted in 1991 by the Institute for Palestine Studies), which reads: "The land law in Palestine embraces the system of tenures inherited from the Ottoman regime, enriched by some amendments, mostly of a declaratory character, enacted since the British Occupation on the authority of the Palestine Orders-in-Council." ^ Elon, Menachem (1978). Jewish Law: History, Sources, Principles (Ha-mišpaṭ ha-ʻivri - toldotav, meḳorotav, ʻiḳronotav) (in Hebrew). Vol. 1 (parts I-II) (2 ed.). Jerusalem: Hebrew University: Magnes Press. p. 94. OCLC 14813103. ^ a b A Survey of Palestine (Prepared in December 1945 and January 1946 for the information of the Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry), vol. 1, chapter 8, section 5, British Mandate Government of Palestine: Jerusalem 1946, p. 255 ^ A Survey of Palestine (Prepared in December 1945 and January 1946 for the information of the Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry), chapter 8, section 4, British Mandate Government of Palestine: Jerusalem 1946, p. 246 ^ A Survey of Palestine (Prepared in December 1945 and January 1946 for the information of the Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry), chapter 8, section 4, British Mandate Government of Palestine: Jerusalem 1946, pp. 246 – 247 ^ PALESTINE: ANNUAL REPORT, 1936, OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LANDS AND SURVEYS, Empire Survey Review, 4:28, 362-380, DOI: 10.1179/sre.1938.4.28.362, page 366: "The total land area of Palestine is some 10,500 square miles, of which very approximately no more than one-third is cultivable… Among the numerous duties of the Cadastre is the management of the State Domain. This roughly covers an area of 500 sq. miles, which comprises 90 sq. miles of sand dunes. Forest Reserves of about 280 sq. miles are not included in the State Domain… Fifty-one per cent of the State Domain is occupied by Arabs and seventeen per cent by Jews; negotiations for leasing a further 12 sq. miles to Jewish organizations were being conducted in 1936, during which 404 leases and agreements affecting properties in general were concluded." ^ Nicoletti & Hearne 2012, p. 14. ^ Shehadeh 1985b, p. 43. ^ Shehadeh 1985b, p. 47. Sources Kelly, Tobias (2006). Law, Violence and Sovereignty Among West Bank Palestinians. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-46099-6. Kimmerling, Baruch (2008). Clash of Identities: Explorations in Israeli and Palestinian Societies. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-51249-7. Nicoletti, Claudia; Hearne, Anne-Maria (2012). Pillage of the Dead Sea: Israel's Unlawful Exploitation of Natural Resources in the Occupied Palestinian Territories. Al-Haq. ISBN 978-9-950-32734-4. Shehadeh, Raja (Spring–Summer 1985b). "Some Legal Aspects of Israeli Land Policy in the Occupied Territories". Arab Studies Quarterly. 7 (2–3): 42–61. JSTOR 41857768. Stein, Kenneth W. (2017). The Land Question in Palestine, 1917-1939. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1-469-61725-1. LeVine, Mark (2005). Overthrowing geography: Jaffa, Tel Aviv, and the struggle for Palestine, 1880-1948. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0520243714. Further reading Solomonovich, Nadav; Kark, Ruth (2015). "Land Privatization in Nineteenth-century Ottoman Palestine". Islamic Law and Society. 22 (3). Leiden: Brill: 221–252. doi:10.1163/15685195-00223p02. JSTOR 43997236.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Islamic calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_calendar"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archive.org-1"},{"link_name":"Tanzimat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzimat"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"1873 land emancipation act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1873_land_emancipation_act&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"The Ottoman Land Code of 1858 (recorded as 1274 in the Islamic calendar)[1] was the beginning of a systematic land reform programme during the Tanzimat (reform) period of the Ottoman Empire in the second half of the 19th century. This was followed by the 1873 land emancipation act.","title":"Ottoman Land Code of 1858"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ottoman Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Syria"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tilsen-2"},{"link_name":"mortmain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortmain"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archive.org-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ongley-3"},{"link_name":"viziers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vizier"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ongley-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ongley-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ongley-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ongley-3"},{"link_name":"Musha land tenure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musha_land"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Land property 1516-1858","text":"Prior to 1858, land in Ottoman Syria, a part of the Ottoman Empire since 1516, was cultivated or occupied mainly by local farmers. Land ownership was regulated by people living on the land according to customs and traditions. Usually, land was communally owned by village residents, though it could be owned by individuals or families.[2] The Ottoman Empire classified land into five categories:Arazi Memluke- Lands held in fee simple, freehold lands\nArazi Mirie- Crown lands belonging to the state exchequer\nArazi Mevkufe- Lands possessed in mortmain, but tenanted by a kind of copyhold\nArazi Metruke- Lands abandoned without cultivation or ostensible owner\nArazi Mevat- Dead lands, uncultivated and unappropriated.[1]Arazi Memluke lands were properties that were owned by private individuals that were collected through conquest, state endowment, or inheritance. These lands were subject to taxation by the Ottoman Empire.[3]Arazi Mirie lands were state owned properties that the Ottoman sultan could bestow to loyal subjects, viziers, and military commanders (these lands were kept through payments to the Ottoman Empire).[3]Arazi Mevkufe is land constituting Arazi Memluke which has been made Vakf in accordance with the Sharia. Vakf means that the Ottoman Sultan has assigned the tithes or taxes to a specific object as opposed to an individual.[3]Arazi Metruke is land that has been allocated for public use (ex. roads).[3]Arazi Mevat is land that nobody has claimed ownership of which has subsequently been neglected and remains uncultivated\".[3]The abolition of Musha land tenure is often mistakenly attributed to the 1858 land code.[4]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Enforcement","text":"Prior to the enactment of the Ottoman Land Code, 1858, land was held by virtue of Sultanic decrees, grants made by conquerors of various areas, judgments of both civil and Muslim religious courts, orders of administrative authorities and deeds of sale executed before the Muslim courts. Encroachment on unoccupied land belonging to the State and various other unauthorised methods accounted for large holdings. Land acquired by lawful means (such as grant from a competent authority) was, in theory at least, reported to Constantinople, where an effort was made to maintain a series of registers known as the daftar khaqani (imperial land registers).[5]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tilsen-2"}],"text":"The Ottoman Land Code of 1858, prepared by the Tanzimat Council, was an original Ottoman creation, neither European nor entirely Islamic. It was founded on traditional land practices and included categories of land cited in Islamic law.[6]In 1858 the Ottoman Empire introduced The Ottoman Land Code of 1858, requiring land owners to register ownership. The reasons behind the law were twofold. (1) to increase tax revenue, and (2) to exercise greater state control over the area.[2]","title":"1858 Land Code"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tilsen-2"}],"sub_title":"Opposition","text":"Small farmers, however, saw no need to register claims, for several reasons:[2]Land owners were subject to military service in the Ottoman Army\nGeneral opposition to official regulations from the Ottoman Empire\nEvasion of taxes and registration fees to the Ottoman Empire","title":"1858 Land Code"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tilsen-2"}],"sub_title":"Outcome","text":"The registration process itself was open to manipulation. Land collectively owned by village residents was registered in the name of a single landowner, with merchants and local Ottoman administrators registering large stretches of land in their own name. The result was land that became the legal property of people who may have never lived there, while locals, even those who had lived on the land for generations, became tenants of absentee owners.[2]","title":"1858 Land Code"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Waqf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waqf"},{"link_name":"mortmain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortmain"},{"link_name":"Mülk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BClk"},{"link_name":"allodial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allodial"},{"link_name":"Emir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emir"},{"link_name":"usufruct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usufruct"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"profits-à-prendre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profit_(real_property)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShehadeh1985b43,_45-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeVine2005184%E2%80%93185-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein201711%E2%80%9312-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeVine2005184-15"}],"sub_title":"Land classification","text":"With the enactment of the Ottoman Land Code, that same year the Turkish Government also passed the Land Registration Law of 1858, for better regulation of its land tenure laws, and, by way of extension, a more efficient way of levying taxes on property.The Ottoman land law classifies land under five kinds or categories. These, with suggested approximate counterparts in English, are as follows:[7](a) Waqf generally was property gifted to a pious end, consisting of allodial land in mortmain tenure, being land assured to pious foundations or revenue from land assured to pious foundations; also usufruct State land of which the State revenues are assured to pious foundations\n(b) Mülk was land given by the Ottoman conqueror to Muslims, or Khuraj lands given to Christians and taxed, in exchange for Muslim protection. It was private or allodial land (held in absolute ownership).\n(c) Miri was neither (a) nor (b) but referred to lands given out for conditional public use, while ultimate ownership lay with the Emir. It was feudal or State land, but can also specifically refer to vacant State land, private usufruct State land. A sub-category of the same is mahlul (f), or what is defined as escheated State land.[8] Most Ottoman registrations of miri (usufruct) titles existing in the Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem are based on a presumed or lost grant.[9]\n(d) Matruka = communal profits-à-prendre land, being land subject to public easements in common, or servitude State land, such as roads, cemeteries and pastures. Included in this class is Meraʿa land, meaning, pasture land reserved primarily for the use of the adjoining villages.[10]\n(e) Mewat/Mawat = dead (uncultivated/uninhabited) land; unoccupied lands not held by title deed, and lying over 1.5 miles from any town or village.[11][12][13][14]\n(f) A sixth category existed, known as mahlul, land that reverted to the state if left uncultivated for 3 years or left vacant and up for re-grant.[15]","title":"1858 Land Code"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SPBM46-16"}],"sub_title":"Regional variation","text":"The extent to which each of these modes of law applied to the several countries under Ottoman rule varied, and was largely dependent upon the country itself.[16]","title":"1858 Land Code"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"1858 Land Code in the Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SPBM46-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Late Ottoman (1858-1918)","text":"As an example for regional variations, not all of these modes of user were actually found in the Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem. The extent of mulk or allodial lands (privately owned property) in the Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem was limited, and was usually only found in the old cities or in garden areas. Rural land in this category was rare.[16] In nearly all cases (excluding only “Waqf” lands, and communal profits-à-prendre land, or dead and undeveloped land), lands were either mulk or miri tenures.[17]","title":"1858 Land Code in the Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKimmerling2008392,n.43-18"},{"link_name":"British rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine"},{"link_name":"hamula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamula&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200636-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShehadeh1985b45-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeVine2005187-21"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"assumed control over the Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupied_Enemy_Territory_Administration"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"King George V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_George_V"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Survey1946-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Survey1946-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Mandate Government of Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Survey of Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survey_of_Palestine"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"British rule (OETA and Mandate)","text":"Local Palestinian tradition, underwritten by both Ottoman and British law, held that the land belonged to God or the sultan: families could maintain the land but the notion of private property title was alien, despite efforts since 1858 to introduce it.[18] Until British rule, which redistributed land to individual family units, village land was held collectively by the hamula or clan.[19] The Ottoman system and all later governments until 1967 acknowledged that the land surrounding the village was for the use of its inhabitants either as common pastures or for the future development of the village. The villagers did not have any need or opportunity to register their lands. They knew among themselves which of the village lands belonged to which families and which were owned in common (mashaa ).[20] Customary practice however under the British was reviewed to consider all land within village and town boundaries as no longer miri but mülk.[21]When the British assumed control over the Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem at the end of 1917 with the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire, they applied the Ottoman laws of the Ottoman Land Code of 1858 to all inhabitants.[22] The laws then in place were officially recognized by Article 46 of the King's Speech (enacted in the name of King George V on 10 August 1922, Palestine Order in Council), according to which provisions the validity of the Ottoman law that existed in Palestine on November 1, 1914, was recognized, and made subject to orders and regulations issued from then on by the mandate government.[23]The Ottoman Land Code inherited by the British prescribed that houses were mostly privately owned and called \"mulk land\" (land vested fully and completely to their owners), while land was viewed as miri (allotted by the state to a village or number of villages and which cannot be private property of individuals), and is only leased to the tenants of indefinite duration, in which the lease is represented by the obligation to pay land taxes and land registry fees.[24] When the miri interest is alienated, the ultimate ownership called raqaba is retained by the State.[24]At the time of the British occupation the land tax was collected at the rate of 12.5% of the gross yield of the land. Crops were assessed on the threshing floor or in the field and the tithe was collected from the cultivators.[25] In 1925, additional legislation provided that taxation on crops and other produce not exceed 10%. In 1928, as a measure of reform, the Mandate Government of Palestine began to apply an Ordinance for the \"Commutation of Tithes,\" this tax in effect being a fixed aggregate amount paid annually. It was related to the average amount of tithe (tax) that had been paid by the village during the four years immediately preceding the application of the Ordinance to it.[26]In 1936 the Survey of Palestine stated that the State Lands measured 500 sq miles out of Palestine's total area of 10,500 sq miles; at that point 51% of State Domain was occupied by Arabs and 17% by Jews.[27]","title":"1858 Land Code in the Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolettiHearne201214-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShehadeh1985b43-29"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeVine2005184-15"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShehadeh1985b47-30"}],"sub_title":"West Bank under Jordanian and Israeli rule","text":"By June 1967, only a third of West Bank land had been registered under the Settlement of Disputes over Land and Water Law and Israel quickly moved, in 1968, to cancel the possibility of registering one's title with the Jordanian Land Register.[28] Claims for land in the other two thirds depended on either a Turkish or British certificate of registration, or through tax registers and proof of purchase under Jordanian law.[29] On assuming control, Israel suspended these procedures, and asserted that of five categories of land in the old Ottoman Law – waqf. mülk, miri, matruke and mawat – the last three were state land, taking advantage of modifications enacted by the British Mandatory Authority, such as the Mawat Land Ordinance of 1921.[15] The Jordanian government never considered the last three as state land, and only a very small proportion of the West Bank was registered as such under Jordanian rule.[30]","title":"1858 Land Code in the Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Law, Violence and Sovereignty Among West Bank Palestinians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=lJcSnJzPZNQC&pg=PA27"},{"link_name":"Cambridge University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-139-46099-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-46099-6"},{"link_name":"Kimmerling, Baruch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_Kimmerling"},{"link_name":"Clash of Identities: Explorations in Israeli and Palestinian Societies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=wpiIndPPrDYC&pg=PA392"},{"link_name":"Columbia University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-231-51249-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-51249-7"},{"link_name":"Pillage of the Dead Sea: Israel's Unlawful Exploitation of Natural Resources in the Occupied Palestinian Territories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.alhaq.org/publications/publications-index?task=callelement&format=raw&item_id=104&element=304e4493-dc32-44fa-8c5b-57c4d7b529c1&method=download"},{"link_name":"Al-Haq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Haq"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-9-950-32734-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-950-32734-4"},{"link_name":"Shehadeh, Raja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_Shehadeh"},{"link_name":"Arab Studies Quarterly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Studies_Quarterly"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"41857768","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/41857768"},{"link_name":"Stein, Kenneth W.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_W._Stein"},{"link_name":"The Land Question in Palestine, 1917-1939","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=qYxGDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT29"},{"link_name":"University of North Carolina Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-469-61725-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-469-61725-1"},{"link_name":"LeVine, Mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_LeVine"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0520243714","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520243714"}],"text":"Kelly, Tobias (2006). Law, Violence and Sovereignty Among West Bank Palestinians. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-46099-6.\nKimmerling, Baruch (2008). Clash of Identities: Explorations in Israeli and Palestinian Societies. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-51249-7.\nNicoletti, Claudia; Hearne, Anne-Maria (2012). Pillage of the Dead Sea: Israel's Unlawful Exploitation of Natural Resources in the Occupied Palestinian Territories. Al-Haq. ISBN 978-9-950-32734-4.\nShehadeh, Raja (Spring–Summer 1985b). \"Some Legal Aspects of Israeli Land Policy in the Occupied Territories\". Arab Studies Quarterly. 7 (2–3): 42–61. JSTOR 41857768.\nStein, Kenneth W. (2017). The Land Question in Palestine, 1917-1939. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1-469-61725-1.\nLeVine, Mark (2005). Overthrowing geography: Jaffa, Tel Aviv, and the struggle for Palestine, 1880-1948. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0520243714.","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kark, Ruth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Kark"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1163/15685195-00223p02","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1163%2F15685195-00223p02"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"43997236","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/43997236"}],"text":"Solomonovich, Nadav; Kark, Ruth (2015). \"Land Privatization in Nineteenth-century Ottoman Palestine\". Islamic Law and Society. 22 (3). Leiden: Brill: 221–252. doi:10.1163/15685195-00223p02. JSTOR 43997236.","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
[{"title":"Düstur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCstur"},{"title":"Defter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defter"},{"title":"Tanzimat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzimat"},{"title":"Timar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timar"},{"title":"Chiftlik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiftlik"},{"title":"Foreign purchases of real estate in Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_purchases_of_real_estate_in_Turkey"},{"title":"Israeli land and property laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_land_and_property_laws"},{"title":"Torrens title in Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torrens_title#Israel"},{"title":"Land reform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_reform"}]
[{"reference":"Ottoman Land Code, Translated by F. Ongley of the Receiver General's Office in British Cyprus. Translated by F. Ongley. 1892.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/ottomanlandcode00turkuoft/ottomanlandcode00turkuoft_djvu.txt","url_text":"Ottoman Land Code, Translated by F. Ongley of the Receiver General's Office in British Cyprus"}]},{"reference":"Nadan, Amos (2020). \"Revisiting the anti-mushāʿ reforms in the levant: origins, scale and outcomes\". British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies. 47 (4): 595–611. doi:10.1080/13530194.2018.1533451. S2CID 150197023.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13530194.2018.1533451","url_text":"10.1080/13530194.2018.1533451"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:150197023","url_text":"150197023"}]},{"reference":"Elon, Menachem (1978). Jewish Law: History, Sources, Principles (Ha-mišpaṭ ha-ʻivri - toldotav, meḳorotav, ʻiḳronotav) (in Hebrew). Vol. 1 (parts I-II) (2 ed.). Jerusalem: Hebrew University: Magnes Press. p. 94. OCLC 14813103.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menachem_Elon","url_text":"Elon, Menachem"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/14813103","url_text":"14813103"}]},{"reference":"Kelly, Tobias (2006). Law, Violence and Sovereignty Among West Bank Palestinians. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-46099-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lJcSnJzPZNQC&pg=PA27","url_text":"Law, Violence and Sovereignty Among West Bank Palestinians"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press","url_text":"Cambridge University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-46099-6","url_text":"978-1-139-46099-6"}]},{"reference":"Kimmerling, Baruch (2008). Clash of Identities: Explorations in Israeli and Palestinian Societies. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-51249-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_Kimmerling","url_text":"Kimmerling, Baruch"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wpiIndPPrDYC&pg=PA392","url_text":"Clash of Identities: Explorations in Israeli and Palestinian Societies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University_Press","url_text":"Columbia University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-51249-7","url_text":"978-0-231-51249-7"}]},{"reference":"Nicoletti, Claudia; Hearne, Anne-Maria (2012). Pillage of the Dead Sea: Israel's Unlawful Exploitation of Natural Resources in the Occupied Palestinian Territories. Al-Haq. ISBN 978-9-950-32734-4.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.alhaq.org/publications/publications-index?task=callelement&format=raw&item_id=104&element=304e4493-dc32-44fa-8c5b-57c4d7b529c1&method=download","url_text":"Pillage of the Dead Sea: Israel's Unlawful Exploitation of Natural Resources in the Occupied Palestinian Territories"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Haq","url_text":"Al-Haq"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-950-32734-4","url_text":"978-9-950-32734-4"}]},{"reference":"Shehadeh, Raja (Spring–Summer 1985b). \"Some Legal Aspects of Israeli Land Policy in the Occupied Territories\". Arab Studies Quarterly. 7 (2–3): 42–61. JSTOR 41857768.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_Shehadeh","url_text":"Shehadeh, Raja"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Studies_Quarterly","url_text":"Arab Studies Quarterly"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/41857768","url_text":"41857768"}]},{"reference":"Stein, Kenneth W. (2017). The Land Question in Palestine, 1917-1939. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1-469-61725-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_W._Stein","url_text":"Stein, Kenneth W."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qYxGDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT29","url_text":"The Land Question in Palestine, 1917-1939"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_Press","url_text":"University of North Carolina Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-469-61725-1","url_text":"978-1-469-61725-1"}]},{"reference":"LeVine, Mark (2005). Overthrowing geography: Jaffa, Tel Aviv, and the struggle for Palestine, 1880-1948. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0520243714.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_LeVine","url_text":"LeVine, Mark"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520243714","url_text":"0520243714"}]},{"reference":"Solomonovich, Nadav; Kark, Ruth (2015). \"Land Privatization in Nineteenth-century Ottoman Palestine\". Islamic Law and Society. 22 (3). Leiden: Brill: 221–252. doi:10.1163/15685195-00223p02. JSTOR 43997236.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Kark","url_text":"Kark, Ruth"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F15685195-00223p02","url_text":"10.1163/15685195-00223p02"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/43997236","url_text":"43997236"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/ottomanlandcode00turkuoft/ottomanlandcode00turkuoft_djvu.txt","external_links_name":"Full text of the Ottoman Land Code, Translated by F. Ongley of the Receiver General's Office in British Cyprus"},{"Link":"http://www.beki.org/landlaw.html","external_links_name":"Ottoman Land Registration Law as a Contributing Factor in the Israeli-Arab Conflict"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080916054748/http://www.beki.org/landlaw.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/ottomanlandcode00turkuoft/ottomanlandcode00turkuoft_djvu.txt","external_links_name":"Ottoman Land Code, Translated by F. Ongley of the Receiver General's Office in British Cyprus"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13530194.2018.1533451","external_links_name":"10.1080/13530194.2018.1533451"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:150197023","external_links_name":"150197023"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Xb0eAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA53","external_links_name":"Islamic Law in Palestine and Israel: A History of the Survival of Tanzimat, Robert H. Eisenman"},{"Link":"http://www.archives.gov.il/en/archives/#/Archive/0b071706800225ea/File/0b071706806f09da","external_links_name":"Israel Government Archives (Land Registry Office of Jerusalem - Register of Deeds)"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/14813103","external_links_name":"14813103"},{"Link":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1179/sre.1938.4.28.362","external_links_name":"PALESTINE: ANNUAL REPORT, 1936, OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LANDS AND SURVEYS"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lJcSnJzPZNQC&pg=PA27","external_links_name":"Law, Violence and Sovereignty Among West Bank Palestinians"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wpiIndPPrDYC&pg=PA392","external_links_name":"Clash of Identities: Explorations in Israeli and Palestinian Societies"},{"Link":"http://www.alhaq.org/publications/publications-index?task=callelement&format=raw&item_id=104&element=304e4493-dc32-44fa-8c5b-57c4d7b529c1&method=download","external_links_name":"Pillage of the Dead Sea: Israel's Unlawful Exploitation of Natural Resources in the Occupied Palestinian Territories"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/41857768","external_links_name":"41857768"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qYxGDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT29","external_links_name":"The Land Question in Palestine, 1917-1939"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F15685195-00223p02","external_links_name":"10.1163/15685195-00223p02"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/43997236","external_links_name":"43997236"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_V-3
USS Bonita (SS-165)
["1 Engineering","2 Service history","2.1 Interwar period","2.2 World War II","3 Awards","4 References"]
Submarine of the United States For other ships with the same name, see USS Bonita. History United States BuilderPortsmouth Naval Shipyard, Kittery, Maine Laid down16 November 1921 Launched9 June 1925 Commissioned22 May 1926 Decommissioned4 June 1937 Commissioned5 September 1940 Decommissioned3 March 1945 Stricken10 March 1945 FateSold for breaking up, 4 October 1945 General characteristics Class and typeV-1 (Barracuda)-class composite direct-drive diesel and diesel-electric submarine Displacement2,119 tons (2,153 t) surfaced, 2,506 tons (2,546 t) submerged Length341 ft 6 in (104.09 m) Beam27 ft 6+5⁄8 in (8.398 m) Draft15 ft 2 in (4.62 m) Propulsion (as built) 2 × Busch-Sulzer direct-drive main diesel engines, 2,250 hp (1,680 kW) each 2 × Busch-Sulzer auxiliary diesel engines, 1,000 hp (750 kW) each, diesel-electric drive Auxiliary engines replaced with BuEng MAN engines 1940, main engines removed 1942-43 on conversion to a cargo submarine 2 × 60-cell Exide batteries 2 × Elliott electric motors, 1,200 hp (890 kW) each 2 shafts Speed21 knots (39 km/h) surfaced, 9 knots (17 km/h) submerged Range6,000 nautical miles (11,000 km) @ 11 knots (20 km/h), 11,000 nautical miles (20,000 km) @ 11 kn with fuel in main ballast tanks Endurance10 hours @ 5 knots (9 km/h) Test depth200 ft (60 m) Complement7 officers, 11 petty officers, 69 enlisted Armament 6 × 21-inch (533 mm) torpedo tubes (four forward, two aft), 12 torpedoes 1 × 5 inch (127 mm)/51 caliber deck gun USS Bonita (SF-6/SS-165), a Barracuda-class submarine and one of the "V-boats," was the third ship of the United States Navy to be named for the bonito. Her keel was laid down by the Portsmouth Navy Yard. She was launched on 9 June 1925 as V-3 (SF-6), sponsored by Mrs. L.R. DeSteiguer, wife of Rear Admiral DeSteiguer, and commissioned on 22 May 1926, Lieutenant Commander Charles A. Lockwood, Jr. in command. Like her sisters, Bonita was designed to meet the fleet submarine requirement of 21 knots (39 km/h) surface speed for operating with contemporary battleships. Engineering V-3 was completed with two Busch-Sulzer direct-drive 6-cylinder 2-cycle main diesel engines of 2,250 hp (1,680 kW) each, along with two Busch-Sulzer auxiliary diesel engines of 1,000 hp (750 kW) each, driving electrical generators. The latter were primarily for charging batteries, but to reach maximum surfaced speed, they could augment the mechanically coupled main-propulsion engines by driving the 1,200 hp (890 kW) electric motors in parallel via an electric transmission. Although it wasn't until about 1939 that its problems were solved, electric transmission in a pure diesel-electric arrangement became the propulsion system for the successful fleet submarines of World War II, the Tambor-class through the Tench-class. Prior to recommissioning in 1940, the auxiliary diesels were replaced with two BuEng Maschinenfabrik Augsburg Nürnberg AG (MAN-designed) 6-cylinder 4-cycle diesel engines of 1,000 hp (750 kW) each. In 1942-43 Bonita was converted to a cargo submarine, with the main engines removed to provide cargo space, significantly reducing her speed on the remaining auxiliary diesels. Service history Interwar period Assigned to Submarine Division 20 (SubDiv 20), V-3 cruised along the East Coast and in the Caribbean Sea until November 1927. With her division, she then transferred to the Pacific Fleet, arriving at San Diego, California, on 17 December 1927. After service with SubDivs 12 and 20 along the Pacific coast and off Hawaii, she joined SubDiv 15 of the Rotating Reserve at Mare Island Navy Yard on 1 June 1932. During this period her 5 inch (127 mm)/51 caliber deck gun was replaced by a 3 inch (76 mm)/50 caliber weapon. She was renamed Bonita on 9 March 1931 and given hull classification symbol SS-165 on 1 July 1931. Bonita rejoined SubDiv 12 in September 1933 and cruised in Caribbean Sea, West Coast, and Hawaiian waters through 1936. She departed San Diego, California on 20 January 1937 and arrived at Philadelphia Navy Yard on 18 February. She was placed out of commission in reserve at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on 4 June 1937. World War II Recommissioned on 5 September 1940, she departed New London, Connecticut on 17 November for Coco Solo, Panama Canal Zone. Bonita patrolled in the Pacific, off Panama, until she returned to Philadelphia for overhaul in October 1942. At this time she was converted to a cargo submarine with the removal of her main engines, severely restricting her speed on the auxiliary engines. Patrolling off the Maine coast until mid-1943, she then joined Submarine Squadron 1 (SubRon 1), SubDiv 13, on training duty out of New London. She remained on that duty until February 1945. Arriving at Philadelphia Navy Yard on 17 February, she was decommissioned 3 March and sold 28 October 1945. Awards American Defense Service Medal with "FLEET" clasp American Campaign Medal Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal World War II Victory Medal References ^ a b c d e f g h i Friedman, Norman (1995). U.S. Submarines Through 1945: An Illustrated Design History. Annapolis, Maryland: United States Naval Institute. pp. 285–304. ISBN 1-55750-263-3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p U.S. Submarines Through 1945 pp. 305–311 ^ a b c d U.S. Submarines Through 1945 pp. 111–113 ^ a b c d U.S. Submarines Through 1945 pp. 257–259 ^ a b Alden, John D., Commander, USN (retired). The Fleet Submarine in the U.S. Navy (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1979), p.210. ^ Alden, p.211. ^ a b Bauer, K. Jack; Roberts, Stephen S. (1991). Register of Ships of the U.S. Navy, 1775–1990: Major Combatants. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 265. ISBN 0-313-26202-0. ^ Gardiner and Chesneau, pp. 141-142 ^ U.S. Submarines Through 1945 p. 114 Schlesman, Bruce and Roberts, Stephen S., "Register of Ships of the U.S. Navy, 1775–1990: Major Combatants" (Greenwood Press, 1991), ISBN 0-313-26202-0 Lenton, H. T. American Submarines (Navies of the Second World War) (Doubleday, 1973), ISBN 0-38504-761-4 Silverstone, Paul H., U.S. Warships of World War II (Ian Allan, 1965), ISBN 0-87021-773-9 Campbell, John Naval Weapons of World War Two (Naval Institute Press, 1985), ISBN 0-87021-459-4 Whitman, Edward C. "The Navy's Variegated V-Class: Out of One, Many?" Undersea Warfare, Fall 2003, Issue 20 https://web.archive.org/web/20140322093118/http://www.fleetsubmarine.com/sublist.html Gardiner, Robert and Chesneau, Roger, Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946, Conway Maritime Press, 1980. ISBN 0-83170-303-2. Friedman, Norman "US Submarines through 1945: An Illustrated Design History", Naval Institute Press, Annapolis:1995, ISBN 1-55750-263-3. Navsource.org USS Bonita page Pigboats.com V-boats page DiGiulian, Tony Navweaps.com 5"/51 caliber gun DiGiulian, Tony Navweaps.com later 3"/50 caliber gun  This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. The entry can be found here. vteV-boatsBarracuda class V-1 / Barracuda V-2 / Bass V-3 / Bonita Argonaut class V-4 / Argonaut Narwhal class V-5 / Narwhal V-6 / Nautilus Dolphin class V-7 / Dolphin Cachalot class V-8 / Cachalot V-9 / Cuttlefish List of submarines of the United States Navy List of submarine classes of the United States Navy
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"USS Bonita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Bonita"},{"link_name":"Barracuda-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-boat#V-1_through_V-3%E2%80%94the_Barracudas"},{"link_name":"V-boats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-boat"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"bonito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonito"},{"link_name":"Portsmouth Navy Yard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth_Navy_Yard"},{"link_name":"launched","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_naming_and_launching"},{"link_name":"Rear Admiral DeSteiguer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_R._de_Steiguer"},{"link_name":"commissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_commissioning"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant Commander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_commander_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Charles A. Lockwood, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_A._Lockwood,_Jr."},{"link_name":"fleet submarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleet_submarine"},{"link_name":"battleships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship"}],"text":"For other ships with the same name, see USS Bonita.USS Bonita (SF-6/SS-165), a Barracuda-class submarine and one of the \"V-boats,\" was the third ship of the United States Navy to be named for the bonito. Her keel was laid down by the Portsmouth Navy Yard. She was launched on 9 June 1925 as V-3 (SF-6), sponsored by Mrs. L.R. DeSteiguer, wife of Rear Admiral DeSteiguer, and commissioned on 22 May 1926, Lieutenant Commander Charles A. Lockwood, Jr. in command. Like her sisters, Bonita was designed to meet the fleet submarine requirement of 21 knots (39 km/h) surface speed for operating with contemporary battleships.","title":"USS Bonita (SS-165)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Busch-Sulzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busch-Sulzer"},{"link_name":"direct-drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct-drive"},{"link_name":"cylinder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylinder_(engine)"},{"link_name":"2-cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-stroke_engine"},{"link_name":"diesel engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_engine"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FriedmanSubs1-p111%E2%80%93113-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FriedmanSubs1-p257%E2%80%93259-4"},{"link_name":"electrical generators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_generator"},{"link_name":"diesel-electric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel-electric"},{"link_name":"fleet submarines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleet_submarine"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Tambor-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tambor-class_submarine"},{"link_name":"Tench-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tench-class_submarine"},{"link_name":"BuEng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Steam_Engineering"},{"link_name":"Maschinenfabrik Augsburg Nürnberg AG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAN_SE"},{"link_name":"4-cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-stroke_engine"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FriedmanSubs1-p111%E2%80%93113-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FriedmanSubs1-p257%E2%80%93259-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alden,_John_D._1979_p.210-5"}],"text":"V-3 was completed with two Busch-Sulzer direct-drive 6-cylinder 2-cycle main diesel engines of 2,250 hp (1,680 kW) each,[3][4] along with two Busch-Sulzer auxiliary diesel engines of 1,000 hp (750 kW) each, driving electrical generators. The latter were primarily for charging batteries, but to reach maximum surfaced speed, they could augment the mechanically coupled main-propulsion engines by driving the 1,200 hp (890 kW) electric motors in parallel via an electric transmission. Although it wasn't until about 1939 that its problems were solved, electric transmission in a pure diesel-electric arrangement became the propulsion system for the successful fleet submarines of World War II, the Tambor-class through the Tench-class. Prior to recommissioning in 1940, the auxiliary diesels were replaced with two BuEng Maschinenfabrik Augsburg Nürnberg AG (MAN-designed) 6-cylinder 4-cycle diesel engines of 1,000 hp (750 kW) each.[3][4] In 1942-43 Bonita was converted to a cargo submarine, with the main engines removed to provide cargo space, significantly reducing her speed on the remaining auxiliary diesels.[5]","title":"Engineering"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Caribbean Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean_Sea"},{"link_name":"Pacific Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Pacific_Fleet"},{"link_name":"San Diego, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego,_California"},{"link_name":"Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii"},{"link_name":"Mare Island Navy Yard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare_Island_Navy_Yard"},{"link_name":"5 inch (127 mm)/51 caliber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5%22/51_caliber_gun"},{"link_name":"deck gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deck_gun"},{"link_name":"3 inch (76 mm)/50 caliber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3%22/50_caliber_gun"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"hull classification symbol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hull_classification_symbol"},{"link_name":"Caribbean Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean_Sea"},{"link_name":"Hawaiian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii"},{"link_name":"San Diego, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego,_California"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Navy Yard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Navy_Yard"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania"}],"sub_title":"Interwar period","text":"Assigned to Submarine Division 20 (SubDiv 20), V-3 cruised along the East Coast and in the Caribbean Sea until November 1927. With her division, she then transferred to the Pacific Fleet, arriving at San Diego, California, on 17 December 1927. After service with SubDivs 12 and 20 along the Pacific coast and off Hawaii, she joined SubDiv 15 of the Rotating Reserve at Mare Island Navy Yard on 1 June 1932. During this period her 5 inch (127 mm)/51 caliber deck gun was replaced by a 3 inch (76 mm)/50 caliber weapon.[8] She was renamed Bonita on 9 March 1931 and given hull classification symbol SS-165 on 1 July 1931.Bonita rejoined SubDiv 12 in September 1933 and cruised in Caribbean Sea, West Coast, and Hawaiian waters through 1936. She departed San Diego, California on 20 January 1937 and arrived at Philadelphia Navy Yard on 18 February. She was placed out of commission in reserve at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on 4 June 1937.","title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine_Base_New_London"},{"link_name":"Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Coco Solo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coco_Solo"},{"link_name":"Panama Canal Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_Canal_Zone"},{"link_name":"Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FriedmanSubs1-p114-9"},{"link_name":"Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Navy Yard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Navy_Yard"}],"sub_title":"World War II","text":"Recommissioned on 5 September 1940, she departed New London, Connecticut on 17 November for Coco Solo, Panama Canal Zone. Bonita patrolled in the Pacific, off Panama, until she returned to Philadelphia for overhaul in October 1942. At this time she was converted to a cargo submarine with the removal of her main engines, severely restricting her speed on the auxiliary engines.[9]Patrolling off the Maine coast until mid-1943, she then joined Submarine Squadron 1 (SubRon 1), SubDiv 13, on training duty out of New London. She remained on that duty until February 1945. Arriving at Philadelphia Navy Yard on 17 February, she was decommissioned 3 March and sold 28 October 1945.","title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:American_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg"},{"link_name":"American Defense Service Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Defense_Service_Medal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:American_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg"},{"link_name":"American Campaign Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Campaign_Medal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Asiatic-Pacific_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg"},{"link_name":"Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiatic-Pacific_Campaign_Medal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:World_War_II_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg"},{"link_name":"World War II Victory Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II_Victory_Medal"}],"text":"American Defense Service Medal with \"FLEET\" clasp\n American Campaign Medal\n Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal\n World War II Victory Medal","title":"Awards"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Tulsa
Roman Catholic Diocese of Tulsa
["1 Statistics","2 History","2.1 1800 to 1905","2.2 1905 to 1972","2.3 1972 to present","2.4 Sex abuse","3 Bishops","3.1 Bishops of Tulsa","3.2 Other diocesan priests who became bishops","4 Cathedral","5 Newspaper","6 Education","6.1 High schools","6.2 Liturgical institute","7 Ecclesiastical province","8 See also","9 References","10 External links"]
Coordinates: 36°07′53″N 95°56′14″W / 36.13139°N 95.93722°W / 36.13139; -95.93722Latin Catholic ecclesiastical jurisdiction in Oklahoma, USA Diocese of TulsaDioecesis TulsensisHoly Family CathedralCoat of Arms of the Diocese of TulsaLocationCountry United StatesTerritory Eastern OklahomaEcclesiastical provinceOklahoma CityStatisticsArea26,417 sq mi (68,420 km2)Population- Catholics56,094 (3.5%)InformationDenominationCatholicSui iuris churchLatin ChurchRiteRoman RiteEstablishedDecember 13, 1972CathedralHoly Family CathedralPatron saintHoly FamilyCurrent leadershipPopeFrancisBishopDavid KonderlaMetropolitan ArchbishopPaul Stagg CoakleyBishops emeritusEdward James SlatteryMapWebsitedioceseoftulsa.org The Diocese of Tulsa also called the Diocese of Tulsa and Eastern Oklahoma (Latin: Dioecesis Tulsensis) is a Latin Church diocese of the Catholic Church in the eastern part of Oklahoma in the United States. It is a suffragan diocese of the metropolitan Archdiocese of Oklahoma City. The mother church of the diocese is Holy Family Cathedral in Tulsa. The bishop as of 2023 is David Konderla. Statistics The Diocese of Tulsa covers 26,417 square miles (68,420 km2) over 31 counties in eastern Oklahoma – including the most populous county, Tulsa County. The diocese has 78 parishes (including mission churches) The official news and information publication of the diocese is The Eastern Oklahoma Catholic. History 1800 to 1905 After the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, it became the plan of the U.S. government to force Native American tribes from the Eastern United States into the Great Plains region. The eastern part of present-day Oklahoma was part of this loosely defined region known as the Indian Territory. For the Catholic church, all of the Indian Territory became part of the Diocese of St. Louis in 1826. It was passed to the new Diocese of Little Rock in 1843. The first Catholic church in the Indian Territory was constructed in 1872 in Atoka by Irish workers building the Missouri-Kansas-Texas railroad. In 1875, the Diocese of New Orleans sent French Benedictine monks to minister to the tribes in the Indian Territory. They established St Gregory's Abbey in Shawnee in 1876. That same year, Pope Pius IX erected the Apostolic Prefecture of Indian Territory, taking jurisdiction for the Indian Territory away from the Diocese of Little Rock. In 1890, the US Government separated western Oklahoma from the Indian Territory, founding the Oklahoma Territory. In 1891, Pope Leo XIII elevated the apostolic prefecture to the Apostolic Vicariate of Indian Territory, continuing its jurisdiction over the Oklahoma and Indian Territories. The first parish in Tulsa, Holy Family, opened in 1899. 1905 to 1972 In 1905, Pope Pius X erected the Diocese of Oklahoma City, covering both the Oklahoma and Indian Territories. Two years later, the two territories were combined to create the new State of Oklahoma. Pope Pius XI renamed the Diocese of Oklahoma City to the diocese of Oklahoma City-Tulsa in 1930, due to the population growth of Tulsa and its surrounding communities. The Tulsa area would remain part of this diocese for the next 42 years. 1972 to present Pope Paul VI erected the Diocese of Tulsa on December 13, 1972, removing eastern Oklahoma from what became the Archdiocese of Oklahoma City. The pope named Monsignor Bernard Ganter as the first bishop of Tulsa. He served in Tulsa for four years before being named bishop of the Diocese of Beaumont. The next bishop of Tulsa was Reverend Eusebius J. Beltran from the Diocese of Atlanta, appointed by Pope John Paul II in 1978. Most notable among his charity work were his efforts to assist persons in need, including unwed mothers, HIV/AIDS victims, homeless families, and women who had just been released from prison. Beltran was appointed archbishop of Oklahoma City in 1992. Pope John Paul II selected Reverend Edward Slattery of the Archdiocese of Chicago to replace Beltran in Tulsa in 1993. Slattery served for 23 years before retiring in 2016. The current bishop of Tulsa is David Konderla from the Diocese of Austin, named by Pope Francis in 2016. Sex abuse A 13 year old girl and her parents reported to the diocese in 1999 that she had been sexually molested that year by Reverend John Jangam, a visiting priest from India. It was stated that on separate occasions, Jangram touched her inappropriately. After receiving the allegations, the diocese sent Jangam back to India. In 2002, the girl publicly revealed her story. In July 2002, the diocese abruptly removed Reverend Kenneth Lewis from St. John the Evangelist Church in McAlester after several parents complained about his inappropriate behavior with their children. In 1994, a diocesan employee had reported seeing Lewis give a backrub to a boy in Lewis' bedroom. After the employee told the boy's parents and they complained to the diocese, Bishop Slattery sent Lewis away for treatment. Lewis later returned to ministry. Slattery in August 2002 admitted making a mistake in allowing Lewis in 1994 to return to ministry. In March 2007, the diocese was sued in Illinois by the parents of a then 14 year-old boy who they alleged was sexually assaulted by Lewis on a trip to Evanston, Illinois, in 2001. The statute of limitations had passed on criminal prosecution. Lewis was laicized by the Vatican in July 2007. The diocese in October 2019 released a list of 11 clergy with credible accusations of sexual abuse of minors dating back to 1973. Bishops Bishops of Tulsa Bernard J. Ganter (1972–1977), appointed Bishop of Beaumont Eusebius J. Beltran (1978–1992), appointed Archbishop of Oklahoma City Edward James Slattery (1993–2016) David Konderla (2016–present) Other diocesan priests who became bishops Peter Bryan Wells, appointed titular Archbishop and nuncio in 2016 Daniel Henry Mueggenborg, appointed auxiliary bishop of Seattle in 2017 Cathedral Main article: Holy Family Cathedral in Tulsa Newspaper Main article: Eastern Oklahoma Catholic Education The superintendent of the diocese is David Dean. High schools Bishop Kelley High School – Tulsa Cascia Hall Preparatory School – Tulsa Liturgical institute Te Deum Institute of Sacred Liturgy Ecclesiastical province See: List of the Catholic bishops of the United States#Province of Oklahoma City See also Catholicism portal Catholic Church by country Catholic Church in the United States Ecclesiastical Province of Oklahoma City Global organisation of the Catholic Church List of Roman Catholic archdioceses (by country and continent) List of Roman Catholic dioceses (alphabetical) (including archdioceses) List of Roman Catholic dioceses (structured view) (including archdioceses) List of the Catholic dioceses of the United States Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Oklahoma City References ^ "The Diocese". Diocese of Tulsa. Archived from the original on March 18, 2012. Retrieved December 22, 2010. ^ a b "Saint Louis (Archdiocese) ". www.catholic-hierarchy.org. Retrieved April 15, 2023. ^ a b "A Brief History of the Diocese". The Roman Catholic Diocese of Tulsa. Retrieved April 15, 2023. ^ "Little Rock (Diocese) ". www.catholic-hierarchy.org. Retrieved September 24, 2023. ^ Skvorc, Krystyna. "About Us". St. Joseph Old Cathedral. Archived from the original on November 23, 2011. Retrieved October 9, 2011. ^ a b "Tulsa (Diocese) ". www.catholic-hierarchy.org. Retrieved April 15, 2023. ^ "Bishop Bernard James Ganter ". www.catholic-hierarchy.org. Retrieved September 24, 2023. ^ "Archbishop Eusebius Joseph Beltran ". www.catholic-hierarchy.org. Retrieved September 24, 2023. ^ "Bishop Edward James Slattery ". www.catholic-hierarchy.org. Retrieved September 24, 2023. ^ "Bishop David Austin Konderla ". www.catholic-hierarchy.org. Retrieved September 24, 2023. ^ Branstetter, Ziva (July 30, 2002). "Church Scandal Girl Alleges Molestation". Tulsa World. Retrieved September 24, 2023. ^ Egerton, Brooks (July 28, 2002). "Accused Priest Stayed in Ministry Tulsa Bishop Had Pushed 'Zero Tolerance' in Molestation Cases". Dallas Morning News. Retrieved September 24, 2023. ^ Branstetter, Ziva (August 1, 2002). "Young Men Claim Advances by Priest". Tulsa World. Retrieved September 24, 2023. ^ Hussain, Rummana (March 16, 2007). "Okla. Priest, Bishop Face Sex Abuse Lawsuit Here Boy Allegedly Molested on '01 Visit to Evanston". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved September 24, 2023. ^ "Priest Stripped of Status As Cleric". , Associated Press, carried in KSWO. July 21, 2007. Retrieved September 24, 2023. ^ "Tulsa Diocese releases list of priests accused of sexual abuse". 2 News Oklahoma KJRH Tulsa. October 2, 2019. Retrieved September 24, 2023. ^ Archived May 6, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. Diocese of Tulsa official website. Retrieved April 30, 2016. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Roman Catholic Diocese of Tulsa. Roman Catholic Diocese of Tulsa Official Site Archdiocese of Oklahoma City official website vteRoman Catholic Diocese of TulsaBishops Bernard J. Ganter Eusebius J. Beltran Edward James Slattery David Konderla Churches Cathedral Holy Family Cathedral Parishes St. Joseph's Church, Krebs St. Anthony of Padua Church, Okmulgee Immaculate Conception Church, Pawhuska Church of the Madalene, Tulsa Sacred Heart Catholic Church, Wilburton Abbey Clear Creek Abbey Education High schools Bishop Kelley High School, Tulsa Cascia Hall Preparatory School, Tulsa Priests Peter Bryan Wells Daniel Henry Mueggenborg Miscellany Eastern Oklahoma Catholic Catholicism portal vteRoman Catholic Ecclesiastical Province of Oklahoma City Archdiocese of Oklahoma City Diocese of Little Rock Diocese of Tulsa Catholicism portal 36°07′53″N 95°56′14″W / 36.13139°N 95.93722°W / 36.13139; -95.93722
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"Latin Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Church"},{"link_name":"Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Archdiocese of Oklahoma City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Oklahoma_City"},{"link_name":"David Konderla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Konderla"}],"text":"Latin Catholic ecclesiastical jurisdiction in Oklahoma, USAThe Diocese of Tulsa also called the Diocese of Tulsa and Eastern Oklahoma (Latin: Dioecesis Tulsensis) is a Latin Church diocese of the Catholic Church in the eastern part of Oklahoma in the United States. It is a suffragan diocese of the metropolitan Archdiocese of Oklahoma City.The mother church of the diocese is Holy Family Cathedral in Tulsa. The bishop as of 2023 is David Konderla.","title":"Roman Catholic Diocese of Tulsa"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tulsa County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulsa_County"},{"link_name":"parishes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parish"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"news","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspaper"},{"link_name":"Eastern Oklahoma Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Oklahoma_Catholic"}],"text":"The Diocese of Tulsa covers 26,417 square miles (68,420 km2) over 31 counties in eastern Oklahoma – including the most populous county, Tulsa County.The diocese has 78 parishes (including mission churches) [1] The official news and information publication of the diocese is The Eastern Oklahoma Catholic.","title":"Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Louisiana Purchase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase"},{"link_name":"Great Plains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Plains"},{"link_name":"Indian Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Territory"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Little Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Little_Rock"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Atoka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atoka,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"Missouri-Kansas-Texas railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri%E2%80%93Kansas%E2%80%93Texas_Railroad"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"Benedictine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedictine"},{"link_name":"monks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monks"},{"link_name":"St Gregory's Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Gregory%27s_Abbey_(Oklahoma)"},{"link_name":"Shawnee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawnee,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"Pope Pius IX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Little Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Little_Rock"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_Territory"},{"link_name":"Pope Leo XIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII"},{"link_name":"Apostolic Vicariate of Indian Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolic_Vicariate_of_Indian_Territory_East_of_the_Rocky_Mountains"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"}],"sub_title":"1800 to 1905","text":"After the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, it became the plan of the U.S. government to force Native American tribes from the Eastern United States into the Great Plains region. The eastern part of present-day Oklahoma was part of this loosely defined region known as the Indian Territory.For the Catholic church, all of the Indian Territory became part of the Diocese of St. Louis in 1826.[2] It was passed to the new Diocese of Little Rock in 1843.[2] The first Catholic church in the Indian Territory was constructed in 1872 in Atoka by Irish workers building the Missouri-Kansas-Texas railroad.[3]In 1875, the Diocese of New Orleans sent French Benedictine monks to minister to the tribes in the Indian Territory. They established St Gregory's Abbey in Shawnee in 1876. That same year, Pope Pius IX erected the Apostolic Prefecture of Indian Territory, taking jurisdiction for the Indian Territory away from the Diocese of Little Rock.[4] In 1890, the US Government separated western Oklahoma from the Indian Territory, founding the Oklahoma Territory.In 1891, Pope Leo XIII elevated the apostolic prefecture to the Apostolic Vicariate of Indian Territory, continuing its jurisdiction over the Oklahoma and Indian Territories. The first parish in Tulsa, Holy Family, opened in 1899.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pope Pius X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_X"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Oklahoma City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Oklahoma_City"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_Territory"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Joseph2-5"},{"link_name":"Pope Pius XI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-6"}],"sub_title":"1905 to 1972","text":"In 1905, Pope Pius X erected the Diocese of Oklahoma City, covering both the Oklahoma and Indian Territories.[5] Two years later, the two territories were combined to create the new State of Oklahoma.Pope Pius XI renamed the Diocese of Oklahoma City to the diocese of Oklahoma City-Tulsa in 1930, due to the population growth of Tulsa and its surrounding communities. The Tulsa area would remain part of this diocese for the next 42 years.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pope Paul VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI"},{"link_name":"Archdiocese of Oklahoma City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Oklahoma_City"},{"link_name":"Bernard Ganter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_J._Ganter"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Beaumont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Beaumont"},{"link_name":"Eusebius J. Beltran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eusebius_J._Beltran"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Atlanta"},{"link_name":"Pope John Paul II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"charity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charitable_organization"},{"link_name":"unwed mothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_parent"},{"link_name":"HIV/AIDS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDS"},{"link_name":"homeless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeless"},{"link_name":"prison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison"},{"link_name":"Edward Slattery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_James_Slattery"},{"link_name":"Archdiocese of Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Chicago"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"David Konderla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Konderla"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Austin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Austin"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"1972 to present","text":"Pope Paul VI erected the Diocese of Tulsa on December 13, 1972, removing eastern Oklahoma from what became the Archdiocese of Oklahoma City. The pope named Monsignor Bernard Ganter as the first bishop of Tulsa.[6] [7]He served in Tulsa for four years before being named bishop of the Diocese of Beaumont.The next bishop of Tulsa was Reverend Eusebius J. Beltran from the Diocese of Atlanta, appointed by Pope John Paul II in 1978.[8] Most notable among his charity work were his efforts to assist persons in need, including unwed mothers, HIV/AIDS victims, homeless families, and women who had just been released from prison. Beltran was appointed archbishop of Oklahoma City in 1992.Pope John Paul II selected Reverend Edward Slattery of the Archdiocese of Chicago to replace Beltran in Tulsa in 1993. Slattery served for 23 years before retiring in 2016.[9]The current bishop of Tulsa is David Konderla from the Diocese of Austin, named by Pope Francis in 2016.[10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"McAlester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McAlester,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Evanston, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evanston,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Sex abuse","text":"A 13 year old girl and her parents reported to the diocese in 1999 that she had been sexually molested that year by Reverend John Jangam, a visiting priest from India. It was stated that on separate occasions, Jangram touched her inappropriately. After receiving the allegations, the diocese sent Jangam back to India. In 2002, the girl publicly revealed her story.[11]In July 2002, the diocese abruptly removed Reverend Kenneth Lewis from St. John the Evangelist Church in McAlester after several parents complained about his inappropriate behavior with their children. In 1994, a diocesan employee had reported seeing Lewis give a backrub to a boy in Lewis' bedroom. After the employee told the boy's parents and they complained to the diocese, Bishop Slattery sent Lewis away for treatment. Lewis later returned to ministry.[12] Slattery in August 2002 admitted making a mistake in allowing Lewis in 1994 to return to ministry.[13]In March 2007, the diocese was sued in Illinois by the parents of a then 14 year-old boy who they alleged was sexually assaulted by Lewis on a trip to Evanston, Illinois, in 2001. The statute of limitations had passed on criminal prosecution.[14] Lewis was laicized by the Vatican in July 2007.[15]The diocese in October 2019 released a list of 11 clergy with credible accusations of sexual abuse of minors dating back to 1973.[16]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Bishops"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bernard J. Ganter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_J._Ganter"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Beaumont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Beaumont"},{"link_name":"Eusebius J. Beltran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eusebius_J._Beltran"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Oklahoma City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Oklahoma_City"},{"link_name":"Edward James Slattery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_James_Slattery"},{"link_name":"David Konderla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Konderla"}],"sub_title":"Bishops of Tulsa","text":"Bernard J. Ganter (1972–1977), appointed Bishop of Beaumont\nEusebius J. Beltran (1978–1992), appointed Archbishop of Oklahoma City\nEdward James Slattery (1993–2016)\nDavid Konderla (2016–present)","title":"Bishops"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peter Bryan Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Bryan_Wells"},{"link_name":"Daniel Henry Mueggenborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Henry_Mueggenborg"}],"sub_title":"Other diocesan priests who became bishops","text":"Peter Bryan Wells, appointed titular Archbishop and nuncio in 2016\nDaniel Henry Mueggenborg, appointed auxiliary bishop of Seattle in 2017","title":"Bishops"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Cathedral"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Newspaper"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The superintendent of the diocese is David Dean.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bishop Kelley High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_Kelley_High_School"},{"link_name":"Cascia Hall Preparatory School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascia_Hall_Preparatory_School"}],"sub_title":"High schools","text":"Bishop Kelley High School – Tulsa\nCascia Hall Preparatory School – Tulsa","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Liturgical institute","text":"Te Deum Institute of Sacred Liturgy[17]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of the Catholic bishops of the United States#Province of Oklahoma City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_Catholic_bishops_of_the_United_States#Province_of_Oklahoma_City"}],"text":"See: List of the Catholic bishops of the United States#Province of Oklahoma City","title":"Ecclesiastical province"}]
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[{"reference":"\"The Diocese\". Diocese of Tulsa. Archived from the original on March 18, 2012. Retrieved December 22, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120318155353/http://www.dioceseoftulsa.org/section.asp?secID=2","url_text":"\"The Diocese\""},{"url":"http://www.dioceseoftulsa.org/section.asp?secID=2","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Saint Louis (Archdiocese) [Catholic-Hierarchy]\". www.catholic-hierarchy.org. Retrieved April 15, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dstlo.html","url_text":"\"Saint Louis (Archdiocese) [Catholic-Hierarchy]\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Brief History of the Diocese\". The Roman Catholic Diocese of Tulsa. Retrieved April 15, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://dioceseoftulsa.org/a-brief-history-of-the-diocese","url_text":"\"A Brief History of the Diocese\""}]},{"reference":"\"Little Rock (Diocese) [Catholic-Hierarchy]\". www.catholic-hierarchy.org. Retrieved September 24, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dlitt.html","url_text":"\"Little Rock (Diocese) [Catholic-Hierarchy]\""}]},{"reference":"Skvorc, Krystyna. \"About Us\". St. Joseph Old Cathedral. Archived from the original on November 23, 2011. Retrieved October 9, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111123040803/http://www.stjosepholdcathedral.org/AboutUs.asp","url_text":"\"About Us\""},{"url":"http://www.stjosepholdcathedral.org/AboutUs.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Tulsa (Diocese) [Catholic-Hierarchy]\". www.catholic-hierarchy.org. Retrieved April 15, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dtuls.html","url_text":"\"Tulsa (Diocese) [Catholic-Hierarchy]\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bishop Bernard James Ganter [Catholic-Hierarchy]\". www.catholic-hierarchy.org. Retrieved September 24, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bganter.html","url_text":"\"Bishop Bernard James Ganter [Catholic-Hierarchy]\""}]},{"reference":"\"Archbishop Eusebius Joseph Beltran [Catholic-Hierarchy]\". www.catholic-hierarchy.org. Retrieved September 24, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bbeltran.html","url_text":"\"Archbishop Eusebius Joseph Beltran [Catholic-Hierarchy]\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bishop Edward James Slattery [Catholic-Hierarchy]\". www.catholic-hierarchy.org. Retrieved September 24, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bslattery.html","url_text":"\"Bishop Edward James Slattery [Catholic-Hierarchy]\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bishop David Austin Konderla [Catholic-Hierarchy]\". www.catholic-hierarchy.org. Retrieved September 24, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bkonderla.html","url_text":"\"Bishop David Austin Konderla [Catholic-Hierarchy]\""}]},{"reference":"Branstetter, Ziva (July 30, 2002). \"Church Scandal Girl Alleges Molestation\". Tulsa World. Retrieved September 24, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bishop-accountability.org/news3/2002_07_30_Branstetter_ChurchScandal_John_Jangam_1.htm","url_text":"\"Church Scandal Girl Alleges Molestation\""}]},{"reference":"Egerton, Brooks (July 28, 2002). \"Accused Priest Stayed in Ministry Tulsa Bishop Had Pushed 'Zero Tolerance' in Molestation Cases\". Dallas Morning News. Retrieved September 24, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bishop-accountability.org/news3/2002_07_28_Egerton_AccusedPriest_Kenneth_Lewis_1.htm","url_text":"\"Accused Priest Stayed in Ministry Tulsa Bishop Had Pushed 'Zero Tolerance' in Molestation Cases\""}]},{"reference":"Branstetter, Ziva (August 1, 2002). \"Young Men Claim Advances by Priest\". Tulsa World. Retrieved September 24, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bishop-accountability.org/news3/2002_08_01_Branstetter_YoungMen_Kenneth_Lewis_7.htm","url_text":"\"Young Men Claim Advances by Priest\""}]},{"reference":"Hussain, Rummana (March 16, 2007). \"Okla. Priest, Bishop Face Sex Abuse Lawsuit Here Boy Allegedly Molested on '01 Visit to Evanston\". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved September 24, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bishop-accountability.org/news2007/03_04/2007_03_16_Hussain_OklaPriest.htm","url_text":"\"Okla. Priest, Bishop Face Sex Abuse Lawsuit Here Boy Allegedly Molested on '01 Visit to Evanston\""}]},{"reference":"\"Priest Stripped of Status As Cleric\". , Associated Press, carried in KSWO. July 21, 2007. Retrieved September 24, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bishop-accountability.org/news2007/07_08/2007_07_21_AP_PriestStripped.htm","url_text":"\"Priest Stripped of Status As Cleric\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tulsa Diocese releases list of priests accused of sexual abuse\". 2 News Oklahoma KJRH Tulsa. October 2, 2019. Retrieved September 24, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kjrh.com/news/local-news/report-on-allegations-of-sexual-abuse-against-minors-by-clerics","url_text":"\"Tulsa Diocese releases list of priests accused of sexual abuse\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dexchlorphenamine
Dexchlorpheniramine
["1 Pharmacology","2 References","3 External links"]
Chemical compound DexchlorpheniramineClinical dataTrade namesChlor-trimeton, PolaramineAHFS/Drugs.comMonographMedlinePlusa682543Routes ofadministrationOral, IntravenousATC codeR06AB02 (WHO) Legal statusLegal status AU: S3 (Pharmacist only) Identifiers IUPAC name (3S)-3-(4-chlorophenyl)-N,N-dimethyl-3-pyridin-3-ylpropan-1-amine CAS Number25523-97-1 YPubChem CID33036IUPHAR/BPS1210DrugBankDB01114 YChemSpider30576 YUNII3Q9Q0B929NKEGGD07803 YChEBICHEBI:4464 YChEMBLChEMBL1201353 YCompTox Dashboard (EPA)DTXSID50180225 ECHA InfoCard100.042.779 Chemical and physical dataFormulaC16H19ClN2Molar mass274.79 g·mol−13D model (JSmol)Interactive image SMILES Clc1ccc(cc1)(c2ncccc2)CCN(C)C InChI InChI=1S/C16H19ClN2/c1-19(2)12-10-15(16-5-3-4-11-18-16)13-6-8-14(17)9-7-13/h3-9,11,15H,10,12H2,1-2H3/t15-/m0/s1 YKey:SOYKEARSMXGVTM-HNNXBMFYSA-N Y   (verify) Dexchlorpheniramine (trade name Polaramine) is an antihistamine with anticholinergic properties used to treat allergic conditions such as hay fever or urticaria. It is the pharmacologically active dextrorotatory isomer of chlorpheniramine. It came into medical use in 1959 and was patented in 1962. Pharmacology Dexchlorpheniramine is an antihistamine, or an antagonist of the histamine H1 receptor. A study found that dexchlorpheniramine had a Ki value of 20 to 30 μM for the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors using rat brain tissue. References ^ Theunissen EL, Vermeeren A, Ramaekers JG (January 2006). "Repeated-dose effects of mequitazine, cetirizine and dexchlorpheniramine on driving and psychomotor performance". British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 61 (1): 79–86. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.2005.02524.x. PMC 1884990. PMID 16390354. ^ Ortíz San Román L, Sanavia Morán E, Campos Domínguez M, Peinador García MM (December 2013). "". Anales de Pediatria. 79 (6): 400–401. doi:10.1016/j.anpedi.2013.02.014. PMID 23680058. ^ Fischer J, Ganellin CR (2006). Analogue-based Drug Discovery. John Wiley & Sons. p. 547. ISBN 9783527607495. ^ Yamamura HI, Snyder SH (May 1974). "Muscarinic cholinergic binding in rat brain". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 71 (5): 1725–1729. Bibcode:1974PNAS...71.1725Y. doi:10.1073/pnas.71.5.1725. PMC 388311. PMID 4151898. External links Polaramine consumer information Polaramine (dexchlorpheniramine) medical facts vteAntihistamines (R06)Benzimidazoles (*) Astemizole Azelastine Bilastine Emedastine Mizolastine Talastine Diarylmethanes Diarylmethoxyalkylamines: Bromazine (bromodiphenhydramine) Carbinoxamine Chlorphenoxamine Clemastine Diphenhydramine (+naproxen) Diphenylpyraline Doxylamine Ebastine Orphenadrine Diphenylmethanolpiperidines: Fexofenadine Terfenadine Diphenylmethylpiperazines: Buclizine Cetirizine Levocetirizine Chlorcyclizine Cinnarizine Cyclizine Etodroxizine Hydroxyzine Meclizine Oxatomide Phenylpyridinylpropanamines: Brompheniramine Chlorphenamine Dexbrompheniramine (+pseudoephedrine) Dexchlorpheniramine (+betamethasone) Pheniramine Others: Acrivastine Bamipine Dimetindene Phenyltoloxamine Pyrrobutamine Quifenadine Triprolidine Ethylenediamines Antazoline Chloropyramine Histapyrrodine Mepyramine (pyrilamine) Methapyrilene Phenbenzamine Thenalidine Tripelennamine (pyribenzamine) Tricyclics Dibenzocycloheptenes: Antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline) Azatadine Cyproheptadine Deptropine Desloratadine Ketotifen Loratadine Rupatadine Phenothiazines: Alimemazine Fenethazine Hydroxyethylpromethazine Isothipendyl Mequitazine Methdilazine Oxomemazine Promethazine Others: Antidepressants (e.g., doxepin, mirtazapine, trimipramine) Epinastine Latrepirdine Mebhydrolin Olopatadine Perlapine Phenindamine Pimethixene Others Phenylpiperazines: Antidepressants (e.g., trazodone) Phenbenzamine For topical use Bamipine Chloropyramine Chlorphenoxamine Clemastine Dimetindene Diphenhydramine Doxepin Isothipendyl Mepyramine (pyrilamine) Promethazine vteHistamine receptor modulatorsH1Agonists 2-Pyridylethylamine Betahistine Histamine HTMT L-Histidine UR-AK49 Antagonists First-generation: 4-Methyldiphenhydramine Alimemazine Antazoline Azatadine Bamipine Benzatropine (benztropine) Bepotastine Bromazine Brompheniramine Buclizine Captodiame Carbinoxamine Chlorcyclizine Chloropyramine Chlorothen Chlorphenamine Chlorphenoxamine Cinnarizine Clemastine Clobenzepam Clocinizine Cloperastine Cyclizine Cyproheptadine Dacemazine Decloxizine Deptropine Dexbrompheniramine Dexchlorpheniramine Dimenhydrinate Dimetindene Diphenhydramine Diphenylpyraline Doxylamine Embramine Etodroxizine Etybenzatropine (ethylbenztropine) Etymemazine Fenethazine Flunarizine Histapyrrodine Homochlorcyclizine Hydroxyethylpromethazine Hydroxyzine Isopromethazine Isothipendyl Meclozine Medrylamine Mepyramine (pyrilamine) Mequitazine Methafurylene Methapyrilene Methdilazine Moxastine Orphenadrine Oxatomide Oxomemazine Perlapine Phenindamine Pheniramine Phenyltoloxamine Pimethixene Piperoxan Pipoxizine Promethazine Propiomazine Pyrrobutamine Talastine Thenalidine Thenyldiamine Thiazinamium Thonzylamine Tolpropamine Tripelennamine Triprolidine Second/third-generation: Acrivastine Alinastine Astemizole Azelastine Bamirastine Barmastine Bepiastine Bepotastine Bilastine Cabastinen Carebastine Cetirizine Clemastine Clemizole Clobenztropine Desloratadine Dorastine Ebastine Efletirizine Emedastine Epinastine Fexofenadine Flezelastine Ketotifen Latrepirdine Levocabastine Levocetirizine Linetastine Loratadine Mapinastine Mebhydrolin Mizolastine Moxastine Noberastine Octastine Olopatadine Perastine Pibaxizine Piclopastine Quifenadine (phencarol) Rocastine Rupatadine Setastine Sequifenadine (bicarphen) Talastine Temelastine Terfenadine Vapitadine Zepastine Others: Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., aripiprazole, asenapine, brexpiprazole, brilaroxazine, clozapine, iloperidone, olanzapine, paliperidone, quetiapine, risperidone, ziprasidone, zotepine) Phenylpiperazine antidepressants (e.g., hydroxynefazodone, nefazodone, trazodone, triazoledione) Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, loxapine, maprotiline, mianserin, mirtazapine, oxaprotiline) Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline, butriptyline, clomipramine, desipramine, dosulepin (dothiepin), doxepin, imipramine, iprindole, lofepramine, nortriptyline, protriptyline, trimipramine) Typical antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine, flupenthixol, fluphenazine, loxapine, perphenazine, prochlorperazine, thioridazine, thiothixene) Unknown/unsorted: Azanator Belarizine Elbanizine Flotrenizine GSK1004723 Napactadine Tagorizine Trelnarizine Trenizine H2Agonists Amthamine Betazole Dimaprit Histamine HTMT Impromidine L-Histidine UR-AK49 Antagonists Bisfentidine Burimamide Cimetidine Dalcotidine Donetidine Ebrotidine Etintidine Famotidine Isolamtidine Lafutidine Lamtidine Lavoltidine (loxtidine) Lupitidine Metiamide Mifentidine Niperotidine Nizatidine Osutidine Oxmetidine Pibutidine Quisultazine (quisultidine) Ramixotidine Ranitidine Roxatidine Sufotidine Tiotidine Tuvatidine Venritidine Xaltidine Zolantidine H3Agonists α-Methylhistamine Cipralisant Histamine Imetit Immepip Immethridine L-Histidine Methimepip Proxyfan Antagonists A-349821 A-423579 ABT-239 ABT-652 AZD5213 Bavisant Betahistine Burimamide Ciproxifan Clobenpropit Conessine Enerisant GSK-189254 Impentamine Iodophenpropit Irdabisant JNJ-5207852 NNC 38-1049 PF-03654746 Pitolisant SCH-79687 Thioperamide VUF-5681 H4Agonists 4-Methylhistamine α-Methylhistamine Histamine L-Histidine OUP-16 VUF-8430 Antagonists JNJ-7777120 Mianserin Seliforant Thioperamide Toreforant VUF-6002 See also Receptor/signaling modulators Monoamine metabolism modulators Monoamine reuptake inhibitors vteMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor modulatorsmAChRsTooltip Muscarinic acetylcholine receptorsAgonists 77-LH-28-1 AC-42 AC-260,584 Aceclidine Acetylcholine AF30 AF150(S) AF267B Alvameline AQRA-741 Arecoline Bethanechol Bevonium Butyrylcholine Carbachol CDD-0034 CDD-0078 CDD-0097 CDD-0098 CDD-0102 Cevimeline Choline cis-Dioxolane Clozapine Desmethylclozapine (norclozapine) Ethoxysebacylcholine Itameline LY-593,039 L-689,660 LY-2,033,298 McNA343 Methacholine Milameline Muscarine NGX-267 Ocvimeline Oxotremorine PD-151,832 Pilocarpine RS86 Sabcomeline SDZ 210-086 Sebacylcholine Suberyldicholine Talsaclidine Tazomeline Thiopilocarpine Vedaclidine VU-0029767 VU-0090157 VU-0152099 VU-0152100 VU-0238429 WAY-132,983 Xanomeline YM-796 Antagonists 3-Quinuclidinyl benzilate 4-DAMP Aclidinium bromide (+formoterol) Abediterol AF-DX 250 AF-DX 384 Ambutonium bromide Anisodamine Anisodine Antihistamines (first-generation) (e.g., brompheniramine, buclizine, captodiame, chlorphenamine (chlorpheniramine), cinnarizine, clemastine, cyproheptadine, dimenhydrinate, dimetindene, diphenhydramine, doxylamine, meclizine, mequitazine, perlapine, phenindamine, pheniramine, phenyltoloxamine, promethazine, propiomazine, triprolidine) AQ-RA 741 Atropine Atropine methonitrate Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., clozapine, fluperlapine, olanzapine (+fluoxetine), rilapine, quetiapine, tenilapine, zotepine) Benactyzine Benzatropine (benztropine) Benzilone Benzilylcholine mustard Benzydamine BIBN 99 Biperiden Bornaprine Camylofin CAR-226,086 CAR-301,060 CAR-302,196 CAR-302,282 CAR-302,368 CAR-302,537 CAR-302,668 Caramiphen Cimetropium bromide Clidinium bromide Cloperastine CS-27349 Cyclobenzaprine Cyclopentolate Darifenacin DAU-5884 Desfesoterodine Dexetimide DIBD Dicycloverine (dicyclomine) Dihexyverine Difemerine Diphemanil metilsulfate Ditran Drofenine EA-3167 EA-3443 EA-3580 EA-3834 Emepronium bromide Etanautine Etybenzatropine (ethybenztropine) Fenpiverinium Fentonium bromide Fesoterodine Flavoxate Glycopyrronium bromide (+beclometasone/formoterol, +indacaterol, +neostigmine) Hexahydrodifenidol Hexahydrosiladifenidol Hexbutinol Hexocyclium Himbacine HL-031,120 Homatropine Imidafenacin Ipratropium bromide (+salbutamol) Isopropamide J-104,129 Hyoscyamine Mamba toxin 3 Mamba toxin 7 Mazaticol Mebeverine Meladrazine Mepenzolate Methantheline Methoctramine Methylatropine Methylhomatropine Methylscopolamine Metixene Muscarinic toxin 7 N-Ethyl-3-piperidyl benzilate N-Methyl-3-piperidyl benzilate Nefopam Octatropine methylbromide (anisotropine methylbromide) Orphenadrine Otenzepad (AF-DX 116) Otilonium bromide Oxapium iodide Oxitropium bromide Oxybutynin Oxyphencyclimine Oxyphenonium bromide PBID PD-102,807 PD-0298029 Penthienate Pethidine pFHHSiD Phenglutarimide Phenyltoloxamine Pipenzolate bromide Piperidolate Pirenzepine Piroheptine Pizotifen Poldine Pridinol Prifinium bromide Procyclidine Profenamine (ethopropazine) Propantheline bromide Propiverine Quinidine 3-Quinuclidinyl thiochromane-4-carboxylate Revefenacin Rociverine RU-47,213 SCH-57,790 SCH-72,788 SCH-217,443 Scopolamine (hyoscine) Scopolamine butylbromide (hyoscine butylbromide) Silahexacyclium Sofpironium bromide Solifenacin SSRIsTooltip Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (e.g., femoxetine, paroxetine) Telenzepine Terodiline Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, maprotiline, mianserin, mirtazapine) Tiemonium iodide Timepidium bromide Tiotropium bromide Tiquizium bromide Tofenacin Tolterodine Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline (+perphenazine), amitriptylinoxide, butriptyline, cidoxepin, clomipramine, desipramine, desmethyldesipramine, dibenzepin, dosulepin (dothiepin), doxepin, imipramine, lofepramine, nitroxazepine, northiaden (desmethyldosulepin), nortriptyline, protriptyline, quinupramine, trimipramine) Tridihexethyl Trihexyphenidyl Trimebutine Tripitamine (tripitramine) Tropacine Tropatepine Tropicamide Trospium chloride Typical antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine, chlorprothixene, cyamemazine (cyamepromazine), loxapine, mesoridazine, thioridazine) Umeclidinium bromide (+vilanterol) WIN-2299 Xanomeline Zamifenacin Precursors(and prodrugs) Acetyl-coA Adafenoxate Choline (lecithin) Citicoline Cyprodenate Dimethylethanolamine Glycerophosphocholine Meclofenoxate (centrophenoxine) Phosphatidylcholine Phosphatidylethanolamine Phosphorylcholine Pirisudanol See also Receptor/signaling modulators Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulators Acetylcholine metabolism/transport modulators This drug article relating to the 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"antihistamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antihistamine"},{"link_name":"anticholinergic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticholinergic"},{"link_name":"allergic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allergy"},{"link_name":"hay fever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hay_fever"},{"link_name":"urticaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urticaria"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid16390354-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid23680058-2"},{"link_name":"dextrorotatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dextrorotatory"},{"link_name":"chlorpheniramine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorpheniramine"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fis2006-3"}],"text":"Dexchlorpheniramine (trade name Polaramine) is an antihistamine with anticholinergic properties used to treat allergic conditions such as hay fever or urticaria.[1][2] It is the pharmacologically active dextrorotatory isomer of chlorpheniramine.It came into medical use in 1959 and was patented in 1962.[3]","title":"Dexchlorpheniramine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"antihistamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antihistamine"},{"link_name":"antagonist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_antagonist"},{"link_name":"histamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histamine"},{"link_name":"H1 receptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H1_receptor"},{"link_name":"muscarinic acetylcholine receptors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid4151898-4"}],"text":"Dexchlorpheniramine is an antihistamine, or an antagonist of the histamine H1 receptor. A study found that dexchlorpheniramine had a Ki value of 20 to 30 μM for the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors using rat brain tissue.[4]","title":"Pharmacology"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_of_national_accounts
System of National Accounts
["1 Publication of data","2 Quality and coverage","3 Main accounts in the system","3.1 SNA includes the following main accounts","4 Developments","5 The 2008 SNA Revision","6 Criticism of SNA","6.1 General criticisms","6.2 Criticism of GDP","6.3 Feminist criticism","6.4 Marxist criticism","6.5 Statisticians' criticisms","7 See also","8 Notes","9 References","10 External links"]
Part of a series onMacroeconomics Basic concepts Aggregate demand Aggregate supply Business cycle CAGR Deflation Demand shock Disinflation Effective demand Expectations Adaptive Rational Financial crisis Growth Inflation Demand-pull Cost-push Interest rate Investment Liquidity trap Measures of national income and output GDP GNI NNI Microfoundations Money Endogenous Money creation Demand for money Liquidity preference Money supply National accounts SNA Nominal rigidity Price level Recession Shrinkflation Stagflation Supply shock Saving Unemployment Policies Fiscal Monetary Commercial Central bank Universal basic income Models IS–LM AD–AS Keynesian cross Multiplier Accelerator Phillips curve Arrow–Debreu Harrod–Domar Solow–Swan Ramsey–Cass–Koopmans Overlapping generations General equilibrium DSGE Endogenous growth Matching theory Mundell–Fleming Overshooting NAIRU Related fields Econometrics Economic statistics Monetary economics Development economics International economics SchoolsMainstream Keynesian Neo- New Monetarism New classical Real business-cycle theory Stockholm Supply-side New neoclassical synthesis Saltwater and freshwater Heterodox Austrian Chartalism Modern monetary theory Ecological Post-Keynesian Circuitism Disequilibrium Marxian Market monetarism People François Quesnay Adam Smith Thomas Robert Malthus Karl Marx Léon Walras Knut Wicksell Irving Fisher Wesley Clair Mitchell John Maynard Keynes Alvin Hansen Michał Kalecki Gunnar Myrdal Simon Kuznets Joan Robinson Friedrich Hayek John Hicks Richard Stone Hyman Minsky Milton Friedman Paul Samuelson Lawrence Klein Edmund Phelps Robert Lucas Jr. Edward C. Prescott Peter Diamond William Nordhaus Joseph Stiglitz Thomas J. Sargent Paul Krugman N. Gregory Mankiw See also Macroeconomic model Publications in macroeconomics Economics Applied Microeconomics Political economy Mathematical economics Money portal Business portalvte The System of National Accounts (often abbreviated as SNA; formerly the United Nations System of National Accounts or UNSNA) is an international standard system of national accounts, the first international standard being published in 1953. Handbooks have been released for the 1968 revision, the 1993 revision, and the 2008 revision. The System of National Accounts, in its various released versions, frequently with significant local adaptations, has been adopted by many nations. It continues to evolve and is maintained by the United Nations, the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, and Eurostat. The aim of SNA is to provide an integrated, complete system of accounts enabling international comparisons of all significant economic activity. The suggestion is that individual countries use SNA as a guide in constructing their own national accounting systems, to promote international comparability. However, adherence to an international standard is entirely voluntary, and cannot be rigidly enforced. The systems used by some countries (for example, France, the United States, and China) differ significantly from the SNA. In itself, this is not a major problem, provided that each system provides sufficient data which can be reworked to compile national accounts according to the SNA standard. Publication of data Economic and financial data from member countries are used to compile annual (and sometimes quarterly) data on the gross product, investment, capital transactions, government expenditure, and foreign trade. The results are published in a UN Yearbook, National Accounts Statistics: Main Aggregates and Detailed Tables, which currently (and until the 2008 revision comes into force) follows the 1993 recommendations. The values provided are in the national currency. Additionally, national statistical offices may also publish SNA-type data series. More detailed data at a lower level of aggregation is often available on request. Because national accounts data is notoriously prone to revision (because it involves a very large number of different data sources, entries and estimation procedures impacting on the totals), there are often discrepancies between the totals cited for the same accounting period in different publications issued in different years. The "first final figures" may in fact be retrospectively revised several times because of new sources, methods or conceptual changes. The yearly revisions may be quantitatively slight, but cumulatively across e.g. ten years they may alter a trend significantly. This is something the researcher should bear in mind in seeking to obtain a consistent data set. Quality and coverage The quality and comprehensiveness of national account data differ between countries. Among the reasons are that: some governments invest far more money in statistical research than other governments. economic activity in some countries is much more difficult to measure accurately than in others (for example, a large grey economy, widespread illiteracy, a lack of cash economy, survey access difficulties because of geographic factors or socio-political instability, very large mobility of people and assets – this is particularly the case in sub-Saharan countries). some statistical agencies have more scientific autonomy and budgetary discretion than others, allowing them to do surveys or statistical reports which other statistical agencies are prevented from doing for legal, political or financial reasons. some countries (for example, The Netherlands, Germany, Britain, Poland, and Australia) have a strong intellectual (scholarly or cultural) tradition in the area of social statistics, often going back a hundred or even several hundred years, while others (such as many African countries, where a population census began to be organized by the government only much more recently, and most universities started much later) do not. What matters in this sense is, above all, whether a society sees the value of statistics, makes extensive use of statistical expertise for analytical and policy purposes and therefore is sympathetic to investing in the statistical enterprise. although the United Nations has rather little power to enforce the actual production of statistics to a given standard in member countries, even if international conventions are signed, some of the world's states are part of an international union (for example the European Union, the OECD, or the United States), which requires by agreement that the member states of the union will physically supply standardized data sets, for the purpose of inter-state comparisons, even if the countries themselves might not have so much use for the data supplied. Thus, there may be "external incentives" for the production of more comprehensive statistical information which affect some countries but are much less evident in others, where the information is required by some international body. Main accounts in the system SNA includes the following main accounts the production account (components of gross output) the primary distribution of income account (incomes generated by production) the transfers (redistribution) account (including social spending) the household expenditure account the capital account the (domestic) financial transactions account ("flow of funds") the changes in asset values account the assets and liabilities account (balance sheet) the external transactions account (balance of payments) These accounts include various annexes and sub-accounts, and standards are also provided for input-output tables showing the transactions between production sectors. Almost all member countries of the United Nations provide income and product accounts, but not necessarily a full set of standard accounts, or a full set of data, for the standard accounting information supplied. For example, standardized assets and liabilities accounts for households hardly exist and remain to be developed. A recent development is an attempt to create standard accounts of strategic stocks of natural resources. Developments SNA continues to be developed further, and international conferences are regularly held to discuss various conceptual and measurement issues. Some examples are the construction of accounts for environmental resources, the measurement of the trade in services and of capital stocks, the treatment of insurance payments, the grey economy, employee compensation in the form of stock options or other non-wage income, intangible capital, etc. Discussions and updates are reported in SNA News & Notes . SNA Revisions are documented at the UN Statistics Division site The 2008 SNA Revision For the 2008 SNA Revision, the full text is available online: . The OECD provides some overview commentary . The revision of the 1993 system was coordinated by the Intersecretariat Working Group on National Accounts (ISWGNA) comprising the United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD), International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank (WB), Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Statistical Office of the European Communities (Eurostat) and the United Nations regional commissions. The ISWGNA working group has its own website under the UN Statistics Division. Criticism of SNA General criticisms The most general criticism of SNA has always been that its concepts do not adequately reflect the interactions, relationships, and activities of the real world – for a variety of reasons, but mainly because: The system does not provide explicit detail for particular economic phenomena, suggesting thereby that they do not really exist. There is something wrong with the valuation scheme that is being assumed. In the valiant attempt to include all "micro" business activities under general "macro" headings, necessarily a distorted picture of reality results because at least a portion of micro-transactions does not easily fit under the general conceptual headings. National accounts data are not useful to solve many of society's problems, because those problems really require quite different kinds of data to solve them, for example, behavioral data, attitudinal data, or physical data. National accounts data are constructed from thousands of different data series, and the results are typically revised several times after the first official estimates are published. Therefore, the first estimates are rarely fully accurate in terms of the measurement concepts used. In addition, the earlier data series released are often also revised, sometimes many years later, so that the data may never be quite "final" and accurate. Criticism of GDP The most popular criticism of national accounts is made against the concept of gross domestic product (GDP). In part, this criticism of GDP is misplaced, because the fault is not so much with the concept itself. It is useful to have a measure of a country's total net output, and its changes over time – that's better than having no measure at all. The fault is with the actual use that is made of the concept by governments, intellectuals, and businessmen in public discourse. GDP is used for all kinds of comparisons, but some of those comparisons are conceptually not very appropriate. GDP measures are frequently abused by writers who neither understand what they mean, how they were produced, nor what they can be validly used for. Economists like Joseph Stiglitz argue that a measure of "well-being" is needed to balance a measure of output growth. Feminist criticism SNA has been criticised as biased by feminist economists such as Marilyn Waring and Maria Mies because no imputation for the monetary value of unpaid housework, or for unpaid voluntary labor is made in the accounts, even though the accounts do include the "imputed rental value of owner-occupied dwellings" (the market-rents which owner-occupiers would receive if they rented out the housing they occupy). This obscures the reality that market production depends to a large extent on non-market labour being performed. However, such criticism raises several questions for the statisticians who would have to produce the data: whether an international standard method of imputation for the value of such services is feasible, given e.g. that the conditions under which the market equivalents for unpaid household services are supplied vary a great deal internationally ; whether making the imputation would result in truly meaningful, internationally comparable measures; whether attaching a price to voluntary labor, done primarily by women, itself actually performs an emancipatory or morally propitious function or has a general useful purpose beyond academia. The intention of those who would like to produce this kind of standard data might be perfectly honorable, but the production of the data has to be practically justifiable in terms of technical feasibility and utility. Attaching an imaginary price to housework might not be the best data to have about housework. In most OECD countries, statisticians have in recent years estimated the value of housework using data from time use surveys. The valuation principle often applied is that of how much a service would cost, if it was purchased at market rates, instead of being voluntarily supplied. Sometimes an "opportunity cost" method is also used: in this case, statisticians estimate how much women could earn in a paid job if they were not doing unpaid housework. Typically, the results suggest that the value of unpaid housework is close to about half the value of GDP. Christine Lagarde, the head of the International Monetary Fund, claimed at the IMF World Bank annual meetings in Tokyo in October 2012 that women could rescue Japan's stagnating economy, if more of them took paid jobs instead of doing unpaid care work. A 2010 Goldman Sachs report had calculated that Japan's GDP would rise by 15 percent, if the participation of Japanese women in the paid labour force was increased from 60 percent to 80 percent, matching that of men. The difficulty with this kind of argument is, that domestic and care work would still need to be done by someone, meaning women and men would need to share household responsibilities more equally, or rely on public- or private-sector provided child and eldercare. According to the ILO, there are over 52 million domestic workers in the world, who mostly work for little pay and with little legal protection. They are mainly servants of the wealthy and the middle class. Marxist criticism Marxian economists have criticized SNA concepts also from a different theoretical perspective on the new value added or value product. On this view, the distinctions drawn in SNA to define income from production and property income are rather capricious or eclectic, obscuring thereby the different components and sources of realised surplus value; the categories are said to be based on an inconsistent view of newly created value, conserved value, and transferred value (see also double counting). The result is that the true profit volume is underestimated in the accounts – since true profit income is larger than operating surplus – and workers' earnings are overestimated since the account shows the total labour costs to the employer rather than the "factor income" which workers actually get. If one is interested in what incomes people actually get, how much they own, or how much they borrow, national accounts often do not provide the required information. Additionally, it is argued by Marxists that the SNA aggregate "compensation of employees" does not distinguish adequately between pre-tax and post-tax wage income, the income of higher corporate officers, and deferred income (employee and employer contributions to social insurance schemes of various kinds). "Compensation of employees" may also include the value of stock options received as income by corporate officers. Thus, it is argued, the accounts have to be substantially re-aggregated, to obtain a true picture of income generated and distributed in the economy. The problem there is that the detailed information to do it is often not made available, or is available only at a prohibitive cost. US government statisticians admit frankly that "Unfortunately, the finance sector is one of the more poorly measured sectors in national accounts". The oddity of this is, that the finance sector nowadays dominates international transactions, and strongly influences the developmental path of the world economy. So, it is precisely the leading sector in the world economy for which systematic, comprehensive, and comparable data are not available. Statisticians' criticisms Statisticians have also criticized the validity of international statistical comparisons using national accounts data, on the ground that in the real world, the estimates are rarely compiled in a uniform way – despite appearances to the contrary. For example, Jochen Hartwig provides evidence to show that "the divergence in growth rates between the U.S. and the EU since 1997 can be explained almost entirely in terms of changes to deflation methods that have been introduced in the U.S. after 1997, but not – or only to a very limited extent – in Europe". The "magic" of national accounts is that they provide an instant source of detailed international comparisons, but, critics argue, on closer inspection, the numbers are not really so comparable as they are made out to be. The effect is that all sorts of easy comparisons are tossed around by policy scientists which, if the technical story behind the numbers was told, would never be attempted because the comparisons are scientifically untenable (or at the very least rather dubious). Both the strength and the weaknesses of national accounts are that they are based on an enormous variety of data sources. The strength consists in the fact that a lot of cross-checking between data sources and data sets can occur, to assess the credibility of the estimates. The weakness is that the sheer number of inferences made from different data sets used increases the possibility of data errors, and makes it more difficult to assess error margins. The data quality has also often been criticized on the ground that what pretends to be "data" in reality often consists only of estimates extrapolated from mathematical models, not direct observations. These models are designed to predict what particular data values ought to be, based on sample data for "indicative trends". One can, for example, observe that if variables X, Y, and Z go up, then variable P will go up as well, in a specific proportionality. In that case, one may not need to survey P or its components directly, it is sufficient to get trend data for X, Y, and Z and feed them into a mathematical model which then predicts what the values for P will be at each interval of time. Because statistical surveys are very costly or may be difficult to organize, or because the data has to be produced rapidly to meet a deadline, statisticians often try to find cheaper, quicker, and more efficient methods to produce the data, by means of inferences from data that they already have, or from selected data which they can get more easily. But the objection to this approach - although it can sometimes be proved to provide accurate data successfully - is that there is a loss in data accuracy and data quality. The extrapolated estimates may lack any solid empirical basis, and the tendency is for fluctuations in the magnitudes of variables to be "smoothed out" by the estimation or interpolation procedure. Any unexpectedly large fluctuation in a variable is difficult to predict by a mathematical model since ultimately the model's descriptions assume the future trend will conform to the law of averages and the patterns of the past. Without adequate, comprehensive observational data from direct surveys, many of the statistical inferences made are simply not truly verifiable. All one can then say about the estimates is, that they are "probably fairly accurate, given previous and other concurrent data." A typical reply of statisticians to this kind of objection is that although it is preferable to have comprehensive survey data available as a basis for estimation, and although data errors and inaccuracies do occur, it is possible to find techniques that keep the margins of error within acceptable bounds. See also Capital formation China GDP – Dr. Fengbo Zhang introduced the Western economics, GDP, and SNA system to China, and replaced Soviet Union's MPS system. Compensation of employees European System of Accounts Gross fixed capital formation Human Development Index – an alternative way of measuring progress. Intermediate consumption Macroeconomics Material Product System Measures of national income and output National agencies responsible for GDP measurement National income and product accounts Productive and unproductive labour Notes ^ United Nations, 1953, A System of National Accounts and Supporting Tables, Studies in Methods, Series F No 2 Rev. 1, New York ^ "System of National Accounts". United Nations. Retrieved 16 February 2023. For a brief historical summary of the revisions, see e.g. the relevant section in the manuals System of National Accounts 1993 and System of National Accounts 2008 ^ CEC, IMF, OECD, UN & World Bank (1993). ^ Nordhaus W.D. and Kokkelenberg C. (ed.), Nature's Numbers: Expanding the National Economic Accounts to Include the Environment. Washington: National Academy Press, 1999. ^ "System of National Accounts". United Nations. Retrieved 16 February 2023. ^ Joseph E. Stiglitz, Amartya Sen, Jean-Paul Fitoussi, Mismeasuring Our Lives: Why GDP Doesn't Add Up. The New Press, 2010. ^ Waring, M. 1988. Counting for Nothing: What Men Value and What Women are Worth. Reprinted in 1996 by Bridget Williams Books. ^ Maria Mies, Patriarchy and Accumulation on a World Scale: Women in the International Division of Labour. London: Zed Books, 1999. ^ Harumi Ozawa, "Woman is Japan's secret economic weapon." Agence France-Presse, 23 November 2012. ^ "More than 52 million domestic workers worldwide", ILO press release 9 January 2013. See the ILO report Domestic Workers Across the World: Global and regional statistics and the extent of legal protection, Geneva 2013. ^ Anwar Shaikh and Ahmet Tonak, Measuring the Wealth of Nations. Cambridge University Press, 2011. ^ Dennis J Fixler, Marshall B Reinsdorf and Shaunda Villones, "Measuring the services of commercial banks in the NIPA." IFC Bulletin No. 33 (Irving Fisher Committee on Central Bank Statistics, Bank of International Settlements), 2007. ^ Jochen Hartwig, "On Misusing National Accounts Data for Governance Purposes" Archived 11 November 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Working Papers, Swiss Institute for Business Cycle Research & Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, No. 101, March 2005, i + 23 pp. References *Paul Studenski, The Income of Nations; Theory, Measurement, and Analysis: Past and Present. New York: New York University Press, 1958. Andre Vanoli, A History of National Accounting, IOS Press, Amsterdam, 2005 Carol S. Carson, Jeanette Honsa, "The United Nations System of National Accounts: an introduction", in: Survey of Current Business, June 1990 CEC, IMF, OECD, UN & World Bank “System of National Accounts 1993”. Commission of the European Communities-Eurostat, International Monetary Fund, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, United Nations and World Bank, Brussels/Luxembourg, New York, Paris, Washington, 1993, xlix + 711 pp. EC, IMF, OECD, UN & World Bank “System of National Accounts 2008”. European Commission, International Monetary Fund, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, United Nations and World Bank, New York, Dec. 2009, 1993, lvi + 662 pp. The Review of Income and Wealth United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD) “National Accounts". Zoltan Kenessey (Ed.), The Accounts of Nations, Amsterdam IOS, 1994. External links UN.SNA.2008 manual in html5 with IDs, table-of-contents, and link-preview (html5.id.toc.preview), non-official. vteEconomicsTheoretical Microeconomics Decision theory Price theory Game theory Contract theory Mechanism design Macroeconomics Mathematical economics Computational economics Behavioral economics Pluralism in economics Empirical Econometrics Economic statistics Experimental economics Economic history Applied Agricultural Behavioral Business Cultural Demographic Development Digitization Ecological Education Engineering Environmental Evolutionary Expeditionary Feminist Financial Geographical Happiness Health Historical Humanistic Industrial organization Information Institutional Knowledge Labour Law Managerial Monetary Natural resource Organizational Participation Personnel Planning Policy Public Public choice / Social choice theory Regional Rural Service Socio Sociological Solidarity Statistics Urban Welfare Schools(history) Mainstream Heterodox American (National) Ancient thought Anarchist Mutualism Austrian Behavioral Buddhist Chartalism Modern monetary theory Chicago Classical Critique of political economy Democracy Disequilibrium Ecological Evolutionary Feminist Georgism Happiness Historical Humanistic Institutional Keynesian Neo- (neoclassical–Keynesian synthesis) New Post- Circuitism Malthusianism Marginalism Marxian Neo- Mercantilism Mixed Neoclassical Lausanne New classical Real business-cycle theory New institutional Physiocracy Socialist Stockholm Supply-side Thermo Economists de Mandeville Quesnay Smith Malthus Say Ricardo von Thünen List Bastiat Cournot Mill Gossen Marx Walras Jevons George Menger Marshall Edgeworth Clark Pareto von Böhm-Bawerk von Wieser Veblen Fisher Pigou Heckscher von Mises Schumpeter Keynes Knight Polanyi Frisch Sraffa Myrdal Hayek Kalecki Röpke Kuznets Tinbergen Robinson von Neumann Hicks Lange Leontief Galbraith Koopmans Schumacher Friedman Samuelson Simon Buchanan Arrow Baumol Solow Rothbard Greenspan Sowell Becker Ostrom Sen Lucas Stiglitz Thaler Hoppe Krugman Piketty more Lists Glossary Economists Publications (journals) Schools Category Index Lists Outline Publications Business portal
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"national accounts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_accounts"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"International Monetary Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund"},{"link_name":"World Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank"},{"link_name":"Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development"},{"link_name":"Eurostat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurostat"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_GDP"}],"text":"The System of National Accounts (often abbreviated as SNA; formerly the United Nations System of National Accounts or UNSNA) is an international standard system of national accounts, the first international standard being published in 1953.[1] Handbooks have been released for the 1968 revision, the 1993 revision, and the 2008 revision.[2] The System of National Accounts, in its various released versions, frequently with significant local adaptations, has been adopted by many nations. It continues to evolve and is maintained by the United Nations, the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, and Eurostat.The aim of SNA is to provide an integrated, complete system of accounts enabling international comparisons of all significant economic activity. The suggestion is that individual countries use SNA as a guide in constructing their own national accounting systems, to promote international comparability. However, adherence to an international standard is entirely voluntary, and cannot be rigidly enforced. The systems used by some countries (for example, France, the United States, and China) differ significantly from the SNA. In itself, this is not a major problem, provided that each system provides sufficient data which can be reworked to compile national accounts according to the SNA standard.","title":"System of National Accounts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Economic and financial data from member countries are used to compile annual (and sometimes quarterly) data on the gross product, investment, capital transactions, government expenditure, and foreign trade. The results are published in a UN Yearbook, National Accounts Statistics: Main Aggregates and Detailed Tables, which currently (and until the 2008 revision comes into force) follows the 1993 recommendations.[3] The values provided are in the national currency.Additionally, national statistical offices may also publish SNA-type data series. More detailed data at a lower level of aggregation is often available on request. Because national accounts data is notoriously prone to revision (because it involves a very large number of different data sources, entries and estimation procedures impacting on the totals), there are often discrepancies between the totals cited for the same accounting period in different publications issued in different years. The \"first final figures\" may in fact be retrospectively revised several times because of new sources, methods or conceptual changes. The yearly revisions may be quantitatively slight, but cumulatively across e.g. ten years they may alter a trend significantly. This is something the researcher should bear in mind in seeking to obtain a consistent data set.","title":"Publication of data"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The quality and comprehensiveness of national account data differ between countries. Among the reasons are that:some governments invest far more money in statistical research than other governments.\neconomic activity in some countries is much more difficult to measure accurately than in others (for example, a large grey economy, widespread illiteracy, a lack of cash economy, survey access difficulties because of geographic factors or socio-political instability, very large mobility of people and assets – this is particularly the case in sub-Saharan countries).\nsome statistical agencies have more scientific autonomy and budgetary discretion than others, allowing them to do surveys or statistical reports which other statistical agencies are prevented from doing for legal, political or financial reasons.\nsome countries (for example, The Netherlands, Germany, Britain, Poland, and Australia) have a strong intellectual (scholarly or cultural) tradition in the area of social statistics, often going back a hundred or even several hundred years, while others (such as many African countries, where a population census began to be organized by the government only much more recently, and most universities started much later) do not. What matters in this sense is, above all, whether a society sees the value of statistics, makes extensive use of statistical expertise for analytical and policy purposes and therefore is sympathetic to investing in the statistical enterprise.\nalthough the United Nations has rather little power to enforce the actual production of statistics to a given standard in member countries, even if international conventions are signed, some of the world's states are part of an international union (for example the European Union, the OECD, or the United States), which requires by agreement that the member states of the union will physically supply standardized data sets, for the purpose of inter-state comparisons, even if the countries themselves might not have so much use for the data supplied. Thus, there may be \"external incentives\" for the production of more comprehensive statistical information which affect some countries but are much less evident in others, where the information is required by some international body.","title":"Quality and coverage"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Main accounts in the system"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gross output","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_output"},{"link_name":"capital account","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_account"},{"link_name":"balance of payments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_payments"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"SNA includes the following main accounts","text":"the production account (components of gross output)\nthe primary distribution of income account (incomes generated by production)\nthe transfers (redistribution) account (including social spending)\nthe household expenditure account\nthe capital account\nthe (domestic) financial transactions account (\"flow of funds\")\nthe changes in asset values account\nthe assets and liabilities account (balance sheet)\nthe external transactions account (balance of payments)These accounts include various annexes and sub-accounts, and standards are also provided for input-output tables showing the transactions between production sectors.Almost all member countries of the United Nations provide income and product accounts, but not necessarily a full set of standard accounts, or a full set of data, for the standard accounting information supplied. For example, standardized assets and liabilities accounts for households hardly exist and remain to be developed.A recent development is an attempt to create standard accounts of strategic stocks of natural resources.[4]","title":"Main accounts in the system"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20060209000509/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/nationalaccount/sna/sna1-en.htm#txt3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//unstats.un.org/unsd/nationalaccount/aeg.asp#aeg5"}],"text":"SNA continues to be developed further, and international conferences are regularly held to discuss various conceptual and measurement issues.Some examples are the construction of accounts for environmental resources, the measurement of the trade in services and of capital stocks, the treatment of insurance payments, the grey economy, employee compensation in the form of stock options or other non-wage income, intangible capital, etc.Discussions and updates are reported in SNA News & Notes [3].\nSNA Revisions are documented at the UN Statistics Division site [4]","title":"Developments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//unstats.un.org/unsd/nationalaccount/docs/SNA2008.pdf"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.oecd.org/dataoecd/60/8/41545834.pdf"},{"link_name":"United Nations Statistics Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Statistics_Division"},{"link_name":"International Monetary Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund"},{"link_name":"World Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank"},{"link_name":"Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development"},{"link_name":"Statistical Office of the European Communities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_Office_of_the_European_Communities"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"For the 2008 SNA Revision, the full text is available online: [5]. The OECD provides some overview commentary [6].The revision of the 1993 system was coordinated by the Intersecretariat Working Group on National Accounts (ISWGNA) comprising the United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD), International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank (WB), Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Statistical Office of the European Communities (Eurostat) and the United Nations regional commissions.The ISWGNA working group has its own website under the UN Statistics Division.[5]","title":"The 2008 SNA Revision"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Criticism of SNA"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"General criticisms","text":"The most general criticism of SNA has always been that its concepts do not adequately reflect the interactions, relationships, and activities of the real world – for a variety of reasons, but mainly because:The system does not provide explicit detail for particular economic phenomena, suggesting thereby that they do not really exist.\nThere is something wrong with the valuation scheme that is being assumed.\nIn the valiant attempt to include all \"micro\" business activities under general \"macro\" headings, necessarily a distorted picture of reality results because at least a portion of micro-transactions does not easily fit under the general conceptual headings.\nNational accounts data are not useful to solve many of society's problems, because those problems really require quite different kinds of data to solve them, for example, behavioral data, attitudinal data, or physical data.\nNational accounts data are constructed from thousands of different data series, and the results are typically revised several times after the first official estimates are published. Therefore, the first estimates are rarely fully accurate in terms of the measurement concepts used. In addition, the earlier data series released are often also revised, sometimes many years later, so that the data may never be quite \"final\" and accurate.","title":"Criticism of SNA"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"net output","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net_output"},{"link_name":"Joseph Stiglitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stiglitz"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Criticism of GDP","text":"The most popular criticism of national accounts is made against the concept of gross domestic product (GDP).In part, this criticism of GDP is misplaced, because the fault is not so much with the concept itself. It is useful to have a measure of a country's total net output, and its changes over time – that's better than having no measure at all.The fault is with the actual use that is made of the concept by governments, intellectuals, and businessmen in public discourse. GDP is used for all kinds of comparisons, but some of those comparisons are conceptually not very appropriate.GDP measures are frequently abused by writers who neither understand what they mean, how they were produced, nor what they can be validly used for.Economists like Joseph Stiglitz argue that a measure of \"well-being\" is needed to balance a measure of output growth.[6]","title":"Criticism of SNA"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marilyn Waring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marilyn_Waring"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Maria Mies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Mies"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"owner-occupiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owner-occupier"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"time use surveys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_use_survey"},{"link_name":"Christine Lagarde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine_Lagarde"},{"link_name":"International Monetary Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"ILO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ILO"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Feminist criticism","text":"SNA has been criticised as biased by feminist economists such as Marilyn Waring[7] and Maria Mies[8] because no imputation for the monetary value of unpaid housework, or for unpaid voluntary labor is made in the accounts, even though the accounts do include the \"imputed rental value of owner-occupied dwellings\" (the market-rents which owner-occupiers would receive if they rented out the housing they occupy). This obscures the reality that market production depends to a large extent on non-market labour being performed.However, such criticism raises several questions for the statisticians who would have to produce the data:whether an international standard method of imputation for the value of such services is feasible, given e.g. that the conditions under which the market equivalents for unpaid household services are supplied vary a great deal internationally [citation needed];\nwhether making the imputation would result in truly meaningful, internationally comparable measures[citation needed];\nwhether attaching a price to voluntary labor, done primarily by women, itself actually performs an emancipatory or morally propitious function or has a general useful purpose beyond academia.[citation needed]The intention of those who would like to produce this kind of standard data might be perfectly honorable, but the production of the data has to be practically justifiable in terms of technical feasibility and utility. Attaching an imaginary price to housework might not be the best data to have about housework.In most OECD countries, statisticians have in recent years estimated the value of housework using data from time use surveys. The valuation principle often applied is that of how much a service would cost, if it was purchased at market rates, instead of being voluntarily supplied. Sometimes an \"opportunity cost\" method is also used: in this case, statisticians estimate how much women could earn in a paid job if they were not doing unpaid housework. Typically, the results suggest that the value of unpaid housework is close to about half the value of GDP.Christine Lagarde, the head of the International Monetary Fund, claimed at the IMF World Bank annual meetings in Tokyo in October 2012 that women could rescue Japan's stagnating economy, if more of them took paid jobs instead of doing unpaid care work. A 2010 Goldman Sachs report had calculated that Japan's GDP would rise by 15 percent, if the participation of Japanese women in the paid labour force was increased from 60 percent to 80 percent, matching that of men.[9] The difficulty with this kind of argument is, that domestic and care work would still need to be done by someone, meaning women and men would need to share household responsibilities more equally, or rely on public- or private-sector provided child and eldercare. According to the ILO, there are over 52 million domestic workers in the world, who mostly work for little pay and with little legal protection.[10] They are mainly servants of the wealthy and the middle class.","title":"Criticism of SNA"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"value added","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value_added"},{"link_name":"value product","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value_product"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"surplus value","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surplus_value"},{"link_name":"double counting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_counting_(accounting)"},{"link_name":"operating surplus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_surplus"},{"link_name":"Compensation of employees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compensation_of_employees"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Marxist criticism","text":"Marxian economists have criticized SNA concepts also from a different theoretical perspective on the new value added or value product.[11] On this view, the distinctions drawn in SNA to define income from production and property income are rather capricious or eclectic, obscuring thereby the different components and sources of realised surplus value; the categories are said to be based on an inconsistent view of newly created value, conserved value, and transferred value (see also double counting). The result is that the true profit volume is underestimated in the accounts – since true profit income is larger than operating surplus – and workers' earnings are overestimated since the account shows the total labour costs to the employer rather than the \"factor income\" which workers actually get. If one is interested in what incomes people actually get, how much they own, or how much they borrow, national accounts often do not provide the required information.Additionally, it is argued by Marxists that the SNA aggregate \"compensation of employees\" does not distinguish adequately between pre-tax and post-tax wage income, the income of higher corporate officers, and deferred income (employee and employer contributions to social insurance schemes of various kinds). \"Compensation of employees\" may also include the value of stock options received as income by corporate officers. Thus, it is argued, the accounts have to be substantially re-aggregated, to obtain a true picture of income generated and distributed in the economy. The problem there is that the detailed information to do it is often not made available, or is available only at a prohibitive cost.US government statisticians admit frankly that \"Unfortunately, the finance sector is one of the more poorly measured sectors in national accounts\".[12] The oddity of this is, that the finance sector nowadays dominates international transactions, and strongly influences the developmental path of the world economy. So, it is precisely the leading sector in the world economy for which systematic, comprehensive, and comparable data are not available.","title":"Criticism of SNA"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Statisticians' criticisms","text":"Statisticians have also criticized the validity of international statistical comparisons using national accounts data, on the ground that in the real world, the estimates are rarely compiled in a uniform way – despite appearances to the contrary.For example, Jochen Hartwig provides evidence to show that \"the divergence in growth rates [of real GDP] between the U.S. and the EU since 1997 can be explained almost entirely in terms of changes to deflation methods that have been introduced in the U.S. after 1997, but not – or only to a very limited extent – in Europe\".[13]The \"magic\" of national accounts is that they provide an instant source of detailed international comparisons, but, critics argue, on closer inspection, the numbers are not really so comparable as they are made out to be. The effect is that all sorts of easy comparisons are tossed around by policy scientists which, if the technical story behind the numbers was told, would never be attempted because the comparisons are scientifically untenable (or at the very least rather dubious).Both the strength and the weaknesses of national accounts are that they are based on an enormous variety of data sources. The strength consists in the fact that a lot of cross-checking between data sources and data sets can occur, to assess the credibility of the estimates. The weakness is that the sheer number of inferences made from different data sets used increases the possibility of data errors, and makes it more difficult to assess error margins.The data quality has also often been criticized on the ground that what pretends to be \"data\" in reality often consists only of estimates extrapolated from mathematical models, not direct observations. These models are designed to predict what particular data values ought to be, based on sample data for \"indicative trends\". One can, for example, observe that if variables X, Y, and Z go up, then variable P will go up as well, in a specific proportionality. In that case, one may not need to survey P or its components directly, it is sufficient to get trend data for X, Y, and Z and feed them into a mathematical model which then predicts what the values for P will be at each interval of time.Because statistical surveys are very costly or may be difficult to organize, or because the data has to be produced rapidly to meet a deadline, statisticians often try to find cheaper, quicker, and more efficient methods to produce the data, by means of inferences from data that they already have, or from selected data which they can get more easily.But the objection to this approach - although it can sometimes be proved to provide accurate data successfully - is that there is a loss in data accuracy and data quality.The extrapolated estimates may lack any solid empirical basis, and the tendency is for fluctuations in the magnitudes of variables to be \"smoothed out\" by the estimation or interpolation procedure.\nAny unexpectedly large fluctuation in a variable is difficult to predict by a mathematical model since ultimately the model's descriptions assume the future trend will conform to the law of averages and the patterns of the past.\nWithout adequate, comprehensive observational data from direct surveys, many of the statistical inferences made are simply not truly verifiable. All one can then say about the estimates is, that they are \"probably fairly accurate, given previous and other concurrent data.\"A typical reply of statisticians to this kind of objection is that although it is preferable to have comprehensive survey data available as a basis for estimation, and although data errors and inaccuracies do occur, it is possible to find techniques that keep the margins of error within acceptable bounds.","title":"Criticism of SNA"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"System of National Accounts\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//unstats.un.org/unsd/nationalaccount/hsna.asp"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"System of National Accounts\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//unstats.un.org/unsd/nationalaccount/iswgna.asp"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_200937/lang--en/index.htm"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/---publ/documents/publication/wcms_173363.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"Anwar Shaikh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anwar_Shaikh_(Economist)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"\"On Misusing National Accounts Data for Governance Purposes\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//kofportal.kof.ethz.ch/publications/download/260/wp_101.pdf"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20141111143939/https://kofportal.kof.ethz.ch/publications/download/260/wp_101.pdf"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"}],"text":"^ United Nations, 1953, A System of National Accounts and Supporting Tables, Studies in Methods, Series F No 2 Rev. 1, New York\n\n^ \"System of National Accounts\". United Nations. Retrieved 16 February 2023. For a brief historical summary of the revisions, see e.g. the relevant section in the manuals System of National Accounts 1993 and System of National Accounts 2008\n\n^ CEC, IMF, OECD, UN & World Bank (1993).\n\n^ Nordhaus W.D. and Kokkelenberg C. (ed.), Nature's Numbers: Expanding the National Economic Accounts to Include the Environment. Washington: National Academy Press, 1999.\n\n^ \"System of National Accounts\". United Nations. Retrieved 16 February 2023.\n\n^ Joseph E. Stiglitz, Amartya Sen, Jean-Paul Fitoussi, Mismeasuring Our Lives: Why GDP Doesn't Add Up. The New Press, 2010.\n\n^ Waring, M. 1988. Counting for Nothing: What Men Value and What Women are Worth. Reprinted in 1996 by Bridget Williams Books.\n\n^ Maria Mies, Patriarchy and Accumulation on a World Scale: Women in the International Division of Labour. London: Zed Books, 1999.\n\n^ Harumi Ozawa, \"Woman is Japan's secret economic weapon.\" Agence France-Presse, 23 November 2012.\n\n^ \"More than 52 million domestic workers worldwide\", ILO press release 9 January 2013. [1] See the ILO report Domestic Workers Across the World: Global and regional statistics and the extent of legal protection, Geneva 2013.[2]\n\n^ Anwar Shaikh and Ahmet Tonak, Measuring the Wealth of Nations. Cambridge University Press, 2011.\n\n^ Dennis J Fixler, Marshall B Reinsdorf and Shaunda Villones, \"Measuring the services of commercial banks in the NIPA.\" IFC Bulletin No. 33 (Irving Fisher Committee on Central Bank Statistics, Bank of International Settlements), 2007.\n\n^ Jochen Hartwig, \"On Misusing National Accounts Data for Governance Purposes\" Archived 11 November 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Working Papers, Swiss Institute for Business Cycle Research & Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, No. 101, March 2005, i + 23 pp.","title":"Notes"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagorean_diatonic_semitone
Semitone
["1 Minor second","1.1 In other temperaments","2 Augmented unison","3 History","4 Semitones in different tunings","4.1 Meantone temperament","4.2 Equal temperament","4.3 Well temperament","4.4 Pythagorean tuning","4.5 Just 5-limit intonation","4.6 Extended just intonations","4.7 Other equal temperaments","5 See also","6 References","7 Further reading"]
This article is about the musical interval. For the printing method, see Halftone. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Semitone" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Musical intervalsemitoneInversemajor seventh (for minor second); diminished octave (for augmented unison); augmented octave (for diminished unison)NameOther namesminor second,diatonic semitone,augmented unison,diminished unison,chromatic semitoneAbbreviationm2; A1SizeSemitones1Interval class1Just interval16:15, 17:16, 27:25, 135:128, 25:24, 256:243Cents12-Tone equal temperament100Just intonation112, 105, 133, 92, 71, 90 Minor second A semitone, also called a minor second, half step, or a half tone, is the smallest musical interval commonly used in Western tonal music, and it is considered the most dissonant when sounded harmonically. It is defined as the interval between two adjacent notes in a 12-tone scale (or half of a whole step), visually seen on a keyboard as the distance between two keys that are adjacent to each other. For example, C is adjacent to C♯; the interval between them is a semitone. In a 12-note approximately equally divided scale, any interval can be defined in terms of an appropriate number of semitones (e.g. a whole tone or major second is 2 semitones wide, a major third 4 semitones, and a perfect fifth 7 semitones. In music theory, a distinction is made between a diatonic semitone, or minor second (an interval encompassing two different staff positions, e.g. from C to D♭) and a chromatic semitone or augmented unison (an interval between two notes at the same staff position, e.g. from C to C♯). These are enharmonically equivalent if and only if twelve-tone equal temperament is used; for example, they are not the same thing in meantone temperament, where the diatonic semitone is distinguished from and larger than the chromatic semitone (augmented unison), or in Pythagorean tuning, where the diatonic semitone is smaller instead. See Interval (music) § Number for more details about this terminology. In twelve-tone equal temperament all semitones are equal in size (100 cents). In other tuning systems, "semitone" refers to a family of intervals that may vary both in size and name. In Pythagorean tuning, seven semitones out of twelve are diatonic, with ratio 256:243 or 90.2 cents (Pythagorean limma), and the other five are chromatic, with ratio 2187:2048 or 113.7 cents (Pythagorean apotome); they differ by the Pythagorean comma of ratio 531441:524288 or 23.5 cents. In quarter-comma meantone, seven of them are diatonic, and 117.1 cents wide, while the other five are chromatic, and 76.0 cents wide; they differ by the lesser diesis of ratio 128:125 or 41.1 cents. 12-tone scales tuned in just intonation typically define three or four kinds of semitones. For instance, Asymmetric five-limit tuning yields chromatic semitones with ratios 25:24 (70.7 cents) and 135:128 (92.2 cents), and diatonic semitones with ratios 16:15 (111.7 cents) and 27:25 (133.2 cents). For further details, see below. The condition of having semitones is called hemitonia; that of having no semitones is anhemitonia. A musical scale or chord containing semitones is called hemitonic; one without semitones is anhemitonic. Minor second The melodic minor second is an integral part of most cadences of the Common practice period. Musical intervalminor secondInversemajor seventhNameOther namessemitone, half stepAbbreviationm2SizeSemitones1Interval class1Cents12-Tone equal temperament100.0 The minor second occurs in the major scale, between the third and fourth degree, (mi (E) and fa (F) in C major), and between the seventh and eighth degree (ti (B) and do (C) in C major). It is also called the diatonic semitone because it occurs between steps in the diatonic scale. The minor second is abbreviated m2 (or −2). Its inversion is the major seventh (M7 or Ma7). Listen to a minor second in equal temperamentⓘ. Here, middle C is followed by D♭, which is a tone 100 cents sharper than C, and then by both tones together. Melodically, this interval is very frequently used, and is of particular importance in cadences. In the perfect and deceptive cadences it appears as a resolution of the leading-tone to the tonic. In the plagal cadence, it appears as the falling of the subdominant to the mediant. It also occurs in many forms of the imperfect cadence, wherever the tonic falls to the leading-tone. Harmonically, the interval usually occurs as some form of dissonance or a nonchord tone that is not part of the functional harmony. It may also appear in inversions of a major seventh chord, and in many added tone chords. Harmonic minor second in J. S. Bach's Prelude in C major from the WTC, book 1, mm. 7–9. The minor second may be viewed as a suspension of the B resolving into the following A minor seventh chord. Frédéric Chopin's "wrong note" Étude Étude Op. 25, No. 5 Martha Goldstein playing on an Érard (1851)Opening bars Problems playing this file? See media help. In unusual situations, the minor second can add a great deal of character to the music. For instance, Frédéric Chopin's Étude Op. 25, No. 5 opens with a melody accompanied by a line that plays fleeting minor seconds. These are used to humorous and whimsical effect, which contrasts with its more lyrical middle section. This eccentric dissonance has earned the piece its nickname: the "wrong note" étude. This kind of usage of the minor second appears in many other works of the Romantic period, such as Modest Mussorgsky's Ballet of the Unhatched Chicks. More recently, the music to the movie Jaws exemplifies the minor second. In other temperaments In just intonation a 16:15 minor second arises in the C major scale between B & C and E & F, and is "the sharpest dissonance found in the scale." Play B & Cⓘ Augmented unison Main article: Augmented unison Augmented unison on C Augmented unisons often appear as a consequence of secondary dominants, such as those in the soprano voice of this sequence from Felix Mendelssohn's Song Without Words Op. 102 No. 3, mm. 47–49. The augmented unison, the interval produced by the augmentation, or widening by one half step, of the perfect unison, does not occur between diatonic scale steps, but instead between a scale step and a chromatic alteration of the same step. It is also called a chromatic semitone. The augmented unison is abbreviated A1, or aug 1. Its inversion is the diminished octave (d8, or dim 8). The augmented unison is also the inversion of the augmented octave, because the interval of the diminished unison does not exist. This is because a unison is always made larger when one note of the interval is changed with an accidental. Melodically, an augmented unison very frequently occurs when proceeding to a chromatic chord, such as a secondary dominant, a diminished seventh chord, or an augmented sixth chord. Its use is also often the consequence of a melody proceeding in semitones, regardless of harmonic underpinning, e.g. D, D♯, E, F, F♯. (Restricting the notation to only minor seconds is impractical, as the same example would have a rapidly increasing number of accidentals, written enharmonically as D, E♭, F♭, G, A). Franz Liszt's second Transcendental Étude, measure 63 Harmonically, augmented unisons are quite rare in tonal repertoire. In the example to the right, Liszt had written an E♭ against an E♮ in the bass. Here E♭ was preferred to a D♯ to make the tone's function clear as part of an F dominant seventh chord, and the augmented unison is the result of superimposing this harmony upon an E pedal point. In addition to this kind of usage, harmonic augmented unisons are frequently written in modern works involving tone clusters, such as Iannis Xenakis' Evryali for piano solo. History The semitone appeared in the music theory of Greek antiquity as part of a diatonic or chromatic tetrachord, and it has always had a place in the diatonic scales of Western music since. The various modal scales of medieval music theory were all based upon this diatonic pattern of tones and semitones. Though it would later become an integral part of the musical cadence, in the early polyphony of the 11th century this was not the case. Guido of Arezzo suggested instead in his Micrologus other alternatives: either proceeding by whole tone from a major second to a unison, or an occursus having two notes at a major third move by contrary motion toward a unison, each having moved a whole tone. "As late as the 13th century the half step was experienced as a problematic interval not easily understood, as the irrational remainder between the perfect fourth and the ditone ( 4 3 / ( 9 8 ) 2 = 256 243 ) {\displaystyle \left({\begin{matrix}{\frac {4}{3}}\end{matrix}}/{{\begin{matrix}({\frac {9}{8}})\end{matrix}}^{2}}={\begin{matrix}{\frac {256}{243}}\end{matrix}}\right)} ." In a melodic half step, no "tendency was perceived of the lower tone toward the upper, or of the upper toward the lower. The second tone was not taken to be the 'goal' of the first. Instead, the half step was avoided in clausulae because it lacked clarity as an interval." Dramatic chromatic scale in the opening measures of Luca Marenzio's Solo e pensoso, ca. 1580. However, beginning in the 13th century cadences begin to require motion in one voice by half step and the other a whole step in contrary motion. These cadences would become a fundamental part of the musical language, even to the point where the usual accidental accompanying the minor second in a cadence was often omitted from the written score (a practice known as musica ficta). By the 16th century, the semitone had become a more versatile interval, sometimes even appearing as an augmented unison in very chromatic passages. Semantically, in the 16th century the repeated melodic semitone became associated with weeping, see: passus duriusculus, lament bass, and pianto. By the Baroque era (1600 to 1750), the tonal harmonic framework was fully formed, and the various musical functions of the semitone were rigorously understood. Later in this period the adoption of well temperaments for instrumental tuning and the more frequent use of enharmonic equivalences increased the ease with which a semitone could be applied. Its function remained similar through the Classical period, and though it was used more frequently as the language of tonality became more chromatic in the Romantic period, the musical function of the semitone did not change. In the 20th century, however, composers such as Arnold Schoenberg, Béla Bartók, and Igor Stravinsky sought alternatives or extensions of tonal harmony, and found other uses for the semitone. Often the semitone was exploited harmonically as a caustic dissonance, having no resolution. Some composers would even use large collections of harmonic semitones (tone clusters) as a source of cacophony in their music (e.g. the early piano works of Henry Cowell). By now, enharmonic equivalence was a commonplace property of equal temperament, and instrumental use of the semitone was not at all problematic for the performer. The composer was free to write semitones wherever he wished. Semitones in different tunings The exact size of a semitone depends on the tuning system used. Meantone temperaments have two distinct types of semitones, but in the exceptional case of equal temperament, there is only one. The unevenly distributed well temperaments contain many different semitones. Pythagorean tuning, similar to meantone tuning, has two, but in other systems of just intonation there are many more possibilities. Meantone temperament In meantone systems, there are two different semitones. This results because of the break in the circle of fifths that occurs in the tuning system: diatonic semitones derive from a chain of five fifths that does not cross the break, and chromatic semitones come from one that does. The chromatic semitone is usually smaller than the diatonic. In the common quarter-comma meantone, tuned as a cycle of tempered fifths from E♭ to G♯, the chromatic and diatonic semitones are 76.0 and 117.1 cents wide respectively. Chromatic semitone 76.0 76.0 76.0 76.0 76.0 Pitch C C♯ D E♭ E F F♯ G G♯ A B♭ B C Cents 0.0 76.0 193.2 310.3 386.3 503.4 579.5 696.6 772.6 889.7 1006.8 1082.9 1200.0 Diatonic semitone 117.1 117.1 117.1 117.1 117.1 117.1 117.1 Extended meantone temperaments with more than 12 notes still retain the same two semitone sizes, but there is more flexibility for the musician about whether to use an augmented unison or minor second. 31-tone equal temperament is the most flexible of these, which makes an unbroken circle of 31 fifths, allowing the choice of semitone to be made for any pitch. Equal temperament 12-tone equal temperament is a form of meantone tuning in which the diatonic and chromatic semitones are exactly the same, because its circle of fifths has no break. Each semitone is equal to one twelfth of an octave. This is a ratio of 21/12 (approximately 1.05946), or 100 cents, and is 11.7 cents narrower than the 16:15 ratio (its most common form in just intonation, discussed below). All diatonic intervals can be expressed as an equivalent number of semitones. For instance a whole tone equals two semitones. There are many approximations, rational or otherwise, to the equal-tempered semitone. To cite a few: 18 / 17 ≈ 99.0  cents, {\displaystyle 18/17\approx 99.0{\text{ cents,}}} suggested by Vincenzo Galilei and used by luthiers of the Renaissance, 2 3 − 2 4 ≈ 100.4  cents, {\displaystyle {\sqrt{\frac {2}{3-{\sqrt {2}}}}}\approx 100.4{\text{ cents,}}} suggested by Marin Mersenne as a constructible and more accurate alternative, ( 139 / 138 ) 8 ≈ 99.9995  cents, {\displaystyle (139/138)^{8}\approx 99.9995{\text{ cents,}}} used by Julián Carrillo as part of a sixteenth-tone system. For more examples, see Pythagorean and Just systems of tuning below. Well temperament There are many forms of well temperament, but the characteristic they all share is that their semitones are of an uneven size. Every semitone in a well temperament has its own interval (usually close to the equal-tempered version of 100 cents), and there is no clear distinction between a diatonic and chromatic semitone in the tuning. Well temperament was constructed so that enharmonic equivalence could be assumed between all of these semitones, and whether they were written as a minor second or augmented unison did not effect a different sound. Instead, in these systems, each key had a slightly different sonic color or character, beyond the limitations of conventional notation. Pythagorean tuning Pythagorean limma on CPythagorean apotome on C Pythagorean limma as five descending just perfect fifths from C (the inverse is B+)Pythagorean apotome as seven just perfect fifths Like meantone temperament, Pythagorean tuning is a broken circle of fifths. This creates two distinct semitones, but because Pythagorean tuning is also a form of 3-limit just intonation, these semitones are rational. Also, unlike most meantone temperaments, the chromatic semitone is larger than the diatonic. The Pythagorean diatonic semitone has a ratio of 256/243 (playⓘ), and is often called the Pythagorean limma. It is also sometimes called the Pythagorean minor semitone. It is about 90.2 cents. 256 243 = 2 8 3 5 ≈ 90.2  cents {\displaystyle {\frac {256}{243}}={\frac {2^{8}}{3^{5}}}\approx 90.2{\text{ cents}}} It can be thought of as the difference between three octaves and five just fifths, and functions as a diatonic semitone in a Pythagorean tuning. The Pythagorean chromatic semitone has a ratio of 2187/2048 (playⓘ). It is about 113.7 cents. It may also be called the Pythagorean apotome or the Pythagorean major semitone. (See Pythagorean interval.) 2187 2048 = 3 7 2 11 ≈ 113.7  cents {\displaystyle {\frac {2187}{2048}}={\frac {3^{7}}{2^{11}}}\approx 113.7{\text{ cents}}} It can be thought of as the difference between four perfect octaves and seven just fifths, and functions as a chromatic semitone in a Pythagorean tuning. The Pythagorean limma and Pythagorean apotome are enharmonic equivalents (chromatic semitones) and only a Pythagorean comma apart, in contrast to diatonic and chromatic semitones in meantone temperament and 5-limit just intonation. Just 5-limit intonation 16:15 diatonic semitone 16:15 diatonic semitone 'Larger' or major limma on C Relationship between the 4 common 5 limit semitones A minor second in just intonation typically corresponds to a pitch ratio of 16:15 (playⓘ) or 1.0666... (approximately 111.7 cents), called the just diatonic semitone. This is a practical just semitone, since it is the interval that occurs twice within the diatonic scale between a: major third (5:4) and perfect fourth (4:3)   (   4 3 ÷ 5 4 = 16 15   )   , {\displaystyle \ \left(\ {\tfrac {4}{3}}\div {\tfrac {5}{4}}={\tfrac {16}{15}}\ \right)\ ,} and a major seventh (15:8) and the perfect octave (2:1)   (   2 1 ÷ 15 8 = 16 15   )   . {\displaystyle \ \left(\ {\tfrac {2}{1}}\div {\tfrac {15}{8}}={\tfrac {16}{15}}\ \right)~.} The 16:15 just minor second arises in the C major scale between B & C and E & F, and is, "the sharpest dissonance found in the scale". An "augmented unison" (sharp) in just intonation is a different, smaller semitone, with frequency ratio 25:24 (playⓘ) or 1.0416... (approximately 70.7 cents). It is the interval between a major third (5:4) and a minor third (6:5). In fact, it is the spacing between the minor and major thirds, sixths, and sevenths (but not necessarily the major and minor second). Composer Ben Johnston used a sharp (♯) to indicate a note is raised 70.7 cents, or a flat (♭) to indicate a note is lowered 70.7 cents. (This is the standard practice for just intonation, but not for all other microtunings.) Two other kinds of semitones are produced by 5 limit tuning. A chromatic scale defines 12 semitones as the 12 intervals between the 13 adjacent notes, spanning a full octave (e.g. from C4 to C5). The 12 semitones produced by a commonly used version of 5 limit tuning have four different sizes, and can be classified as follows: Just chromatic semitone chromatic semitone, or smaller, or minor chromatic semitone between harmonically related flats and sharps e.g. between E♭ and E (6:5 and 5:4): S 1 = 5 4 ÷ 6 5 = 25 24 ≈ 70.7   cents {\displaystyle S_{1}={\tfrac {5}{4}}\div {\tfrac {6}{5}}={\tfrac {25}{24}}\approx 70.7\ {\hbox{cents}}} Larger chromatic semitone or major chromatic semitone, or larger limma, or major chroma, e.g. between C and an accute C♯ (C♯ raised by a syntonic comma) (1:1 and 135:128): S 2 = 25 24 × 81 80 = 135 128 ≈ 92.2   cents {\displaystyle S_{2}={\tfrac {25}{24}}\times {\tfrac {81}{80}}={\tfrac {135}{128}}\approx 92.2\ {\hbox{cents}}} Just diatonic semitone or smaller, or minor diatonic semitone, e.g. between E and F (5:4 to 4:3): S 3 = 4 3 ÷ 5 4 = 16 15 ≈ 111.7   cents {\displaystyle S_{3}={\tfrac {4}{3}}\div {\tfrac {5}{4}}={\tfrac {16}{15}}\approx 111.7\ {\hbox{cents}}} Larger diatonic semitone or greater or major diatonic semitone, e.g. between A and B♭ (5:3 to 9:5), or C and chromatic D♭ (27:25), or F♯ and G (25:18 and 3:2): S 4 = 9 5 ÷ 5 3 = 27 25 ≈ 133.2   cents {\displaystyle S_{4}={\tfrac {9}{5}}\div {\tfrac {5}{3}}={\tfrac {27}{25}}\approx 133.2\ {\hbox{cents}}} The most frequently occurring semitones are the just ones (S3, 16:15, and S1, 25:24): S3 occurs at 6 short intervals out of 12, S1 3 times, S2 twice, and S4 at only one interval (if diatonic D♭ replaces chromatic D♭ and sharp notes are not used). The smaller chromatic and diatonic semitones differ from the larger by the syntonic comma (81:80 or 21.5 cents). The smaller and larger chromatic semitones differ from the respective diatonic semitones by the same 128:125 diesis as the above meantone semitones. Finally, while the inner semitones differ by the diaschisma (2048:2025 or 19.6 cents), the outer differ by the greater diesis (648:625 or 62.6 cents). Extended just intonations In 7 limit tuning there is the septimal diatonic semitone of 15:14 (playⓘ) available in between the 5 limit major seventh (15:8) and the 7 limit minor seventh / harmonic seventh (7:4). There is also a smaller septimal chromatic semitone of 21:20 (playⓘ) between a septimal minor seventh and a fifth (21:8) and an octave and a major third (5:2). Both are more rarely used than their 5 limit neighbours, although the former was often implemented by theorist Cowell, while Partch used the latter as part of his 43 tone scale. Under 11 limit tuning, there is a fairly common undecimal neutral second (12:11) (playⓘ), but it lies on the boundary between the minor and major second (150.6 cents). In just intonation there are infinitely many possibilities for intervals that fall within the range of the semitone (e.g. the Pythagorean semitones mentioned above), but most of them are impractical. In 13 limit tuning, there is a tridecimal 2/3 tone (13:12 or 138.57 cents) and tridecimal 1/3 tone (27:26 or 65.34 cents). In 17 limit just intonation, the major diatonic semitone is 15:14 or 119.4 cents (Playⓘ), and the minor diatonic semitone is 17:16 or 105.0 cents, and septendecimal limma is 18:17 or 98.95 cents. Though the names diatonic and chromatic are often used for these intervals, their musical function is not the same as the meantone semitones. For instance, 15:14 would usually be written as an augmented unison, functioning as the chromatic counterpart to a diatonic 16:15. These distinctions are highly dependent on the musical context, and just intonation is not particularly well suited to chromatic use (diatonic semitone function is more prevalent). Other equal temperaments 19-tone equal temperament distinguishes between the chromatic and diatonic semitones; in this tuning, the chromatic semitone is one step of the scale (play 63.2 centsⓘ), and the diatonic semitone is two (play 126.3 centsⓘ). 31-tone equal temperament also distinguishes between these two intervals, which become 2 and 3 steps of the scale, respectively. 53-ET has an even closer match to the two semitones with 3 and 5 steps of its scale while 72-ET uses 4 (play 66.7 centsⓘ) and 7 (play 116.7 centsⓘ) steps of its scale. In general, because the smaller semitone can be viewed as the difference between a minor third and a major third, and the larger as the difference between a major third and a perfect fourth, tuning systems that closely match those just intervals (6/5, 5/4, and 4/3) will also distinguish between the two types of semitones and closely match their just intervals (25/24 and 16/15). See also 12-tone equal temperament List of meantone intervals List of musical intervals List of pitch intervals Approach chord Major second Neutral second Pythagorean interval Regular temperament References ^ a b c d e f g Duffin, Ross W. (2008). How equal temperament ruined harmony : (and why you should care) (First published as a Norton paperback. ed.). New York: W. W. Norton. p. 163. ISBN 978-0-393-33420-3. Retrieved 28 June 2017. ^ Haluska, Jan (2003). The Mathematical Theory of Tone Systems, p. xxiv. ISBN 0-8247-4714-3. Overtone semitone. ^ Semitone, half step, half tone, halftone, and half-tone are all variously used in sources. Aaron Copland, Leonard Bernstein, and others use "half tone". One source says that step is "chiefly US", and that half-tone is "chiefly N. Amer." ^ Miller, Michael. The Complete Idiot's Guide to Music Theory, 2nd ed. : Alpha, 2005. ISBN 1-59257-437-8. p. 19. ^ Capstick, John Walton (1913). Sound: An Elementary Text-book for Schools and Colleges. Cambridge University Press. ^ "musictheory.net". www.musictheory.net. Retrieved 2024-01-04. ^ Wharram, Barbara (2010). Elementary Rudiments of Music (2nd ed.). Mississauga, Ontario: Frederick Harris Music. p. 17. ISBN 978-1-55440-283-0. ^ a b Paul, Oscar (1885). A manual of harmony for use in music-schools and seminaries and for self-instruction, p. 165. Theodore Baker, trans. G. Schirmer. ^ Benward & Saker (2003). Music: In Theory and Practice, Vol. I, p. 54. ISBN 978-0-07-294262-0. Specific example of an A1 not given but general example of perfect intervals described. ^ Kostka and Payne (2003). Tonal Harmony, p. 21. ISBN 0-07-285260-7. "There is no such thing as a diminished unison." ^ Day and Pilhofer (2007). Music Theory for Dummies, p. 113. ISBN 0-7645-7838-3. "There is no such thing as a diminished unison, because no matter how you change the unisons with accidentals, you are adding half steps to the total interval." ^ Surmani, Andrew; Karen Farnum Surmani; Morton Manus (2009). Alfred's Essentials of Music Theory: A Complete Self-Study Course for All Musicians. Alfred Music Publishing. p. 135. ISBN 978-0-7390-3635-8. Since lowering either note of a perfect unison would actually increase its size, the perfect unison cannot be diminished, only augmented. ^ a b Dahlhaus, Carl, trans. Gjerdingen, Robert O. Studies in the Origin of Harmonic Tonality. Princeton University Press: Princeton, 1990. ISBN 0-691-09135-8. ^ Rashed, Roshdi (ed.) (1996). Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science, Volume 2, pp. 588, 608. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-12411-5. ^ Hermann von Helmholtz (1885). On the Sensations of Tone as a Physiological Basis for the Theory of Music, p. 454. ^ Benson, Dave (2006). Music: A Mathematical Offering, p. 369. ISBN 0-521-85387-7. ^ "". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. 30. Great Britain: Royal Society: 531. 1880. digitized 26 Feb 2008; Harvard University ^ a b Fonville, J. (Summer 1991). "Ben Johnston's extended just intonation – a guide for interpreters". Perspectives of New Music. 29 (2): 106–137. ... the 25/24 ratio is the sharp (♯) ratio ... this raises a note approximately 70.6 cents.(p109) ^ Prout, E. (2004). Harmony. p. 325. ISBN 1-4102-1920-8. Further reading Grout, Donald Jay, and Claude V. Palisca. A History of Western Music, 6th ed. New York: Norton, 2001. ISBN 0-393-97527-4. Hoppin, Richard H. Medieval Music. New York: W. W. Norton, 1978. ISBN 0-393-09090-6. vteIntervalsTwelve-semitone(post-BachWestern)(Numbers in bracketsare the number ofsemitones in theinterval.)Perfect unison (0) fourth (5) fifth (7) octave (12) Major second (2) third (4) sixth (9) seventh (11) Minor second (1) third (3) sixth (8) seventh (10) Augmented unison (1) second (3) third (5) fourth (6) fifth (8) sixth (10) seventh (12) Diminished second (0) third (2) fourth (4) fifth (6) sixth (7) seventh (9) octave (11) Compound ninth (13 or 14) tenth (15 or 16) eleventh (17 or 18) twelfth (18 or 19) thirteenth (20 or 21) fourteenth (22 or 23) fifteenth (24) Othertuningsystems24-tone equal temperament(Numbers in brackets referto fractional semitones.)Neutral quarter tone (1⁄2) second (1+1⁄2) third (3+1⁄2) major fourth (5+1⁄2) minor fifth (6+1⁄2) sixth (8+1⁄2) seventh (10+1⁄2) Just intonations(Numbers in bracketsrefer to pitch ratios.)7-limit septimal quarter tone (36:35) septimal third tone (28:27) septimal chromatic semitone (21:20) septimal diatonic semitone (15:14) supermajor second (8:7) subminor third (7:6) supermajor third (9:7) subminor fifth (7:5) supermajor fourth (10:7) subminor seventh (7:4) Higher-limit minor diatonic semitone (17-limit) OtherintervalsGroups Microtone 5-limit Comma Pseudo-octave Pythagorean interval Subminor and supermajor Semitones Pythagorean limma Pythagorean apotome Major limma Quarter tones Quarter tone Septimal quarter tone Undecimal quarter tone Commas Pythagorean comma (23.5 cents) Syntonic comma (21.5 cents) Holdrian comma (22.6 cents) Septimal comma (27.3 cents) Lesser diesis (41.1 cents) Greater diesis (62.6 cents) Septimal diesis (35.7 cents) Diaschisma (19.5 cents) Semicomma (10.1 cents) Septimal semicomma (13.8 cents) Kleisma (8.1 cents) Septimal kleisma (7.7 cents) Schisma (1.95 cents) Breedsma (0.72 cents) Ragisma (0.4 cents) Measurement Cent Centitone Millioctave Savart Others Wolf Ditone Semiditone Secor Incomposite interval List of pitch intervals vteTwelve-tone technique and serialismFundamentals Combinatoriality Complementation Derivation Hexachord Interval class Invariance Partition Cross partition Tone row Aggregate List Permutations Prime row Retrograde Inversion Retrograde inversion Multiplication Notable composers Milton Babbitt Pierre Boulez Josef Matthias Hauer Second Viennese School Alban Berg Arnold Schoenberg Anton Webern Charles Wuorinen ...more... Related articles All-interval twelve-tone row All-trichord hexachord Atonality Chromatic scale Duration series Equivalence Formula composition Modernism (music) Punctualism Semitone Set theory Time point Trope List of dodecaphonic and serial compositions
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Halftone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halftone"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Minor_second_on_C.png"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"musical interval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interval_(music)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"dissonant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consonance_and_dissonance#Dissonance"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"12-tone scale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatic_scale"},{"link_name":"whole step","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole_step"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"whole tone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole_tone"},{"link_name":"major third","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_third"},{"link_name":"perfect fifth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_fifth"},{"link_name":"music theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_theory"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wharram-7"},{"link_name":"staff positions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staff_position"},{"link_name":"enharmonically equivalent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enharmonic"},{"link_name":"twelve-tone equal temperament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal_temperament"},{"link_name":"meantone temperament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meantone_temperament"},{"link_name":"Pythagorean tuning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagorean_tuning"},{"link_name":"Interval (music) § Number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interval_(music)#Number"},{"link_name":"twelve-tone equal temperament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve-tone_equal_temperament"},{"link_name":"Pythagorean tuning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagorean_tuning"},{"link_name":"Pythagorean limma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Pythagorean_tuning"},{"link_name":"Pythagorean apotome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Pythagorean_tuning"},{"link_name":"Pythagorean comma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagorean_comma"},{"link_name":"quarter-comma meantone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarter-comma_meantone"},{"link_name":"diesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesis"},{"link_name":"just intonation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_intonation"},{"link_name":"Asymmetric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five-limit_tuning#Size_of_intervals"},{"link_name":"five-limit tuning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five-limit_tuning"},{"link_name":"below","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Just_intonation"},{"link_name":"anhemitonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anhemitonic_scale"},{"link_name":"musical scale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scale_(music)"},{"link_name":"chord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chord_(music)"}],"text":"This article is about the musical interval. For the printing method, see Halftone.Musical intervalMinor secondA semitone, also called a minor second, half step, or a half tone,[3] is the smallest musical interval commonly used in Western tonal music,[4] and it is considered the most dissonant[5] when sounded harmonically.\nIt is defined as the interval between two adjacent notes in a 12-tone scale (or half of a whole step), visually seen on a keyboard as the distance between two keys that are adjacent to each other. For example, C is adjacent to C♯; the interval between them is a semitone.[6]In a 12-note approximately equally divided scale, any interval can be defined in terms of an appropriate number of semitones (e.g. a whole tone or major second is 2 semitones wide, a major third 4 semitones, and a perfect fifth 7 semitones.In music theory, a distinction is made[7] between a diatonic semitone, or minor second (an interval encompassing two different staff positions, e.g. from C to D♭) and a chromatic semitone or augmented unison (an interval between two notes at the same staff position, e.g. from C to C♯). These are enharmonically equivalent if and only if twelve-tone equal temperament is used; for example, they are not the same thing in meantone temperament, where the diatonic semitone is distinguished from and larger than the chromatic semitone (augmented unison), or in Pythagorean tuning, where the diatonic semitone is smaller instead. See Interval (music) § Number for more details about this terminology.In twelve-tone equal temperament all semitones are equal in size (100 cents). In other tuning systems, \"semitone\" refers to a family of intervals that may vary both in size and name. In Pythagorean tuning, seven semitones out of twelve are diatonic, with ratio 256:243 or 90.2 cents (Pythagorean limma), and the other five are chromatic, with ratio 2187:2048 or 113.7 cents (Pythagorean apotome); they differ by the Pythagorean comma of ratio 531441:524288 or 23.5 cents. In quarter-comma meantone, seven of them are diatonic, and 117.1 cents wide, while the other five are chromatic, and 76.0 cents wide; they differ by the lesser diesis of ratio 128:125 or 41.1 cents. 12-tone scales tuned in just intonation typically define three or four kinds of semitones. For instance, Asymmetric five-limit tuning yields chromatic semitones with ratios 25:24 (70.7 cents) and 135:128 (92.2 cents), and diatonic semitones with ratios 16:15 (111.7 cents) and 27:25 (133.2 cents). For further details, see below.The condition of having semitones is called hemitonia; that of having no semitones is anhemitonia. A musical scale or chord containing semitones is called hemitonic; one without semitones is anhemitonic.","title":"Semitone"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cadence_minor_second.png"},{"link_name":"Common practice period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_practice_period"},{"link_name":"major scale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_scale"},{"link_name":"steps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Step_(music)"},{"link_name":"diatonic scale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diatonic_scale"},{"link_name":"major seventh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_seventh"},{"link_name":"Listen to a minor second in equal temperament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a2/Minor_Second_ET.ogg/Minor_Second_ET.ogg.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Minor_Second_ET.ogg"},{"link_name":"middle C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_C"},{"link_name":"cents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cent_(music)"},{"link_name":"Melodically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melody"},{"link_name":"cadences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadence_(music)"},{"link_name":"perfect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interval_(music)"},{"link_name":"deceptive cadences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadence_(music)#Deceptive_cadence"},{"link_name":"leading-tone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leading-tone"},{"link_name":"tonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonic_(music)"},{"link_name":"plagal cadence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagal_cadence"},{"link_name":"subdominant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subdominant"},{"link_name":"mediant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediant"},{"link_name":"imperfect cadence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperfect_cadence"},{"link_name":"Harmonically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmony"},{"link_name":"dissonance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consonance_and_dissonance"},{"link_name":"nonchord tone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonchord_tone"},{"link_name":"functional harmony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diatonic_function"},{"link_name":"major seventh chord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_seventh_chord"},{"link_name":"added tone chords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Added_tone_chord"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bach_minor_second_smaller.png"},{"link_name":"J. S. Bach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach"},{"link_name":"WTC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Well-Tempered_Clavier"},{"link_name":"suspension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspension_(music)"},{"link_name":"Frédéric Chopin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin"},{"link_name":"Étude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tudes_(Chopin)"},{"link_name":"Étude Op. 25, No. 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Frederic_Chopin_-_Opus_25_-_Twelve_Grand_Etudes_-_e_minor.ogg"},{"link_name":"Martha Goldstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Goldstein"},{"link_name":"Érard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_%C3%89rard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chopin_minor_second.png"},{"link_name":"media help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Media"},{"link_name":"Frédéric Chopin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin"},{"link_name":"Étude Op. 25, No. 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tude_Op._25,_No._5_(Chopin)"},{"link_name":"Romantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_music"},{"link_name":"Modest Mussorgsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modest_Mussorgsky"},{"link_name":"Ballet of the Unhatched Chicks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pictures_at_an_Exhibition"},{"link_name":"Jaws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaws_(film)#Music"}],"text":"The melodic minor second is an integral part of most cadences of the Common practice period.Musical intervalThe minor second occurs in the major scale, between the third and fourth degree, (mi (E) and fa (F) in C major), and between the seventh and eighth degree (ti (B) and do (C) in C major). It is also called the diatonic semitone because it occurs between steps in the diatonic scale. The minor second is abbreviated m2 (or −2). Its inversion is the major seventh (M7 or Ma7).Listen to a minor second in equal temperamentⓘ. Here, middle C is followed by D♭, which is a tone 100 cents sharper than C, and then by both tones together.Melodically, this interval is very frequently used, and is of particular importance in cadences. In the perfect and deceptive cadences it appears as a resolution of the leading-tone to the tonic. In the plagal cadence, it appears as the falling of the subdominant to the mediant. It also occurs in many forms of the imperfect cadence, wherever the tonic falls to the leading-tone.Harmonically, the interval usually occurs as some form of dissonance or a nonchord tone that is not part of the functional harmony. It may also appear in inversions of a major seventh chord, and in many added tone chords.Harmonic minor second in J. S. Bach's Prelude in C major from the WTC, book 1, mm. 7–9. The minor second may be viewed as a suspension of the B resolving into the following A minor seventh chord.Frédéric Chopin's \"wrong note\" Étude\n\nÉtude Op. 25, No. 5\n\nMartha Goldstein playing on an Érard (1851)Opening bars\nProblems playing this file? See media help.In unusual situations, the minor second can add a great deal of character to the music. For instance, Frédéric Chopin's Étude Op. 25, No. 5 opens with a melody accompanied by a line that plays fleeting minor seconds. These are used to humorous and whimsical effect, which contrasts with its more lyrical middle section. This eccentric dissonance has earned the piece its nickname: the \"wrong note\" étude. This kind of usage of the minor second appears in many other works of the Romantic period, such as Modest Mussorgsky's Ballet of the Unhatched Chicks. More recently, the music to the movie Jaws exemplifies the minor second.","title":"Minor second"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"just intonation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_intonation"},{"link_name":"major scale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_scale"},{"link_name":"dissonance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consonance_and_dissonance"},{"link_name":"scale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_scale"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-books.google.com-8"},{"link_name":"Play B & C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d8/Just_minor_second_in_scale.mid/Just_minor_second_in_scale.mid.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Just_minor_second_in_scale.mid"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Comparison_of_minor_seconds.png"}],"sub_title":"In other temperaments","text":"In just intonation a 16:15 minor second arises in the C major scale between B & C and E & F, and is \"the sharpest dissonance found in the [major] scale.\"[8] Play B & Cⓘ","title":"Minor second"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Augmented_unison_on_C.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mendelssohn_dominants.png"},{"link_name":"secondary dominants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_dominant"},{"link_name":"sequence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequence_(music)"},{"link_name":"Felix Mendelssohn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn"},{"link_name":"Song Without Words","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songs_without_Words"},{"link_name":"augmentation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augmentation_(music)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"chromatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatic"},{"link_name":"diminished octave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diminished_octave"},{"link_name":"augmented octave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augmented_octave"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Melodically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melody"},{"link_name":"secondary dominant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_dominant"},{"link_name":"diminished seventh chord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diminished_seventh_chord"},{"link_name":"augmented sixth chord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augmented_sixth_chord"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Doubleflat.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Llpd-3.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Liszt_augmented_unison.png"},{"link_name":"Franz Liszt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Liszt"},{"link_name":"Transcendental Étude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendental_%C3%89tudes"},{"link_name":"Harmonically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmony"},{"link_name":"Liszt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Liszt"},{"link_name":"dominant seventh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominant_seventh"},{"link_name":"pedal point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedal_point"},{"link_name":"tone clusters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tone_clusters"},{"link_name":"Iannis Xenakis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iannis_Xenakis"}],"text":"Augmented unison on CAugmented unisons often appear as a consequence of secondary dominants, such as those in the soprano voice of this sequence from Felix Mendelssohn's Song Without Words Op. 102 No. 3, mm. 47–49.The augmented unison, the interval produced by the augmentation, or widening by one half step, of the perfect unison,[9] does not occur between diatonic scale steps, but instead between a scale step and a chromatic alteration of the same step. It is also called a chromatic semitone. The augmented unison is abbreviated A1, or aug 1. Its inversion is the diminished octave (d8, or dim 8). The augmented unison is also the inversion of the augmented octave, because the interval of the diminished unison does not exist.[10] This is because a unison is always made larger when one note of the interval is changed with an accidental.[11][12]Melodically, an augmented unison very frequently occurs when proceeding to a chromatic chord, such as a secondary dominant, a diminished seventh chord, or an augmented sixth chord. Its use is also often the consequence of a melody proceeding in semitones, regardless of harmonic underpinning, e.g. D, D♯, E, F, F♯. (Restricting the notation to only minor seconds is impractical, as the same example would have a rapidly increasing number of accidentals, written enharmonically as D, E♭, F♭, G, A).Franz Liszt's second Transcendental Étude, measure 63Harmonically, augmented unisons are quite rare in tonal repertoire. In the example to the right, Liszt had written an E♭ against an E♮ in the bass. Here E♭ was preferred to a D♯ to make the tone's function clear as part of an F dominant seventh chord, and the augmented unison is the result of superimposing this harmony upon an E pedal point.In addition to this kind of usage, harmonic augmented unisons are frequently written in modern works involving tone clusters, such as Iannis Xenakis' Evryali for piano solo.","title":"Augmented unison"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tetrachord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrachord"},{"link_name":"modal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_mode"},{"link_name":"medieval music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_music"},{"link_name":"tones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole_tone"},{"link_name":"cadence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadence_(music)"},{"link_name":"Guido of Arezzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guido_of_Arezzo"},{"link_name":"Micrologus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrologus"},{"link_name":"major second","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_second"},{"link_name":"major third","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_third"},{"link_name":"sic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sic"},{"link_name":"ditone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ditone"},{"link_name":"clausulae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clausula_(music)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dahlhaus-13"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marenzio_solo_e_pensoso_chromatic.png"},{"link_name":"Luca Marenzio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luca_Marenzio"},{"link_name":"cadences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadence_(music)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dahlhaus-13"},{"link_name":"musica ficta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musica_ficta"},{"link_name":"chromatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatic"},{"link_name":"Semantically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_semiotics"},{"link_name":"passus duriusculus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatic_fourth"},{"link_name":"lament bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lament_bass"},{"link_name":"pianto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pianto"},{"link_name":"Baroque era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque_music"},{"link_name":"tonal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonality"},{"link_name":"well temperaments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Well_temperament"},{"link_name":"enharmonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enharmonic"},{"link_name":"Classical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_music"},{"link_name":"Romantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_music"},{"link_name":"Arnold Schoenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg"},{"link_name":"Béla Bartók","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bart%C3%B3k"},{"link_name":"Igor Stravinsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky"},{"link_name":"tone clusters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tone_clusters"},{"link_name":"Henry Cowell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Cowell"},{"link_name":"equal temperament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal_temperament"}],"text":"The semitone appeared in the music theory of Greek antiquity as part of a diatonic or chromatic tetrachord, and it has always had a place in the diatonic scales of Western music since. The various modal scales of medieval music theory were all based upon this diatonic pattern of tones and semitones.Though it would later become an integral part of the musical cadence, in the early polyphony of the 11th century this was not the case. Guido of Arezzo suggested instead in his Micrologus other alternatives: either proceeding by whole tone from a major second to a unison, or an occursus having two notes at a major third move by contrary motion toward a unison, each having moved a whole tone.\"As late as the 13th century the half step was experienced as a problematic interval not easily understood, as the irrational [sic] remainder between the perfect fourth and the ditone \n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 4\n 3\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n /\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n 9\n 8\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n \n \n \n 256\n 243\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left({\\begin{matrix}{\\frac {4}{3}}\\end{matrix}}/{{\\begin{matrix}({\\frac {9}{8}})\\end{matrix}}^{2}}={\\begin{matrix}{\\frac {256}{243}}\\end{matrix}}\\right)}\n \n.\" In a melodic half step, no \"tendency was perceived of the lower tone toward the upper, or of the upper toward the lower. The second tone was not taken to be the 'goal' of the first. Instead, the half step was avoided in clausulae because it lacked clarity as an interval.\"[13]Dramatic chromatic scale in the opening measures of Luca Marenzio's Solo e pensoso, ca. 1580.However, beginning in the 13th century cadences begin to require motion in one voice by half step and the other a whole step in contrary motion.[13] These cadences would become a fundamental part of the musical language, even to the point where the usual accidental accompanying the minor second in a cadence was often omitted from the written score (a practice known as musica ficta). By the 16th century, the semitone had become a more versatile interval, sometimes even appearing as an augmented unison in very chromatic passages. Semantically, in the 16th century the repeated melodic semitone became associated with weeping, see: passus duriusculus, lament bass, and pianto.By the Baroque era (1600 to 1750), the tonal harmonic framework was fully formed, and the various musical functions of the semitone were rigorously understood. Later in this period the adoption of well temperaments for instrumental tuning and the more frequent use of enharmonic equivalences increased the ease with which a semitone could be applied. Its function remained similar through the Classical period, and though it was used more frequently as the language of tonality became more chromatic in the Romantic period, the musical function of the semitone did not change.In the 20th century, however, composers such as Arnold Schoenberg, Béla Bartók, and Igor Stravinsky sought alternatives or extensions of tonal harmony, and found other uses for the semitone. Often the semitone was exploited harmonically as a caustic dissonance, having no resolution. Some composers would even use large collections of harmonic semitones (tone clusters) as a source of cacophony in their music (e.g. the early piano works of Henry Cowell). By now, enharmonic equivalence was a commonplace property of equal temperament, and instrumental use of the semitone was not at all problematic for the performer. The composer was free to write semitones wherever he wished.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tuning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_tuning"},{"link_name":"Meantone temperaments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meantone_temperament"},{"link_name":"equal temperament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal_temperament"},{"link_name":"well temperaments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Well_temperament"},{"link_name":"Pythagorean tuning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagorean_tuning"}],"text":"The exact size of a semitone depends on the tuning system used. Meantone temperaments have two distinct types of semitones, but in the exceptional case of equal temperament, there is only one. The unevenly distributed well temperaments contain many different semitones. Pythagorean tuning, similar to meantone tuning, has two, but in other systems of just intonation there are many more possibilities.","title":"Semitones in different tunings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"meantone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meantone_temperament"},{"link_name":"circle of fifths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle_of_fifths"},{"link_name":"quarter-comma meantone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarter-comma_meantone"},{"link_name":"tempered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_temperament"},{"link_name":"fifths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_fifth"},{"link_name":"31-tone equal temperament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/31-TET"}],"sub_title":"Meantone temperament","text":"In meantone systems, there are two different semitones. This results because of the break in the circle of fifths that occurs in the tuning system: diatonic semitones derive from a chain of five fifths that does not cross the break, and chromatic semitones come from one that does.The chromatic semitone is usually smaller than the diatonic. In the common quarter-comma meantone, tuned as a cycle of tempered fifths from E♭ to G♯, the chromatic and diatonic semitones are 76.0 and 117.1 cents wide respectively.Extended meantone temperaments with more than 12 notes still retain the same two semitone sizes, but there is more flexibility for the musician about whether to use an augmented unison or minor second. 31-tone equal temperament is the most flexible of these, which makes an unbroken circle of 31 fifths, allowing the choice of semitone to be made for any pitch.","title":"Semitones in different tunings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"12-tone equal temperament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal_temperament"},{"link_name":"21/12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelfth_root_of_two"},{"link_name":"just intonation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_intonation"},{"link_name":"discussed below","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Just_intonation"},{"link_name":"whole tone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_second"},{"link_name":"rational","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rational_number"},{"link_name":"Vincenzo Galilei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincenzo_Galilei"},{"link_name":"luthiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luthier"},{"link_name":"Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_music"},{"link_name":"Marin Mersenne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marin_Mersenne"},{"link_name":"constructible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructible_number"},{"link_name":"Julián Carrillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juli%C3%A1n_Carrillo"}],"sub_title":"Equal temperament","text":"12-tone equal temperament is a form of meantone tuning in which the diatonic and chromatic semitones are exactly the same, because its circle of fifths has no break. Each semitone is equal to one twelfth of an octave. This is a ratio of 21/12 (approximately 1.05946), or 100 cents, and is 11.7 cents narrower than the 16:15 ratio (its most common form in just intonation, discussed below).All diatonic intervals can be expressed as an equivalent number of semitones. For instance a whole tone equals two semitones.There are many approximations, rational or otherwise, to the equal-tempered semitone. To cite a few:18\n \n /\n \n 17\n ≈\n 99.0\n \n  cents,\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle 18/17\\approx 99.0{\\text{ cents,}}}\n \nsuggested by Vincenzo Galilei and used by luthiers of the Renaissance,2\n \n 3\n −\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n 4\n \n \n \n ≈\n 100.4\n \n  cents,\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\sqrt[{4}]{\\frac {2}{3-{\\sqrt {2}}}}}\\approx 100.4{\\text{ cents,}}}\n \nsuggested by Marin Mersenne as a constructible and more accurate alternative,(\n 139\n \n /\n \n 138\n \n )\n \n 8\n \n \n ≈\n 99.9995\n \n  cents,\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle (139/138)^{8}\\approx 99.9995{\\text{ cents,}}}\n \nused by Julián Carrillo as part of a sixteenth-tone system.For more examples, see Pythagorean and Just systems of tuning below.","title":"Semitones in different tunings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"well temperament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Well_temperament"},{"link_name":"enharmonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enharmonic"},{"link_name":"key","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_(music)"}],"sub_title":"Well temperament","text":"There are many forms of well temperament, but the characteristic they all share is that their semitones are of an uneven size. Every semitone in a well temperament has its own interval (usually close to the equal-tempered version of 100 cents), and there is no clear distinction between a diatonic and chromatic semitone in the tuning. Well temperament was constructed so that enharmonic equivalence could be assumed between all of these semitones, and whether they were written as a minor second or augmented unison did not effect a different sound. Instead, in these systems, each key had a slightly different sonic color or character, beyond the limitations of conventional notation.","title":"Semitones in different tunings"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pythagorean_limma_on_C.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pythagorean_apotome_on_C.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pythagorean_limma.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pythagorean_apotome.png"},{"link_name":"Pythagorean tuning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagorean_tuning"},{"link_name":"circle of fifths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle_of_fifths"},{"link_name":"just intonation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_intonation"},{"link_name":"play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6e/Pythagorean_minor_semitone_on_C.mid/Pythagorean_minor_semitone_on_C.mid.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pythagorean_minor_semitone_on_C.mid"},{"link_name":"octaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octaves"},{"link_name":"just fifths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_fifth"},{"link_name":"diatonic semitone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Minor_second"},{"link_name":"Pythagorean tuning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagorean_tuning"},{"link_name":"play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/30/Pythagorean_apotome_on_C.mid/Pythagorean_apotome_on_C.mid.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pythagorean_apotome_on_C.mid"},{"link_name":"cents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cent_(music)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rashed-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Pythagorean interval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagorean_interval"},{"link_name":"octaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octave"},{"link_name":"just fifths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_fifth"},{"link_name":"chromatic semitone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatic_semitone"},{"link_name":"Pythagorean tuning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagorean_tuning"},{"link_name":"enharmonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enharmonic"},{"link_name":"Pythagorean comma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagorean_comma"},{"link_name":"meantone temperament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meantone_temperament"},{"link_name":"just intonation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_intonation"}],"sub_title":"Pythagorean tuning","text":"Pythagorean limma on CPythagorean apotome on CPythagorean limma as five descending just perfect fifths from C (the inverse is B+)Pythagorean apotome as seven just perfect fifthsLike meantone temperament, Pythagorean tuning is a broken circle of fifths. This creates two distinct semitones, but because Pythagorean tuning is also a form of 3-limit just intonation, these semitones are rational. Also, unlike most meantone temperaments, the chromatic semitone is larger than the diatonic.The Pythagorean diatonic semitone has a ratio of 256/243 (playⓘ), and is often called the Pythagorean limma. It is also sometimes called the Pythagorean minor semitone. It is about 90.2 cents.256\n 243\n \n \n =\n \n \n \n 2\n \n 8\n \n \n \n 3\n \n 5\n \n \n \n \n ≈\n 90.2\n \n  cents\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {256}{243}}={\\frac {2^{8}}{3^{5}}}\\approx 90.2{\\text{ cents}}}It can be thought of as the difference between three octaves and five just fifths, and functions as a diatonic semitone in a Pythagorean tuning.The Pythagorean chromatic semitone has a ratio of 2187/2048 (playⓘ). It is about 113.7 cents. It may also be called the Pythagorean apotome[14][15][16] or the Pythagorean major semitone. (See Pythagorean interval.)2187\n 2048\n \n \n =\n \n \n \n 3\n \n 7\n \n \n \n 2\n \n 11\n \n \n \n \n ≈\n 113.7\n \n  cents\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {2187}{2048}}={\\frac {3^{7}}{2^{11}}}\\approx 113.7{\\text{ cents}}}It can be thought of as the difference between four perfect octaves and seven just fifths, and functions as a chromatic semitone in a Pythagorean tuning.The Pythagorean limma and Pythagorean apotome are enharmonic equivalents (chromatic semitones) and only a Pythagorean comma apart, in contrast to diatonic and chromatic semitones in meantone temperament and 5-limit just intonation.","title":"Semitones in different tunings"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Just_diatonic_semitone.png"},{"link_name":"diatonic semitone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Minor_second"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Just_diatonic_semitone_on_C.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Major_limma_on_C.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Semitone_5-limit_diamond.png"},{"link_name":"just intonation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_intonation"},{"link_name":"ratio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratio"},{"link_name":"play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/be/Just_diatonic_semitone_on_C.mid/Just_diatonic_semitone_on_C.mid.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Just_diatonic_semitone_on_C.mid"},{"link_name":"cents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cent_(music)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"major third","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_third"},{"link_name":"perfect fourth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_fourth"},{"link_name":"major seventh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_seventh"},{"link_name":"perfect octave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_octave"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-books.google.com-8"},{"link_name":"play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1d/Just_chromatic_semitone_on_C.mid/Just_chromatic_semitone_on_C.mid.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Just_chromatic_semitone_on_C.mid"},{"link_name":"major third","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_third"},{"link_name":"Ben Johnston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Johnston_(composer)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fonville-18"},{"link_name":"chromatic scale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatic_scale"},{"link_name":"commonly used version","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five-limit_tuning#Size_of_intervals"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fonville-18"},{"link_name":"syntonic comma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntonic_comma"},{"link_name":"syntonic comma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntonic_comma"},{"link_name":"diaschisma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaschisma"}],"sub_title":"Just 5-limit intonation","text":"16:15 diatonic semitone16:15 diatonic semitone'Larger' or major limma on CRelationship between the 4 common 5 limit semitonesA minor second in just intonation typically corresponds to a pitch ratio of 16:15 (playⓘ) or 1.0666... (approximately 111.7 cents), called the just diatonic semitone.[17] This is a practical just semitone, since it is the interval that occurs twice within the diatonic scale between a:major third (5:4) and perfect fourth (4:3) \n \n \n \n  \n \n (\n \n  \n \n \n \n 4\n 3\n \n \n \n ÷\n \n \n \n 5\n 4\n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n 16\n 15\n \n \n \n  \n \n )\n \n  \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\left(\\ {\\tfrac {4}{3}}\\div {\\tfrac {5}{4}}={\\tfrac {16}{15}}\\ \\right)\\ ,}\n \n and a\nmajor seventh (15:8) and the perfect octave (2:1) \n \n \n \n  \n \n (\n \n  \n \n \n \n 2\n 1\n \n \n \n ÷\n \n \n \n 15\n 8\n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n 16\n 15\n \n \n \n  \n \n )\n \n  \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\left(\\ {\\tfrac {2}{1}}\\div {\\tfrac {15}{8}}={\\tfrac {16}{15}}\\ \\right)~.}The 16:15 just minor second arises in the C major scale between B & C and E & F, and is, \"the sharpest dissonance found in the scale\".[8]An \"augmented unison\" (sharp) in just intonation is a different, smaller semitone, with frequency ratio 25:24 (playⓘ) or 1.0416... (approximately 70.7 cents). It is the interval between a major third (5:4) and a minor third (6:5). In fact, it is the spacing between the minor and major thirds, sixths, and sevenths (but not necessarily the major and minor second). Composer Ben Johnston used a sharp (♯) to indicate a note is raised 70.7 cents, or a flat (♭) to indicate a note is lowered 70.7 cents.[18] (This is the standard practice for just intonation, but not for all other microtunings.)Two other kinds of semitones are produced by 5 limit tuning. A chromatic scale defines 12 semitones as the 12 intervals between the 13 adjacent notes, spanning a full octave (e.g. from C4 to C5). The 12 semitones produced by a commonly used version of 5 limit tuning have four different sizes, and can be classified as follows:Just chromatic semitone\nchromatic semitone, or smaller, or minor chromatic semitone between harmonically related flats and sharps e.g. between E♭ and E (6:5 and 5:4):\n\n \n \n \n \n S\n \n 1\n \n \n =\n \n \n \n 5\n 4\n \n \n \n ÷\n \n \n \n 6\n 5\n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n 25\n 24\n \n \n \n ≈\n 70.7\n  \n \n \n cents\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle S_{1}={\\tfrac {5}{4}}\\div {\\tfrac {6}{5}}={\\tfrac {25}{24}}\\approx 70.7\\ {\\hbox{cents}}}\n \n\nLarger chromatic semitone\nor major chromatic semitone, or larger limma, or major chroma,[18] e.g. between C and an accute C♯ (C♯ raised by a syntonic comma) (1:1 and 135:128):\n\n \n \n \n \n S\n \n 2\n \n \n =\n \n \n \n 25\n 24\n \n \n \n ×\n \n \n \n 81\n 80\n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n 135\n 128\n \n \n \n ≈\n 92.2\n  \n \n \n cents\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle S_{2}={\\tfrac {25}{24}}\\times {\\tfrac {81}{80}}={\\tfrac {135}{128}}\\approx 92.2\\ {\\hbox{cents}}}\n \n\nJust diatonic semitone\nor smaller, or minor diatonic semitone, e.g. between E and F (5:4 to 4:3):\n\n \n \n \n \n S\n \n 3\n \n \n =\n \n \n \n 4\n 3\n \n \n \n ÷\n \n \n \n 5\n 4\n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n 16\n 15\n \n \n \n ≈\n 111.7\n  \n \n \n cents\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle S_{3}={\\tfrac {4}{3}}\\div {\\tfrac {5}{4}}={\\tfrac {16}{15}}\\approx 111.7\\ {\\hbox{cents}}}\n \n\nLarger diatonic semitone\nor greater or major diatonic semitone, e.g. between A and B♭ (5:3 to 9:5), or C and chromatic D♭ (27:25), or F♯ and G (25:18 and 3:2):\n\n \n \n \n \n S\n \n 4\n \n \n =\n \n \n \n 9\n 5\n \n \n \n ÷\n \n \n \n 5\n 3\n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n 27\n 25\n \n \n \n ≈\n 133.2\n  \n \n \n cents\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle S_{4}={\\tfrac {9}{5}}\\div {\\tfrac {5}{3}}={\\tfrac {27}{25}}\\approx 133.2\\ {\\hbox{cents}}}The most frequently occurring semitones are the just ones (S3, 16:15, and S1, 25:24): S3 occurs at 6 short intervals out of 12, S1 3 times, S2 twice, and S4 at only one interval (if diatonic D♭ replaces chromatic D♭ and sharp notes are not used).The smaller chromatic and diatonic semitones differ from the larger by the syntonic comma (81:80 or 21.5 cents). The smaller and larger chromatic semitones differ from the respective diatonic semitones by the same 128:125 diesis as the above meantone semitones. Finally, while the inner semitones differ by the diaschisma (2048:2025 or 19.6 cents), the outer differ by the greater diesis (648:625 or 62.6 cents).","title":"Semitones in different tunings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"7 limit tuning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7-limit"},{"link_name":"septimal diatonic semitone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimal_diatonic_semitone"},{"link_name":"play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/69/Septimal_diatonic_semitone_on_C.mid/Septimal_diatonic_semitone_on_C.mid.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Septimal_diatonic_semitone_on_C.mid"},{"link_name":"major seventh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_seventh"},{"link_name":"7 limit minor seventh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimal_minor_seventh"},{"link_name":"harmonic seventh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonic_seventh"},{"link_name":"septimal chromatic semitone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimal_chromatic_semitone"},{"link_name":"play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/ba/Septimal_chromatic_semitone_on_C.mid/Septimal_chromatic_semitone_on_C.mid.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Septimal_chromatic_semitone_on_C.mid"},{"link_name":"Cowell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Cowell"},{"link_name":"Partch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Partch"},{"link_name":"his 43 tone scale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Partch%27s_43-tone_scale"},{"link_name":"neutral second","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_second"},{"link_name":"play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2d/Neutral_second_on_C.mid/Neutral_second_on_C.mid.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Neutral_second_on_C.mid"},{"link_name":"major second","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_second"},{"link_name":"Play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/91/Major_diatonic_semitone_on_C.mid/Major_diatonic_semitone_on_C.mid.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Major_diatonic_semitone_on_C.mid"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Extended just intonations","text":"In 7 limit tuning there is the septimal diatonic semitone of 15:14 (playⓘ) available in between the 5 limit major seventh (15:8) and the 7 limit minor seventh / harmonic seventh (7:4). There is also a smaller septimal chromatic semitone of 21:20 (playⓘ) between a septimal minor seventh and a fifth (21:8) and an octave and a major third (5:2). Both are more rarely used than their 5 limit neighbours, although the former was often implemented by theorist Cowell, while Partch used the latter as part of his 43 tone scale.Under 11 limit tuning, there is a fairly common undecimal neutral second (12:11) (playⓘ), but it lies on the boundary between the minor and major second (150.6 cents). In just intonation there are infinitely many possibilities for intervals that fall within the range of the semitone (e.g. the Pythagorean semitones mentioned above), but most of them are impractical.In 13 limit tuning, there is a tridecimal 2/3 tone (13:12 or 138.57 cents) and tridecimal 1/3 tone (27:26 or 65.34 cents).In 17 limit just intonation, the major diatonic semitone is 15:14 or 119.4 cents (Playⓘ), and the minor diatonic semitone is 17:16 or 105.0 cents,[19] and septendecimal limma is 18:17 or 98.95 cents.Though the names diatonic and chromatic are often used for these intervals, their musical function is not the same as the meantone semitones. For instance, 15:14 would usually be written as an augmented unison, functioning as the chromatic counterpart to a diatonic 16:15. These distinctions are highly dependent on the musical context, and just intonation is not particularly well suited to chromatic use (diatonic semitone function is more prevalent).","title":"Semitones in different tunings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"19-tone equal temperament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19_equal_temperament"},{"link_name":"play 63.2 cents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/39/1_step_in_19-et_on_C.mid/1_step_in_19-et_on_C.mid.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1_step_in_19-et_on_C.mid"},{"link_name":"play 126.3 cents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/90/2_steps_in_19-et_on_C.mid/2_steps_in_19-et_on_C.mid.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2_steps_in_19-et_on_C.mid"},{"link_name":"31-tone equal temperament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/31_equal_temperament"},{"link_name":"53-ET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/53_equal_temperament"},{"link_name":"72-ET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/72_equal_temperament"},{"link_name":"play 66.7 cents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/80/4_steps_in_72-et_on_C.mid/4_steps_in_72-et_on_C.mid.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:4_steps_in_72-et_on_C.mid"},{"link_name":"play 116.7 cents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ee/7_steps_in_72-et_on_C.mid/7_steps_in_72-et_on_C.mid.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:7_steps_in_72-et_on_C.mid"}],"sub_title":"Other equal temperaments","text":"19-tone equal temperament distinguishes between the chromatic and diatonic semitones; in this tuning, the chromatic semitone is one step of the scale (play 63.2 centsⓘ), and the diatonic semitone is two (play 126.3 centsⓘ). 31-tone equal temperament also distinguishes between these two intervals, which become 2 and 3 steps of the scale, respectively. 53-ET has an even closer match to the two semitones with 3 and 5 steps of its scale while 72-ET uses 4 (play 66.7 centsⓘ) and 7 (play 116.7 centsⓘ) steps of its scale.In general, because the smaller semitone can be viewed as the difference between a minor third and a major third, and the larger as the difference between a major third and a perfect fourth, tuning systems that closely match those just intervals (6/5, 5/4, and 4/3) will also distinguish between the two types of semitones and closely match their just intervals (25/24 and 16/15).","title":"Semitones in different tunings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grout, Donald Jay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Jay_Grout"},{"link_name":"Claude V. Palisca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_V._Palisca"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-393-97527-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-97527-4"},{"link_name":"Hoppin, Richard H.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Hoppin"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-393-09090-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-09090-6"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Intervals"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Intervals"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Intervals"},{"link_name":"Intervals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interval_(music)"},{"link_name":"Twelve-semitone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal_temperament"},{"link_name":"semitones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"unison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unison"},{"link_name":"fourth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_fourth"},{"link_name":"fifth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_fifth"},{"link_name":"octave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octave"},{"link_name":"Major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_and_minor#Intervals_and_chords"},{"link_name":"second","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_second"},{"link_name":"third","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_third"},{"link_name":"sixth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_sixth"},{"link_name":"seventh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_seventh"},{"link_name":"Minor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_and_minor#Intervals_and_chords"},{"link_name":"second","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_second"},{"link_name":"third","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_third"},{"link_name":"sixth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_sixth"},{"link_name":"seventh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_seventh"},{"link_name":"Augmented","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augmentation_(music)#Augmentation_of_intervals"},{"link_name":"unison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augmented_unison"},{"link_name":"second","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augmented_second"},{"link_name":"third","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augmented_third"},{"link_name":"fourth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tritone"},{"link_name":"fifth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augmented_fifth"},{"link_name":"sixth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augmented_sixth"},{"link_name":"seventh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augmented_seventh"},{"link_name":"Diminished","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diminution#Diminution_of_intervals"},{"link_name":"second","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diminished_second"},{"link_name":"third","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diminished_third"},{"link_name":"fourth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diminished_fourth"},{"link_name":"fifth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tritone"},{"link_name":"sixth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diminished_sixth"},{"link_name":"seventh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diminished_seventh"},{"link_name":"octave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diminished_octave"},{"link_name":"Compound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interval_(music)#Simple_and_compound"},{"link_name":"ninth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninth"},{"link_name":"tenth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_(chord)"},{"link_name":"eleventh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleventh"},{"link_name":"twelfth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_(chord)"},{"link_name":"thirteenth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirteenth"},{"link_name":"fourteenth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventh_(chord)"},{"link_name":"fifteenth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifteenth"},{"link_name":"24-tone equal temperament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/24-tone_equal_temperament"},{"link_name":"Neutral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_interval"},{"link_name":"quarter tone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarter_tone"},{"link_name":"second","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_interval"},{"link_name":"third","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_third"},{"link_name":"major fourth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_fourth_and_minor_fifth"},{"link_name":"minor fifth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_fourth_and_minor_fifth"},{"link_name":"sixth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_sixth"},{"link_name":"seventh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_interval"},{"link_name":"Just intonations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_intonation"},{"link_name":"7-limit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7-limit_tuning"},{"link_name":"septimal quarter tone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimal_quarter_tone"},{"link_name":"septimal third tone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimal_third_tone"},{"link_name":"septimal chromatic semitone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimal_chromatic_semitone"},{"link_name":"septimal diatonic semitone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimal_diatonic_semitone"},{"link_name":"supermajor second","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimal_whole_tone"},{"link_name":"subminor third","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimal_minor_third"},{"link_name":"supermajor third","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimal_major_third"},{"link_name":"subminor fifth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimal_tritone"},{"link_name":"supermajor fourth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimal_tritone"},{"link_name":"subminor seventh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonic_seventh"},{"link_name":"Higher-limit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limit_(music)"},{"link_name":"minor diatonic semitone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_diatonic_semitone"},{"link_name":"Microtone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microtonal_music"},{"link_name":"5-limit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_intervals_in_5-limit_just_intonation"},{"link_name":"Comma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comma_(music)"},{"link_name":"Pseudo-octave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudo-octave"},{"link_name":"Pythagorean interval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagorean_interval"},{"link_name":"Subminor and supermajor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subminor_and_supermajor"},{"link_name":"Pythagorean limma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagorean_limma"},{"link_name":"Pythagorean apotome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagorean_apotome"},{"link_name":"Major limma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_limma"},{"link_name":"Quarter tone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarter_tone"},{"link_name":"Septimal quarter tone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimal_quarter_tone"},{"link_name":"Undecimal quarter tone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undecimal_quarter_tone"},{"link_name":"Commas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comma_(music)"},{"link_name":"Pythagorean comma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagorean_comma"},{"link_name":"Syntonic comma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntonic_comma"},{"link_name":"Holdrian comma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holdrian_comma"},{"link_name":"Septimal comma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimal_comma"},{"link_name":"Lesser diesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesis"},{"link_name":"Greater diesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesis"},{"link_name":"Septimal diesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimal_diesis"},{"link_name":"Diaschisma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaschisma"},{"link_name":"Semicomma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semicomma"},{"link_name":"Septimal semicomma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimal_semicomma"},{"link_name":"Kleisma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleisma"},{"link_name":"Septimal kleisma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimal_kleisma"},{"link_name":"Schisma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schisma"},{"link_name":"Breedsma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breedsma"},{"link_name":"Ragisma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragisma"},{"link_name":"Cent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cent_(music)"},{"link_name":"Centitone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cent_(music)#Centitones"},{"link_name":"Millioctave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millioctave"},{"link_name":"Savart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savart"},{"link_name":"Wolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf_interval"},{"link_name":"Ditone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ditone"},{"link_name":"Semiditone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiditone"},{"link_name":"Secor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Secor#Secor"},{"link_name":"Incomposite interval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incomposite_interval"},{"link_name":"List of pitch intervals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_pitch_intervals"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Twelve-tone_technique"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Twelve-tone_technique"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Twelve-tone_technique"},{"link_name":"Twelve-tone technique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve-tone_technique"},{"link_name":"serialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serialism"},{"link_name":"Combinatoriality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combinatoriality"},{"link_name":"Complementation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complement_(music)"},{"link_name":"Derivation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derived_row"},{"link_name":"Hexachord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexachord"},{"link_name":"Interval class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interval_class"},{"link_name":"Invariance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve-tone_technique#Invariance"},{"link_name":"Partition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derived_row"},{"link_name":"Cross partition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_partition"},{"link_name":"Tone row","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tone_row"},{"link_name":"Aggregate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tone_row#total_chromatic"},{"link_name":"List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tone_rows_and_series"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mutterakkord.png"},{"link_name":"Permutations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permutation_(music)"},{"link_name":"Prime row","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve-tone_technique#Transformations"},{"link_name":"Retrograde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrograde_(music)"},{"link_name":"Inversion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melodic_inversion"},{"link_name":"Retrograde inversion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrograde_inversion"},{"link_name":"Multiplication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplication_(music)"},{"link_name":"Notable composers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Twelve-tone_composers"},{"link_name":"Milton Babbitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Babbitt"},{"link_name":"Pierre Boulez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Boulez"},{"link_name":"Josef Matthias Hauer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Matthias_Hauer"},{"link_name":"Second Viennese School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Viennese_School"},{"link_name":"Alban Berg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alban_Berg"},{"link_name":"Arnold Schoenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg"},{"link_name":"Anton Webern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Webern"},{"link_name":"Charles Wuorinen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Wuorinen"},{"link_name":"more","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serialism#Notable_composers"},{"link_name":"All-interval twelve-tone row","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-interval_twelve-tone_row"},{"link_name":"All-trichord hexachord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-trichord_hexachord"},{"link_name":"Atonality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atonality"},{"link_name":"Chromatic scale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatic_scale"},{"link_name":"Duration series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duration_series"},{"link_name":"Equivalence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equivalence_class_(music)"},{"link_name":"Formula composition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_composition"},{"link_name":"Modernism (music)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernism_(music)"},{"link_name":"Punctualism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punctualism"},{"link_name":"Semitone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Set theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_theory_(music)"},{"link_name":"Time point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_point"},{"link_name":"Trope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trope_(music)"},{"link_name":"List of dodecaphonic and serial compositions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_dodecaphonic_and_serial_compositions"}],"text":"Grout, Donald Jay, and Claude V. Palisca. A History of Western Music, 6th ed. New York: Norton, 2001. ISBN 0-393-97527-4.\nHoppin, Richard H. Medieval Music. New York: W. W. Norton, 1978. ISBN 0-393-09090-6.vteIntervalsTwelve-semitone(post-BachWestern)(Numbers in bracketsare the number ofsemitones in theinterval.)Perfect\nunison (0)\nfourth (5)\nfifth (7)\noctave (12)\nMajor\nsecond (2)\nthird (4)\nsixth (9)\nseventh (11)\nMinor\nsecond (1)\nthird (3)\nsixth (8)\nseventh (10)\nAugmented\nunison (1)\nsecond (3)\nthird (5)\nfourth (6)\nfifth (8)\nsixth (10)\nseventh (12)\nDiminished\nsecond (0)\nthird (2)\nfourth (4)\nfifth (6)\nsixth (7)\nseventh (9)\noctave (11)\nCompound\nninth (13 or 14)\ntenth (15 or 16)\neleventh (17 or 18)\ntwelfth (18 or 19)\nthirteenth (20 or 21)\nfourteenth (22 or 23)\nfifteenth (24)\nOthertuningsystems24-tone equal temperament(Numbers in brackets referto fractional semitones.)Neutral\nquarter tone (1⁄2)\nsecond (1+1⁄2)\nthird (3+1⁄2)\nmajor fourth (5+1⁄2)\nminor fifth (6+1⁄2)\nsixth (8+1⁄2)\nseventh (10+1⁄2)\nJust intonations(Numbers in bracketsrefer to pitch ratios.)7-limit\nseptimal quarter tone (36:35)\nseptimal third tone (28:27)\nseptimal chromatic semitone (21:20)\nseptimal diatonic semitone (15:14)\nsupermajor second (8:7)\nsubminor third (7:6)\nsupermajor third (9:7)\nsubminor fifth (7:5)\nsupermajor fourth (10:7)\nsubminor seventh (7:4)\nHigher-limit\nminor diatonic semitone (17-limit)\nOtherintervalsGroups\nMicrotone\n5-limit\nComma\nPseudo-octave\nPythagorean interval\nSubminor and supermajor\nSemitones\nPythagorean limma\nPythagorean apotome\nMajor limma\nQuarter tones\nQuarter tone\nSeptimal quarter tone\nUndecimal quarter tone\nCommas\nPythagorean comma (23.5 cents)\nSyntonic comma (21.5 cents)\nHoldrian comma (22.6 cents)\nSeptimal comma (27.3 cents)\nLesser diesis (41.1 cents)\nGreater diesis (62.6 cents)\nSeptimal diesis (35.7 cents)\nDiaschisma (19.5 cents)\nSemicomma (10.1 cents)\nSeptimal semicomma (13.8 cents)\nKleisma (8.1 cents)\nSeptimal kleisma (7.7 cents)\nSchisma (1.95 cents)\nBreedsma (0.72 cents)\nRagisma (0.4 cents)\nMeasurement\nCent\nCentitone\nMillioctave\nSavart\nOthers\nWolf\nDitone\nSemiditone\nSecor\nIncomposite interval\n List of pitch intervalsvteTwelve-tone technique and serialismFundamentals\nCombinatoriality\nComplementation\nDerivation\nHexachord\nInterval class\nInvariance\nPartition\nCross partition\nTone row\nAggregate\nList\nPermutations\nPrime row\nRetrograde\nInversion\nRetrograde inversion\nMultiplication\nNotable composers\nMilton Babbitt\nPierre Boulez\nJosef Matthias Hauer\nSecond Viennese School\nAlban Berg\nArnold Schoenberg\nAnton Webern\nCharles Wuorinen\n...more...\nRelated articles\nAll-interval twelve-tone row\nAll-trichord hexachord\nAtonality\nChromatic scale\nDuration series\nEquivalence\nFormula composition\nModernism (music)\nPunctualism\nSemitone\nSet theory\nTime point\nTrope\n List of dodecaphonic and serial compositions","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Minor second","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Minor_second_on_C.png/220px-Minor_second_on_C.png"},{"image_text":"The melodic minor second is an integral part of most cadences of the Common practice period.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Cadence_minor_second.png/220px-Cadence_minor_second.png"},{"image_text":"Harmonic minor second in J. S. Bach's Prelude in C major from the WTC, book 1, mm. 7–9. The minor second may be viewed as a suspension of the B resolving into the following A minor seventh chord.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Bach_minor_second_smaller.png/400px-Bach_minor_second_smaller.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Augmented unison on C","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Augmented_unison_on_C.png/220px-Augmented_unison_on_C.png"},{"image_text":"Augmented unisons often appear as a consequence of secondary dominants, such as those in the soprano voice of this sequence from Felix Mendelssohn's Song Without Words Op. 102 No. 3, mm. 47–49.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Mendelssohn_dominants.png/220px-Mendelssohn_dominants.png"},{"image_text":"Franz Liszt's second Transcendental Étude, measure 63","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Liszt_augmented_unison.png/220px-Liszt_augmented_unison.png"},{"image_text":"Dramatic chromatic scale in the opening measures of Luca Marenzio's Solo e pensoso, ca. 1580.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Marenzio_solo_e_pensoso_chromatic.png/220px-Marenzio_solo_e_pensoso_chromatic.png"},{"image_text":"16:15 diatonic semitone","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Just_diatonic_semitone.png/220px-Just_diatonic_semitone.png"},{"image_text":"16:15 diatonic semitone","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Just_diatonic_semitone_on_C.png/220px-Just_diatonic_semitone_on_C.png"},{"image_text":"'Larger' or major limma on C","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Major_limma_on_C.png/220px-Major_limma_on_C.png"},{"image_text":"Relationship between the 4 common 5 limit semitones","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Semitone_5-limit_diamond.png/300px-Semitone_5-limit_diamond.png"}]
[{"title":"12-tone equal temperament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12_equal_temperament"},{"title":"List of meantone intervals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_meantone_intervals"},{"title":"List of musical intervals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interval_(music)"},{"title":"List of pitch intervals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_pitch_intervals"},{"title":"Approach chord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Approach_chord"},{"title":"Major second","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_second"},{"title":"Neutral second","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_second"},{"title":"Pythagorean interval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagorean_interval"},{"title":"Regular temperament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_temperament"}]
[{"reference":"Duffin, Ross W. (2008). How equal temperament ruined harmony : (and why you should care) (First published as a Norton paperback. ed.). New York: W. W. Norton. p. 163. ISBN 978-0-393-33420-3. Retrieved 28 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=i5LC7Csnw7UC&q=how+equal+temperament+ruined+harmony","url_text":"How equal temperament ruined harmony : (and why you should care)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-33420-3","url_text":"978-0-393-33420-3"}]},{"reference":"Capstick, John Walton (1913). Sound: An Elementary Text-book for Schools and Colleges. Cambridge University Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bwNJAAAAIAAJ&q=most+dissonant-interval+semitone+intitle:sound&pg=PA227","url_text":"Sound: An Elementary Text-book for Schools and Colleges"}]},{"reference":"\"musictheory.net\". www.musictheory.net. Retrieved 2024-01-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.musictheory.net/lessons/20","url_text":"\"musictheory.net\""}]},{"reference":"Wharram, Barbara (2010). Elementary Rudiments of Music (2nd ed.). Mississauga, Ontario: Frederick Harris Music. p. 17. ISBN 978-1-55440-283-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55440-283-0","url_text":"978-1-55440-283-0"}]},{"reference":"Surmani, Andrew; Karen Farnum Surmani; Morton Manus (2009). Alfred's Essentials of Music Theory: A Complete Self-Study Course for All Musicians. Alfred Music Publishing. p. 135. ISBN 978-0-7390-3635-8. Since lowering either note of a perfect unison would actually increase its size, the perfect unison cannot be diminished, only augmented.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Surmani","url_text":"Surmani, Andrew"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7390-3635-8","url_text":"978-0-7390-3635-8"}]},{"reference":"\"[no title cited]\". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. 30. Great Britain: Royal Society: 531. 1880. digitized 26 Feb 2008; Harvard University","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_Royal_Society_of_London","url_text":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London"}]},{"reference":"Fonville, J. (Summer 1991). \"Ben Johnston's extended just intonation – a guide for interpreters\". Perspectives of New Music. 29 (2): 106–137. ... the 25/24 ratio is the sharp (♯) ratio ... this raises a note approximately 70.6 cents.(p109)","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fonville","url_text":"Fonville, J."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Johnston_(composer)","url_text":"Ben Johnston"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perspectives_of_New_Music","url_text":"Perspectives of New Music"}]},{"reference":"Prout, E. (2004). Harmony. p. 325. ISBN 1-4102-1920-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebenezer_Prout","url_text":"Prout, E."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4102-1920-8","url_text":"1-4102-1920-8"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucalyptus_torquata
Eucalyptus torquata
["1 Description","2 Taxonomy","3 Distribution","4 Uses","5 See also","6 References"]
Species of eucalyptus Coral gum Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Eudicots Clade: Rosids Order: Myrtales Family: Myrtaceae Genus: Eucalyptus Species: E. torquata Binomial name Eucalyptus torquataLuehm. Eucalyptus torquata habit Eucalyptus torquata inflorescences Eucalyptus torquata, commonly known as coral gum or Coolgardie gum, is an endemic tree of Western Australia. The species is cultivated for use in gardens and as a street tree. Description A tree, small and stout in form, with beautiful flowers. It reaches between 4 and 11 metres (13 and 36 ft) in height in its native habitat which has a spreading habit. It produces clusters of orange barrel-shaped buds with horned caps, which are followed by prolific red or pink flowers between August and December. The bark is rough and is persistent on the trunk and branches. The bark is fibrous-flaky box type grey-black, grey or black colour bark with whitish patches. The leaves are greyish green in colour, the blade has a lanceolate shape and is 90 to 120 mm (3.5 to 4.7 in) in length and 15 to 20 millimetres (0.6 to 0.8 in) wide. The leaves are basally tapered, the petioles are quadrangular or narrowly flattened or channelled. The conflorescences have a diameter that are 35 mm (1.4 in) with flowers that are normally coral-pink in colour but white, cream and red flowered plants are known. They are simple and axillary with three to seven flowered umbellasters with terete peduncles. The buds have a rostrate or urceolate shape and are not pruinose, the calyx calyptrate sheds early. The fruits that form later have a cylindrical shape with a depressed disc and enclosed valves. Taxonomy The species was first formally described by the botanist Johann George Luehmann in 1897 in Victorian Naturalist. The type specimen was collected by W.A. Macpherson from near Coolgardie. The species name torquata is taken from the latin word torquatus meaning having a twisted ring or collar. This refers to the corrugated structure found at the base of the buds and fruit. Amongst the common names of the species is the use of Christmas tree, given for flowers that appear in December, and Goldfields red flowering gum for the region's mining operations. Distribution Mature tree in native habitat, circa 1920 It is found on hillsides around Kalgoorlie and Coolgardie, and south to about Widgiemooltha in the Goldfields region of Western Australia where it grows in stony loam or clay and red sandy soils. Uses Coral gum is commonly cultivated for small gardens and for use as an ornamental or as a street tree, especially in arid areas. Flowering often occurs in 2 years from seed. It can be grown in large containers in well-drained soils. See also Trees portal List of Eucalyptus species Lemon-flowered Mallee (Eucalyptus woodwardii and Torwood hybrids) References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Eucalyptus torquata. ^ a b Lane-Poole, C. E. (1922). A primer of forestry, with illustrations of the principal forest trees of Western Australia. Perth: F.W. Simpson, government printer. p. 85. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.61019. ^ a b c "Eucalyptus torquata". FloraBase. Western Australian Government Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions. ^ a b c d e "Eucalyptus torquata". Australian Native Plants Society. Retrieved 17 December 2017. ^ a b c d "Eucalyptus torquata". Eucalink. Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney. Retrieved 17 December 2017. ^ "Eucalyptus torquata". Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research. Retrieved 28 May 2020. Taxon identifiersEucalyptus torquata Wikidata: Q5405722 Wikispecies: Eucalyptus torquata APDB: 16526 APNI: 55696 BOLD: 640969 Calflora: 9948 CoL: 3BQLF EoL: 301419 EPPO: EUCTO FoAO2: Eucalyptus torquata GBIF: 3176835 GRIN: 16046 iNaturalist: 179890 IPNI: 593426-1 IRMNG: 10457436 ITIS: 507905 IUCN: 133377380 NCBI: 183858 Open Tree of Life: 173787 Plant List: kew-74042 PLANTS: EUTO11 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:593426-1 RHS: 120239 Tropicos: 100188646 WFO: wfo-0000956049
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eucalyptus_torquata_1c.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eucalyptus_2_Montjuiic.JPG"},{"link_name":"endemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemism"},{"link_name":"Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australia"}],"text":"Eucalyptus torquata habitEucalyptus torquata inflorescencesEucalyptus torquata, commonly known as coral gum or Coolgardie gum, is an endemic tree of Western Australia. The species is cultivated for use in gardens and as a street tree.","title":"Eucalyptus torquata"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lane-Poole1922-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FloraBase-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anps-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FloraBase-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anps-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nsw-4"},{"link_name":"lanceolate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanceolate"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nsw-4"},{"link_name":"conflorescences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflorescence"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anps-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nsw-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CANBR-5"}],"text":"A tree, small and stout in form, with beautiful flowers.[1] It reaches between 4 and 11 metres (13 and 36 ft) in height in its native habitat[2] which has a spreading habit.[3] It produces clusters of orange barrel-shaped buds with horned caps, which are followed by prolific red or pink flowers between August and December. The bark is rough[2] and is persistent on the trunk and branches.[3] The bark is fibrous-flaky box type grey-black, grey or black colour bark with whitish patches.[4] The leaves are greyish green in colour, the blade has a lanceolate shape and is 90 to 120 mm (3.5 to 4.7 in) in length and 15 to 20 millimetres (0.6 to 0.8 in) wide. The leaves are basally tapered, the petioles are quadrangular or narrowly flattened or channelled.[4] The conflorescences have a diameter that are 35 mm (1.4 in) with flowers that are normally coral-pink in colour but white, cream and red flowered plants are known.[3] They are simple and axillary with three to seven flowered umbellasters with terete peduncles. The buds have a rostrate or urceolate shape and are not pruinose, the calyx calyptrate sheds early. The fruits that form later have a cylindrical shape with a depressed disc and enclosed valves.[4][5]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"botanist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanist"},{"link_name":"Johann George Luehmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_George_Luehmann"},{"link_name":"Victorian Naturalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_Naturalist"},{"link_name":"Coolgardie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coolgardie,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nsw-4"},{"link_name":"latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anps-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lane-Poole1922-1"}],"text":"The species was first formally described by the botanist Johann George Luehmann in 1897 in Victorian Naturalist. The type specimen was collected by W.A. Macpherson from near Coolgardie.[4]The species name torquata is taken from the latin word torquatus meaning having a twisted ring or collar. This refers to the corrugated structure found at the base of the buds and fruit.[3]Amongst the common names of the species is the use of Christmas tree, given for flowers that appear in December, and Goldfields red flowering gum for the region's mining operations.[1]","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Goldfields_Red_Flowering_Gum_in_Primer_of_Forestry_Poole_1922.png"},{"link_name":"Kalgoorlie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalgoorlie,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Coolgardie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coolgardie,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Widgiemooltha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widgiemooltha,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Goldfields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldfields-Esperance"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FloraBase-2"}],"text":"Mature tree in native habitat, circa 1920It is found on hillsides around Kalgoorlie and Coolgardie, and south to about Widgiemooltha in the Goldfields region of Western Australia where it grows in stony loam or clay and red sandy soils.[2]","title":"Distribution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anps-3"}],"text":"Coral gum is commonly cultivated for small gardens and for use as an ornamental or as a street tree, especially in arid areas. Flowering often occurs in 2 years from seed. It can be grown in large containers in well-drained soils.[3]","title":"Uses"}]
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[{"reference":"Lane-Poole, C. E. (1922). A primer of forestry, with illustrations of the principal forest trees of Western Australia. Perth: F.W. Simpson, government printer. p. 85. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.61019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Lane-Poole","url_text":"Lane-Poole, C. E."},{"url":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/61019","url_text":"A primer of forestry, with illustrations of the principal forest trees of Western Australia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5962%2Fbhl.title.61019","url_text":"10.5962/bhl.title.61019"}]},{"reference":"\"Eucalyptus torquata\". FloraBase. Western Australian Government Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions.","urls":[{"url":"https://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/5792","url_text":"\"Eucalyptus torquata\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FloraBase","url_text":"FloraBase"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Biodiversity,_Conservation_and_Attractions","url_text":"Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions"}]},{"reference":"\"Eucalyptus torquata\". Australian Native Plants Society. Retrieved 17 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://anpsa.org.au/e-tor.html","url_text":"\"Eucalyptus torquata\""}]},{"reference":"\"Eucalyptus torquata\". Eucalink. Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney. Retrieved 17 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/euctax.pl?/PlantNet/Euc=&name=Eucalyptus+torquata","url_text":"\"Eucalyptus torquata\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Gardens,_Sydney","url_text":"Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney"}]},{"reference":"\"Eucalyptus torquata\". Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research. Retrieved 28 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://apps.lucidcentral.org/euclid/text/entities/eucalyptus_torquata.htm","url_text":"\"Eucalyptus torquata\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pratap_Singh_(Sikh_prince)
Pratap Singh (Sikh prince)
["1 Gallery","2 Notes"]
For other people named Pratap Singh, see Pratap Singh. Partap Singh, son of Sher Singh, seated on a terrace, with an attendant holding a flywhisk Pratap Singh Bahadur (1831 – 15 September 1843) or Tikka Sahib was the eldest son of Sher Singh, Maharaja of Sikh Empire. His mother was Maharani Prem Kaur. He was installed as heir apparent with the title of Tikka Sahib by his father, at Lahore Fort, 27 January 1841. He was killed by Ajit Singh Sandhanwalia with his father and Wazir Dhian Singh Dogra, 15 September 1843. Gallery Painting on ivory of Pratap Singh of Lahore Pratap Singh, prince of the Sikh Empire Notes ^ The encyclopaedia of Sikhism. Vol. 3. Harbans Singh. Patiala: Punjabi University. 1992–1998. pp. 306–307. ISBN 0-8364-2883-8. OCLC 29703420.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) vteSikh EmpireRulers Ranjit Singh Kharak Singh Nau Nihal Singh Chand Kaur Sher Singh Jind Kaur Duleep Singh MilitaryconflictsMughal-Sikh Wars Battle of Bhangani Nadaun Basoli 1st Anandpur 2nd Anandpur Chamkaur Sarsa Muktsar Sonepat Samana Sirhind Sadhaura Chappar Chiri Rahon Lohgarh Jalalabad Jammu Gurdas Nangal Delhi Afghan–Sikh wars Battle of Attock Battle of Multan Battle of Shopian Battle of Nowshera Battle of Peshawar Battle of Jamrud First Anglo-Sikh War Battle of Mudki Battle of Ferozeshah Battle of Aliwal Battle of Sobraon Second Anglo-Sikh War Battle of Ramnagar Battle of Chillianwala Siege of Multan Battle of Gujrat OthersNepal–Sikh War, Sino-Sikh war, Katoch–Sikh War, Hill States–Sikh Wars, Panchayati Revolution, List of battles involving the Sikh EmpireMilitary forces Sikh Khalsa Army Fauj-i-Khas Fauj-i-Ain Adversaries Mughal Empire Durrani Empire Emirate of Afghanistan British East India Company Kingdom of Nepal Qing Empire Hill States Alliance Kingdom of Mankera Namgyal dynasty Barakzai dynasty Sudhans of Poonch Maqpon Dynasty Forts Jamrud Fort Multan Fort Harkishangarh Lahore Fort Zorawar Fort Officials and warriorsNatives Dhian Singh Diwan Dina Nath Diwan Bhawani Das Diwan Buta Singh Pratap Singh Misr Diwan Chand Diwan Mulraj Hari Singh Nalwa Mahan Singh Mirpuri Dewan Mokham Chand Khushal Singh Jamadar Zorawar Singh Tej Singh Lal Singh Gulab Singh Balbhadra Kunwar Jawahar Singh Mehta Basti Ram Sham Singh Attariwalla Sher Singh Attariwalla Chattar Singh Attariwalla Amar Singh Majithia Lehna Singh Majithia Ranjodh Singh Majithia Surat Singh Majithia Mangal Singh Ramgarhia Akali Phula Singh Chandu Lal Ajit Singh Sandhawalia Kahan Singh Nakai Sangat Singh Saini Hukma Singh Veer Singh Jarnail Ghaus Khan Ilahi Bakhsh Fakir Azizuddin Sultan Mahmud Khan Malik Fateh Khan Tiwana Foreigners Jean-François Allard Jean-Baptiste Ventura Claude Auguste Court François Henri Mouton Alexander Gardner Paolo Avitabile Josiah Harlan Johann Martin Honigberger Henry Lawrence Influential families Sandhawalia family Majithia family Tiwana family Treaties Treaty of Amritsar (1809) Treaty of Chushul (1842) Treaty of Lahore (1846) Treaty of Amritsar (1846) This Sikh biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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His mother was Maharani Prem Kaur.[1]He was installed as heir apparent with the title of Tikka Sahib by his father, at Lahore Fort, 27 January 1841.He was killed by Ajit Singh Sandhanwalia with his father and Wazir Dhian Singh Dogra, 15 September 1843.","title":"Pratap Singh (Sikh prince)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sahibzada-Pratap-Singh-Of-Lahore.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pratap_Singh,_prince_of_the_Sikhs.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sikh Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh_Empire"}],"text":"Painting on ivory of Pratap Singh of Lahore\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPratap Singh, prince of the Sikh Empire","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"The encyclopaedia of 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Azizuddin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fakir_Azizuddin"},{"link_name":"Sultan Mahmud Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_Mahmud_Khan"},{"link_name":"Malik Fateh Khan Tiwana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malik_Fateh_Khan_Tiwana"},{"link_name":"Jean-François Allard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Allard"},{"link_name":"Jean-Baptiste Ventura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Ventura"},{"link_name":"Claude Auguste Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Auguste_Court"},{"link_name":"François Henri Mouton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Henri_Mouton"},{"link_name":"Alexander Gardner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Gardner_(soldier)"},{"link_name":"Paolo Avitabile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paolo_Avitabile"},{"link_name":"Josiah Harlan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josiah_Harlan"},{"link_name":"Johann Martin Honigberger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Martin_Honigberger"},{"link_name":"Henry Lawrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Lawrence_(Indian_Army_officer)"},{"link_name":"Sandhawalia family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandhawalia"},{"link_name":"Majithia family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majithia_family"},{"link_name":"Tiwana family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiwana_family_of_Shahpur"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Amritsar (1809)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Amritsar_(1809)"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Chushul (1842)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Chushul"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Lahore (1846)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Lahore"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Amritsar (1846)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Amritsar_(1846)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ek_onkar.svg"},{"link_name":"Sikh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pratap_Singh_(Sikh_prince)&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Sikh-bio-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Sikh-bio-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sikh-bio-stub"}],"text":"^ The encyclopaedia of Sikhism. Vol. 3. Harbans Singh. Patiala: Punjabi University. 1992–1998. pp. 306–307. ISBN 0-8364-2883-8. OCLC 29703420.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)vteSikh EmpireRulers\nRanjit Singh\nKharak Singh\nNau Nihal Singh\nChand Kaur\nSher Singh\nJind Kaur\nDuleep Singh\nMilitaryconflictsMughal-Sikh Wars\nBattle of Bhangani\nNadaun\nBasoli\n1st Anandpur\n2nd Anandpur\nChamkaur\nSarsa\nMuktsar\nSonepat\nSamana\nSirhind\nSadhaura\nChappar Chiri\nRahon\nLohgarh\nJalalabad\nJammu\nGurdas Nangal\nDelhi\nAfghan–Sikh wars\nBattle of Attock\nBattle of Multan\nBattle of Shopian\nBattle of Nowshera\nBattle of Peshawar\nBattle of Jamrud\nFirst Anglo-Sikh War\nBattle of Mudki\nBattle of Ferozeshah\nBattle of Aliwal\nBattle of Sobraon\nSecond Anglo-Sikh War\nBattle of Ramnagar\nBattle of Chillianwala\nSiege of Multan\nBattle of Gujrat\nOthersNepal–Sikh War, Sino-Sikh war, Katoch–Sikh War, Hill States–Sikh Wars, Panchayati Revolution, List of battles involving the Sikh EmpireMilitary forces\nSikh Khalsa Army\nFauj-i-Khas\nFauj-i-Ain\nAdversaries\nMughal Empire\nDurrani Empire\nEmirate of Afghanistan\nBritish East India Company\nKingdom of Nepal\nQing Empire\nHill States Alliance\nKingdom of Mankera\nNamgyal dynasty\nBarakzai dynasty\nSudhans of Poonch\nMaqpon Dynasty\nForts\nJamrud Fort\nMultan Fort\nHarkishangarh\nLahore Fort\nZorawar Fort\nOfficials and warriorsNatives\nDhian Singh\nDiwan Dina Nath\nDiwan Bhawani Das\nDiwan Buta Singh\nPratap Singh\nMisr Diwan Chand\nDiwan Mulraj\nHari Singh Nalwa\nMahan Singh Mirpuri\nDewan Mokham Chand\nKhushal Singh Jamadar\nZorawar Singh\nTej Singh\nLal Singh\nGulab Singh\nBalbhadra Kunwar\nJawahar Singh\nMehta Basti Ram\nSham Singh Attariwalla\nSher Singh Attariwalla\nChattar Singh Attariwalla\nAmar Singh Majithia\nLehna Singh Majithia\nRanjodh Singh Majithia\nSurat Singh Majithia\nMangal Singh Ramgarhia\nAkali Phula Singh\nChandu Lal\nAjit Singh Sandhawalia\nKahan Singh Nakai\nSangat Singh Saini\nHukma Singh\nVeer Singh\nJarnail Ghaus Khan\nIlahi Bakhsh\nFakir Azizuddin\nSultan Mahmud Khan\nMalik Fateh Khan Tiwana\nForeigners\nJean-François Allard\nJean-Baptiste Ventura\nClaude Auguste Court\nFrançois Henri Mouton\nAlexander Gardner\nPaolo Avitabile\nJosiah Harlan\nJohann Martin Honigberger\nHenry Lawrence\nInfluential families\nSandhawalia family\nMajithia family\nTiwana family\nTreaties\nTreaty of Amritsar (1809)\nTreaty of Chushul (1842)\nTreaty of Lahore (1846)\nTreaty of Amritsar (1846)This Sikh biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Notes"}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/29703420","external_links_name":"The encyclopaedia of Sikhism"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/29703420","external_links_name":"29703420"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pratap_Singh_(Sikh_prince)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subgranular_zone
Subgranular zone
["1 Structure","1.1 Neural stem cells and neurons","1.2 Astrocytes","1.3 Endothelial cells and blood vessels","2 Hippocampal neurogenesis","2.1 Regulation of neurogenesis","2.2 Role in memory and learning","3 Clinical significance","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
The subgranular zone (in rat brain). (A) Regions of the dentate gyrus: the hilus, subgranular zone (sgz), granule cell layer (GCL), and molecular layer (ML). Cells were stained for doublecortin (DCX), a protein expressed by neuronal precursor cells and immature neurons. (B) Closeup of subgranular zone, located between the hilus and GCL. From a paper by Charlotte A. Oomen, et al., 2009. The subgranular zone (SGZ) is a brain region in the hippocampus where adult neurogenesis occurs. The other major site of adult neurogenesis is the subventricular zone (SVZ) in the brain. Structure The subgranular zone is a narrow layer of cells located between the granule cell layer and hilus of the dentate gyrus. This layer is characterized by several types of cells, the most prominent type being neural stem cells (NSCs) in various stages of development. However, in addition to NSCs, there are also astrocytes, endothelial cells, blood vessels, and other components, which form a microenvironment that supports the NSCs and regulates their proliferation, migration, and differentiation. The discovery of this complex microenvironment and its crucial role in NSC development has led some to label it as a neurogenic “niche”. It is also frequently referred to as a vascular, or angiogenic, niche due to the importance and pervasiveness of the blood vessels in the SGZ. Neural stem cells and neurons Structure and features of the neurogenic niche. Adapted from a paper by Ilias Kazanis, et al., 2008. The brain comprises many different types of neurons, but the SGZ generates only one type: granule cells—the primary excitatory neurons in the dentate gyrus (DG)--which are thought to contribute to cognitive functions such as memory and learning. The progression from neural stem cell to granule cell in the SGZ can be described by tracing the following lineage of cell types: Radial glial cells. Radial glial cells are a subset of astrocytes, which are typically thought of as non-neuronal support cells. The radial glial cells in the SGZ have cell bodies that reside in the SGZ and vertical (or radial) processes that extend into the molecular layer of the DG. These processes act as a scaffold upon which newly formed neurons can migrate the short distance from the SGZ to the granule cell layer. Radial glia are astrocytic in their morphology, their expression of glial markers such as GFAP, and their function in regulating the NSC microenvironment. However, unlike most astrocytes, they also act as neurogenic progenitors; in fact, they are widely considered to be the neural stem cells that give rise to subsequent neuronal precursor cells. Studies have shown that radial glia in the SGZ express nestin and Sox2, biomarkers associated with neural stem cells, and that isolated radial glia can generate new neurons in vitro. Radial glial cells often divide asymmetrically, producing one new stem cell and one neuronal precursor cell per division. Thus, they have the capacity for self-renewal, enabling them to maintain the stem cell population while simultaneously producing the subsequent neuronal precursors known as transiently amplifying cells. Transiently amplifying progenitor cells. Transiently amplifying (or transit-amplifying) progenitor cells are highly proliferative cells that frequently divide and multiply via mitosis, thus "amplifying" the pool of available precursor cells. They represent the beginning of a transitory stage in NSC development in which NSCs begin to lose their glial characteristics and assume more neuronal traits. For instance, cells in this category may initially express glial markers like GFAP and stem cell markers such as nestin and Sox2, but eventually, they lose these characteristics and begin expressing markers specific to granule cells such as NeuroD and Prox1. It is thought that the formation of these cells represents a fate-choice in neural stem cell development. Neuroblasts. Neuroblasts represent the last stage of precursor cell development before cells exit the cell cycle and assume their identity as neurons. Proliferation of these cells is more limited, although cerebral ischemia can induce proliferation at this stage. Postmitotic neurons. At this point, after exiting the cell cycle, cells are considered immature neurons. The large majority of postmitotic neurons undergo apoptosis, or cell death. The few that survive begin developing the morphology of hippocampal granule cells, marked by the extension of dendrites into the molecular layer of the DG and the growth of axons into the CA3 region, and subsequently the formation of synaptic connections. Postmitotic neurons also pass through a late maturation phase characterized by increased synaptic plasticity and a decreased threshold for long-term potentiation. Eventually, the neurons are integrated into the hippocampal circuitry as fully matured granule cells. Astrocytes Two main types of astrocytes are found in the SGZ: radial astrocytes and horizontal astrocytes. Radial astrocytes are synonymous with the radial glia cells described earlier and play dual roles as both glial cells and neural stem cells. It is not clear whether individual radial astrocytes can play both roles or only certain radial astrocytes can give rise to NSCs. Horizontal astrocytes do not have radial processes; rather, they extend their processes horizontally, parallel to the border between the hilus and the SGZ. Moreover, they do not appear to generate neuronal progenitors. Because astrocytes are in close contact with many of the other cells in the SGZ, they are well-suited to serve as sensory and regulatory channels in neurogenesis. Endothelial cells and blood vessels Endothelial cells, which line the blood vessels in the SGZ, are a critical component in the regulation of stem cell self-renewal and neurogenesis. These cells, which reside in close proximity to clusters of proliferating neurogenic cells, provide attachment points for neurogenic cells and release diffusible signals such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) that help induce both angiogenesis and neurogenesis. In fact, studies have shown that neurogenesis and angiogenesis share several common signaling pathways, implying that neurogenic cells and endothelial cells in the SGZ have a reciprocal effect on one another. Blood vessels carry hormones and other molecules that act on the cells in the SGZ to regulate neurogenesis and angiogenesis. Hippocampal neurogenesis The main function of the SGZ is to carry out hippocampal neurogenesis, the process by which new neurons are bred and functionally integrated into the granular cell layer of the dentate gyrus. Contrary to long-standing beliefs, neurogenesis in the SGZ occurs not only during prenatal development but throughout adult life in most mammals, including humans. Regulation of neurogenesis The self-renewal, fate-choice, proliferation, migration, and differentiation of neural stem cells in the SGZ are regulated by many signaling molecules in the SGZ, including several neurotransmitters. For example, Notch is a signaling protein that regulates fate-choice, generally maintaining stem cells in a state of self-renewal. Neurotrophins such as brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nerve growth factor (NGF) are also present in the SGZ and are presumed to affect neurogenesis, though the exact mechanisms are unclear. Wnt and bone morphogenic protein (BMP) signaling also are neurogenesis regulators, as well as classical neurotransmitters such as glutamate, GABA, dopamine, and serotonin. Neurogenesis in the SGZ is also affected by various environmental factors such as age and stress. Age-related decreases in the rate of neurogenesis are consistently observed in both the laboratory and the clinic, but the most potent environmental inhibitor of neurogenesis in the SGZ is stress. Stressors such as sleep deprivation and psychosocial stress induce the release of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex into circulation, which inhibits neural cell proliferation, survival, and differentiation. There is experimental evidence that stress-induced reductions in neurogenesis can be countered with antidepressants. Other environmental factors such as physical exercise and continual learning can also have a positive effect on neurogenesis, stimulating cell proliferation despite increased levels of glucocorticoids in circulation. Role in memory and learning There is a reciprocal relationship between neurogenesis in the SGZ and learning and memory, particularly spatial memory. On the one hand, high rates of neurogenesis may increase memory abilities. For instance, the high rate of neurogenesis and neuronal turnover in young animals may be the reason behind their ability to rapidly acquire new memories and learn new tasks. There is a hypothesis that the constant formation of new neurons is the reason newly acquired memories have a temporal aspect. On the other hand, learning, particularly spatial learning, which depends on the hippocampus, has a positive effect on cell survival and induces cell proliferation through increased synaptic activity and neurotransmitter release. Although more work needs to be done to solidify the relationship between hippocampal neurogenesis and memory, it is clear from cases of hippocampal degeneration that neurogenesis is necessary in order for the brain to cope with changes in the external environment and to produce new memories in a temporally correct manner. Clinical significance There are many neurological diseases and disorders that exhibit changes in neurogenesis in the SGZ. However, the mechanisms and significances of these changes are still not fully understood. For example, patients with Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease generally exhibit a decrease in cell proliferation, which is expected. However, those who experience epilepsy, a stroke, or inflammation exhibit increases in neurogenesis, possible evidence of attempts by the brain to repair itself. Further definition of the mechanisms and consequences of these changes may lead to new therapies for these neurological disorders. Insights into neurogenesis in the SGZ may also provide clues in understanding the underlying mechanisms of cancer, since cancer cells exhibit many of the same characteristics of undifferentiated, proliferating precursor cells in the SGZ. Separation of precursor cells from the regulatory microenvironment of the SGZ may be a factor in the formation of cancerous tumors. See also Neurogenesis Subventricular zone Stem cell niche References ^ Ohira, Koji (2023). "Cortical adult neurogenesis and its biological implication". Clinical and Experimental Neuroimmunology. 14: 44–51. doi:10.1111/cen3.12652. ISSN 1759-1961. S2CID 236282146. ^ Doetsch, Fiona (2003). "A niche for adult neural stem cells". Current Opinion in Genetics & Development. 13 (5): 543–550. doi:10.1016/j.gde.2003.08.012. PMID 14550422. ^ a b Riquelme, Patricio A.; Drapeau, Elodie; Doetsch, Fiona (2008). "Brain micro-ecologies: Neural stem cell niches in the adult mammalian brain". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 363 (1489): 123–137. doi:10.1098/rstb.2006.2016. PMC 2605490. PMID 17322003. ^ Ma, D. K., Ming, G., Gage, F. H., & Song, H. (2008). Neurogenic Niches in the Adult Mammalian Brain. In F. H. Gage, G. Kempermann, & H. Song (Eds.), Adult Neurogenesis (pp. 207-225). Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. ^ Tavazoie, Masoud; Van Der Veken, Lieven; Silva-Vargas, Violeta; Louissaint, Marjorie; Colonna, Lucrezia; Zaidi, Bushra; Garcia-Verdugo, Jose Manuel; Doetsch, Fiona (2008). "A Specialized Vascular Niche for Adult Neural Stem Cells". Cell Stem Cell. 3 (3): 279–288. doi:10.1016/j.stem.2008.07.025. PMC 6864413. PMID 18786415. ^ Kempermann, G., Song, H., & Gage, F. H. (2008). Neurogenesis in the Adult Hippocampus. In F. H. Gage, G. Kempermann, & H. Song (Eds.), Adult Neurogenesis (pp. 159-174). Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. ^ Seri, Bettina; García-Verdugo, José Manuel; Collado-Morente, Lucia; McEwen, Bruce S.; Alvarez-Buylla, Arturo (2004). "Cell types, lineage, and architecture of the germinal zone in the adult dentate gyrus". Journal of Comparative Neurology. 478 (4): 359–378. doi:10.1002/cne.20288. PMID 15384070. S2CID 38269066. ^ Palmer, Theo D.; Takahashi, Jun; Gage, Fred H. (1997). "The Adult Rat Hippocampus Contains Primordial Neural Stem Cells". Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience. 8 (6): 389–404. doi:10.1006/mcne.1996.0595. PMID 9143557. S2CID 6264449. ^ Doetsch, Fiona (2003). "The glial identity of neural stem cells". Nature Neuroscience. 6 (11): 1127–1134. doi:10.1038/nn1144. PMID 14583753. S2CID 16088822. ^ Seri, Bettina; Garcı́a-Verdugo, Jose Manuel; McEwen, Bruce S.; Alvarez-Buylla, Arturo (2001). "Astrocytes Give Rise to New Neurons in the Adult Mammalian Hippocampus". The Journal of Neuroscience. 21 (18): 7153–7160. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.21-18-07153.2001. PMC 6762987. PMID 11549726. ^ Johnson, Madeleine A.; Ables, Jessica L.; Eisch, Amelia J. (2009). "Cell-intrinsic signals that regulate adult neurogenesis in vivo: Insights from inducible approaches". BMB Reports. 42 (5): 245–259. doi:10.5483/bmbrep.2009.42.5.245. PMC 3601036. PMID 19470237. ^ Abrous, D. N., & Wojtowicz, J. M. (2008). Neurogenesis and Hippocampal Memory System. In F. H. Gage, G. Kempermann, & H. Song (Eds.), Adult Neurogenesis (pp. 445-461). Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. ^ Das, Sulagna; Basu, Anirban (2008). "Inflammation: A new candidate in modulating adult neurogenesis". Journal of Neuroscience Research. 86 (6): 1199–1208. doi:10.1002/jnr.21585. PMID 18058947. S2CID 23106806. ^ doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2009.12.013 ^ Limke, Tobi L.; Rao, Mahendra S. (2003). "Neural Stem Cell Therapy in the Aging Brain: Pitfalls and Possibilities". Journal of Hematotherapy & Stem Cell Research. 12 (6): 615–623. doi:10.1089/15258160360732641. PMID 14977471. External links Media related to Subgranular zone at Wikimedia Commons
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The other major site of adult neurogenesis is the subventricular zone (SVZ) in the brain.[1]","title":"Subgranular zone"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"granule cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granule_cell"},{"link_name":"hilus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentate_hilus"},{"link_name":"dentate gyrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentate_gyrus"},{"link_name":"neural stem cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_stem_cell"},{"link_name":"astrocytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrocyte"},{"link_name":"endothelial cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endothelium"},{"link_name":"“niche”","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem_cell_niche"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Doetsch2003a-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Riquelme2008-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ma2008-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tavazoie2008-5"}],"text":"The subgranular zone is a narrow layer of cells located between the granule cell layer and hilus of the dentate gyrus. This layer is characterized by several types of cells, the most prominent type being neural stem cells (NSCs) in various stages of development. However, in addition to NSCs, there are also astrocytes, endothelial cells, blood vessels, and other components, which form a microenvironment that supports the NSCs and regulates their proliferation, migration, and differentiation. The discovery of this complex microenvironment and its crucial role in NSC development has led some to label it as a neurogenic “niche”.[2][3][4] It is also frequently referred to as a vascular, or angiogenic, niche due to the importance and pervasiveness of the blood vessels in the SGZ.[5]","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Subgranular_zone_structure_and_components.png"},{"link_name":"neurons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuron"},{"link_name":"granule cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granule_cell"},{"link_name":"excitatory neurons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excitatory_neuron"},{"link_name":"dentate gyrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentate_gyrus"},{"link_name":"memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory"},{"link_name":"learning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learning"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kemperman2008-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Seri2004-7"},{"link_name":"Radial glial cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radial_glia"},{"link_name":"astrocytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrocyte"},{"link_name":"markers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomarker_(cell)"},{"link_name":"GFAP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glial_fibrillary_acidic_protein"},{"link_name":"nestin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nestin_(protein)"},{"link_name":"Sox2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SOX2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Palmer1997-8"},{"link_name":"asymmetrically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymmetric_cell_division"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Doetsch2003b-9"},{"link_name":"progenitor cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progenitor_cell"},{"link_name":"mitosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitosis"},{"link_name":"NeuroD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEUROD"},{"link_name":"Prox1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PROX1"},{"link_name":"fate-choice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_fate_determination"},{"link_name":"Neuroblasts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroblast"},{"link_name":"cell cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_cycle"},{"link_name":"cerebral ischemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_ischemia"},{"link_name":"apoptosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apoptosis"},{"link_name":"synaptic plasticity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synaptic_plasticity"},{"link_name":"long-term potentiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-term_potentiation"}],"sub_title":"Neural stem cells and neurons","text":"Structure and features of the neurogenic niche. Adapted from a paper by Ilias Kazanis, et al., 2008.The brain comprises many different types of neurons, but the SGZ generates only one type: granule cells—the primary excitatory neurons in the dentate gyrus (DG)--which are thought to contribute to cognitive functions such as memory and learning. The progression from neural stem cell to granule cell in the SGZ can be described by tracing the following lineage of cell types:[6][7]Radial glial cells. Radial glial cells are a subset of astrocytes, which are typically thought of as non-neuronal support cells. The radial glial cells in the SGZ have cell bodies that reside in the SGZ and vertical (or radial) processes that extend into the molecular layer of the DG. These processes act as a scaffold upon which newly formed neurons can migrate the short distance from the SGZ to the granule cell layer. Radial glia are astrocytic in their morphology, their expression of glial markers such as GFAP, and their function in regulating the NSC microenvironment. However, unlike most astrocytes, they also act as neurogenic progenitors; in fact, they are widely considered to be the neural stem cells that give rise to subsequent neuronal precursor cells. Studies have shown that radial glia in the SGZ express nestin and Sox2, biomarkers associated with neural stem cells, and that isolated radial glia can generate new neurons in vitro.[8] Radial glial cells often divide asymmetrically, producing one new stem cell and one neuronal precursor cell per division. Thus, they have the capacity for self-renewal, enabling them to maintain the stem cell population while simultaneously producing the subsequent neuronal precursors known as transiently amplifying cells.[9]\nTransiently amplifying progenitor cells. Transiently amplifying (or transit-amplifying) progenitor cells are highly proliferative cells that frequently divide and multiply via mitosis, thus \"amplifying\" the pool of available precursor cells. They represent the beginning of a transitory stage in NSC development in which NSCs begin to lose their glial characteristics and assume more neuronal traits. For instance, cells in this category may initially express glial markers like GFAP and stem cell markers such as nestin and Sox2, but eventually, they lose these characteristics and begin expressing markers specific to granule cells such as NeuroD and Prox1. It is thought that the formation of these cells represents a fate-choice in neural stem cell development.\nNeuroblasts. Neuroblasts represent the last stage of precursor cell development before cells exit the cell cycle and assume their identity as neurons. Proliferation of these cells is more limited, although cerebral ischemia can induce proliferation at this stage.\nPostmitotic neurons. At this point, after exiting the cell cycle, cells are considered immature neurons. The large majority of postmitotic neurons undergo apoptosis, or cell death. The few that survive begin developing the morphology of hippocampal granule cells, marked by the extension of dendrites into the molecular layer of the DG and the growth of axons into the CA3 region, and subsequently the formation of synaptic connections. Postmitotic neurons also pass through a late maturation phase characterized by increased synaptic plasticity and a decreased threshold for long-term potentiation. Eventually, the neurons are integrated into the hippocampal circuitry as fully matured granule cells.","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"astrocytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrocyte"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Seri2001b-10"}],"sub_title":"Astrocytes","text":"Two main types of astrocytes are found in the SGZ: radial astrocytes and horizontal astrocytes. Radial astrocytes are synonymous with the radial glia cells described earlier and play dual roles as both glial cells and neural stem cells.[10] It is not clear whether individual radial astrocytes can play both roles or only certain radial astrocytes can give rise to NSCs. Horizontal astrocytes do not have radial processes; rather, they extend their processes horizontally, parallel to the border between the hilus and the SGZ. Moreover, they do not appear to generate neuronal progenitors. Because astrocytes are in close contact with many of the other cells in the SGZ, they are well-suited to serve as sensory and regulatory channels in neurogenesis.","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Endothelial cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endothelium"},{"link_name":"vascular endothelial growth factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_endothelial_growth_factor"},{"link_name":"angiogenesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiogenesis"},{"link_name":"signaling pathways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_transduction"},{"link_name":"hormones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormone"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Riquelme2008-3"}],"sub_title":"Endothelial cells and blood vessels","text":"Endothelial cells, which line the blood vessels in the SGZ, are a critical component in the regulation of stem cell self-renewal and neurogenesis. These cells, which reside in close proximity to clusters of proliferating neurogenic cells, provide attachment points for neurogenic cells and release diffusible signals such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) that help induce both angiogenesis and neurogenesis. In fact, studies have shown that neurogenesis and angiogenesis share several common signaling pathways, implying that neurogenic cells and endothelial cells in the SGZ have a reciprocal effect on one another. Blood vessels carry hormones and other molecules that act on the cells in the SGZ to regulate neurogenesis and angiogenesis.[3]","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"prenatal development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prenatal_development"}],"text":"The main function of the SGZ is to carry out hippocampal neurogenesis, the process by which new neurons are bred and functionally integrated into the granular cell layer of the dentate gyrus. Contrary to long-standing beliefs, neurogenesis in the SGZ occurs not only during prenatal development but throughout adult life in most mammals, including humans.","title":"Hippocampal neurogenesis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"neurotransmitters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotransmitter"},{"link_name":"Notch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notch_protein"},{"link_name":"Neurotrophins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotrophins"},{"link_name":"brain derived neurotrophic factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_derived_neurotrophic_factor"},{"link_name":"nerve growth factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerve_growth_factor"},{"link_name":"Wnt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wnt_signaling_pathway"},{"link_name":"glutamate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamate"},{"link_name":"GABA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GABA"},{"link_name":"dopamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine"},{"link_name":"serotonin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Johnson2009-11"},{"link_name":"stress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_(biology)"},{"link_name":"glucocorticoids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucocorticoid"},{"link_name":"adrenal cortex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenal_cortex"}],"sub_title":"Regulation of neurogenesis","text":"The self-renewal, fate-choice, proliferation, migration, and differentiation of neural stem cells in the SGZ are regulated by many signaling molecules in the SGZ, including several neurotransmitters. For example, Notch is a signaling protein that regulates fate-choice, generally maintaining stem cells in a state of self-renewal. Neurotrophins such as brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nerve growth factor (NGF) are also present in the SGZ and are presumed to affect neurogenesis, though the exact mechanisms are unclear. Wnt and bone morphogenic protein (BMP) signaling also are neurogenesis regulators, as well as classical neurotransmitters such as glutamate, GABA, dopamine, and serotonin.[11]\nNeurogenesis in the SGZ is also affected by various environmental factors such as age and stress. Age-related decreases in the rate of neurogenesis are consistently observed in both the laboratory and the clinic, but the most potent environmental inhibitor of neurogenesis in the SGZ is stress. Stressors such as sleep deprivation and psychosocial stress induce the release of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex into circulation, which inhibits neural cell proliferation, survival, and differentiation. There is experimental evidence that stress-induced reductions in neurogenesis can be countered with antidepressants. Other environmental factors such as physical exercise and continual learning can also have a positive effect on neurogenesis, stimulating cell proliferation despite increased levels of glucocorticoids in circulation.","title":"Hippocampal neurogenesis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"learning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learning"},{"link_name":"memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Abrous-12"}],"sub_title":"Role in memory and learning","text":"There is a reciprocal relationship between neurogenesis in the SGZ and learning and memory, particularly spatial memory.[12] On the one hand, high rates of neurogenesis may increase memory abilities. For instance, the high rate of neurogenesis and neuronal turnover in young animals may be the reason behind their ability to rapidly acquire new memories and learn new tasks. There is a hypothesis that the constant formation of new neurons is the reason newly acquired memories have a temporal aspect. On the other hand, learning, particularly spatial learning, which depends on the hippocampus, has a positive effect on cell survival and induces cell proliferation through increased synaptic activity and neurotransmitter release. Although more work needs to be done to solidify the relationship between hippocampal neurogenesis and memory, it is clear from cases of hippocampal degeneration that neurogenesis is necessary in order for the brain to cope with changes in the external environment and to produce new memories in a temporally correct manner.","title":"Hippocampal neurogenesis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Parkinson's disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease"},{"link_name":"Alzheimer's disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease"},{"link_name":"epilepsy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epilepsy"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Das2008-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DeCarolis2010-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Limke2003-15"}],"text":"There are many neurological diseases and disorders that exhibit changes in neurogenesis in the SGZ. However, the mechanisms and significances of these changes are still not fully understood. For example, patients with Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease generally exhibit a decrease in cell proliferation, which is expected. However, those who experience epilepsy, a stroke, or inflammation exhibit increases in neurogenesis, possible evidence of attempts by the brain to repair itself. Further definition of the mechanisms and consequences of these changes may lead to new therapies for these neurological disorders. \nInsights into neurogenesis in the SGZ may also provide clues in understanding the underlying mechanisms of cancer, since cancer cells exhibit many of the same characteristics of undifferentiated, proliferating precursor cells in the SGZ. Separation of precursor cells from the regulatory microenvironment of the SGZ may be a factor in the formation of cancerous tumors.[13][14][15]","title":"Clinical significance"}]
[{"image_text":"The subgranular zone (in rat brain). (A) Regions of the dentate gyrus: the hilus, subgranular zone (sgz), granule cell layer (GCL), and molecular layer (ML). Cells were stained for doublecortin (DCX), a protein expressed by neuronal precursor cells and immature neurons. (B) Closeup of subgranular zone, located between the hilus and GCL. From a paper by Charlotte A. Oomen, et al., 2009.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Doublecortin_expression-2.png/400px-Doublecortin_expression-2.png"},{"image_text":"Structure and features of the neurogenic niche. Adapted from a paper by Ilias Kazanis, et al., 2008.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Subgranular_zone_structure_and_components.png/220px-Subgranular_zone_structure_and_components.png"}]
[{"title":"Neurogenesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurogenesis"},{"title":"Subventricular zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subventricular_zone"},{"title":"Stem cell niche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem_cell_niche"}]
[{"reference":"Ohira, Koji (2023). \"Cortical adult neurogenesis and its biological implication\". Clinical and Experimental Neuroimmunology. 14: 44–51. doi:10.1111/cen3.12652. ISSN 1759-1961. S2CID 236282146.","urls":[{"url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/cen3.12652","url_text":"\"Cortical adult neurogenesis and its biological implication\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fcen3.12652","url_text":"10.1111/cen3.12652"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1759-1961","url_text":"1759-1961"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:236282146","url_text":"236282146"}]},{"reference":"Doetsch, Fiona (2003). \"A niche for adult neural stem cells\". Current Opinion in Genetics & Development. 13 (5): 543–550. doi:10.1016/j.gde.2003.08.012. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazin%27_(Trina_album)
Amazin' (Trina album)
["1 Background and development","2 Commercial performance","3 Reception","4 Release and promotion","5 Singles","5.1 Unreleased singles","6 Track listing","7 Personnel","8 Charts","8.1 Weekly charts","8.2 Year-end charts","9 References"]
2010 studio album by TrinaAmazin'Studio album by TrinaReleasedMay 4, 2010 (2010-05-04)Recorded2009–2010Genre Hip hop hip hop soul R&B Length53:22Label EMI Slip-N-Slide DP Entertainmwnt Producer Cozmo DJ Frank E BlackOut Movement Mario Winans GoodWill & MGI CP Hollywood Jim Jonsin J.U.S.T.I.C.E. League Oddz N Endz Schife & OhZeem Maxwell Smart Travis Spicey Lady Gaga Trina chronology Still da Baddest(2008) Amazin'(2010) The One(2019) Singles from Amazin' "That's My Attitude"Released: August 21, 2009 "Million Dollar Girl"Released: January 12, 2010 "Always"Released: April 20, 2010 "White Girl"Released: June 29, 2010 Amazin' is the fifth studio album by the American rapper Trina. It was released by Slip-N-Slide Records on May 4, 2010, in North America. It includes the singles "That's My Attitude", "Million Dollar Girl", the R&B hit "Always" and "White Girl". Background and development Amazin' has collaborations with Nicki Minaj, Keri Hilson, Diddy, Kalenna Harper of Diddy-Dirty Money, Monica, Flo Rida, Lyfe Jennings and Shonie. In an interview with BET about the album, Trina said, "My fans can expect to embrace my versatility and growth, professionally and personally. I am truly excited to share my new album with my fans. I worked with wonderful artists... It is a blessing to be a woman in the hip-hop industry to be able to put out a fifth album under my career." The album's cover art was revealed on March 26, 2010. The vocals of Lady Gaga, who also co-wrote "Let Dem Hoes Fight", were replaced by Kalenna of Dirty Money, because of issues with Gaga's record label. Commercial performance The album entered the US Billboard 200 at number 13, number two on the Billboard Top Rap Albums, number one on Independent Albums and number four on Billboard Top R&B/Hip Hop Albums charts. It sold more than 32,000 copies in its first week. By May 2011, the album had sold 300,000 copies in the United States. Reception Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingHip Hop U-C-ITAllmusicRapReviews(7/10)DJ Booth An album preview was held on February 19 when critics were able to preview 10 of the 15 tracks on the album. Many critics commented on the album's preview, with one saying, "Amazin' is catered for the dance floor – something that Trina stated she wanted to hear when she’s getting her sip on at the club. Though we only heard a few minutes of each track, it’s a lot less explicit than usual fare – a sign that Trina might be growing up." Release and promotion The album was first revealed on Trina's Myspace page. Along with singles being released for promotion, Trina released two mixtapes to commemorate the LP. One is named after the album, Amazin' (The Mixtape), and the other after the first lead single, Definition Of A Million Dollar Girl. Singles "That's My Attitude" was released as the lead single from the album on August 21, 2009. A music video was released for the song on January 7, 2010. The song peaked at number 17 in Denmark. "Million Dollar Girl", which features Diddy and Keri Hilson, was the second single released from the album, on January 12, 2010. The music video was released on March 15, 2010. The single charted on the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles at number 61, Hot 100 airplay chart at 98 and number 19 on Rap Songs. It peaked at 32 on the Bulgaria top 40 chart and at number ten in Denmark. "Always" featuring Monica], the album's second single, peaked at number 42 on the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles. Despite being the most successful single from the album, no music video has been released. "White Girl" featuring Flo Rida and Git Fresh was the third single released from the album, on June 29, 2010. The video was filmed on June 7, 2010, and was released on July 27, 2010. "My Bitches" was released as a buzz single on August 3, 2010, but it failed to chart. Its video was released in August 2010, after being filmed in June. Unreleased singles "Let Dem Hoes Fight" featuring Kalenna was intended to be the lead single but was never released. A demo was leaked before "Million Dollar Girl" and featured Lady Gaga who co-wrote the song but there were complications with Gaga's record label. Kalenna was featured instead but it was not an official single. "I Want It All" featuring Monica was also meant to be released as a follow-up to "Always". Trina confirmed a video was shot but it has yet to appear. Track listing The official track listing was revealed on April 12 at an album pre-order website. No.TitleProducer(s)Length1."Amazin'"Young Yonny3:102."That's My Attitude"Schife, OhZee3:423."Million Dollar Girl" (featuring Keri Hilson & Diddy)CP Hollywood, KParn, The Single King The Monsters & The Strangerz4:024."On Da Hush" (featuring Shonie)J.R. Rotem3:515."Dang a Lang" (featuring Nicki Minaj & Lady Saw)DJ Frank E, DJ KeyOne4:396."I Want It All" (featuring Monica)Hitsquad4:047."White Girl" (featuring Flo Rida & Git Fresh)Blackout Movement3:278."My Bitches"Schife, OhZee2:599."By Myself"J.U.S.T.I.C.E. League3:0810."Always" (featuring Monica)Bigg D, Lamb3:5411."Currency" (featuring Lil Wayne & Rick Ross)Young Yonny3:3312."Make Way" (featuring Lyfe Jennings)Maxwell Smart, Cozmo3:5313."Let Dem Hoes Fight" (featuring Kalenna Harper)Jim Jonsin, Lady Gaga3:4514."Showing Out"CP Hollywood, KParn, The Monsters & The Strangerz4:3815."Capricorn" (featuring Shonie)DVS3:49 iTunes Store bonus trackNo.TitleProducer(s)Length16."Gucci Shoe Shoppin'"GoodWill & MGI3:37 Personnel Credits for Amazin' adapted from Allmusic. Musa "Milk" Adeoye - A&R Natario King Johnson (songwriter) Wayne Allison - mixing Chris Athens - mastering Bigg D - producer The Blackout Movement - producer Julian "Ju-Boy" Boothe - A&R Leslie Brathwaite - mixing Josh "Redd" Burke - executive producer Henry "Hollywood Henry" Cedeno - marketing, product manager Don Corell - producer Cozmo - producer CP Hollywood - producer Sheika Daley - make-Up DJ Frank E - producer OhZee - producer Karen "KD" Douglas - creative supervision DVS - Mixing Roger Erickson - photography Ira Folston - engineer Jamee Gidwitz - stylist Jim Jonsin - producer J.U.S.T.I.C.E. League - producer KParn - producer LambL - producer Yasiel "Edge" Landrian - engineer Marilyn Lopez - publicity Ted "Touche" Lucas - composer, executive producer Kisha Madrid - publicity Angela Meadows - hair stylist Charles Moniz - engineer Lili Picou - art direction Reginald Saunders - composer, creative supervision Schife - producer Ray Seay - mixing Shonie - vocals Maxwell Smart - producer Travis "KParn" Spivey - keyboards Katrina "Trina" Taylor - executive producer Mathew Testa - engineer Wouri Vice - stylist Jason Wilkie - assistant Young Yonny - producer Charts Weekly charts Chart (2010) Peakposition US Billboard 200 13 US Billboard Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums 4 US Billboard Top Rap Albums 2 US Billboard Independent Albums 1 Year-end charts Chart (2010) Position US Billboard Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums 66 US Billboard Top Rap Albums 27 US Billboard Top Independent Albums 36 References ^ "Album Preview: Trina – 'Amazin". Rap-Up. February 22, 2010. Retrieved February 23, 2011. ^ "Trina Exclusive Interview | My Life, My Style, My Thing". BET. March 18, 2010. Retrieved February 23, 2011. ^ "Trina's 'Amazin' New Album Cover". Global Grind. March 26, 2010. Retrieved February 23, 2011. ^ A Jacobs (February 23, 2010). "Lady Gaga, Diddy, Nicki Minaj Assist Trina's "Amazin'" Album". HipHopDX. Retrieved December 4, 2023. ^ "Godsmack Score Third #1 Billboard Debut With Oracle". MTV. May 12, 2010. Retrieved January 14, 2012. ^ Eric Ramirez (May 18, 2011). "Was Trina Snubbed by the 2011 BET Awards?". Billboard. Retrieved December 4, 2023. ^ "Music Review: Trina – "Amazin"". Hip Hop U-C-IT. Archived from the original on May 29, 2010. Retrieved December 4, 2023. ^ David Jeffries. "Amazin' - Trina". AllMusic. Retrieved December 4, 2023. ^ Steve 'Flash' Juon (May 11, 2010). "RapReview Of The Week". Rapreviews. Retrieved December 4, 2023. ^ Nathan S. "Trina - Amazin'". DJ Booth. Archived from the original on August 27, 2011. Retrieved December 4, 2023. ^ "Album Preview: Trina - Amazing". YRB. February 19, 2010. Archived from the original on May 14, 2010. Retrieved February 23, 2011. ^ "Photos from TRINA". Myspace. May 4, 2010. Archived from the original on September 11, 2009. Retrieved February 23, 2011.- "Photos from TRINA". MySpace. Archived from the original on August 20, 2009. Retrieved February 23, 2011. ^ "Trina - Amazin', In Stores Now!". Slip n Slide Records. May 18, 2010. Archived from the original on December 21, 2010. Retrieved December 4, 2023.- "Welcome to". DJ Quote. December 6, 2010. Archived from the original on July 10, 2011. Retrieved February 23, 2011.- "Million Dollar Girl cover". The305. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved December 4, 2023. ^ "Video: Trina – 'That's My Attitude'". Rap-Up. Retrieved February 23, 2011. ^ "DennisDD's hitliste". Chartbase (in Danish). January 8, 2010. Archived from the original on August 31, 2014. Retrieved December 4, 2023. ^ "FRODO's hitliste". Chartbase (in Danish). April 14, 2010. Archived from the original on July 28, 2014. Retrieved December 4, 2023.- "Million Dollar Girl". Acharts. Retrieved December 4, 2023. ^ "Thirsty? - Part 3". That Grape Juice. February 19, 2011. Retrieved February 23, 2011. ^ "Trina's Album Amazin' - Available Now". Merchdirect. Retrieved February 23, 2011. ^ "Amazin' - Trina". AllMusic. May 4, 2010. Retrieved January 14, 2012. ^ a b c d "Amazin' - Trina". AllMusic. May 4, 2010. Retrieved January 14, 2012. ^ "Charts". Billboard. Retrieved June 22, 2012. ^ "Charts". Billboard. Retrieved June 22, 2012. ^ "Charts". Billboard. Retrieved June 22, 2012. vteTrinaAlbums Da Baddest Bitch Diamond Princess Glamorest Life Still da Baddest Amazin' The One Singles "Da Baddest Bitch" "Pull Over" "No Panties" "B R Right" "Here We Go" "Single Again" "I Got a Thang for You" "Always" "BAPS" Featured singles "Nann Nigga" "Shut Up" "Take It to da House" "One Minute Man" "Right Thurr" (Remix) "Go Girl" "5 Star" Related articles Discography Slip-n-Slide Records Lil Wayne Trick Daddy Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"studio album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_album"},{"link_name":"Trina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trina"},{"link_name":"Slip-N-Slide Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slip-N-Slide_Records"},{"link_name":"That's My Attitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/That%27s_My_Attitude"},{"link_name":"Million Dollar Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Million_Dollar_Girl"},{"link_name":"Always","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Always_(Trina_song)"}],"text":"2010 studio album by TrinaAmazin' is the fifth studio album by the American rapper Trina. It was released by Slip-N-Slide Records on May 4, 2010, in North America. It includes the singles \"That's My Attitude\", \"Million Dollar Girl\", the R&B hit \"Always\" and \"White Girl\".","title":"Amazin' (Trina album)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nicki Minaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicki_Minaj"},{"link_name":"Keri Hilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keri_Hilson"},{"link_name":"Diddy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Combs"},{"link_name":"Kalenna Harper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalenna_Harper"},{"link_name":"Diddy-Dirty Money","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diddy-Dirty_Money"},{"link_name":"Monica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monica_(entertainer)"},{"link_name":"Flo Rida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flo_Rida"},{"link_name":"Lyfe Jennings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyfe_Jennings"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"BET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BET"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Lady Gaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Gaga"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Amazin' has collaborations with Nicki Minaj, Keri Hilson, Diddy, Kalenna Harper of Diddy-Dirty Money, Monica, Flo Rida, Lyfe Jennings and Shonie.[1] In an interview with BET about the album, Trina said, \"My fans can expect to embrace my versatility and growth, professionally and personally. I am truly excited to share my new album with my fans. I worked with wonderful artists... It is a blessing to be a woman in the hip-hop industry to be able to put out a fifth album under my career.\"[2]The album's cover art was revealed on March 26, 2010.[3] The vocals of Lady Gaga, who also co-wrote \"Let Dem Hoes Fight\", were replaced by Kalenna of Dirty Money, because of issues with Gaga's record label.[4]","title":"Background and development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The album entered the US Billboard 200 at number 13, number two on the Billboard Top Rap Albums, number one on Independent Albums and number four on Billboard Top R&B/Hip Hop Albums charts. It sold more than 32,000 copies in its first week.[5] By May 2011, the album had sold 300,000 copies in the United States.[6]","title":"Commercial performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"An album preview was held on February 19 when critics were able to preview 10 of the 15 tracks on the album. Many critics commented on the album's preview, with one saying, \"Amazin' is catered for the dance floor – something that Trina stated she wanted to hear when she’s getting her sip on at the club. Though we only heard a few minutes of each track, it’s a lot less explicit than usual fare – a sign that Trina might be growing up.\"[11]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"The album was first revealed on Trina's Myspace page.[12] Along with singles being released for promotion, Trina released two mixtapes to commemorate the LP. One is named after the album, Amazin' (The Mixtape), and the other after the first lead single, Definition Of A Million Dollar Girl.[13]","title":"Release and promotion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"That's My Attitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/That%27s_My_Attitude"},{"link_name":"lead single","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_single"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Million Dollar Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Million_Dollar_Girl"},{"link_name":"Diddy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Combs"},{"link_name":"Keri Hilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keri_Hilson"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Always","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Always_(Trina_song)"},{"link_name":"Flo Rida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flo_Rida"},{"link_name":"Git Fresh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Git_Fresh"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"\"That's My Attitude\" was released as the lead single from the album on August 21, 2009. A music video was released for the song on January 7, 2010.[14] The song peaked at number 17 in Denmark.[15]\n\"Million Dollar Girl\", which features Diddy and Keri Hilson, was the second single released from the album, on January 12, 2010. The music video was released on March 15, 2010. The single charted on the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles at number 61, Hot 100 airplay chart at 98 and number 19 on Rap Songs. It peaked at 32 on the Bulgaria top 40 chart and at number ten in Denmark.[16]\n\"Always\" featuring Monica], the album's second single, peaked at number 42 on the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles. Despite being the most successful single from the album, no music video has been released.\n\"White Girl\" featuring Flo Rida and Git Fresh was the third single released from the album, on June 29, 2010. The video was filmed on June 7, 2010, and was released on July 27, 2010.\n\"My Bitches\" was released as a buzz single on August 3, 2010, but it failed to chart.[17] Its video was released in August 2010, after being filmed in June.","title":"Singles"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Unreleased singles","text":"\"Let Dem Hoes Fight\" featuring Kalenna was intended to be the lead single but was never released. A demo was leaked before \"Million Dollar Girl\" and featured Lady Gaga who co-wrote the song but there were complications with Gaga's record label. Kalenna was featured instead but it was not an official single.\n\"I Want It All\" featuring Monica was also meant to be released as a follow-up to \"Always\". Trina confirmed a video was shot but it has yet to appear.","title":"Singles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"That's My Attitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/That%27s_My_Attitude"},{"link_name":"Million Dollar Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Million_Dollar_Girl"},{"link_name":"Keri Hilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keri_Hilson"},{"link_name":"Diddy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Combs"},{"link_name":"The Monsters & The Strangerz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Monsters_%26_The_Strangerz"},{"link_name":"J.R. Rotem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.R._Rotem"},{"link_name":"Nicki Minaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicki_Minaj"},{"link_name":"Lady Saw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Saw"},{"link_name":"DJ Frank E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Frank_E"},{"link_name":"Monica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monica_(entertainer)"},{"link_name":"Flo Rida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flo_Rida"},{"link_name":"Git Fresh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Git_Fresh"},{"link_name":"Blackout Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackout_Movement"},{"link_name":"J.U.S.T.I.C.E. League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.U.S.T.I.C.E._League"},{"link_name":"Always","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Always_(Trina_song)"},{"link_name":"Monica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monica_(entertainer)"},{"link_name":"Bigg D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigg_D"},{"link_name":"Lil Wayne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lil_Wayne"},{"link_name":"Rick Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Ross"},{"link_name":"Lyfe Jennings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyfe_Jennings"},{"link_name":"Maxwell Smart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Perry"},{"link_name":"Kalenna Harper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalenna_Harper"},{"link_name":"Jim Jonsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Jonsin"},{"link_name":"Lady Gaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Gaga"},{"link_name":"iTunes Store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes_Store"},{"link_name":"GoodWill & MGI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GoodWill_%26_MGI"}],"text":"The official track listing was revealed on April 12 at an album pre-order website.[18]No.TitleProducer(s)Length1.\"Amazin'\"Young Yonny3:102.\"That's My Attitude\"Schife, OhZee3:423.\"Million Dollar Girl\" (featuring Keri Hilson & Diddy)CP Hollywood, KParn, The Single King The Monsters & The Strangerz4:024.\"On Da Hush\" (featuring Shonie)J.R. Rotem3:515.\"Dang a Lang\" (featuring Nicki Minaj & Lady Saw)DJ Frank E, DJ KeyOne4:396.\"I Want It All\" (featuring Monica)Hitsquad4:047.\"White Girl\" (featuring Flo Rida & Git Fresh)Blackout Movement3:278.\"My Bitches\"Schife, OhZee2:599.\"By Myself\"J.U.S.T.I.C.E. League3:0810.\"Always\" (featuring Monica)Bigg D, Lamb3:5411.\"Currency\" (featuring Lil Wayne & Rick Ross)Young Yonny3:3312.\"Make Way\" (featuring Lyfe Jennings)Maxwell Smart, Cozmo3:5313.\"Let Dem Hoes Fight\" (featuring Kalenna Harper)Jim Jonsin, Lady Gaga3:4514.\"Showing Out\"CP Hollywood, KParn, The Monsters & The Strangerz4:3815.\"Capricorn\" (featuring Shonie)DVS3:49iTunes Store bonus trackNo.TitleProducer(s)Length16.\"Gucci Shoe Shoppin'\"GoodWill & MGI3:37","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Allmusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allmusic"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Credits for Amazin' adapted from Allmusic.[19]Musa \"Milk\" Adeoye - A&R\nNatario King Johnson (songwriter)\nWayne Allison - mixing\nChris Athens - mastering\nBigg D - producer\nThe Blackout Movement - producer\nJulian \"Ju-Boy\" Boothe - A&R\nLeslie Brathwaite - mixing\nJosh \"Redd\" Burke - executive producer\nHenry \"Hollywood Henry\" Cedeno - marketing, product manager\nDon Corell - producer\nCozmo - producer\nCP Hollywood - producer\nSheika Daley - make-Up\nDJ Frank E - producer\nOhZee - producer\nKaren \"KD\" Douglas - creative supervision\nDVS - Mixing\nRoger Erickson - photography\nIra Folston - engineer\nJamee Gidwitz - stylist\nJim Jonsin - producer\n\n\nJ.U.S.T.I.C.E. League - producer\nKParn - producer\nLambL - producer\nYasiel \"Edge\" Landrian - engineer\nMarilyn Lopez - publicity\nTed \"Touche\" Lucas - composer, executive producer\nKisha Madrid - publicity\nAngela Meadows - hair stylist\nCharles Moniz - engineer\nLili Picou - art direction\nReginald Saunders - composer, creative supervision\nSchife - producer\nRay Seay - mixing\nShonie - vocals\nMaxwell Smart - producer\nTravis \"KParn\" Spivey - keyboards\nKatrina \"Trina\" Taylor - executive producer\nMathew Testa - engineer\nWouri Vice - stylist\nJason Wilkie - assistant\nYoung Yonny - producer","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amazin%27_(Trina_album)&action=edit&section=10"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusic-20"},{"link_name":"Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_R%26B/Hip-Hop_Albums"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusic-20"},{"link_name":"Top Rap Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_Rap_Albums"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusic-20"},{"link_name":"Independent Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Albums"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusic-20"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amazin%27_(Trina_album)&action=edit&section=11"},{"link_name":"Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_R%26B/Hip-Hop_Albums"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Top Rap Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_Rap_Albums"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Top Independent Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_Independent_Albums"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\n\n\nChart (2010)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nUS Billboard 200[20]\n\n13\n\n\nUS Billboard Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums[20]\n\n4\n\n\nUS Billboard Top Rap Albums[20]\n\n2\n\n\nUS Billboard Independent Albums[20]\n\n1\n\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\n\n\nChart (2010)\n\nPosition\n\n\nUS Billboard Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums\n\n66[21]\n\n\nUS Billboard Top Rap Albums\n\n27[22]\n\n\nUS Billboard Top Independent Albums\n\n36[23]","title":"Charts"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Album Preview: Trina – 'Amazin\". Rap-Up. February 22, 2010. Retrieved February 23, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rapup.com/2010/02/22/album-preview-trina-amazin/","url_text":"\"Album Preview: Trina – 'Amazin\""}]},{"reference":"\"Trina Exclusive Interview | My Life, My Style, My Thing\". BET. March 18, 2010. Retrieved February 23, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bet.com/Lifestyle/Photos/lifestylestyle_trina_mylifemything.htm?wbc_purpose=Basic&WBCMODE=PresentationUnpublished","url_text":"\"Trina Exclusive Interview | My Life, My Style, My Thing\""}]},{"reference":"\"Trina's 'Amazin' New Album Cover\". Global Grind. March 26, 2010. Retrieved February 23, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://globalgrind.com/channel/culture/content/1484588/Trinas-Amazin-New-Album-Cover-PHOTO/","url_text":"\"Trina's 'Amazin' New Album Cover\""}]},{"reference":"A Jacobs (February 23, 2010). \"Lady Gaga, Diddy, Nicki Minaj Assist Trina's \"Amazin'\" Album\". HipHopDX. Retrieved December 4, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://hiphopdx.com/news/id.10694/title.lady-gaga-diddy-nicki-minaj-assist-trinas-amazin-album","url_text":"\"Lady Gaga, Diddy, Nicki Minaj Assist Trina's \"Amazin'\" Album\""}]},{"reference":"\"Godsmack Score Third #1 Billboard Debut With Oracle\". MTV. May 12, 2010. Retrieved January 14, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1638975/godsmack-score-third-1-billboard-debut-with-oracle.jhtml","url_text":"\"Godsmack Score Third #1 Billboard Debut With Oracle\""}]},{"reference":"Eric Ramirez (May 18, 2011). \"Was Trina Snubbed by the 2011 BET Awards?\". Billboard. Retrieved December 4, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/the-juice/471390/was-trina-snubbed-by-the-2011-bet-awards","url_text":"\"Was Trina Snubbed by the 2011 BET Awards?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Music Review: Trina – \"Amazin\"\". Hip Hop U-C-IT. Archived from the original on May 29, 2010. Retrieved December 4, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100529032305/http://1hiphopucit.com/2010/05/music-review-trina-amazin/","url_text":"\"Music Review: Trina – \"Amazin\"\""},{"url":"http://1hiphopucit.com/2010/05/music-review-trina-amazin/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"David Jeffries. \"Amazin' - Trina\". AllMusic. Retrieved December 4, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/r1767609","url_text":"\"Amazin' - Trina\""}]},{"reference":"Steve 'Flash' Juon (May 11, 2010). \"RapReview Of The Week\". Rapreviews. Retrieved December 4, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rapreviews.com/archive/2010_05F_amazin.html","url_text":"\"RapReview Of The Week\""}]},{"reference":"Nathan S. \"Trina - Amazin'\". DJ Booth. Archived from the original on August 27, 2011. Retrieved December 4, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110827121126/http://www.djbooth.net/index/albums/review/trina-amazin-05031001","url_text":"\"Trina - Amazin'\""},{"url":"http://www.djbooth.net/index/albums/review/trina-amazin-05031001/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Album Preview: Trina - Amazing\". YRB. February 19, 2010. Archived from the original on May 14, 2010. Retrieved February 23, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100514092507/http://www.yrbmagazine.com/magazine/article/159/album-preview-trina--amazing","url_text":"\"Album Preview: Trina - Amazing\""},{"url":"http://www.yrbmagazine.com/magazine/article/159/album-preview-trina--amazing","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Photos from TRINA\". Myspace. May 4, 2010. Archived from the original on September 11, 2009. Retrieved February 23, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090911230433/http://viewmorepics.myspace.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=viewImage","url_text":"\"Photos from TRINA\""},{"url":"http://viewmorepics.myspace.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=viewImage&friendID=107660832&albumID=2748671&imageID=46990046","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Photos from TRINA\". MySpace. Archived from the original on August 20, 2009. Retrieved February 23, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090820001435/http://viewmorepics.myspace.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=user.viewPicture","url_text":"\"Photos from TRINA\""},{"url":"http://viewmorepics.myspace.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=user.viewPicture&friendID=107660832&albumId=2748671","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Trina - Amazin', In Stores Now!\". Slip n Slide Records. May 18, 2010. Archived from the original on December 21, 2010. Retrieved December 4, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101221003258/http://slipnsliderecords.ning.com/profile/TRINA","url_text":"\"Trina - Amazin', In Stores Now!\""},{"url":"http://slipnsliderecords.ning.com/profile/TRINA","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Welcome to\". DJ Quote. December 6, 2010. Archived from the original on July 10, 2011. Retrieved February 23, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110710140050/http://djquotetv.com/videos/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/amazin-websize-01.jpg","url_text":"\"Welcome to\""},{"url":"http://djquotetv.com/videos/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/amazin-websize-01.jpg","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Million Dollar Girl cover\". The305. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved December 4, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303202414/http://the305.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/million-dollar-girl-front.jpg","url_text":"\"Million Dollar Girl cover\""},{"url":"http://the305.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/million-dollar-girl-front.jpg","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Video: Trina – 'That's My Attitude'\". Rap-Up. Retrieved February 23, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rap-up.com/2010/01/07/video-trina-thats-my-attitude/","url_text":"\"Video: Trina – 'That's My Attitude'\""}]},{"reference":"\"DennisDD's hitliste\". Chartbase (in Danish). January 8, 2010. Archived from the original on August 31, 2014. Retrieved December 4, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140831140440/http://www.chartbase.dk/hitlister/chart.php?personlige_hitlister/DennisDD/2010-01-08","url_text":"\"DennisDD's hitliste\""},{"url":"http://www.chartbase.dk/hitlister/chart.php?personlige_hitlister/DennisDD/2010-01-08","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"FRODO's hitliste\". Chartbase (in Danish). April 14, 2010. Archived from the original on July 28, 2014. Retrieved December 4, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140728183546/http://www.chartbase.dk/hitlister/chart.php?personlige_hitlister/FRODO/2010-04-14","url_text":"\"FRODO's hitliste\""},{"url":"http://www.chartbase.dk/hitlister/chart.php?personlige_hitlister/FRODO/2010-04-14","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Million Dollar Girl\". Acharts. Retrieved December 4, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://acharts.co/song/53997","url_text":"\"Million Dollar Girl\""}]},{"reference":"\"Thirsty? - Part 3\". That Grape Juice. February 19, 2011. Retrieved February 23, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://thatgrapejuice.net/page/3/","url_text":"\"Thirsty? - Part 3\""}]},{"reference":"\"Trina's Album Amazin' - Available Now\". Merchdirect. Retrieved February 23, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.merchdirect.com/promos/trina/","url_text":"\"Trina's Album Amazin' - Available Now\""}]},{"reference":"\"Amazin' - Trina\". AllMusic. May 4, 2010. Retrieved January 14, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/amazin-r1767609/credits","url_text":"\"Amazin' - Trina\""}]},{"reference":"\"Amazin' - Trina\". AllMusic. May 4, 2010. Retrieved January 14, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/amazin-r1767609/charts-awards","url_text":"\"Amazin' - Trina\""}]},{"reference":"\"Charts\". Billboard. Retrieved June 22, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2010/top-r-b-hip-hop-albums?begin=61&order=position","url_text":"\"Charts\""}]},{"reference":"\"Charts\". Billboard. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost:_In_Your_Arms_Again
Ghost: Mouichido Dakishimetai
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","3.1 Music","4 References","5 External links"]
You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Japanese. (March 2011) Click for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the Japanese article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Japanese Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|ja|ゴースト もういちど抱きしめたい}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. 2010 Japanese filmGhost: Mouichido DakishimetaiTheatrical release posterDirected byTaro OtaniWritten byShimako SatōMiho NakazonoScreenplay byMiho NakazonoShimako SatōStory byBruce Joel RubinBased onGhostby Jerry ZuckerProduced byTakashige IchiseStarringNanako MatsushimaSong Seung-heonKirin KikiCinematographyTakuro IshizakaEdited byYoshifumi FukasawaMusic byMichiru OshimaProductioncompanyOz CompanyDistributed byParamount PicturesShochikuRelease dates November 13, 2010 (2010-11-13) (Japan) November 25, 2010 (2010-11-25) (South Korea) Running time116 minutesCountriesJapanSouth KoreaLanguageJapaneseBox officeUS$9,833,553 Ghost: Mouichido Dakishimetai (ゴースト もういちど抱きしめたい, lit. "Ghost: I Want to Embrace You One More Time") is a 2010 Japanese supernatural romance film directed by Taro Otani. This film is a remake of the 1990 American film Ghost. It is directed by Taro Otani and it stars Nanako Matsushima, Song Seung-heon, Mana Ashida and Kirin Kiki. Plot This article needs an improved plot summary. Please help improve the plot summary. (November 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Nanami Hoshino, a wealthy entrepreneur, marries Korean potter Kim Jun-ho, and they both live a seemingly happy life. Then, one month after their marriage, Nanami is killed by a biker on her way home. This tragedy leaves Jun-ho completely devastated. At the hospital, Nanami's ghost arises from her body, and upon meeting a ghost child, she realizes that she is a ghost whose presence cannot be seen. She then realizes that her death was no coincidence and Jun-ho is in imminent danger. Unable to communicate with normal humans, Nanami seeks help from the elderly psychic Unten in hopes of saving Jun-ho's life. Cast Nanako Matsushima as Nanami Hoshino (星野 七海 Hoshino Nanami) Song Seung-heon as Kim Jun-ho (キム・ジュノ Kimu Juno) Kirin Kiki as Unten (運天五月) Mana Ashida as the kid Ghost (少女のゴースト) Satoshi Hashimoto as Kuroda Sawa Suzuki as Miharu Kimijyo (上条未春 Kimijō Miharu) Kazuko Kurosawa Daisuke Miyagawa Yoichi Nukumizu Kyusaku Shimada Production Music Eiga.com reported on 1 September 2010 that the theme song of the film Ghost: Mouichido Dakishimetai will be the song "Aishiteru" (アイシテル), which is sung by singer Ken Hirai. This song was released as his 33rd single on 10 November 2010. Ken Hirai had previously provided theme songs for films like I Give My First Love to You and Ano Sora wo Oboeteru. References ^ "Box Office Mojo". IMDb.com, Inc. Retrieved 2011-07-02. ^ CinemaToday (2010-05-12). デミ・ムーアが世界を泣かせた『ゴースト ニューヨークの幻』アジア版に松嶋菜々子とソン・スンホンが主演 (in Japanese). CinemaToday. Retrieved 2011-07-02. ^ eiga.com. "ゴースト もういちど抱きしめたい on eiga.com" (in Japanese). eiga.com. Retrieved 2011-07-02. ^ a b c eiga.com (2010-09-01). 平井堅、松嶋菜々子版「ゴースト」主題歌でこん身のバラード (in Japanese). eiga.com. Retrieved 2011-07-02. External links Official website (in Japanese) Ghost: Mouichido Dakishimetai at IMDb Ghost: Mouichido Dakishimetai at Rotten Tomatoes
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Hero_2
DJ Hero 2
["1 Gameplay","2 Development","3 Promotion","4 Post-release","5 Soundtrack","6 Reception","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]
2010 video game 2010 video gameDJ Hero 2Cover artDeveloper(s)FreeStyleGamesPublisher(s)ActivisionSeriesHeroPlatform(s)PlayStation 3, Wii, Xbox 360ReleaseNA: October 19, 2010AU: October 19, 2010EU: October 22, 2010Genre(s)RhythmMode(s)Single-player, multiplayer DJ Hero 2 is a 2010 rhythm game developed by FreeStyleGames and published by Activision. It is the sequel to DJ Hero (2009), a spin-off of the Guitar Hero series. The game was released worldwide in October 2010 for PlayStation 3, Wii, Xbox 360. DJ Hero 2 uses a special turntable-controller, the same as introduced in DJ Hero, to simulate turntablism, the act of creating a new musical work from one or more previously recorded songs using record players and sound effect generators. Similar to DJ Hero, players in DJ Hero 2 follow specific actions on the turntable controller in time to marked scrolling indicators on the game's screen, earning points for correctly performing actions in time. The game includes a new freestyle mode, giving the player the chance to freely crossfade between tracks, scratch a section of a mix, or add sample effects during marked sections. The game features 83 remixes of two different songs across numerous genres, with further mixes available as downloadable content. Most mixes have been assembled by FreeStyleGames, but other professional DJs, including David Guetta, deadmau5, DJ Qbert, Tiësto and RZA, have provided both their mixing skills and character avatar for the game. Players can challenge these mixes at any time in a Quickplay mode, progress through them in the single-player Empire mode, or play cooperatively or competitively with a second user in offline and online game modes. A third player can also participate through singing the mix' vocals. DJ Hero 2 was well received by critics, receiving praise for maintaining and improving upon the core elements of the first game, and for a soundtrack featuring a wide selection of genres. However, sales for the title were low, failing to reach similar numbers as DJ Hero from the previous year. In conjunction with poor sales from the Guitar Hero franchise, Activision announced the cancellation of further development in February 2011, leaving DJ Hero 2 as the final multi-platform iteration of the DJ Hero franchise. Gameplay See also: Gameplay in DJ Hero DJ Hero 2 includes support for three players to play at the same time - two on turntables and one vocalist. DJ Hero 2 follows from its predecessor in simulating the performance of a disc jockey mixing one or two songs using a special turntable controller. The controller, the same unit as shipped previously with DJ Hero, includes a rotatable turntable to use for recording scratching, three "stream" buttons to match notes from the two music tracks and an effects track, and a slider to control the crossfade between tracks. These actions are presented to the players through on-screen notation that scrolls in time with the music. Players score points by performing the actions correctly, but are not penalized otherwise. By successfully completing a consecutive set of actions, the player can increase their scoring multiplier up to 4x; the multiplier returns to 1x should they miss any actions. Certain marked sections, when played correctly, fill a "Euphoria" (the "Star Power" for this game) meter which can be unleashed using another button on the controller and will temporarily double the scoring. The player can also earn the ability to rewind a song by a few seconds by playing a long string of consecutive notes. They can rewind the song by quickly spinning the turntable in reverse; the rewind effect can be used to either correct a mistake or further boost one's scoring. Small changes have been made in the turntable playback within DJ Hero 2: freestyle effects samples, previously based on game-wide preselected "effect packs", are mix-specific, and the game does not penalize the player for small variations in fast scratching sections as long as it follows the general beat of the song. Specially marked freestyle sections, previously limited to only added sample effects over the track, allow the player to freely mix between the two tracks, use their own scratch effects, or add effects hits while within these sections. The display for these freestyle sections shows marks where switching between the tracks would achieve a strong audio effect, and the player is graded on how well they hit these markers after the end of each mix. In addition to using a turntable, players have the option to sing or rap to the mixes' lyrics, similar to vocal parts in current Guitar Hero or Rock Band games using a compatible microphone controller from most previous rhythm games. The game will score vocals based on the matching of pitch, beat and rhythm. DJ Hero 2' features an improved single-player career mode called "Empire". Empire provides more structure for the player to proceed through the game than the simple set lists used in DJ Hero. Through Empire mode, the player works though a number of pre-determined setlists and boss battles (as described below) with the celebrity avatars and fictional DJ's at one of six different venues, earning stars that unlock additional venues to play at. Completing certain setlists or battles unlock new characters, outfits for those characters, and virtual turntable decks for the player. Five of these decks are "power decks" that slightly change the scoring mechanism or play style of the game; one increases the maximum multiple to 5x, while another one increases the rate that notes are displayed but increases the base scoring system. The primary focus of DJ Hero 2 has been the social aspects, according to FreeStyleGames' creative director Jamie Jackson; as such, many of the games' new modes feature multiplayer considerations. The game supports the "Party Play" mode introduced in Guitar Hero 5, allowing players to jump into a song, alter the difficulty during gameplay, change between turntable and vocals, and leave at any time, while the game continues to run in a jukebox mode. Several new competitive modes engage two DJ players against each other; some modes have both DJs performing alongside each other but with competitive edges such as a "Checkpoint" race where each DJ attempts to earn the best score within a section of a song. DJ Battles see two DJ's performing call-and-response style along with open freestyle sections. The online mode includes a simple role-playing video game mechanic whereby participating and winning battles with other players earns the player DJ Points that lead to level increases and additional perks. The game does not include "DJ vs Guitar" mode that was featured in DJ Hero, where a second player could use a compatible guitar controller to play alongside the DJ player. Development DJ Hero 2 was officially announced in June 2010 for release in the last quarter of 2010. Prior to the game's announcement, Activision revealed a month before the game's release that it is actively seeking artists for downloadable content and a sequel to the game. David Guetta has stated that he was set to work on the game's sequel, to arrive late in 2010. Activision CEO Bobby Kotick stated that despite low sales of DJ Hero, they are committed to continuing the series, with the sequel due in 2010. The sequel, DJ Hero 2, was further confirmed during an Activision investors report for 2009, citing it as one of only 2 major Guitar Hero titles to be expected from Activision in 2010, with an expected late-2010 release date. Work on DJ Hero 2 started some months after the first game was completed, as the development team had endured heavy working hours to meet the release deadline. FreeStyleGames' creative director Jamie Jackson said that DJ Hero 2 took about seven months to complete. While they were able to easily build on the existing framework for DJ Hero, FreeStyleGames wanted to do more than just include new mixes, and sought to include additional features such as the Battle Mixes into the game. Many of the game's new features are a result of feedback from players, including the game's social modes and improvements in the game's interface to provide a cleaner look and instantaneous visual feedback to the player. The team also worked at improving the game's graphics; the appearance of DJ Hero's graffiti-based menus gave the impression of being a hip-hop game, but FreeStyleGames wanted to distance DJ Hero 2 from that. They also wanted to clean up the gameplay's interface, providing better feedback to the player and making it easily to tell when they were winning or losing. While DJ Hero 2 does not use Kinect or PlayStation Move motion-sensing technology, Jackson had not ruled them out for a future iteration of the game. Another step to move the game from the apparent hip-hop nature was through its song selection. Jackson felt the first game was weighted too heavily to the genre, with about 60% of the songs being hip-hop. The songs in DJ Hero 2 represent a wider variety of music, including dance, drum and bass, and techno, along with some contributions from hip-hop. Jackson noted that they were able to work better with artists and publishers for DJ Hero 2, after the successful launch of the first game; with artists and publishers now knowing what to expect, "there is more understanding, so it has opened the doors to us in terms of getting more popular music", according to Jackson. However, licensing for such music remained a difficult barrier. Mixes for DJ Hero 2 are made first through computer-aided mixing of the two song tracks combined with effects noises, with simultaneous authoring of the gameplay markers. Noise for the scratching sections are filled in by recording the sounds of the tracks actually scratched on a DJ deck. Usher contributed his song "OMG" featuring will.i.am for DJ Hero 2, which he and will.i.am performed live at the 2010 Electronic Entertainment Expo. Usher had previously been approached by Kotick before the release of DJ Hero for future projects for Activision. Usher found, after following the success of DJ Hero, that the game was "very interesting" as a means of connecting younger gamers to music such as his that they would not be able to experience live at a club, leading to his desire to be a part of the sequel. FreeStyleGames found that by selecting mix artists such as Deadmau5 and Tiësto who are more widely known than some artists in the first game, they were able to give DJ Hero 2 a different feel, embracing the theatrics of these artists. FreeStyleGames had tried to include Tiësto within the first game, but could not do it within the deadline, but instead was used as part of the first game's promotion, and later would be used as Activision's "ambassador" for the game to Europe. Furthermore, the game's soundtrack has been selected to include more dance and pop tracks taken from European artists to make the game more Euro-friendly. Promotion A demo for DJ Hero 2 was released to the PlayStation network and the Xbox Live on September 7, 2010. The demo contains four mixes, two of which were playable: Pussycat Dolls featuring Busta Rhymes - "Don’t Cha" vs. Pitbull - "I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)" and Lady Gaga featuring Colby O'Donis - "Just Dance" vs. deadmau5 - "Ghosts N Stuff". The mix Estelle featuring Kanye West - "American Boy" vs. Chic - "Good Times" was used as a tutorial and the mix MSTRKRFT featuring N.O.R.E. - "Bounce" (Beat Juggle) could be heard in the menu background. A viral browser game, DJ Hero 2 Mix 2Gether, was released on October 17, 2010. The viral game was made by digital agency fish in a bottle and features a cut down version of the full game product. Three mixes are included in the viral and are all playable: Lady Gaga featuring Colby O'Donis - "Just Dance" vs. Deadmau5 - "Ghosts N Stuff", Blakroc featuring Pharoahe Monch and RZA - "Dollaz and Sense" and Tiësto and Sneaky Sound System - "I Will Be Here" vs. Tiësto - "Speed Rail". Unique to the viral game is a "Create A Mix" mode which allows players to create their own mixes, share them and challenge friends through email, Twitter, facebook and Myspace. DJ Hero 2 was sold with various promotional items. Within Europe and select stores in North America, players that purchased the game in one of two bundle packages (either with one or two turntable controllers) received the predecessor DJ Hero free. Other North American stores offered carrying cases for the turntables, MP3 versions of selected mixes, or redemption codes for in-game customization options. Post-release A glitch was observed by players on Xbox 360 where, if they were playing while online and had exactly 100 friends attached to their account, the game would freeze and/or they would be unable to play online. Activision issued a patch to correct this a few days after release. The music video for Tiësto's "Speed Rail" is composed only of footage from DJ Hero 2 including the Tiësto avatar. Soundtrack Main article: List of songs in DJ Hero 2 DJ Hero 2's setlist includes 83 mashups from nearly 100 songs from about 85 different artists. Game Informer stated that the game's soundtrack still strongly represents the genre of hip-hop, but adds more elements from electronica, pop, and dance. David Guetta, Deadmau5, DJ Qbert, Tiësto and RZA are playable avatars within the game and they will help create mixes for the game. Most of the in-game scratching was performed by former World DMC Champion DJ Blakey, and some by Joe Lenzie of Sigma. DJ Hero 2 supports downloadable content in the form of new mixes that can be purchased from the consoles' respective online stores. In addition, through an additional free add-on released in November 2010, players will be able to purchase existing downloadable content from the first game to use within DJ Hero 2. Activision's February 2011 decision to shutter their Guitar Hero development initially stated that no further downloadable content will be forthcoming for the title, but due to "continued support" from their fanbase, Activision has since decided it will continue to release downloadable content for the game through at least March and April 2011 with packs that were in the works prior to the closure of Guitar Hero. Reception ReceptionAggregate scoresAggregatorScoreGameRankings86.66%Metacritic86/100Review scoresPublicationScore1Up.comB+Eurogamer9/10Game Informer9.25/10GameSpot8.5/10IGN9/10 (UK)8.5/10 (US)PALGN8.5/10 DJ Hero 2 was well received by critics, who felt the game was a significant improvement in both gameplay, presentation, and song selection from its predecessor. Michael Brown of 1UP.com noted while there was very little overall change to the gameplay, "it's the minor tweaks that make it a definite improvement over the original". Keza MacDonald of Eurogamer believed that DJ Hero 2 was "much slicker, clearer and more tasteful" with changes in presentation and interface that quickly allows the players to jump into the game. Ben Kuchera of Ars Technica called the title "the best kind of sequel" as it retained the best features of DJ Hero and added further improvements atop of those. Matt Wales of IGN noted that the early difficulty levels of the game were much more suited to beginners "to make for a more convincing DJing experience, without sacrificing that all-important accessibility". Critics praised the new freestyle features into gameplay, citing the overuse of the Flavor Flav default sample in the first game. MacDonald favored how FreeStyleGames transformed the limited freestyle sections of the first game into "an integral part" of the sequel. Matt Helgeson of Game Informer stated that the nature of DJ Hero 2's freestyling made him feel that he was "helping craft the mix, not just hitting buttons in time". While the addition of new multiplayer modes was well-received, many felt the vocal track addition did not work out well. Chris Watters of GameSpot noted that "the singing evaluation doesn't feel as slick as in other games", and unless the player knows the music from both tracks of a mix, singing the back-and-forth mix "isn't all that fun". Helgeson commented that attempting to sing lyrics from two separate songs "feels like playing karaoke game in the grips of a seizure". Reviewers found the soundtrack to provide a wider range of genres, moving away from hip-hop and into house and dance genres, to appeal to more players. Helgeson considered that the mixes were "uniformly great", and balanced popular artists with skilled DJ mixers. MacDonald stated the soundtrack was "faultless" and that while featuring a large number of songs from the club scene, the soundtrack is "still a powerful draw if you don't know or even like the music". Official Xbox Magazine UK's Mike Channell believed the "mashups also feel even more playful this time around", creating new interpretations of the lyrics of songs through the mixing. Cian Hassett of PALGN called the setlist "the most incredible fusion of contrasting genres known to man". Some critics commented that they felt the first game's track list was better; Damien Hatfield of IGN felt there was "more variety" in the original game's mix and better representation within certain genres, while Brown favored DJ Hero's set for "how it mixed together frequently disparate tracks" and that many mixes in the sequel favored too much of one song in the mix. The NPD Group's North American sales estimates for DJ Hero 2 during its launch month were 59,000 units. Combined sales in North America of DJ Hero 2 and Guitar Hero: Warriors of Rock were below one million in 2010, 63% below the total sales of Guitar Hero 5, DJ Hero, and Band Hero from 2009. As a result of faltering sales for its Guitar Hero series, Activision shuttered its Guitar Hero division, cancelling at least one planned game for 2011. The closure also affects the DJ Hero series, as Activision has stated that they do not expect to publish a music game during 2011. 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Retrieved 2011-02-09. ^ "2011 Awards Category Details Outstanding Achievement in Soundtrack". interactive.org. Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences. Retrieved 20 November 2023. External links Official website vteGuitar HeroMain series Guitar Hero songs Guitar Hero II songs III: Legends of Rock songs World Tour songs Guitar Hero 5 songs Warriors of Rock songs Live songs Expansions Encore: Rocks the 80s songs Aerosmith songs Metallica songs Smash Hits Van Halen Spinoffs Band Hero On Tour series songs Mobile series DJ Hero songs DJ Hero 2 songs Related articles Cultural impact Clone Hero D-Pad Hero Rock Band Slash "Guitar Queer-O" Marcus Henderson Steve Ouimette "Sudden Death" WaveGroup Sound Frets on Fire Nyko FrontMan Rhythm game accessories Category Authority control databases: National France BnF data
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It is the sequel to DJ Hero (2009), a spin-off of the Guitar Hero series. The game was released worldwide in October 2010 for PlayStation 3, Wii, Xbox 360. DJ Hero 2 uses a special turntable-controller, the same as introduced in DJ Hero, to simulate turntablism, the act of creating a new musical work from one or more previously recorded songs using record players and sound effect generators.Similar to DJ Hero, players in DJ Hero 2 follow specific actions on the turntable controller in time to marked scrolling indicators on the game's screen, earning points for correctly performing actions in time. The game includes a new freestyle mode, giving the player the chance to freely crossfade between tracks, scratch a section of a mix, or add sample effects during marked sections. The game features 83 remixes of two different songs across numerous genres, with further mixes available as downloadable content. Most mixes have been assembled by FreeStyleGames, but other professional DJs, including David Guetta, deadmau5, DJ Qbert, Tiësto and RZA, have provided both their mixing skills and character avatar for the game. Players can challenge these mixes at any time in a Quickplay mode, progress through them in the single-player Empire mode, or play cooperatively or competitively with a second user in offline and online game modes. A third player can also participate through singing the mix' vocals.DJ Hero 2 was well received by critics, receiving praise for maintaining and improving upon the core elements of the first game, and for a soundtrack featuring a wide selection of genres. However, sales for the title were low, failing to reach similar numbers as DJ Hero from the previous year. In conjunction with poor sales from the Guitar Hero franchise, Activision announced the cancellation of further development in February 2011, leaving DJ Hero 2 as the final multi-platform iteration of the DJ Hero franchise.[2]","title":"DJ Hero 2"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gameplay in DJ Hero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Hero#Gameplay"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Djhero2-screen.jpg"},{"link_name":"disc jockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disc_jockey"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eurogamer_review-3"},{"link_name":"crossfade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossfade_(audio_engineering)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gamespot_review-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eurogamer_pre-e3_preview-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eurogamer_pre-e3_preview-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gi_review-6"},{"link_name":"Guitar Hero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar_Hero"},{"link_name":"Rock Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Band"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eurogamer_pre-e3_preview-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vg247_pre-e3_interview-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gamespot_review-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vg247_pre-e3_interview-7"},{"link_name":"Guitar Hero 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar_Hero_5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gi_e3-8"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eurogamer_pre-e3_preview-5"},{"link_name":"role-playing video game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Role-playing_video_game"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gi_review-6"}],"text":"See also: Gameplay in DJ HeroDJ Hero 2 includes support for three players to play at the same time - two on turntables and one vocalist.DJ Hero 2 follows from its predecessor in simulating the performance of a disc jockey mixing one or two songs using a special turntable controller. The controller, the same unit as shipped previously with DJ Hero,[3] includes a rotatable turntable to use for recording scratching, three \"stream\" buttons to match notes from the two music tracks and an effects track, and a slider to control the crossfade between tracks. These actions are presented to the players through on-screen notation that scrolls in time with the music. Players score points by performing the actions correctly, but are not penalized otherwise. By successfully completing a consecutive set of actions, the player can increase their scoring multiplier up to 4x; the multiplier returns to 1x should they miss any actions. Certain marked sections, when played correctly, fill a \"Euphoria\" (the \"Star Power\" for this game) meter which can be unleashed using another button on the controller and will temporarily double the scoring. The player can also earn the ability to rewind a song by a few seconds by playing a long string of consecutive notes. They can rewind the song by quickly spinning the turntable in reverse; the rewind effect can be used to either correct a mistake or further boost one's scoring.[4]Small changes have been made in the turntable playback within DJ Hero 2: freestyle effects samples, previously based on game-wide preselected \"effect packs\", are mix-specific, and the game does not penalize the player for small variations in fast scratching sections as long as it follows the general beat of the song.[5] Specially marked freestyle sections, previously limited to only added sample effects over the track, allow the player to freely mix between the two tracks, use their own scratch effects, or add effects hits while within these sections.[5] The display for these freestyle sections shows marks where switching between the tracks would achieve a strong audio effect, and the player is graded on how well they hit these markers after the end of each mix.[6]In addition to using a turntable, players have the option to sing or rap to the mixes' lyrics, similar to vocal parts in current Guitar Hero or Rock Band games using a compatible microphone controller from most previous rhythm games. The game will score vocals based on the matching of pitch, beat and rhythm.[5]DJ Hero 2' features an improved single-player career mode called \"Empire\". Empire provides more structure for the player to proceed through the game than the simple set lists used in DJ Hero.[7] Through Empire mode, the player works though a number of pre-determined setlists and boss battles (as described below) with the celebrity avatars and fictional DJ's at one of six different venues, earning stars that unlock additional venues to play at. Completing certain setlists or battles unlock new characters, outfits for those characters, and virtual turntable decks for the player. Five of these decks are \"power decks\" that slightly change the scoring mechanism or play style of the game; one increases the maximum multiple to 5x, while another one increases the rate that notes are displayed but increases the base scoring system.[4]The primary focus of DJ Hero 2 has been the social aspects, according to FreeStyleGames' creative director Jamie Jackson;[7] as such, many of the games' new modes feature multiplayer considerations. The game supports the \"Party Play\" mode introduced in Guitar Hero 5, allowing players to jump into a song, alter the difficulty during gameplay, change between turntable and vocals, and leave at any time, while the game continues to run in a jukebox mode.[8] Several new competitive modes engage two DJ players against each other; some modes have both DJs performing alongside each other but with competitive edges such as a \"Checkpoint\" race where each DJ attempts to earn the best score within a section of a song. DJ Battles see two DJ's performing call-and-response style along with open freestyle sections.[5] The online mode includes a simple role-playing video game mechanic whereby participating and winning battles with other players earns the player DJ Points that lead to level increases and additional perks.The game does not include \"DJ vs Guitar\" mode that was featured in DJ Hero, where a second player could use a compatible guitar controller to play alongside the DJ player.[6]","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dj2-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"David Guetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Guetta"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vg247_2010_skus-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ukpsmag_interview-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ukpsmag_interview-14"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vg247_pre-e3_interview-7"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ukpsmag_interview-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ukpsmag_interview-14"},{"link_name":"Kinect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinect"},{"link_name":"PlayStation Move","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_Move"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vg247_pre-e3_interview-7"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vg247_pre-e3_interview-7"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ukpsmag_interview-14"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Usher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usher_(entertainer)"},{"link_name":"OMG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OMG_(Usher_song)"},{"link_name":"will.i.am","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will.i.am"},{"link_name":"2010 Electronic Entertainment Expo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Electronic_Entertainment_Expo"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Deadmau5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadmau5"},{"link_name":"Tiësto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%C3%ABsto"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ukpsmag_interview-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ukpsmag_interview-14"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tiesto_eurogamer-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tiesto_eurogamer-18"}],"text":"DJ Hero 2 was officially announced in June 2010 for release in the last quarter of 2010.[9] Prior to the game's announcement, Activision revealed a month before the game's release that it is actively seeking artists for downloadable content and a sequel to the game.[10] David Guetta has stated that he was set to work on the game's sequel, to arrive late in 2010.[11] Activision CEO Bobby Kotick stated that despite low sales of DJ Hero, they are committed to continuing the series, with the sequel due in 2010.[12] The sequel, DJ Hero 2, was further confirmed during an Activision investors report for 2009, citing it as one of only 2 major Guitar Hero titles to be expected from Activision in 2010, with an expected late-2010 release date.[13]Work on DJ Hero 2 started some months after the first game was completed, as the development team had endured heavy working hours to meet the release deadline. FreeStyleGames' creative director Jamie Jackson said that DJ Hero 2 took about seven months to complete.[14] While they were able to easily build on the existing framework for DJ Hero, FreeStyleGames wanted to do more than just include new mixes, and sought to include additional features such as the Battle Mixes into the game.[14] Many of the game's new features are a result of feedback from players, including the game's social modes and improvements in the game's interface to provide a cleaner look and instantaneous visual feedback to the player.[7] The team also worked at improving the game's graphics; the appearance of DJ Hero's graffiti-based menus gave the impression of being a hip-hop game, but FreeStyleGames wanted to distance DJ Hero 2 from that.[14] They also wanted to clean up the gameplay's interface, providing better feedback to the player and making it easily to tell when they were winning or losing.[14] While DJ Hero 2 does not use Kinect or PlayStation Move motion-sensing technology, Jackson had not ruled them out for a future iteration of the game.[7]Another step to move the game from the apparent hip-hop nature was through its song selection. Jackson felt the first game was weighted too heavily to the genre, with about 60% of the songs being hip-hop. The songs in DJ Hero 2 represent a wider variety of music, including dance, drum and bass, and techno, along with some contributions from hip-hop.[15] Jackson noted that they were able to work better with artists and publishers for DJ Hero 2, after the successful launch of the first game; with artists and publishers now knowing what to expect, \"there is more understanding, so it has opened the doors to us in terms of getting more popular music\", according to Jackson.[7] However, licensing for such music remained a difficult barrier.[14] Mixes for DJ Hero 2 are made first through computer-aided mixing of the two song tracks combined with effects noises, with simultaneous authoring of the gameplay markers. Noise for the scratching sections are filled in by recording the sounds of the tracks actually scratched on a DJ deck.[16]Usher contributed his song \"OMG\" featuring will.i.am for DJ Hero 2, which he and will.i.am performed live at the 2010 Electronic Entertainment Expo. Usher had previously been approached by Kotick before the release of DJ Hero for future projects for Activision. Usher found, after following the success of DJ Hero, that the game was \"very interesting\" as a means of connecting younger gamers to music such as his that they would not be able to experience live at a club, leading to his desire to be a part of the sequel.[17]FreeStyleGames found that by selecting mix artists such as Deadmau5 and Tiësto who are more widely known than some artists in the first game, they were able to give DJ Hero 2 a different feel, embracing the theatrics of these artists.[14] FreeStyleGames had tried to include Tiësto within the first game, but could not do it within the deadline, but instead was used as part of the first game's promotion,[14] and later would be used as Activision's \"ambassador\" for the game to Europe.[18] Furthermore, the game's soundtrack has been selected to include more dance and pop tracks taken from European artists to make the game more Euro-friendly.[18]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pussycat Dolls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pussycat_Dolls"},{"link_name":"Busta Rhymes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busta_Rhymes"},{"link_name":"Don’t Cha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%E2%80%99t_Cha"},{"link_name":"Pitbull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitbull_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Know_You_Want_Me_(Calle_Ocho)"},{"link_name":"Lady Gaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Gaga"},{"link_name":"Colby O'Donis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colby_O%27Donis"},{"link_name":"Just Dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_Dance_(song)"},{"link_name":"deadmau5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadmau5"},{"link_name":"Ghosts N Stuff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghosts_N_Stuff"},{"link_name":"Estelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estelle_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Kanye West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanye_West"},{"link_name":"American Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Boy_(Estelle_song)"},{"link_name":"Chic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chic_(band)"},{"link_name":"Good Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Times_(Chic_song)"},{"link_name":"MSTRKRFT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSTRKRFT"},{"link_name":"N.O.R.E.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N.O.R.E."},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"browser game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Browser_game"},{"link_name":"fish in a bottle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_in_a_bottle"},{"link_name":"Lady Gaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Gaga"},{"link_name":"Colby O'Donis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colby_O%27Donis"},{"link_name":"Just Dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_Dance_(song)"},{"link_name":"Deadmau5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadmau5"},{"link_name":"Ghosts N Stuff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghosts_N_Stuff"},{"link_name":"Blakroc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blakroc"},{"link_name":"Pharoahe Monch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharoahe_Monch"},{"link_name":"RZA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RZA"},{"link_name":"Tiësto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%C3%ABsto"},{"link_name":"Sneaky Sound System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sneaky_Sound_System"},{"link_name":"I Will Be Here","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Will_Be_Here"},{"link_name":"Tiësto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%C3%ABsto"},{"link_name":"Speed Rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_Rail_(composition)"},{"link_name":"email","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email"},{"link_name":"Twitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter"},{"link_name":"facebook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook"},{"link_name":"Myspace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"MP3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"A demo for DJ Hero 2 was released to the PlayStation network and the Xbox Live on September 7, 2010. The demo contains four mixes, two of which were playable: Pussycat Dolls featuring Busta Rhymes - \"Don’t Cha\" vs. Pitbull - \"I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)\" and Lady Gaga featuring Colby O'Donis - \"Just Dance\" vs. deadmau5 - \"Ghosts N Stuff\". The mix Estelle featuring Kanye West - \"American Boy\" vs. Chic - \"Good Times\" was used as a tutorial and the mix MSTRKRFT featuring N.O.R.E. - \"Bounce\" (Beat Juggle) could be heard in the menu background.[19]A viral browser game, DJ Hero 2 Mix 2Gether, was released on October 17, 2010. The viral game was made by digital agency fish in a bottle and features a cut down version of the full game product. Three mixes are included in the viral and are all playable: Lady Gaga featuring Colby O'Donis - \"Just Dance\" vs. Deadmau5 - \"Ghosts N Stuff\", Blakroc featuring Pharoahe Monch and RZA - \"Dollaz and Sense\" and Tiësto and Sneaky Sound System - \"I Will Be Here\" vs. Tiësto - \"Speed Rail\". Unique to the viral game is a \"Create A Mix\" mode which allows players to create their own mixes, share them and challenge friends through email, Twitter, facebook and Myspace.[20]DJ Hero 2 was sold with various promotional items. Within Europe and select stores in North America, players that purchased the game in one of two bundle packages (either with one or two turntable controllers) received the predecessor DJ Hero free.[21] Other North American stores offered carrying cases for the turntables, MP3 versions of selected mixes, or redemption codes for in-game customization options.[22]","title":"Promotion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"A glitch was observed by players on Xbox 360 where, if they were playing while online and had exactly 100 friends attached to their account, the game would freeze and/or they would be unable to play online. Activision issued a patch to correct this a few days after release.[23][24]The music video for Tiësto's \"Speed Rail\" is composed only of footage from DJ Hero 2 including the Tiësto avatar.[25]","title":"Post-release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dj2-9"},{"link_name":"Game Informer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Informer"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gi_e3-8"},{"link_name":"David Guetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Guetta"},{"link_name":"Deadmau5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadmau5"},{"link_name":"DJ Qbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Qbert"},{"link_name":"Tiësto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%C3%ABsto"},{"link_name":"RZA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RZA"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dj2-9"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rza-28"},{"link_name":"Sigma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma_(duo)"},{"link_name":"downloadable content","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downloadable_content"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"text":"DJ Hero 2's setlist includes 83 mashups from nearly 100 songs from about 85 different artists.[9] Game Informer stated that the game's soundtrack still strongly represents the genre of hip-hop, but adds more elements from electronica, pop, and dance.[8] David Guetta, Deadmau5, DJ Qbert, Tiësto and RZA are playable avatars within the game and they will help create mixes for the game.[9][26][27][28] Most of the in-game scratching was performed by former World DMC Champion DJ Blakey, and some by Joe Lenzie of Sigma.DJ Hero 2 supports downloadable content in the form of new mixes that can be purchased from the consoles' respective online stores. In addition, through an additional free add-on released in November 2010, players will be able to purchase existing downloadable content from the first game to use within DJ Hero 2.[29] Activision's February 2011 decision to shutter their Guitar Hero development initially stated that no further downloadable content will be forthcoming for the title,[30] but due to \"continued support\" from their fanbase, Activision has since decided it will continue to release downloadable content for the game through at least March and April 2011 with packs that were in the works prior to the closure of Guitar Hero.[31][32]","title":"Soundtrack"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"GameRankings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameRankings"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"1Up.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1Up.com"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1up_review-35"},{"link_name":"Eurogamer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurogamer"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eurogamer_review-3"},{"link_name":"Game Informer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Informer"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gi_review-6"},{"link_name":"GameSpot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gamespot_review-4"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ign_uk_review-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ign_us_review-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-palgn_review-38"},{"link_name":"1UP.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1UP.com"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1up_review-35"},{"link_name":"Eurogamer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurogamer"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eurogamer_review-3"},{"link_name":"Ars Technica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ars_Technica"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-arstech_review-39"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ign_uk_review-36"},{"link_name":"Flavor Flav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavor_Flav"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eurogamer_review-3"},{"link_name":"Game Informer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Informer"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gi_review-6"},{"link_name":"GameSpot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gamespot_review-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gi_review-6"},{"link_name":"hip-hop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip-hop"},{"link_name":"house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_(genre)"},{"link_name":"dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_dance_music"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gi_review-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eurogamer_review-3"},{"link_name":"Official Xbox Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Xbox_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-palgn_review-38"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ign_us_review-37"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1up_review-35"},{"link_name":"NPD Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPD_Group"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Guitar Hero: Warriors of Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar_Hero:_Warriors_of_Rock"},{"link_name":"Guitar Hero 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar_Hero_5"},{"link_name":"DJ Hero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Hero"},{"link_name":"Band Hero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Band_Hero"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"14th Annual Interactive Achievement Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_Annual_Interactive_Achievement_Awards"},{"link_name":"Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Interactive_Arts_%26_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Outstanding Achievement in Soundtrack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D.I.C.E._Award_for_Outstanding_Achievement_in_Original_Music_Composition"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"text":"ReceptionAggregate scoresAggregatorScoreGameRankings86.66%[33]Metacritic86/100[34]Review scoresPublicationScore1Up.comB+[35]Eurogamer9/10[3]Game Informer9.25/10[6]GameSpot8.5/10[4]IGN9/10 (UK)[36]8.5/10 (US)[37]PALGN8.5/10[38]DJ Hero 2 was well received by critics, who felt the game was a significant improvement in both gameplay, presentation, and song selection from its predecessor. Michael Brown of 1UP.com noted while there was very little overall change to the gameplay, \"it's the minor tweaks that make it a definite improvement over the original\".[35] Keza MacDonald of Eurogamer believed that DJ Hero 2 was \"much slicker, clearer and more tasteful\" with changes in presentation and interface that quickly allows the players to jump into the game.[3] Ben Kuchera of Ars Technica called the title \"the best kind of sequel\" as it retained the best features of DJ Hero and added further improvements atop of those.[39] Matt Wales of IGN noted that the early difficulty levels of the game were much more suited to beginners \"to make for a more convincing DJing experience, without sacrificing that all-important accessibility\".[36]Critics praised the new freestyle features into gameplay, citing the overuse of the Flavor Flav default sample in the first game. MacDonald favored how FreeStyleGames transformed the limited freestyle sections of the first game into \"an integral part\" of the sequel.[3] Matt Helgeson of Game Informer stated that the nature of DJ Hero 2's freestyling made him feel that he was \"helping craft the mix, not just hitting buttons in time\".[6] While the addition of new multiplayer modes was well-received, many felt the vocal track addition did not work out well. Chris Watters of GameSpot noted that \"the singing evaluation doesn't feel as slick as in other games\", and unless the player knows the music from both tracks of a mix, singing the back-and-forth mix \"isn't all that fun\".[4] Helgeson commented that attempting to sing lyrics from two separate songs \"feels like playing karaoke game in the grips of a seizure\".[6]Reviewers found the soundtrack to provide a wider range of genres, moving away from hip-hop and into house and dance genres, to appeal to more players.[40] Helgeson considered that the mixes were \"uniformly great\", and balanced popular artists with skilled DJ mixers.[6] MacDonald stated the soundtrack was \"faultless\" and that while featuring a large number of songs from the club scene, the soundtrack is \"still a powerful draw if you don't know or even like the music\".[3] Official Xbox Magazine UK's Mike Channell believed the \"mashups also feel even more playful this time around\", creating new interpretations of the lyrics of songs through the mixing.[41] Cian Hassett of PALGN called the setlist \"the most incredible fusion of contrasting genres known to man\".[38] Some critics commented that they felt the first game's track list was better; Damien Hatfield of IGN felt there was \"more variety\" in the original game's mix and better representation within certain genres,[37] while Brown favored DJ Hero's set for \"how it mixed together frequently disparate tracks\" and that many mixes in the sequel favored too much of one song in the mix.[35]The NPD Group's North American sales estimates for DJ Hero 2 during its launch month were 59,000 units.[42] Combined sales in North America of DJ Hero 2 and Guitar Hero: Warriors of Rock were below one million in 2010, 63% below the total sales of Guitar Hero 5, DJ Hero, and Band Hero from 2009.[43] As a result of faltering sales for its Guitar Hero series, Activision shuttered its Guitar Hero division, cancelling at least one planned game for 2011.[44][45][46] The closure also affects the DJ Hero series, as Activision has stated that they do not expect to publish a music game during 2011.[47]During the 14th Annual Interactive Achievement Awards, the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences nominated DJ Hero 2 for \"Outstanding Achievement in Soundtrack\".[48]","title":"Reception"}]
[{"image_text":"DJ Hero 2 includes support for three players to play at the same time - two on turntables and one vocalist.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b0/Djhero2-screen.jpg/220px-Djhero2-screen.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Guitar Hero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar_Hero"},{"title":"DJ Hero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Hero"}]
[{"reference":"Ryon, Sean. \"DJ Hero 2 To Feature Eminem, Dr. Dre, More\". Archived from the original on 2010-07-18. Retrieved 2010-07-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100718015018/http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.11724/title.dj-hero-2-to-feature-eminem-dr-dre-more","url_text":"\"DJ Hero 2 To Feature Eminem, Dr. Dre, More\""},{"url":"http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.11724/title.dj-hero-2-to-feature-eminem-dr-dre-more","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Robinson, Andy (2011-02-10). \"DJ Hero 3 cancelled alongside Guitar Hero\". ComputerandVideoGames.com. Archived from the original on 2011-02-14. 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Retrieved 2010-11-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gamespot.com/xbox360/action/djhero2/review.html","url_text":"\"DJ Hero 2 Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot","url_text":"GameSpot"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101028151435/http://www.gamespot.com/xbox360/action/djhero2/review.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Donlan, Christian (2010-06-10). \"DJ Hero 2\". Eurogamer. Archived from the original on 2010-06-12. Retrieved 2010-06-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/dj-hero-2-preview","url_text":"\"DJ Hero 2\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurogamer","url_text":"Eurogamer"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100612203525/http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/dj-hero-2-preview","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Helgeson, Matt (2010-10-19). \"DJ Hero 2\". Game Informer. 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Official UK PlayStation Magazine. 2010-10-08. Archived from the original on 2010-10-13. Retrieved 2010-10-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://uk.playstation.com/psn/news/articles/detail/item310636/Game-Talk-DJ-Hero-2/?site_locale=en_GB","url_text":"\"Game Talk: DJ Hero 2\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_UK_PlayStation_Magazine","url_text":"Official UK PlayStation Magazine"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101013165926/http://uk.playstation.com/psn/news/articles/detail/item310636/Game-Talk-DJ-Hero-2/?site_locale=en_GB","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"East, Thomas (2010-10-13). \"DJ Hero featured too much hip hop' - dev\". Official Nintendo Magazine. Archived from the original on 2012-09-07. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasias_for_Guitar_and_Banjo
Fantasias for Guitar and Banjo
["1 Recording","2 Music","3 Release and reception","4 Track listing","5 Personnel","6 External links","7 References"]
1963 studio album by Sandy BullFantasias for Guitar and BanjoStudio album by Sandy BullReleasedAugust 1963Recorded1963GenreFolk, American PrimitivismLength42:23LabelVanguardSandy Bull chronology Fantasias for Guitar and Banjo(1963) Inventions(1965) Fantasias for Guitar and Banjo is the debut album of the folk guitarist Sandy Bull, released in 1963 through Vanguard Records. Recording Bull recorded the album accompanied by Billy Higgins, a session jazz drummer who had previously appeared on early Ornette Coleman records. Together they recorded three original pieces as well as interpretations of Carmina Burana Fantasy and Non nobis Domine. Music The highlight of Fantasias for Guitar and Banjo is usually considered to be its opener "Blend", a lengthy improvisational piece. According to Bull, the ideas behind the piece originated from his admiration of Folkways Records, which documented ethnic music from across the world. He also claimed to being particularly inspired from hearing Ravi Shankar and Ali Akbar Khan in New York City. "Blend" has been viewed as a "virtual travelogue of styles done in a then revolutionary modal tuning". The tuning is in the key of B. Release and reception Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusic Matthew Greenwald of AllMusic describes Fantasias for Guitar and Banjo as an "incredible debut" and lauds it for being well ahead of its time. Writing in Crawdaddy in December 1966, Sandy Pearlman recognized the album as a work that presaged pop music's move toward raga rock. Pearlman said that, with Fantasias, Bull "became a leading innovator in the assimilation of Indian influences into a Western musical context". Author Kevin Fellezs views the album as a prime example of an "underacknowledged early fusion-world recording that remains musically compelling today". Track listing Side oneNo.TitleWriter(s)Length1."Blend"Bull22:00 Side twoNo.TitleWriter(s)Length1."Carmina Burana Fantasy"Orff4:342."Non nobis Domine"Byrd1:393."Little Maggie"Bull4:094."Gospel Tune"Bull10:01 Personnel Sandy Bull – banjo, guitar Billy Higgins – drums External links Fantasias For Guitar And Banjo at Discogs (list of releases) References ^ a b Fellezs, Kevin. Birds of Fire: Jazz, Rock, Funk, and the Creation of Fusion. Duke University Press. 2011. pg. 50. Retrieved August 11, 2012. ^ Larkin, Colin. The Virgin Encyclopedia of Jazz. Virgin Books. 1999. pg. 135. Retrieved August 11, 2012. ^ Leech, Jeanette. Seasons They Change: The Story of Acid and Psychedelic Folk. Jawbone Press. 2010. pg. 43. Retrieved August 11, 2012. ^ a b c Greenwald, Matthew. "Fantasias for Guitar & Banjo". Allmusic. Retrieved August 10, 2012. ^ Williams, Paul. The Crawdaddy! Book: Writings (And Images) from the Magazine of Rock. Hal Leonard Corporation. 2002. pg. 102. Retrieved August 11, 2012. ^ Pearlman, Sandy (December 1966). "Patterns and Sounds: The Uses of Raga in Rock". Crawdaddy. Available at pastemagazine.com (June 9, 2015). Retrieved July 3, 2017. vteSandy BullStudio albums Fantasias for Guitar and Banjo Inventions E Pluribus Unum Demolition Derby Jukebox School of Music Vehicles Steel Tears Live albums Still Valentine's Day 1969 Sandy Bull & The Rhythm Ace Live 1976 Compilation albums Re-Inventions: Best of the Vanguard Years Vanguard Visionaries Related articles Vanguard Records
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipecac
Syrup of ipecac
["1 Use","1.1 Misuse","2 Mechanism of action","3 Discontinuation","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
Plant-derived drug used for airway decongestion and to induce vomiting "Ipecac" redirects here. For other uses, see Ipecac (disambiguation). Syrup of ipecacFlask for tincture of ipecac (ipecac roots and rhizomes dissolved in alcohol, which is watered down and sweetened to make syrup of ipecac)Clinical dataRoutes ofadministrationOralATC codeR05CA04 (WHO) V03AB01 (WHO)Legal statusLegal status OTC IdentifiersCAS Number8012-96-2 NChemSpidernoneUNII62I3C8233LECHA InfoCard100.029.439  NY (what is this?)  (verify) Syrup of ipecac (/ˈɪpɪkæk/), or simply ipecac, is a drug that was once widely used as an expectorant (in low doses) and a rapid-acting emetic (in higher doses). It is obtained from the dried rhizome and roots of the ipecacuanha plant (Carapichea ipecacuanha), from which it derives its name. It is no longer regularly used in medicine. In particular, the rapidly induced forceful vomiting produced by ipecac was considered for many years to be an important front-line treatment for orally ingested poisons. However, subsequent studies (including a comprehensive 2005 meta-study) revealed the stomach purging produced by ipecac to be far less effective at lowering total body poison concentrations than the adsorption effect of oral activated charcoal (which is effective through the entire gastrointestinal tract and is often coupled with whole bowel irrigation). Ipecac also presents a small risk of overdose (being a mild poison itself) and a major risk of esophagitis and aspiration pneumonia if used to purge corrosive poisons. Having long been replaced (even in the emetic role) by more effective medications, the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP) now advises that "Ipecac syrup is no longer recommended for routine management of outpatient ingestions of medications or other chemicals." Ipecac is commonly made from alcohol extraction of the plants Cephaelis acuminata and Cephaelis ipecacuanha. The extract is commonly mixed with glycerin, sugar (syrup), and methylparaben. The active ingredients are plant alkaloids, cephaeline, and methyl-cephaeline (emetine). Use The examples and perspective in this section deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this section, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new section, as appropriate. (October 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Ipecac plant Ipecac was used in cough mixtures as an expectorant or an emetic from the 18th until the early 20th century. For instance, ipecac and opium were used to produce Dover's powder, which was used in syrup form. In 1965, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the sale of up to one ounce of syrup of ipecac without a prescription. At the time it was approved, its use was recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics, American Association of Poison Control Centers, American Medical Association, and the FDA's medical advisory board as a method to induce vomiting "for quick first-aid use in the home, under medical supervision", for use in cases of accidental poisoning. Current guidelines from the American Academy of Pediatrics, however, strongly advise against this and in fact recommend the disposal of any syrup of ipecac present in the home. Many toxicological associations have also issued position papers recommending against its use as a first-line treatment for most ingested poisons, because of a lack of evidence that syrup of ipecac actually helps improve the outcome in cases of poisoning. Moreover, accidental overdose of ipecac can result when administered in the home. When dealing with poisoning cases in the hospital, it became difficult to obtain a differential diagnosis when syrup of ipecac had been administered, as this can add further symptoms. A 2005 review by a Health Resources and Services Administration-funded scientific panel concluded that vomiting alone does not reliably remove poisons from the stomach. The study suggested that indications for use of ipecac syrup were rare, and patients should be treated by more effective and safer means. Additionally, its potential side effects, such as lethargy, can be confused with the poison's effects, complicating diagnosis. The use of ipecac may also delay the use of other treatments (e.g., activated charcoal, whole bowel irrigation, or oral antidotes) or make them less effective. Misuse Ipecac has been used by people with bulimia nervosa as a means to achieve weight loss through induced vomiting. Repeated use in this manner is believed to cause damage to the heart and muscles, which can ultimately result in the user's death. Misuse of ipecac has been blamed for the death of singer Karen Carpenter in 1983. It has also been used as an agent for Münchausen syndrome by proxy. Mechanism of action The actions of ipecac are mainly those of major alkaloids, emetine (methylcephaeline) and cephaeline. They both act locally by irritating the gastric mucosa and centrally by stimulating the medullary chemoreceptor trigger zone to induce vomiting. Discontinuation Ipecac has been found to have minimal health benefits, and is ultimately ineffective at purging the body of poisonous substances. It was initially discontinued due to production costs and lack of raw materials. As the ASHP advises: "Ipecac syrup is no longer recommended for routine management of outpatient ingestions of medications or other chemicals." Humco and Paddock Laboratories, the last two companies to continue manufacturing ipecac syrup, both stopped production in 2010. A heavily cited position statement outlines critical details of its effectiveness: In experimental studies the amount of marker removed by ipecac was highly variable and diminished with time. There is no evidence from clinical studies that ipecac improves the outcome of poisoned patients and its routine administration in the emergency department should be abandoned. There is insufficient data to support or exclude ipecac administration soon after poison ingestion. Ipecac may delay the administration or reduce the effectiveness of activated charcoal, oral antidotes, and whole bowel irrigation. Ipecac should not be administered to a patient who has a decreased level or impending loss of consciousness or who has ingested a corrosive substance or hydrocarbon with high aspiration potential. See also Antiemetic References ^ "Ipecac Syrup". Discontinued Drug Bulletin. Archived from the original on 2014-12-16. Retrieved 2014-12-16. ^ Benzoni T, Gibson J (31 January 2023). "Ipecac". StatPearls . Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. PMID 28846272. ^ Galton L (1966-01-09). "New Lifesaver For Your Medicine Chest". Parade. Retrieved 2015-06-04. ^ American Academy Of Pediatrics Committee On Injury Violence (November 2003). "Poison treatment in the home. American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Injury, Violence, and Poison Prevention". Pediatrics. 112 (5): 1182–5. doi:10.1542/peds.112.5.1182. PMID 14595067. ^ American Academy Of Clinical Toxico (2004). "Position paper: Ipecac syrup". Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology. 42 (2): 133–43. doi:10.1081/CLT-120037421. PMID 15214617. S2CID 218865551. ^ Bateman DN (March 1999). "Gastric decontamination--a view for the millennium". Journal of Accident & Emergency Medicine. 16 (2): 84–6. doi:10.1136/emj.16.2.84. PMC 1343284. PMID 10191436. ^ Manoguerra AS, Cobaugh DJ (2005). "Guideline on the use of ipecac syrup in the out-of-hospital management of ingested poisons". Clinical Toxicology. 43 (1): 1–10. doi:10.1081/CLT-200046735. PMID 15732439. ^ Silber TJ (September 2005). "Ipecac syrup abuse, morbidity, and mortality: isn't it time to repeal its over-the-counter status?". The Journal of Adolescent Health. 37 (3): 256–60. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2004.08.022. PMID 16109351. ^ Schmidt R (24 October 2010). "Karen Carpenter's tragic story". The Guardian. ^ Shannon M (November 2003). "The demise of ipecac". Pediatrics. 112 (5): 1180–1. doi:10.1542/peds.112.5.1180. PMID 14595066. ^ "Ipecac Syrup". Discontinued Drug Bulletin. ^ Krenzelok EP, McGuigan M, Lheur P (1997). "Position statement: ipecac syrup. American Academy of Clinical Toxicology; European Association of Poisons Centres and Clinical Toxicologists". Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology. 35 (7): 699–709. doi:10.3109/15563659709162567. PMID 9482425. External links AAP policy on Poison Treatment in the Home Chemical Poisoning and Syrup of Ipecac vteCough and cold preparations (R05)Expectorants Althea root Ammonium Chloride Antimony pentasulfide Cineole Creosote Guaiacolsulfonate Guaifenesin (+codeine, +hydrocodone, +oxomemazine) Hederae helicis folium Ipecacuanha (Syrup of ipecac) Levoverbenone Potassium iodide Senega Tyloxapol Mucolytics Acetylcysteine# Ambroxol Bromhexine Carbocisteine Dembrexine hydrochloride Domiodol Dornase alfa Eprazinone Erdosteine Letosteine Mannitol Mesna Neltenexine Sobrerol Stepronin Cough suppressantsOpium alkaloids,opioids,and derivatives Acetyldihydrocodeine Benzylmorphine Butorphanol Codeine# (+guaifenesin) Dextromethorphan Dihydrocodeine Dimemorfan Ethylmorphine Heroin Hydrocodone (+guaifenesin, +homatropine) Hydromorphone Laudanum Levomethadone Levopropoxyphene Methadone Nicocodeine Nicodicodeine Normethadone Noscapine Pholcodine Thebacon Other Alloclamide Benproperine Benzonatate Bibenzonium bromide Butamirate Clobutinol Clofedanol Cloperastine Dibunate Dimethoxanate Diphenhydramine Dropropizine Droxypropine Fedrilate Fominoben Gefapixant Glaucine Isoaminile Levodropropizine Meprotixol Moguisteine Morclofone Nepinalone Oxeladin Oxolamine Pentoxyverine Pipazetate Piperidione Prenoxdiazine Tipepidine Zipeprol #WHO-EM ‡Withdrawn from market Clinical trials: †Phase III §Never to phase III vteAntidotes (V03AB)Nervous systemAlcohol intoxication Metadoxine Thiamine Barbiturate overdose Bemegride Ethamivan Benzodiazepine overdose Cyprodenate Flumazenil GHB overdose Physostigmine SCH-50911 Nerve agent / Organophosphate poisoning Atropine# Biperiden Diazepam# Oximes Obidoxime Pralidoxime see also: Cholinesterase Opioid overdose Diprenorphine Doxapram Nalmefene Nalorphine Naloxone# Naltrexone Reversal of neuromuscular blockade Sugammadex Circulatory systemBeta blocker Glucagon Digoxin toxicity Digoxin immune fab Anticoagulants against direct Xa inhibitors (Andexanet alfa) against heparin (Protamine#) OtherArsenic poisoning Dimercaprol# Succimer Cyanide poisoning 4-Dimethylaminophenol Hydroxocobalamin nitrite Amyl nitrite Sodium nitrite# Sodium thiosulfate# Hydrofluoric acid Calcium gluconate# Methanol / Ethylene glycol poisoning Primary alcohols: Ethanol Fomepizole Paracetamol toxicity (Acetaminophen) Acetylcysteine# Glutathione Methionine# Toxic metals (cadmium lead mercury thallium) Dimercaprol# Edetates Prussian blue# Other iodine-131 Potassium iodide Methylthioninium chloride# oxidizing agent Potassium permanganate Prednisolone/promethazine Emetic Copper sulfate Ipecacuanha Syrup of ipecac #WHO-EM ‡Withdrawn from market Clinical trials: †Phase III §Never to phase III Authority control databases: National Israel United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ipecac (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipecac_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"/ˈɪpɪkæk/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"expectorant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expectorant"},{"link_name":"emetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emetic"},{"link_name":"rhizome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhizome"},{"link_name":"roots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root"},{"link_name":"Carapichea ipecacuanha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carapichea_ipecacuanha"},{"link_name":"forceful vomiting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projectile_vomiting"},{"link_name":"front-line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_aid"},{"link_name":"poisons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poisons"},{"link_name":"meta-study","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta-study"},{"link_name":"adsorption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adsorption"},{"link_name":"activated charcoal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activated_charcoal_(medication)"},{"link_name":"whole bowel irrigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole_bowel_irrigation"},{"link_name":"overdose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overdose"},{"link_name":"esophagitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esophagitis"},{"link_name":"aspiration pneumonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspiration_pneumonia"},{"link_name":"corrosive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrosive"},{"link_name":"American Society of Health-System Pharmacists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_Health-System_Pharmacists"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"\"Ipecac\" redirects here. For other uses, see Ipecac (disambiguation).Syrup of ipecac (/ˈɪpɪkæk/), or simply ipecac, is a drug that was once widely used as an expectorant (in low doses) and a rapid-acting emetic (in higher doses). It is obtained from the dried rhizome and roots of the ipecacuanha plant (Carapichea ipecacuanha), from which it derives its name. It is no longer regularly used in medicine.In particular, the rapidly induced forceful vomiting produced by ipecac was considered for many years to be an important front-line treatment for orally ingested poisons. However, subsequent studies (including a comprehensive 2005 meta-study) revealed the stomach purging produced by ipecac to be far less effective at lowering total body poison concentrations than the adsorption effect of oral activated charcoal (which is effective through the entire gastrointestinal tract and is often coupled with whole bowel irrigation). Ipecac also presents a small risk of overdose (being a mild poison itself) and a major risk of esophagitis and aspiration pneumonia if used to purge corrosive poisons. Having long been replaced (even in the emetic role) by more effective medications, the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP) now advises that \"Ipecac syrup is no longer recommended for routine management of outpatient ingestions of medications or other chemicals.\"[1]Ipecac is commonly made from alcohol extraction of the plants Cephaelis acuminata and Cephaelis ipecacuanha. The extract is commonly mixed with glycerin, sugar (syrup), and methylparaben. The active ingredients are plant alkaloids, cephaeline, and methyl-cephaeline (emetine).[2]","title":"Syrup of ipecac"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ipecac.jpg"},{"link_name":"expectorant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expectorant"},{"link_name":"emetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emetic"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"opium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium"},{"link_name":"Dover's powder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dover%27s_powder"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Food and Drug Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration"},{"link_name":"American Academy of Pediatrics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Pediatrics"},{"link_name":"American Association of Poison Control Centers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_of_Poison_Control_Centers"},{"link_name":"American Medical Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Medical_Association"},{"link_name":"poisoning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poison"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"American Academy of Pediatrics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Pediatrics"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"differential diagnosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_diagnosis"},{"link_name":"Health Resources and Services Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_Resources_and_Services_Administration"},{"link_name":"stomach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomach"},{"link_name":"side effects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverse_effect_(medicine)"},{"link_name":"lethargy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lethargy"},{"link_name":"diagnosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_diagnosis"},{"link_name":"activated charcoal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activated_charcoal_(medication)"},{"link_name":"whole bowel irrigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole_bowel_irrigation"},{"link_name":"antidotes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antidote"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Ipecac plantIpecac was used in cough mixtures as an expectorant or an emetic from the 18th until the early 20th century.[citation needed] For instance, ipecac and opium were used to produce Dover's powder, which was used in syrup form.[citation needed]In 1965, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the sale of up to one ounce of syrup of ipecac without a prescription. At the time it was approved, its use was recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics, American Association of Poison Control Centers, American Medical Association, and the FDA's medical advisory board as a method to induce vomiting \"for quick first-aid use in the home, under medical supervision\", for use in cases of accidental poisoning.[3]Current guidelines from the American Academy of Pediatrics, however, strongly advise against this and in fact recommend the disposal of any syrup of ipecac present in the home.[4] Many toxicological associations have also issued position papers recommending against its use as a first-line treatment for most ingested poisons,[5] because of a lack of evidence that syrup of ipecac actually helps improve the outcome in cases of poisoning. Moreover, accidental overdose of ipecac can result when administered in the home.[6] When dealing with poisoning cases in the hospital, it became difficult to obtain a differential diagnosis when syrup of ipecac had been administered, as this can add further symptoms.A 2005 review by a Health Resources and Services Administration-funded scientific panel concluded that vomiting alone does not reliably remove poisons from the stomach. The study suggested that indications for use of ipecac syrup were rare, and patients should be treated by more effective and safer means. Additionally, its potential side effects, such as lethargy, can be confused with the poison's effects, complicating diagnosis. The use of ipecac may also delay the use of other treatments (e.g., activated charcoal, whole bowel irrigation, or oral antidotes) or make them less effective.[7]","title":"Use"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bulimia nervosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulimia_nervosa"},{"link_name":"weight loss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weight_loss"},{"link_name":"vomiting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vomiting"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Karen Carpenter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Carpenter"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Münchausen syndrome by proxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnchausen_syndrome_by_proxy"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Misuse","text":"Ipecac has been used by people with bulimia nervosa as a means to achieve weight loss through induced vomiting. Repeated use in this manner is believed to cause damage to the heart and muscles, which can ultimately result in the user's death.[8] \nMisuse of ipecac has been blamed for the death of singer Karen Carpenter in 1983.[9] It has also been used as an agent for Münchausen syndrome by proxy.[10]","title":"Use"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"alkaloids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaloid"},{"link_name":"emetine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emetine"},{"link_name":"cephaeline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cephaeline"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"mucosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucosa"},{"link_name":"chemoreceptor trigger zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemoreceptor_trigger_zone"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The actions of ipecac are mainly those of major alkaloids, emetine (methylcephaeline) and cephaeline.[citation needed] They both act locally by irritating the gastric mucosa and centrally by stimulating the medullary chemoreceptor trigger zone to induce vomiting.[citation needed]","title":"Mechanism of action"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Ipecac has been found to have minimal health benefits, and is ultimately ineffective at purging the body of poisonous substances. It was initially discontinued due to production costs and lack of raw materials. As the ASHP advises: \"Ipecac syrup is no longer recommended for routine management of outpatient ingestions of medications or other chemicals.\" Humco and Paddock Laboratories, the last two companies to continue manufacturing ipecac syrup, both stopped production in 2010.[11]A heavily cited position statement outlines critical details of its effectiveness:In experimental studies the amount of marker removed by ipecac was highly variable and diminished with time. There is no evidence from clinical studies that ipecac improves the outcome of poisoned patients and its routine administration in the emergency department should be abandoned. There is insufficient data to support or exclude ipecac administration soon after poison ingestion. Ipecac may delay the administration or reduce the effectiveness of activated charcoal, oral antidotes, and whole bowel irrigation. Ipecac should not be administered to a patient who has a decreased level or impending loss of consciousness or who has ingested a corrosive substance or hydrocarbon with high aspiration potential.[12]","title":"Discontinuation"}]
[{"image_text":"Ipecac plant","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Ipecac.jpg/220px-Ipecac.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Antiemetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiemetic"}]
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Retrieved 2015-06-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=3wUrAAAAIBAJ&pg=4879%2C4587550","url_text":"\"New Lifesaver For Your Medicine Chest\""}]},{"reference":"American Academy Of Pediatrics Committee On Injury Violence (November 2003). \"Poison treatment in the home. American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Injury, Violence, and Poison Prevention\". Pediatrics. 112 (5): 1182–5. doi:10.1542/peds.112.5.1182. PMID 14595067.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1542%2Fpeds.112.5.1182","url_text":"\"Poison treatment in the home. 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S2CID 218865551.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1081%2FCLT-120037421","url_text":"10.1081/CLT-120037421"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15214617","url_text":"15214617"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:218865551","url_text":"218865551"}]},{"reference":"Bateman DN (March 1999). \"Gastric decontamination--a view for the millennium\". Journal of Accident & Emergency Medicine. 16 (2): 84–6. doi:10.1136/emj.16.2.84. PMC 1343284. PMID 10191436.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1343284","url_text":"\"Gastric decontamination--a view for the millennium\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1136%2Femj.16.2.84","url_text":"10.1136/emj.16.2.84"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1343284","url_text":"1343284"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10191436","url_text":"10191436"}]},{"reference":"Manoguerra AS, Cobaugh DJ (2005). \"Guideline on the use of ipecac syrup in the out-of-hospital management of ingested poisons\". Clinical Toxicology. 43 (1): 1–10. doi:10.1081/CLT-200046735. PMID 15732439.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1081%2FCLT-200046735","url_text":"10.1081/CLT-200046735"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15732439","url_text":"15732439"}]},{"reference":"Silber TJ (September 2005). \"Ipecac syrup abuse, morbidity, and mortality: isn't it time to repeal its over-the-counter status?\". The Journal of Adolescent Health. 37 (3): 256–60. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2004.08.022. PMID 16109351.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jadohealth.2004.08.022","url_text":"10.1016/j.jadohealth.2004.08.022"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16109351","url_text":"16109351"}]},{"reference":"Schmidt R (24 October 2010). \"Karen Carpenter's tragic story\". The Guardian.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/books/2010/oct/24/karen-carpenter-anorexia-book-extract","url_text":"\"Karen Carpenter's tragic story\""}]},{"reference":"Shannon M (November 2003). \"The demise of ipecac\". Pediatrics. 112 (5): 1180–1. doi:10.1542/peds.112.5.1180. PMID 14595066.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1542%2Fpeds.112.5.1180","url_text":"10.1542/peds.112.5.1180"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14595066","url_text":"14595066"}]},{"reference":"\"Ipecac Syrup\". Discontinued Drug Bulletin.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ashp.org/Drug-Shortages/Current-Shortages/Drug-Shortage-Detail.aspx?Type=Rss&Id=468","url_text":"\"Ipecac Syrup\""}]},{"reference":"Krenzelok EP, McGuigan M, Lheur P (1997). \"Position statement: ipecac syrup. American Academy of Clinical Toxicology; European Association of Poisons Centres and Clinical Toxicologists\". Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology. 35 (7): 699–709. doi:10.3109/15563659709162567. PMID 9482425.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3109%2F15563659709162567","url_text":"10.3109/15563659709162567"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9482425","url_text":"9482425"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1257_in_Ireland
1257 in Ireland
["1 Incumbent","2 Events","3 Births","4 Deaths","5 References"]
List of events in the year 1257 ← 1256 1255 1254 1253 1252 1257 in Ireland → 1258 1259 1260 1261 1262 Centuries: 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th Decades: 1230s 1240s 1250s 1260s 1270s See also:Other events of 1257 List of years in Ireland Events from the year 1257 in Ireland. Incumbent Lord: Henry III Events Death of Maurice Fitzgerald; his lordship of Sligo ravaged by Godfrey O’Donnell, king of Tir Conaill. Normans in Thomond defeated by Conor O’Brien and his son, Tadhg. A brave battle was fought by Godfrey O'Donnell, Lord of Tirconnell, in defence of his country, with the Lord Justice of Ireland, Maurice Fitzgerald, and the other English nobles of Connacht, at Creadran-Cille in Ros-cede, in the territory of Carbury, to the north of Sligo. A desperate and furious battle was fought between them: bodies were mangled, heroes were disabled, and the senses were stunned on both sides. The field was vigorously maintained by the Kinel-Connell, who made such obstinate and vigorous onsets upon the English that, in the end, they routed them with great slaughter. Godfrey himself, however, was severely wounded; for he met Maurice Fitzgerald face to face in single combat, in which they wounded each other severely. In consequence of the success of this battle, the English and the Geraldines were driven out of Lower Connacht. On the same day Mac Griffin, an illustrious knight, was taken prisoner by O'Donnell's people; and Sligo was afterwards burned and totally plundered by them. Donough, the son of Cormac O'Donnell, was killed in the heat of this battle of Creadran. They (O'Donnell's people) then returned home in consequence of O'Donnell's wounds; but, were it not that his wounds had oppressed him, he would have routed his enemies to the River Moy. Godfrey, on his return, prostrated and demolished the castle which had been erected by the English a short time before, at Cael-uisce, to carry on the war against the Kinel-Connell. Maurice Fitzgerald, for some time Lord Justice of Ireland, and the destroyer of the Irish, died. Births This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (July 2010) Deaths Maurice FitzGerald, 2nd Lord of Offaly and founder of the Franciscan Friary of South Abbey, Youghal was founded in 1224 References ^ a b The Oxford Illustrated History of Ireland. Foster, RF. Oxford University Press, Oxford. 1989 vteYears in Ireland (1101–present)12th century Pre-1101 1101 1102 1103 1104 1105 1106 1107 1108 1109 1110 1111 1112 1113 1114 1115 1116 1117 1118 1119 1120 1121 1122 1123 1124 1125 1126 1127 1128 1129 1130 1131 1132 1133 1134 1135 1136 1137 1138 1139 1140 1141 1142 1143 1144 1145 1146 1147 1148 1149 1150 1151 1152 1153 1154 1155 1156 1157 1158 1159 1160 1161 1162 1163 1164 1165 1166 1167 1168 1169 1170 1171 1172 1173 1174 1175 1176 1177 1178 1179 1180 1181 1182 1183 1184 1185 1186 1187 1188 1189 1190 1191 1192 1193 1194 1195 1196 1197 1198 1199 1200 13th century 1201 1202 1203 1204 1205 1206 1207 1208 1209 1210 1211 1212 1213 1214 1215 1216 1217 1218 1219 1220 1221 1222 1223 1224 1225 1226 1227 1228 1229 1230 1231 1232 1233 1234 1235 1236 1237 1238 1239 1240 1241 1242 1243 1244 1245 1246 1247 1248 1249 1250 1251 1252 1253 1254 1255 1256 1257 1258 1259 1260 1261 1262 1263 1264 1265 1266 1267 1268 1269 1270 1271 1272 1273 1274 1275 1276 1277 1278 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1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 20th century 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 21st century 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 vte1257 in EuropeSovereign states Andorra Aragon Bulgaria Castile Denmark England France Georgia Holy Roman Empire Hungary Iceland Ireland Mongol Empire Navarre Normandy Norway Papal States Poland Portugal San Marino Scotland Sweden
[{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Events from the year 1257 in Ireland.","title":"1257 in Ireland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Henry III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_III_of_England"}],"text":"Lord: Henry III","title":"Incumbent"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sligo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sligo"},{"link_name":"Tir Conaill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tir_Conaill"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FO-1"},{"link_name":"Normans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normans"},{"link_name":"Thomond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomond"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FO-1"}],"text":"Death of Maurice Fitzgerald; his lordship of Sligo ravaged by Godfrey O’Donnell, king of Tir Conaill.[1]\nNormans in Thomond defeated by Conor O’Brien and his son, Tadhg.[1]A brave battle was fought by Godfrey O'Donnell, Lord of Tirconnell, in defence of his country, with the Lord Justice of Ireland, Maurice Fitzgerald, and the other English nobles of Connacht, at Creadran-Cille in Ros-cede, in the territory of Carbury, to the north of Sligo. A desperate and furious battle was fought between them: bodies were mangled, heroes were disabled, and the senses were stunned on both sides. The field was vigorously maintained \nby the Kinel-Connell, who made such obstinate and vigorous onsets upon the English that, in the end, they routed them with great slaughter. Godfrey himself, however, was severely wounded; for he met Maurice Fitzgerald face to face in single combat, in which they wounded each other severely. In consequence of the success of this battle, the English and the Geraldines were driven out of Lower Connacht.On the same day Mac Griffin, an illustrious knight, was taken prisoner by O'Donnell's people; and Sligo was afterwards burned and totally plundered by them. Donough, the son of Cormac O'Donnell, was killed in the heat of this battle of Creadran. They (O'Donnell's people) then returned home in consequence of O'Donnell's wounds; but, were it not that his wounds had oppressed him, he would have routed his enemies to the River Moy. Godfrey, on his return, prostrated and demolished the castle which had been erected by the English a short time before, at Cael-uisce, to carry on the war against the Kinel-Connell.Maurice Fitzgerald, for some time Lord Justice of Ireland, and the destroyer of the Irish, died.","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Births"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1224","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1224_in_Ireland"}],"text":"Maurice FitzGerald, 2nd Lord of Offaly and founder of the Franciscan Friary of South Abbey, Youghal was founded in 1224","title":"Deaths"}]
[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Blank_Ireland.svg/80px-Blank_Ireland.svg.png"}]
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[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1257_in_Ireland&action=edit&section=","external_links_name":"adding to it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hawk_of_Lebanon
The Hawk of Lebanon
["1 Trivia","2 References","3 External links"]
Song "The Hawk of Lebanon" (Arabic: هلا يا صقر لبنان) is a popular song in the Arab world about Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah. The song was written by little known Palestinian boy band Firkat al-Shamal (Band of the North) at the height of the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict. The lyrics consist of constant repetition of a few simple rhymes: "Hey, you, hawk of Lebanon. Hey, you, Nasrallah. Your men are from Hezbollah and victory is yours with God's help." Lead singer and manager Alaa Abu al-Haija, 28, said he gives the audiences what they want to hear. "I see people turning toward Islam, so I have to sing to that," said Alaa. Palestinian fever for the song brought together supporters of Hamas and Fatah who are usually divided in the Palestinian society. Trivia Another song called "Yalla Ya Nasrallah" by an Israeli group was also written about Nasrallah during the same time. However, the song has an alternate view of Hassan Nasrallah, calling him an orangutang with lice in his beard. References ^ Boy band celebrates Nasrallah - Mideast/N. Africa - nbcnews.com External links The Hawk Of Lebanon MP3 Police confiscates CDs with “inflammatory song” Archived 2011-07-26 at the Wayback Machine Freemuse article This 2000s song-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This Lebanon-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about the region of Palestine is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Arab world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_world"},{"link_name":"Hezbollah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezbollah"},{"link_name":"Hassan Nasrallah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_Nasrallah"},{"link_name":"Palestinian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_people"},{"link_name":"Firkat al-Shamal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Firkat_al-Shamal&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Israel-Lebanon_conflict"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Hamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamas"},{"link_name":"Fatah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatah"}],"text":"\"The Hawk of Lebanon\" (Arabic: هلا يا صقر لبنان) is a popular song in the Arab world about Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah. The song was written by little known Palestinian boy band Firkat al-Shamal (Band of the North) at the height of the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict.The lyrics consist of constant repetition of a few simple rhymes: \"Hey, you, hawk of Lebanon. Hey, you, Nasrallah. Your men are from Hezbollah and victory is yours with God's help.\" Lead singer and manager Alaa Abu al-Haija, 28, said he gives the audiences what they want to hear. \"I see people turning toward Islam, so I have to sing to that,\" said Alaa.[1]Palestinian fever for the song brought together supporters of Hamas and Fatah who are usually divided in the Palestinian society.","title":"The Hawk of Lebanon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yalla Ya Nasrallah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yalla_Ya_Nasrallah&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Another song called \"Yalla Ya Nasrallah\" by an Israeli group was also written about Nasrallah during the same time. However, the song has an alternate view of Hassan Nasrallah, calling him an orangutang with lice in his beard.","title":"Trivia"}]
[]
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[]
[{"Link":"http://www.nbcnews.com/id/14514284","external_links_name":"Boy band celebrates Nasrallah - Mideast/N. Africa - nbcnews.com"},{"Link":"http://www.heise.de/tp/r4/media/23417_2.mp3","external_links_name":"The Hawk Of Lebanon"},{"Link":"http://freemuse.org/sw16363.asp","external_links_name":"Police confiscates CDs with “inflammatory song”"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110726064737/http://freemuse.org/sw16363.asp","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Hawk_of_Lebanon&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Hawk_of_Lebanon&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Hawk_of_Lebanon&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masafumi_Hirai
Masafumi Hirai
["1 External links"]
Japanese baseball player Baseball player Masafumi HiraiOrix Buffaloes – No. 72Pitcher / CoachBorn: (1975-04-21) April 21, 1975 (age 49)Batted: RightThrew: RightNPB debutSeptember 10, 1994, for the Orix BlueWaveLast NPB appearanceJune 8, 2014, for the Orix BuffaloesNPB statisticsWin–loss record63-43ERA3.31Strikeouts620Saves41Holds84 TeamsAs player Orix BlueWave/Buffaloes (1994–2002, 2013–2014) Chunichi Dragons (2003–2012) As coach Orix Buffaloes (2015–present) Career highlights and awards 1× NPB All-Star (1995) Pacific League Rookie of the Year (1995) Comeback Player of the Year (2003) Masafumi Hirai (平井 正史, born April 21, 1975, in Uwajima, Ehime Prefecture) is a Japanese former professional baseball pitcher. Hirai played in Japan's Nippon Professional Baseball for the Orix BlueWave/Buffaloes from 1994 to 2002 and from 2013 to 2014 and the Chunichi Dragons from 2003 to 2012. External links Career statistics and player information from Baseball Reference (Minors) NPB.com vteOrix Buffaloes current rosterPitchers 00 Anderson Espinoza 11 Shunpeita Yamashita 12 Kōhei Azuma 13 Hiroya Miyagi 14 Yūki Udagawa 15 Ren Mukunoki 16 Yoshihisa Hirano 17 Ryūhei Sotani 19 Taisuke Yamaoka 20 Shōta Abe 21 Sōichirō Yamazaki 22 Ryōta Muranishi 23 Kōsei Yoshida 26 Kyōsuke Saitoh 28 Ryōga Tomiyama 29 Daiki Tajima 35 Motoki Higa 42 Andrés Machado 43 Yuito Mae 46 Hitomi Honda 48 Kaisei Tōmatsu 52 Kaede Yokoyama 54 Luis Castillo 56 Atsuya Kogita 57 Nobuyoshi Yamada 58 Kazutomo Iguchi 59 Luis Perdomo 63 Kōsuke Kawachi 66 Hiroshi Suzuki 93 Kazuma Satoh 95 Kaito Saiki 96 Taito Takashima 97 Seiryū Kotajima 98 Ryūsei Gonda Catchers 2 Kenya Wakatsuki 4 Tomoya Mori 32 Shō Fukunaga 37 Ryō Ishikawa 44 Yūma Tongū 62 Shūna Hori Infielders 3 Ryōichi Adachi 5 Masahiro Nishino 6 Yūma Mune 8 Marwin González 9 Tomoya Noguchi 10 Kōji Ohshiro 24 Kōtarō Kurebayashi 25 Hō Naitoh 30 Taishi Hirooka 31 Ryō Ohta 34 Seiya Yokoyama 36 Tatsuya Yamaashi 40 Leandro Cedeño 53 Shō Gibo 64 Kōsei Ohsato 67 Keita Nakagawa Outfielders 0 Haruto Watanabe 1 Shūhei Fukuda 7 Ryōma Nishikawa 27 Kendai Gen 33 Ryū Sugisawa 38 Ryōto Kita 39 Ryōma Ikeda 41 Kōdai Sano 45 Cody Thomas 50 Yūya Oda 55 T-Okada 61 Tokumasa Chano 99 Yūtarō Sugimoto Development pitchers 003 Yuito Nakata 011 Kento Kawase 032 Kaito Iriyama 041 Hiroto Suga 042 Kaito Ōe 043 Riku Miyaguni 044 Taketo Ashida 130 Taiki Ono Development catchers 034 Kyōichirō Murakami Development infielders 045 Sōta Kawano 124 Kyōhei Ueno 126 Kazuya Katsuki Development outfielders 004 Yamato Hirano 020 Takayuki Yamanaka 123 Motohide Kinoshita First squadcoaching Manager: 78 Satoshi Nakajima Head coach: 88 Katsumi Mizumoto General fielding coach: 76 Naoyuki Kazaoka Pitching coaches: 75 Kazuyuki Atsuzawa, 72 Masafumi Hirai, 73 Rui Makino, 71 Mamoru Kishida Batting coaches: 79 Ryūtarō Tsuji, 83 Eiichi Koyano, 85 Shinji Takahashi Infield defense/base running coaches: 77 Eishin Soyogi, 80 Shūhei Kojima, 3 Ryōichi Adachi Outfield defense/base running coaches: 81 Sō Taguchi, 70 Yūsuke Matsui Battery coaches: 87 Toshio Saitoh, 74 Katsuki Yamazaki Second squadcoaching Manager: 89 Hiroshi Kobayashi Patrol head coach:   Seiichiro Nakagaki Chief development coach: 90 Toshio Haru Development coaches: 86 Shintarō Yoshida, 84 Kōhei Suzuki, 91 Daisuke Iida vtePacific League Rookie of the Year Award 1950: Aramaki 1951: Kageyama 1952: Nakanishi 1953: Toyoda 1954: Takuwa 1955: Enomoto 1956: Inao 1957: Kimura 1958: Sugiura 1959: Harimoto 1960: None 1961: Tokuhisa 1962: Ozaki 1963: None 1964: None 1965: Ikenaga 1966: None 1967: Y. Takahashi 1968: None 1969: Arito 1970: M. Sato 1971: Minagawa 1972: Kato 1973: Niimi 1974: Mitsui 1975: Yamaguchi 1976: M. Fujita 1977: Y. Sato 1978: Murakami 1979: Matsunuma 1980: Kida 1981: Ishige 1982: Oishi 1983: Futamura 1984: H. Fujita 1985: Kumano 1986: Kiyohara 1987: Awano 1988: Moriyama 1989: Sakai 1990: Nomo 1991: Hasegawa 1992: Takamura 1993: Sugiyama 1994: Watanabe 1995: Hirai 1996: Kaneko 1997: Kosaka 1998: Ozeki 1999: Matsuzaka 2000: None 2001: Okubo 2002: Shoda 2003: Wada 2004: Mise 2005: Kubo 2006: Yagi 2007: M. Tanaka 2008: Komatsu 2009: Settsu 2010: Sakakibara 2011: Makita 2012: Masuda 2013: Norimoto 2014: Ishikawa 2015: Arihara 2016: Takanashi 2017: Genda 2018: K. Tanaka 2019: R. Takahashi 2020: Taira 2021: Miyagi 2022: Mizukami 2023: Yamashita This biographical article relating to a Japanese baseball pitcher is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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[{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/player.cgi?id=hirai-001mas","external_links_name":"Baseball Reference (Minors)"},{"Link":"http://bis.npb.or.jp/eng/players/71973889.html","external_links_name":"NPB.com"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Masafumi_Hirai&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Lenti
Frank Lenti
["1 Satan's Choice","2 The Loners","3 The Diablos","4 The Bandidos","5 Later life","6 References","7 Books","8 External links"]
Canadian outlaw biker and criminal (born 1947) Frank LentiBornFrancesco Lenti1947 (age 76–77)Woodbridge, Ontario, CanadaNationalityCanadianOther names"Cisco"Occupation(s)Outlaw biker, gangsterYears active1970–Known forFounding the LonersAllegianceSatan's Choice MC (–1978) Rebels MC (1978–1979) Loners MC (1979–1981, 1984-1994) Diablos MC (1994–1995) Bandidos MC (2002–2004; 2006–2007)Conviction(s)Manslaughter (2008)Criminal penalty6 years' imprisonment (2008) Francesco "Cisco" Lenti (born 1947) is a Canadian outlaw biker and gangster, best known as the co-founder of the Loners Motorcycle Club. Satan's Choice Lenti was born in Woodbridge, Ontario to Italian immigrant parents. The journalist Jerry Langton wrote in 2010 "...that even by Canadian biker standards, Lenti was a strange guy. Vain, constantly preening, and prone to violent temper tantrums, he had a habit of giving up on projects that didn't exactly go his way". The journalist Yves Lavigne wrote in 1999 about: "...that social butterfly of the biker underworld, the promiscuous Frank Lenti, who over twenty years wore the colors of nearly half a dozen Toronto gangs. The temperamental Lenti flitted from gang to gang when he didn't get his way". Lenti's frequent changes in membership of outlaw biker clubs gave him the nickname of the "Velcro biker". Lenti was never a member of the Mafia, but he had friendships with several Mafiosi over the years such as Domenic Musitano of the Musitano family of Hamilton. Lenti started out as a member of the Satan's Choice Motorcycle Club and was one of the first members of Satan's Choice together with his friend Cecil Kirby to visit the Satan's Choice's national president Bernie Guindon in jail at the Algoma Treatment and Remand Centre in Sault. St. Marie after he was arrested at an Oba Lake drug bust in August 1975. Lenti had Mafia connections and it was he who recommended Kirby as a hitman to Cosimo Commisso, saying that Kirby was good with bombs and guns, though he also warned that Kirby was not to be completely trusted as he was of non-Italian descent, saying "Remember, he's not one of us". According to Kirby, Lenti was involved in "million-dollar burglary" in 1977 and recruited him. However, the plot ended with Kirby getting "nothing". An ambitious man, Lenti never rose above the rank of prospect in Satan's Choice, causing him to leave in 1978 and join the Rebels. Kirby turned police informer in 1980. In 1981, Kirby told Lenti that he should leave Toronto for a while as he was about to reveal much to the Crown. After leaving the Satan's Choice, Lenti joined the Rebels before founding a new club, the Loners, which collapsed in 1981. In 1982, when Kirby started to testify against the Mafia figures who employed him as a hitman, his friend Lenti fled to Italy where he lived for the next two years. Lenti recalled in an interview in 2019: "Me and Kirby used to be together a lot. When he started singing I said, ‘I’d better go take a tour.’" Lenti lived in Perugia, where he associated with the Italian Hells Angels. The Loners Lenti founded a new club, also called the Loners in 1984 in York Region after his return to Canada, recruiting mainly from his fellow Italian-Canadians. Lenti designed the "rather elaborate and bizarre" patch for his club featuring a half-werewolf, half-horned skull creature. A disproportionate number of the Loners were Italian-Canadians from middle-class families who saw themselves as being more polished and sophisticated than other outlaw bikers. By start of the 1990s, the Loners had chapters in Toronto, Woodbridge, Richmond Hill, Windsor, and London. Unusually for a Canadian outlaw biker club, the Loners had chapters abroad with one in Portugal and seven in Italy, having chapters in Naples, Messina, Salerno, Reggio Calabria, Brolo, Avellino and Isernia. The Loners were a successful club under Lenti's leadership despite the way that other gangs predictably mocked the Loners as "the Losers". By the late 1980s, the Loners were the third largest biker gang in Ontario, being exceeded only by the Outlaws and Satan's Choice. Langton wrote that Lenti was also personally successful in two "industries bikers tend to admire-a stripper/escort talent agency and a tow truck firm". On 16 June 1993, Lenti was approached by Walter "the Nurget" Stadnick, the president of the Canadian Hells Angels at a bikers convention in Wasaga Beach with an offer to have the Loners "patch over" to the Hells Angels. Stadnick was looking to have the Hells Angels expand into Ontario by "patching over" one of the stronger existing Ontario outlaw clubs, and after being turned down by Bernie Guindon of Satan's Choice, decided to make a friendly takeover offer to Lenti of the Loners. Joining Stadnick was David "Wolf" Carroll who wore a T-shirt with the SS runes reading "Filthy Few Denmark", which Lenti understood as Carroll's way of saying he committed a murder in Denmark. Lenti refused the offer to "patch over". The Hells Angels offered Lenti further chances to "patch over" several times in 1993 and 1994, but he declined, instead offering Stadnick a chance to join the Loners. Lenti found Stadnick arrogant, noting that Stadnick had told him that two Loners were police informers, a report that was true, but grated with him as he felt that Stadnick was trying to control the Loners from afar. Lenti has been faithful to the outlaw code, serving prison sentences rather than accept offers of immunity from the Crown in exchange for testifying against other outlaw bikers, making him a figure of respect within the outlaw biker world. The Diablos Subsequently, Lenti was expelled from his own club for the second time in 1994, and founded a new club, the Diablos Motorcycle Gang that lost a biker war later in 1995 against the Loners. Langton wrote that Lenti was expelled for stealing from his club while Lavinge stated that his expulsion was due to him throwing a "temper tantrum" too many. Lenti called the Diablos a motorcycle gang instead of a club, saying: "I'll show them who the real fucking gang is". After being expelled from the Loners, Lenti located the clubhouse of Diablos only a half block away from the Loners' clubhouse on Kipling Avenue in Woodbridge, which was considered a provocation. The Diablos were courted by Satan's Choice as the competition for the control of the drug trade in the Toronto area had grown very intense, and even the small territory controlled by the Diablos made them worth courting. On 18 July 1995, a Diablo threw a homemade bomb at a tow truck owned by a Loner while two Diablos were shot and wounded by the Loners. Attacks were made with rocket launchers on clubhouses owned by Satan's Choice and the Loners. On 25 August 1995, Lenti was badly wounded by a bomb planted in his car, which gave him the unflattering epithet of "the half-assed biker" as he lost one of his buttocks. Lenti was lucky to survive the car bombing, but ended up facing weapons charges afterwards as the Toronto police discovered a handgun and a loaded machinegun in his car. Lenti told detective Angelo DeLorenzi about the loaded submachine gun and 9-millimetre handgun found in the ruins of his car: "I was using them for my kinda people. I wasn't using them for law-abiding citizens". Ever since the 1995 bombing, Lenti has walked with a limp and has often had to use a cane. The attempted assassination marked the end of the biker war, but the mayor of Toronto, Barbara Hall, unaware that the war was over, attempted to ban all outlaw bikers from Toronto. In an interview in 2019, Lenti claimed that the Rizzuto family of Montreal tried to recruit him in the 1990s, an offer he declined on the basis that he was an outlaw biker, not a Mafiosi. The Bandidos In the fall of 2002 Lenti joined the Canadian Bandidos, which they regarded as a gain as he was a more experienced outlaw biker than the national president Giovanni "John the Boxer" Muscedere. Another experienced outlaw biker who joined the Bandidos was James "Ripper" Fullager, who had been active in outlaw biking since the 1960s and whose home in Toronto was a favourite gathering place for the Bandidos, where Fullager recounted his past adventures and gave them advice. The Victoria Day weekend in May is the normal start of the riding season for outlaw bikers in Canada. For Victoria Day in 2003, it turned out that of the Bandidos only Muscedere, Lenti, Glenn "Wrongway" Atkinson and George "Crash" Kriarakis actually owned working Harley-Davidson motorcycles, which humiliated Lenti who bitterly complained about "bikers without bikes". Lenti was close to the Bandidos' mentor James "Ripper" Fullanger, who always called him "Old Frank" despite the fact that Fullanger was the older man. However, Fullanger was annoyed when Lenti called the Bandidos a biker gang rather than a club. In June 2003, when Kriarakis was eating in a restaurant in Woodbridge where he was surrounded by a dozen Hells Angels and was ordered to go out to the parking lot to be beaten as Woodbridge was considered to be "their" territory. One of Kriarakis's friends called Lenti on his cellphone, who promptly raced off in his tow truck to help his biker "brother" while Kriarakis was badly beaten up in the parking lot. Upon arriving, Lenti was furious to see that Kriarakis had called the police to report the assault, telling him that outlaw bikers never report to the police a crime committed by other outlaw bikers, even against themselves. At a meeting at Fullager's house, Kriarakis was taken to task for his violation of the outlaw biker code, which just publicly humiliated the Toronto Bandido chapter. An outlaw biker from Edmonton, Joe "Crazy House" Morin of the Rebels, who was considering "patching over" to join the Bandidos expressed much doubt after the Kriarakis incident, saying the only members of the Toronto chapter who impressed him were Atkinson and Lenti. Lenti disliked Frank "the Bammer" Salerno, the president of the Bandidos Toronto chapter, who was a heroin addict while Lenti refused to even smoke cigarettes, saying using drugs was for weak men. When Salerno gave himself a bastone tattoo, which Lenti saw as his own personal mark, Lenti proceeded to beat up Salerno and told him to have the tattoo covered up. When Lenti found insulting comments about himself on the Bandidos website, he discovered that the IP address of the poster was located in an area where Salerno lived, which led him to accuse Salerno of posting the comments. Salerno broke down in tears and told Lenti "please, please, please" not gouge out his eyes as a punishment. When Michael Sandham of Winnipeg joined the Bandidos in 2004, Lenti was highly suspicious of him, saying he kept hearing rumors that Sandham used to be a policeman and that he had been rejected by the Outlaws for that reason, and assigned the Bandido national sergeant-at-arms Wayne Kellestine to investigate him. Lenti further noted that Sandham had no tattoos, which was unusual as almost all outlaw bikers have many tattoos on their bodies, his demeanor was like that of a policeman doing a very clumsy impression of an outlaw biker, and that Sandham seemed like the sort of man who would have "sucked up" to the high school bully rather than stand up for himself. However, Kellestine reported that the rumors were not true, and Sandham had never been a policeman. In November 2004, Lenti quit the Bandidos, saying that Muscedere was addicted to cocaine and Kellestine was insane, and he was tired of dealing with both of them. Unlike Glenn "Wongway" Atkinson, who was beaten bloody by Muscedere and Kellestine, Lenti was not beaten when he turned in his jacket with the Bandido patch as he had a fearsome reputation as a fighter who was known for his habit of gouging out the eyes of his enemies. Peter Edwards, the crime correspondent of The Toronto Star, wrote: "No one could count on coming out on top in a fight with Lenti...and guys who went toe to toe with the veteran biker sometimes came away with one less functioning eye". Lenti almost provoked a fight with Muscedere, whom he no longer respected, and only the intervention of others prevented the two men from coming to blows. Lenti was a living legend within Ontario outlaw biker circles and his resignation was a great blow to the already waning prestige of the club. To save face, Kellestine sent out an email to the other Bandidos saying that Lenti had been expelled. The Hells Angels considered making an offer to Lenti with the notes for November 2004 Central Canada committee reading: "Vote on Frank issue was Yes 72 No 69 did not pass". Lenti attempted to keep the Bandidos operating in Canada after the Shedden massacre. On 24 May 2006, Lenti rejoined the Bandidos and started to push aside both Sandham and his rival Pierre "Carlito" Aragon who were both competing to be national president. Lenti had one of his associates send Sandham an email saying it was time for the Canadian Bandidos "to stop looking like assholes in front of the USA and get along", meaning that Sandham should step aside to allow Lenti to run the Canadian Bandidos. Sandham sent back an email saying "You are asking me to throw down my patch. Over bullshit!!". However, Lenti was a living legend within Canadian outlaw biker circles with close links to the Mafia and a habit of gouging out the eyes of his enemies, and Sandham was so utterly terrified of him that he agreed to stop calling himself president of Bandidos Canada, and allow Lenti that honor. Sandham liked to act the tough guy, but Edwards wrote: "As it turned out, all anyone really had to do was tell him to get lost in an unfriendly tone of voice, and he would have disappeared." On 28 September 2006, two Hells Angels, Remond "Ray" Akleh of Ottawa and Mark Stephenson of Oshawa, were charged with ordering another Angel, Steven Gault, to kill Lenti. Unknown to Akleh and Stephenson, Gault was secretly a police informer. Gault was a career criminal who specialized in cheating seniors out of their life savings and who once bit off the ear of a man in a bar fight. Gault, a member of Satan's Choice joined the Hells Angels in 2000 with the sole aim of selling them out to the Crown. Gault received a $1 million payment from the Ontario government in exchange for testifying to the alleged murder plot. Lenti, who remained true to the outlaw biker code, refused an offer of police protection when informed of the alleged plot, but he did start carrying around a handgun, saying he would get the Bandidos "off the ground" after the massacre. Shortly after midnight on 2 December 2006, four Hells Angels showed up at the Club Pro Adult Entertainment strip club and bar in Vaughan, where Lenti worked as a security guard and bouncer. The owner of Club Pro Adult Entertainment, Domenic "Mimmo" Marciano, described Lenti as a "cooler", saying "He was kind of the buffer, the cooler, to eliminate the other element that we didn't want". The Angels were led by David "White Dread" Buchanan, the sergeant-at-arms of the Angels' West Toronto chapter, who had gone out drinking that night to celebrate his 33rd birthday, and in his drunken state he began to threaten Lenti. In the outlaw biker subculture, the office of sergeant-at-arms is generally held by the toughest member in a chapter, and Buchanan had been appointed to that position on the account of his brutality, strength and cruelty. Buchanan, a white Jamaican immigrant, had been a member of a street gang, the Mount Olive Crips, that were the Toronto branch of the American Crips gang, before joining the Angels. Buchanan was known to the police as one of Toronto's principal gunrunners who sold guns, that the Angels had smuggled in from the United States, to various street gangs of Toronto. Alongside Buchanan were fellow Angels Dana "Boomer" Carnegie, Scott Desroche and Carlo Verrilli. The Angels confronted Lenti and threatened him, causing him to go to the lobby where the lighting was better and a security camera captured everything that ensured. The video footage showed that Lenti was seeking to calm down the angry Angels while Buchanan was set on escalating the situation. Lenti firmly asked several times for the Angels to "Please go home" while Buchanan shouted "You shut up, motherfucker, old guy!". Buchanan began to strike Lenti with the other three Angels surrounding Lenti, making an escape impossible. A very belligerent, drunken Buchanan told Lenti "Who's looking at who, motherfucker!"   Lenti, believing the Angels had come to kill him, was recorded by the security cameras as having his "right arm slipped behind his back, in a smooth, almost imperceptible movement" to pull out his handgun. Lenti opened fire, wounding one Angel, Verrelli, and killing Buchanan, while the other two Angels ran away with Desroche found fearfully hiding in the janitor's closet. Cargnie was also wounded, but was able to drive to the Humber River Regional Hospital to have his gunshot wound treated. Lenti stated he believed that Buchanan had a gun, but none was found on his corpse. Lenti turned himself in to the police the next day, and told Detective Angelo DeLorenzi that he had gone to the lobby of Club Pro Adult Entertainment to have the confrontation recorded by the security cameras, saying he was not looking for trouble. Afterwards, several Hells Angels contacted Lenti's family, saying that Buchanan had been out of line, and that they felt his killing was justified as Lenti had only shot him after being punched. David Atwell, a police informer within the Hells Angels, reported that the Angels national secretary Donny Petersen's reaction as: "Petersen says up until this happened he had a good relationship with Frank and that Frank saved his life once". In the fall of 2007, a statement by "Cisco 13 1%er Canada" appeared on the Bandido website stating: "As of October 2 2007, the Bandidos MC 1% Canada is officially shut down. There isn't no more Bandidos MC membership in Canada". Lenti's statement went on to ask that all Canadian Bandidos mail their jackets with the Bandido patch at once to an address in Texas. Later life In 2007, Lenti's son Jessi attempted to join the Canadian Army and was turned down because of his father. At the time, the senior Lenti told the media "I'm the criminal, so why punish him?". The historian Jack Granatstein criticised the Army for turning down Jessi Lenti, saying "I've never heard of this kind of thing before." Ray Lefaive, the vice principle at the St. Joan of Arc Catholic school where Jessi Lenti was educated described Frank Lenti as a strict father who gave him permission to strike his son if he should misbehave. Lefaive added that he had the impression that Lenti pere did not want Lenti fils to follow him into the outlaw biker subculture, saying "I really always felt that he was sheltered from it". The senior Lenti, who was in jail at the time awaiting murder charges for killing Buchanan, stated: ""I had a lot of fun but in the end you end up in a place like this. I always told him that I didn't want him involved in my business". Jessi Lenti concurred with his father's assessment as he stated that if he joined an outlaw biker club, his father's reaction would be: "He'd hunt me down. He'd probably rip the (club's) patch off and smack me across the head with it". Jessi Lenti has no criminal record and Armand La Barge, the police chief of York Region, told Peter Edwards, the crime correspondent for the Toronto Star: ""To the best of our knowledge, he (Jessi Lenti) has never been a member of an outlaw motorcycle gang and to the best of our knowledge, he has never been a member of an organized crime group or entity either". The younger Lenti stated that it had been his dream since his boyhood to be a soldier and what the Army was saying in rejecting his application was: "What they're trying to tell me is, `We don't want you to do good. Go do bad'. I'm trying to go in a straight line." On 14 April 2008, Lenti pled guilty to manslaughter for killing Buchanan and was sentenced to 6 years in prison with Justice Michael Brown ruling that since Buchanan had punched Lenti several times before Lenti shot him that he did have a legitimate fear for his life. The fact that Lenti continued to shoot Buchanan even after he was lying on the ground could have been used by the Crown to argue that he was guilty of murder since by that point Buchanan did not pose any danger to him, causing Lenti not to take his chances with the jury. At the same time, the video footage of the confrontation at Club Pro Adult Entertainment showed that Buchanan was the aggressor, which gave Lenti's lawyers a strong case for self-defense on the part of their client, causing the Crown to drop the murder charges and to settle for a plea bargain. On 7 November 2008, the Crown's case against Akleh and Stephenson collapsed when Akleh revealed to the court he had been a police informer since 2002 and there never was a murder plot against Lenti. Edwards has charged that the professional con-man Gault had manufactured the alleged murder plot so he could collect a $1 million payment from the Crown. On January 18, 2009, Akleh and Stephenson were acquitted of conspiring to murder Lenti with the jury ruling that Crown's case rested entirely on the unreliable word of Gault. Edwards wrote that as a result of Gault's lies, Lenti had killed Buchanan, thinking he was out to kill him when in reality Buchanan was seeking to intimidate him, writing: "Gault had set out to destroy his former Hells Angels brothers, but instead brought down the last of the Bandidos". After his release from prison in 2014, Lenti was the object of an assassination attempt at his Vaughan home on 20 December 2016 when a shot was fired at him from a would-be-killer on his driveway. The assassin's gun jammed after the first shot while Lenti made a motion as if he was reaching to pull out a gun, causing the gunman to run away. Lenti professed not to be worried, saying in 2019: "The day I worry about bad guys is the day I fucking kill myself". Lenti stated he planned to retire from outlaw biking soon, but still wore in public a jacket with the word "Criminal" written on the back. References ^ a b c Langton 2006, p. 104. ^ a b Lavinge 1999, p. 208. ^ a b c d e f g h i Edwards, Peter (4 March 2019). "Vaughan Hells Angel killer looks back on outlaw life that won't let him go". Toronto Star. Retrieved 12 May 2020. ^ Edwards 2017, p. 141. ^ a b c d Edwards 2010, p. 82. ^ Kirby 1986, p. 135. ^ Kirby 1986, p. 136. ^ Langton 2010, p. 126. ^ Langton 2010, pp. 116–117. ^ Edwards 2017, p. 169. ^ a b c d Edwards 2010, p. 108. ^ a b c d Langton 2010, p. 117. ^ a b Langton 2010, p. 115-116. ^ Edwards 2010, p. 55. ^ Edwards 2010, p. 424. ^ a b c d e Langton 2010, p. 118. ^ a b Lavinge 1999, p. 209. ^ a b Edwards 2010, p. 109. ^ a b Langton 2010, p. 119. ^ Lavinge 1999, p. 210. ^ Edwards 2010, p. 107-108. ^ Edwards 2010, p. 27-28. ^ a b Edwards 2010, p. 114. ^ a b Edwards 2010, p. 110. ^ a b Edwards 2010, p. 115. ^ a b Edwards 2010, p. 116. ^ Edwards 2010, p. 117. ^ a b Edwards 2010, p. 131. ^ a b Edwards 2010, p. 132. ^ a b Edwards 2010, p. 122. ^ Edwards 2010, p. 123. ^ a b Edwards 2010, p. 154-155. ^ a b c Edwards 2010, p. 154. ^ a b Edwards 2010, p. 155. ^ a b Edwards 2010, p. 434-435. ^ Edwards 2010, p. 335. ^ Edwards 2010, p. 353-354. ^ a b c Edwards 2010, p. 354. ^ Edwards 2010, p. 434. ^ a b Edwards 2010, p. 435-436. ^ a b Edwards 2010, p. 436. ^ a b Langton 2010, p. 206. ^ Langton 2010, p. 208. ^ Langton 2010, p. 206-209. ^ a b Langton 2010, p. 207. ^ a b c Langton 2010, p. 209. ^ a b c d Edwards 2010, p. 439. ^ Edwards 2010, p. 439-440. ^ Langton 2010, p. 210. ^ Edwards 2010, p. 440. ^ Edwards 2010, p. 441-442. ^ Edwards 2010, p. 446. ^ Edwards 2013, p. 266. ^ Langton 2010, p. 212. ^ a b c d e f g h i Edwards, Peter (26 November 2007). "Biker's son snubbed by military". Toronto Star. Retrieved 12 May 2020. ^ a b c Edwards 2010, p. 446-447. ^ a b Edwards 2010, p. 448-449. ^ Edwards 2010, p. 449. ^ Edwards 2010, p. 449-450. Books Edwards, Peter (2010), The Bandido Massacre; A True Story of Bikers, Brotherhood and Betrayal, HarperCollins Publishers Ltd, ISBN 978-0307372765 Edwards, Peter (2013). Unrepentant The Strange and (Sometimes) Terrible Life of Lorne Campbell, Satan's Choice and Hells Angels Biker. Toronto: Vintage Canada. ISBN 9780307362575. Edwards, Peter (2017), Hard Road: Bernie Guindon and the Reign of the Satan's Choice Motorcycle Club, HarperCollins, ISBN 978-1443427258 Kirby, Cecil (1986). Mafia Enforcer The Inside Story of a Canadian Biker, Hitman, and Police Informer. Toronto: Methuen. ISBN 9780458804405. Lavinge, Yves (1999). Hells Angels at War. Toronto: HarperCollins. ISBN 0002000245. Langton, Jerry (2006), Fallen Angel: The Unlikely Rise of Walter Stadnick and the Canadian Hells Angels, [HarperCollins Publishers, ISBN 144342725X Langton, Jerry (2010), Showdown: How the Outlaws, Hells Angels and Cops Fought for Control of the Streets, John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 978-0470678787 External links A biker who killed a Hells Angel looks back on an outlaw life that won’t let him go vteBandidos Motorcycle ClubMembers Marcello Aravena Colin "Caesar" Campbell Donald Chambers Rudi Heinz Elten Jamie Flanz Brett Gardiner M.H. Claus Bork Hansen Lars Harnes Marko Hirsma Jan Krogh Jensen George Jessome Wayne Kellestine George Kriarakis Mickey Borgfjord Larsen Frank Lenti Michael Ljunggren Frank Mather Philip McElwaine Giovanni Muscedere Dwight Mushey Michael Sandham Anthony Spencer Jim Tinndahn Edward Winterhalder Events Careaga family murders Milperra massacre Nordic Biker War Copenhagen Airport shooting Copenhagen rocket attack Drammen bombing Quebec Biker War Shedden massacre Waco shootout Support clubs List of support clubs Chicanos Diablos X-Team Media Bikie Wars: Brothers in Arms Other Criminal allegations and incidents in Australia in Denmark in the United States vteOutlaw motorcycle clubsClubs Annihilators Bacchus Bandidos Black Pistons Black Uhlans Blue Angels Breed Brother Speed Bullshit Cannonball Chicanos Chosen Few Club Deroes Coffin Cheaters Comanchero Cossacks Devils Diciples Devil's Disciples (Canada) Diablos Diablos (1999) Dirty Dozen East Bay Dragons El Forastero Finks Free Souls Galloping Goose Gate Keepers Gitans Gremium Grim Reapers (Canada) Grim Reapers (USA) Gypsy Jokers Head Hunters Hells Angels Hell's Lovers Hessians Highway 61 Highwaymen Iron Horsemen Kinfolk Kings Crew Lone Legion Brotherhood Loners Lost Breed Market Street Commandos Mobshitters Mongols Night Wolves No Surrender Nomads Notorious (Australia) Notorious (Germany) Original Red Devils Outlaws Pagans Pissed off Bastards Popeyes Rebels Rebels (Canada) Red Devils Road Knights Road Rats Road Runners Rock Machine Rockers Sadistic Souls Satan's Choice Satans Slaves Satudarah Sin City Deciples Solo Angeles Sons of Satan Sons of Silence Tribesmen Trust Vagos Vendettas Warlocks (Florida) Warlocks (Pennsylvania/Delaware Valley) Wheels of Soul Zulus Members Larry Amero Necati Arabaci Marcello Aravena David Atwell Sonny Barger Brian Beaucage Howard Doyle Berry Merv Blaker Maurice Boucher Phillip Boudreault Harry Bowman Willem van Boxtel Mark Buddle Yves Buteau Colin "Caesar" Campbell Lorne Campbell David Carroll Ruben Cavazos Giovanni Cazzetta Salvatore Cazzetta Donald Chambers Patrick Champoux George Christie Gary Comeau Ion Croitoru Michel Dubé Rudi Heinz Elten Frédéric Faucher Alan Fisher Jamie Flanz Stéphane Gagné Brett Gardiner Steven Gault Mark Guardado Bernie Guindon Harley Davidson Guindon M.H. Louis Hagemann Normand Hamel Frank Hanebuth Claus Bork Hansen Lars Harnes Mick Hawi Peter John Hill Marko Hirsma David George Hoffman Larry Hurren Jan Krogh Jensen George Jessome Renaud Jomphe Wayne Kellestine Cecil Kirby Sam Klepper George Kriarakis Michel Langlois Mickey Borgfjord Larsen Frank Lenti Réjean Lessard Steven Lindsay Michael Ljunggren David Mann Frank Mather Gilles Mathieu Philip McElwaine Garnet McEwen Jeff McLeod Allan Meehan Thomas Möller Mich Murray Giovanni Muscedere Dwight Mushey Duax Ngakuru Bent Svane Nielsen Jørn Nielsen Jim Nolan Michael O'Farrell Mario Parente Anthony Perish Donny Petersen Michael Plante Johnny Plescio Paul Porter Jock Ross Louis Roy Michael Sandham Armand Sanguigni Richard Sauvé Martin Schippert Robert Simon Anthony Spencer Walter Stadnick Scott Steinert Donald Stockford Anthony Tait Jim Tinndahn Yves Trudeau Richard Vallée Alex Vella Claude Vézina Gerald Ward Edward Winterhalder Gregory Woolley Gordon van Haarlem Paul de Vries Tarek Zahed Chuck Zito Events Altamont Free Concert Battersea Arts Centre incident First Biker War First Montreal biker war Hancock case Hollister riot Grondalski family murders Lennoxville massacre Milperra massacre Murder of Cynthia Garcia National Western Complex shootout Nordic Biker War Copenhagen Airport shooting Copenhagen rocket attack Drammen bombing Ontario Biker War Port Hope 8 case Quebec Biker War River Run riot Shedden massacre Rock Machine–Rebels conflict Waco shootout Law enforcement Bob Armstrong André Bouchard Jay Dobyns John Harris Bob Paulson William Queen See also Colors Nomad chapter List of clubs List of club conflicts Outlaw biker film
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"outlaw biker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outlaw_biker"},{"link_name":"gangster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangster"},{"link_name":"Loners Motorcycle Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loners_Motorcycle_Club"}],"text":"Francesco \"Cisco\" Lenti (born 1947) is a Canadian outlaw biker and gangster, best known as the co-founder of the Loners Motorcycle Club.","title":"Frank Lenti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Woodbridge, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodbridge,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangton2006104-1"},{"link_name":"Jerry Langton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Langton"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangton2006104-1"},{"link_name":"Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavinge1999208-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavinge1999208-2"},{"link_name":"Musitano family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musitano_family"},{"link_name":"Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Edwards2-3"},{"link_name":"Satan's Choice Motorcycle Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satan%27s_Choice_Motorcycle_Club"},{"link_name":"Cecil Kirby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Kirby"},{"link_name":"Bernie Guindon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Guindon"},{"link_name":"Algoma Treatment and Remand Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algoma_Treatment_and_Remand_Centre"},{"link_name":"Sault. St. Marie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sault_Ste._Marie,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2017141-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards201082-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirby1986135-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirby1986136-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangton2010126-8"},{"link_name":"Rebels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebels_Motorcycle_Club_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangton2010116%E2%80%93117-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2017169-10"},{"link_name":"Loners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loners_Motorcycle_Club"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangton2006104-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Edwards2-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Edwards2-3"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2010108-11"}],"text":"Lenti was born in Woodbridge, Ontario to Italian immigrant parents.[1] The journalist Jerry Langton wrote in 2010 \"...that even by Canadian biker standards, Lenti was a strange guy. Vain, constantly preening, and prone to violent temper tantrums, he had a habit of giving up on projects that didn't exactly go his way\".[1] The journalist Yves Lavigne wrote in 1999 about: \"...that social butterfly of the biker underworld, the promiscuous Frank Lenti, who over twenty years wore the colors of nearly half a dozen Toronto gangs. The temperamental Lenti flitted from gang to gang when he didn't get his way\".[2] Lenti's frequent changes in membership of outlaw biker clubs gave him the nickname of the \"Velcro biker\".[2] Lenti was never a member of the Mafia, but he had friendships with several Mafiosi over the years such as Domenic Musitano of the Musitano family of Hamilton.[3]Lenti started out as a member of the Satan's Choice Motorcycle Club and was one of the first members of Satan's Choice together with his friend Cecil Kirby to visit the Satan's Choice's national president Bernie Guindon in jail at the Algoma Treatment and Remand Centre in Sault. St. Marie after he was arrested at an Oba Lake drug bust in August 1975.[4] Lenti had Mafia connections and it was he who recommended Kirby as a hitman to Cosimo Commisso, saying that Kirby was good with bombs and guns, though he also warned that Kirby was not to be completely trusted as he was of non-Italian descent, saying \"Remember, he's not one of us\".[5] According to Kirby, Lenti was involved in \"million-dollar burglary\" in 1977 and recruited him.[6] However, the plot ended with Kirby getting \"nothing\".[7] [8] An ambitious man, Lenti never rose above the rank of prospect in Satan's Choice, causing him to leave in 1978 and join the Rebels.[9]Kirby turned police informer in 1980. In 1981, Kirby told Lenti that he should leave Toronto for a while as he was about to reveal much to the Crown.[10] After leaving the Satan's Choice, Lenti joined the Rebels before founding a new club, the Loners, which collapsed in 1981.[1] In 1982, when Kirby started to testify against the Mafia figures who employed him as a hitman, his friend Lenti fled to Italy where he lived for the next two years.[3] Lenti recalled in an interview in 2019: \"Me and Kirby used to be together a lot. When he started singing I said, ‘I’d better go take a tour.’\"[3] Lenti lived in Perugia, where he associated with the Italian Hells Angels.[11]","title":"Satan's Choice"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"York Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York_Region"},{"link_name":"Italian-Canadians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Canadians"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangton2010117-12"},{"link_name":"patch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colors_(motorcycling)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangton2010117-12"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards201082-5"},{"link_name":"Woodbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodbridge,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Richmond Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond_Hill,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Windsor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards201082-5"},{"link_name":"Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naples"},{"link_name":"Messina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messina"},{"link_name":"Salerno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salerno"},{"link_name":"Reggio Calabria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggio_Calabria"},{"link_name":"Brolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brolo"},{"link_name":"Avellino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avellino"},{"link_name":"Isernia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isernia"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards201082-5"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangton2010117-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangton2010117-12"},{"link_name":"Walter \"the Nurget\" Stadnick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Stadnick"},{"link_name":"Hells Angels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hells_Angels"},{"link_name":"Wasaga Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasaga_Beach"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangton2010115-116-13"},{"link_name":"Bernie Guindon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Guindon"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangton2010115-116-13"},{"link_name":"David \"Wolf\" Carroll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Carroll_(biker)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards201055-14"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2010108-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2010108-11"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2010424-15"}],"text":"Lenti founded a new club, also called the Loners in 1984 in York Region after his return to Canada, recruiting mainly from his fellow Italian-Canadians.[12] Lenti designed the \"rather elaborate and bizarre\" patch for his club featuring a half-werewolf, half-horned skull creature.[12] A disproportionate number of the Loners were Italian-Canadians from middle-class families who saw themselves as being more polished and sophisticated than other outlaw bikers.[5] By start of the 1990s, the Loners had chapters in Toronto, Woodbridge, Richmond Hill, Windsor, and London.[5] Unusually for a Canadian outlaw biker club, the Loners had chapters abroad with one in Portugal and seven in Italy, having chapters in Naples, Messina, Salerno, Reggio Calabria, Brolo, Avellino and Isernia.[5] The Loners were a successful club under Lenti's leadership despite the way that other gangs predictably mocked the Loners as \"the Losers\".[12] By the late 1980s, the Loners were the third largest biker gang in Ontario, being exceeded only by the Outlaws and Satan's Choice. Langton wrote that Lenti was also personally successful in two \"industries bikers tend to admire-a stripper/escort talent agency and a tow truck firm\".[12]On 16 June 1993, Lenti was approached by Walter \"the Nurget\" Stadnick, the president of the Canadian Hells Angels at a bikers convention in Wasaga Beach with an offer to have the Loners \"patch over\" to the Hells Angels.[13] Stadnick was looking to have the Hells Angels expand into Ontario by \"patching over\" one of the stronger existing Ontario outlaw clubs, and after being turned down by Bernie Guindon of Satan's Choice, decided to make a friendly takeover offer to Lenti of the Loners.[13] Joining Stadnick was David \"Wolf\" Carroll who wore a T-shirt with the SS runes reading \"Filthy Few Denmark\", which Lenti understood as Carroll's way of saying he committed a murder in Denmark.[14] Lenti refused the offer to \"patch over\". The Hells Angels offered Lenti further chances to \"patch over\" several times in 1993 and 1994, but he declined, instead offering Stadnick a chance to join the Loners.[11] Lenti found Stadnick arrogant, noting that Stadnick had told him that two Loners were police informers, a report that was true, but grated with him as he felt that Stadnick was trying to control the Loners from afar.[11] Lenti has been faithful to the outlaw code, serving prison sentences rather than accept offers of immunity from the Crown in exchange for testifying against other outlaw bikers, making him a figure of respect within the outlaw biker world.[15]","title":"The Loners"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangton2010118-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangton2010118-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavinge1999209-17"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2010108-11"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavinge1999209-17"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangton2010118-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangton2010118-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangton2010118-16"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2010109-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangton2010119-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavinge1999210-20"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2010109-18"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Edwards2-3"},{"link_name":"Barbara Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Hall_(politician)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangton2010119-19"},{"link_name":"Rizzuto family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rizzuto_family"},{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Edwards2-3"}],"text":"Subsequently, Lenti was expelled from his own club for the second time in 1994, and founded a new club, the Diablos Motorcycle Gang that lost a biker war later in 1995 against the Loners.[16] Langton wrote that Lenti was expelled for stealing from his club while Lavinge stated that his expulsion was due to him throwing a \"temper tantrum\" too many.[16][17] Lenti called the Diablos a motorcycle gang instead of a club, saying: \"I'll show them who the real fucking gang is\".[11] After being expelled from the Loners, Lenti located the clubhouse of Diablos only a half block away from the Loners' clubhouse on Kipling Avenue in Woodbridge, which was considered a provocation.[17] The Diablos were courted by Satan's Choice as the competition for the control of the drug trade in the Toronto area had grown very intense, and even the small territory controlled by the Diablos made them worth courting.[16]On 18 July 1995, a Diablo threw a homemade bomb at a tow truck owned by a Loner while two Diablos were shot and wounded by the Loners.[16] Attacks were made with rocket launchers on clubhouses owned by Satan's Choice and the Loners.[16] On 25 August 1995, Lenti was badly wounded by a bomb planted in his car, which gave him the unflattering epithet of \"the half-assed biker\" as he lost one of his buttocks.[18][19] Lenti was lucky to survive the car bombing, but ended up facing weapons charges afterwards as the Toronto police discovered a handgun and a loaded machinegun in his car.[20] Lenti told detective Angelo DeLorenzi about the loaded submachine gun and 9-millimetre handgun found in the ruins of his car: \"I was using them for my kinda people. I wasn't using them for law-abiding citizens\".[18] Ever since the 1995 bombing, Lenti has walked with a limp and has often had to use a cane.[3] The attempted assassination marked the end of the biker war, but the mayor of Toronto, Barbara Hall, unaware that the war was over, attempted to ban all outlaw bikers from Toronto.[19] In an interview in 2019, Lenti claimed that the Rizzuto family of Montreal tried to recruit him in the 1990s, an offer he declined on the basis that he was an outlaw biker, not a Mafiosi.[3]","title":"The Diablos"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bandidos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandidos_Motorcycle_Club"},{"link_name":"Giovanni \"John the Boxer\" Muscedere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Muscedere"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2010107-108-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards201027-28-22"},{"link_name":"Victoria Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Day"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2010114-23"},{"link_name":"George \"Crash\" Kriarakis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Kriarakis"},{"link_name":"Harley-Davidson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harley-Davidson"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2010114-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2010110-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2010110-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2010115-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2010115-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2010116-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2010117-27"},{"link_name":"Edmonton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2010116-26"},{"link_name":"Frank \"the Bammer\" Salerno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Salerno"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2010131-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2010131-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2010132-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2010132-29"},{"link_name":"Michael Sandham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Sandham"},{"link_name":"Winnipeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg"},{"link_name":"Outlaws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outlaws_Motorcycle_Club"},{"link_name":"Wayne Kellestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Kellestine"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2010122-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2010122-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2010123-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2010154-155-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2010154-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2010154-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2010154-33"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2010154-155-32"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2010155-34"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2010155-34"},{"link_name":"Shedden massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shedden_massacre"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2010434-435-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2010335-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2010353-354-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2010354-38"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2010354-38"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2010354-38"},{"link_name":"Ottawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa"},{"link_name":"Oshawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oshawa"},{"link_name":"Steven Gault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Gault"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2010434-435-35"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2010434-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2010435-436-40"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2010435-436-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2010436-41"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2010436-41"},{"link_name":"Vaughan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaughan"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangton2010206-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangton2010208-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangton2010206-209-44"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangton2010206-42"},{"link_name":"Crips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crips"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangton2010207-45"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangton2010207-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangton2010209-46"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangton2010209-46"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangton2010209-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2010439-47"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2010439-47"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2010439-47"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2010439-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2010439-440-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangton2010210-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2010440-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2010441-442-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2010446-52"},{"link_name":"David Atwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Atwell"},{"link_name":"Donny Petersen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donny_Petersen"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2013266-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangton2010212-54"}],"text":"In the fall of 2002 Lenti joined the Canadian Bandidos, which they regarded as a gain as he was a more experienced outlaw biker than the national president Giovanni \"John the Boxer\" Muscedere.[21] Another experienced outlaw biker who joined the Bandidos was James \"Ripper\" Fullager, who had been active in outlaw biking since the 1960s and whose home in Toronto was a favourite gathering place for the Bandidos, where Fullager recounted his past adventures and gave them advice.[22] The Victoria Day weekend in May is the normal start of the riding season for outlaw bikers in Canada.[23] For Victoria Day in 2003, it turned out that of the Bandidos only Muscedere, Lenti, Glenn \"Wrongway\" Atkinson and George \"Crash\" Kriarakis actually owned working Harley-Davidson motorcycles, which humiliated Lenti who bitterly complained about \"bikers without bikes\".[23] Lenti was close to the Bandidos' mentor James \"Ripper\" Fullanger, who always called him \"Old Frank\" despite the fact that Fullanger was the older man.[24] However, Fullanger was annoyed when Lenti called the Bandidos a biker gang rather than a club.[24]In June 2003, when Kriarakis was eating in a restaurant in Woodbridge where he was surrounded by a dozen Hells Angels and was ordered to go out to the parking lot to be beaten as Woodbridge was considered to be \"their\" territory.[25] One of Kriarakis's friends called Lenti on his cellphone, who promptly raced off in his tow truck to help his biker \"brother\" while Kriarakis was badly beaten up in the parking lot.[25] Upon arriving, Lenti was furious to see that Kriarakis had called the police to report the assault, telling him that outlaw bikers never report to the police a crime committed by other outlaw bikers, even against themselves.[26] At a meeting at Fullager's house, Kriarakis was taken to task for his violation of the outlaw biker code, which just publicly humiliated the Toronto Bandido chapter.[27] An outlaw biker from Edmonton, Joe \"Crazy House\" Morin of the Rebels, who was considering \"patching over\" to join the Bandidos expressed much doubt after the Kriarakis incident, saying the only members of the Toronto chapter who impressed him were Atkinson and Lenti.[26] Lenti disliked Frank \"the Bammer\" Salerno, the president of the Bandidos Toronto chapter, who was a heroin addict while Lenti refused to even smoke cigarettes, saying using drugs was for weak men.[28] When Salerno gave himself a bastone tattoo, which Lenti saw as his own personal mark, Lenti proceeded to beat up Salerno and told him to have the tattoo covered up.[28] When Lenti found insulting comments about himself on the Bandidos website, he discovered that the IP address of the poster was located in an area where Salerno lived, which led him to accuse Salerno of posting the comments.[29] Salerno broke down in tears and told Lenti \"please, please, please\" not gouge out his eyes as a punishment.[29]When Michael Sandham of Winnipeg joined the Bandidos in 2004, Lenti was highly suspicious of him, saying he kept hearing rumors that Sandham used to be a policeman and that he had been rejected by the Outlaws for that reason, and assigned the Bandido national sergeant-at-arms Wayne Kellestine to investigate him.[30] Lenti further noted that Sandham had no tattoos, which was unusual as almost all outlaw bikers have many tattoos on their bodies, his demeanor was like that of a policeman doing a very clumsy impression of an outlaw biker, and that Sandham seemed like the sort of man who would have \"sucked up\" to the high school bully rather than stand up for himself.[30] However, Kellestine reported that the rumors were not true, and Sandham had never been a policeman.[31]In November 2004, Lenti quit the Bandidos, saying that Muscedere was addicted to cocaine and Kellestine was insane, and he was tired of dealing with both of them.[32] Unlike Glenn \"Wongway\" Atkinson, who was beaten bloody by Muscedere and Kellestine, Lenti was not beaten when he turned in his jacket with the Bandido patch as he had a fearsome reputation as a fighter who was known for his habit of gouging out the eyes of his enemies.[33] Peter Edwards, the crime correspondent of The Toronto Star, wrote: \"No one could count on coming out on top in a fight with Lenti...and guys who went toe to toe with the veteran biker sometimes came away with one less functioning eye\".[33] Lenti almost provoked a fight with Muscedere, whom he no longer respected, and only the intervention of others prevented the two men from coming to blows.[33] Lenti was a living legend within Ontario outlaw biker circles and his resignation was a great blow to the already waning prestige of the club.[32] To save face, Kellestine sent out an email to the other Bandidos saying that Lenti had been expelled.[34] The Hells Angels considered making an offer to Lenti with the notes for November 2004 Central Canada committee reading: \"Vote on Frank issue was Yes 72 No 69 did not pass\".[34]Lenti attempted to keep the Bandidos operating in Canada after the Shedden massacre.[35] On 24 May 2006, Lenti rejoined the Bandidos and started to push aside both Sandham and his rival Pierre \"Carlito\" Aragon who were both competing to be national president.[36] Lenti had one of his associates send Sandham an email saying it was time for the Canadian Bandidos \"to stop looking like assholes in front of the USA and get along\", meaning that Sandham should step aside to allow Lenti to run the Canadian Bandidos.[37] Sandham sent back an email saying \"You are asking me to throw down my patch. Over bullshit!!\".[38] However, Lenti was a living legend within Canadian outlaw biker circles with close links to the Mafia and a habit of gouging out the eyes of his enemies, and Sandham was so utterly terrified of him that he agreed to stop calling himself president of Bandidos Canada, and allow Lenti that honor.[38] Sandham liked to act the tough guy, but Edwards wrote: \"As it turned out, all anyone really had to do was tell him to get lost in an unfriendly tone of voice, and he would have disappeared.\"[38]On 28 September 2006, two Hells Angels, Remond \"Ray\" Akleh of Ottawa and Mark Stephenson of Oshawa, were charged with ordering another Angel, Steven Gault, to kill Lenti.[35] Unknown to Akleh and Stephenson, Gault was secretly a police informer.[39] Gault was a career criminal who specialized in cheating seniors out of their life savings and who once bit off the ear of a man in a bar fight.[40] Gault, a member of Satan's Choice joined the Hells Angels in 2000 with the sole aim of selling them out to the Crown.[40] Gault received a $1 million payment from the Ontario government in exchange for testifying to the alleged murder plot.[41] Lenti, who remained true to the outlaw biker code, refused an offer of police protection when informed of the alleged plot, but he did start carrying around a handgun, saying he would get the Bandidos \"off the ground\" after the massacre.[41]Shortly after midnight on 2 December 2006, four Hells Angels showed up at the Club Pro Adult Entertainment strip club and bar in Vaughan, where Lenti worked as a security guard and bouncer.[42] The owner of Club Pro Adult Entertainment, Domenic \"Mimmo\" Marciano, described Lenti as a \"cooler\", saying \"He was kind of the buffer, the cooler, to eliminate the other element that we didn't want\".[43] The Angels were led by David \"White Dread\" Buchanan, the sergeant-at-arms of the Angels' West Toronto chapter, who had gone out drinking that night to celebrate his 33rd birthday, and in his drunken state he began to threaten Lenti.[44] In the outlaw biker subculture, the office of sergeant-at-arms is generally held by the toughest member in a chapter, and Buchanan had been appointed to that position on the account of his brutality, strength and cruelty.[42] Buchanan, a white Jamaican immigrant, had been a member of a street gang, the Mount Olive Crips, that were the Toronto branch of the American Crips gang, before joining the Angels.[45] Buchanan was known to the police as one of Toronto's principal gunrunners who sold guns, that the Angels had smuggled in from the United States, to various street gangs of Toronto.[45] Alongside Buchanan were fellow Angels Dana \"Boomer\" Carnegie, Scott Desroche and Carlo Verrilli.[46]The Angels confronted Lenti and threatened him, causing him to go to the lobby where the lighting was better and a security camera captured everything that ensured.[46] The video footage showed that Lenti was seeking to calm down the angry Angels while Buchanan was set on escalating the situation.[46] Lenti firmly asked several times for the Angels to \"Please go home\" while Buchanan shouted \"You shut up, motherfucker, old guy!\".[47] Buchanan began to strike Lenti with the other three Angels surrounding Lenti, making an escape impossible.[47] A very belligerent, drunken Buchanan told Lenti \"Who's looking at who, motherfucker!\"[47]Lenti, believing the Angels had come to kill him, was recorded by the security cameras as having his \"right arm slipped behind his back, in a smooth, almost imperceptible movement\" to pull out his handgun.[47] Lenti opened fire, wounding one Angel, Verrelli, and killing Buchanan, while the other two Angels ran away with Desroche found fearfully hiding in the janitor's closet.[48] Cargnie was also wounded, but was able to drive to the Humber River Regional Hospital to have his gunshot wound treated.[49] Lenti stated he believed that Buchanan had a gun, but none was found on his corpse.[50] Lenti turned himself in to the police the next day, and told Detective Angelo DeLorenzi that he had gone to the lobby of Club Pro Adult Entertainment to have the confrontation recorded by the security cameras, saying he was not looking for trouble.[51] Afterwards, several Hells Angels contacted Lenti's family, saying that Buchanan had been out of line, and that they felt his killing was justified as Lenti had only shot him after being punched.[52] David Atwell, a police informer within the Hells Angels, reported that the Angels national secretary Donny Petersen's reaction as: \"Petersen says up until this happened he had a good relationship with Frank and that Frank saved his life once\".[53]In the fall of 2007, a statement by \"Cisco 13 1%er Canada\" appeared on the Bandido website stating: \"As of October 2 2007, the Bandidos MC 1% Canada is officially shut down. There isn't no more Bandidos MC membership in Canada\".[54] Lenti's statement went on to ask that all Canadian Bandidos mail their jackets with the Bandido patch at once to an address in Texas.","title":"The Bandidos"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canadian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Army"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Edwards1-55"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Edwards1-55"},{"link_name":"Jack Granatstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Granatstein"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Edwards1-55"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Edwards1-55"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Edwards1-55"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Edwards1-55"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Edwards1-55"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Edwards1-55"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Edwards1-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2010446-447-56"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2010446-447-56"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2010446-447-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2010448-449-57"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2010448-449-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2010449-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2010449-450-59"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Edwards2-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Edwards2-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Edwards2-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Edwards2-3"}],"text":"In 2007, Lenti's son Jessi attempted to join the Canadian Army and was turned down because of his father.[55] At the time, the senior Lenti told the media \"I'm the criminal, so why punish him?\".[55] The historian Jack Granatstein criticised the Army for turning down Jessi Lenti, saying \"I've never heard of this kind of thing before.\"[55] Ray Lefaive, the vice principle at the St. Joan of Arc Catholic school where Jessi Lenti was educated described Frank Lenti as a strict father who gave him permission to strike his son if he should misbehave.[55] Lefaive added that he had the impression that Lenti pere did not want Lenti fils to follow him into the outlaw biker subculture, saying \"I really always felt that he [Jessi Lenti] was sheltered from it\".[55] The senior Lenti, who was in jail at the time awaiting murder charges for killing Buchanan, stated: \"\"I had a lot of fun but in the end you end up in a place like this. I always told him that I didn't want him involved in my business\".[55] Jessi Lenti concurred with his father's assessment as he stated that if he joined an outlaw biker club, his father's reaction would be: \"He'd hunt me down. He'd probably rip the (club's) patch off and smack me across the head with it\".[55] Jessi Lenti has no criminal record and Armand La Barge, the police chief of York Region, told Peter Edwards, the crime correspondent for the Toronto Star: \"\"To the best of our knowledge, he (Jessi Lenti) has never been a member of an outlaw motorcycle gang and to the best of our knowledge, he has never been a member of an organized crime group or entity either\".[55] The younger Lenti stated that it had been his dream since his boyhood to be a soldier and what the Army was saying in rejecting his application was: \"What they're trying to tell me is, `We don't want you to do good. Go do bad'. I'm trying to go in a straight line.\"[55]On 14 April 2008, Lenti pled guilty to manslaughter for killing Buchanan and was sentenced to 6 years in prison with Justice Michael Brown ruling that since Buchanan had punched Lenti several times before Lenti shot him that he did have a legitimate fear for his life.[56] The fact that Lenti continued to shoot Buchanan even after he was lying on the ground could have been used by the Crown to argue that he was guilty of murder since by that point Buchanan did not pose any danger to him, causing Lenti not to take his chances with the jury.[56] At the same time, the video footage of the confrontation at Club Pro Adult Entertainment showed that Buchanan was the aggressor, which gave Lenti's lawyers a strong case for self-defense on the part of their client, causing the Crown to drop the murder charges and to settle for a plea bargain.[56] On 7 November 2008, the Crown's case against Akleh and Stephenson collapsed when Akleh revealed to the court he had been a police informer since 2002 and there never was a murder plot against Lenti.[57] Edwards has charged that the professional con-man Gault had manufactured the alleged murder plot so he could collect a $1 million payment from the Crown.[57] On January 18, 2009, Akleh and Stephenson were acquitted of conspiring to murder Lenti with the jury ruling that Crown's case rested entirely on the unreliable word of Gault.[58] Edwards wrote that as a result of Gault's lies, Lenti had killed Buchanan, thinking he was out to kill him when in reality Buchanan was seeking to intimidate him, writing: \"Gault had set out to destroy his former Hells Angels brothers, but instead brought down the last of the Bandidos\".[59]After his release from prison in 2014, Lenti was the object of an assassination attempt at his Vaughan home on 20 December 2016 when a shot was fired at him from a would-be-killer on his driveway.[3] The assassin's gun jammed after the first shot while Lenti made a motion as if he was reaching to pull out a gun, causing the gunman to run away.[3] Lenti professed not to be worried, saying in 2019: \"The day I worry about bad guys is the day I fucking kill myself\".[3] Lenti stated he planned to retire from outlaw biking soon, but still wore in public a jacket with the word \"Criminal\" written on the back.[3]","title":"Later life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"HarperCollins Publishers Ltd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HarperCollins_Publishers_Ltd"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0307372765","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0307372765"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780307362575","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780307362575"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1443427258","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1443427258"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780458804405","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780458804405"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0002000245","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0002000245"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"144342725X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/144342725X"},{"link_name":"John Wiley & Sons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0470678787","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0470678787"}],"text":"Edwards, Peter (2010), The Bandido Massacre; A True Story of Bikers, Brotherhood and Betrayal, HarperCollins Publishers Ltd, ISBN 978-0307372765\nEdwards, Peter (2013). Unrepentant The Strange and (Sometimes) Terrible Life of Lorne Campbell, Satan's Choice and Hells Angels Biker. Toronto: Vintage Canada. ISBN 9780307362575.\nEdwards, Peter (2017), Hard Road: Bernie Guindon and the Reign of the Satan's Choice Motorcycle Club, HarperCollins, ISBN 978-1443427258\nKirby, Cecil (1986). Mafia Enforcer The Inside Story of a Canadian Biker, Hitman, and Police Informer. Toronto: Methuen. ISBN 9780458804405.\nLavinge, Yves (1999). Hells Angels at War. Toronto: HarperCollins. ISBN 0002000245.\nLangton, Jerry (2006), Fallen Angel: The Unlikely Rise of Walter Stadnick and the Canadian Hells Angels, [HarperCollins Publishers, ISBN 144342725X\nLangton, Jerry (2010), Showdown: How the Outlaws, Hells Angels and Cops Fought for Control of the Streets, John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 978-0470678787","title":"Books"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Edwards, Peter (4 March 2019). \"Vaughan Hells Angel killer looks back on outlaw life that won't let him go\". Toronto Star. Retrieved 12 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2019/03/04/a-hells-angel-killer-looks-back-on-an-outlaw-life-that-wont-let-him-go.html","url_text":"\"Vaughan Hells Angel killer looks back on outlaw life that won't let him go\""}]},{"reference":"Edwards, Peter (26 November 2007). \"Biker's son snubbed by military\". Toronto Star. Retrieved 12 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2007/11/26/bikers_son_snubbed_by_military.html","url_text":"\"Biker's son snubbed by military\""}]},{"reference":"Edwards, Peter (2010), The Bandido Massacre; A True Story of Bikers, Brotherhood and Betrayal, HarperCollins Publishers Ltd, ISBN 978-0307372765","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HarperCollins_Publishers_Ltd","url_text":"HarperCollins Publishers Ltd"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0307372765","url_text":"978-0307372765"}]},{"reference":"Edwards, Peter (2013). Unrepentant The Strange and (Sometimes) Terrible Life of Lorne Campbell, Satan's Choice and Hells Angels Biker. Toronto: Vintage Canada. ISBN 9780307362575.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780307362575","url_text":"9780307362575"}]},{"reference":"Edwards, Peter (2017), Hard Road: Bernie Guindon and the Reign of the Satan's Choice Motorcycle Club, HarperCollins, ISBN 978-1443427258","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1443427258","url_text":"978-1443427258"}]},{"reference":"Kirby, Cecil (1986). Mafia Enforcer The Inside Story of a Canadian Biker, Hitman, and Police Informer. Toronto: Methuen. ISBN 9780458804405.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780458804405","url_text":"9780458804405"}]},{"reference":"Lavinge, Yves (1999). Hells Angels at War. Toronto: HarperCollins. ISBN 0002000245.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0002000245","url_text":"0002000245"}]},{"reference":"Langton, Jerry (2006), Fallen Angel: The Unlikely Rise of Walter Stadnick and the Canadian Hells Angels, [HarperCollins Publishers, ISBN 144342725X","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/144342725X","url_text":"144342725X"}]},{"reference":"Langton, Jerry (2010), Showdown: How the Outlaws, Hells Angels and Cops Fought for Control of the Streets, John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 978-0470678787","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons","url_text":"John Wiley & Sons"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0470678787","url_text":"978-0470678787"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2019/03/04/a-hells-angel-killer-looks-back-on-an-outlaw-life-that-wont-let-him-go.html","external_links_name":"\"Vaughan Hells Angel killer looks back on outlaw life that won't let him go\""},{"Link":"https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2007/11/26/bikers_son_snubbed_by_military.html","external_links_name":"\"Biker's son snubbed by military\""},{"Link":"https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2019/03/04/a-hells-angel-killer-looks-back-on-an-outlaw-life-that-wont-let-him-go.html","external_links_name":"A biker who killed a Hells Angel looks back on an outlaw life that won’t let him go"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troitskaya_line
Troitskaya line
["1 Development","2 Stations","3 References","4 External links"]
Under-construction Moscow Metro line  Troitskaya lineOverviewOwnerMoskovsky MetropolitenLocaleMoscowTerminiKommunarka (west)Novatorskaya (east)Stations17 (6 opening in 2028-29)ServiceTypeRapid transitSystemMoscow MetroOperator(s)Moskovsky MetropolitenHistoryOpened2024 (planned)TechnicalLine length40.2 km (25.0 mi)CharacterUndergroundTrack gauge1,520 mm (4 ft 11+27⁄32 in)ElectrificationThird rail Route map Legend Troitsk Vatutinki Yavorki Desna Rakitki Sosenki Kommunarka Bachurinskaya Kornilovskaya Tyutchevskaya Ulitsa Generala Tyuleneva Universitet Druzhby Narodov Novatorskaya Vavilovskaya Akademicheskaya Krymskaya ZIL possible future connection with This diagram: viewtalkedit The Troitskaya line (Russian: Троицкая ли́ния, lit. Trinity) (Line 16, previously Kommunarskaya line, Russian: Коммунарская ли́ния, lit. Communards) is an under-construction line of the Moscow Metro that will initially extend to the settlement of Kommunarka in the Novomoskovsky Administrative Okrug, or New Moscow from Novatorskaya station. Future expansion plans will extend the line to the town of Troitsk. The city is constructing the line with a planned opening in 2024. 25 kilometres (16 mi) first stretch from ZIL to Kommunarka will have 11 stations. The city projects completion in 2024 at a cost of 49.8 billion rubles. Development Following the expansion of the city of Moscow, which doubled the city’s size, the city administration sought to increase public transit into the area, known as New Moscow. In 2014, the Mayor of Moscow, Sergey Sobyanin, undertook a visit to China where he signed an agreement with the China Railway Construction Corporation (CRCC) and China International Fund to build a line to New Moscow and finance construction by developing real estate at the stations. With the fall of the ruble in late 2014, negotiations over costs were held up and the Deputy Mayor for Construction Marat Khusnullin announced that the city would continue development using its own funds. By 2016, the city was again negotiating with CRCC for construction of the line. Rather than CRCC handling the whole project, the city wanted to split the work between Russian and Chinese workers. The parties agreed not only on construction of the Troistkaya line, but also three stations of the Bolshaya Koltsevaya line: Michurinsky Prospekt, Aminyevskaya, and Prospekt Vernadskogo. On 19 June 2019, construction began on the Universitet Druzhby Narodov station, and on 17 July it was announced that construction work at various stages was already underway at all stations of the first section. On 26 August 2019 Sergei Sobyanin officially announced the extension of line 16 to the south from Kommunarka to Troitsk. According to him, the southern section will be 14.6 kilometres (9.1 mi) long and will have six stations. Part of the section from Sosenki to Desna will be at-ground. On 25 November 2019 the construction of the first tunnel of the line between "Ulitsa Novatorov" and "Universitet Druzhby Narodov" began. On 4 December 2020, tunneling was completed, the shield passed 2.7 kilometres (1.7 mi) at a depth of up to 30 metres (98 ft). Stations Station Name Transfers Status English Russian ZIL ЗИЛ  ZIL ZIL Under construction Krymskaya Крымская  Krymskaya Under construction Akademicheskaya Академическая  Akademicheskaya Under construction Vavilovskaya Вавиловская Under construction Novatorskaya Новаторcкая  Novatorskaya Under construction Universitet Druzhby Narodov Университет Дружбы Народов Under construction Generala Tyuleneva Генерала Тюленева Under construction Tyutchevskaya Тютчевская Under construction Kornilovskaya Корниловская Under construction Bachurinskaya Бачуринская Under construction Kommunarka Коммунарка  Kommunarka Under construction Sosenki Сосенки Planned Rakitki Ракитки Planned Desna Десна Planned Kedrovaya Кедровая Planned Vatutinki Ватутинки Planned Troitsk Троицк Planned References ^ Map of planned construction Kommunarskaya line has been tentatively designated as line 16 ^ a b "Строительство метро до Троицка могут начать в 2018 году" (in Russian). Moscow Complex for Construction and Urban Development. 2017-09-25. ^ "New metro line construction from Ulitsa Novatorov to Stolbovo station to begin in 2018". City of Moscow. 2017-07-19. ^ "На миллиард дешевле" (in Russian). Moskovskaya Perspektiva. 2018-09-18. ^ "Китайским инвесторам предложили построить линию метро до Коммунарки" (in Russian). Moscow Complex for Construction and Urban Development. 2014-04-20. ^ "Chinese firms to build Moscow's new subway". Global Construction Review. 2014-05-21. ^ "М.ХУСНУЛЛИН: ПРИОСТАНОВКА ПЕРЕГОВОРОВ С ИНВЕСТОРАМИ ИЗ КИТАЯ НЕ ВЛИЯЕТ НА ПОДГОТОВКУ К СТРОИТЕЛЬСТВУ МЕТРО" (in Russian). Moscow City News Agency. 2014-11-12. ^ "Китайцы идут валютным курсом". Moscow Complex for Construction and Urban Development. 2016-05-10. ^ "Около 500 китайских инженеров приедут в Москву для строительства метро" (in Russian). Moscow Complex for Construction and Urban Development. 2017-02-14. ^ "В Москве начали строить станцию метро «Университет дружбы народов»". РИА Новости. 2019-06-19. Archived from the original on 2019-06-20. Retrieved 2019-06-20. ^ "Семь станций начали строить на Коммунарской линии метро". Комплекс градостроительной политики и строительства города Москвы (in Russian). 17 July 2019. Retrieved 2021-05-02. ^ "Метро вперед летит". Московская перспектива. 2019-08-26. Retrieved 2019-08-26. ^ "Метро придет в Троицк". Сайт Сергея Собянина. 2019-08-26. Retrieved 2019-08-26. External links Moscow Complex for Construction and Urban Development Moscow Metro Official Website vteLines of the Moscow Metro  Sokolnicheskaya line  Zamoskvoretskaya line  Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya line  Filyovskaya line  Koltsevaya line  Kaluzhsko-Rizhskaya line  Tagansko-Krasnopresnenskaya line  Kalininskaya line  Solntsevskaya line  Serpukhovsko-Timiryazevskaya line  Lyublinsko-Dmitrovskaya line  Bolshaya Koltsevaya line  Butovskaya line  Moscow Monorail  Moscow Central Circle  Nekrasovskaya line Belorussko-Savyolovsky Diameter Kursko-Rizhsky Diameter Leningradsko-Kazansky Diameter Kaluzhsko-Nizhegorodsky Diameter Lines under construction or proposed Kalininsko-Solntsevskaya line  Troitskaya line  Rublyovo-Arkhangelskaya line  Biryulyovskaya line Yaroslavsko-Paveletsky Diameter Expansion timeline List of stations Metro-2 vteMoscow Metro Expansion timeline Stations list Bridges Luzhniki Preobrazhensky Smolensky Metro-2 Moscow Central Diameters  Sokolnicheskaya line Potapovo Kommunarka Olkhovaya Prokshino Filatov Lug Salaryevo Rumyantsevo Troparyovo Yugo-Zapadnaya Prospekt Vernadskogo Universitet Vorobyovy Gory Sportivnaya Frunzenskaya Park Kultury Kropotkinskaya Biblioteka Imeni Lenina Okhotny Ryad Lubyanka Chistye Prudy Krasnye Vorota Komsomolskaya Krasnoselskaya Sokolniki Preobrazhenskaya Ploshchad Cherkizovskaya Bulvar Rokossovskogo  Zamoskvoretskaya line Khovrino Belomorskaya Rechnoy Vokzal Vodny Stadion Voykovskaya Sokol Aeroport Dinamo Belorusskaya Mayakovskaya Tverskaya Teatralnaya Novokuznetskaya Paveletskaya Avtozavodskaya Tekhnopark Kolomenskaya Kashirskaya Kantemirovskaya Tsaritsyno Orekhovo Domodedovskaya Krasnogvardeyskaya Alma-Atinskaya  Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya line Pyatnitskoye Shosse Mitino Volokolamskaya Myakinino Strogino Krylatskoye Molodyozhnaya Kuntsevskaya Slavyansky Bulvar Park Pobedy Kiyevskaya Smolenskaya Arbatskaya Ploshchad Revolyutsii Kurskaya Baumanskaya Elektrozavodskaya Semyonovskaya Partizanskaya Pervomayskaya (closed) Izmaylovskaya Pervomayskaya Shchyolkovskaya  Filyovskaya lineMain Aleksandrovsky Sad Arbatskaya Smolenskaya Kiyevskaya Studencheskaya Kutuzovskaya Fili Bagrationovskaya Filyovsky Park Pionerskaya Kuntsevskaya Branch Vystavochnaya Mezhdunarodnaya  Koltsevaya line (← Loop towards Krasnopresnenskaya) Belorusskaya Novoslobodskaya Suvorovskaya Prospekt Mira Komsomolskaya Kurskaya Taganskaya Paveletskaya Dobryninskaya Oktyabrskaya Park Kultury Kiyevskaya Krasnopresnenskaya (Loop towards Belorusskaya →)  Kaluzhsko-Rizhskaya line Novoyasenevskaya Yasenevo Tyoply Stan Konkovo Belyayevo Kaluzhskaya Kaluzhskaya (closed) Novye Cheryomushki Profsoyuznaya Akademicheskaya Leninsky Prospekt Shabolovskaya Oktyabrskaya Tretyakovskaya Kitay-gorod Turgenevskaya Sukharevskaya Prospekt Mira Rizhskaya Alekseyevskaya VDNKh Botanichesky Sad Sviblovo Babushkinskaya Medvedkovo  Tagansko-Krasnopresnenskaya line Planernaya Skhodnenskaya Tushinskaya Spartak Shchukinskaya Oktyabrskoye Pole Polezhayevskaya Begovaya Ulitsa 1905 Goda Barrikadnaya Pushkinskaya Kuznetsky Most Kitay-gorod Taganskaya Proletarskaya Volgogradsky Prospekt Tekstilshchiki Kuzminki Ryazansky Prospekt Vykhino Lermontovsky Prospekt Zhulebino Kotelniki Kalininsko-Solntsevskaya line Kalininskaya line Novokosino Novogireyevo Perovo Shosse Entuziastov Aviamotornaya Ploshchad Ilyicha Marksistskaya Tretyakovskaya Volkhonka Plyushchikha Dorogomilovskaya  Solntsevskaya line Delovoy Tsentr Park Pobedy Minskaya Lomonosovsky Prospekt Ramenki Michurinsky Prospekt Ozyornaya Govorovo Solntsevo Borovskoye Shosse Novoperedelkino Rasskazovka Pykhtino Aeroport Vnukovo  Serpukhovsko-Timiryazevskaya line Altufyevo Bibirevo Otradnoye Vladykino Petrovsko-Razumovskaya Timiryazevskaya Dmitrovskaya Savyolovskaya Mendeleyevskaya Tsvetnoy Bulvar Chekhovskaya Borovitskaya Polyanka Serpukhovskaya Tulskaya Nagatinskaya Nagornaya Nakhimovsky Prospekt Sevastopolskaya Chertanovskaya Yuzhnaya Prazhskaya Ulitsa Akademika Yangelya Annino Bulvar Dmitriya Donskogo  Lyublinsko-Dmitrovskaya line Fiztekh Lianozovo Yakhromskaya Seligerskaya Verkhniye Likhobory Okruzhnaya Petrovsko-Razumovskaya Fonvizinskaya Butyrskaya Maryina Roshcha Dostoyevskaya Trubnaya Sretensky Bulvar Chkalovskaya Rimskaya Krestyanskaya Zastava Dubrovka Kozhukhovskaya Yuzhny Port Pechatniki Volzhskaya Lyublino Bratislavskaya Maryino Borisovo Shipilovskaya Zyablikovo  Bolshaya Koltsevaya lineMain (← Loop towards Maryina Roshcha) Savyolovskaya Petrovsky Park CSKA Khoroshyovskaya Narodnoye Opolcheniye Mnyovniki Terekhovo Kuntsevskaya Davydkovo Aminyevskaya Michurinsky Prospekt Prospekt Vernadskogo Novatorskaya Vorontsovskaya Zyuzino Kakhovskaya Varshavskaya Kashirskaya Klenovy Bulvar Nagatinsky Zaton Pechatniki Tekstilshchiki Nizhegorodskaya Aviamotornaya Lefortovo Elektrozavodskaya Sokolniki Rizhskaya Maryina Roshcha (Loop towards Savyolovskaya →) Branch Shelepikha Delovoy Tsentr  Butovskaya line Bittsevsky Park Lesoparkovaya Ulitsa Starokachalovskaya Ulitsa Skobelevskaya Bulvar Admirala Ushakova Ulitsa Gorchakova Buninskaya Alleya  Moscow Monorail Timiryazevskaya Ulitsa Milashenkova Teletsentr Ulitsa Akademika Korolyova Vystavochny Tsentr Ulitsa Sergeya Eyzenshteyna  Moscow Central Circle (← Loop towards Likhobory) Okruzhnaya Vladykino Botanichesky Sad Rostokino Belokamennaya Bulvar Rokossovskogo Lokomotiv Izmaylovo Sokolinaya Gora Shosse Entuziastov Andronovka Nizhegorodskaya Novokhokhlovskaya Ugreshskaya Dubrovka Avtozavodskaya ZIL Verkhniye Kotly Krymskaya Ploshchad Gagarina Luzhniki Kutuzovskaya Delovoy Tsentr Shelepikha Khoroshyovo Zorge Panfilovskaya Streshnevo Baltiyskaya Koptevo Likhobory (Loop towards Okruzhnaya →)  Nekrasovskaya line Nizhegorodskaya Stakhanovskaya Okskaya Yugo-Vostochnaya Kosino Ulitsa Dmitriyevskogo Lukhmanovskaya Nekrasovka  Troitskaya line Troitsk Vatutinki Desyonovskoye Desna Rakitki Sosenki Kommunarka Bachurinskaya Kornilovskaya Tyutchevskaya Ulitsa Generala Tyuleneva Universitet Druzhby Narodov Ulitsa Novatorov Ulitsa Stroiteley Akademicheskaya Sevastopolsky Prospekt  Rublyovo-Arkhangelskaya line Ilyinskaya Rublyovo-Arkhangelskoye Troitse-Lykovo Strogino Zhivopisnaya Bulvar Generala Karbysheva Prospekt Marshala Zhukova Presnya Shelepikha Delovoy Tsentr  Biryulyovskaya line ZIL Ostrov Mechty Klenovy Bulvar Batyunino Moskvorechye Kavkazsky Bulvar 6th Radialnaya Ulitsa Lipetskaya Zagorye Biryulyovo Disasters / attacks 1977 Moscow bombings February 2004 Moscow Metro bombing August 2004 Moscow Metro bombing 2010 Moscow Metro bombings 2014 Moscow Metro derailment
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Trinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Communards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communards"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Moscow Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Metro"},{"link_name":"Kommunarka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kommunarka"},{"link_name":"Novomoskovsky Administrative Okrug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novomoskovsky_Administrative_Okrug"},{"link_name":"Troitsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troitsk,_Moscow"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Troitsk-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Troitsk-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DateEn-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Project-4"}],"text":"The Troitskaya line (Russian: Троицкая ли́ния, lit. Trinity) (Line 16, previously Kommunarskaya line, Russian: Коммунарская ли́ния, lit. Communards)[1] is an under-construction line of the Moscow Metro that will initially extend to the settlement of Kommunarka in the Novomoskovsky Administrative Okrug, or New Moscow from Novatorskaya station. Future expansion plans will extend the line to the town of Troitsk.[2] The city is constructing the line with a planned opening in 2024.[2][3]25 kilometres (16 mi) first stretch from ZIL to Kommunarka will have 11 stations. The city projects completion in 2024 at a cost of 49.8 billion rubles.[4]","title":"Troitskaya line"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mayor of Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Moscow"},{"link_name":"Sergey Sobyanin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Sobyanin"},{"link_name":"China Railway Construction Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Railway_Construction_Corporation"},{"link_name":"China International Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_International_Fund"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ChinaRu-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-China-6"},{"link_name":"Marat Khusnullin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marat_Khusnullin"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ruble-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Bolshaya Koltsevaya line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolshaya_Koltsevaya_line"},{"link_name":"Michurinsky Prospekt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michurinsky_Prospekt_(Bolshaya_Koltsevaya_line)"},{"link_name":"Aminyevskaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminyevskaya_(Moscow_Metro)"},{"link_name":"Prospekt Vernadskogo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prospekt_Vernadskogo_(Bolshaya_Koltsevaya_line)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-11"},{"link_name":"Sergei Sobyanin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Sobyanin"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-troitsk-13"}],"text":"Following the expansion of the city of Moscow, which doubled the city’s size, the city administration sought to increase public transit into the area, known as New Moscow. In 2014, the Mayor of Moscow, Sergey Sobyanin, undertook a visit to China where he signed an agreement with the China Railway Construction Corporation (CRCC) and China International Fund to build a line to New Moscow and finance construction by developing real estate at the stations.[5][6] With the fall of the ruble in late 2014, negotiations over costs were held up and the Deputy Mayor for Construction Marat Khusnullin announced that the city would continue development using its own funds.[7]By 2016, the city was again negotiating with CRCC for construction of the line. Rather than CRCC handling the whole project, the city wanted to split the work between Russian and Chinese workers.[8] The parties agreed not only on construction of the Troistkaya line, but also three stations of the Bolshaya Koltsevaya line: Michurinsky Prospekt, Aminyevskaya, and Prospekt Vernadskogo.[9]On 19 June 2019, construction began on the Universitet Druzhby Narodov station,[10] and on 17 July it was announced that construction work at various stages was already underway at all stations of the first section.[11]On 26 August 2019 Sergei Sobyanin officially announced the extension of line 16 to the south from Kommunarka to Troitsk. According to him,\nthe southern section will be 14.6 kilometres (9.1 mi) long and will have six stations. Part of the section from Sosenki to Desna will be at-ground.[12][13]On 25 November 2019 the construction of the first tunnel of the line between \"Ulitsa Novatorov\" and \"Universitet Druzhby Narodov\" began. On 4 December 2020, tunneling was completed, the shield passed 2.7 kilometres (1.7 mi) at a depth of up to 30 metres (98 ft).","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Stations"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Строительство метро до Троицка могут начать в 2018 году\" (in Russian). Moscow Complex for Construction and Urban Development. 2017-09-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://stroi.mos.ru/news/stroitiel-stvo-mietro-do-troitska-moghut-nachat-v-2018-ghodu","url_text":"\"Строительство метро до Троицка могут начать в 2018 году\""}]},{"reference":"\"New metro line construction from Ulitsa Novatorov to Stolbovo station to begin in 2018\". City of Moscow. 2017-07-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mos.ru/en/news/item/26759073/","url_text":"\"New metro line construction from Ulitsa Novatorov to Stolbovo station to begin in 2018\""}]},{"reference":"\"На миллиард дешевле\" (in Russian). Moskovskaya Perspektiva. 2018-09-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mperspektiva.ru/topics/19783/","url_text":"\"На миллиард дешевле\""}]},{"reference":"\"Китайским инвесторам предложили построить линию метро до Коммунарки\" (in Russian). Moscow Complex for Construction and Urban Development. 2014-04-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://stroi.mos.ru/mobile/news/kitaiskim-investoram-predlozhili-postroit-liniu-metro-do-kommunarki","url_text":"\"Китайским инвесторам предложили построить линию метро до Коммунарки\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chinese firms to build Moscow's new subway\". Global Construction Review. 2014-05-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.globalconstructionreview.com/sectors/chinese-firms-build-moscows-new-subway/","url_text":"\"Chinese firms to build Moscow's new subway\""}]},{"reference":"\"М.ХУСНУЛЛИН: ПРИОСТАНОВКА ПЕРЕГОВОРОВ С ИНВЕСТОРАМИ ИЗ КИТАЯ НЕ ВЛИЯЕТ НА ПОДГОТОВКУ К СТРОИТЕЛЬСТВУ МЕТРО\" (in Russian). Moscow City News Agency. 2014-11-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mskagency.ru/materials/1750888","url_text":"\"М.ХУСНУЛЛИН: ПРИОСТАНОВКА ПЕРЕГОВОРОВ С ИНВЕСТОРАМИ ИЗ КИТАЯ НЕ ВЛИЯЕТ НА ПОДГОТОВКУ К СТРОИТЕЛЬСТВУ МЕТРО\""}]},{"reference":"\"Китайцы идут валютным курсом\". Moscow Complex for Construction and Urban Development. 2016-05-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://stroi.mos.ru/mobile/articles/kitaitsy-idut-valiutnym-kursom","url_text":"\"Китайцы идут валютным курсом\""}]},{"reference":"\"Около 500 китайских инженеров приедут в Москву для строительства метро\" (in Russian). Moscow Complex for Construction and Urban Development. 2017-02-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://stroi.mos.ru/mobile/news/okolo-500-kitaiskikh-inzhienierov-priiedut-v-moskvu-dlia-stroitiel-stva-mietro","url_text":"\"Около 500 китайских инженеров приедут в Москву для строительства метро\""}]},{"reference":"\"В Москве начали строить станцию метро «Университет дружбы народов»\". РИА Новости. 2019-06-19. Archived from the original on 2019-06-20. Retrieved 2019-06-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190620073729/https://realty.ria.ru/20190619/1555706162.html","url_text":"\"В Москве начали строить станцию метро «Университет дружбы народов»\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%98%D0%90_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8","url_text":"РИА Новости"},{"url":"https://realty.ria.ru/20190619/1555706162.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Семь станций начали строить на Коммунарской линии метро\". Комплекс градостроительной политики и строительства города Москвы (in Russian). 17 July 2019. Retrieved 2021-05-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://stroi.mos.ru/news/siem-stantsii-nachali-stroit-na-kommunarskoi-linii-mietro","url_text":"\"Семь станций начали строить на Коммунарской линии метро\""}]},{"reference":"\"Метро вперед летит\". Московская перспектива. 2019-08-26. Retrieved 2019-08-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://mperspektiva.ru/topics/metro-vpered-letit/","url_text":"\"Метро вперед летит\""}]},{"reference":"\"Метро придет в Троицк\". Сайт Сергея Собянина. 2019-08-26. Retrieved 2019-08-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sobyanin.ru/metro-v-troitsk","url_text":"\"Метро придет в Троицк\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://stroi.mos.ru/mobile/metro","external_links_name":"Map of planned construction"},{"Link":"https://stroi.mos.ru/news/stroitiel-stvo-mietro-do-troitska-moghut-nachat-v-2018-ghodu","external_links_name":"\"Строительство метро до Троицка могут начать в 2018 году\""},{"Link":"https://www.mos.ru/en/news/item/26759073/","external_links_name":"\"New metro line construction from Ulitsa Novatorov to Stolbovo station to begin in 2018\""},{"Link":"https://www.mperspektiva.ru/topics/19783/","external_links_name":"\"На миллиард дешевле\""},{"Link":"https://stroi.mos.ru/mobile/news/kitaiskim-investoram-predlozhili-postroit-liniu-metro-do-kommunarki","external_links_name":"\"Китайским инвесторам предложили построить линию метро до Коммунарки\""},{"Link":"http://www.globalconstructionreview.com/sectors/chinese-firms-build-moscows-new-subway/","external_links_name":"\"Chinese firms to build Moscow's new subway\""},{"Link":"https://www.mskagency.ru/materials/1750888","external_links_name":"\"М.ХУСНУЛЛИН: ПРИОСТАНОВКА ПЕРЕГОВОРОВ С ИНВЕСТОРАМИ ИЗ КИТАЯ НЕ ВЛИЯЕТ НА ПОДГОТОВКУ К СТРОИТЕЛЬСТВУ МЕТРО\""},{"Link":"https://stroi.mos.ru/mobile/articles/kitaitsy-idut-valiutnym-kursom","external_links_name":"\"Китайцы идут валютным курсом\""},{"Link":"https://stroi.mos.ru/mobile/news/okolo-500-kitaiskikh-inzhienierov-priiedut-v-moskvu-dlia-stroitiel-stva-mietro","external_links_name":"\"Около 500 китайских инженеров приедут в Москву для строительства метро\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190620073729/https://realty.ria.ru/20190619/1555706162.html","external_links_name":"\"В Москве начали строить станцию метро «Университет дружбы народов»\""},{"Link":"https://realty.ria.ru/20190619/1555706162.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://stroi.mos.ru/news/siem-stantsii-nachali-stroit-na-kommunarskoi-linii-mietro","external_links_name":"\"Семь станций начали строить на Коммунарской линии метро\""},{"Link":"https://mperspektiva.ru/topics/metro-vpered-letit/","external_links_name":"\"Метро вперед летит\""},{"Link":"https://www.sobyanin.ru/metro-v-troitsk","external_links_name":"\"Метро придет в Троицк\""},{"Link":"https://stroi.mos.ru/metro","external_links_name":"Moscow Complex for Construction and Urban Development"},{"Link":"http://www.mosmetro.ru/","external_links_name":"Moscow Metro Official Website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esteban_Miro
Esteban Rodríguez Miró
["1 Early life","2 Governor of Louisiana","3 Return to Spain","4 Legacy","5 Personal life","6 Legacy and honors","7 Notes","8 External links"]
Spanish army officer In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Rodríguez Miró and the second or maternal family name is Sabater. The Most ExcellentEsteban Rodríguez MiróKOSPortrait by unknown artist6th Spanish governor of LouisianaIn office1785–1791MonarchsCharles IIICharles IVPreceded byBernardo de Gálvez y Madrid, Count of GálvezSucceeded byFrancisco Luis Héctor de Carondelet Personal detailsBorn1744Reus, Catalonia, SpainDiedJune 4, 1795(1795-06-04) (aged 50–51)SpainSpouseMarie Céleste Eléonore de MacartyMilitary serviceAllegiance Viceroyalty of New Spain Kingdom of SpainBranch/serviceSpanish ArmyYears of service1760–1795RankField MarshalBattles/warsSeven Years' WarAmerican Revolutionary WarWar of the Pyrenees Esteban Rodríguez Miró y Sabater, KOS (1744 – June 4, 1795), also known as Esteban Miro and Estevan Miro, was a Spanish army officer and governor of the Spanish American provinces of Louisiana and Florida. Miró was one of the most popular of the Spanish governors, largely because of his prompt response to the Great New Orleans Fire (1788), which destroyed almost all of the city. Early life Esteban Miró was born in Reus (currently in the province of Tarragona, Catalonia), Spain, to Francisco Miró and Marian de Miró y Sabater. He joined the military in 1760 during the Seven Years' War. Around 1765, he was transferred to Mexico and rose to the rank of lieutenant. He returned to Spain in the 1770s and received military training before being sent to Louisiana in 1778. Governor of Louisiana In 1779 during the American Revolutionary War and Anglo-Spanish War (1779–83), Miró was a part of the forces commanded by Bernardo de Gálvez in campaigns against the British in West Florida. Gálvez appointed Miró as acting Governor of Louisiana (New Spain) on January 20, 1782. He became proprietary governor on December 16, 1785. Spain had taken over this territory from France after the latter's defeat in 1763 by Great Britain in the Seven Years' War. After the Revolutionary War, Miró was a key figure in Spain's boundary dispute with the U.S. over the northern boundary of West Florida. Under Spanish rule, the boundary had been 31° north latitude. In 1763, it came under British control at the end of the Seven Years' War. In 1767, the northern boundary was moved to 32°28' north latitude (from the current location of Vicksburg, Mississippi, east to the Chattahoochee River). In 1783, Britain recognized the Spanish conquest of West Florida in the war, but it did not specify the northern border. In the separate treaty with the U.S., Britain specified the southern boundary as 31 degrees north latitude. Spain claimed the British expansion of West Florida, while the U.S. held to the older boundary. Britain had also granted free navigation on the Pearl River to the United States, even in areas where Spain claimed both sides of the river. In 1784, the Spanish government closed the lower Mississippi River to the Americans, causing significant fear and resentment among settlers in the western frontiers of Kentucky and Tennessee, who depended on river trade and the major port of New Orleans. In 1790, Miró fortified Nogales (present-day Vicksburg) and the mouth of the Mississippi against the possibility of war with the U.S. The settlers' anger was directed as much toward the U.S. government for not acting aggressively enough to protect their interests as it was against Spain. A significant faction within Kentucky considered becoming an independent republic rather than joining the U.S. One of the leaders of this faction was James Wilkinson, who met with Miró in 1787, declared his allegiance to Spain, and secretly acted as an agent for Spain. Wilkinson's schemes to set up an independent nation friendly to Spain in the west did little except cause controversy. This resurfaced later in another form through Wilkinson's dealings with Aaron Burr. After the Good Friday fire in March of 1788 destroyed almost all of the city of New Orleans, Miró arranged for tents for residents, brought in food from warehouses, sent ships to Philadelphia for aid, and lifted Spanish regulations restricting trade to the city. The city of New Orleans (today's French Quarter), was rebuilt with more fire-resistant buildings of brick, plaster, heavy masonry, ceramic tiled roofs, and courtyards. Among the new buildings built under his watch was the Saint Louis Cathedral. In 1786, Miró enacted the Tignon law, which required Creole of color, Black, and indigenous women to had to wear a scarf or other head covering. Although intended to limit these women and to restrict their fashion choices, the policy lead to a tradition of wearing elaborate tignons. Return to Spain Miró surrendered governorship at the end of 1791 to return to Spain and serve in the Ministry of War. He served as Field Marshal from 1793-1795 in the war with the French Republic. He died from natural causes during the War of the Pyrenees at the battlefront in June 1795. Legacy In 1788, North Carolina formed a judicial district called the Mero District in its westernmost territory (the area presently around Nashville, Tennessee); it was named after Miró but misspelled by the legislature. Among Louisianians, Miró is chiefly remembered for having prevented the establishment of the Inquisition in the territory. Charles Gayarré wrote the following account: "The reverend Capuchin, Antonio de Sedella, who had lately arrived in the province, wrote to the Governor to inform him that he, the holy father, had been appointed Commissary of the Inquisition; that in a letter of the 5th of December last, from the proper authority, this intelligence had been communicated to him, and that he had been requested to discharge his functions with the most exact fidelity and zeal, and in conformity with the royal will. Wherefore, after having made his investigations with the utmost secrecy and precaution, he notified Mirò that, in order to carry, as he was commanded, his instructions into perfect execution in all their parts, he might soon, at some late hour of the night, deem it necessary to require some guards to assist him in his operations. Not many hours had elapsed since the reception of this communication by the Governor, when night came, and the representative of the Holy Inquisition was quietly reposing in bed, when he was roused from his sleep by a heavy knocking. He started up, and, opening his door, saw standing before him an officer and a file of grenadiers. Thinking that they had come to obey his commands, in consequence of his letter to the Governor, he said: 'My friends, I thank you and his Excellency for the readiness of this compliance with my request. But I have now no use for your services, and you shall be warned in time when you are wanted. Retire then, with the blessing of God.' Great was the stupefaction of the Friar when he was told that he was under arrest. 'What!' exclaimed he, 'will you dare lay your hands on a Commissary of the Holy Inquisition?' — 'I dare obey orders,' replied the undaunted officer, and the Reverend Father Antonio de Sedella was instantly carried on board of a vessel, which sailed the next day for Cádiz." This was an instance of the conflict within the central government at Madrid and also between it and the colonial governors: Miró's policy, approved by the Crown, had been to strengthen Louisiana against the United States and other powers by encouraging settlement; this included requiring public practice of Catholicism, but ignoring private worship. The royal ministers had ordered an expansion of the Inquisition in response to the French Revolution. Personal life Miro married Marie Céleste Eléonore de Macarty, cousin to his contemporary, New Orleans Mayor Augustin de Macarty. A niece by marriage was Delphine LaLaurie, aged 8 at his death and later believed to be a serial killer. Legacy and honors Miro Street in New Orleans is named in his honor. Once running from the Lower 9th Ward at St. Bernard Parish ("downtown"), to Claiborne Ave. in the Fontainebleau neighborhood ("Uptown"), the street has been broken into several segments by subsequent developments, such as the Industrial Canal. General James Wilkinson named the present Mero (sic) Street in Frankfort, Kentucky, for Governor Miró. At inception in 1796, half of the newly created State of Tennessee was named for Miró: the Mero District. The name remained in use until at least 1807. Notes ^ a b Joseph G. Dawson (1 January 1990). The Louisiana Governors: From Iberville to Edwards. Louisiana State University Press. pp. 63–64. ISBN 978-0-8071-1527-5. ^ Walter Greaves Cowan; Jack B. McGuire (1 December 2008). Louisiana Governors: Rulers, Rascals, and Reformers. Univ. Press of Mississippi. p. 46. ISBN 978-1-60473-320-4. ^ "David Johnson, Editor (4 August 2011). Know Louisiana Encyclopedia of Louisiana; Louisiana Endowment for the Humanities."". Archived from the original on 12 August 2018. Retrieved 7 June 2017. ^ Jorge Eduardo Bonsor; Jorge Maier (1999). Epistolario de Jorge Bonsor (1886-1930). Real Academia de la Historia. p. 57. ISBN 978-84-89512-57-3. ^ William Charles Cole Claiborne (2002). Interim Appointment: W.C.C. Claiborne Letter Book, 1804-1805. Louisiana State University Press. p. 502. ISBN 978-0-8071-2684-4. ^ Caroline Maude Burson (1940). The stewardship of Don Esteban Miró, 1782-1792: a study of Louisiana based largely on the documents in New Orleans. American printing company, ltd. p. xvii. ^ Gilbert C. Din (1996). The New Orleans Cabildo: Colonial Louisiana's First City Government, 1769-1803. Louisiana State University Press. p. 86. ISBN 978-0-8071-2042-2. ^ Bennett H Wall; John C. Rodrigue (19 November 2013). Louisiana: A History. Wiley. p. 82. ISBN 978-1-118-61953-7. ^ David J. Weber (1992). The Spanish Frontier in North America. Yale University Press. pp. 279–. ISBN 978-0-300-05917-5. ^ James Wilkinson (1811). Burr's conspiracy exposed; and General Wilkinson vindicated against the slanders of his enemies on that important occasion. Printed for the author. p. 35. ^ Leonard Victor Huber (1991). New Orleans: A Pictorial History. Pelican Publishing. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-88289-868-1. ^ Louisiana Historical Society (1916). Publications. Louisiana Historical Society. pp. 59–62. ^ Jane Lucas De Grummond (1 March 1999). Renato Beluche: Smuggler, Privateer and Patriot 1780-1860. LSU Press. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-8071-2459-8. ^ John Garretson Clark (1970). New Orleans, 1718-1812: An Economic History. Pelican Publishing. p. 266. ISBN 978-1-4556-0929-1. ^ Lyle Saxon (1 January 1989). Fabulous New Orleans. Pelican Publishing. p. 149. ISBN 978-0-88289-706-6. ^ Johnson, Jessica Marie (2020). Wicked Flesh: Black Women, Intimacy, and Freedom in the Atlantic World. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 198. ISBN 978-0-8122-5238-5. ^ Stewart, Whitney Nell (2018-06-23). "Fashioning Frenchness: Gens de Couleur Libres and the Cultural Struggle for Power in Antebellum New Orleans". Journal of Social History. 51 (3): 526–556. ISSN 1527-1897. ^ Joseph G. Dawson (1 January 1990). The Louisiana Governors: From Iberville to Edwards. Louisiana State University Press. p. 62. ISBN 978-0-8071-1527-5. ^ a b BILL CAREY (June 2021). "Remembering the Mero District". The Tennessee Magazine. Archived from the original on 30 June 2021. Retrieved 15 November 2021. When it was first formed, half of Tennessee was named for a Spaniard almost no one remembers today ^ Charles Gayarré (1885). History of Louisiana. A. Hawkins. pp. 269–270. ^ Din, Gilbert C. (October 1969). "The Immigration Policy of Governor Esteban Miró in Spanish Louisiana". The Southwestern Historical Quarterly. 73 (2): 155–175. JSTOR 30236568. ^ Archdiocese of New Orleans Sacramental Records, Volume 03 (1772-1783); Dec 21, 1779. ^ Willard Rouse Jillson (1936). Early Frankfort and Franklin County, Kentucky: A Chronology of Historical Sketches Covering the Century 1750-1850, Address Delivered at Frankfort's Sesquicentennial Celebration, October 6, 1936. Standard Printing Company. p. 62. External links The Conquest of the Old Southwest Portrait by Andres Molinary<--Broken link, October 2015 History of Louisiana by Charles Gayarré Preceded byBernardo de Gálvez Spanish Governor of Louisiana 1785–1791 Succeeded byFrancisco Luis Héctor de Carondelet vteColonial Governors of LouisianaFirst French Louisiana (1682–1762) Sauvolle Bienville Cadillac Bienville Lepinay Bienville Boisbriand Perier Bienville Vaudreuil Billouart d'Abbadie Aubry Coat of Arms of New FranceCoat of Arms of the Province of LouisianaSpanish Louisiana (1762–1802) Ulloa Aubry O'Reilly Unzaga Gálvez Miró Carondelet Gayoso Bouligny Calvo Vidal Salcedo Second French Louisiana (1802–1804) Laussat Authority control databases International FAST VIAF WorldCat National United States Other SNAC
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_name"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"KOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Santiago"},{"link_name":"Spanish American provinces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas"},{"link_name":"Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Florida"},{"link_name":"Great New Orleans Fire (1788)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_New_Orleans_Fire_(1788)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dawson1990-1"}],"text":"In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Rodríguez Miró and the second or maternal family name is Sabater.Esteban Rodríguez Miró y Sabater, KOS (1744 – June 4, 1795), also known as Esteban Miro and Estevan Miro, was a Spanish army officer and governor of the Spanish American provinces of Louisiana and Florida.Miró was one of the most popular of the Spanish governors, largely because of his prompt response to the Great New Orleans Fire (1788), which destroyed almost all of the city.[1]","title":"Esteban Rodríguez Miró"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Reus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reus"},{"link_name":"Tarragona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarragona"},{"link_name":"Catalonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalonia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CowanMcGuire2008-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BonsorMaier1999-4"},{"link_name":"Seven Years' War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"lieutenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant"}],"text":"Esteban Miró was born in Reus (currently in the province of Tarragona, Catalonia), Spain,[2] to Francisco Miró and Marian de Miró y Sabater.[3] He joined the military in 1760[4] during the Seven Years' War. Around 1765, he was transferred to Mexico and rose to the rank of lieutenant. He returned to Spain in the 1770s and received military training before being sent to Louisiana in 1778.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Revolutionary War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Spanish War (1779–83)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1779%E2%80%9383)"},{"link_name":"Bernardo de Gálvez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernardo_de_G%C3%A1lvez"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Claiborne2002-5"},{"link_name":"the British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"West Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_West_Florida"},{"link_name":"Louisiana (New Spain)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burson1940-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Din1996-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WallRodrigue2013-8"},{"link_name":"Seven Years' War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War"},{"link_name":"West Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Florida"},{"link_name":"31° north latitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/31st_parallel_north"},{"link_name":"Vicksburg, Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicksburg,_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"Chattahoochee River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattahoochee_River"},{"link_name":"U.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Pearl River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_River_(Mississippi%E2%80%93Louisiana)"},{"link_name":"New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Weber1992-9"},{"link_name":"Nogales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicksburg,_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dawson1990-1"},{"link_name":"James Wilkinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Wilkinson"},{"link_name":"Aaron Burr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Burr"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wilkinson1811-10"},{"link_name":"Good Friday fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_New_Orleans_Fire_(1788)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Huber1991-11"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Society1916-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grummond1999-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clark1970-14"},{"link_name":"French Quarter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Quarter"},{"link_name":"ceramic tiled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramic_tile"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Saxon1989-15"},{"link_name":"Saint Louis Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Cathedral_(New_Orleans)"},{"link_name":"Tignon law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tignon_law"},{"link_name":"tignons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tignon"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"In 1779 during the American Revolutionary War and Anglo-Spanish War (1779–83), Miró was a part of the forces commanded by Bernardo de Gálvez[5] in campaigns against the British in West Florida. Gálvez appointed Miró as acting Governor of Louisiana (New Spain) on January 20, 1782.[6] He became proprietary governor on December 16, 1785.[7][8] Spain had taken over this territory from France after the latter's defeat in 1763 by Great Britain in the Seven Years' War.After the Revolutionary War, Miró was a key figure in Spain's boundary dispute with the U.S. over the northern boundary of West Florida. Under Spanish rule, the boundary had been 31° north latitude. In 1763, it came under British control at the end of the Seven Years' War. In 1767, the northern boundary was moved to 32°28' north latitude (from the current location of Vicksburg, Mississippi, east to the Chattahoochee River).In 1783, Britain recognized the Spanish conquest of West Florida in the war, but it did not specify the northern border. In the separate treaty with the U.S., Britain specified the southern boundary as 31 degrees north latitude. Spain claimed the British expansion of West Florida, while the U.S. held to the older boundary. Britain had also granted free navigation on the Pearl River to the United States, even in areas where Spain claimed both sides of the river.In 1784, the Spanish government closed the lower Mississippi River to the Americans, causing significant fear and resentment among settlers in the western frontiers of Kentucky and Tennessee, who depended on river trade and the major port of New Orleans.[9] In 1790, Miró fortified Nogales (present-day Vicksburg)[1] and the mouth of the Mississippi against the possibility of war with the U.S.The settlers' anger was directed as much toward the U.S. government for not acting aggressively enough to protect their interests as it was against Spain. A significant faction within Kentucky considered becoming an independent republic rather than joining the U.S. One of the leaders of this faction was James Wilkinson, who met with Miró in 1787, declared his allegiance to Spain, and secretly acted as an agent for Spain. Wilkinson's schemes to set up an independent nation friendly to Spain in the west did little except cause controversy. This resurfaced later in another form through Wilkinson's dealings with Aaron Burr.[10]After the Good Friday fire in March of 1788 destroyed almost all of the city of New Orleans,[11] Miró arranged for tents for residents, brought in food from warehouses, sent ships to Philadelphia for aid, and lifted Spanish regulations restricting trade to the city.[12][13][14] The city of New Orleans (today's French Quarter), was rebuilt with more fire-resistant buildings of brick, plaster, heavy masonry, ceramic tiled roofs, and courtyards.[15] Among the new buildings built under his watch was the Saint Louis Cathedral.In 1786, Miró enacted the Tignon law, which required Creole of color, Black, and indigenous women to had to wear a scarf or other head covering. Although intended to limit these women and to restrict their fashion choices, the policy lead to a tradition of wearing elaborate tignons.[16][17]","title":"Governor of Louisiana"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"War of the Pyrenees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Pyrenees"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Miró surrendered governorship at the end of 1791 to return to Spain and serve in the Ministry of War. He served as Field Marshal from 1793-1795 in the war with the French Republic. He died from natural causes during the War of the Pyrenees at the battlefront in June 1795.[18]","title":"Return to Spain"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Nashville, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carey-19"},{"link_name":"Inquisition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inquisition"},{"link_name":"Charles Gayarré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Gayarr%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Capuchin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor_Capuchin"},{"link_name":"Antonio de Sedella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_de_Sedella"},{"link_name":"Cádiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1diz"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gayarr%C3%A91885-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"French Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution"}],"text":"In 1788, North Carolina formed a judicial district called the Mero District in its westernmost territory (the area presently around Nashville, Tennessee); it was named after Miró but misspelled by the legislature.[19]Among Louisianians, Miró is chiefly remembered for having prevented the establishment of the Inquisition in the territory. Charles Gayarré wrote the following account:\"The reverend Capuchin, Antonio de Sedella, who had lately arrived in the province, wrote to the Governor to inform him that he, the holy father, had been appointed Commissary of the Inquisition; that in a letter of the 5th of December last, from the proper authority, this intelligence had been communicated to him, and that he had been requested to discharge his functions with the most exact fidelity and zeal, and in conformity with the royal will. Wherefore, after having made his investigations with the utmost secrecy and precaution, he notified Mirò that, in order to carry, as he was commanded, his instructions into perfect execution in all their parts, he might soon, at some late hour of the night, deem it necessary to require some guards to assist him in his operations.Not many hours had elapsed since the reception of this communication by the Governor, when night came, and the representative of the Holy Inquisition was quietly reposing in bed, when he was roused from his sleep by a heavy knocking. He started up, and, opening his door, saw standing before him an officer and a file of grenadiers. Thinking that they had come to obey his commands, in consequence of his letter to the Governor, he said: 'My friends, I thank you and his Excellency for the readiness of this compliance with my request. But I have now no use for your services, and you shall be warned in time when you are wanted. Retire then, with the blessing of God.' Great was the stupefaction of the Friar when he was told that he was under arrest. 'What!' exclaimed he, 'will you dare lay your hands on a Commissary of the Holy Inquisition?' — 'I dare obey orders,' replied the undaunted officer, and the Reverend Father Antonio de Sedella was instantly carried on board of a vessel, which sailed the next day for Cádiz.\"[20]This was an instance of the conflict within the central government at Madrid and also between it and the colonial governors: Miró's policy, approved by the Crown, had been to strengthen Louisiana against the United States and other powers by encouraging settlement;[21] this included requiring public practice of Catholicism, but ignoring private worship. The royal ministers had ordered an expansion of the Inquisition in response to the French Revolution.","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"Mayor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor"},{"link_name":"Augustin de Macarty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustin_de_Macarty"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Delphine LaLaurie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delphine_LaLaurie"}],"text":"Miro married Marie Céleste Eléonore de Macarty, cousin to his contemporary, New Orleans Mayor Augustin de Macarty.[22] A niece by marriage was Delphine LaLaurie, aged 8 at his death and later believed to be a serial killer.","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"Lower 9th Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_9th_Ward"},{"link_name":"St. Bernard Parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Bernard_Parish"},{"link_name":"Claiborne Ave.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claiborne_Avenue"},{"link_name":"Fontainebleau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fontainebleau,_New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"Industrial Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Canal"},{"link_name":"James Wilkinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Wilkinson"},{"link_name":"Frankfort, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfort,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jillson1936-23"},{"link_name":"State of Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carey-19"}],"text":"Miro Street in New Orleans is named in his honor. Once running from the Lower 9th Ward at St. Bernard Parish (\"downtown\"), to Claiborne Ave. in the Fontainebleau neighborhood (\"Uptown\"), the street has been broken into several segments by subsequent developments, such as the Industrial Canal.\nGeneral James Wilkinson named the present Mero (sic) Street in Frankfort, Kentucky, for Governor Miró.[23]\nAt inception in 1796, half of the newly created State of Tennessee was named for Miró: the Mero District. The name remained in use until at least 1807.[19]","title":"Legacy and honors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Dawson1990_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Dawson1990_1-1"},{"link_name":"The Louisiana Governors: From Iberville to Edwards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=Us6aJWqAdZ0C&pg=PA63"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8071-1527-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-1527-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-CowanMcGuire2008_2-0"},{"link_name":"Louisiana Governors: Rulers, Rascals, and Reformers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=Y-0-kmu4vk0C&pg=PA46"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-60473-320-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60473-320-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"David Johnson, Editor (4 August 2011). Know Louisiana Encyclopedia of Louisiana; Louisiana Endowment for the Humanities.\"\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20180812122246/http://www.knowlouisiana.org/entry/esteban-rodrguez-mir-y-sabater"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.knowlouisiana.org/entry/esteban-rodrguez-mir-y-sabater"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BonsorMaier1999_4-0"},{"link_name":"Epistolario de Jorge Bonsor (1886-1930)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=-b4rclpMWfMC&pg=PA57"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-84-89512-57-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-89512-57-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Claiborne2002_5-0"},{"link_name":"Interim Appointment: W.C.C. Claiborne Letter Book, 1804-1805","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=KUfwkWuNBSIC&pg=PA502"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8071-2684-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-2684-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Burson1940_6-0"},{"link_name":"The stewardship of Don Esteban Miró, 1782-1792: a study of Louisiana based largely on the documents in New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=5PAuAAAAIAAJ&q=%22acting%20governor%22%20%221782%22"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Din1996_7-0"},{"link_name":"The New Orleans Cabildo: Colonial Louisiana's First City Government, 1769-1803","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=B19VDaHvj64C&pg=PA86"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8071-2042-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-2042-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-WallRodrigue2013_8-0"},{"link_name":"Louisiana: A History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=jFolAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA82"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-118-61953-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-61953-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Weber1992_9-0"},{"link_name":"The Spanish Frontier in North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=KOPdX2qaVrkC&pg=PA279"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-300-05917-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-05917-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Wilkinson1811_10-0"},{"link_name":"Burr's conspiracy exposed; 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Dawson (1 January 1990). The Louisiana Governors: From Iberville to Edwards. Louisiana State University Press. pp. 63–64. ISBN 978-0-8071-1527-5.\n\n^ Walter Greaves Cowan; Jack B. McGuire (1 December 2008). Louisiana Governors: Rulers, Rascals, and Reformers. Univ. Press of Mississippi. p. 46. ISBN 978-1-60473-320-4.\n\n^ \"David Johnson, Editor (4 August 2011). Know Louisiana Encyclopedia of Louisiana; Louisiana Endowment for the Humanities.\"\". Archived from the original on 12 August 2018. Retrieved 7 June 2017.\n\n^ Jorge Eduardo Bonsor; Jorge Maier (1999). Epistolario de Jorge Bonsor (1886-1930). Real Academia de la Historia. p. 57. ISBN 978-84-89512-57-3.\n\n^ William Charles Cole Claiborne (2002). Interim Appointment: W.C.C. Claiborne Letter Book, 1804-1805. Louisiana State University Press. p. 502. ISBN 978-0-8071-2684-4.\n\n^ Caroline Maude Burson (1940). The stewardship of Don Esteban Miró, 1782-1792: a study of Louisiana based largely on the documents in New Orleans. American printing company, ltd. p. xvii.\n\n^ Gilbert C. Din (1996). The New Orleans Cabildo: Colonial Louisiana's First City Government, 1769-1803. Louisiana State University Press. p. 86. ISBN 978-0-8071-2042-2.\n\n^ Bennett H Wall; John C. Rodrigue (19 November 2013). Louisiana: A History. Wiley. p. 82. ISBN 978-1-118-61953-7.\n\n^ David J. Weber (1992). The Spanish Frontier in North America. Yale University Press. pp. 279–. ISBN 978-0-300-05917-5.\n\n^ James Wilkinson (1811). Burr's conspiracy exposed; and General Wilkinson vindicated against the slanders of his enemies on that important occasion. Printed for the author. p. 35.\n\n^ Leonard Victor Huber (1991). New Orleans: A Pictorial History. Pelican Publishing. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-88289-868-1.\n\n^ Louisiana Historical Society (1916). Publications. Louisiana Historical Society. pp. 59–62.\n\n^ Jane Lucas De Grummond (1 March 1999). Renato Beluche: Smuggler, Privateer and Patriot 1780-1860. LSU Press. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-8071-2459-8.\n\n^ John Garretson Clark (1970). New Orleans, 1718-1812: An Economic History. Pelican Publishing. p. 266. ISBN 978-1-4556-0929-1.\n\n^ Lyle Saxon (1 January 1989). Fabulous New Orleans. Pelican Publishing. p. 149. ISBN 978-0-88289-706-6.\n\n^ Johnson, Jessica Marie (2020). Wicked Flesh: Black Women, Intimacy, and Freedom in the Atlantic World. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 198. ISBN 978-0-8122-5238-5.\n\n^ Stewart, Whitney Nell (2018-06-23). \"Fashioning Frenchness: Gens de Couleur Libres and the Cultural Struggle for Power in Antebellum New Orleans\". Journal of Social History. 51 (3): 526–556. ISSN 1527-1897.\n\n^ Joseph G. Dawson (1 January 1990). The Louisiana Governors: From Iberville to Edwards. Louisiana State University Press. p. 62. ISBN 978-0-8071-1527-5.\n\n^ a b BILL CAREY (June 2021). \"Remembering the Mero District\". The Tennessee Magazine. Archived from the original on 30 June 2021. Retrieved 15 November 2021. When it was first formed, half of Tennessee was named for a Spaniard almost no one remembers today\n\n^ Charles Gayarré (1885). History of Louisiana. A. Hawkins. pp. 269–270.\n\n^ Din, Gilbert C. (October 1969). \"The Immigration Policy of Governor Esteban Miró in Spanish Louisiana\". The Southwestern Historical Quarterly. 73 (2): 155–175. JSTOR 30236568.\n\n^ Archdiocese of New Orleans Sacramental Records, Volume 03 (1772-1783); Dec 21, 1779.\n\n^ Willard Rouse Jillson (1936). Early Frankfort and Franklin County, Kentucky: A Chronology of Historical Sketches Covering the Century 1750-1850, Address Delivered at Frankfort's Sesquicentennial Celebration, October 6, 1936. Standard Printing Company. p. 62.","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Coat of Arms of New France","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Coat_of_Arms_of_Kingdom_of_France.svg/75px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Kingdom_of_France.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Coat of Arms of the Province of Louisiana","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Province_of_Louisiana.svg/75px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Province_of_Louisiana.svg.png"}]
null
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ISBN 978-1-60473-320-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-0-kmu4vk0C&pg=PA46","url_text":"Louisiana Governors: Rulers, Rascals, and Reformers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60473-320-4","url_text":"978-1-60473-320-4"}]},{"reference":"\"David Johnson, Editor (4 August 2011). Know Louisiana Encyclopedia of Louisiana; Louisiana Endowment for the Humanities.\"\". Archived from the original on 12 August 2018. Retrieved 7 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180812122246/http://www.knowlouisiana.org/entry/esteban-rodrguez-mir-y-sabater","url_text":"\"David Johnson, Editor (4 August 2011). Know Louisiana Encyclopedia of Louisiana; Louisiana Endowment for the Humanities.\"\""},{"url":"http://www.knowlouisiana.org/entry/esteban-rodrguez-mir-y-sabater","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Jorge Eduardo Bonsor; Jorge Maier (1999). Epistolario de Jorge Bonsor (1886-1930). Real Academia de la Historia. p. 57. ISBN 978-84-89512-57-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-b4rclpMWfMC&pg=PA57","url_text":"Epistolario de Jorge Bonsor (1886-1930)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-89512-57-3","url_text":"978-84-89512-57-3"}]},{"reference":"William Charles Cole Claiborne (2002). Interim Appointment: W.C.C. Claiborne Letter Book, 1804-1805. Louisiana State University Press. p. 502. ISBN 978-0-8071-2684-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KUfwkWuNBSIC&pg=PA502","url_text":"Interim Appointment: W.C.C. Claiborne Letter Book, 1804-1805"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-2684-4","url_text":"978-0-8071-2684-4"}]},{"reference":"Caroline Maude Burson (1940). The stewardship of Don Esteban Miró, 1782-1792: a study of Louisiana based largely on the documents in New Orleans. American printing company, ltd. p. xvii.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5PAuAAAAIAAJ&q=%22acting%20governor%22%20%221782%22","url_text":"The stewardship of Don Esteban Miró, 1782-1792: a study of Louisiana based largely on the documents in New Orleans"}]},{"reference":"Gilbert C. Din (1996). The New Orleans Cabildo: Colonial Louisiana's First City Government, 1769-1803. Louisiana State University Press. p. 86. ISBN 978-0-8071-2042-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=B19VDaHvj64C&pg=PA86","url_text":"The New Orleans Cabildo: Colonial Louisiana's First City Government, 1769-1803"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-2042-2","url_text":"978-0-8071-2042-2"}]},{"reference":"Bennett H Wall; John C. Rodrigue (19 November 2013). Louisiana: A History. Wiley. p. 82. ISBN 978-1-118-61953-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jFolAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA82","url_text":"Louisiana: A History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-61953-7","url_text":"978-1-118-61953-7"}]},{"reference":"David J. Weber (1992). The Spanish Frontier in North America. Yale University Press. pp. 279–. ISBN 978-0-300-05917-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KOPdX2qaVrkC&pg=PA279","url_text":"The Spanish Frontier in North America"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-05917-5","url_text":"978-0-300-05917-5"}]},{"reference":"James Wilkinson (1811). Burr's conspiracy exposed; and General Wilkinson vindicated against the slanders of his enemies on that important occasion. 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The Louisiana Governors: From Iberville to Edwards. Louisiana State University Press. p. 62. ISBN 978-0-8071-1527-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Us6aJWqAdZ0C&pg=PA62","url_text":"The Louisiana Governors: From Iberville to Edwards"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-1527-5","url_text":"978-0-8071-1527-5"}]},{"reference":"BILL CAREY (June 2021). \"Remembering the Mero District\". The Tennessee Magazine. Archived from the original on 30 June 2021. Retrieved 15 November 2021. When it was first formed, half of Tennessee was named for a Spaniard almost no one remembers today","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210630030303/https://www.tnmagazine.org/remembering-the-mero-district/","url_text":"\"Remembering the Mero District\""},{"url":"https://www.tnmagazine.org/remembering-the-mero-district/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Charles Gayarré (1885). History of Louisiana. A. Hawkins. pp. 269–270.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=C0oUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA269","url_text":"History of Louisiana"}]},{"reference":"Din, Gilbert C. (October 1969). \"The Immigration Policy of Governor Esteban Miró in Spanish Louisiana\". The Southwestern Historical Quarterly. 73 (2): 155–175. JSTOR 30236568.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/30236568","url_text":"30236568"}]},{"reference":"Willard Rouse Jillson (1936). Early Frankfort and Franklin County, Kentucky: A Chronology of Historical Sketches Covering the Century 1750-1850, Address Delivered at Frankfort's Sesquicentennial Celebration, October 6, 1936. Standard Printing Company. p. 62.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Tg_PnQEACAAJ","url_text":"Early Frankfort and Franklin County, Kentucky: A Chronology of Historical Sketches Covering the Century 1750-1850, Address Delivered at Frankfort's Sesquicentennial Celebration, October 6, 1936"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Qualcomm_Snapdragon_systems_on_chips
List of Qualcomm Snapdragon systems on chips
["1 Before Snapdragon","2 Snapdragon S series","3 Snapdragon 2 Series","3.1 Snapdragon 200 series (2013–2019)","4 Snapdragon 4 Series","4.1 Snapdragon 400 series (2013–2021)","4.2 Snapdragon 4 (2022-2023)","5 Snapdragon 6 Series","5.1 Snapdragon 600 series (2013–2023)","5.2 Snapdragon 6 (2022-2024)","6 Snapdragon 7 Series","6.1 Snapdragon 700 series (2018–2022)","6.2 Snapdragon 7 (2022–2024)","7 Snapdragon 8 Series","7.1 Snapdragon 800 series (2013–2021)","7.2 Snapdragon 8/8+ Gen 1 (2022)","7.3 Snapdragon 8 Gen 2 (2023)","7.4 Snapdragon 8/8s Gen 3 (2024)","8 Mobile Compute Platforms","8.1 Snapdragon 835 and Snapdragon 850","8.2 Snapdragon 7c/7c+ Compute Platforms","8.3 Snapdragon 8c Compute Platforms","8.4 Snapdragon 8cx Compute Platforms","8.5 Microsoft SQ Compute Platforms","8.6 Snapdragon X series","9 Hardware codec supported","10 Wearable platforms","11 Automotive platforms","12 Embedded platforms","13 Vision Intelligence Platform","14 Home Hub and Smart Audio platforms","15 Mixed Reality (MR) platforms","15.1 Snapdragon XR series","15.2 Snapdragon AR series","16 Gaming platforms","16.1 Snapdragon G series","17 Bluetooth SoC platforms","17.1 Qualcomm QCC300x Series Bluetooth audio SoCs","17.2 Qualcomm QCC30xx Series Bluetooth audio SoCs","17.3 Qualcomm QCC510x Series Bluetooth audio SoCs","18 See also","19 References","20 External links"]
Smartphone electronics product line Qualcomm SnapdragonGeneral informationLaunched2007; 17 years ago (2007)Designed byQualcommArchitecture and classificationApplicationMobile SoC and 2-in-1 PCMicroarchitectureARM9, ARM11, ARM Cortex-A, Cortex-X1, Cortex-X2, Cortex-X3, Cortex-X4, Scorpion, Krait, KryoInstruction setARMv6, ARMv7-A, ARMv8-A, ARMv9-APhysical specificationsCores1, 2, 4, 6, or 8 This is a list of Qualcomm Snapdragon systems on chips (SoC) made by Qualcomm for use in smartphones, tablets, laptops, 2-in-1 PCs, smartwatches, and smartbooks devices. Before Snapdragon SoC made by Qualcomm before it was renamed to Snapdragon. Model number Fab CPU GPU (or Gfx Core) Connectivity Sampling availability QSC1xxx QSC1100 Q4 2007 QSC6xxx QSC6010 ARMv5TEJ ARM926EJ-S No 3D and ARM 2D None 2006 QSC6020 QSC6030 QSC6240 HSDPA Q3 2007 QSC6245-1 HSDPA Q3 2007 QSC6055 Q1 2007 QSC6065 HSDPA Q2 2007 QSC6260-1 Q3 2007 QSC6270 HSDPA QSC6075 Q2 2007 QSC6085 DOrA Q4 2007 MSM6xxx MSM6000 None 2006 MSM6025 MSM6050 MSM6100 ARM-DSP 3D and ARM 2D MSM6125 MSM6150 Defender2 3D and ARM 2D MSM6175 MSM6225 No 3D and ARM 2D HSDPA MSM6250 ARM-DSP 3D and ARM 2D WCDMA 2006 MSM6250A No 3D and ARM 2D WCDMA MSM6245 WEDGE MSM6255A MSM6260 ARMv5TEJ ARM926EJ-S @ 225 MHz ARM-DSP 3D and ARM 2D HSUPA MSM6275 Defender2 3D and ARM 2D MSM6280 MSM6280A Stargate 3D and ARM 2D 2007 MSM6800A Defender3 3D and ARM 2D DOrA 2006 MSM6575 DOr0 MSM6550 ARMv5TEJ ARM926EJ-S @ 225 MHz Defender2 3D and ARM 2D MSM6550A MSM6800 DOrA MSM6500 ARMv5TEJ ARM926EJ-S @ 150 MHz ARM-DSP 3D and ARM 2D DOr0 MSM7xxx MSM7200 Imageon 3D Imageon 2D HSUPA 2006 MSM7200A ARM11 @ 528 MHz Q1 2007 MSM7201 2008 MSM7500 DOrA 2006 MSM7500A Q4 2007 MSM7600 65 nm ARM1136J-S @ 528 MHz HSUPA and DOrA Q1 2007 MSM7850 LT 3D and LT 2D DOrB 2008 Snapdragon S series Snapdragon S1 notable features over its predecessor (MSM7xxx): Further information: Devices using Qualcomm Snapdragon processors § Snapdragon S1 CPU features 1 core up to 1 GHz Scorpion or Cortex-A5 or ARM11 Up to 256K L2 cache Up to 32K+32K L1 cache GPU features Adreno 200 (From Software rendered or Adreno 130) OpenGL ES 1.1 OpenVG 1.0 Direct3D Mobile Unified shader model 5-way VLIW DSP features Hexagon QDSP5 at 350 MHz or Hexagon QDSP6 600 MHz ISP features Up to 12 MP camera Modem and wireless features External Bluetooth 4.0 or external Bluetooth 2.0/2.1 on some models 45 or 65 nm manufacturing technology Model number Fab CPU GPU DSP ISP Memory technology Modem Connectivity Sampling availability MSM7225 65 nm 1 core up to 528 MHz ARM11 (ARMv6): 16K+16K L1 cache, no L2 cache Software rendered 2D support (HVGA) Hexagon QDSP5 320 MHz Up to 5 MP camera LPDDR Single-channel 166 MHz (1.33 GB/s) UMTS (HSPA); GSM (GPRS, EDGE) Bluetooth 2.0/2.1 (external BTS4025); 802.11b/g/n (external WCN1314); gpsOne Gen 7; USB 2.0 2007 MSM7625 CDMA (1× Rev. A, 1×EV-DO Rev. A); UMTS; GSM MSM7227 1 core up to 800 MHz ARM11 (ARMv6): 16K+16K L1 cache, 256K L2 cache Adreno 200 226 MHz (FWVGA) Up to 8 MP camera LPDDR Single-channel 166 MHz (1.33 GB/s) UMTS; GSM Bluetooth 2.0/2.1 (external BTS4025); 802.11b/g/n (external WCN1312); gpsOne Gen 7; USB 2.0 2008 MSM7627 CDMA/UMTS; GSM MSM7225A 45 nm 1 core up to 800 MHz Cortex-A5 (ARMv7): 32K+32K L1 cache, 256K L2 cache Adreno 200 245 MHz (HVGA) Hexagon QDSP5 350 MHz Up to 5 MP camera LPDDR Single-channel 200 MHz (1.6 GB/s) UMTS (HSDPA, HSUPA, W-CDMA), MBMS; GSM Bluetooth 4.0 (external WCN2243); 802.11b/g/n (external AR6003/5, WCN1314); gpsOne Gen 7; USB 2.0 Q4 2011 MSM7625A CDMA2000 (1×RTT, 1×EV-DO Rel.0/Rev.A/Rev.B, 1×EV-DO MC Rev.A); UMTS, MBMS; GSM MSM7227A 1 core up to 1 GHz Cortex-A5 (ARMv7): 32K+32K L1 cache, 256K L2 cache Adreno 200 245 MHz (FWVGA) Up to 8 MP camera UMTS, MBMS; GSM MSM7627A CDMA2000/UMTS, MBMS; GSM MSM7225AB UMTS: up to 7.2 Mbit/s, MBMS; GSM QSD8250 65 nm 1 core up to 1 GHz Scorpion (ARMv7): 32K+32K L1 cache, 256K L2 cache Adreno 200 226 MHz (WXGA) Hexagon QDSP6 600 MHz Up to 12 MP camera LPDDR Single-channel 400 MHz UMTS, MBMS; GSM Bluetooth 2.0/2.1 (external BTS4025); 802.11b/g/n (external AR6003); gpsOne Gen 7; USB 2.0 Q4 2008 QSD8650 CDMA2000/UMTS, MBMS; GSM Snapdragon S2 notable features over its predecessor (Snapdragon S1): Further information: Devices using Qualcomm Snapdragon processors § Snapdragon S2 CPU feature 1 core up to 1.5 GHz Scorpion ARMv7 (From ARMv6 on some model) Up to 384K L2 GPU features Adreno 205 (From Software rendered or Adreno 200) Up to 266 MHz Up to 2 times faster than Adreno 200 Up to x2 relative performance on OpenGL ES 2.0 from Adreno 200 Up to XGA OpenGL ES 2.0 SVGT 1.2 OpenVG 1.1 Direct Draw GDI Concurrent CPU, DSP, graphics and MDP Memory features Up to LPDDR2 32 bit Dual-channel 333 MHz (5.3 GB/s) DSP features Hexagon QDSP5 at 256 MHz 45 nm manufacturing technology 904 pins Model number Fab CPU (ARMv7) GPU DSP ISP Memory technology Modem Connectivity Sampling availability MSM7230 45 nm 1 core up to 800 MHz Scorpion: 32K+32K L1, 256K L2 Adreno 205 266 MHz (XGA) Hexagon QDSP5 256 MHz Up to 12 MP camera LPDDR2 32 bit Dual-channel 333 MHz (5.3 GB/s) UMTS (HSDPA, HSUPA, HSPA+, W-CDMA), MBMS; GSM (GPRS, EDGE) Bluetooth 4.0 (external WCN2243) or Bluetooth 3.0 (external QTR8x00); 802.11b/g/n (external WCN1314); gpsOne Gen 8 with GLONASS; USB 2.0 Q2 2010 MSM7630 CDMA2000 (1×Adv, 1×EV-DO Rel.0/Rev.A/Rev.B, 1×EV-DO MC Rev.A, SV-DO); UMTS, MBMS; GSM APQ8055 1 core up to 1.4 GHz Scorpion: 32K+32K L1, 384K L2 — MSM8255 1 core up to 1 GHz Scorpion: 32K+32K L1, 384K L2 UMTS, MBMS; GSM MSM8655 CDMA2000/UMTS, MBMS; GSM MSM8255T 1 core up to 1.5 GHz Scorpion: 32K+32K L1, 384K L2 UMTS, MBMS; GSM MSM8655T CDMA2000/UMTS, MBMS; GSM Snapdragon S3 notable features over its predecessor (Snapdragon S2): Further information: Devices using Qualcomm Snapdragon processors § Snapdragon S3 CPU feature 2 cores up to 1.7 GHz Scorpion 512 KB L2 GPU features Adreno 220 Up to 4 time faster than Adreno 200 Up to x5 relative performance on OpenGL ES 2.0 from Adreno 200 EGL 1.3 (From 1.2) 2x Larger L2 cache (512 KB from 256 KB) Up to WXGA+ DSP features Hexagon QDSP6 at 400 MHz (From Hexagon QDSP5 at 256 MHz) ISP features Up to 16 MP camera (From 12 MP) 45 nm manufacturing technology Model number Fab CPU (ARMv7) GPU DSP ISP Memory technology Modem Connectivity Sampling availability APQ8060 45 nm 2 cores up to 1.7 GHz Scorpion: 512 KB L2 Adreno 220 266 MHz (WXGA+) Hexagon QDSP6 400 MHz Up to 16 MP camera LPDDR2 Single-channel 333 MHz (2.67 GB/s) — Bluetooth 4.0 (external WCN2243); 802.11b/g/n (external WCN1314); gpsOne Gen 8 with GLONASS; USB 2.0 2011 MSM8260 UMTS (HSDPA, HSUPA, HSPA+, W-CDMA), MBMS; GSM (GPRS, EDGE) Q3 2010 MSM8660 CDMA2000 (1×Adv, 1×EV-DO Rel.0/Rev.A/Rev.B, 1×EV-DO MC Rev.A); UMTS, MBMS; GSM Snapdragon S4 is offered in three models; S4 Play for budget and entry-level devices, S4 Plus for mid-range devices and S4 Pro for high-end devices. It was launched in 2012. The Snapdragon S4 were succeeded by Snapdragon 200/400 series (S4 Play) and 600/800 series (S4 Plus and S4 Pro) Snapdragon S4 Play Further information: Devices using Qualcomm Snapdragon processors § Snapdragon S4 Play Model number Fab CPU (ARMv7) GPU DSP ISP Memory technology Modem Connectivity Sampling availability MSM8225 45 nm 2 cores up to 1.2 GHz Cortex-A5: 2x 32K+32K L1, 512K L2 Adreno 203 320 MHz (FWVGA) Hexagon Up to 8 MP camera LPDDR2 Single-channel 300 MHz UMTS (HSPA); GSM (GPRS, EDGE) Bluetooth 3.0 (external); 802.11b/g/n 2.4 GHz (external); GPS: IZat Gen 7; USB 2.0 1H 2012 MSM8625 CDMA (1×Rev.A, 1×EV-DO Rev.A/B); UMTS; GSM Snapdragon S4 Plus Further information: Devices using Qualcomm Snapdragon processors § Snapdragon S4 Plus Snapdragon S4 plus notable features over its predecessor (Snapdragon S3): CPU features 2 cores up to 1.7 GHz Krait 200 4+4 KB L0, 16+16 KB L1, 1 MB L2 Out of Order Execution (From Partial Out of Order Execution on Scorpion) GPU features Adreno 225 Up to 1080p screen Up to 6 time faster than Adreno 200 Up to 32 ALU Direct3D feature level 9.0 (From 9.0) Up to x7.5 relative performance on OpenGL ES 2.0 from Adreno 200 Adreno 305 Up to 1080p screen (on 400 MHz) Up to 720p screen (on 320 MHz) Up to 24 ALU (From 32 on S3) Unified shader model Scalar instruction set (From Unified shader model 5-way VLIW) Up to x8 relative performance on OpenGL ES 2.0 from Adreno 200 DSP features Up to 20 MP or 13.5 MP camera ISP features Hexagon QDSP6 Modem and wireless features Integrated Bluetooth 4.0 IZat Gen8A (From IZat Gen 7) 28 nm manufacturing technology Model number Fab CPU (ARMv7) GPU DSP ISP Memory technology Modem Connectivity Sampling availability MSM8227 28 nm 2 cores up to 1 GHz Krait: 4+4 KB L0, 16+16 KB L1, 1 MB L2 Adreno 305 320 MHz (FWVGA / 720p) Hexagon QDSP6 LPDDR2 Single-channel 400 MHz UMTS (DC-HSPA+, TD-SCDMA); GSM (GPRS, EDGE) Bluetooth 4.0; 802.11b/g/n (2.4/5 GHz); GPS: IZat Gen8A; USB 2.0 2H 2012 MSM8627 CDMA (1×Rev.A, 1×EV-DO Rev.A/B, SVDO-DB); UMTS; GSM APQ8030 2 cores up to 1.2 GHz Krait: 4+4 KB L0, 16+16 KB L1, 1 MB L2 Adreno 305 400 MHz (qHD / 1080p) Up to 13.5 MP camera LPDDR2 Single-channel 533 MHz — 3Q 2012 MSM8230 UMTS; GSM MSM8630 CDMA/UMTS; GSM MSM8930 World Mode (LTE FDD/TDD Cat 3, SVLTE-DB, EGAL; CDMA/UMTS; GSM) APQ8060A 2 cores up to 1.5 GHz Krait: 4+4 KB L0, 16+16 KB L1, 1 MB L2 Adreno 225 400 MHz (WUXGA / 1080p) Up to 20 MP camera LPDDR2 Dual-channel 500 MHz — 2H 2012 MSM8260A UMTS; GSM Q1 2012 MSM8660A CDMA/UMTS; GSM MSM8960 World Mode (LTE Cat 3) Snapdragon S4 Pro and Snapdragon S4 Prime (2012) Further information: Devices using Qualcomm Snapdragon processors § Snapdragon S4 Pro Snapdragon S4 Pro notable features over its predecessor (Snapdragon S4 Play): CPU features up to 2 cores up to 1.7 GHz Krait 300 on to Snapdragon S4 Pro up to 4 cores up to 1.5 GHz Krait 300 on to Snapdragon S4 Prime 4+4 KB L0, 16+16 KB L1, 1 MB L2 GPU features Adreno 320 Support OpenGL ES 3.0 Up to 1080p screen Up to 64 ALU (From 32 on S4 plus) Up to x23 relative performance on OpenGL ES 2.0 from Adreno 200 DSP features Hexagon QDSP6 ISP features Up to 20 MP camera Modem and wireless features LTE FDD/TDD Cat 3 or external on some models 28 nm LP manufacturing technology Up to eMMC 4.4/4.4.1 Model number Fab CPU (ARMv7) GPU DSP ISP Memory technology Modem Connectivity Sampling availability MSM8260A Pro 28 nm (TSMC 28LP) 2 cores up to 1.7 GHz Krait 300: 4+4 KB L0, 16+16 KB L1, 1 MB L2 Adreno 320 400 MHz (WUXGA / 1080p) Hexagon QDSP6 Up to 20 MP camera LPDDR2 Dual-channel 500 MHz UMTS (DC-HSPA+, TD-SCDMA); GSM (GPRS, EDGE) Bluetooth 4.0; 802.11b/g/n (2.4/5 GHz); GPS: IZat Gen8A; USB 2.0 MSM8960T World Mode (LTE FDD/TDD Cat 3, SVLTE-DB, EGAL; CDMA: 1× Adv., 1× EV-DO Rev. A/B; UMTS; GSM) Q2 2012 MSM8960T Pro (MSM8960AB) MSM8960DT 2 cores up to 1.7 GHz Krait 300: 4+4 KB L0, 16+16 KB L1, 1 MB L2; natural language processor and contextual processor Q3 2013 APQ8064 4 cores up to 1.5 GHz Krait: 4+4 KB L0, 16+16 KB L1, 2 MB L2 Adreno 320 400 MHz (QXGA / 1080p) LPDDR2 Dual-channel 533 MHz External 2012 Snapdragon 2 Series Further information: Devices using Qualcomm Snapdragon processors § Snapdragon 2 series The Snapdragon 2 series is the entry-level SoC designed for low-end or ultra-budget smartphones. It replaces the MSM8225 S4 Play model as the lowest-end SoC in the entire Snapdragon lineup. Snapdragon 200 series (2013–2019) The Snapdragon 200 was announced in 2013. The Snapdragon 208 and Snapdragon 210 were announced on September 9, 2014. The Snapdragon 212 was announced on July 28, 2015. The Qualcomm 205 Mobile Platform formally falls under the Mobile Platform brand, but is practically a Snapdragon 208 with a X5 LTE modem. It was announced March 20, 2017. The Qualcomm 215 was announced on July 9, 2019. It is a toned-down variant of the Snapdragon 425 and primarily optimized for Android Go Edition devices. Model number Product Name Fab CPU GPU DSP ISP Memory technology Modem Connectivity Quick Charge Sampling availability MSM8225Q Snapdragon 200 45 nm (TSMC 45LP) 4 cores up to 1.4 GHz Cortex-A5 Adreno 203 400 MHz Hexagon QDSP5 Up to 8 MP single camera LPDDR2 Single-channel 333 MHz Gobi 3G (UMTS: HSPA; GSM: GPRS/EDGE) Bluetooth 4.1; 802.11b/g/n 2.4 GHz; GPS: IZat Gen8B; USB 2.0 — 2013 MSM8625Q Gobi 3G (CDMA: 1×Rev.A, 1×EV-DO Rev.A/B; UMTS; GSM) MSM8210 28 nm (TSMC 28LP) 2 cores up to 1.2 GHz Cortex-A7 Adreno 302 400 MHz Hexagon QDSP6 Gobi 3G (UMTS; GSM) MSM8610 Gobi 3G (CDMA/UMTS; GSM) MSM8212 4 cores up to 1.2 GHz Cortex-A7 Gobi 3G (UMTS; GSM) MSM8612 Gobi 3G (CDMA/UMTS; GSM) MSM8905 Qualcomm 205 2 cores up to 1.1 GHz Cortex-A7 Adreno 304 Hexagon 536 Up to 3 MP single camera LPDDR2/3 Single-channel 384 MHz X5 LTE (Cat 4: download up to 150 Mbit/s, upload up to 50 Mbit/s) Bluetooth 4.1 + BLE, 802.11n (2.4 GHz) 4.0 2017 MSM8208 Snapdragon 208 Up to 5 MP single camera LPDDR2/3 Single-channel 400 MHz Gobi 3G (multimode CDMA/UMTS: download up to 42 Mbit/s; GSM) 2.0 2014 MSM8909 Snapdragon 210 4 cores up to 1.1 GHz Cortex-A7 Up to 8 MP single camera LPDDR2/3 Single-channel 533 MHz X5 LTE MSM8909AA Snapdragon 212 4 cores up to 1.3 GHz Cortex-A7 2015 QM215 Qualcomm 215 4 cores up to 1.3 GHz Cortex-A53 Adreno 308 Hexagon Up to 13 MP single camera / 8 MP dual camera LPDDR3 Single-channel 672 MHz 3 GB X5 LTE (Cat 4: download up to 150 Mbit/s, upload up to 50 Mbit/s) Bluetooth 4.2, NFC, 802.11ac Wi-Fi, Beidou, GPS, GLONASS, USB 2.0 1.0 Q3 2019 Snapdragon 4 Series Further information: Devices using Qualcomm Snapdragon processors § Snapdragon 4 series The Snapdragon 4 Series is the entry-level SoC designed for the more upmarket entry-level segment, as opposed to the 2 Series, which were aimed at ultra-budget segment. Similar to the 2 Series, it is the successor of the S4 Play. Snapdragon 400 series (2013–2021) The Snapdragon 400 was announced in 2013. The Snapdragon 410 was announced on December 9, 2013. It was Qualcomm's first 64-bit mobile system on a chip and first manufactured in China by SMIC. The Snapdragon 412 was announced on July 28, 2015. The Snapdragon 415 and the older Snapdragon 425 (later cancelled) were announced on February 18, 2015. Snapdragon 425, 427, 430 and 435 are pin and software compatible; software compatible with Snapdragon 429, 439, 450, 625, 626 and 632. The Snapdragon 430 was announced on September 15, 2015. The new Snapdragon 425 and Snapdragon 435 were announced on February 11, 2016. The Snapdragon 427 was announced on October 18, 2016. The Snapdragon 450 was announced on June 28, 2017. Pin and software compatible with Snapdragon 625, 626 and 632; software compatible with Snapdragon 425, 427, 429, 430, 435 and 439. The Snapdragon 429 and 439 were announced on June 26, 2018. Snapdragon 429 and 439 pin and software compatibility; software compatible with Snapdragon 425, 427, 430, 435, 450, 625, 626 and 632. The Snapdragon 460 was announced on 20 January 2020, with NavIC support. It is the first Snapdragon 400 model to incorporate the Kryo architecture. The Snapdragon 480 was announced on January 4, 2021, and is the first SoC in the Snapdragon 4-Series by Qualcomm to support 5G Connectivity. The Snapdragon 480+ was announced on October 26, 2021. Model number Product Name Fab CPU GPU DSP ISP Memory technology Modem Connectivity Quick Charge Sampling availability APQ8026 Snapdragon 400 28 nm (TSMC 28LP) 4 cores up to 1.2 GHz Cortex-A7: 32 KB L1, 512 KB L2 Adreno 305 450 MHz Hexagon QDSP6 Up to 13.5 MP single camera LPDDR2/3 Single-channel 533 MHz — Bluetooth 4.0, 802.11 b/g/n, Integrated IZat GNSS 1.0 2013 MSM8226 Gobi 3G (UMTS: HSPA+ up to 21 Mbit/s; GSM: GPRS/EDGE) MSM8626 Gobi 3G (CDMA/UMTS) MSM8926 Gobi 4G (LTE Cat 4: download up to 150 Mbit/s, upload up to 50 Mbit/s) APQ8028 4 cores up to 1.6 GHz Cortex-A7: 32 KB L1, 512 KB L2 — MSM8228 Gobi 3G (UMTS) MSM8628 Gobi 3G (CDMA/UMTS) MSM8928 Gobi 4G (LTE Cat 4) MSM8230 2 cores up to 1.2 GHz Krait 200: 32 KB L1, 1 MB L2 LPDDR2 Single-channel 533 MHz Gobi 3G (UMTS) MSM8630 Gobi 3G (CDMA/UMTS) MSM8930 Gobi 4G (LTE Cat 4) MSM8930AA 2 cores up to 1.4 GHz Krait 300: 32 KB L1, 1 MB L2 Gobi 4G (LTE Cat 4) APQ8030AB 2 cores up to 1.7 GHz Krait 300: 32 KB L1, 1 MB L2 — MSM8230AB Gobi 3G (UMTS) MSM8630AB Gobi 3G (CDMA/UMTS) MSM8930AB Gobi 4G (LTE Cat 4) APQ8016 Snapdragon 410 28 nm (TSMC 28LP) / 28 nm (SMIC) 4 cores up to 1.2 GHz Cortex-A53 Adreno 306 400 MHz Hexagon QDSP6 V5 LPDDR2/3 Single-channel 32-bit 533 MHz (4.2 GB/s) — Bluetooth 4.0, 802.11n, NFC, GPS, GLONASS, BeiDou 2.0 H1 2014 MSM8916 X5 LTE (Cat 4: download up to 150 Mbit/s, upload up to 50 Mbit/s) MSM8916 v2 Snapdragon 412 28 nm (TSMC 28LP) 4 cores up to 1.4 GHz Cortex-A53 LPDDR2/3 Single-channel 32-bit 600 MHz (4.8 GB/s) H2 2015 MSM8929 Snapdragon 415 4 + 4 cores (1.4 GHz + 1.0 GHz Cortex-A53) Adreno 405 465 MHz Hexagon V50 Up to 13 MP single camera LPDDR3 Single-channel 667 MHz Bluetooth 4.1 + BLE Bluetooth, 802.11ac (2.4/5.0 GHz) Multi-User MIMO (MU-MIMO) Wi-Fi, IZat Gen8C Lite GPS H1 2015 MSM8917 Snapdragon 425 4 cores up to 1.4 GHz Cortex-A53 Adreno 308 598 MHz Hexagon 536 Up to 16 MP single camera X6 LTE (download: Cat 4, up to 150 Mbit/s; upload: Cat 5, up to 75 Mbit/s) Bluetooth v4.1, 802.11ac with Multi-User MIMO (MU-MIMO), IZat Gen8C Q3 2016 MSM8920 Snapdragon 427 Adreno 308 650 MHz X9 LTE (download: Cat 7, up to 300 Mbit/s; upload: Cat 13, up to 150 Mbit/s) 3.0 Q1 2017 MSM8937 Snapdragon 430 4 + 4 cores (1.4 GHz + 1.1 GHz Cortex-A53) Adreno 505 450 MHz Up to 21 MP single camera LPDDR3 Single-channel 800 MHz X6 LTE Q2 2016 MSM8940 Snapdragon 435 Adreno 505 475 MHz X9 LTE Q4 2016 SDM429 Snapdragon 429 12 nm FinFET (TSMC) 4 cores up to 2.0 GHz Cortex-A53 Adreno 504 320 MHz Hexagon 536 Up to 16 MP single camera / 8 MP dual camera X6 LTE (download: Cat 4, up to 150 Mbit/s; upload: Cat 5, up to 75 Mbit/s) Bluetooth 5, 802.11ac Wi-Fi up to 433 Mbit/s, USB 2.0 Q3 2018 SDM439 Snapdragon 439 4 + 4 cores (2.0 GHz + 1.45 GHz Cortex-A53) Adreno 505 650 MHz Up to 21 MP single camera / 8 MP dual camera SDM450 Snapdragon 450 14 nm (Samsung 14LPP) 8 cores up to 1.8 GHz Cortex-A53 Adreno 506 600 MHz Hexagon 546 Up to 24 MP single camera / 13 MP dual camera LPDDR3 Single-channel 933 MHz X9 LTE (download: Cat 7, up to 300 Mbit/s; upload: Cat 13, up to 150 Mbit/s) Bluetooth 4.1, 802.11ac Wi-Fi up to 433 Mbit/s, USB 3.0 Q3 2017 SM4250-AA Snapdragon 460 11 nm (Samsung 11LPP) 4 + 4 cores (1.8 GHz Kryo 240 Gold – Cortex-A73 + 1.6 GHz Kryo 240 Silver – Cortex-A53) Adreno 610 600 MHz Hexagon 683 Spectra 340 (48 MP single camera / 16 MP dual camera) LPDDR3 up to 933 MHz / LPDDR4X up to 1866 MHz X11 LTE (Cat 13: download up to 390 Mbit/s, upload up to 150 Mbit/s) FastConnect 6100, Bluetooth 5.1, NFC, Wi-Fi 802.11a/b/g/n, 802.11ac Wave 2, 802.11ax-ready, NavIC, USB C Q1 2020 SM4350 Snapdragon 480 8 nm (Samsung 8LPP) 2 + 6 cores (2.0 GHz Kryo 460 Gold – Cortex-A76 + 1.8 GHz Kryo 460 Silver – Cortex-A55) Adreno 619 650 MHz Hexagon 686 (3.3 TOPS) Spectra 345 (64 MP single camera / 25+13 MP dual camera with ZSL / 13 MP triple camera with ZSL) LPDDR4X Dual-channel 16-bit (32-bit), 2133 MHz (17.0 GB/s) Internal X51 5G (5G NR Sub-6 & mmWave: download up to 2.5 Gbit/s, upload up to 660 Mbit/s; LTE: download Cat 15, up to 800 Mbit/s, upload Cat 18, up to 210 Mbit/s) FastConnect 6200, Bluetooth 5.1, NFC, 802.11a/b/g/n/ac/ax-ready 2x2 (MU-MIMO), USB C 4+ H1 2021 SM4350-AC Snapdragon 480+ 2 + 6 cores (2.2 GHz Kryo 460 Gold – Cortex-A76 + 1.9 GHz Kryo 460 Silver – Cortex-A55) FastConnect 6200, Bluetooth 5.2, NFC, 802.11a/b/g/n/ac 2x2 (MU-MIMO), USB C Q4 2021 Snapdragon 4 (2022-2023) The Snapdragon 4 Gen 1 was announced on September 6, 2022. The Snapdragon 4 Gen 2 was announced on June 26, 2023. The Snapdragon 4 Gen 2 Leading Version was launched on Redmi Note 13R on May 17, 2024. Model number Product Name Fab CPU GPU DSP ISP Memory technology Modem Connectivity Quick Charge Sampling availability SM4375 Snapdragon 4 Gen 1 6 nm (TSMC N6) 2 + 6 cores (2.0 GHz Kryo Gold – Cortex-A78 + 1.8 GHz Kryo Silver – Cortex-A55) Adreno 619 700 MHz Hexagon Spectra (108 MP single camera / 25+13 MP dual camera with ZSL / 13 MP triple camera with ZSL) LPDDR4X Dual-channel 16-bit (32-bit), 2133 MHz (17.0 GB/s) Internal X51 5G (5G NR Sub-6: download up to 2.5 Gbit/s, upload up to 900 Mbit/s; LTE: download Cat 15, up to 800 Mbit/s, upload Cat 18, up to 210 Mbit/s) FastConnect 6200, Bluetooth 5.2, 802.11a/b/g/n/ac 2x2 (MU-MIMO), USB 3.1 4+ Q3 2022 SM4450 Snapdragon 4 Gen 2 4 nm (Samsung 4LPX) 2 + 6 cores (2.2 GHz Kryo Gold – Cortex-A78 + 1.95 GHz Kryo Silver – Cortex-A55) Adreno 613 955 MHz — Spectra (108 MP single camera / 16 MP dual camera with ZSL) LPDDR4X up to 2133 MHz / LPDDR5 up to 3200 MHz Internal X61 5G (5G NR Sub-6: download up to 2.5 Gbit/s, upload up to 900 Mbit/s) Bluetooth 5.1, 802.11a/b/g/n/ac 1x1, USB 3.2 Gen 1 4+ Q2 2023 Snapdragon 4 Gen 2 Leading Version 4 nm (TSMC N4) 2 + 6 cores (2.3 GHz Kryo Gold – Cortex-A78 + 1.95 GHz Kryo Silver – Cortex-A55) Q2 2024 Snapdragon 6 Series Further information: Devices using Qualcomm Snapdragon processors § Snapdragon 6 series The Snapdragon 6 Series is the mid-range SoC primarily targeted at both the entry-level and mid-range segments, succeeding the S4 Plus. It is the most commonly used Snapdragon lineup, appearing in mainstream devices of various manufacturers. Snapdragon 600 series (2013–2023) The Snapdragon 600 was announced on January 8, 2013. Unlike the later models of the 600 series, Snapdragon 600 was considered a high-end SoC similar to the Snapdragon 800, and was the direct successor of both the Snapdragon S4 Plus and S4 Pro. The Snapdragon 610 and Snapdragon 615 were announced on February 24, 2014. The Snapdragon 615 was Qualcomm's first octa-core SoC. Starting with the Snapdragon 610, the 600 series is a mid-range SoC lineup, as opposed to the original Snapdragon 600, which was a high-end model. The Snapdragon 616 was announced on July 31, 2015. The Snapdragon 617 was announced on September 15, 2015. The Snapdragon 625 was announced on February 11, 2016. The Snapdragon 626 was announced on October 18, 2016. Snapdragon 625, 626, 632 and 450 are pin and software compatible; software compatible with Snapdragon 425, 427, 429, 430, 435 and 439. The Snapdragon 618 and Snapdragon 620 were announced on February 18, 2015. They have been since renamed as Snapdragon 650 and Snapdragon 652 respectively. The Snapdragon 653 was announced on October 18, 2016. The Snapdragon 630 and Snapdragon 660 were announced on May 8, 2017. The Snapdragon 636 was announced on October 17, 2017. Snapdragon 630, 636 and 660 are pin and software compatible. The Snapdragon 632 was announced on June 26, 2018. Pin and software compatible with Snapdragon 625, 626 and 450; software compatible with Snapdragon 425, 427, 429, 430, 435 and 439. The Snapdragon 670 was announced on August 8, 2018. Pin and software compatible with Snapdragon 710. The Snapdragon 675 was announced on October 22, 2018. The Snapdragon 665 was announced on April 9, 2019. The Snapdragon 662 was announced on January 20, 2020, with NavIC support. The Snapdragon 678 was announced on December 15, 2020. The Snapdragon 690 was announced on June 16, 2020, and is the first midrange SoC by Qualcomm to support 5G connectivity. The Snapdragon 680 and 695 were announced on October 26, 2021.The Snapdragon 685 was announced on March 23, 2023. Model number Product Name Fab CPU GPU DSP ISP Memory technology Modem Connectivity Quick Charge Sampling availability APQ8064-1AA (DEB/FLO) Advertised as S4 Pro Snapdragon 600 28 nm (TSMC 28LP) 4 cores up to 1.5 GHz Krait 300: 4+4 KB L0, 16+16 KB L1, 2 MB L2 Adreno 320 400 MHz Hexagon QDSP6 V4 500 MHz Up to 21 MP single camera; Video Capture: 1080p@30fps DDR3L-1600 (12.8 GB/sec) External Bluetooth 4.0, 802.11a/b/g/n/ac (2.4/5 GHz), IZat Gen8A 1.0 Q1 2013 APQ8064M 4 cores up to 1.7 GHz Krait 300: 4+4 KB L0, 16+16 KB L1, 2 MB L2 LPDDR3 Dual-channel 32-bit 533 MHz APQ8064T LPDDR3 Dual-channel 32-bit 600 MHz APQ8064AB 4 cores up to 1.9 GHz Krait 300: 4+4 KB L0, 16+16 KB L1, 2 MB L2 Adreno 320 450 MHz MSM8936 Snapdragon 610 4 cores 1.7 GHz Cortex-A53 Adreno 405 550 MHz Hexagon V50 700 MHz LPDDR3 Single-channel 800 MHz (6.4 GB/s) X5 LTE (Cat 4: download up to 150 Mbit/s, upload up to 50 Mbit/s) Bluetooth 4.0, Qualcomm VIVE 802.11ac NFC, GPS, GLONASS, BeiDou 2.0 Q3 2014 MSM8939 Snapdragon 615 4 + 4 cores (1.7 GHz + 1.1 GHz Cortex-A53) MSM8939 v2 Snapdragon 616 4 + 4 cores (1.7 GHz + 1.2 GHz Cortex-A53) Q3 2015 MSM8952 Snapdragon 617 4 + 4 cores (1.5 GHz + 1.2 GHz Cortex-A53) Hexagon 546 LPDDR3 Single-channel 933 MHz (7.5 GB/s) X8 LTE (Cat 7: download up to 300 Mbit/s, upload up to 100 Mbit/s) Bluetooth 4.1, VIVE 1-stream 802.11n/ac Wi-Fi, IZat Gen8C; USB 2.0 3.0 Q4 2015 MSM8953 Snapdragon 625 14 nm (Samsung 14LPP) 8 cores up to 2.0 GHz Cortex-A53 Adreno 506 650 MHz Up to 24 MP single camera; Video Capture: 4K@30fps X9 LTE (download: Cat 7, up to 300 Mbit/s; upload: Cat 13, up to 150 Mbit/s) Bluetooth 4.1, NFC, VIVE 1-stream 802.11n/ac MU-MIMO Wi-Fi, IZat Gen8C; USB 3.0 Q2 2016 MSM8953 Pro Snapdragon 626 8 cores up to 2.2 GHz Cortex-A53 Q4 2016 SDM630 Snapdragon 630 4 + 4 cores (2.2 GHz + 1.8 GHz Cortex-A53) Adreno 508 700 MHz Hexagon 642 Spectra 160 (24 MP single camera / 13 MP dual camera; Video Capture: 4K@30fps) LPDDR4 Dual-channel 16-bit (32-bit) 1333 MHz (10.66 GB/s) X12 LTE (download: Cat 12, up to 600 Mbit/s; upload: Cat 13, up to 150 Mbit/s) Bluetooth 5, NFC, 802.11ac Wi-Fi up to 433 Mbit/s, USB 3.1 4.0 Q2 2017 SDM632 Snapdragon 632 4 + 4 cores (1.8 GHz Kryo 250 Gold – Cortex-A73 + 1.8 GHz Kryo 250 Silver – Cortex-A53) Adreno 506 725 MHz Hexagon 546 Up to 40 MP single camera / 13 MP dual camera; Video Capture: 4K@30fps LPDDR3 X9 LTE (download: Cat 7, up to 300 Mbit/s; upload: Cat 13, up to 150 Mbit/s) 3.0 Q3 2018 SDM636 Snapdragon 636 4 + 4 cores (1.8 GHz Kryo 260 Gold – Cortex-A73 + 1.6 GHz Kryo 260 Silver – Cortex-A53) Adreno 509 430 MHz Hexagon 680 Spectra 160 (24 MP single camera / 16 MP dual camera; Video Capture: 4K@30fps) LPDDR4 Dual-channel 1333 MHz X12 LTE (download: Cat 12, up to 600 Mbit/s; upload: Cat 13, up to 150 Mbit/s) 4.0 Q4 2017 MSM8956 Snapdragon 650 28 nm (TSMC 28HPM) 2 + 4 cores (1.8 GHz Cortex-A72 + 1.4 GHz Cortex-A53) Adreno 510 600 MHz Hexagon V56 Up to 21 MP single camera; Video Capture: 4K@30fps LPDDR3 Dual-channel 32-bit 933 MHz (14.9 GB/s) X8 LTE (Cat 7: download up to 300 Mbit/s, upload up to 100 Mbit/s) Bluetooth Smart 4.1, VIVE 1-stream 802.11ac Wi-Fi, IZat Gen8C GNSS; USB 2.0 3.0 Q1 2016 MSM8976 Snapdragon 652 4 + 4 cores (1.8 GHz Cortex-A72 + 1.4 GHz Cortex-A53) MSM8976 Pro Snapdragon 653 4 + 4 cores (1.95 GHz Cortex-A72 +1.40 GHz Cortex-A53) Adreno 510 621 MHz X9 LTE (download: Cat 7, up to 300 Mbit/s; upload: Cat 13, up to 150 Mbit/s) Q4 2016 SDM660 Snapdragon 660 14 nm (Samsung 14LPP) 4 + 4 cores (2.2 GHz Kryo 260 Gold – Cortex-A73 + 1.84 GHz Kryo 260 Silver – Cortex-A53) Adreno 512 647 MHz Hexagon 680 Spectra 160 (48 MP single camera / 16 MP dual camera; Video Capture: 4K@30fps) LPDDR4 Dual-channel 1866 MHz X12 LTE (download: Cat 12, up to 600 Mbit/s; upload: Cat 13, up to 150 Mbit/s) Bluetooth 5, NFC, 802.11ac Wi-Fi up to 867 Mbit/s, USB 3.1 4.0 Q2 2017 SDA660 Internal: no SM6115 Snapdragon 662 11 nm (Samsung 11LPP) 4 + 4 cores (2.0 GHz Kryo 260 Gold – Cortex-A73 + 1.8 GHz Kryo 260 Silver – Cortex-A53) Adreno 610 950 MHz Hexagon 683 Spectra 340T (48 MP single camera / 13 MP dual camera; Video Capture: 1080p@60fps) LPDDR3 up to 933 MHz / LPDDR4X up to 1866 MHz X11 LTE (Cat 13: download up to 390 Mbit/s, upload up to 150 Mbit/s) FastConnect 6100, Bluetooth 5.1, NFC, Wi-Fi 802.11a/b/g/n, 802.11ac Wave 2, 802.11ax-ready, NavIC, USB C 3.0 Q1 2020 SM6125 Snapdragon 665 Hexagon 686 (3.3 TOPS) Spectra 165 (48 MP single camera / 16 MP dual camera; Video Capture: 4K@30fps) LPDDR3/LPDDR4XDual-channelup to 1866 MHz X12 LTE (download: Cat 12, up to 600 Mbit/s; upload: Cat 13, up to 150 Mbit/s) Bluetooth 5, NFC, 802.11ac Wi-Fi, USB 3.1 Q2 2019 SDM670 Snapdragon 670 10 nm (Samsung 10LPP) 2 + 6 cores (2.0 GHz Kryo 360 Gold – Cortex-A75 + 1.7 GHz Kryo 360 Silver – Cortex-A55) Adreno 615 430 MHz Hexagon 685 (3 TOPS) Spectra 250 (192 MP single camera / 16 MP dual camera with ZSL; Video Capture: 4K@30fps) LPDDR4X Dual-channel 1866 MHz Bluetooth 5, NFC, 802.11ac Wi-Fi up to 867 Mbit/s, USB 3.1 4+ Q3 2018 SM6150 Snapdragon 675 11 nm (Samsung 11LPP) 2 + 6 cores (2.0 GHz Kryo 460 Gold – Cortex-A76 + 1.7 GHz Kryo 460 Silver – Cortex-A55) Adreno 612 845 MHz Spectra 250L (192 MP single camera / 16 MP dual camera with ZSL; Video Capture: 4K@30fps) Q1 2019 SM6150-AC Snapdragon 678 2 + 6 cores (2.2 GHz Kryo 460 Gold – Cortex-A76 + 1.7 GHz Kryo 460 Silver – Cortex-A55) Adreno 612 895 MHz Q4 2020 SM6225 Snapdragon 680 6 nm (TSMC N6) 4 + 4 cores (2.4 GHz Kryo 265 Gold – Cortex-A73 + 1.9 GHz Kryo 265 Silver – Cortex-A53) Adreno 610 1114 MHz Hexagon 686 (3.3 TOPS) Spectra 346 (64 MP single camera / 16 MP dual camera with ZSL / 13+13+5 MP triple camera with ZSL; Video Capture: 1080p@60fps) LPDDR4X Dual-channel 16-bit (32-bit) 2133 MHz (17 GB/s) X11 LTE (Cat 13: download up to 390 Mbit/s, upload up to 150 Mbit/s) FastConnect 6100, Bluetooth 5.1, NFC, Wi-Fi 802.11a/b/g/n, 802.11ac Wave 2, NavIC, USB C 3.0 Q4 2021 SM6225-AD Snapdragon 685 4 + 4 cores (2.8 GHz Kryo 265 Gold – Cortex-A73 + 1.9 GHz Kryo 265 Silver – Cortex-A53) Adreno 610 1260 MHz Spectra (108 MP single camera / 16 MP dual camera with ZSL / 13+13+5 MP triple camera with ZSL; Video Capture: 1080p@60fps) FastConnect 6200, Bluetooth 5.2, 802.11a/b/g/n/ac 1x1, USB 3.1 Q1 2023 SM6350 Snapdragon 690 8 nm (Samsung 8LPP) 2 + 6 cores (2.0 GHz Kryo 560 Gold – Cortex-A77 + 1.7 GHz Kryo 560 Silver – Cortex-A55) Adreno 619L 565 MHz Hexagon 692 (5 TOPS) Spectra 355L (192 MP single camera / 32+16 MP dual camera with ZSL; Video Capture: 4K@30fps HDR) LPDDR4X Dual-channel 16-bit (32-bit), 1866 MHz (14.9 GB/s) Internal X51 5G (5G NR Sub-6: download up to 2.5 Gbit/s, upload up to 900 Mbit/s; LTE Cat 18: download up to 1.2 Gbit/s, upload up to 210 Mbit/s) FastConnect 6200, Bluetooth 5.1, NFC, 802.11a/b/g/n/ac/ax-ready 2x2 (MU-MIMO), USB 3.1 4+ H2 2020 SM6375 Snapdragon 695 6 nm (TSMC N6) 2 + 6 cores (2.2 GHz Kryo 660 Gold – Cortex-A78 + 1.8 GHz Kryo 660 Silver – Cortex-A55) Adreno 619 840 MHz Hexagon 686 (3.3 TOPS) Spectra 346T (108 MP single camera / 25+13 MP dual camera with ZSL / 13 MP triple camera with ZSL; Video Capture: 1080p@60fps) LPDDR4X Dual-channel 16-bit (32-bit) 2133 MHz (17 GB/s) Internal X51 5G (5G NR Sub-6 & mmWave: download up to 2.5 Gbit/s, upload up to 1.5 Gbit/s; LTE: download Cat 15, up to 800 Mbit/s, upload Cat 18, up to 210 Mbit/s) FastConnect 6200, Bluetooth 5.2, NFC, 802.11a/b/g/n/ac 2x2 (MU-MIMO), USB C Q4 2021 Snapdragon 6 (2022-2024) The Snapdragon 6 Gen 1 was announced on September 6, 2022. The Snapdragon 6s Gen 3 was announced on June 6, 2024. Model number Product Name Fab CPU GPU DSP ISP Memory technology Modem Connectivity Quick Charge Sampling availability SM6450 Snapdragon 6 Gen 1 4 nm (Samsung 4LPE) 4 + 4 cores (2.2 GHz Kryo Gold – Cortex-A78 + 1.8 GHz Kryo Silver – Cortex-A55) Adreno 710 Hexagon Spectra (200 MP Photo Capture / 48 MP single camera with ZSL / 25+16 MP dual camera with ZSL / 13 MP triple camera with ZSL; Video Capture: 4K@30fps HDR) LPDDR5 Dual-channel 16-bit (32-bit) 2750 MHz (22 GB/s) Internal: X62 5G (5G NR Sub-6 & mmWave: download up to 2.9 Gbit/s, upload up to 1.6 Gbit/s; LTE Cat 18: download up to 1.2 Gbit/s, upload up to 210 Mbit/s) FastConnect 6700; Bluetooth 5.2; 802.11a/b/g/n/ac/ax (Wi-Fi 6E) 2x2 (MU-MIMO) up to 2.9 Gbit/s; GPS, GLONASS, NavIC, Beidou, Galileo, QZSS; USB 3.1 4+ Q1 2023 SM6375-AC Snapdragon 6s Gen 3 6 nm (TSMC N6) 2 + 6 cores (2.3 GHz Kryo Gold – Cortex-A78 + 2.0 GHz Kryo Silver – Cortex-A55) Adreno 619 Hexagon Spectra (108 MP single camera / 25+13 MP dual camera with ZSL / 13 MP triple camera with ZSL; Video Capture: 1080p@60fps) LPDDR4X Dual-channel 16-bit (32-bit) 2133 MHz (17 GB/s) Internal X51 5G (5G NR Sub-6 & mmWave: download up to 2.5 Gbit/s, upload up to 1.5 Gbit/s; LTE: download Cat 15, up to 800 Mbit/s, upload Cat 18, up to 210 Mbit/s) FastConnect 6200, Bluetooth 5.2, 802.11a/b/g/n/ac 2x2 (MU-MIMO), USB C 4+ Q2 2024 Snapdragon 7 Series Further information: Devices using Qualcomm Snapdragon processors § Snapdragon 7 series On February 27, 2018, Qualcomm Introduced the Snapdragon 7 Mobile Platform Series. It is an upper mid-range SoC designed to bridge the gap between the 6 series and the 8 series, and primarily aimed at premium mid-range segment. Snapdragon 700 series (2018–2022) The Snapdragon 710 was announced on May 23, 2018. It is pin and software compatible with the Snapdragon 670. The Snapdragon 712 was announced on February 6, 2019. The Snapdragon 730 and 730G were announced on April 9, 2019. The Snapdragon 720G was announced on January 20, 2020. The Snapdragon 732G was announced on August 31, 2020. The Snapdragon 765 and 765G were announced on December 4, 2019 as Qualcomm's first SoCs with an integrated 5G modem, and the first 700 series SoCs to support updatable GPU Drivers via the Play Store. The Snapdragon 768G was announced on May 10, 2020. The Snapdragon 750G was announced on September 22, 2020. The Snapdragon 780G was announced on March 25, 2021. The Snapdragon 778G was announced on May 19, 2021. The Snapdragon 778G+ was announced on October 26, 2021. The Snapdragon 782G was announced on November 23, 2022. Model number Product Name Fab CPU (ARMv8.2) GPU DSP ISP Memory technology Modem Connectivity Quick Charge Sampling availability SDM710 Snapdragon 710 10 nm (Samsung 10LPP) 2 + 6 cores (2.2 GHz Kryo 360 Gold – Cortex-A75 + 1.7 GHz Kryo 360 Silver – Cortex-A55) Adreno 616 504 MHz Hexagon 685 (3 TOPS) Spectra 250 (192 MP single camera / 16 MP dual camera with ZSL; Video Capture: 4K@30fps) LPDDR4X Dual-channel 16-bit (32-bit), 1866 MHz (14.9 GB/s) X15 LTE (download: Cat 15, up to 800 Mbit/s; upload: Cat 13, up to 150 Mbit/s) Bluetooth 5.0; NFC; 802.11a/b/g/n/ac 2x2 (MU-MIMO) Wi-Fi up to 867 Mbit/s; GPS, GLONASS, Beidou, Galileo, QZSS, SBAS; USB 3.1 4 Q2 2018 SDM712 Snapdragon 712 2 + 6 cores (2.3 GHz Kryo 360 Gold – Cortex-A75 + 1.7 GHz Kryo 360 Silver – Cortex-A55) Adreno 616 610 MHz 4+ Q1 2019 SM7125 Snapdragon 720G 8 nm (Samsung 8LPP) 2 + 6 cores (2.3 GHz Kryo 465 Gold – Cortex-A76 + 1.8 GHz Kryo 465 Silver – Cortex-A55) Adreno 618 750 MHz Hexagon 692 (5 TOPS) Spectra 350L (192 MP single camera / 16 MP dual camera with ZSL; Video Capture: 4K@30fps) FastConnect 6200; Bluetooth 5.1; NFC; 802.11a/b/g/n/ac/ax-ready 2x2 (MU-MIMO) Wi-Fi up to 867 Mbit/s; GPS, GLONASS, Beidou, Galileo, QZSS, SBAS, NavIC; USB 3.1 Q1 2020 SM7150-AA, SM7150-AB Snapdragon 730, Snapdragon 730G 2 + 6 cores (2.2 GHz Kryo 470 Gold – Cortex-A76 + 1.8 GHz Kryo 470 Silver – Cortex-A55) Adreno 618 610 MHz {730}, 700 MHz {730G} Hexagon 688 (3.6 TOPs) Spectra 350 (192 MP single camera / 22 MP dual camera with ZSL; Video Capture: 4K@30fps HDR) FastConnect 6200; Bluetooth 5.0; NFC; 802.11a/b/g/n/ac/ax-ready 2x2 (MU-MIMO) Wi-Fi up to 867 Mbit/s; GPS, GLONASS, Beidou, Galileo, QZSS, SBAS; USB 3.1 Q2 2019 SM7150-AC Snapdragon 732G 2 + 6 cores (2.3 GHz Kryo 470 Gold – Cortex-A76 + 1.8 GHz Kryo 470 Silver – Cortex-A55) Adreno 618 800 MHz FastConnect 6200; Bluetooth 5.1; NFC; 802.11a/b/g/n/ac/ax-ready 2x2 (MU-MIMO) Wi-Fi up to 867 Mbit/s; GPS, GLONASS, Beidou, Galileo, QZSS, SBAS; USB 3.1 Q3 2020 SM7225 Snapdragon 750G 2 + 6 cores (2.2 GHz Kryo 570 Gold – Cortex-A77 + 1.8 GHz Kryo 570 Silver – Cortex-A55) Adreno 619 800 MHz Hexagon 694 (4.7 TOPs) Spectra 355L (192 MP single camera / 32+16 MP dual camera with ZSL; Video Capture: 4K@30fps HDR) LPDDR4X Dual-channel 16-bit (32-bit), 2133 MHz (17 GB/s) Internal X52 5G (5G NR Sub-6 & mmWave: download up to 3.7 Gbit/s, upload up to 1.6 Gbit/s; LTE Cat 18: download up to 1.2 Gbit/s, upload up to 210 Mbit/s) FastConnect 6200; Bluetooth 5.1; NFC; 802.11a/b/g/n/ac/ax-ready 2x2 (MU-MIMO); GPS, GLONASS, NavIC, Beidou, Galileo, QZSS, SBAS; USB 3.1 Q4 2020 SM7250-AA, SM7250-AB Snapdragon 765, Snapdragon 765G 7 nm (Samsung 7LPP) 1x 2.4 GHz {765G} or 2.3 GHz {765} Kryo 475 Prime (Cortex-A76) +1x 2.2 GHz Kryo 475 Gold (Cortex-A76) +6x 1.8 GHz Kryo 475 Silver (Cortex-A55) Adreno 620 540 MHz {765}, 625 MHz {765G} Hexagon 696 (5.4 TOPs) Spectra 355 (192 MP Photo Capture / 36 MP single camera with ZSL / 22 MP dual camera with ZSL; Video Capture: 4K@30fps HDR) FastConnect 6200; Bluetooth 5.0; NFC; 802.11a/b/g/n/ac/ax 2x2 (MU-MIMO) up to 867 Mbit/s; GPS, GLONASS, NavIC, Beidou, Galileo, QZSS, SBAS; USB 3.1 Q1 2020 SM7250-AC Snapdragon 768G 1x 2.8 GHz Kryo 475 Prime (Cortex-A76) +1x 2.4 GHz Kryo 475 Gold (Cortex-A76) +6x 1.8 GHz Kryo 475 Silver (Cortex-A55) Adreno 620 750 MHz FastConnect 6200; Bluetooth 5.2; NFC; 802.11a/b/g/n/ac/ax 2x2 (MU-MIMO) up to 867 Mbit/s; GPS, GLONASS, NavIC, Beidou, Galileo, QZSS, SBAS; USB 3.1 Q2 2020 SM7325 Snapdragon 778G 6 nm (TSMC N6) 1x 2.4 GHz Kryo 670 Prime (Cortex-A78) +3x 2.4 GHz Kryo 670 Gold (Cortex-A78) +4x 1.8 GHz Kryo 670 Silver (Cortex-A55) Adreno 642L 550 MHz Hexagon 770 (12 TOPs) Spectra 570L (200 MP Photo Capture / 64 MP single camera with ZSL / 36+22 MP dual camera with ZSL / 22 MP triple camera with ZSL; Video Capture: 4K@30fps HDR) LPDDR5 Dual-channel 16-bit (32-bit) 3200 MHz (25.6 GB/s) Internal: X53 5G (5G NR Sub-6 & mmWave: download up to 3.7 Gbit/s, upload up to 1.6 Gbit/s; LTE Cat 18: download up to 1.2 Gbit/s, upload up to 210 Mbit/s) FastConnect 6700; Bluetooth 5.2; 802.11a/b/g/n/ac/ax (Wi-Fi 6E) 2x2 (MU-MIMO) up to 2.9 Gbit/s; GPS, GLONASS, NavIC, Beidou, Galileo, QZSS; USB 3.1 Q2 2021 SM7325-AE Snapdragon 778G+ 1x 2.5 GHz Kryo 670 Prime (Cortex-A78) +3x 2.4 GHz Kryo 670 Gold (Cortex-A78) +4x 1.8 GHz Kryo 670 Silver (Cortex-A55) Adreno 642L 608 MHz Q4 2021 SM7350-AB Snapdragon 780G 5 nm (Samsung 5LPE) 1x 2.4 GHz Kryo 670 Prime (Cortex-A78) +3x 2.2 GHz Kryo 670 Gold (Cortex-A78) +4x 1.9 GHz Kryo 670 Silver (Cortex-A55) Adreno 642 490 MHz Spectra 570 (192 MP Photo Capture / 84 MP single camera with ZSL / 64+20 MP dual camera with ZSL / 25 MP triple camera with ZSL; Video Capture: 4K@30fps HDR) LPDDR4X Dual-channel 16-bit (32-bit) 2133 MHz (17 GB/s) Internal: X53 5G (5G NR Sub-6: download up to 3.3 Gbit/s, upload up to 1.6 Gbit/s; LTE Cat 18: download up to 1.2 Gbit/s, upload up to 210 Mbit/s) FastConnect 6900; Bluetooth 5.2; 802.11a/b/g/n/ac/ax (Wi-Fi 6E) 2x2 (MU-MIMO) up to 3.6 Gbit/s; GPS, GLONASS, NavIC, Beidou, Galileo, QZSS; USB 3.1 Q1 2021 SM7325-AF Snapdragon 782G 6 nm (TSMC N6) 1x 2.7 GHz Kryo 670 Prime (Cortex-A78) +3x 2.4 GHz Kryo 670 Gold (Cortex-A78) +4x 1.8 GHz Kryo 670 Silver (Cortex-A55) Adreno 642L 700 MHz Spectra 570L (200 MP Photo Capture / 64 MP single camera with ZSL / 36+22 MP dual camera with ZSL / 22 MP triple camera with ZSL; Video Capture: 4K@30fps HDR) LPDDR5 Dual-channel 16-bit (32-bit) 3200 MHz (25.6 GB/s) Internal: X53 5G (5G NR Sub-6 & mmWave: download up to 3.7 Gbit/s, upload up to 1.6 Gbit/s; LTE Cat 18: download up to 1.2 Gbit/s, upload up to 210 Mbit/s) FastConnect 6700; Bluetooth 5.2; 802.11a/b/g/n/ac/ax (Wi-Fi 6) 2x2 (MU-MIMO) up to 2.9 Gbit/s; GPS, GLONASS, NavIC, Beidou, Galileo, QZSS; USB 3.1 Q4 2022 Snapdragon 7 (2022–2024) The Snapdragon 7 Gen 1 was announced on May 20, 2022. The Snapdragon 7+ Gen 2 was announced on March 17, 2023. The Snapdragon 7s Gen 2 was announced on September 15, 2023. The Snapdragon 7 Gen 3 was announced on November 17, 2023. The Snapdragon 7+ Gen 3 was announced on March 21, 2024. Model number Product Name Fab CPU (ARMv9) GPU DSP ISP Memory technology Modem Connectivity Quick Charge Sampling availability SM7450-AB Snapdragon 7 Gen 1 4 nm (Samsung 4LPE) 1x 2.4 GHz {2.5 GHz Accelerated Edition} Kryo Prime (Cortex-A710) +3x 2.36 GHz Kryo Gold (Cortex-A710) +4x 1.8 GHz Kryo Silver (Cortex-A510) Adreno 644 443 MHz Hexagon Spectra (200 MP Photo Capture / 84 MP single camera with ZSL / 64+20 MP dual camera with ZSL / 25 MP triple camera with ZSL; Video Capture: 4K@30fps HDR) LPDDR5 Dual-channel 16-bit (32-bit) 3200 MHz (25.6 GB/s) Internal: X62 5G (5G NR Sub-6 & mmWave: download up to 4.4 Gbit/s, upload up to 1.6 Gbit/s; LTE Cat 18: download up to 1.2 Gbit/s, upload up to 210 Mbit/s) FastConnect 6700; Bluetooth 5.2; 802.11a/b/g/n/ac/ax (Wi-Fi 6E) 2x2 (MU-MIMO) up to 2.9 Gbit/s; GPS, GLONASS, NavIC, Beidou, Galileo, QZSS; USB 3.1 4+ Q2 2022 SM7435-AB Snapdragon 7s Gen 2 4 nm (Samsung 4LPE) 4 + 4 cores (2.4 GHz Kryo Gold – Cortex-A78 + 1.95 GHz Kryo Silver – Cortex-A55) Adreno 710 940 MHz Hexagon Spectra (200 MP Photo Capture / 48 MP single camera with ZSL / 32+16 MP dual camera with ZSL / 16 MP triple camera with ZSL; Video Capture: 4K@30fps HDR) LPDDR4X up to 2133 MHz / LPDDR5 up to 3200 MHz Internal: X62 5G (5G NR Sub-6 & mmWave: download up to 2.9 Gbit/s, upload up to 1.6 Gbit/s; LTE Cat 18: download up to 1.2 Gbit/s, upload up to 210 Mbit/s) FastConnect 6700; Bluetooth 5.2; 802.11a/b/g/n/ac/ax (Wi-Fi 6E) 2x2 (MU-MIMO) up to 2.9 Gbit/s; GPS, GLONASS, NavIC, Beidou, Galileo, QZSS; USB 3.1 4+ Q3 2023 SM7475-AB Snapdragon 7+ Gen 2 4 nm (TSMC N4) 1x 2.91 GHz Kryo Prime (Cortex-X2) +3x 2.49 GHz Kryo Gold (Cortex-A710) +4x 1.8 GHz Kryo Silver (Cortex-A510) Adreno 725 580 MHz (1781.7 GFLOPS in FP32) Hexagon Spectra (200 MP Photo Capture / 108 MP single camera with ZSL / 64+36 MP dual camera with ZSL / 32 MP triple camera with ZSL; Video Capture: 4K@60fps HDR) LPDDR5 Dual-channel 16-bit (32-bit) 3200 MHz (25.6 GB/s) Internal: X62 5G (5G NR Sub-6 & mmWave: download up to 4.4 Gbit/s, upload up to 1.6 Gbit/s; LTE Cat 18: download up to 1.2 Gbit/s, upload up to 210 Mbit/s) FastConnect 6900; Bluetooth 5.3; 802.11a/b/g/n/ac/ax (Wi-Fi 6E) 2x2 (MU-MIMO) up to 3.6 Gbit/s; GPS, GLONASS, NavIC, Beidou, Galileo, QZSS; USB 3.1 5 Q1 2023 SM7550-AB Snapdragon 7 Gen 3 4 nm (TSMC N4P) 1x 2.63 GHz Kryo Prime (Cortex-A715) +3x 2.4 GHz Kryo Gold (Cortex-A715) +4x 1.8 GHz Kryo Silver (Cortex-A510) Adreno 720 Hexagon Spectra (200 MP Photo Capture / 64 MP single camera with ZSL / 32+21 MP dual camera with ZSL / 21 MP triple camera with ZSL; Video Capture: 4K@60fps HDR) LPDDR4X up to 2133 MHz / LPDDR5 up to 3200 MHz Internal: X63 5G (5G NR Sub-6 & mmWave: download up to 5 Gbit/s, upload up to 3.5 Gbit/s) FastConnect 6700; Bluetooth 5.4; 802.11a/b/g/n/ac/ax (Wi-Fi 6E) 2x2 (MU-MIMO) up to 2.9 Gbit/s; GPS, GLONASS, NavIC, Beidou, Galileo, QZSS; USB 3.1 5 Q4 2023 SM7675-AB Snapdragon 7+ Gen 3 1× 2.8 GHz Kryo Prime (Cortex-X4) +4× 2.6 GHz Kryo Gold (Cortex-A720) +3× 1.9 GHz Kryo Silver (Cortex-A520) Adreno 732 950 MHz (2918.4 GFLOPS in FP32) Spectra (200 MP Photo Capture / 108 MP single camera with ZSL / 64+36 MP dual camera with ZSL / 36 MP triple camera with ZSL; Video Capture: 4K@60fps HDR) LPDDR5X quad-channel 16-bit (64-bit) 4200 MHz FastConnect 7800; Bluetooth 5.4; 802.11a/b/g/n/ac/ax/be (Wi-Fi 7) 2x2 (MU-MIMO) up to 5.8 Gbit/s; GPS, GLONASS, NavIC, Beidou, Galileo, QZSS; USB 3.1 Q1 2024 Snapdragon 8 Series Further information: Devices using Qualcomm Snapdragon processors § Snapdragon 8 series The Snapdragon 8 Series is the high-end SoC and serves as Qualcomm's current flagship, succeeding the S4 Pro and the older S1/S2/S3 series. Snapdragon 800 series (2013–2021) Features of the Snapdragon 800 series The Snapdragon 800 was announced on January 8, 2013. CPU features 4 cores up to 2.36 GHz Krait 400 4 KiB + 4 KiB L0 cache, 16 KiB + 16 KiB L1 cache and 2 MiB L2 cache GPU features Adreno 330 GPU Up to 128 ALU (From 96 on Adreno 320) Up to 1024 KB On-chip graphics memory (From 512 KB on Adreno 320) Up to x30 relative performance on OpenGL ES 2.0 from Adreno 200 Support OpenGL ES 3.0 (Over 2.0 Adreno Adreno 225) Unified shader model Scalar instruction set (from Unified shader model 5-way VLIW on 2xx Adreno series) DSP features H.264, VP8 UHD/30fps encoding/decoding (From 1080p60) ISP features Up to 21 megapixel, stereoscopic 3D 24dual image signal processor (supports HDRI) Throughput: 0.64 GP/sec Up to 320 MHz Modem and wireless features Wi-Fi 802.11ac wave 1 support Gobi 4G (LTE Cat 4: download up to 150 Mbit/s, upload up to 50 Mbit/s), on some models SOC features eMMC 4.5 support USB 2.0 and 3.0 Qualcomm Quick Charge 2.0 28 nm HPm (From 28 nm HP) Up to 1 billion transistors Die size: 118mm² The Snapdragon 801 was announced on February 24, 2014. CPU features 4 cores up to 2.45 GHz Krait 400 DSP features H.265 HD/30fps software decoding ISP features Throughput: 1.0 GP/sec (From 0.64 GP/sec on S800) Up to 465 MHz (From 320 MHz on S800) eMMC 5.0 support (Up to 400 MB/s) DSDA The Snapdragon 805 was announced on November 20, 2013. CPU features 4 cores up to 2.7 GHz Krait 450 Up to 128-bit wide LPDDR3 memory interface GPU features Adreno 420 GPU Up to 128 ALU Hardware dynamic tessellation support Support for hull, domain and geometry shaders Update with new dedicated connection to the memory controller(From shared bus with the video decoder and ISP) Up to 40% increase performance in shader hardware 1.5x larger L2 cache (1536 KB from 1024 KB) Better anisotropic filtering support Larger texture cache Full support Direct3D Feature Level 11_2 and OpenCL 1.2 DSP features Improve H.265 support : UHD/30fps hardware decoding 1080p 120fps encoding and decoding ISP features Up to 55 megapixel Throughput: 1.0 GP/sec (From 0.64 GP/sec on SD800) Modem and wireless features External modem The Snapdragon 808 and 810 were announced on April 7, 2014. Snapdragon 808 notable features over its predecessor (805): CPU features ARMv8-A 64-bit architecture (with Global Task Scheduling) 2 + 4 cores (1.82 GHz Cortex-A57 + 1.44 GHz Cortex-A53) Up to 48 KB Data + 32 KB Instr. L1 cache (From 16 KB + 16 KB) GPU features Up to 128 ALU Adreno 418 GPU with support for Vulkan 1.0 Support OpenGL ES 3.1 Full support Direct3D Feature Level 11_2 and OpenCL 1.2 DSP features Hexagon V56 DSP ISP features 12-bit dual-ISP up to 21 MP SOC features 2 billion transistor Snapdragon 810 notable features over its lower end version (808): CPU features 4 + 4 cores (2.0 GHz Cortex-A57 + 1.5 GHz Cortex-A53) GPU features Adreno 430 GPU with support for Vulkan 1.0 Full support Direct3D Feature Level 11_2 and OpenCL 1.2 4K main display support Up to 256 ALU (From 128 on Adreno 330) ISP features 14-bit dual-ISP up to 55 MP Throughput: 1.2 GP/sec (From 1.0 GP/sec on SD805) ISP is clocked at 600 MHz DSP features H.264, H.265 UHD/30fps encoding and decoding Modem and wireless features Snapdragon X10 LTE modem Cat 9: download up to 450 Mbit/s Upload up to 50 Mbit/s Bluetooth 4.1 SOC features 20 nm manufacturing technology 2.5 billion transistor The Snapdragon 820 was announced at the Mobile World Congress in March 2015, with the first phones featuring the SoC released in early 2016. Notable features over its predecessors (808 and 810): CPU features Custom Kryo quad-core CPU Per Core : L1: 32+32 KB, L2: 2 MB + 1 MB L3 cache shared between CPU cluster GPU features Adreno 530 GPU with support for Vulkan 1.0 Less L2 GPU cache (1024 KB from 1536 KB) DirectX 12, OpenCL 2.0, OpenGL ES 3.2 DSP features Hexagon 680 DSP 1st generation "AI engine" Down to 2-3 time power consumption (From SD808) New low power island (LPI) for sensor aware apps Hexagon Vector eXtensions All-Ways Aware Hub low power island Neural Processing Engine (NPE) Halide and TensorFlow support H.264, H.265 UHD/30fps encoding H.264, H.265 10-bit, VP9 UHD/60fps decoding ISP features Qualcomm Spectra ISP with Dual 14-bit ISPs 28 MP at 30fps single camera; 25 MP at 30fps single camera with ZSL; 13 MP Dual Camera with ZSL Video Capture: Up to 4K Ultra HD HEVC video capture @ 30FPS Video Playback: Up to 4K Ultra HD 10-bit HEVC video playback @ 60FPS, 1080p@ 240 FPS Throughput: 1.2GP/sec (Same as 810) Modem and wireless features Snapdragon X12 LTE modem Download: Cat 12 (up to 600 Mbit/s), 3x20 MHz CA; 64-QAM; 4x4 MIMO on 1C Upload: Cat 13 (up to 150 Mbit/s), 2x20 MHz CA; 64-QAM Support MIMO 4×4 802.11a/b/g/n/ac Wi-Fi connectivity Wi-Fi ad support with external chip SOC features 14 nm FinFET process eMMC 5.1/UFS 2.0 Quick Charge 3.0 2.0 billion transistors Max 8 GB LPDDR4 Quad-channel 16-bit (64-bit) 1866 MHz (29.8 GB/s) The Snapdragon 821 was announced in July 2016. The 821 provides a 10% improvement in performance over the 820 due to a faster clocked CPU, but otherwise has similar features, with Qualcomm stating that the 821 is designed to complement rather than replace the 820. Notable features over its predecessor (820): CPU features Faster CPU (+10%) GPU features Faster GPU 650 MHz from 624 (+5%) Snapdragon VR-SDK. ISP features Support Dual PD (PDAF). Extended laser Auto-focus. The Snapdragon 835 was announced on November 17, 2016. Notable features over its predecessor (821): CPU features Samsung 10nm FinFET Low-Power Early fabrication, 3 billion transistors 4 Kryo 280 Gold (ARM Cortex-A73) L1 cache: 64 KB + 64 KB L2 cache: 2 MB 4 Kryo 280 Silver (ARM Cortex-A53) LPDDR4X in dual-channel mode, up to 1866 MHz GPU features Adreno 540 graphics with support for Vulkan 1.1, DirectX 12 (Feature level 12_1), OpenCL 2.0 and OpenGL ES 3.2 Quad-Core GPU @ 710/670 MHz with 384 ALUs, 16 TMUs and 12 ROPs @ 710 MHz: 727.04 GFLOPs, 11.36 GTexels/s and 8.52 GPixels/s @ 670 MHz: 686.08 GFLOPs, 10.72 GTexels/s and 8.04 GPixels/s Qualcomm Q-Sync (Variable Refresh Rate) and Adreno Foveation (Foveated Rendering) DSP features Hexagon 682 DSP 2nd generation "AI engine" Hexagon Vector eXtensions All-Ways Aware Hub low power island Neural Processing Engine (NPE) Halide and TensorFlow support H.264, H.265, VP9 UHD/30fps encoding and UHD/60fps 10-bit decoding High-dynamic-range video support(HDR10)/Ultra HD Premium (only Decoding) DSD and 32-bit/384 kHz PCM audio support with WCD9341 codec ISP features: Qualcomm Spectra 180 ISP with Dual 14-bit ISPs Single Camera, 30fps: Up to 32 MP 32 MP at 30fps single camera; 25 MP at 30fps single camera with ZSL; 16 MP Dual Camera with ZSL Video Capture: Up to 4K Ultra HD video capture @ 30FPS Video Playback: Up to 4K Ultra HD video playback Codec Support: H.265 (HEVC), H.264 (AVC), VP9 Modem and wireless features Snapdragon X16 LTE modem Downlink: LTE Cat 16 up to 1 Gbit/s, 4x20 MHz carrier aggregation, up to 256-QAM Uplink: LTE Cat 13 up to 150 Mbit/s, Qualcomm Snapdragon Upload+ (2x20 MHz carrier aggregation, up to 64-QAM, uplink data compression) 802.11a/b/g/n/ac/ad Wi-Fi connectivity Bluetooth 5.0 (From Bluetooth 4.1) SOC features 10 nm FinFET (Samsung 10LPE) Die size: 72.3mm² 3 billion Transistors UFS 2.1, SD 3.0 (UHS-I) DisplayPort, HDMI 2.0, USB Type-C 3.1 with USB Power Delivery Qualcomm Quick Charge 4 Up to 8 GB LPDDR4X Dual-channel 32-bit (64-bit) 1866 MHz (29.8 GB/s) The Snapdragon 845 was announced on December 7, 2017. Notable features over its predecessor (835): CPU features Samsung 10nm FinFET Low-Power Plus fabrication 4 Kryo 385 Gold (ARM Cortex-A75) L1 cache: 64 KB + 64 KB L2 cache: 256 KB 4 Kryo 385 Silver (ARM Cortex-A55) DynamIQ with 2 MiB L3 cache 3 MiB system-level cache for CPU, GPU, DSP... GPU features Adreno 630 graphics with support for Vulkan 1.1, DirectX 12 (Feature level 12_1), OpenCL 2.0, OpenGL ES 3.2 and DxNext eXtended Reality (XR) Dual-Core GPU @ 710 MHz with 512 ALUs, 24 TMUs and 16 ROPs (up from 512 ALUs, 16 TMUs and 12 ROPs) 727.04 GFLOPs, 17.04 GTexels/s and 11.36 GPixels/s Inside-out Room-Scale 6DoF with simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) Advanced visual inertial odometry (VIO) And Adreno Foveation Support for HDR10 and hybrid log–gamma (HLG) DisplayPort, HDMI 2.0, USB Type-C 3.1 with USB Power Delivery DSP features Hexagon 685 3rd generation "AI engine" with greater than 3 trillion operations per second (TOPS) Hexagon Vector eXtensions All-Ways Aware Hub low power island Neural Processing Engine (NPE) Caffe, Caffe2, Halide and TensorFlow support Up to 4K Ultra HD @ 60 FPS (From 4K30 Encode), 2x 2400x2400 @ 120 FPS (VR) Can record 240 FPS in 1080p and 480 FPS in 720p (Slow motion) 10-bit color depth (encoding and decoding) on H.264, H.265 and (decode only) VP9 BT.2020 support on DSP and GPU ISP features: Qualcomm Spectra 280 ISP with Dual 14-bit ISPs 192 MP single camera; 48 MP single camera with MFNR; 32 MP at 30fps single camera with MFNR/ZSL; 16 MP at 60fps single camera with MFNR/ZSL; 16 MP at 30fps Dual Camera with MFNR/ZSL Modem and wireless features Downlink: 5x20 MHz carrier aggregation, up to 256-QAM, up to 4x4 MIMO on three carriers Uplink: 2x20 MHz carrier aggregation, up to 64-QAM Bluetooth enhancements Ultra-low power wireless earbuds Direct audio and aptX HD quality stereo broadcast to multiple wireless speakers Wi-Fi ad 60 GHz with external Module Improve GPS support : Glonass, Beidou, Galileo, QZSS and SBAS System on a chip features 10 nm FinFET (Samsung 10LPP) Die size: 94 mm² (5.3) billion Transistors Secure Vault (SPU) Native DSD support, PCM up to 384 kHz/32bit Qualcomm Quick Charge 4+ Up to 8 GB LPDDR4X Quad-channel 16-bit (64-bit) 1866 MHz (29.9 GB/s) The Snapdragon 855 was announced on December 5, 2018. The Snapdragon 855 is Qualcomm's first 7 nm FinFET chipset. Notable features over its predecessor (845): 7 nm (TSMC N7) process Die size: 73 mm² (8.48 mm × 8.64 mm) 6.7 billion transistors Support up to 16 GB LPDDR4X 2133 MHz support 4x 16-bit memory bus, (34.13 GB/s) up to 16 GB NVM Express 2x 3.0 (1x for external 5G modem) CPU features 1 Kryo 485 Prime (Cortex-A76), up to 2.84 GHz. Prime core with 512 KB pL2 3 Kryo 485 Gold (Cortex-A76), up 2.42 GHz. Performance cores with 256 KB pL2 each 4 Kryo 485 Silver (Cortex-A55), up 1.8 GHz. Efficiency cores with 128 KB pL2 each DynamIQ with 2 MB sL3 cache 3 MB system-level cache GPU features Adreno 640 GPU with support for Vulkan 1.1 Up to 768 ALU (From 512 on Adreno 630) Tri-core GPU @ 585 MHz with 768 ALUs, 36 TMUs and 28 ROPs (up from 512 ALUs, 24 TMUs and 16 ROPs) 954.7 FP32 GFLOPs, 1853.3 FP16 GFLOPs, 28.1 bilinear GTexels/s, 9.4 GPixels/s and 300 GB/s effective memory bandwidth HDR gaming (10-bit color depth, Rec. 2020) 120 fps gaming Improvement on hardware-accelerated H.265 and VP9 decoder HDR playback codec support for HDR10+, HDR10, HLG and Dolby Vision Volumetric VR video playback 8K 360 VR video playback Quarterly GPU driver updates via Google Play Store Android GPU Inspector Tool DSP features Hexagon 690 4th generation "AI engine" with greater than 7 trillion operations per second (TOPS) Qualcomm Hexagon Vector Accelerator with Hexagon Vector eXtensions Qualcomm Hexagon Tensor Accelerator (HTA) Qualcomm Hexagon Voice Assistant All-Ways Aware Hub Caffe, Caffe2, Halide and TensorFlow support Vector/Scalar performance compared with Hexagon 680: doubled the HVX vector units and 20% increase in scalar performance ISP features: Qualcomm Spectra 380 with dual 14-bit CV-ISPs and hardware accelerator for computer vision Multi-frame noise reduction Hybrid AF 192 MP single camera; 48 MP at 30 fps single camera with MFNR/ZSL; 22 MP at 30 fps dual camera with MFNR/ZSL HEIF photo capture support Tri-core hardware CV functions including object detection & tracking, and stereo depth processing Advanced HDR solution including improved zzHDR and 3-exposure Quad Color Filter Array (QCFA) HDR 4K 60 FPS HDR video with real-time object segmentation (portrait mode, background swap) features HDR10, HDR10+ and HLG with Portrait Mode (bokeh), 10-bit color depth and Rec. 2020 color gamut Up to 1.32 Gpixel/s Video Capture Formats: HDR10, HLG Video Codec Support: H.265 (HEVC), H.264 (AVC), HLG, HDR10, HDR10+, VP8, VP9 Modem and wireless features: Internal X24 LTE Modem Download: 2000 Mbit/s DL (Cat. 20), 7x20 MHz CA, 256-QAM, 4x4 MIMO Upload: 316 Mbit/s UL (Cat 20), 3x20 MHz CA, 256-QAM External Snapdragon X50 (5G Modem): 5000 Mbit/s DL Qualcomm Wi-Fi 6-ready mobile platform: Wi-Fi Standards: 802.11ax-ready, 802.11ac Wave 2, 802.11a/b/g, 802.11n Wi-Fi Spectral Bands: 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz• Channel Utilization: 20/40/80 MHz MIMO Configuration: 2x2 (2-stream) • MU-MIMO• Dual-band simultaneous (DBS) Key Features: 8x8 sounding (up to 2x improvement over 4x4 sounding devices), Target Wakeup Time for up to 67% better power efficiency, latest security with WPA3 Qualcomm 60 GHz Wi-Fi mobile platform Wi-Fi Standards: 802.11ad, 802.11ay Wi-Fi Spectral Band: 60 GHz Peak speed: 10 Gbit/s The Snapdragon 855+ was announced on July 15, 2019. It is an overclocked version of the Snapdragon 855 providing 10% higher CPU and GPU performance. The Snapdragon 860 was announced on March 22, 2021. It is a pure rebranding of the Snapdragon 855+. The Snapdragon 865 was announced on December 4, 2019. Notable features over its predecessor (855): 2nd generation 7 nm (N7P TSMC) process 10.3 billion transistors 83.54 mm2 (8.49 mm x 9.84 mm) Support up to 16 GB LPDDR5 2750 MHz or LPDDR4X 2133 MHz support 4x 16-bit memory bus, (or 34.13 GB/s) up to 16 GB NVM Express 2x 3.0 (1x for external 5G modem) Support Quick charge 4+ CPU features 1 Kryo 585 Prime (Cortex-A77), 2.84 GHz (3.1 GHz for 865+, 3.2 GHz for 870). Prime core with 512 KB pL2 3 Kryo 585 Gold (Cortex-A77), 2.42 GHz. Performance cores with 256 KB pL2 each 4 Kryo 585 Silver (Cortex-A55), 1.8 GHz. Efficiency cores with 128 KB pL2 each DynamIQ with 4 MB sL3, 25% performance uplift and 25% power efficiency improvement 3 MB system-level cache GPU features Adreno 650 GPU with support for Vulkan 1.1 50% more ALUs and ROPs (1024 from 768 ALU) 25% faster graphics rendering and 35% more power efficient Quarterly GPU driver updates via Google Play Store Android GPU Inspector Tool Desktop Forward Rendering Up to 1202.1 GFLOPs FP-32 (From 898.5 GFLOPs on SD855) DSP features Hexagon 698 5th generation "AI engine" capable of 15 trillion operations per second (TOPS) Quad-core Qualcomm Hexagon Tensor Accelerator (HTA) Deep learning bandwidth compression ISP features: Qualcomm Spectra 480 with dual 14-bit CV-ISPs and hardware accelerator for computer vision Multi-frame noise reduction Hybrid AF 200 MP single camera; 64 MP at 30 fps single camera with MFNR/ZSL; 25 MP at 30 fps dual camera with MFNR/ZSL 8K 30 FPS and 4K 120 FPS HDR video Up to 2 Gpixel/s Video capture formats: Dolby Vision, HDR10, HDR10+, HEVC Video codec support: Dolby Vision, H.265 (HEVC), HDR10+, HLG, HDR10, H.264 (AVC), VP8, VP9 New functionalities to improve noise reduction and local contrast enhancements Modem and wireless features: External X55 5G Modem Modes: NSA, SA, TDD, FDD 5G mmWave: 800 MHz bandwidth, 8 carriers, 2×2 MIMO 5G sub-6 GHz: 200 MHz bandwidth, 4×4 MIMO 5G NR Sub-6 + mmWave download: 7000 Mbit/s DL 5G NR Sub-6 + mmWave upload: 3000 Mbit/s UL LTE download: 2500 Mbit/s DL (Cat. 24), 7x20 MHz CA, 1024-QAM, 4x4 MIMO LTE upload: 316 Mbit/s UL (Cat 22), 3x20 MHz CA, 256-QAM Dynamic Spectrum Sharing (DSS) Qualcomm Wi-Fi 6-ready mobile platform: Qualcomm FastConnect 6800 (for 865 and 870), 6900 (for 865+) Wi-Fi standards: 802.11ax-ready (Wi-Fi 6E for 865+), 802.11ac Wave 2, 802.11a/b/g, 802.11n Wi-Fi spectral bands: 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz (for 865 and 870), 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz, 6 GHz (for 865+) • channel utilization: 20/40/80 MHz (for 865 & 870), 20/40/80/160 MHz (for 865+) MIMO configuration: 2x2 (2 Spatial Stream) • MU-MIMO • Dual-band simultaneous (DBS) Key features: 8x8 sounding (up to 2x improvement over 4x4 sounding devices), Target Wakeup Time for up to 67% better power efficiency, latest security with WPA3 Qualcomm 60 GHz Wi-Fi mobile platform Wi-Fi Standards: 802.11ad, 802.11ay Wi-Fi spectral band: 60 GHz Peak speed: 10 Gbit/s Other features: Secure Processing Unit (SPU) with integrated dual-SIM dual-standby support The Snapdragon 865+ was announced on July 8, 2020. The Snapdragon 870 was announced on January 19, 2021. The only difference between it and the Snapdragon 865+ is a minor 0.1 GHz increase in clock frequency on the prime core. The Snapdragon 888 was announced on December 1, 2020. Notable features over its predecessor (865): 5 nm (Samsung 5LPE) process ~10 billion transistors Support up to 16 GB LPDDR5 3200 MHz (51.2  GB/s) 4x 16-bit memory bus Quick Charge 5 (100 W+) Support UFS 3.1 CPU features 1 Kryo 680 Prime (ARM Cortex-X1), up to 2.84 GHz. Prime core with 1 MB pL2 and 64 KB pL1 3 Kryo 680 Gold (ARM Cortex-A78), up 2.42 GHz. Performance cores with 512 KB pL2 each 4 Kryo 680 Silver (ARM Cortex-A55), up 1.8 GHz. Efficiency cores with 128 KB pL2 each Move to instruction set ARMv8.4-A (From ARMv8.2-A) DynamIQ with 4 MB sL3, 25% performance uplift and 25% power efficiency improvement 3 MB system-level cache GPU features Adreno 660 GPU with API Support: OpenGL ES 3.2, OpenCL 2.0 FP, Vulkan 1.1 Up to 840 MHz (From 670 MHz on 865+ and 870) 35% faster graphics rendering and 20% more power efficient 73% AI performance boost (From 15 TOPS to 26 TOPS) Variable rate shading (VRS) Demura and subpixel rendering for OLED uniformity Up to 1720.3 GFLOPs FP32 (From 1202.1 GFLOPs on SD865) HDR video playback formats: HDR10, HDR10+, Dolby Vision, HLG HDR gaming (including 10-bit color depth, Rec. 2020 color gamut) On-device display: 4K@60 Hz, QHD+@144 Hz External display: 4K@60 Hz, 10-bit, Rec. 2020, HDR10, HDR10+ DSP features Hexagon 780 with Fused AI Accelerator architecture 6th generation "AI engine" capable of 26 trillion operations per second (TOPS), From 15 TOPS on 865. Hexagon Tensor Accelerator Hexagon Vector eXtensions Hexagon Scalar Accelerator Qualcomm Sensing Hub (2nd generation) New dedicated AI processor 80% task reduction offload from Hexagon DSP 5X more processing power 16X larger shared memory 1000X hand off time improvement in certain use cases 50% faster scalar accelerator, 2x faster tensor accelerator Video codec playback support: H.264 (AVC), H.265 (HEVC), VP8, VP9 ISP features: Qualcomm Spectra 580 with triple 14-bit CV-ISPs and hardware accelerator for computer vision Single camera: 1x 200 MP or 84 MP at 30 fps with MFNR/ZSL (Multi Frame Noise Reduction/Zero Shutter Lag) Dual camera: 64+25 MP at 30 fps with MFNR/ZSL Triple camera: 3x 28 MP at 30 fps with MFNR/ZSL 8K 30 FPS and 4K 120 FPS HDR video + 64 MP Photo Slow-mo video capture at 720p @ 960 FPS, 1080p @ 480 FPS HDR video capture formats: HEVC with HDR10, HDR10+, Dolby Vision, HLG HDR photo capture: 10-bit HDR HEIF Computational HDR photo and video capture, support for Multi-Frame and Staggered HDR sensors Real-time object classification, segmentation, and replacement AI-based auto-focus, auto-exposure and auto-white-balance Advanced HW-based face detection with deep learning filter New low-light architecture (capture photos in 0.1 lux) 2.7 Gigapixel per second ISP (+35% speed increase over S865) 120 photos at 12MP/s Modem and wireless features: Internal X60 5G Modem Modes: NSA, SA, TDD, FDD 5G mmWave: 800 MHz bandwidth, 8 carriers, 2×2 MIMO 5G sub-6 GHz: 200 MHz bandwidth, 4×4 MIMO 5G NR Sub-6 + mmWave download: 7500 Mbit/s DL 5G NR Sub-6 + mmWave upload: 3000 Mbit/s UL LTE download: 2500 Mbit/s DL (Cat. 24), 7x20 MHz CA, 1024-QAM, 4x4 MIMO LTE upload: 316 Mbit/s UL (Cat 22), 3x20 MHz CA, 256-QAM Dynamic Spectrum Sharing (DSS) Bluetooth 5.2 Dual antennas Premium audio Qualcomm Wi-Fi 6-ready mobile platform: Qualcomm FastConnect 6900 Wi-Fi standards: 802.11ax-ready (Wi-Fi 6E), 802.11ac Wave 2, 802.11a/b/g, 802.11n Wi-Fi spectral bands: 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz, 6 GHz • channel utilization: 20/40/80/160 MHz MIMO configuration: 2x2 (2 Spatial Stream) • MU-MIMO • Dual-band simultaneous (DBS) (2×2 + 2×2) Key features: 8x8 sounding (up to 2x improvement over 4x4 sounding devices), Target Wakeup Time for up to 67% better power efficiency, latest security with WPA3 Other features: Secure Processing Unit (SPU) with integrated dual-SIM dual-standby support Adds compatibility with Content Authenticity Initiative The Snapdragon 888+ was announced on June 28, 2021. Model number Product Name Fab CPU GPU DSP ISP Memory technology Modem Connectivity Quick Charge Sampling availability APQ8074AA Snapdragon 800 28 nm (TSMC 28HPM) 4 cores up to 2.26 GHz Krait 400 Adreno 330 450 MHz Hexagon QDSP6 V5 600 MHz Up to 21 MP single camera LPDDR3 Dual-channel 32-bit 800 MHz (12.8 GB/s) — Bluetooth 4.0; 802.11n/ac (2.4/5 GHz); IZat Gen8B 2.0 Q2 2013 MSM8274AA Gobi 3G (UMTS) MSM8674AA Gobi 3G (CDMA/UMTS) MSM8974AA Gobi 4G (LTE Cat 4: download up to 150 Mbit/s, upload up to 50 Mbit/s) MSM8974AA v3 Snapdragon 801 Gobi 4G (LTE Cat 4) Q3 2014 APQ8074AB v3 4 cores up to 2.36 GHz Krait 400 Adreno 330 578 MHz LPDDR3 Dual-channel 32-bit 933 MHz (14.9 GB/s) — Q4 2013 MSM8274AB Snapdragon 800 Gobi 3G (UMTS) Q4 2013 MSM8674AB v3 Snapdragon 801 Gobi 3G (CDMA/UMTS) Q2 2013 MSM8974AB v3 Gobi 4G (LTE Cat 4) Q4 2013 MSM8274AC v3 4 cores up to 2.45 GHz Krait 400 Gobi 3G (UMTS) Q2 2014 MSM8974AC v3 Gobi 4G (LTE Cat 4) Q1 2014 APQ8084 Snapdragon 805 4 cores up to 2.7 GHz Krait 450 Adreno 420 600 MHz Hexagon V50 800 MHz Up to 55 MP single camera LPDDR3 Dual-channel 64-bit 800 MHz (25.6 GB/s) External Bluetooth 4.1; 802.11n/ac (2.4/5 GHz); IZat Gen8B Q1 2014 MSM8992 Snapdragon 808 20 nm (TSMC) 2 + 4 cores (1.82 GHz Cortex-A57 + 1.44 GHz Cortex-A53) Adreno 418 600 MHz Hexagon V56 800 MHz Up to 21 MP single camera LPDDR3 Dual-channel 32-bit 933 MHz (14.9 GB/s) X10 LTE (Cat 9: download up to 450 Mbit/s, upload up to 50 Mbit/s) Bluetooth 4.1; 802.11ac; IZat Gen8C Q3 2014 MSM8994 Snapdragon 810 4 + 4 cores (2.0 GHz Cortex-A57 + 1.5 GHz Cortex-A53) Adreno 430 600 MHz Up to 55 MP single camera LPDDR4 Dual-channel 32-bit 1600 MHz (25.6 GB/s) MSM8994v2 Adreno 430 630 MHz 2015 MSM8994v2.1 Q2 2015 MSM8996Lite Snapdragon 820 14 nm FinFET (Samsung 14LPP) 2 + 2 cores Kryo (1.804 GHz + 1.363 GHz) Adreno 530 510 MHz (407.4 GFLOPS) Hexagon 680 1 GHz Spectra LPDDR4 Quad-channel 16-bit (64-bit) 1333 MHz (21.3 GB/s) X12 LTE (download: Cat 12, up to 600 Mbit/s; 3x20 MHz CA; 64-QAM; 4x4 MIMO on 1C. upload: Cat 13, up to 150 Mbit/s; 2x20 MHz CA; 64-QAM.) Bluetooth 4.1; 802.11ac/ad; IZat Gen8C 3.0 Q1 2016 MSM8996 2 + 2 cores Kryo (2.15 GHz + 1.593 GHz) Adreno 530 624 MHz (498.5 GFLOPS) LPDDR4 Quad-channel 16-bit (64-bit) 1866 MHz (29.8 GB/s) Q4 2015 MSM8996Pro-AB Snapdragon 821 Q3 2016 MSM8996Pro-AC 2 + 2 cores Kryo (2.342 GHz + 1.6/2.188 GHz) Adreno 530 653 MHz (519.2 GFLOPS) MSM8998 Snapdragon 835 10 nm FinFET (Samsung 10LPE) 4 + 4 cores Kryo 280 (2.45 GHz Cortex-A73 + 1.9 GHz Cortex-A53) Adreno 540 710/670 MHz (737/686 GFLOPS) Hexagon 682 Spectra 180 LPDDR4X Dual-channel 32-bit (64-bit) 1866 MHz (29.8 GB/s) X16 LTE (download: Cat 16, up to 1000 Mbit/s; 4x20 MHz CA; 256-QAM; 4x4 MIMO on 2C. upload: Cat 13, up to 150 Mbit/s) Bluetooth 5.0; 802.11a/b/g/n/ac/ad; GPS, GLONASS, Beidou, Galileo, QZSS, SBAS 4.0 Q2 2017 SDM845 Snapdragon 845 10 nmFinFET (Samsung 10LPP) 4 + 4 cores Kryo 385 (2.8 GHz Cortex-A75 + 1.8 GHz Cortex-A55) Adreno 630 710 MHz (737 GFLOPS) Hexagon 685(3 TOPs) Spectra 280 X20 LTE (download: Cat 18, up to 1200 Mbit/s; 5x20 MHz CA; 256-QAM; 4x4 MIMO on 3C. upload: Cat 13, up to 150 Mbit/s; 2x20 MHz CA; 64-QAM) 4+ Q1 2018 SM8150 Snapdragon 855 7 nm (TSMC N7) 1 + 3 + 4 cores Kryo 485 (2.84 GHz Cortex-A76 + 2.42 GHz Cortex-A76 + 1.8 GHz Cortex-A55) Adreno 640 585 MHz (954.7 GFLOPS) Hexagon 690(7 TOPs) Spectra 380 LPDDR4X Quad-channel 16-bit (64-bit) 2133 MHz (34.13 GB/s) Internal: X24 LTE (Cat 20: download up to 2 Gbit/s, 7x20 MHz CA, 256-QAM, 4x4 MIMO on 5C. Upload up to 316 Mbit/s, 3x20 MHz CA, 256-QAM) + External: X50 5G (5G NR Sub-6 & mmWave: download up to 5 Gbit/s) Bluetooth 5.0; 802.11a/b/g/n/ac/ad/ay/ax-ready; GPS, GLONASS, Beidou, Galileo, QZSS, SBAS; USB 3.1 Q1 2019 SM8150-AC Snapdragon 855+ 1 + 3 + 4 cores Kryo 485 (2.96 GHz Cortex-A76 + 2.42 GHz Cortex-A76 + 1.80 GHz Cortex-A55) Adreno 640 675 MHz (1037 GFLOPS) Q3 2019 Snapdragon 860 Q1 2021 SM8150P Snapdragon 855+ Internal: no + External: X55 5G (5G NR Sub-6 & mmWave: download up to 7.5 Gbit/s, upload up to 3 Gbit/s; LTE Cat 22: download up to 2.5 Gbit/s, upload up to 0.316 Gbit/s) Q3 2019 SM8250 Snapdragon 865 7 nm (TSMC N7P) 1 + 3 + 4 cores Kryo 585 (2.84 GHz Cortex-A77 + 2.42 GHz Cortex-A77 + 1.80 GHz Cortex-A55) Adreno 650 587 MHz (1202.1 GFLOPs in FP-32) Hexagon 698(15 TOPs) Spectra 480 LPDDR5 Quad-channel 16-bit (64-bit) 2750 MHz (44 GB/s) orLPDDR4X Quad-channel 16-bit (64-bit) 2133 MHz (34.13 GB/s) Internal: no + External : X55 5G (5G NR Sub-6 & mmWave: download up to 7.5 Gbit/s, upload up to 3 Gbit/s; LTE Cat 22: download up to 2.5 Gbit/s, upload up to 0.316 Gbit/s) FastConnect 6800; Bluetooth 5.1; 802.11a/b/g/n/ac/ax (Wi-Fi 6) up to 1.774 Gbit/s; 802.11ad/ay 60 GHz Wi-Fi up to 10 Gbit/s; GPS, GLONASS, NavIC, Beidou, Galileo, QZSS, SBAS; USB 3.1 Q1 2020 SM8250-AB Snapdragon 865+ 1 + 3 + 4 cores Kryo 585 (3.1 GHz Cortex-A77 + 2.42 GHz Cortex-A77 + 1.80 GHz Cortex-A55) Adreno 650 670 MHz (1372.1 GFLOPs in FP-32) FastConnect 6900; Bluetooth 5.2; 802.11a/b/g/n/ac/ax (Wi-Fi 6E) up to 3.6 Gbit/s; 802.11ad/ay 60 GHz Wi-Fi up to 10 Gbit/s; GPS, GLONASS, NavIC, Beidou, Galileo, QZSS, SBAS; USB 3.1 Q3 2020 SM8250-AC Snapdragon 870 1 + 3 + 4 cores Kryo 585 (3.2 GHz Cortex-A77 + 2.42 GHz Cortex-A77 + 1.80 GHz Cortex-A55) FastConnect 6800; Bluetooth 5.2; 802.11a/b/g/n/ac/ax (Wi-Fi 6) up to 1.774 Gbit/s; 802.11ad/ay 60 GHz Wi-Fi up to 10 Gbit/s; GPS, GLONASS, NavIC, Beidou, Galileo, QZSS, SBAS; USB 3.1 Q1 2021 SM8350 Snapdragon 888 5 nm (Samsung 5LPE) 1 + 3 + 4 cores Kryo 680 (2.84 GHz Cortex-X1 + 2.42 GHz Cortex-A78 + 1.80 GHz Cortex-A55) Adreno 660 840 MHz (1720.3 GFLOPs in FP32) Hexagon 780(26 TOPs) Spectra 580 LPDDR5 Quad-channel 16-bit (64-bit) 3200 MHz (51.2 GiB/s) Internal: X60 5G (5G NR Sub-6 & mmWave: download up to 7.5 Gbit/s, upload up to 3 Gbit/s; LTE Cat 22: download up to 2.5 Gbit/s, upload up to 0.316 Gbit/s) FastConnect 6900; Bluetooth 5.2; 802.11a/b/g/n/ac/ax (Wi-Fi 6E) up to 3.6 Gbit/s; GPS, GLONASS, NavIC, Beidou, Galileo, QZSS; USB 3.1 5 Q1 2021 SM8350-AC Snapdragon 888+ 1 + 3 + 4 cores Kryo 680 (3.0 GHz Cortex-X1 + 2.42 GHz Cortex-A78 + 1.80 GHz Cortex-A55) Hexagon 780(32 TOPs) Q3 2021 Snapdragon 8/8+ Gen 1 (2022) The Snapdragon 8 Gen 1 was announced on November 30, 2021. Notable features over its predecessor (888): 4 nm (Samsung 4LPX) process ~ billion transistors Support up to 16 GB LPDDR5 3200 MHz Quick Charge 5 (100 W+) Support UFS 3.1 CPU features 1 Kryo Prime (ARM Cortex-X2), up to 3 GHz. Prime core 3 Kryo Gold (ARM Cortex-A710), up 2.5 GHz. Performance cores 4 Kryo Silver (ARM Cortex-A510), up 1.8 GHz. Efficiency cores Move to instruction set ARMv9 (From ARMv8.2-A) DynamIQ with 4 MB sL3, 20% performance uplift and 30% power efficiency improvement 6 MB system-level cache GPU features Adreno 730 GPU with API Support: OpenGL ES 3.2, OpenCL 2.0 FP, Vulkan 1.1 30% faster graphics rendering and 25% more power efficient Up to 1536 ALU (From 1024 on Adreno 730) Demura and subpixel rendering for OLED uniformity Variable Rate Shading Pro HDR video playback formats: HDR10, HDR10+, Dolby Vision, HLG HDR gaming (including 10-bit color depth, Rec. 2020 color gamut) On-device display: 4K@60 Hz, QHD+@144 Hz External display: 4K@60 Hz, 10-bit, Rec. 2020, HDR10, HDR10+ DSP features Hexagon with Fused AI Accelerator, INT8 and INT16 Hexagon Tensor Accelerator Hexagon Vector eXtensions Hexagon Scalar Accelerator Qualcomm Sensing Hub (3nd generation) New dedicated AI pro ISP features Qualcomm Spectra with triple 18-bit CV-ISPs and hardware accelerator for computer vision Single camera: 1x 200 MP or 108 MP at 30 fps with MFNR/ZSL (Multi Frame Noise Reduction/Zero Shutter Lag) Dual camera: 64+36 MP at 30 fps with MFNR/ZSL Triple camera: 3x 36 MP at 30 fps with MFNR/ZSL 8K 30 FPS and 4K 120 FPS HDR video + 64 MP Photo Slow-m 5G NR, LTE including CBRS WCDMA, HSPA, TD-SCDMA, CDMA 1x, EV-DO, GSM/EDGE 720p @ 960 FPS HDR video capture formats: HEVC with HDR10, HDR10+, Dolby Vision, HLG HDR photo capture: 10-bit HDR HEIF Computational HDR photo and video capture, support for Multi-Frame and Staggered HDR sensors Real-time object classification, segmentation, and replacement AI-based auto-focus, auto-exposure and auto-white-balance Modem and wireless features: Internal X65 5G Modem Modes: NSA, SA, TDD, FDD 5G mmWave 5G sub-6 GHz 5G NR Sub-6 + mmWave download: 10 Gbit/s 5G NR Sub-6 + mmWave upload: 3 Gbit/s (assumed) LTE download: 2.5 Gbit/s LTE upload: 0.316 Gbit/s Dynamic Spectrum Sharing (DSS) Bluetooth 5.3 Qualcomm Aqstic audio codec (WCD9385) Provide lossless wireless audio with Qualcomm aptX Technology. Qualcomm Wi-Fi 6-ready mobile platform: Qualcomm FastConnect 6900 Wi-Fi standards: 802.11ax-ready (Wi-Fi 6E), 802.11ac Wave 2, 802.11a/b/g, 802.11n Wi-Fi spectral bands: 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz, 6 GHz • channel utilization: 20/40/80/160 MHz MIMO configuration: 2x2 (2 Spatial Stream) • MU-MIMO • Dual-band simultaneous (DBS) (2×2 + 2×2) Peak speed: 3.6 Gbit/s The Snapdragon 8+ Gen 1 was announced on May 20, 2022. Model number Product Name Fab CPU (ARMv9) GPU DSP ISP Memory technology Modem Connectivity Quick Charge Released SM8450 Snapdragon 8 Gen 1 4 nm (Samsung 4LPX) 1x 3.0 GHz Kryo Prime (Cortex-X2) +3x 2.5 GHz Kryo Gold (Cortex-A710) +4x 1.8 GHz Kryo Silver (Cortex-A510) Adreno 730 818 MHz (2512.8 GFLOPs in FP32) Hexagon 52 TOPS, some cases up to 104 TOPS Spectra LPDDR5 Quad-channel 16-bit (64-bit) 3200 MHz (51.2 GiB/s) Internal: X65 5G (5G NR Sub-6 & mmWave: download up to 10 Gbit/s, upload up to 3 Gbit/s; LTE Cat 22: download up to 2.5 Gbit/s, upload up to 0.316 Gbit/s) FastConnect 6900; Bluetooth 5.3; 802.11a/b/g/n/ac/ax (Wi-Fi 6E) up to 3.6 Gbit/s; GPS, GLONASS, NavIC, Beidou, Galileo, QZSS; USB 3.1 5 Q4 2021 SM8475 Snapdragon 8+ Gen 1 4 nm (TSMC N4) Adreno 730 900 MHz (2764.8 GFLOPS in FP32) Q2 2022 1x 3.2 GHz Kryo Prime (Cortex-X2) +3x 2.75 GHz Kryo Gold (Cortex-A710) +4x 2.0 GHz Kryo Silver (Cortex-A510) Snapdragon 8 Gen 2 (2023) The Snapdragon 8 Gen 2 was announced on November 15, 2022. Notable features over its predecessor (8 Gen 1): 4nm (TSMC N4) process Support up to 16 GB LPDDR5X 4200 MHz Support UFS 4.0 CPU features 1 Kryo Prime (ARM Cortex-X3), up to 3.36 GHz. Prime core 1 MB L2 cache Only 64-bit support 2 Kryo Gold (ARM Cortex-A715), up to 2.8 GHz. High Performance cores Only 64-bit support 2 Kryo Gold (ARM Cortex-A710), up to 2.8 GHz. Performance cores 32-bit and 64-bit support 3 Kryo Silver (ARM Cortex-A510), up to 2 GHz. Efficiency cores 32-bit and 64-bit support 35% performance uplift and 40% power efficiency improvement 8 MB system-level cache GPU features Adreno 740 GPU with API support: OpenGL ES 3.2, OpenCL 2.0, Vulkan 1.3 25% faster graphics rendering and 45% more power efficient Up to 2560 ALU (From 1536 ALU) Real-time hardware-accelerated ray tracing ray-box and ray-triangle intersections Bounding Volume Hierarchical (BVH) Doubled bandwidth between ISP, Hexagon DSP, and Adreno GPU DSP features Hexagon with Fused AI Accelerator Hexagon Tensor Accelerator Hexagon Vector eXtensions Hexagon Scalar Accelerator Mixed precision INT8/INT16 Add INT4 support INT4, INT8, INT16, FP16 support Hexagon Direct Link (ISP and Hexagon) Qualcomm Sensing Hub (4th generation) Add second AI processor x2 performance from last year Dedicated power delivery system 50% more memory ISP features Video capture up to 8K30 or 4K120 or 720p960 (HDR) Video playback up to 8K60 or 4K120 (HDR) H.264, H.265, VP9 and add AV1 decoding Photo is same as 8 Gen 1 Modem and wireless features: Similar as 8 Gen 1 Qualcomm FastConnect 7800 Internal X70 5G Modem 5G up to 10 Gbit/s down and 3,5 Gbit/s up Wi-Fi 7 support Bluetooth 5.3 support Dual Bluetooth radios There is an overclocked variant of the Snapdragon 8 Gen 2 with model number SM8550-AC. It was exclusive to the Samsung Galaxy S23 series on launch. Nubia's Red Magic 8S Pro became the first non-Galaxy phone to feature this variant, launching July 5th 2023. Model number Product Name Fab CPU (ARMv9) GPU DSP ISP Memory technology Modem Connectivity Quick Charge Released SM8550-AB Snapdragon 8 Gen 2 4 nm (TSMC N4) 1× 3.2 GHz Kryo Prime (Cortex-X3) +4× 2.8 GHz Kryo Gold (2× Cortex-A715, 2× Cortex-A710) +3× 2.0 GHz Kryo Silver (Cortex-A510) Adreno 740 680 MHz (3481.6 GFLOPS in FP32) Hexagon Spectra LPDDR5X Quad-channel 16-bit (64-bit) 4200 MHz Internal: X70 5G (5G NR Sub-6 & mmWave: download up to 10 Gbit/s, upload up to 3.5 Gbit/s) FastConnect 7800; Bluetooth 5.3; 802.11a/b/g/n/ac/ax/be (Wi-Fi 7) up to 5.8 Gbit/s; GPS, GLONASS, NavIC, Beidou, Galileo, QZSS; USB 3.1orFastConnect 6900; Bluetooth 5.3; 802.11a/b/g/n/ac/ax (Wi-Fi 6E) up to 3.6 Gbit/s; GPS, GLONASS, NavIC, Beidou, Galileo, QZSS; USB 3.1 5 Q4 2022 SM8550-AC Snapdragon 8 Gen 2 for Galaxy 1× 3.36 GHz Kryo Prime (Cortex-X3) +4× 2.8 GHz Kryo Gold (2× Cortex-A715, 2× Cortex-A710) +3× 2.0 GHz Kryo Silver (Cortex-A510) Adreno 740 719 MHz (3681.28 GFLOPS in FP32) Q1 2023 ^ Also known as "Leading Version". Snapdragon 8/8s Gen 3 (2024) The Snapdragon 8 Gen 3 was announced on October 24, 2023. Notable features over its predecessor (8 Gen 2): Support for memory up to 4800 MHz (up from 4200 MHz) CPU features 1 Kryo Prime (ARM Cortex-X4), up to 3.3 GHz. Prime core 3 Kryo Gold (ARM Cortex-A720), up to 3.2 GHz. High Performance cores 2 Kryo Gold (ARM Cortex-A720), up to 3.0 GHz. Performance cores 2 Kryo Silver (ARM Cortex-A520), up to 2.3 GHz. Efficiency cores 30% performance uplift and 20% power efficiency improvement 12 MB L3 cache (up from 8 MB) GPU features Adreno 750 GPU with API support: OpenGL ES 3.2, OpenCL 2.0, Vulkan 1.3 25% faster graphics rendering and 25% more power efficient DSP features Hexagon NPU 98% faster performance and 40% improved performance-per-watt for sustained AI inferencing. ISP features Photo expansion Video Object Eraser Night Vision video capture Dolby HDR video capture Modem and wireless features: Internal X75 5G Modem Bluetooth 5.4 support The Snapdragon 8s Gen 3 was announced on March 18, 2024. Model number Product Name Fab CPU (ARMv9) GPU DSP ISP Memory technology Modem Connectivity Quick Charge Released SM8650-AB Snapdragon 8 Gen 3 4 nm (TSMC N4P) 1× 3.30 GHz Kryo Prime (Cortex-X4) +3× 3.15 GHz Kryo Gold (Cortex-A720) +2× 2.96 GHz Kryo Gold (Cortex-A720) +2× 2.27 GHz Kryo Silver (Cortex-A520) Adreno 750 770–903 MHz (4435.2 – 5201.2 GFLOPS in FP32) Hexagon Spectra LPDDR5X quad-channel 16-bit (64-bit) 4800 MHz Internal: X75 5G (5G NR Sub-6 & mmWave: download up to 10 Gbit/s, upload up to 3.5 Gbit/s) FastConnect 7800; Bluetooth 5.4; 802.11a/b/g/n/ac/ax/be (Wi-Fi 7) up to 5.8 Gbit/s; GPS, GLONASS, NavIC, Beidou, Galileo, QZSS; USB 3.1 5 Q4 2023 SM8650-AC Snapdragon 8 Gen 3 for Galaxy 1× 3.40 GHz Kryo Prime (Cortex-X4) +3× 3.15 GHz Kryo Gold (Cortex-A720) +2× 2.96 GHz Kryo Gold (Cortex-A720) +2× 2.27 GHz Kryo Silver (Cortex-A520) Adreno 750 1000 MHz (5760.0 GFLOPS in FP32) Q1 2024 SM8635 Snapdragon 8s Gen 3 1× 3.0 GHz Kryo Prime (Cortex-X4) +4× 2.8 GHz Kryo Gold (Cortex-A720) +3× 2.0 GHz Kryo Silver (Cortex-A520) Adreno 735 1100 MHz (3379.2 GFLOPS in FP32) LPDDR5X quad-channel 16-bit (64-bit) 4200 MHz Internal: X70 5G (5G NR Sub-6 & mmWave: download up to 6.5 Gbit/s, upload up to 3.5 Gbit/s) Q1 2024 Mobile Compute Platforms Further information: Devices using Qualcomm Snapdragon processors § Mobile Compute Platforms Snapdragon 835 and Snapdragon 850 The first and second generation of Qualcomm Compute Platforms for Windows PCs are based on mobile Snapdragon processors with PC specific modifications. The Snapdragon 835 Mobile PC Platform for Windows 10 PCs was announced on December 5, 2017. The Snapdragon 850 Mobile Compute Platform for Windows 10 PCs, was announced on June 4, 2018. It is essentially an over-clocked version of the Snapdragon 845. Model number Product Name Fab CPU (ARMv8) GPU DSP ISP Memory technology Modem Connectivity Quick Charge Sampling availability MSM8998 Snapdragon 835 Mobile PC Platform 10 nm FinFET (Samsung 10LPE) Kryo 280 4 + 4 cores (2.6 GHz + 1.9 GHz) Adreno 540 710/670 MHz (737/686 GFLOPS) Hexagon 682 Spectra 180 (Up to 32 MP camera / 16 MP dual) LPDDR4X Dual-channel 32-bit (64-bit) 1866 MHz (29.9 GB/s) X16 LTE (download: Cat 16, up to 1000 Mbit/s; 4x20 MHz CA; 256-QAM; 4x4 MIMO on 2C. upload: Cat 13, up to 150 Mbit/s) Bluetooth 5; 802.11a/b/g/n/ac/ad Wave 2(MU-MIMO); GPS, GLONASS, Beidou, Galileo, QZSS, SBAS 4 Q2 2018 SDM850 Snapdragon 850 Mobile Compute Platform 10 nmFinFET (Samsung 10LPP) Kryo 385 4 + 4 cores (2.95 GHz + 1.8 GHz) Adreno 630 710 MHz (737 GFLOPS) Hexagon 685 (3 TOPS) Spectra 280 (192 MP single camera / 16 MP at 30fps Dual Camera with MFNR/ZSL) LPDDR4X Quad-channel 16-bit (64-bit) 1866 MHz (29.9 GB/s) X20 LTE (download: Cat 18, up to 1200 Mbit/s; 5x20 MHz CA; 256-QAM; 4x4 MIMO on 3C. upload: Cat 13, up to 150 Mbit/s; 2x20 MHz CA; 64-QAM) 4+ Q3 2018 Snapdragon 7c/7c+ Compute Platforms The Snapdragon 7c Compute Platform for Windows 10 PCs was announced on December 5, 2019. The Snapdragon 7c Gen 2 Compute Platform was announced on May 24, 2021. The Snapdragon 7c+ Gen 3 Compute Platform was announced on December 1, 2021. Model number Product Name Fab CPU (ARMv8) GPU DSP ISP Memory technology Modem Connectivity Quick Charge Sampling availability SC7180 Snapdragon 7c 8 nm (Samsung 8LPP) Kryo 468 2 + 6 cores (up to 2.4 GHz) Adreno 618 Hexagon 692 (5 TOPS) Spectra 255 (Up to 32 MP camera / 16 MP dual) LPDDR4X Dual-channel 16-bit (32-bit) 2133 MHz (17.1 GB/s) X15 LTE (download: Cat 15, up to 800 Mbit/s; upload: Cat 13, up to 150 Mbit/s) Bluetooth 5; 802.11a/b/g/n/ac/ad/ax; GPS, GLONASS, Beidou, Galileo, QZSS, SBAS, NavIC; USB 3.1; eMMC 5.1, UFS 3.0 Q1 2020 SC7180P Snapdragon 7c Gen 2 Kryo 468 2 + 6 cores (up to 2.55 GHz) Q2 2021 SC7280 Snapdragon 7c+ Gen 3 6 nm (TSMC N6) Kryo 4 Silver + 4 Gold cores (Cortex-A55 r2p0 + Cortex-A78 r1p1, up to 2.4 GHz) Adreno Hexagon (6.5 TOPS) Spectra (64 MP single camera / 36+22 MP dual camera) LPDDR4X Dual-channel 16-bit (32-bit) 2133 MHz (17.1 GB/s)LPDDR5 Dual-channel 16-bit (32-bit) 3200 MHz (25.6 GB/s) Internal: X53 5G/LTE (5G: download up to 3.7 Gbit/s, upload up to 2.9 Gbit/s; LTE Cat 24/22: download up to 1200 Mbit/s, upload up to 210 Mbit/s) FastConnect 6700, Bluetooth 5.2; 802.11a/b/g/n/ac/ax (Wi-Fi 6E) 2x2 (MU-MIMO) up to 3.6 Gbit/s; GPS, GLONASS, BeiDou, Galileo, QZSS, SBAS, USB 3.1; eMMC 5.1, UFS 2.1, NVMe SSD Q1 2022 Snapdragon 8c Compute Platforms The Snapdragon 8c Compute Platform for Windows 10 PCs was announced on December 5, 2019. Model number Product Name Fab CPU (ARMv8) GPU DSP ISP Memory technology Modem Connectivity Quick Charge Sampling availability SC8180 Snapdragon 8c 7 nm (TSMC N7) Kryo 490 4 + 4 cores (2.45 GHz + 1.80 GHz) Adreno 675 Hexagon 690 (9 TOPS) Spectra 390 (192 MP single camera / 22 MP at 30fps dual camera with MFNR/ZSL) LPDDR4X Quad-channel 16-bit (64-bit) 2133 MHz (34.1 GB/s) Internal: X24 LTE (Cat 20: download up to 2 Gbit/s, 7x20 MHz CA, 256-QAM, 4x4 MIMO on 5C. Upload up to 316 Mbit/s, 3x20 MHz CA, 256-QAM) + External: X55 5G/LTE (5G: download up to 7 Gbit/s, upload up to 3 Gbit/s; LTE Cat 22: download up to 2.5 Gbit/s, upload up to 316 Mbit/s) Bluetooth 5; 802.11a/b/g/n/ac/ad; GPS, GLONASS, Beidou, Galileo, QZSS, SBAS; USB 3.1; UFS 3.0, NVMe SSD 4+ Q1 2020 Snapdragon 8cx Compute Platforms The Snapdragon 8cx Compute Platform for Windows 10 PCs was announced on December 6, 2018. Notable features over the Snapdragon 855: 10 MB total cache (L3 + SLC) 8x 16-bit memory bus, (68.3 GB/s) NVM Express 4x 112.05 mm2 die size The Snapdragon 8cx Gen 2 5G Compute Platform for Windows 10 PCs was announced on September 3, 2020. The Snapdragon 8cx Gen 3 Compute Platform was announced on December 1, 2021. Notable features over the Snapdragon 888: 8 MB L3 cache & 6 MB SLC (14 MB total cache) 8x 16-bit memory bus, (68.3 GB/s) NVM Express 4x Built-in Microsoft Pluton TPM Model number Product Name Fab CPU (ARMv8) GPU DSP ISP Memory technology Modem Connectivity Quick Charge Sampling availability SC8180X Snapdragon 8cx 7 nm (TSMC N7) Kryo 495 4 + 4 cores (2.84 GHz Cortex-A76 + 1.80 GHz Cortex-A55) Adreno 680600 MHz(1843.2GFLOPS in FP32) Hexagon 690 (9 TOPS) Spectra 390 (32 MP single camera / 16 MP at 30fps dual camera with MFNR/ZSL) LPDDR4X Octa-channel 16-bit (128-bit) 2133 MHz (68.3 GB/s) No internal modemOptional external X24 LTE (Cat 20: download up to 2 Gbit/s, 7x20 MHz CA, 256-QAM, 4x4 MIMO on 5C. Upload up to 316 Mbit/s, 3x20 MHz CA, 256-QAM) Bluetooth 5.0; 802.11a/b/g/n/ac/ad; GPS, GLONASS, Beidou, Galileo, QZSS, SBAS; USB 3.1; UFS 3.0, NVMe SSD 4+ Q3 2019 SC8180XP Snapdragon 8cx Gen 2 5G Kryo 495 4 + 4 cores (3.15 GHz Cortex-A76 + 1.8 GHz Cortex-A55) Adreno 690661 - 680 MHz(2030.5 - 2088.9 GFLOPS in FP32) No internal modemOptional external X24 LTE (Cat 20: download up to 2 Gbit/s, 7x20 MHz CA, 256-QAM, 4x4 MIMO on 5C. Upload up to 316 Mbit/s, 3x20 MHz CA, 256-QAM)orX55 5G/LTE (5G: download up to 7 Gbit/s, upload up to 3 Gbit/s; LTE Cat 22: download up to 2.5 Gbit/s, upload up to 316 Mbit/s) Bluetooth 5.1; 802.11a/b/g/n/ac/ax (Wi-Fi 6) 2x2 (MU-MIMO) up to 2.4 Gbit/s, NFC, GPS, GLONASS, Beidou, Galileo, QZSS, SBAS, USB 3.1; UFS 3.0. NVMe SSD Q3 2020 SC8280 Snapdragon 8cx Gen 3 5 nm (Samsung 5LPE) Kryo 4 + 4 cores (3.0 GHz Cortex-X1 + 2.40 GHz Cortex-A78) Adreno 8CX Gen 3 Hexagon (15 TOPS) Spectra (24 MP at 30fps single camera with MFNR/ZSL) No internal modemOptional external X62 5G/LTE, X55 5G/LTE, X65 5G/LTE (5G: download up to 4.4/7.5/10 Gbit/s, upload up to 3 Gbit/s; LTE Cat 22: download up to 2.5 Gbit/s, upload up to 316 Mbit/s) FastConnect 6900, Bluetooth 5.1; 802.11a/b/g/n/ac/ax (Wi-Fi 6E) 2x2 (MU-MIMO) up to 3.6 Gbit/s; GPS, GLONASS, BeiDou, Galileo, QZSS, SBAS, USB 3.1; UFS 3.1, NVMe SSD Q1 2022 Microsoft SQ Compute Platforms Further information: Devices using Qualcomm Snapdragon processors § SQ The Microsoft SQ1 was announced on October 2, 2019. Co-developed with Microsoft, it was exclusively designed for Microsoft's Surface Pro X. Technically, it's a Snapdragon 8cx SoC with faster Adreno 685 GPU core providing performance of 2100 GFLOPs. The Microsoft SQ2 was announced on October 1, 2020. Product Name Fab CPU (ARMv8) GPU DSP ISP Memory technology Modem Connectivity Quick Charge Sampling availability Microsoft SQ1 7 nm (TSMC N7) Kryo 495 4 + 4 cores (3 GHz Cortex-A76 + 1.80 GHz Cortex-A55) Adreno 685 (768 - 1812.4 GFLOPs) Hexagon 690 (9 TOPS) Spectra 390 (192 MP single camera / 22 MP at 30fps dual camera with MFNR/ZSL) LPDDR4X Octa-channel 16-bit (128-bit) 2133 MHz (68.2 GB/s) No internal modemOptional external X24 LTE (Cat 20: download up to 2 Gbit/s, 7x20 MHz CA, 256-QAM, 4x4 MIMO on 5C. Upload up to 316 Mbit/s, 3x20 MHz CA, 256-QAM) Bluetooth 5.0; 802.11a/b/g/n/ac/ad; GPS, GLONASS, Beidou, Galileo, QZSS, SBAS; USB 3.1; UFS 3.0, NVMe SSD 4+ Q4 2019 Microsoft SQ2 Kryo 495 4 + 4 cores (3.15 GHz Cortex-A76 + 2.42 GHz Cortex-A55) Adreno 690 (2030.5 - 2088.9 GFLOPs) Q4 2020 Microsoft SQ3 5 nm (Samsung 5LPE) Kryo 4 + 4 cores (3.0 GHz Cortex-X1 + 2.40 GHz Cortex-A78) Adreno 8CX Gen 3 Hexagon (15 TOPS) Spectra (24 MP at 30fps single camera with MFNR/ZSL) No internal modemOptional external X62 5G/LTE, X55 5G/LTE, X65 5G/LTE (5G: download up to 4.4/7.5/10 Gbit/s, upload up to 3 Gbit/s; LTE Cat 22: download up to 2.5 Gbit/s, upload up to 316 Mbit/s) FastConnect 6900, Bluetooth 5.1; 802.11a/b/g/n/ac/ax (Wi-Fi 6E) 2x2 (MU-MIMO) up to 3.6 Gbit/s; GPS, GLONASS, BeiDou, Galileo, QZSS, SBAS, USB 3.1; UFS 3.1, NVMe SSD Q3 2022 Snapdragon X series The Snapdragon X Elite was announced on October 24, 2023. The Snapdragon X Plus was announced on April 24, 2024. Model number Fab CPU GPU DSP ISP Memory technology Modem Connectivity Sampling availability Snapdragon X Plus X1P-64-100 4 nm (TSMC N4) Oryon 10 core (3.4 GHz) Adreno X1 (3.8 TFLOPS) Hexagon (45 TOPS) Spectra (64 MP single camera / 36 MP dual camera) LPDDR5X-8448 Octa-channel 16-bit (128-bit) @ 4224 MHz (135 GB/s) No internal modemOptional external X65 5G/LTE (5G: download up to 10 Gbit/s, upload up to 3.5 Gbit/s; LTE Cat 22: download up to 2.5 Gbit/s, upload up to 316 Mbit/s) No internal connectivityExternal FastConnect 7800, Bluetooth 5.4; 802.11a/b/g/n/ac/ax/be (Wi-Fi 7) 2x2 (MU-MIMO) up to 3.6 Gbit/s; GPS, GLONASS, BeiDou, Galileo, QZSS, SBAS, USB4; UFS 4.0, NVMe SSD Mid-2024 Snapdragon X Elite X1E-78-100 4 nm (TSMC N4) Oryon 12 core (3.4 GHz) Adreno X1 (3.8 TFLOPS) Hexagon (45 TOPS) Spectra (64 MP single camera / 36 MP dual camera) LPDDR5X-8448 Octa-channel 16-bit (128-bit) @ 4224 MHz (135 GB/s) No internal modemOptional external X65 5G/LTE (5G: download up to 10 Gbit/s, upload up to 3.5 Gbit/s; LTE Cat 22: download up to 2.5 Gbit/s, upload up to 316 Mbit/s) No internal connectivityExternal FastConnect 7800, Bluetooth 5.4; 802.11a/b/g/n/ac/ax/be (Wi-Fi 7) 2x2 (MU-MIMO) up to 3.6 Gbit/s; GPS, GLONASS, BeiDou, Galileo, QZSS, SBAS, USB4; UFS 4.0, NVMe SSD Mid-2024 X1E-80-100 Oryon 12 core (3.4 GHz, single and dual-core boost up to 4.0 GHz) X1E-84-100 Oryon 12 core (3.8 GHz, single and dual-core boost up to 4.2 GHz) Adreno X1 (4.6 TFLOPS) X1E-00-1DE Oryon 12 core (3.8 GHz, single and dual-core boost up to 4.3 GHz) Hardware codec supported See: Qualcomm Hexagon Wearable platforms The Snapdragon Wear 1100 processor was announced May 30, 2016 for GNSS- and LTE-enabled fitness trackers and targeted purpose wearables like smart headsets, and wearable accessories. The Snapdragon Wear 1200 processor was announced June 27, 2017 for GNSS- and LTE-narrowband-IoT-enabled targeted purpose wearables such as kid, pet, elderly, and fitness trackers. The Snapdragon Wear 2100 processor was announced February 10, 2016 for smartwatches. It is available in both connected (4G/LTE and 3G) and tethered (Bluetooth and Wi-Fi) versions. The Snapdragon Wear 2500 was announced on June 26, 2018. It is intended for the kid watch segment with special features over the Wear 2100 such as low-power always-on location tracking. The Snapdragon Wear 3100 was announced on September 10, 2018. The upgrade over the Snapdragon Wear 2100 is the inclusion of the co-processor QCC1110 for low-power background applications such as heart rate tracking and always-on displays. The Snapdragon Wear 4100 and 4100+ were announced on June 30, 2020. The difference between the two models is the inclusion of the co-processor QCC1110 in the 4100+. The Snapdragon W5 and W5+ Gen 1 were announced on July 19, 2022. The difference between the two models is the inclusion of the co-processor QCC5100 in the W5+. Model number Product Name Fab CPU Co-processor GPU DSP Memory technology Modem Connectivity Sampling availability ? Wear 1100 28 nm 1 core up to 1.2 GHz Cortex-A7 (ARMv7) — Fixed Function GPU LPDDR2 Integrated 2G/3G/LTE (Cat 1, up to 10/5 Mbit/s) Bluetooth 4.1; 802.11a/b/g/n/ac; GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, BeiDou Q2 2016 Wear 1200 1 core up to 1.3 GHz Cortex-A7 (ARMv7) Integrated 2G/LTE (Cat M1, up to 300/350 kbit/s) Bluetooth 4.2; 802.11a/b/g/n/ac; GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, BeiDou Q2 2017 MSM8909w Wear 2100 4 cores up to 1.2 GHz Cortex-A7 (ARMv7) Adreno 304 Hexagon LPDDR3 400 MHz X5 2G/3G/LTE (Cat 4, up to 150/50 Mbit/s) Bluetooth 4.1; 802.11b/g/n; NFC; GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, BeiDou Q1 2016 Wear 2500 Q2 2018 Wear 3100 QCC1110 (1 core 50 MHz Cortex-M0) Q3 2018 SDM429w Wear 4100 and 4100+ 12 nm + 28 nm 4 cores up to 2.0 GHz Cortex-A53 (ARMv8-A) Adreno A504 320 MHz Hexagon QDSP6 V56 1x32 bit LPDDR3 750 MHz Bluetooth 5.0; 802.11a/b/g/n; NFC; GPS; GLONASS, Galileo, BeiDou Q2 2020 SW5100 W5 and W5+ Gen 1 4 nm + 22 nm 4 cores up to 1.7 GHz Cortex-A53 (ARMv8-A) QCC5100 (1 core 250 MHz Cortex-M55 + Ethos-U55) Adreno A702 1 GHz Hexagon DSP V66K 1x16 bit LPDDR4 2133 MHz Integrated 2G/3G/LTE (Cat 4, up to 150/50 Mbit/s) Bluetooth 5.3; 802.11a/b/g/n; NFC; GPS; GLONASS, Galileo, BeiDou Q3 2022 ^ Bluetooth 4.2 for Wear 3100 Automotive platforms The Snapdragon 602A, for application in the motor industry, was announced on January 6, 2014. The Snapdragon 820A was announced on January 6, 2016. Model number Product Name Fab CPU GPU DSP Memory technology Modem Connectivity Sampling availability 8064-AU Snapdragon 602A 28 nm (TSMC 28LP) 4 cores up to 1.5 GHz Krait 300 (ARMv7) Adreno 320 (2048x1536 + 1080p external display) Hexagon V40 600 MHz LPDDR3 Dual-channel 32-bit 533 MHz External Gobi 9x15 (LTE: FDD/TDD Cat 3; CDMA: EV-DOrB/rA; 1x; UMTS: TD-SCDMA, DC-HSPA+/HSPA; GSM: EDGE/GPRS) Bluetooth 4.1 + BLE; Qualcomm VIVE QCA6574: 2-stream 802.11n/ac Q1 2014 MSM8996AU Snapdragon 820A 14 nm (Samsung 14LPP) 4 cores up to 2.1 GHz Kryo (ARMv8) Adreno 530 Hexagon 680 1 GHz LPDDR4 X12 LTE (download: Cat 12, up to 600 Mbit/s; upload: Cat 13, up to 150 Mbit/s) Bluetooth 4.1; 802.11ac/ad; IZat Gen8C Q1 2016 SA6155P 11 nm (Samsung 11LPP) Kryo 4xx 2 + 6 cores Adreno 608/612(110 GFLOPs) Hexagon LPDDR4X Dual-channel 16-bit (32-bit) 2133 MHz (17.0 GB/s) Internal: no Bluetooth 5.0; 802.11a/b/g/n/ac; GPS; GLONASS; Beidou; Galileo; QZSS; SBAS SA8155P Snapdragon 855A 7 nm (TSMC N7) Kryo 485 1 + 3 + 4 cores (2.96 GHz + 2.42 GHz + 1.80 GHz) Adreno 640(1.0 TFLOPs) Hexagon 690(>10 TOPS) LPDDR4X Quad-channel 16-bit (64-bit) 2133 MHz (34.1 GB/s) Bluetooth 5.0; 802.11a/b/g/n/ac/ad/ay/ax-ready; GPS; GLONASS; Beidou; Galileo; QZSS; SBAS Q1 2021 SA8195P Kryo 495 8 cores Adreno 680 Hexagon LPDDR4X Quad-channel 16-bit (64-bit) 2133 MHz (34.1 GB/s) Bluetooth 5.0; 802.11a/b/g/n/ac/ad/ay/ax-ready; GPS; GLONASS; Beidou; Galileo; QZSS; SBAS SA8255P 5 nm Kryo 4 + 4 cores (2.35 GHz Prime + 2.35 GHz Gold) Adreno 663 Hexagon LPDDR5 Hexa-channel 16-bit (96-bit) 3200 MHz (76.8 GB/s) Bluetooth 5.2; 802.11a/b/g/n/ac/ax; GPS; GLONASS; Beidou; Galileo; QZSS; SBAS SA8295P Kryo 695 4 + 4 cores (2.56 GHz Prime + 2.05 GHz Gold) Adreno 695 Hexagon(30 TOPS) LPDDR4X Octa-channel 16-bit (128-bit) 2133 MHz (68.2 GB/s) Bluetooth 5.2; 802.11a/b/g/n/ac/ax (Wi-Fi 6) 2x2 (MU-MIMO) up to 1.8 Gbit/s; GPS; GLONASS; Beidou; Galileo; QZSS; SBAS 2023 Embedded platforms The Snapdragon 410E Embedded and Snapdragon 600E Embedded were announced on September 28, 2016. The Snapdragon 800 for Embedded The Snapdragon 810 for Embedded The Snapdragon 820E Embedded was announced on February 21, 2018. Model number Product Name Fab CPU GPU DSP ISP Memory technology Modem Connectivity Sampling availability APQ8016E Snapdragon 410E 28 nm (TSMC 28LP) 4 cores up to 1.2 GHz Cortex-A53 (ARMv8) Adreno 306 Hexagon QDSP6 V5 691 MHz Up to 13 MP camera LPDDR2/3 Single-channel 32-bit 533 MHz (4.2 GB/s) none Bluetooth 4.0, 802.11n, GPS APQ8064E Snapdragon 600E 4 cores up to 1.5 GHz Krait 300 (ARMv7) Adreno 320 400 MHz Hexagon QDSP6 V4 500 MHz Up to 21 MP camera DDR3/DDR3L Dual-channel 533 MHz Bluetooth 4.0, 802.11a/b/g/n/ac (2.4/5 GHz), IZat Gen8A APQ8074 Snapdragon 800E 28 nm (TSMC 28HPM) 4 cores up to 2.3 GHz Krait 400 (ARMv7) Adreno 330 Hexagon QDSP6 V5 Up to 55 MP camera LPDDR3 Dual-channel 32-bit 800 MHz (12.8 GB/s) Bluetooth 4.1; 802.11n/ac (2.4 and 5 GHz); IZat Gen8B; NFC, Gigabit Ethernet, HDMI, DisplayPort, SATA, SDIO, UART, I2C, GPIOs, and JTAG; USB 3.0/2.0 APQ8094 Snapdragon 810E 20 nm (TSMC 20SoC) 4 + 4 cores (2.0 GHz Cortex-A57 + 1.55 GHz Cortex-A53; ARMv8) Adreno 430 650 MHz Hexagon V56 800 MHz Up to 55 MP camera LPDDR4 Dual-channel 32-bit 1600 MHz (25.6 GB/s) Bluetooth 4.1; 802.11ac; IZat Gen8C APQ8096 Snapdragon 820E 14 nm FinFET (Samsung 14LPP) 2 + 2 cores (2.15 GHz + 1.593 GHz Kryo; ARMv8) Adreno 530 Hexagon 680 825 MHz Up to 28 MP camera LPDDR4 Quad-channel 16-bit (64-bit) 1866 MHz (29.8 GB/s) Bluetooth 4.1; 802.11ac/ad; IZat Gen8C Vision Intelligence Platform The Qualcomm Vision Intelligence Platform was announced on April 11, 2018. The Qualcomm Vision Intelligence Platform is purpose built to bring powerful visual computing and edge computing for machine learning to a wide range of IoT devices. Model number Fab CPU (ARMv8) GPU DSP ISP Memory technology Modem Connectivity Quick Charge Sampling availability QCS603 10 nm (Samsung 10LPP) 2 + 2 cores (1.6 GHz Kryo 360 Gold + 1.7 GHz Kryo 360 Silver) Adreno 615 (Quad HD + 4K Ultra HD external display) Hexagon 685 Spectra 270 (Up to 24 MP camera / 16 MP dual) LPDDR4X 16-bit 1866 MHz none Bluetooth 5.0, NFC, 802.11a/b/g/n/ac 1x1 (MU-MIMO) Wi-Fi up to 433 Mbit/s, GPS, GLONASS, Beidou, Galileo, QZSS, SBAS, USB 3.1 4+ QCS605 8 cores up to 2.5 GHz Kryo 300 Spectra 270 (Up to 32 MP camera / 16 MP dual) Bluetooth 5.0, NFC, 802.11a/b/g/n/ac 2x2 (MU-MIMO) Wi-Fi up to 867 Mbit/s, GPS, GLONASS, Beidou, Galileo, QZSS, SBAS, USB 3.1 Home Hub and Smart Audio platforms The Qualcomm Smart Audio Platform (APQ8009 and APQ8017) was announced on June 14, 2017. The Qualcomm 212 Home Hub (APQ8009) and Qualcomm 624 Home Hub (APQ8053) were announced on January 9, 2018. The QCS400 Series was announced March 19, 2019. Model number Fab CPU GPU DSP ISP Audio Memory technology Modem Connectivity Sampling availability APQ8009 (SDA212) 28 nm (TSMC 28LP) 4 cores up to 1.3 GHz Cortex-A7 (ARMv7) Adreno 304 (HD) Hexagon 536 Up to 16 MP camera LPDDR2/3 Single-Channel 533 MHz none Bluetooth 4.2 + BLE, 802.11a/b/g/n/ac (2.4/5 GHz) Wi-Fi APQ8017 4 cores up to 1.4 GHz Cortex-A53 (ARMv8) Adreno 308 (Full HD) LPDDR3 Single-channel 667 MHz APQ8053 (SDA624) 14 nm (Samsung 14LPP) 8 cores up to 1.8 GHz Cortex-A53 (ARMv8) Adreno 506 (Full HD+) Hexagon 546 Up to 24 MP camera / 13 MP dual LPDDR3 QCS403 Dual-core CPU none 2x Hexagon V66 12x Audio Channels Supported Bluetooth 5.1; 802.11ax-ready, 802.11ac, 4x4 (MIMO); Zigbee/15.4 Q1 2019 QCS404 Quad-core CPU QCS405 Adreno 306 (Full HD+) QCS407 32x Audio Channels Supported Mixed Reality (MR) platforms Snapdragon XR series In May 2018, Qualcomm announced the Snapdragon XR1 Platform, their first purpose-built SoC for Augmented reality, Virtual reality and mixed reality. Qualcomm also announced that HTC Vive, Pico, Meta, and Vuzix would be announcing consumer products featuring the XR1 by the end of 2018. The Snapdragon XR2 5G Platform was announced on December 5, 2019, and is a derivative of the Snapdragon 865. It is used in the Meta Quest 2, the HTC Vive Focus 3 and the Pico 4. The Snapdragon XR2+ Gen 1 Platform was announced on October 11, 2022, and is used in the Meta Quest Pro. On September 27, 2023 Qualcomm announced the Snapdragon XR2 Gen 2 Platform for MR and VR headsets. Qualcomm claims 2.5x higher GPU and 8x better AI performance compared to its predecessor the XR2 5G. The SoC can handle up to 10 concurrent sensors & cameras, per-eye resolution of 3K x 3K and 12ms full-color video pass-through. With the support of Wi-Fi 7 network throughput is increased by 60% while latency is decreased by 80%. The platform debuted on the Meta Quest 3. The Snapdragon XR2+ Gen 2 Platform is an overclocked version of the XR2 Gen 2 announced on January 4, 2024. The GPU frequency has been increased by 15% while the CPU frequency has been increased by 20% compared to the XR2 Gen 2. This enables a higher 4.3K resolution per-eye at 90 Hz and the processing of 12 or more concurrent cameras and sensors. This chip forms the basis of the XR headset and ecosystem jointly developed by Qualcomm, Samsung, and Google that has been announced at Galaxy Unpacked in February 2023. Product Name Fab CPU (ARMv8) GPU DSP ISP Memory technology Tracking Connectivity Sampling availability XR1 10 nm (Samsung 10LPP) 4x Kryo 385 Gold + 4x Kryo 385 Silver Adreno 615 Hexagon 685 Spectra LPDDR4X 3DoF and 6DoF head and controller tracking WiFi 5 Bluetooth 5 Q1 2019 XR2 7 nm (TSMC N7+) 1x Kryo 585 Prime + 3x Kryo 585 Gold + 4x Kryo 585 Silver Adreno 650 (up to 2x 3K displays at 90 Hz) Hexagon 698 Spectra (input from up to 7 cameras) Full 6DoF head and controller tracking, as well as hand and finger tracking WiFi 6 Bluetooth 5 5G Q1 2020 XR2+ Gen1 LPDDR5 WiFi 6E Bluetooth 5.2 5G Q4 2022 XR2 Gen2 4 nm (TSMC N4) 1x Kryo Prime + 4x Kryo Gold + 3x Kryo Silver Adreno 740 (up to 2x 3K displays at 90 Hz) Hexagon Spectra (input from up to 10 cameras) LPDDR5X WiFi 7 Bluetooth 5.3 5G Q4 2023 XR2+ Gen2 Adreno 740 (up to 2x 4.3K displays at 90 Hz) Hexagon Spectra (input from up to 12 cameras) Q1 2024 Snapdragon AR series The Qualcomm Snapdragon AR2 Gen 1 Platform was announced November 17, 2022. It is intended for use in smart glasses. On September 27, 2023 Qualcomm announced the Snapdragon AR1 Gen 1 Platform for slim and light AR glasses. It is designed to enable personal assistants, audio quality enhancement, visual search, and real-time translation using on-device AI acceleration. The platform supports binocular displays with up to 1280 x 1280 resolution for heads-up information and also content consumption. The new 14-bit ISP can capture 12MP photos and 6MP video recording & live-streaming. Head tracking is limited to 3DoF (three degrees of freedom). Gaming platforms Snapdragon G series In December 2021, Qualcomm announced the Snapdragon G3x Gen 1 Gaming Platform. The Razer Edge is the first device to use the platform. Analyzing Geekbench listings for the Razer Edge it is fair to assume that the G3x Gen 1 is a rebranding of the Snapdragon 888+ as it has the same motherboard code name (Lahaina), the same CPU clusters and clock speeds, and the same GPU. Connectivity options also seem in line. In August 2023, Qualcomm announced the Snapdragon G series platform designed for handheld gaming devices. Product Name CPU GPU Modem Connectivity Display Sampling availability G1 Gen 1 Kryo (8 core) Adreno A11 — Wi-Fi 5, Bluetooth 5.0 HD at 60 fps Q4 2023 G2 Gen 1 Adreno A21 X62 5G/LTE Wi-Fi 6/6E, Bluetooth 5.0 FHD+ up to 144 fps G3x Gen 1 Adreno 660 X60 5G/LTE Wi-Fi 6E, Bluetooth 5.2 Q1 2023 G3x Gen 2 Adreno A32 X70 5G/LTE Wi-Fi 7, Bluetooth 5.3 Q4 2023 Bluetooth SoC platforms Following Qualcomm's acquisition of CSR in 2015, Qualcomm designs ultra-low-power Bluetooth SoCs under the CSR, QCA and QCC brands for wireless headphones and earbuds. Qualcomm has worked with both Amazon and Google on reference designs to help manufacturers develop headsets with support for Alexa, Google Assistant and Google Fast Pair. Qualcomm announced the QCC5100 Series at CES 2018. On January 28, 2020, the QCC304x and QCC514x SoCs were published as Bluetooth 5.2 certified by the Bluetooth SIG. On the previous day Qualcomm published a blog post on LE Audio, referring to the QCC5100 series. On March 25, 2020, the BLE Audio QCC304x and QCC514x SoCs were officially announced. Qualcomm QCC300x Series Bluetooth audio SoCs Model number Fab CPU DSP Bluetooth Technologies support Power consumption DAC output / Digital microphone input Sampling availability QCC3001 RISC application processor (Up to 80 MHz) Single core Qualcomm Kalimba DSP (Up to 80 MHz) Bluetooth 5.0 Dual-mode Bluetooth TrueWireless Stereo cVc audio Mono / 2-mic QCC3002 TrueWireless Stereo aptX Classic/HD/LL cVc audio QCC3003 cVc audio Stereo / 1-mic QCC3004 Stereo / 2-mic QCC3005 aptX Classic/HD/LL cVc audio Qualcomm QCC30xx Series Bluetooth audio SoCs Model number Fab CPU DSP Bluetooth Technologies support Power consumption DAC output / Digital microphone input Digital Assistant activation Sampling availability QCC3020 Dual core 32-bit application processor (Up to 80 MHz) Single core Qualcomm Kalimba DSP (Up to 120 MHz) Bluetooth 5.0 Bluetooth Low Energy sensor hub, Dual-mode Bluetooth Bluetooth Speed: 2 Mbit/s aptX Classic/HD/LL TrueWireless Stereo Plus cVc audio ~6mA (2DP streaming) Mono / 2-mic Button press H1 2017 QCC3021 Stereo / 1-mic QCC3024 cVc audio Google Fast Pair Stereo / 2-mic QCC3026 aptX Classic/HD/LL TrueWireless Stereo Plus cVc audio Mono / 2-mic QCC3031 aptX Classic/HD/LL TrueWireless Stereo Plus cVc audio Stereo / 1-mic QCC3034 aptX Classic/HD/LL cVc audio Google Fast Pair Mono / 2-mic QCC3040 Dual core 32-bit application processor (Up to 80 MHz) Single core Qualcomm Kalimba DSP (Up to 120 MHz) Bluetooth 5.2 BLE Audio, Bluetooth Low Energy sensor hub, Bluetooth Low Energy, Dual-mode Bluetooth Bluetooth speed: 2 Mbit/s aptX Classic/HD TrueWireless mirroring ANC (Feedforward/feedback and hybrid) cVc audio Google Fast Pair <5 mA Stereo / 2-mic Button press H1 2020 QCC3046 <5 mA Qualcomm QCC510x Series Bluetooth audio SoCs Model number Fab CPU DSP Bluetooth Technologies support Power consumption Digital Assistant activation Sampling availability QCC5120 Dual core 32-bit application processor (Up to 80 MHz) Dual core Qualcomm Kalimba DSP (Up to 120 MHz) Bluetooth 5.0 Bluetooth Low Energy, Bluetooth Low Energy sensor hub, Dual-mode Bluetooth Bluetooth Speed: 2 Mbit/s aptX Classic/HD/LL eXtension program TrueWireless Stereo Plus ANC (FeedForward/Feedback and Hybrid) cVc audio Google Fast Pair ~6mA (2DP streaming) ~7mA HFP Narrow Band, 1 Digital MIC cVc Button press Qualcomm Voice Activation H1 2018 QCC5121 QCC5124 QCC5125 Single core Qualcomm Kalimba DSP (Up to 120 MHz) aptX Classic/HD/LL eXtension program TrueWireless Stereo Plus ANC (FeedForward/Feedback) cVc audio Google Fast Pair ~10mA (2DP streaming) ~10mA HFP Narrow Band, 1 Digital MIC cVc Button press QCC5141 Dual core 32-bit application processor (Up to 80 MHz) Dual core Qualcomm Kalimba DSP (Up to 120 MHz) Bluetooth 5.2 BLE Audio, Bluetooth Low Energy sensor hub, Bluetooth Low Energy, Dual-mode Bluetooth Speed: 2 Mbit/s aptX Adaptive eXtension program TrueWireless Mirroring ANC (FeedForward/Feedback) cVc audio Google Fast Pair ~5mA A2DP stream Button press Qualcomm Voice Activation H1 2020 QCC5144 See also List of devices using Qualcomm Snapdragon systems on chips Qualcomm Adreno Qualcomm Hexagon List of Qualcomm Snapdragon modems Apple M1 Tegra Exynos HiSilicon List of MediaTek systems on chips List of UNISOC systems on chips References ^ "www.tripleoxygen.net" (PDF). ^ "phonedb.net qualcomm_msm6260". ^ "phonedb.net qualcomm_msm6550". ^ "phonedb.net qualcomm_msm6500". ^ a b "semiwiki.com" (PDF). ^ a b "phonedb.net". ^ "qualcomm qsd8250 snapdragon s1 tous les téléphones (liste)". 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External links Media related to Snapdragon (microprocessor) at Wikimedia Commons Official website, product page vte ARM-based chips vteApplication ARM-based chips Arm ARM architecture family List of ARM processors List of products using ARM processors ARM Cortex-A ARM Cortex-R ARM Cortex-M Comparison of ARM processors Applicationprocessors(32-bit)ARMv7-ACortex-A5 Actions ATM702x Amlogic M805/S805, T82x Atmel SAMA5D3 InfoTM iMAPx820, iMAPx15 Qualcomm Snapdragon S4 Play, 200 RDA RDA8810PL Telechips TCC892x Cortex-A7 Allwinner A2x, A3x, A83T, H3, H8 NXP i.MX7, QorIQ LS10xx, NXP i.MX6UL Broadcom VideoCore BCM2836, BCM23550 Leadcore LC1813, LC1860/C, LC1913, LC1960 Marvell Armada PXA1920, 1500 mini plus MediaTek MT65xx Qualcomm Snapdragon 200, 400 Cortex-A8 Allwinner A1x Apple A4 Freescale i.MX5 Rockchip RK291x Samsung Exynos 3110(S5PC110), S5PV210 Texas Instruments OMAP 3 Texas Instruments Sitara AM3xxx Texas Instruments DM38x ZiiLABS ZMS-08 Cortex-A9 Actions ATM702x, ATM703x Altera Cyclone V, Arria V/10 Amlogic AML8726, MX, M6x, M801, M802/S802, S812, T86x Apple A5, A5X Broadcom VideoCore BCM21xxx, BCM28xxx Freescale i.MX6 HiSilicon K3V2, 910's InfoTM iMAPx912 Leadcore LC1810, LC1811 Marvell Armada 1500 mini MediaTek MT65xx Nvidia Tegra, 2, 3, 4i Nufront NuSmart 2816M, NS115, NS115M Renesas EMMA EV2, R-Car H1, RZ/A Rockchip RK292x, RK30xx, RK31xx Samsung Exynos 4 421x, 441x ST-Ericsson NovaThor Telechips TCC8803 Texas Instruments OMAP 4 Texas Instruments Sitara AM4xxx VIA WonderMedia WM88x0, 89x0 Xilinx Zynq-7000 ZiiLABS ZMS-20, ZMS-40 Cortex-A15 Allwinner A80 HiSilicon K3V3 MediaTek MT8135/V Nvidia Tegra 4, K1 Renesas R-Car H2 Samsung Exynos 5 52xx, 54xx Texas Instruments OMAP 5, DRA7xx, AM57xx Texas Instruments Sitara AM5xxx Cortex-A17 MediaTek MT6595, MT5595 MStar 6A928 Rockchip RK3288 Others Cortex-A12 ARMv7-Acompatible Apple A6, A6X, S1, S1P, S2, S3 Broadcom Brahma-B15 Marvell P4J Qualcomm Snapdragon S1, S2, S3, S4 Plus, S4 Pro, 600, 800 (Scorpion, Krait) ARMv8-AOthers Cortex-A32 Applicationprocessors(64-bit)ARMv8-ACortex-A35 NXP i.MX8X MediaTek MT6799, MT8516 Rockchip RK3308 Cortex-A53 Actions GT7, S900, V700 Allwinner A64, H5, H64, R18 Altera Stratix 10 Amlogic S9 Family, T96x Broadcom BCM2837 EZchip TILE-Mx100 HiSilicon Kirin 620, 650, 655, 658, 659, 930, 935 Marvell Armada PXA1928, Mobile PXA1908/PXA1936 MediaTek MT673x, MT675x, MT6761V, MT6762/V, MT6763T, MT6765/G/H, MT6795, MT8161, MT8163, MT8165, MT8732, MT8735, MT8752 NXP ARM S32, QorIQ LS1088, LS1043, i.MX8M Qualcomm Snapdragon 215, 410, 412, 415, 425, 427, 430, 435, 429, 439, 450, 610, 615, 616, 617, 625, 626, 630 Renesas RZ/V2M Rockchip RK3328, RK3368 Samsung Exynos 7570, 7578, 7580, 7870, 7880 Texas Instruments Sitara AM6xxx UNISOC SC9820E, SC9832E, SC9860/GV Xilinx ZynqMP Cortex-A57 AMD Opteron A1100-series NXP QorIQ LS20xx Nvidia Tegra X1 and Tegra X2 Qualcomm Snapdragon 808 and 810 Samsung Exynos 7 5433, 7420 HiSilicon Kirin Hi1610 and Hi1612 Cortex-A72 AWS Graviton Broadcom BCM2711 HiSilicon Kirin 950, 955, Kunpeng 916 MediaTek MT6797/D/T/X, MT8173, MT8176, MT8693 MStar 6A938 Qualcomm Snapdragon 650, 652, 653 Rockchip RK3399 NXP QorIQ LS2088, QorIQ LS1046A, QorIQ LX2160A, QorIQ LS1028A, i.MX8 Cortex-A73 Qualcomm Snapdragon 460, 636, 660, 632, 662, 665, 680, 685, 835 Samsung Exynos 7872, 7884, 7885, 7904, 9609, 9610, 9611 HiSilicon Kirin 710, 960, 970 MediaTek MT6771/V, MT6799, MT8183, MT8788 Amlogic S922X Others Cortex-A34 ARMv8-Acompatible Ampere eMAG Apple A7, A8, A8X, A9, A9X, A10, A10X Applied Micro X-Gene Cavium ThunderX Nvidia Tegra K1 (Denver), Tegra X2 (Denver2) Qualcomm Kryo, Falkor Samsung Exynos M1 (Mongoose), M2 (Mongoose) ARMv8.1-AARMv8.1-Acompatible Cavium ThunderX2 ARMv8.2-ACortex-A55 Samsung Exynos 850 UNISOC SC9863/A, T603 Cortex-A75 Qualcomm Snapdragon 670, 710, 712, 845, 850 Samsung Exynos 9820, 9825 MediaTek MT6769H/T/V/Z, MT6768, MT6779V UNISOC T310, T606, T610, T616, T618, T619, T700, T710, T740 Cortex-A76 Google Tensor HiSilicon Kirin 810, 820, 980, 985, 990 Qualcomm Snapdragon 480(+), 675, 678, 720G, 730(G), 732G, 765(G), 768G, 855(+) and 860, 7c, 7c Gen 2, 8c, 8cx and 8cx Gen 2 Microsoft SQ1 and SQ2 MediaTek MT6781, MT6785V, MT6789, MT6833V/P, MT6853V/T, MT6873, MT6875, Dimensity 6020, 6080, 6100+, 6300, MT8192 Samsung Exynos 990 UNISOC T750, T760, T770, T765, T820 Cortex-A77 MediaTek Dimensity 1000(+) Qualcomm Snapdragon 690, 750G, 865(+) and 870 HiSilicon Kirin 9000 Samsung Exynos 880, 980 Cortex-A78 Google Tensor G2 MediaTek MT6877, MT6878, MT6879, MT6891, MT6893, Dimensity 7020, 7025, 7030, 7050, 8000, 8020, 8050, 8100, 8200, Kompanio 900T, 1200, 1380, 1300T Qualcomm Snapdragon 4 Gen 1, 4 Gen 2, 695, 6 Gen 1, 778G(+), 780G, 782G, 888(+) Samsung Exynos 1080, 1280, 1330, 1380, 2100 Cortex-X1 Google Tensor, Tensor G2 Qualcomm Snapdragon 888(+) Samsung Exynos 2100 Neoverse N1 Ampere Altra, Altra Max AWS Graviton2 Others Cortex-A65, Cortex-A65AE, Cortex-A76AE, Cortex-A78C, Cortex-X1C, Neoverse E1 ARMv8.2-Acompatible Apple A11 Fujitsu A64FX HiSilicon TaiShan v110 Nvidia Tegra Xavier (Carmel) Samsung Exynos M3 (Meerkat), M4 (Cheetah), M5 (Lion) ARMv8.3-AARMv8.3-Acompatible Apple A12, A12X/A12Z, S4, S5 Marvell ThunderX3 ARMv8.4-ANeoverse V1 AWS Graviton3 ARMv8.4-Acompatible Apple A13, S6, S7, S8 ARMv8.5-AARMv8.5-Acompatible Apple A14, M1 ARMv8.6-AARMv8.6-Acompatible Apple A15, A16, A17, M2, M3 ARMv9.0-ACortex-A510 MediaTek Dimensity 7200 (Pro/Ultra), 8300 (Ultra), 9000/9000+, 9200 Qualcomm Snapdragon 7 Gen 1, 7s/7+ Gen 2, 7 Gen 3, 8(+) Gen 1, 8 Gen 2 Samsung Exynos 2200 Cortex-A710 MediaTek Dimensity 9000/9000+ Qualcomm Snapdragon 7 Gen 1, 7s/7+ Gen 2, 8(+) Gen 1, 8 Gen 2 Samsung Exynos 2200 Cortex-A715 MediaTek Dimensity 7200 (Pro/Ultra), 8300 (Ultra), 9200 Qualcomm Snapdragon 7 Gen 3, 8 Gen 2 Cortex-X2 MediaTek Dimensity 9000/9000+ Qualcomm Snapdragon 7s/7+ Gen 2, 8(+) Gen 1 Samsung Exynos 2200 Cortex-X3 Google Tensor G3 MediaTek Dimensity 9200/9200+ Qualcomm Snapdragon 8 Gen 2 Neoverse N2 Alibaba YiTian 710 Microsoft Azure Cobalt 100 Neoverse V2 AWS Graviton4 Nvidia Grace Google Axion ARMv9.2-ACortex-A520 Qualcomm Snapdragon 7+ Gen 3, Snapdragon 8(s) Gen 3 Samsung Exynos 2400 Cortex-A720 MediaTek Dimensity 9300(+) Qualcomm Snapdragon 7+ Gen 3, Snapdragon 8(s) Gen 3 Samsung Exynos 2400 Cortex-X4 MediaTek Dimensity 9300(+) Qualcomm Snapdragon 7+ Gen 3, Snapdragon 8(s) Gen 3 Samsung Exynos 2400 Neoverse N3-Neoverse V3- vteEmbedded ARM-based chips ARM Holdings ARM architecture family List of ARM cores ARM Cortex-A ARM Cortex-R ARM Cortex-M List of ARM Cortex-M development tools EmbeddedmicrocontrollersCortex-M0 Cypress PSoC 4000, 4100, 4100M, 4200, 4200DS, 4200L, 4200M Infineon XMC1000 Nordic nRF51 NXP LPC1100, LPC1200 nuvoTon NuMicro Sonix SN32F700 STMicroelectronics STM32 F0 Toshiba TX00 Vorago VA108x0 Cortex-M0+ Cypress PSoC 4000S, 4100S, 4100S+, 4100PS, 4700S, FM0+ Holtek HT32F52000 Microchip (Atmel) SAM C2, D0, D1, D2, DA, L2, R2, R3 NXP LPC800, LPC11E60, LPC11U60 NXP (Freescale) Kinetis E, EA, L, M, V1, W0 Raspberry Pi RP2040 Renesas Synergy S1 Silicon Labs (Energy Micro) EFM32 Zero, Happy STMicroelectronics STM32 L0 Cortex-M1 Altera FPGAs Cyclone-II, Cyclone-III, Stratix-II, Stratix-III Microsemi (Actel) FPGAs Fusion, IGLOO/e, ProASIC3L, ProASIC3/E Xilinx FPGAs Spartan-3, Virtex-2-3-4 Cortex-M3 Actel SmartFusion, SmartFusion 2 Analog Devices ADuCM300 Cypress PSoC 5000, 5000LP, FM3 Fujitsu FM3 Holtek HT32F Microchip (Atmel) SAM 3A, 3N, 3S, 3U, 3X NXP LPC1300, LPC1700, LPC1800 ON Semiconductor Q32M210 Silicon Labs Precision32 Silicon Labs (Energy Micro) EFM32 Tiny, Gecko, Leopard, Giant STMicroelectronics STM32 F1, F2, L1 Texas Instruments F28, LM3, TMS470, OMAP 4 Toshiba TX03 Cortex-M4 Microchip (Atmel) SAM 4L, 4N, 4S NXP (Freescale) Kinetis K, W2 Renesas RA4W1, RA6M1, RA6M2, RA6M3, RA6T1 Cortex-M4F Cypress 6200, FM4 Infineon XMC4000 Microchip (Atmel) SAM 4C, 4E, D5, E5, G5 Microchip CEC1302 Nordic nRF52 NXP LPC4000, LPC4300 NXP (Freescale) Kinetis K, V3, V4 Renesas Synergy S3, S5, S7 Silicon Labs (Energy Micro) EFM32 Wonder STMicroelectronics STM32 F3, F4, L4, L4+, WB Texas Instruments LM4F/TM4C, MSP432 Toshiba TX04 Cortex-M7F Microchip (Atmel) SAM E7, S7, V7 NXP (Freescale) Kinetis KV5x, i.MX RT 10xx, i.MX RT 11xx, S32K3xx STMicroelectronics STM32 F7, H7 Cortex-M23 GigaDevice CD32E2xx Microchip (Atmel) SAM L10, L11, and PIC 32CM-LE 32CM-LS Nuvoton M23xx family, M2xx family, NUC1262, M2L31 Renesas S1JA, RA2A1, RA2L1, RA2E1, RA2E2 Cortex-M33F Analog Devices ADUCM4 Dialog DA1469x GigaDevice GD32E5, GD32W5 Nordic nRF91, nRF5340, nRF54 NXP LPC5500, i.MX RT600 ON RSL15 Renesas RA4, RA6 ST STM32 H5, L5, U5, WBA Silicon Labs Wireless Gecko Series 2 Cortex-M35P STMicroelectronics ST33K Cortex-M55F Alif Semiconductor Ensemble Infineon PSoC Edge Cortex-M85F Renesas RA8 Real-timemicroprocessorsCortex-R4F Texas Instruments RM4, TMS570 Renesas RZ/T1 Cortex-R5F Scaleo OLEA Texas Instruments RM57, AM2 Xilinx Versal, ZynqMP, ZynqRF Cortex-R7F Renesas RZ/G2E, RZ/G2H, RZ/G2M, RZ/G2N Cortex-R52F NXP S32Z, S32E Renesas RZ/N2L, RZ/T2L, RZ/T2M Cortex-R52+F STMicroelectronics Stellar G, Stellar P vteClassic ARM-based chips ARM Holdings ARM architecture family List of ARM cores ARM Cortex-A ARM Cortex-R ARM Cortex-M List of ARM Cortex-M development tools ClassicprocessorsARM7 Atmel SAM7L, SAM7S, SAM7SE, SAM7X, SAM7XC, AT91CAP7, AT91M, AT91R Cirrus Logic PS7xxx, EP7xxx Mediatek MT62xx NXP LPC2100, LPC2200, LPC2300, LPC2400, LH7 STMicroelectronics STR7 ARM9 Aspeed AST2400 Atmel SAM9G, SAM9M, SAM9N, SAM9R, SAM9X, SAM9XE, SAM926x, AT91CAP9 Cirrus Logic EP9xxx Freescale i.MX1x, i.MX2x Nuvoton NUC900 NXP LPC2900, LPC3000, LH7A Philips Nexperia PNX4008 Rockchip RK27xx, RK28xx Samsung S3C24xx STMicroelectronics Nomadik STn881x STMicroelectronics STR9 Texas Instruments OMAP 1, AM1x, DaVinci VIA WonderMedia WM8505/8650 ZiiLABS ZMS-05 ARM11 Broadcom BCM2835 Cavium CNS3xxx Freescale i.MX3x Infotmic IMAPX210/220 Mindspeed Comcerto 1000 Nvidia Tegra APX, 6xx Qualcomm MSM7000, Snapdragon S1 Samsung S3C64xx, S5P64xx ST-NXP Wireless Nomadik STn882x Telechips TCC8902 Texas Instruments OMAP 2 VIA WonderMedia WM87x0 ARMv2acompatible Amber (open FPGA core) ARMv4compatible Faraday FA526, FA626 DEC/Intel StrongARM ARMv5TEcompatible Intel/Marvell XScale Marvell Sheeva, Feroceon, Jolteon, Mohawk Faraday FA606TE, FA616TE, FA626TE, FA726TE
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Qualcomm Snapdragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualcomm_Snapdragon"},{"link_name":"systems on chips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_on_a_chip"},{"link_name":"Qualcomm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualcomm"},{"link_name":"smartphones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone"},{"link_name":"tablets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablet_computer"},{"link_name":"laptops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laptop"},{"link_name":"2-in-1 PCs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-in-1_PC"},{"link_name":"smartwatches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartwatch"},{"link_name":"smartbooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartbook"}],"text":"This is a list of Qualcomm Snapdragon systems on chips (SoC) made by Qualcomm for use in smartphones, tablets, laptops, 2-in-1 PCs, smartwatches, and smartbooks devices.","title":"List of Qualcomm Snapdragon systems on chips"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"SoC made by Qualcomm before it was renamed to Snapdragon.[1]","title":"Before Snapdragon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Devices using Qualcomm Snapdragon processors § Snapdragon S1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devices_using_Qualcomm_Snapdragon_processors#Snapdragon_S1"},{"link_name":"CPU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unit"},{"link_name":"Scorpion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scorpion_(CPU)"},{"link_name":"Cortex-A5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_Cortex-A5"},{"link_name":"ARM11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM11"},{"link_name":"L2 cache","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPU_cache"},{"link_name":"L1 cache","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPU_cache"},{"link_name":"GPU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit"},{"link_name":"Adreno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adreno"},{"link_name":"Adreno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adreno"},{"link_name":"OpenGL ES","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenGL_ES"},{"link_name":"OpenVG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenVG"},{"link_name":"Direct3D Mobile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct3D_Mobile"},{"link_name":"Unified shader model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_shader_model"},{"link_name":"VLIW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Very_long_instruction_word"},{"link_name":"DSP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_signal_processor"},{"link_name":"Hexagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualcomm_Hexagon"},{"link_name":"Hexagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualcomm_Hexagon"},{"link_name":"ISP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_processor"},{"link_name":"Modem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modem"},{"link_name":"wireless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless"},{"link_name":"Bluetooth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth"},{"link_name":"Bluetooth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Devices using Qualcomm Snapdragon processors § Snapdragon S2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devices_using_Qualcomm_Snapdragon_processors#Snapdragon_S2"},{"link_name":"CPU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unit"},{"link_name":"Scorpion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scorpion_(CPU)"},{"link_name":"ARMv7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARMv7"},{"link_name":"L2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L2-Cache"},{"link_name":"GPU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit"},{"link_name":"Adreno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adreno"},{"link_name":"Adreno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adreno"},{"link_name":"Adreno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adreno"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-11"},{"link_name":"OpenGL ES 2.0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenGL_ES_2.0"},{"link_name":"Adreno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adreno"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:21-12"},{"link_name":"XGA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xga"},{"link_name":"OpenGL ES","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenGL_ES"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:14-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:14-13"},{"link_name":"LPDDR2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LPDDR2"},{"link_name":"DSP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_signal_processor"},{"link_name":"Hexagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualcomm_Hexagon"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Devices using Qualcomm Snapdragon processors § Snapdragon S3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devices_using_Qualcomm_Snapdragon_processors#Snapdragon_S3"},{"link_name":"CPU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unit"},{"link_name":"Scorpion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scorpion_(CPU)"},{"link_name":"GPU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit"},{"link_name":"Adreno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adreno"},{"link_name":"Adreno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adreno"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-11"},{"link_name":"OpenGL ES 2.0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenGL_ES_2.0"},{"link_name":"Adreno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adreno"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:21-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:14-13"},{"link_name":"DSP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_signal_processor"},{"link_name":"Hexagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualcomm_Hexagon"},{"link_name":"Hexagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualcomm_Hexagon"},{"link_name":"ISP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_processor"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Snapdragon_S4-18"},{"link_name":"Devices using Qualcomm Snapdragon processors § Snapdragon S4 Play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devices_using_Qualcomm_Snapdragon_processors#Snapdragon_S4_Play"},{"link_name":"Devices using Qualcomm Snapdragon processors § Snapdragon S4 Plus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devices_using_Qualcomm_Snapdragon_processors#Snapdragon_S4_Plus"},{"link_name":"CPU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unit"},{"link_name":"Krait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krait_(CPU)"},{"link_name":"Scorpion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scorpion_(CPU)"},{"link_name":"GPU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit"},{"link_name":"Adreno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adreno"},{"link_name":"1080p","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1080p"},{"link_name":"Adreno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adreno"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-11"},{"link_name":"Adreno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adreno"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:21-12"},{"link_name":"Adreno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adreno"},{"link_name":"Unified shader model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_shader_model"},{"link_name":"Unified shader model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_shader_model"},{"link_name":"VLIW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Very_long_instruction_word"},{"link_name":"OpenGL ES 2.0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenGL_ES_2.0"},{"link_name":"Adreno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adreno"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:21-12"},{"link_name":"DSP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_signal_processor"},{"link_name":"ISP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_processor"},{"link_name":"Hexagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualcomm_Hexagon"},{"link_name":"Modem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modem"},{"link_name":"wireless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless"},{"link_name":"Bluetooth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Devices using Qualcomm Snapdragon processors § Snapdragon S4 Pro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devices_using_Qualcomm_Snapdragon_processors#Snapdragon_S4_Pro"},{"link_name":"CPU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unit"},{"link_name":"Krait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krait_(CPU)"},{"link_name":"Krait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krait_(CPU)"},{"link_name":"GPU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit"},{"link_name":"Adreno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adreno"},{"link_name":"OpenGL ES","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenGL_ES"},{"link_name":"OpenGL ES 2.0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenGL_ES_2.0"},{"link_name":"Adreno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adreno"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:21-12"},{"link_name":"DSP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_signal_processor"},{"link_name":"Hexagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualcomm_Hexagon"},{"link_name":"ISP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_processor"},{"link_name":"Modem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modem"},{"link_name":"wireless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless"},{"link_name":"eMMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMMC"}],"text":"Snapdragon S1 notable features over its predecessor (MSM7xxx):Further information: Devices using Qualcomm Snapdragon processors § Snapdragon S1CPU features\n1 core up to 1 GHz Scorpion or Cortex-A5 or ARM11\nUp to 256K L2 cache\nUp to 32K+32K L1 cache\nGPU features\nAdreno 200 (From Software rendered or Adreno 130)\nOpenGL ES 1.1\nOpenVG 1.0\nDirect3D Mobile\nUnified shader model 5-way VLIW\nDSP features\nHexagon QDSP5 at 350 MHz or Hexagon QDSP6 600 MHz\nISP features\nUp to 12 MP camera\nModem and wireless features\nExternal Bluetooth 4.0 or external Bluetooth 2.0/2.1 on some models\n45 or 65 nm manufacturing technology[7]Snapdragon S2 notable features over its predecessor (Snapdragon S1):Further information: Devices using Qualcomm Snapdragon processors § Snapdragon S2CPU feature\n1 core up to 1.5 GHz Scorpion\nARMv7 (From ARMv6 on some model)\nUp to 384K L2\nGPU features\nAdreno 205 (From Software rendered or Adreno 200)\nUp to 266 MHz\nUp to 2 times faster than Adreno 200[11]\nUp to x2 relative performance on OpenGL ES 2.0 from Adreno 200[12]\nUp to XGA\nOpenGL ES 2.0\nSVGT 1.2[13]\nOpenVG 1.1\nDirect Draw\nGDI\nConcurrent CPU, DSP, graphics and MDP[13]\nMemory features\nUp to LPDDR2 32 bit Dual-channel 333 MHz (5.3 GB/s)\nDSP features\nHexagon QDSP5 at 256 MHz\n45 nm manufacturing technology\n904 pins[14]Snapdragon S3 notable features over its predecessor (Snapdragon S2):Further information: Devices using Qualcomm Snapdragon processors § Snapdragon S3CPU feature\n2 cores up to 1.7 GHz Scorpion\n512 KB L2\nGPU features\nAdreno 220\nUp to 4 time faster than Adreno 200[11]\nUp to x5 relative performance on OpenGL ES 2.0 from Adreno 200[12]\nEGL 1.3 (From 1.2)[13]\n2x Larger L2 cache (512 KB from 256 KB)\nUp to WXGA+\nDSP features\nHexagon QDSP6 at 400 MHz (From Hexagon QDSP5 at 256 MHz)\nISP features\nUp to 16 MP camera (From 12 MP)\n45 nm manufacturing technologySnapdragon S4 is offered in three models; S4 Play for budget and entry-level devices, S4 Plus for mid-range devices and S4 Pro for high-end devices.[18] It was launched in 2012.The Snapdragon S4 were succeeded by Snapdragon 200/400 series (S4 Play) and 600/800 series (S4 Plus and S4 Pro)Snapdragon S4 PlayFurther information: Devices using Qualcomm Snapdragon processors § Snapdragon S4 PlaySnapdragon S4 PlusFurther information: Devices using Qualcomm Snapdragon processors § Snapdragon S4 PlusSnapdragon S4 plus notable features over its predecessor (Snapdragon S3):CPU features\n2 cores up to 1.7 GHz Krait 200\n4+4 KB L0, 16+16 KB L1, 1 MB L2\nOut of Order Execution (From Partial Out of Order Execution on Scorpion)\nGPU features\nAdreno 225\nUp to 1080p screen\nUp to 6 time faster than Adreno 200[11]\nUp to 32 ALU\nDirect3D feature level 9.0 (From 9.0)[11]\nUp to x7.5 relative performance on OpenGL ES 2.0 from Adreno 200[12]\nAdreno 305\nUp to 1080p screen (on 400 MHz)\nUp to 720p screen (on 320 MHz)\nUp to 24 ALU (From 32 on S3)\nUnified shader model Scalar instruction set (From Unified shader model 5-way VLIW)\nUp to x8 relative performance on OpenGL ES 2.0 from Adreno 200[12]\nDSP features\nUp to 20 MP or 13.5 MP camera\nISP features\nHexagon QDSP6\nModem and wireless features\nIntegrated Bluetooth 4.0\nIZat Gen8A (From IZat Gen 7)[19]\n28 nm manufacturing technologySnapdragon S4 Pro and Snapdragon S4 Prime (2012)Further information: Devices using Qualcomm Snapdragon processors § Snapdragon S4 ProSnapdragon S4 Pro notable features over its predecessor (Snapdragon S4 Play):CPU features\nup to 2 cores up to 1.7 GHz Krait 300 on to Snapdragon S4 Pro\nup to 4 cores up to 1.5 GHz Krait 300 on to Snapdragon S4 Prime\n4+4 KB L0, 16+16 KB L1, 1 MB L2\nGPU features\nAdreno 320\nSupport OpenGL ES 3.0\nUp to 1080p screen\nUp to 64 ALU (From 32 on S4 plus)\nUp to x23 relative performance on OpenGL ES 2.0 from Adreno 200[12]\nDSP features\nHexagon QDSP6\nISP features\nUp to 20 MP camera\nModem and wireless features\nLTE FDD/TDD Cat 3 or external on some models\n28 nm LP manufacturing technology\nUp to eMMC 4.4/4.4.1","title":"Snapdragon S series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Devices using Qualcomm Snapdragon processors § Snapdragon 2 series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devices_using_Qualcomm_Snapdragon_processors#Snapdragon_2_series"}],"text":"Further information: Devices using Qualcomm Snapdragon processors § Snapdragon 2 seriesThe Snapdragon 2 series is the entry-level SoC designed for low-end or ultra-budget smartphones. It replaces the MSM8225 S4 Play model as the lowest-end SoC in the entire Snapdragon lineup.","title":"Snapdragon 2 Series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Snapdragon_208_and_210_announcement-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Snapdragon_412_and_212_announcement-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Qualcomm_215_announcement-27"},{"link_name":"Android Go Edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_Go"}],"sub_title":"Snapdragon 200 series (2013–2019)","text":"The Snapdragon 200 was announced in 2013.\nThe Snapdragon 208 and Snapdragon 210 were announced on September 9, 2014.[24]\nThe Snapdragon 212 was announced on July 28, 2015.[25]\nThe Qualcomm 205 Mobile Platform formally falls under the Mobile Platform brand, but is practically a Snapdragon 208 with a X5 LTE modem. It was announced March 20, 2017.[26]\nThe Qualcomm 215 was announced on July 9, 2019.[27] It is a toned-down variant of the Snapdragon 425 and primarily optimized for Android Go Edition devices.","title":"Snapdragon 2 Series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Devices using Qualcomm Snapdragon processors § Snapdragon 4 series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devices_using_Qualcomm_Snapdragon_processors#Snapdragon_4_series"}],"text":"Further information: Devices using Qualcomm Snapdragon processors § Snapdragon 4 seriesThe Snapdragon 4 Series is the entry-level SoC designed for the more upmarket entry-level segment, as opposed to the 2 Series, which were aimed at ultra-budget segment. Similar to the 2 Series, it is the successor of the S4 Play.","title":"Snapdragon 4 Series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceB-35"},{"link_name":"SMIC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor_Manufacturing_International_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Snapdragon_412_and_212_announcement-25"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2015-02-18_announcement-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Qualcomm_Snapdragon_617_and_430-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2016-02-11_announcement-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2016-10-18_announcement-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S653-S626-S427-XDA-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Snapdragon_450_announcement-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Snapdragon_429_439_632_announcement-43"},{"link_name":"NavIC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navigation_with_Indian_Constellation"},{"link_name":"Kryo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kryo"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Snapdragon_460_662_720G_announcement-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Qualcomm_Snapdragon_480_announcement-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Qualcomm_480+_680_695_778G+_announcement-46"}],"sub_title":"Snapdragon 400 series (2013–2021)","text":"The Snapdragon 400 was announced in 2013.\nThe Snapdragon 410 was announced on December 9, 2013.[35] It was Qualcomm's first 64-bit mobile system on a chip and first manufactured in China by SMIC.[36]\nThe Snapdragon 412 was announced on July 28, 2015.[25]\nThe Snapdragon 415 and the older Snapdragon 425 (later cancelled) were announced on February 18, 2015.[37]\nSnapdragon 425, 427, 430 and 435 are pin and software compatible; software compatible with Snapdragon 429, 439, 450, 625, 626 and 632.\nThe Snapdragon 430 was announced on September 15, 2015.[38]\nThe new Snapdragon 425 and Snapdragon 435 were announced on February 11, 2016.[39]\nThe Snapdragon 427 was announced on October 18, 2016.[40][41]\nThe Snapdragon 450 was announced on June 28, 2017.[42] Pin and software compatible with Snapdragon 625, 626 and 632; software compatible with Snapdragon 425, 427, 429, 430, 435 and 439.\nThe Snapdragon 429 and 439 were announced on June 26, 2018.[43] Snapdragon 429 and 439 pin and software compatibility; software compatible with Snapdragon 425, 427, 430, 435, 450, 625, 626 and 632.\nThe Snapdragon 460 was announced on 20 January 2020, with NavIC support. It is the first Snapdragon 400 model to incorporate the Kryo architecture.[44]\nThe Snapdragon 480 was announced on January 4, 2021, and is the first SoC in the Snapdragon 4-Series by Qualcomm to support 5G Connectivity.[45]\nThe Snapdragon 480+ was announced on October 26, 2021.[46]","title":"Snapdragon 4 Series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Qualcomm_Snapdragon_4_&_6_Gen_1_announcement-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Qualcomm_Delivers_Unprecedented_Accessibility_to_Mobile_Experiences_in_the_Value_Tier_with_New_Snapdragon_4_Gen_2_Mobile_Platform-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Redmi_Note_13R-63"}],"sub_title":"Snapdragon 4 (2022-2023)","text":"The Snapdragon 4 Gen 1 was announced on September 6, 2022.[61]\nThe Snapdragon 4 Gen 2 was announced on June 26, 2023.[62]\nThe Snapdragon 4 Gen 2 Leading Version was launched on Redmi Note 13R on May 17, 2024.[63]","title":"Snapdragon 4 Series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Devices using Qualcomm Snapdragon processors § Snapdragon 6 series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devices_using_Qualcomm_Snapdragon_processors#Snapdragon_6_series"}],"text":"Further information: Devices using Qualcomm Snapdragon processors § Snapdragon 6 seriesThe Snapdragon 6 Series is the mid-range SoC primarily targeted at both the entry-level and mid-range segments, succeeding the S4 Plus. It is the most commonly used Snapdragon lineup, appearing in mainstream devices of various manufacturers.","title":"Snapdragon 6 Series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qualcomm_c-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Snapdragon_615_MWC-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Qualcomm_Snapdragon_610_&_615-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Snapdragon_616_debuts-69"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Qualcomm_Snapdragon_617_and_430-38"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Qualcomm_Snapdragon_625_and_435-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Qualcomm_Snapdragon_653_and_626-71"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2015-02-18_announcement-37"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Snapdragon_6xx_Rebrand-72"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2016-10-18_announcement-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S653-S626-S427-XDA-41"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Snapdragon_630_660_announcement-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Snapdragon_636_announcement-74"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Snapdragon_429_439_632_announcement-43"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Qualcomm_Snapdragon_670_announcement-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Qualcomm_Snapdragon_675_announcement-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Qualcomm_Snapdragon_665_730_announcement-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Snapdragon_665_announcement-78"},{"link_name":"NavIC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAVIC"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Snapdragon_460_662_720G_announcement-44"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Snapdragon_678_announcement-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Qualcomm_Snapdragon_690_announcement-80"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Qualcomm_480+_680_695_778G+_announcement-46"}],"sub_title":"Snapdragon 600 series (2013–2023)","text":"The Snapdragon 600 was announced on January 8, 2013.[66] Unlike the later models of the 600 series, Snapdragon 600 was considered a high-end SoC similar to the Snapdragon 800, and was the direct successor of both the Snapdragon S4 Plus and S4 Pro.\nThe Snapdragon 610 and Snapdragon 615 were announced on February 24, 2014.[67] The Snapdragon 615 was Qualcomm's first octa-core SoC. Starting with the Snapdragon 610, the 600 series is a mid-range SoC lineup, as opposed to the original Snapdragon 600, which was a high-end model.[68]\nThe Snapdragon 616 was announced on July 31, 2015.[69]\nThe Snapdragon 617 was announced on September 15, 2015.[38]\nThe Snapdragon 625 was announced on February 11, 2016.[70]\nThe Snapdragon 626 was announced on October 18, 2016.[71] Snapdragon 625, 626, 632 and 450 are pin and software compatible; software compatible with Snapdragon 425, 427, 429, 430, 435 and 439.\nThe Snapdragon 618 and Snapdragon 620 were announced on February 18, 2015.[37] They have been since renamed as Snapdragon 650 and Snapdragon 652 respectively.[72]\nThe Snapdragon 653 was announced on October 18, 2016.[40][41]\nThe Snapdragon 630 and Snapdragon 660 were announced on May 8, 2017.[73]\nThe Snapdragon 636 was announced on October 17, 2017.[74] Snapdragon 630, 636 and 660 are pin and software compatible.\nThe Snapdragon 632 was announced on June 26, 2018.[43] Pin and software compatible with Snapdragon 625, 626 and 450; software compatible with Snapdragon 425, 427, 429, 430, 435 and 439.\nThe Snapdragon 670 was announced on August 8, 2018.[75] Pin and software compatible with Snapdragon 710.\nThe Snapdragon 675 was announced on October 22, 2018.[76]\nThe Snapdragon 665 was announced on April 9, 2019.[77][78]\nThe Snapdragon 662 was announced on January 20, 2020, with NavIC support.[44]\nThe Snapdragon 678 was announced on December 15, 2020.[79]\nThe Snapdragon 690 was announced on June 16, 2020, and is the first midrange SoC by Qualcomm to support 5G connectivity.[80]\nThe Snapdragon 680 and 695 were announced on October 26, 2021.[46]The Snapdragon 685 was announced on March 23, 2023.","title":"Snapdragon 6 Series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Qualcomm_Snapdragon_4_&_6_Gen_1_announcement-61"}],"sub_title":"Snapdragon 6 (2022-2024)","text":"The Snapdragon 6 Gen 1 was announced on September 6, 2022.[61]\nThe Snapdragon 6s Gen 3 was announced on June 6, 2024.","title":"Snapdragon 6 Series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Devices using Qualcomm Snapdragon processors § Snapdragon 7 series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devices_using_Qualcomm_Snapdragon_processors#Snapdragon_7_series"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"}],"text":"Further information: Devices using Qualcomm Snapdragon processors § Snapdragon 7 seriesOn February 27, 2018, Qualcomm Introduced the Snapdragon 7 Mobile Platform Series. It is an upper mid-range SoC designed to bridge the gap between the 6 series and the 8 series, and primarily aimed at premium mid-range segment.[112]","title":"Snapdragon 7 Series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Qualcomm_Snapdragon_710-113"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Snapdragon_712_announcement-114"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Qualcomm_Snapdragon_665_730_announcement-77"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Qualcomm_Snapdragon_730-115"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Snapdragon_460_662_720G_announcement-44"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Qualcomm_Snapdragon_732_announcement-116"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Qualcomm_Snapdragon_765_announcement-117"},{"link_name":"Play Store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Play_Store"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Qualcomm_Snapdragon_768_announcement-119"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Qualcomm_Snapdragon_750_announcement-120"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Qualcomm_Snapdragon_780G_announcement-121"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Qualcomm_Snapdragon_778G_announcement-122"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Qualcomm_480+_680_695_778G+_announcement-46"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"}],"sub_title":"Snapdragon 700 series (2018–2022)","text":"The Snapdragon 710 was announced on May 23, 2018.[113] It is pin and software compatible with the Snapdragon 670.\nThe Snapdragon 712 was announced on February 6, 2019.[114]\nThe Snapdragon 730 and 730G were announced on April 9, 2019.[77][115]\nThe Snapdragon 720G was announced on January 20, 2020.[44]\nThe Snapdragon 732G was announced on August 31, 2020.[116]\nThe Snapdragon 765 and 765G were announced on December 4, 2019[117] as Qualcomm's first SoCs with an integrated 5G modem, and the first 700 series SoCs to support updatable GPU Drivers via the Play Store.[118]\nThe Snapdragon 768G was announced on May 10, 2020.[119]\nThe Snapdragon 750G was announced on September 22, 2020.[120]\nThe Snapdragon 780G was announced on March 25, 2021.[121]\nThe Snapdragon 778G was announced on May 19, 2021.[122]\nThe Snapdragon 778G+ was announced on October 26, 2021.[46]\nThe Snapdragon 782G was announced on November 23, 2022.[123]","title":"Snapdragon 7 Series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Snapdragon_7_Gen_1_&_8+_Gen_1_Announcement-138"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Snapdragon_7+_Gen_2_Announcement-139"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Snapdragon_7_Gen_3_Announcement-140"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Snapdragon_7+_Gen_3_Announcement-141"}],"sub_title":"Snapdragon 7 (2022–2024)","text":"The Snapdragon 7 Gen 1 was announced on May 20, 2022.[138]\nThe Snapdragon 7+ Gen 2 was announced on March 17, 2023.[139]\nThe Snapdragon 7s Gen 2 was announced on September 15, 2023.\nThe Snapdragon 7 Gen 3 was announced on November 17, 2023.[140]\nThe Snapdragon 7+ Gen 3 was announced on March 21, 2024.[141]","title":"Snapdragon 7 Series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Devices using Qualcomm Snapdragon processors § Snapdragon 8 series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devices_using_Qualcomm_Snapdragon_processors#Snapdragon_8_series"}],"text":"Further information: Devices using Qualcomm Snapdragon processors § Snapdragon 8 seriesThe Snapdragon 8 Series is the high-end SoC and serves as Qualcomm's current flagship, succeeding the S4 Pro and the older S1/S2/S3 series.","title":"Snapdragon 8 Series"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Snapdragon 800 series (2013–2021)","title":"Snapdragon 8 Series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[250]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Snapdragon_8_Gen_1_Announcement-250"},{"link_name":"[251]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Snapdragon_8_Gen_1-251"},{"link_name":"4 nm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5_nanometer"},{"link_name":"Samsung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung"},{"link_name":"LPDDR5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LPDDR#LP-DDR5"},{"link_name":"[252]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-252"},{"link_name":"Quick Charge 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quick_Charge"},{"link_name":"UFS 3.1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Flash_Storage"},{"link_name":"CPU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unit"},{"link_name":"Kryo Prime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kryo#Kryo_(ARMv9)"},{"link_name":"ARM Cortex-X2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_Cortex-X2"},{"link_name":"Kryo Gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kryo#Kryo_(ARMv9)"},{"link_name":"ARM Cortex-A710","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_Cortex-A710"},{"link_name":"Kryo Silver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kryo#Kryo_(ARMv9)"},{"link_name":"ARM Cortex-A510","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_Cortex-A510"},{"link_name":"ARMv9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARMv9"},{"link_name":"ARMv8.2-A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARMv8.2-A"},{"link_name":"DynamIQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DynamIQ"},{"link_name":"Adreno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adreno"},{"link_name":"OpenGL ES","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenGL_ES"},{"link_name":"Vulkan 1.1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulkan_(API)"},{"link_name":"[253]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-253"},{"link_name":"Adreno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adreno"},{"link_name":"HDR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-dynamic-range_video"},{"link_name":"HDR10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDR10"},{"link_name":"HDR10+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDR10%2B"},{"link_name":"Dolby Vision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolby_Vision"},{"link_name":"HLG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_log%E2%80%93gamma"},{"link_name":"HDR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-dynamic-range_video"},{"link_name":"Rec. 2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rec._2020"},{"link_name":"Rec. 2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rec._2020"},{"link_name":"HDR10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDR10"},{"link_name":"HDR10+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDR10%2B"},{"link_name":"DSP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_signal_processor"},{"link_name":"Hexagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualcomm_Hexagon"},{"link_name":"[254]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qualcomm.com-254"},{"link_name":"8K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8K_resolution"},{"link_name":"HDR video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDR_video"},{"link_name":"HDR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-dynamic-range_video"},{"link_name":"HEVC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Efficiency_Video_Coding"},{"link_name":"HDR10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDR10"},{"link_name":"HDR10+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDR10%2B"},{"link_name":"Dolby Vision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolby_Vision"},{"link_name":"HLG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_log%E2%80%93gamma"},{"link_name":"HDR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-dynamic-range_video"},{"link_name":"HDR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-dynamic-range_video"},{"link_name":"HEIF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Efficiency_Image_File_Format"},{"link_name":"Computational HDR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-dynamic-range_imaging"},{"link_name":"X65 5G Modem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Qualcomm_Snapdragon_modems#Snapdragon_X65_5G_Modem"},{"link_name":"5G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5G"},{"link_name":"[255]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-255"},{"link_name":"LTE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTE_(telecommunication)"},{"link_name":"LTE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTE_(telecommunication)"},{"link_name":"Dynamic Spectrum Sharing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5G_NR#Dynamic_spectrum_sharing"},{"link_name":"Bluetooth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth"},{"link_name":"Wi-Fi 6-ready","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11ax"},{"link_name":"Qualcomm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualcomm"},{"link_name":"Wi-Fi standards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11ax"},{"link_name":"Wi-Fi 6E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi_6E"},{"link_name":"MIMO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIMO"},{"link_name":"[254]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qualcomm.com-254"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Snapdragon_7_Gen_1_&_8+_Gen_1_Announcement-138"}],"sub_title":"Snapdragon 8/8+ Gen 1 (2022)","text":"The Snapdragon 8 Gen 1 was announced on November 30, 2021.[250][251]Notable features over its predecessor (888):4 nm (Samsung 4LPX) process\n~ billion transistors\nSupport up to 16 GB LPDDR5 3200 MHz[252]\nQuick Charge 5 (100 W+)\nSupport UFS 3.1\nCPU features\n1 Kryo Prime (ARM Cortex-X2), up to 3 GHz. Prime core\n3 Kryo Gold (ARM Cortex-A710), up 2.5 GHz. Performance cores\n4 Kryo Silver (ARM Cortex-A510), up 1.8 GHz. Efficiency cores\nMove to instruction set ARMv9 (From ARMv8.2-A)\nDynamIQ with 4 MB sL3,\n20% performance uplift and 30% power efficiency improvement\n6 MB system-level cache\nGPU features\nAdreno 730 GPU with API Support: OpenGL ES 3.2, OpenCL 2.0 FP, Vulkan 1.1\n30% faster graphics rendering and 25% more power efficient[253]\nUp to 1536 ALU (From 1024 on Adreno 730)\nDemura and subpixel rendering for OLED uniformity\nVariable Rate Shading Pro\nHDR video playback formats: HDR10, HDR10+, Dolby Vision, HLG\nHDR gaming (including 10-bit color depth, Rec. 2020 color gamut)\nOn-device display: 4K@60 Hz, QHD+@144 Hz\nExternal display: 4K@60 Hz, 10-bit, Rec. 2020, HDR10, HDR10+\nDSP features\nHexagon with Fused AI Accelerator, INT8 and INT16\nHexagon Tensor Accelerator\nHexagon Vector eXtensions\nHexagon Scalar Accelerator\nQualcomm Sensing Hub (3nd generation)\nNew dedicated AI pro\nISP features[254]\nQualcomm Spectra with triple 18-bit CV-ISPs and hardware accelerator for computer vision\nSingle camera: 1x 200 MP or 108 MP at 30 fps with MFNR/ZSL (Multi Frame Noise Reduction/Zero Shutter Lag)\nDual camera: 64+36 MP at 30 fps with MFNR/ZSL\nTriple camera: 3x 36 MP at 30 fps with MFNR/ZSL\n8K 30 FPS and 4K 120 FPS HDR video + 64 MP Photo\nSlow-m 5G NR, LTE including CBRS\nWCDMA, HSPA, TD-SCDMA, CDMA 1x, EV-DO, GSM/EDGE\n720p @ 960 FPS\nHDR video capture formats: HEVC with HDR10, HDR10+, Dolby Vision, HLG\nHDR photo capture: 10-bit HDR HEIF\nComputational HDR photo and video capture, support for Multi-Frame and Staggered HDR sensors\nReal-time object classification, segmentation, and replacement\nAI-based auto-focus, auto-exposure and auto-white-balance\nModem and wireless features:\nInternal X65 5G Modem\nModes: NSA, SA, TDD, FDD\n5G mmWave\n5G sub-6 GHz\n5G NR Sub-6 + mmWave download: 10 Gbit/s\n5G NR Sub-6 + mmWave upload: 3 Gbit/s (assumed)[255]\nLTE download: 2.5 Gbit/s\nLTE upload: 0.316 Gbit/s\nDynamic Spectrum Sharing (DSS)\nBluetooth 5.3\nQualcomm Aqstic audio codec (WCD9385)\nProvide lossless wireless audio with Qualcomm aptX Technology.\nQualcomm Wi-Fi 6-ready mobile platform:\nQualcomm FastConnect 6900\nWi-Fi standards: 802.11ax-ready (Wi-Fi 6E), 802.11ac Wave 2, 802.11a/b/g, 802.11n\nWi-Fi spectral bands: 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz, 6 GHz • channel utilization: 20/40/80/160 MHz\nMIMO configuration: 2x2 (2 Spatial Stream) • MU-MIMO • Dual-band simultaneous (DBS) (2×2 + 2×2)\nPeak speed: 3.6 Gbit/s[254]The Snapdragon 8+ Gen 1 was announced on May 20, 2022.[138]","title":"Snapdragon 8 Series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[259]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Snapdragon_8_Gen_2_Announcement-259"},{"link_name":"TSMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TSMC"},{"link_name":"LPDDR5X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LPDDR"},{"link_name":"UFS 4.0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFS_4.0"},{"link_name":"Kryo Prime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kryo"},{"link_name":"ARM Cortex-X3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_Cortex-X3"},{"link_name":"[260]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:22-260"},{"link_name":"Kryo Gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kryo"},{"link_name":"ARM Cortex-A715","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_Cortex-A715"},{"link_name":"[260]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:22-260"},{"link_name":"Kryo Gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kryo"},{"link_name":"ARM Cortex-A710","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_Cortex-A710"},{"link_name":"[260]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:22-260"},{"link_name":"Kryo Silver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kryo"},{"link_name":"ARM Cortex-A510","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_Cortex-A510"},{"link_name":"[260]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:22-260"},{"link_name":"Adreno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adreno"},{"link_name":"OpenGL ES 3.2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenGL_ES"},{"link_name":"Vulkan 1.3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulkan"},{"link_name":"ray tracing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_tracing_(graphics)"},{"link_name":"Hexagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualcomm_Hexagon"},{"link_name":"Adreno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adreno"},{"link_name":"DSP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_signal_processor"},{"link_name":"Hexagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualcomm_Hexagon"},{"link_name":"[260]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:22-260"},{"link_name":"Hexagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualcomm_Hexagon"},{"link_name":"[260]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:22-260"},{"link_name":"[260]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:22-260"},{"link_name":"Qualcomm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualcomm"},{"link_name":"X70 5G Modem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Qualcomm_Snapdragon_modems#Snapdragon_X70_5G_Modem"},{"link_name":"[255]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-255"},{"link_name":"Wi-Fi 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi_7"},{"link_name":"Bluetooth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth"},{"link_name":"Samsung Galaxy S23 series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_S23"},{"link_name":"[261]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-261"},{"link_name":"[262]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-262"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-267"}],"sub_title":"Snapdragon 8 Gen 2 (2023)","text":"The Snapdragon 8 Gen 2 was announced on November 15, 2022.[259]Notable features over its predecessor (8 Gen 1):4nm (TSMC N4) process\nSupport up to 16 GB LPDDR5X 4200 MHz\nSupport UFS 4.0\nCPU features\n1 Kryo Prime (ARM Cortex-X3), up to 3.36 GHz. Prime core\n1 MB L2 cache\nOnly 64-bit support [260]\n2 Kryo Gold (ARM Cortex-A715), up to 2.8 GHz. High Performance cores\nOnly 64-bit support [260]\n2 Kryo Gold (ARM Cortex-A710), up to 2.8 GHz. Performance cores\n32-bit and 64-bit support[260]\n3 Kryo Silver (ARM Cortex-A510), up to 2 GHz. Efficiency cores\n32-bit and 64-bit support[260]\n35% performance uplift and 40% power efficiency improvement\n8 MB system-level cache\nGPU features\nAdreno 740 GPU with API support: OpenGL ES 3.2, OpenCL 2.0, Vulkan 1.3\n25% faster graphics rendering and 45% more power efficient\nUp to 2560 ALU (From 1536 ALU)\nReal-time hardware-accelerated ray tracing\nray-box and ray-triangle intersections\nBounding Volume Hierarchical (BVH)\nDoubled bandwidth between ISP, Hexagon DSP, and Adreno GPU\nDSP features\nHexagon with Fused AI Accelerator\nHexagon Tensor Accelerator\nHexagon Vector eXtensions\nHexagon Scalar Accelerator\nMixed precision INT8/INT16\nAdd INT4 support [260]\nINT4, INT8, INT16, FP16 support\nHexagon Direct Link (ISP and Hexagon)\nQualcomm Sensing Hub (4th generation)\nAdd second AI processor\nx2 performance from last year\nDedicated power delivery system[260]\n50% more memory\nISP features\nVideo capture up to 8K30 or 4K120 or 720p960 (HDR)\nVideo playback up to 8K60 or 4K120 (HDR)\nH.264, H.265, VP9 and add AV1 decoding [260]\nPhoto is same as 8 Gen 1\nModem and wireless features:\nSimilar as 8 Gen 1\nQualcomm FastConnect 7800\nInternal X70 5G Modem\n5G up to 10 Gbit/s down and 3,5 Gbit/s up [255]\nWi-Fi 7 support\nBluetooth 5.3 support\nDual Bluetooth radiosThere is an overclocked variant of the Snapdragon 8 Gen 2 with model number SM8550-AC. It was exclusive to the Samsung Galaxy S23 series on launch. Nubia's Red Magic 8S Pro became the first non-Galaxy phone to feature this variant,[261] launching July 5th 2023.[262]^ Also known as \"Leading Version\".","title":"Snapdragon 8 Series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[267]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Snapdragon_8_Gen_3_Announcement-268"},{"link_name":"Kryo Prime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kryo"},{"link_name":"ARM Cortex-X4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_Cortex-X4"},{"link_name":"Kryo Gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kryo"},{"link_name":"ARM Cortex-A720","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_Cortex-A720"},{"link_name":"Kryo Gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kryo"},{"link_name":"ARM Cortex-A720","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_Cortex-A720"},{"link_name":"Kryo Silver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kryo"},{"link_name":"ARM Cortex-A520","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_Cortex-A520"},{"link_name":"Adreno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adreno"},{"link_name":"OpenGL ES 3.2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenGL_ES"},{"link_name":"Vulkan 1.3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulkan"},{"link_name":"DSP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_signal_processor"},{"link_name":"Hexagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualcomm_Hexagon"},{"link_name":"X75 5G Modem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Qualcomm_Snapdragon_modems#Snapdragon_X75_5G_Modem"},{"link_name":"Bluetooth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth"},{"link_name":"[268]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Snapdragon_8s_Gen_3_Announcement2-269"}],"sub_title":"Snapdragon 8/8s Gen 3 (2024)","text":"The Snapdragon 8 Gen 3 was announced on October 24, 2023.[267]Notable features over its predecessor (8 Gen 2):Support for memory up to 4800 MHz (up from 4200 MHz)\nCPU features\n1 Kryo Prime (ARM Cortex-X4), up to 3.3 GHz. Prime core\n3 Kryo Gold (ARM Cortex-A720), up to 3.2 GHz. High Performance cores\n2 Kryo Gold (ARM Cortex-A720), up to 3.0 GHz. Performance cores\n2 Kryo Silver (ARM Cortex-A520), up to 2.3 GHz. Efficiency cores\n30% performance uplift and 20% power efficiency improvement\n12 MB L3 cache (up from 8 MB)\nGPU features\nAdreno 750 GPU with API support: OpenGL ES 3.2, OpenCL 2.0, Vulkan 1.3\n25% faster graphics rendering and 25% more power efficient\nDSP features\nHexagon NPU 98% faster performance and 40% improved performance-per-watt for sustained AI inferencing.\nISP features\nPhoto expansion\nVideo Object Eraser\nNight Vision video capture\nDolby HDR video capture\nModem and wireless features:\nInternal X75 5G Modem\nBluetooth 5.4 supportThe Snapdragon 8s Gen 3 was announced on March 18, 2024.[268]","title":"Snapdragon 8 Series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Devices using Qualcomm Snapdragon processors § Mobile Compute Platforms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devices_using_Qualcomm_Snapdragon_processors#Mobile_Compute_Platforms"}],"text":"Further information: Devices using Qualcomm Snapdragon processors § Mobile Compute Platforms","title":"Mobile Compute Platforms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[178]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Snapdragon_835_PC_and_845_announcement-178"},{"link_name":"[272]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Snapdragon_850_Announces-273"}],"sub_title":"Snapdragon 835 and Snapdragon 850","text":"The first and second generation of Qualcomm Compute Platforms for Windows PCs are based on mobile Snapdragon processors with PC specific modifications.\nThe Snapdragon 835 Mobile PC Platform for Windows 10 PCs was announced on December 5, 2017.[178]\nThe Snapdragon 850 Mobile Compute Platform for Windows 10 PCs, was announced on June 4, 2018.[272] It is essentially an over-clocked version of the Snapdragon 845.","title":"Mobile Compute Platforms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[275]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Snapdragon_7c-8c_Announces-276"},{"link_name":"[276]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Snapdragon_7cGen2_Announces-277"},{"link_name":"[277]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Snapdragon_7c+Gen3_&_8cxGen3_Announces-278"}],"sub_title":"Snapdragon 7c/7c+ Compute Platforms","text":"The Snapdragon 7c Compute Platform for Windows 10 PCs was announced on December 5, 2019.[275]\nThe Snapdragon 7c Gen 2 Compute Platform was announced on May 24, 2021.[276]\nThe Snapdragon 7c+ Gen 3 Compute Platform was announced on December 1, 2021.[277]","title":"Mobile Compute Platforms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[275]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Snapdragon_7c-8c_Announces-276"}],"sub_title":"Snapdragon 8c Compute Platforms","text":"The Snapdragon 8c Compute Platform for Windows 10 PCs was announced on December 5, 2019.[275]","title":"Mobile Compute Platforms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[282]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Snapdragon_8cx_Announces-283"},{"link_name":"[283]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Snapdragon_8cx_OnQ_Blog-284"},{"link_name":"[284]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-285"},{"link_name":"NVM Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NVM_Express"},{"link_name":"[285]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-286"},{"link_name":"[286]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Snapdragon_8cxGen2_Announces-287"},{"link_name":"[277]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Snapdragon_7c+Gen3_&_8cxGen3_Announces-278"},{"link_name":"[287]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-288"},{"link_name":"[288]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-289"},{"link_name":"NVM Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NVM_Express"},{"link_name":"[289]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-290"}],"sub_title":"Snapdragon 8cx Compute Platforms","text":"The Snapdragon 8cx Compute Platform for Windows 10 PCs was announced on December 6, 2018.[282][283][284]\nNotable features over the Snapdragon 855:10 MB total cache (L3 + SLC)\n8x 16-bit memory bus, (68.3 GB/s)\nNVM Express 4x\n112.05 mm2 die size[285]The Snapdragon 8cx Gen 2 5G Compute Platform for Windows 10 PCs was announced on September 3, 2020.[286]\nThe Snapdragon 8cx Gen 3 Compute Platform was announced on December 1, 2021.[277][287][288]Notable features over the Snapdragon 888:8 MB L3 cache & 6 MB SLC (14 MB total cache)\n8x 16-bit memory bus, (68.3 GB/s)\nNVM Express 4x\nBuilt-in Microsoft Pluton TPM[289]","title":"Mobile Compute Platforms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Devices using Qualcomm Snapdragon processors § SQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devices_using_Qualcomm_Snapdragon_processors#SQ"},{"link_name":"[295]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Microsoft_SQ1_Announces-296"},{"link_name":"[296]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-297"},{"link_name":"Microsoft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft"},{"link_name":"Surface Pro X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_Pro_X"},{"link_name":"[297]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Microsoft_SQ2_Announces-298"}],"sub_title":"Microsoft SQ Compute Platforms","text":"Further information: Devices using Qualcomm Snapdragon processors § SQThe Microsoft SQ1 was announced on October 2, 2019.[295][296] Co-developed with Microsoft, it was exclusively designed for Microsoft's Surface Pro X. Technically, it's a Snapdragon 8cx SoC with faster Adreno 685 GPU core providing performance of 2100 GFLOPs.\nThe Microsoft SQ2 was announced on October 1, 2020.[297]","title":"Mobile Compute Platforms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[301]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Snapdragon_X_Elite_Announces-302"},{"link_name":"[302]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Snapdragon_X_Plus_Announces-303"}],"sub_title":"Snapdragon X series","text":"The Snapdragon X Elite was announced on October 24, 2023.[301]\nThe Snapdragon X Plus was announced on April 24, 2024.[302]","title":"Mobile Compute Platforms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Qualcomm Hexagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualcomm_Hexagon"}],"text":"See: Qualcomm Hexagon","title":"Hardware codec supported"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[306]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-307"},{"link_name":"[307]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-308"},{"link_name":"[308]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-309"},{"link_name":"[309]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-310"},{"link_name":"[310]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-311"},{"link_name":"[311]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-312"},{"link_name":"[312]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-313"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-320"}],"text":"The Snapdragon Wear 1100 processor was announced May 30, 2016[306] for GNSS- and LTE-enabled fitness trackers and targeted purpose wearables like smart headsets, and wearable accessories.The Snapdragon Wear 1200 processor was announced June 27, 2017[307] for GNSS- and LTE-narrowband-IoT-enabled targeted purpose wearables such as kid, pet, elderly, and fitness trackers.The Snapdragon Wear 2100 processor was announced February 10, 2016 for smartwatches.[308] It is available in both connected (4G/LTE and 3G) and tethered (Bluetooth and Wi-Fi) versions.The Snapdragon Wear 2500 was announced on June 26, 2018.[309] It is intended for the kid watch segment with special features over the Wear 2100 such as low-power always-on location tracking.The Snapdragon Wear 3100 was announced on September 10, 2018.[310] The upgrade over the Snapdragon Wear 2100 is the inclusion of the co-processor QCC1110 for low-power background applications such as heart rate tracking and always-on displays.The Snapdragon Wear 4100 and 4100+ were announced on June 30, 2020.[311] The difference between the two models is the inclusion of the co-processor QCC1110 in the 4100+.The Snapdragon W5 and W5+ Gen 1 were announced on July 19, 2022.[312] The difference between the two models is the inclusion of the co-processor QCC5100 in the W5+.^ Bluetooth 4.2 for Wear 3100","title":"Wearable platforms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[327]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Snapdragon_602A_debut-329"},{"link_name":"[328]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-330"},{"link_name":"[329]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Snapdragon_820A_debut-331"}],"text":"The Snapdragon 602A,[327] for application in the motor industry,[328] was announced on January 6, 2014.\nThe Snapdragon 820A[329] was announced on January 6, 2016.","title":"Automotive platforms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[339]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-341"},{"link_name":"[340]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-342"},{"link_name":"[341]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-343"}],"text":"The Snapdragon 410E Embedded and Snapdragon 600E Embedded were announced on September 28, 2016.[339][340]\nThe Snapdragon 800 for Embedded\nThe Snapdragon 810 for Embedded\nThe Snapdragon 820E Embedded was announced on February 21, 2018.[341]","title":"Embedded platforms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[347]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-349"},{"link_name":"[348]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-350"},{"link_name":"[349]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-351"}],"text":"The Qualcomm Vision Intelligence Platform[347] was announced on April 11, 2018.[348][349] The Qualcomm Vision Intelligence Platform is purpose built to bring powerful visual computing and edge computing for machine learning to a wide range of IoT devices.","title":"Vision Intelligence Platform"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[352]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smart_Audio-354"},{"link_name":"[353]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-355"},{"link_name":"[354]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-356"},{"link_name":"[355]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-357"},{"link_name":"[356]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-358"},{"link_name":"[357]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-359"}],"text":"The Qualcomm Smart Audio Platform (APQ8009 and APQ8017)[352] was announced on June 14, 2017.[353]\nThe Qualcomm 212 Home Hub (APQ8009)[354] and Qualcomm 624 Home Hub (APQ8053)[355] were announced on January 9, 2018.[356]The QCS400 Series was announced March 19, 2019.[357]","title":"Home Hub and Smart Audio platforms"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Mixed Reality (MR) platforms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SoC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_on_a_chip"},{"link_name":"Augmented reality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augmented_reality"},{"link_name":"Virtual reality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_reality"},{"link_name":"mixed reality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_reality"},{"link_name":"HTC Vive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTC_Vive"},{"link_name":"Vuzix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuzix"},{"link_name":"[366]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-368"},{"link_name":"[367]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-369"},{"link_name":"failed verification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"},{"link_name":"[368]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Qualcomm_Snapdragon_XR2_announcement-370"},{"link_name":"Meta Quest 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta_Quest_2"},{"link_name":"HTC Vive Focus 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTC_Vive#Product_lines"},{"link_name":"Pico 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pico_4"},{"link_name":"[369]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-371"},{"link_name":"Meta Quest Pro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta_Quest_Pro"},{"link_name":"MR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_reality"},{"link_name":"VR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_reality"},{"link_name":"[370]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MR2023-372"},{"link_name":"[371]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-373"},{"link_name":"Wi-Fi 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi_7"},{"link_name":"Meta Quest 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta_Quest_3"},{"link_name":"overclocked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overclocking"},{"link_name":"[372]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-374"},{"link_name":"XR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_reality"},{"link_name":"Galaxy Unpacked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxy_Unpacked"},{"link_name":"[373]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-375"}],"sub_title":"Snapdragon XR series","text":"In May 2018, Qualcomm announced the Snapdragon XR1 Platform, their first purpose-built SoC for Augmented reality, Virtual reality and mixed reality. Qualcomm also announced that HTC Vive, Pico, Meta, and Vuzix would be announcing consumer products featuring the XR1 by the end of 2018.[366]\nThe Snapdragon XR2 5G Platform was announced on December 5, 2019, and is a derivative of the Snapdragon 865.[367][failed verification][368] It is used in the Meta Quest 2, the HTC Vive Focus 3 and the Pico 4.\nThe Snapdragon XR2+ Gen 1 Platform was announced on October 11, 2022,[369] and is used in the Meta Quest Pro.\nOn September 27, 2023 Qualcomm announced the Snapdragon XR2 Gen 2 Platform for MR and VR headsets.[370] Qualcomm claims 2.5x higher GPU and 8x better AI performance compared to its predecessor the XR2 5G. The SoC can handle up to 10 concurrent sensors & cameras, per-eye resolution of 3K x 3K and 12ms full-color video pass-through.[371] With the support of Wi-Fi 7 network throughput is increased by 60% while latency is decreased by 80%. The platform debuted on the Meta Quest 3.\nThe Snapdragon XR2+ Gen 2 Platform is an overclocked version of the XR2 Gen 2 announced on January 4, 2024.[372] The GPU frequency has been increased by 15% while the CPU frequency has been increased by 20% compared to the XR2 Gen 2. This enables a higher 4.3K resolution per-eye at 90 Hz and the processing of 12 or more concurrent cameras and sensors. This chip forms the basis of the XR headset and ecosystem jointly developed by Qualcomm, Samsung, and Google that has been announced at Galaxy Unpacked in February 2023.[373]","title":"Mixed Reality (MR) platforms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[379]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-381"},{"link_name":"[380]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-382"},{"link_name":"AR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augmented_reality"},{"link_name":"[370]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MR2023-372"}],"sub_title":"Snapdragon AR series","text":"The Qualcomm Snapdragon AR2 Gen 1 Platform was announced November 17, 2022.[379] It is intended for use in smart glasses.[380]\nOn September 27, 2023 Qualcomm announced the Snapdragon AR1 Gen 1 Platform for slim and light AR glasses.[370] It is designed to enable personal assistants, audio quality enhancement, visual search, and real-time translation using on-device AI acceleration. The platform supports binocular displays with up to 1280 x 1280 resolution for heads-up information and also content consumption. The new 14-bit ISP can capture 12MP photos and 6MP video recording & live-streaming. Head tracking is limited to 3DoF (three degrees of freedom).","title":"Mixed Reality (MR) platforms"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Gaming platforms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[381]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Snapdragon_G3x_Gen_1-383"},{"link_name":"[382]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Qualcomm_Snapdragon_G3x_Gen_1_announcement-384"},{"link_name":"Razer Edge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razer_Edge"},{"link_name":"[383]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-385"},{"link_name":"[384]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-386"},{"link_name":"rebranding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebranding"},{"link_name":"Lahaina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahaina"},{"link_name":"[385]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-387"}],"sub_title":"Snapdragon G series","text":"In December 2021, Qualcomm announced the Snapdragon G3x Gen 1 Gaming Platform.[381][382] The Razer Edge is the first device to use the platform.[383] Analyzing Geekbench listings for the Razer Edge[384] it is fair to assume that the G3x Gen 1 is a rebranding of the Snapdragon 888+ as it has the same motherboard code name (Lahaina), the same CPU clusters and clock speeds, and the same GPU. Connectivity options also seem in line.In August 2023, Qualcomm announced the Snapdragon G series platform designed for handheld gaming devices.[385]","title":"Gaming platforms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSR_(company)"},{"link_name":"Bluetooth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth"},{"link_name":"SoCs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_on_a_chip"},{"link_name":"Amazon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_(company)"},{"link_name":"Google","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google"},{"link_name":"Alexa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Alexa"},{"link_name":"Google Assistant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Assistant"},{"link_name":"Google Fast Pair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Fast_Pair"},{"link_name":"[390]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-392"},{"link_name":"[391]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-393"},{"link_name":"[392]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-394"},{"link_name":"[393]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-395"},{"link_name":"[394]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-396"},{"link_name":"[395]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-397"},{"link_name":"BLE Audio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth_Low_Energy#Audio"},{"link_name":"[396]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-398"},{"link_name":"[397]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-399"}],"text":"Following Qualcomm's acquisition of CSR in 2015, Qualcomm designs ultra-low-power Bluetooth SoCs under the CSR, QCA and QCC brands for wireless headphones and earbuds. Qualcomm has worked with both Amazon and Google on reference designs to help manufacturers develop headsets with support for Alexa, Google Assistant and Google Fast Pair.[390][391] Qualcomm announced the QCC5100 Series at CES 2018.[392]On January 28, 2020, the QCC304x and QCC514x SoCs were published as Bluetooth 5.2 certified by the Bluetooth SIG.[393][394] On the previous day Qualcomm published a blog post on LE Audio, referring to the QCC5100 series.[395] On March 25, 2020, the BLE Audio QCC304x and QCC514x SoCs were officially announced.[396][397]","title":"Bluetooth SoC platforms"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Qualcomm QCC300x Series Bluetooth audio SoCs","title":"Bluetooth SoC platforms"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Qualcomm QCC30xx Series Bluetooth audio SoCs","title":"Bluetooth SoC platforms"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Qualcomm QCC510x Series Bluetooth audio SoCs","title":"Bluetooth SoC platforms"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of devices using Qualcomm Snapdragon systems on chips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_devices_using_Qualcomm_Snapdragon_systems_on_chips"},{"title":"Qualcomm Adreno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adreno"},{"title":"Qualcomm Hexagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualcomm_Hexagon"},{"title":"List of Qualcomm Snapdragon modems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Qualcomm_Snapdragon_modems"},{"title":"Apple M1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_M1"},{"title":"Tegra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tegra"},{"title":"Exynos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exynos"},{"title":"HiSilicon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HiSilicon"},{"title":"List of MediaTek systems on chips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MediaTek_systems_on_chips"},{"title":"List of UNISOC systems on chips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UNISOC_systems_on_chips"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenpeace_Energy
Green Planet Energy
["1 Formation","2 The Cooperative","3 Greenpeace criteria for clean energy","4 Fossil gas controversy","5 References"]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Green Planet Energy" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Green Planet EnergyCompany typeCooperativeIndustryElectric powerHeadquartersHamburg, GermanyRevenue€5 million 395 GWhNumber of employees77Websitehttps://green-planet-energy.de/ Green Planet Energy (formerly named Greenpeace Energy) is a German electric utility in the form of a registered association. The stated goal of the cooperative is the provision of environmentally friendly energy to the electrical grid. As a founding member of the association, Greenpeace e.V. holds only five shares at €55 in the cooperative, otherwise the environmental group and the company are financially and legally independent, although they share the same office building in Hamburg. The former use of the Greenpeace name was licensed under the condition that the energy cooperative met the Greenpeace e.V. quality criteria for "clean energy". In 2021, after a significant media controversy on its fossil gas sales, Greenpeace Energy changed its name to Green Planet Energy in order to clarify the independence of the two separate entities Greenpeace e.V. as an NGO and Green Planet Energy. Formation In 1998, Greenpeace Energy started a renewable energy initiative called "power shift". There, consumers could choose to switch to a green electricity provider. As more and more consumers agreed to switch to an environmentally friendly provider, Greenpeace found no electricity provider that met all the criteria for environmental sustainability and that was able to supply the increasing demand for sustainable energy. As a solution, Greenpeace Energy was founded in 1999, as an energy cooperative that provides 100% of its electricity from renewable sources. The areas of network management and energy billing originally were not adopted by Greenpeace Energy itself but by its affiliate company, Stadtwerke Schwäbisch Hall, as a service provider. In December 2017, Greenpeace Energy took over those services from Schwäbisch Hall and now manages them itself. The Cooperative Green Planet Energy chose to establish itself in the legal form of a registered cooperative (eG). The motivation for this decision was that it allows Green Planet Energy to be independent of banks and major shareholders and build equity on a wide base of shareholders to offer as well as favorable current. Therefore, until 2015 no returns were distributed to the shareholders. For 2020, distributions per share were 1.5 per cent. Membership in the cooperative is formally dependent on the current reference - according to the statute, a cooperative member who "does not cover their demand for electrical energy supplies through the Cooperative" may be excluded. This right part of the cooperative is expressly not perceived, what results are based on the fact that some members of the cooperative power of Green Planet Energy can not relate. A cooperative member has at least one, and since October 2019 new members can hold a maximum of two hundred shares of €55 each. Members who joined the cooperative earlier may hold up to 400 shares. As usual with cooperatives, each member has only one vote at the General Meeting, regardless of the number of shares. In this way, a takeover, or any interference by large investors is excluded. By its own admission, the cooperative explicitly does not pursue the goal of maximizing profits. From the border of 1,500 members occurs a representative assembly in place of the General Assembly. Fifty elected representatives of the members then represent the rights of the members. Since Green Planet Energy has significantly more members every four years, representatives are elected (the last election was 2019). The selection of representatives is made by a selection committee. The tasks of Representatives correspond according to cooperative law duties of the General Assembly: members can vote on motions, elect or discharge the Supervisory Board and the Management Board or released and vote on their workload, and decide on the distribution of any surplus. Greenpeace criteria for clean energy Green Planet Energy works on the basis of the "Greenpeace criteria for clean energy." The determination of these criteria was carried out by the Greenpeace e. V., an adaptation to the market conditions was last held in November 2017. Fossil gas controversy Since 2011 Green Planet Energy has been selling the proWindgas product which was initially 100% imported fossil gas, and the company promised a gradual increase in the proportion of hydrogen generated from excess renewable energy. As of 2020 the share of hydrogen mostly oscillated below 1%. Sales of 99% fossil gas presented as “eco-gas” have been criticized as contradictory as well as "greenwashing" of Russian gas. In 2021 the company added further 10% of biogas, resulting in a mix of 1% hydrogen, 10% biogas and 89% fossil gas and declared it plans to replace all fossil gas by 2027. In 2015 Green Planet Energy attempted to sue the European Commission over approving state aid for the nuclear power plant Hinkley Point C "as a potential competitor on the energy market". The European Court of Justice eventually denied Green Planet Energy's request as inadmissible. Green Planet Energy’s initial aim with its gas product was to promote hydrogen technology as an indispensable element of the energy transition and a means of advancing sector coupling in order to decarbonize sectors of economy where this cannot be achieved with renewable electricity directly. Meanwhile, green hydrogen has been widely recognized as highly relevant for a successful energy transition by (e.g.) the EU-Commission, national governments and important industries. The cooperative’s own feed-in of renewable hydrogen began in 2014 and as of 2021, five electrolyzers are producing green hydrogen for Green Planet Energy customers. Two of them are operated by Green Planet Energy itself. However, despite steeply increasing the volume of fed-in hydrogen, the proportion of windgas (green hydrogen) in the gas mix until 2020 remained around 1% because the increase in production was offset by the increase in the number of customers. In the meantime, Green Planet Energy’s gas product has the additional aim of accelerating the development of high quality biogas that is produced sustainably and without animal suffering. In order to be able to reduce the share of natural gas in proWindgas to zero by 2027, from 2021 on Green Planet Energy is adding an additional 10% of biogas that meets strict quality criteria to its gas mix. As published by Green Planet Energy in November 2020, the share of renewable gases is supposed to increase to 100% by 2027. According to Green Planet Energy Energy the natural gas in its mix is composed as reflected by the import data for Germany provided by the Federal Network Authority (Bundesnetzagentur). References ^ "Informationen zur Namensänderung". green-planet-energy.de (in German). Retrieved 2021-09-30. ^ "About Greenpeace Energy". Listen Notes (in German). Retrieved 2021-02-26. ^ Energy, Greenpeace (2021-06-22). ""Wir werden weiter eng zusammenarbeiten!"". energy. Der Newsblog von Greenpeace Energy (in German). Retrieved 2021-09-04. ^ Energy, Green Planet (2017-12-12). "Komplett auf eigenen Füßen". energy. Der Newsblog von Green Planet Energy (in German). Retrieved 2021-10-21. ^ "Unser Windgas im Detail". Green Planet Energy (in German). Retrieved 2023-09-07. ^ "This is how Green Planet Energy works, the renewables cooperative in Germany that also sells natural gas". Archived from the original on 2021-02-23. ^ "Así funciona Greenpeace Energy, la cooperativa de renovables en Alemania que también vende gas natural". 2021-02-09. Archived from the original on 2021-02-09. Retrieved 2021-03-07. ^ "Greenwashing Russian Gas? WTF is Pro Wind Gas Vegan Plus? Feat: Simon Wakter". Listen Notes. Retrieved 2021-02-26. ^ "Green Planet Energy will ökologisch hochwertiges Biogas voranbringen". Green Planet Energy (in German). Retrieved 2021-03-10. ^ "Case C-640/16 P, Green Planet Energy v Commission, Judgment of 10 October 2017, ECLI:EU:C:2017:752 | ClientEarth". www.clientearth.org. Retrieved 2021-02-17. ^ "Zehn Unternehmen verklagen EU-Kommission wegen Beihilfen für Hinkley Point C – Greenpeace Energy". 2017-07-21. Archived from the original on 2017-07-21. Retrieved 2023-09-07. ^ "Unser Ziel: Erdgas so schnell wie möglich überflüssig zu machen". Green Planet Energy (in German). Retrieved 2021-02-26. ^ "Green Planet Energy will ökologisch hochwertiges Biogas voranbringen". Green Planet Energy (in German). Retrieved 2021-02-26. ^ "Herkunft des Gases". Green Planet Energy (in German). Retrieved 2021-02-26. ^ "Verbraucher-Kennzahlen zum Monitoringbericht 2020". Bundesnetzagentur. ^ "The First Element Group". Thefirstelement.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"electric utility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_utility"},{"link_name":"electrical grid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_grid"},{"link_name":"Greenpeace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenpeace"},{"link_name":"e.V.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eingetragener_Verein"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"clean energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_energy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Green Planet Energy (formerly named Greenpeace Energy)[1] is a German electric utility in the form of a registered association. The stated goal of the cooperative is the provision of environmentally friendly energy to the electrical grid.As a founding member of the association, Greenpeace e.V. holds only five shares at €55 in the cooperative, otherwise the environmental group and the company are financially and legally independent, although they share the same office building in Hamburg.[2] The former use of the Greenpeace name was licensed under the condition that the energy cooperative met the Greenpeace e.V. quality criteria for \"clean energy\".In 2021, after a significant media controversy on its fossil gas sales, Greenpeace Energy changed its name to Green Planet Energy in order to clarify the independence of the two separate entities Greenpeace e.V. as an NGO and Green Planet Energy.[3]","title":"Green Planet Energy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"renewable energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy"},{"link_name":"environmental sustainability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_sustainability"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"In 1998, Greenpeace Energy started a renewable energy initiative called \"power shift\". There, consumers could choose to switch to a green electricity provider. As more and more consumers agreed to switch to an environmentally friendly provider, Greenpeace found no electricity provider that met all the criteria for environmental sustainability and that was able to supply the increasing demand for sustainable energy. As a solution, Greenpeace Energy was founded in 1999, as an energy cooperative that provides 100% of its electricity from renewable sources. The areas of network management and energy billing originally were not adopted by Greenpeace Energy itself but by its affiliate company, Stadtwerke Schwäbisch Hall, as a service provider. In December 2017, Greenpeace Energy took over those services from Schwäbisch Hall and now manages them itself.[4]","title":"Formation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"shareholders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shareholder"}],"text":"Green Planet Energy chose to establish itself in the legal form of a registered cooperative (eG). The motivation for this decision was that it allows Green Planet Energy to be independent of banks and major shareholders and build equity on a wide base of shareholders to offer as well as favorable current. Therefore, until 2015 no returns were distributed to the shareholders. For 2020, distributions per share were 1.5 per cent.Membership in the cooperative is formally dependent on the current reference - according to the statute, a cooperative member who \"does not cover their demand for electrical energy supplies through the Cooperative\" may be excluded. This right part of the cooperative is expressly not perceived, what results are based on the fact that some members of the cooperative power of Green Planet Energy can not relate. A cooperative member has at least one, and since October 2019 new members can hold a maximum of two hundred shares of €55 each. Members who joined the cooperative earlier may hold up to 400 shares. As usual with cooperatives, each member has only one vote at the General Meeting, regardless of the number of shares. In this way, a takeover, or any interference by large investors is excluded. By its own admission, the cooperative explicitly does not pursue the goal of maximizing profits.From the border of 1,500 members occurs a representative assembly in place of the General Assembly. Fifty elected representatives of the members then represent the rights of the members. Since Green Planet Energy has significantly more members every four years, representatives are elected (the last election was 2019). The selection of representatives is made by a selection committee. The tasks of Representatives correspond according to cooperative law duties of the General Assembly: members can vote on motions, elect or discharge the Supervisory Board and the Management Board or released and vote on their workload, and decide on the distribution of any surplus.","title":"The Cooperative"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Green Planet Energy works on the basis of the \"Greenpeace criteria for clean energy.\" The determination of these criteria was carried out by the Greenpeace e. V., an adaptation to the market conditions was last held in November 2017.","title":"Greenpeace criteria for clean energy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"greenwashing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwashing"},{"link_name":"Russian gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord_Stream_1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"biogas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogas"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"European Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commission"},{"link_name":"nuclear power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power"},{"link_name":"Hinkley Point C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinkley_Point_C_nuclear_power_station"},{"link_name":"European Court of Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Court_of_Justice"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"energy transition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_transition"},{"link_name":"green hydrogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_hydrogen"},{"link_name":"EU-Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commission"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Federal Network Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Network_Agency"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Since 2011 Green Planet Energy has been selling the proWindgas product which was initially 100% imported fossil gas, and the company promised a gradual increase in the proportion of hydrogen generated from excess renewable energy. As of 2020 the share of hydrogen mostly oscillated below 1%.[5] Sales of 99% fossil gas presented as “eco-gas” have been criticized as contradictory[6][7] as well as \"greenwashing\" of Russian gas.[8] In 2021 the company added further 10% of biogas, resulting in a mix of 1% hydrogen, 10% biogas and 89% fossil gas and declared it plans to replace all fossil gas by 2027.[9]In 2015 Green Planet Energy attempted to sue the European Commission over approving state aid for the nuclear power plant Hinkley Point C \"as a potential competitor on the energy market\". The European Court of Justice eventually denied Green Planet Energy's request as inadmissible.[10][11]Green Planet Energy’s initial aim with its gas product was to promote hydrogen technology as an indispensable element of the energy transition and a means of advancing sector coupling in order to decarbonize sectors of economy where this cannot be achieved with renewable electricity directly. Meanwhile, green hydrogen has been widely recognized as highly relevant for a successful energy transition by (e.g.) the EU-Commission, national governments and important industries. The cooperative’s own feed-in of renewable hydrogen began in 2014 and as of 2021, five electrolyzers are producing green hydrogen for Green Planet Energy customers. Two of them are operated by Green Planet Energy itself. However, despite steeply increasing the volume of fed-in hydrogen, the proportion of windgas (green hydrogen) in the gas mix until 2020 remained around 1% because the increase in production was offset by the increase in the number of customers.[12]In the meantime, Green Planet Energy’s gas product has the additional aim of accelerating the development of high quality biogas that is produced sustainably and without animal suffering. In order to be able to reduce the share of natural gas in proWindgas to zero by 2027, from 2021 on Green Planet Energy is adding an additional 10% of biogas that meets strict quality criteria to its gas mix. As published by Green Planet Energy in November 2020, the share of renewable gases is supposed to increase to 100% by 2027.[13]According to Green Planet Energy Energy[14] the natural gas in its mix is composed as reflected by the import data for Germany provided by the Federal Network Authority (Bundesnetzagentur).[15][16]","title":"Fossil gas controversy"}]
[]
null
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Retrieved 2021-10-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://green-planet-energy.de/blog/informieren/unternehmens-news/komplett-auf-eigenen-fuessen/","url_text":"\"Komplett auf eigenen Füßen\""}]},{"reference":"\"Unser Windgas im Detail\". Green Planet Energy (in German). Retrieved 2023-09-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://green-planet-energy.de/","url_text":"\"Unser Windgas im Detail\""}]},{"reference":"\"This is how Green Planet Energy works, the renewables cooperative in Germany that also sells natural gas\". Archived from the original on 2021-02-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210223194502/https://www.en24news.com/e/2021/02/this-is-how-greenpeace-energy-works-the-renewables-cooperative-in-germany-that-also-sells-natural-gas.html","url_text":"\"This is how Green Planet Energy works, the renewables cooperative in Germany that also sells natural gas\""},{"url":"https://www.en24news.com/e/2021/02/this-is-how-greenpeace-energy-works-the-renewables-cooperative-in-germany-that-also-sells-natural-gas.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Así funciona Greenpeace Energy, la cooperativa de renovables en Alemania que también vende gas natural\". 2021-02-09. Archived from the original on 2021-02-09. Retrieved 2021-03-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210209082754/https://www.eldiario.es/ballenablanca/crisis_climatica/funciona-greenpeace-energy-cooperativa-renovables-alemania-vende-gas-natural_1_7203088.html","url_text":"\"Así funciona Greenpeace Energy, la cooperativa de renovables en Alemania que también vende gas natural\""},{"url":"https://www.eldiario.es/ballenablanca/crisis_climatica/funciona-greenpeace-energy-cooperativa-renovables-alemania-vende-gas-natural_1_7203088.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Greenwashing Russian Gas? WTF is Pro Wind Gas Vegan Plus? Feat: Simon Wakter\". Listen Notes. Retrieved 2021-02-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/decouple/greenwashing-russian-gas-wtf-cqyU9KW2YRN/","url_text":"\"Greenwashing Russian Gas? WTF is Pro Wind Gas Vegan Plus? Feat: Simon Wakter\""}]},{"reference":"\"Green Planet Energy will ökologisch hochwertiges Biogas voranbringen\". Green Planet Energy (in German). Retrieved 2021-03-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://green-planet-energy.de/presse/artikel/greenpeace-energy-will-oekologisch-hochwertiges-biogas-voranbringen","url_text":"\"Green Planet Energy will ökologisch hochwertiges Biogas voranbringen\""}]},{"reference":"\"Case C-640/16 P, Green Planet Energy v Commission, Judgment of 10 October 2017, ECLI:EU:C:2017:752 | ClientEarth\". www.clientearth.org. Retrieved 2021-02-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.clientearth.org//projects/access-to-justice-for-a-greener-europe/updates/case-c-640-16-p-greenpeace-energy-v-commission-judgment-of-10-october-2017-ecli-eu-c-2017-752","url_text":"\"Case C-640/16 P, Green Planet Energy v Commission, Judgment of 10 October 2017, ECLI:EU:C:2017:752 | ClientEarth\""}]},{"reference":"\"Zehn Unternehmen verklagen EU-Kommission wegen Beihilfen für Hinkley Point C – Greenpeace Energy\". 2017-07-21. Archived from the original on 2017-07-21. Retrieved 2023-09-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170721180122/https://www.greenpeace-energy.de/presse/artikel/zehn-unternehmen-verklagen-eu-kommission-wegen-beihilfen-fuer-hinkley-point-c.html","url_text":"\"Zehn Unternehmen verklagen EU-Kommission wegen Beihilfen für Hinkley Point C – Greenpeace Energy\""},{"url":"https://www.greenpeace-energy.de/presse/artikel/zehn-unternehmen-verklagen-eu-kommission-wegen-beihilfen-fuer-hinkley-point-c.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Unser Ziel: Erdgas so schnell wie möglich überflüssig zu machen\". Green Planet Energy (in German). Retrieved 2021-02-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://green-planet-energy.de/presse/artikel/unser-ziel-erdgas-so-schnell-wie-moeglich-ueberfluessig-zu-machen","url_text":"\"Unser Ziel: Erdgas so schnell wie möglich überflüssig zu machen\""}]},{"reference":"\"Green Planet Energy will ökologisch hochwertiges Biogas voranbringen\". Green Planet Energy (in German). Retrieved 2021-02-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://green-planet-energy.de/presse/artikel/greenpeace-energy-will-oekologisch-hochwertiges-biogas-voranbringen","url_text":"\"Green Planet Energy will ökologisch hochwertiges Biogas voranbringen\""}]},{"reference":"\"Herkunft des Gases\". Green Planet Energy (in German). Retrieved 2021-02-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.greenpeace-energy.de/privatkunden/oekogas/unser-gas-im-detail/herkunft-des-gases.html","url_text":"\"Herkunft des Gases\""}]},{"reference":"\"Verbraucher-Kennzahlen zum Monitoringbericht 2020\". Bundesnetzagentur.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Mediathek/Berichte/2020/Monitoringbericht_VerbraucherKennzahlen2020.pdf;jsessionid=2855CC789418DDA03AD3637E231D4180?__blob=publicationFile&v=3","url_text":"\"Verbraucher-Kennzahlen zum Monitoringbericht 2020\""}]},{"reference":"\"The First Element Group\". Thefirstelement.","urls":[{"url":"https://thefirstelement.co/","url_text":"\"The First Element Group\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Woodlands_Hotel
New Woodlands Hotel
["1 History","2 See also","3 References","4 Further reading","5 External links"]
Coordinates: 13°02′43″N 80°15′44″E / 13.045365°N 80.262248°E / 13.045365; 80.262248Indian restaurant The New Woodlands Hotel is an Udupi-style vegetarian restaurant in Chennai, India. Established in 1938 by Kadandale Krishna Rao, it is considered to be a pioneer in popularizing Udupi cuisine in the city. Since then, a large number of imitations and namesake Woodlands hotels have been established in various parts of Chennai. History The New Woodlands Hotel was founded by K. Krishna Rao, who was born to a Hindu priest in Kadandale near Mangalore on 21 October 1898. Poverty in the family forced Krishna Rao to seek a job at an early age. He worked for some time in one of the mathas in Udupi and for some time as a "helper" in a hotel near Kadandale. In the early 1920s, he moved to Chennai at the advice of his brother-in-law. In Chennai, he worked in a hotel in various positions as cleaner, helper, server and finally, as junior cook. The owner of the restaurant was impressed by his hard work and dedication and made him manager of one of his hotels in Acharappan Street in Georgetown. In 1926, Krishna Rao moved to Anna Salai where he set up his own hotel, Udupi Sri Krishna Vilas, in partnership with the owner of another Udupi restaurant, the Udupi Hotel nearby. When the two ended their partnership in 1933, Krishna Rao inherited the Udupi Hotel as his share. Later, he also purchased Udupi Sri Krishna Vilas from the then-owner. In 1938, the Raja of Ramnad estate sold one of his posh residences in Royapettah, Chennai, to a building contractor named Bangalore Munivenkatappa, who started the Woodlands Hotel (a.k.a. Old Woodlands or Royapettah Woodlands). Krishna Rao, then a successful restaurateur, took the hotel on lease in early 1940s from Bangalore Munivenkatappa and made it into one of the leading hotels in Chennai at that time. After the lease expired, Krishna Rao was denied renewal by its owners, which prompted him to purchase land at Dr. Radhakrishna Road, Mylapore, to set up the "New Woodlands Hotel". Kadandale Krishna Rao can be considered as the inventor of masala dosa. Like many other Udupi restaurants, the New Woodlands maintained a separate section for Brahmins until the 1960s. See also List of vegetarian restaurants List of hotels in Chennai References ^ Rajagopalan, Ashwin (4 November 2019). "Here's where you'll find the best dosas in Chennai". GQ India. Retrieved 3 September 2020. ^ a b c Krishnendu Ray; Tulasi Srinivas (2012). Curried Cultures: Globalization, Food, and South Asia. University of California Press. pp. 101–103. ISBN 978-0-520-27011-4. Further reading Muthiah, S. (2004). Madras Rediscovered. East West Books (Madras) Pvt Ltd. pp. 67–70. ISBN 81-88661-24-4. S. Krishnan (1983). Host to the millions: The Story of Krishna Rao of Woodlands. Madras: New Woodlands Hotel. External links Official website https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rZHM08L0MZc%7C Udupi hotels in Madras vteChennaiHistoryEarly history (pre-1500) Sangam period Thomas the Apostle Pallava Dynasty Chola Dynasty Vijayanagar Empire Colonial period (1500–1900) São Tomé de Meliapore Raja of Chandragiri Agency of Fort St George 1721 Madras cyclone Carnatic Wars (Madras Adyar Chingleput) Anglo-Mysore Wars Governors Modern period (1900–present) Arbuthnot Bank Crash Besant v. Narayaniah Bombardment of Madras by SMS Emden de La Haye scandal 1921 Buckingham and Carnatic Mills Strike Neil Statue Satyagraha 1928 South Indian Railway Strike 1932 Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway Strike 1943 Chennai floods Madras Manade Anti-Hindi agitations R. S. S. Chennai bombing 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake 2013 Anti-Sri Lanka protests 2015 South India floods Writers and historians S. Muthiah Randor Guy S. Theodore Baskaran V. Sriram A. R. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Udupi-style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udupi_cuisine"},{"link_name":"Chennai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RaySrinivas2012-2"}],"text":"Indian restaurantThe New Woodlands Hotel is an Udupi-style vegetarian restaurant in Chennai, India.[1][2] Established in 1938 by Kadandale Krishna Rao, it is considered to be a pioneer in popularizing Udupi cuisine in the city. Since then, a large number of imitations and namesake Woodlands hotels have been established in various parts of Chennai.","title":"New Woodlands Hotel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kadandale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadandale"},{"link_name":"Mangalore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangalore"},{"link_name":"matha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matha"},{"link_name":"Udupi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udupi"},{"link_name":"Chennai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai"},{"link_name":"Anna Salai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Salai"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RaySrinivas2012-2"},{"link_name":"Ramnad estate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramnad_estate"},{"link_name":"Royapettah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royapettah"},{"link_name":"Chennai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai"},{"link_name":"Bangalore Munivenkatappa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangalore_Munivenkatappa"},{"link_name":"Woodlands Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Woodlands_Hotel&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"restaurateur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restaurateur"},{"link_name":"Bangalore Munivenkatappa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangalore_Munivenkatappa"},{"link_name":"Mylapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mylapore"},{"link_name":"masala dosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masala_dosa"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RaySrinivas2012-2"}],"text":"The New Woodlands Hotel was founded by K. Krishna Rao, who was born to a Hindu priest in Kadandale near Mangalore on 21 October 1898. Poverty in the family forced Krishna Rao to seek a job at an early age. He worked for some time in one of the mathas in Udupi and for some time as a \"helper\" in a hotel near Kadandale. In the early 1920s, he moved to Chennai at the advice of his brother-in-law. In Chennai, he worked in a hotel in various positions as cleaner, helper, server and finally, as junior cook. The owner of the restaurant was impressed by his hard work and dedication and made him manager of one of his hotels in Acharappan Street in Georgetown.In 1926, Krishna Rao moved to Anna Salai where he set up his own hotel, Udupi Sri Krishna Vilas, in partnership with the owner of another Udupi restaurant, the Udupi Hotel nearby. When the two ended their partnership in 1933, Krishna Rao inherited the Udupi Hotel as his share. Later, he also purchased Udupi Sri Krishna Vilas from the then-owner.[2]In 1938, the Raja of Ramnad estate sold one of his posh residences in Royapettah, Chennai, to a building contractor named Bangalore Munivenkatappa, who started the Woodlands Hotel (a.k.a. Old Woodlands or Royapettah Woodlands). Krishna Rao, then a successful restaurateur, took the hotel on lease in early 1940s from Bangalore Munivenkatappa and made it into one of the leading hotels in Chennai at that time. After the lease expired, Krishna Rao was denied renewal by its owners, which prompted him to purchase land at Dr. Radhakrishna Road, Mylapore, to set up the \"New Woodlands Hotel\". Kadandale Krishna Rao can be considered as the inventor of masala dosa.Like many other Udupi restaurants, the New Woodlands maintained a separate section for Brahmins until the 1960s.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Muthiah, S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._Muthiah"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"81-88661-24-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-88661-24-4"}],"text":"Muthiah, S. (2004). Madras Rediscovered. East West Books (Madras) Pvt Ltd. pp. 67–70. ISBN 81-88661-24-4.\nS. Krishnan (1983). Host to the millions: The Story of Krishna Rao of Woodlands. Madras: New Woodlands Hotel.","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of vegetarian restaurants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_vegetarian_restaurants"},{"title":"List of hotels in Chennai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hotels_in_Chennai"}]
[{"reference":"Rajagopalan, Ashwin (4 November 2019). \"Here's where you'll find the best dosas in Chennai\". GQ India. Retrieved 3 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gqindia.com/live-well/content/list-of-restaurants-in-chennai-that-serve-the-best-dosas-in-the-city","url_text":"\"Here's where you'll find the best dosas in Chennai\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GQ","url_text":"GQ India"}]},{"reference":"Krishnendu Ray; Tulasi Srinivas (2012). Curried Cultures: Globalization, Food, and South Asia. University of California Press. pp. 101–103. ISBN 978-0-520-27011-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=p1kZBqJBjOgC&pg=PA101","url_text":"Curried Cultures: Globalization, Food, and South Asia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-27011-4","url_text":"978-0-520-27011-4"}]},{"reference":"Muthiah, S. (2004). Madras Rediscovered. East West Books (Madras) Pvt Ltd. pp. 67–70. ISBN 81-88661-24-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._Muthiah","url_text":"Muthiah, S."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-88661-24-4","url_text":"81-88661-24-4"}]},{"reference":"S. Krishnan (1983). Host to the millions: The Story of Krishna Rao of Woodlands. Madras: New Woodlands Hotel.","urls":[]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_Bra
AC Bra
["1 History","1.1 Foundation","1.2 Serie D","2 Players","3 Colors and badge","4 References","5 External links"]
Italian football club Football clubBraFull nameAssociazione Calcio Bra s.r.l.Founded1913GroundStadio Attilio Bravi,Bra, ItalyCapacity700ChairmanGiacomo GermanettiManagerFabrizio DaidolaLeagueSerie D2021–22Serie D Group A, 5th Home colours Away colours Associazione Calcio Bra is an Italian association football club, based in Bra, Piedmont. Bra currently plays in Serie D. History Foundation The club was founded in 1913 and spent several seasons in Serie C1 and Serie C2. Serie D At the end of the 2011–12 season the team was promoted from Eccellenza Piedmont and Aosta Valley/B to Serie D. At the end of the 2012–13 season the team was promoted from Serie D/A to Lega Pro Seconda Divisione Players See also: Category:AC Bra players Colors and badge The team's colors are yellow and red. References ^ "Asd Bra". Archived from the original on 2012-10-24. Retrieved 2012-07-05. ^ "Asd Bra". Archived from the original on 2012-10-19. Retrieved 2012-07-05. ^ "Asd Bra". Archived from the original on 2012-07-01. Retrieved 2012-07-05. ^ "SERIE D mercato giallorosso in fermento". Archived from the original on 2012-07-01. Retrieved 2012-07-05. External links Official website vteSerie D 2023–24 clubs Girone A Albenga Alba Alcione Asti Borgosesia Bra Chieri Chisola Derthona Fezzanese Gozzano Lavagnese Ligorna Pinerolo PDHAE RG Ticino Sanremese Vado Città di Varese Vogherese Girone B Arconatese Brusaporto Caldiero Terme Caravaggio Casatese Clivense Club Milano Crema Castellanzese Desenzano Calvina Folgore Caratese Legnano Piacenza Ponte San Pietro Pro Palazzolo Real Calepina Tritium Virtus CiseranoBergamo Villa Valle Varesina Girone C Adriese Bassano Breno Campodarsego Atletico Castegnato Chions Cjarlins Muzane Dolomiti Bellunesi Este Luparense Mestre Montecchio Maggiore Monte Prodeco Portogruaro Santo Stefano Treviso Union Clodiense Chioggia Virtus Bolzano Girone D Aglianese Borgo San Donnino Carpi Certaldo Corticella Fanfulla Forlì Imolese Lentigione Mezzolara Pistoiese Prato Progresso Ravenna Sammaurese Sant'Angelo Sangiuliano City Victor San Marino Girone E Cenaia Figline Follonica Gavorrano Ghiviborgo Grosseto Livorno Mobilieri Ponsacco Montevarchi Orvietana Pianese Poggibonsi Real Forte Querceta Sansepolcro San Donato Tavarnelle Seravezza Pozzi Sangiovannese Tau Calcio Altopascio Trestina Girone F Atletico Ascoli Avezzano Chieti Campobasso Fano Forsempronese L'Aquila Matese Real Monterotondo Scalo Roma City Sambenedettese San Nicolò Notaresco Sora Termoli Tivoli United Riccione Vastogirardi Vigor Senigallia Girone G Anzio Boreale Budoni Cassino Cavese Cynthialbalonga Flaminia Nuova Florida Ardea Gladiator Ischia Latte Dolce Nocerina Ostia Mare Romana Sarrabus Ogliastra San Marzano Trastevere Atletico Uri Girone H Team Altamura Angri Barletta Bitonto Casarano Fasano Fidelis Andria Città di Gallipoli Gelbison Gravina Manfredonia Martina Matera Nardò Paganese Palmese Rotonda Santa Maria Cilento Girone I Acireale Akragas Canicattì Castrovillari LFA Reggio Calabria Gioiese Nuova Igea Virtus Lamezia Terme Licata Locri Portici Ragusa Real Casalnuovo Città di Sant'Agata Sancataldese Siracusa San Luca Trapani Vibonese Champions
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Minimum_Drinking_Age_Act_of_1984
National Minimum Drinking Age Act
["1 History","2 Application on college campuses","3 Effects","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
1984 U.S. law which indirectly raised the nationwide minimum drinking age to 21 This article is about the U.S. federal law. For other meanings, see legal drinking age. National Minimum Drinking Age ActLong titleAn Act to encourage a uniform minimum drinking age of 21 to combat drugged driving, improve law enforcement and provide incentives to the states to reduce drunk driving.Acronyms (colloquial)NMDAANicknamesNational Minimum Drinking Age act of 1984Enacted bythe 98th United States CongressEffectiveJuly 17, 198440 years agoCitationsPublic law98-363Statutes at Large98 Stat. 435 aka 98 Stat. 437CodificationTitles amended23 U.S.C.: HighwaysU.S.C. sections created23 U.S.C. ch. 1 § 158Legislative historyIntroduced in the House as H.R. 4616 by Glenn M. Anderson (D–CA) on January 24, 1984Committee consideration by House Public Works and TransportationPassed the House on April 30, 1984 (passed voice vote)Passed the Senate on June 26, 1984 (81-16, in lieu of S.Amdt. 3334) with amendmentHouse agreed to Senate amendment on June 27, 1984 (agreed unanimous consent)Signed into law by President Ronald Reagan on July 17, 1984 The National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984 (23 U.S.C. § 158) was passed by the United States Congress and was later signed into law by President Ronald Reagan on July 17, 1984. The act would punish any state that allowed persons under 21 years to purchase alcoholic beverages by reducing its annual federal highway apportionment by 10 percent. The law was later amended, lowering the penalty to 8 percent from fiscal year 2012 and beyond. Despite its name, this act did not outlaw the consumption of alcoholic beverages by those under 21 years of age, just their purchase or public possession. However, Alabama, Arkansas, Idaho, New Hampshire, and West Virginia, extended the law into an outright ban. The minimum purchase and drinking ages is a state law, and most states still permit "underage" consumption of alcohol in some circumstances. In some states, no restriction on private consumption is made, while in other states, consumption is only allowed in specific locations, in the presence of consenting and supervising family members, as in the states of Colorado, Maryland, Montana, New York, Texas, Oregon, Washington, Wisconsin, and Wyoming. Some states even allow persons under 21 years of age to drink alcohol in public places, such as in Ohio, Texas, Massachusetts and Louisiana as long as the parent or guardian consents to it and is the one that buys the alcohol and is at least 21 years old. The act also does not seek to criminalize alcohol consumption during religious occasions (e.g., communion wines, Kiddush). The act was expressly upheld as constitutional in 1987 by the United States Supreme Court in South Dakota v. Dole. History Legislation concerning the legal minimum drinking age in the United States can be traced back to the days of Prohibition. In 1920, the 18th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution declared it illegal to manufacture, transport, or sell intoxicating liquors. This was repealed with the passing of the 21st Amendment in 1933, which was followed by the adoption of minimum legal drinking age policies in all states, with most states electing a minimum legal drinking age (MLDA) of 21. Between 1970 and 1975, 29 states lowered the MLDA from 21 to 18, 19, or 20. This was primarily due to the passing of the 26th Amendment, which lowered the required voting age from 21 to 18. During the 1960s, both Congress and the state legislatures came under increasing pressure to lower the minimum voting age from 21 to 18. This was in large part due to the Vietnam War, in which many young men who were ineligible to vote (or legally drink) were conscripted to fight in the war, thus lacking any means to influence the people sending them off to risk their lives. "Old enough to fight, old enough to vote," was a common slogan used by proponents of lowering the voting age. The slogan traced its roots to World War II, when President Franklin D. Roosevelt lowered the military draft age to 18. With the lowering of the voting age to 18, the minimum legal drinking age (MLDA) was similarly lowered under the notion that by being able to vote (and for males, be subject to being involuntarily drafted into the enlisted ranks of the military), one should also be able to legally consume alcoholic beverages. However, these changes were soon followed by studies showing a significant increase in motor vehicle fatalities attributable to the decreased MLDA. In response to these findings, many states raised the minimum legal drinking age to 19 (and sometimes to 20 or 21). In 1984, the National Minimum Legal Drinking Act, written by Senator Frank Lautenberg (D-NJ) and influenced by Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD), required all states to set their minimum purchasing age to 21. Any state that chooses not to comply with the act would have up to 10 percent of its federal highway funds withheld. As the MLDA was still left to the discretion of the state, the act did not violate the 21st amendment which reserved the right to regulate alcohol for all responsibilities not specifically appointed to the federal government to the states. However, as the act controlled the distribution of anywhere from $8 million to $99 million, depending on the size of the state, the act gave a strong incentive for states to change the drinking age to 21. By 1995, all 50 states, two permanently inhabited territories, and D.C. were in compliance, but Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands (and Guam until 2010) remained at 18 despite them losing 10% of federal highway funding. Professor of law Tim Jost noted that the Roberts Court ruling in NFIB v. Sebelius, though upholding South Dakota v. Dole, had serious implications for future laws that incentivize state action. The Court expressly distinguished South Dakota v. Dole, the drinking age case, because only a small portion of highway funds were at risk. ... There will certainly be future litigation when other federal programs are changed and all of the funding for the existing program is at risk, however. Constitutional lawyer Adam Winkler disagrees saying The health care decision on Medicaid is likely to be limited to its facts. ... Where a state's budget is truly dependent on federal dollars to survive, then conditional spending offers will be called into question. The health care decision doesn't purport to call into question any previous conditional spending law. And it's not likely to have much impact because there's no clear majority opinion establishing new limits. The Conservative Party of New York opposed the passage of the law in 1984. In 2001, according to the same article, New York State Assembly member Félix Ortiz introduced a bill that would lower the drinking age back to 18. He cited unfairness and difficulty with enforcement as his motivations. In 1998, the National Youth Rights Association was founded, in part, to seek to lower the drinking age back to 18. In 2004, the president of Vermont's Middlebury College, John McCardell, Jr. wrote in The New York Times that "the 21-year-old drinking age is bad social policy and terrible law" that has made the college drinking problem far worse. Groups that oppose the 21 minimum include Choose Responsibility, the Amethyst Initiative, and Students for Sensible Drug Policy. Organizations that support upholding the 21 minimum age limit include Mothers Against Drunk Driving, American Medical Association, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the American Board of Pediatrics. A key cluster of philosophical opposition to the minimum lies in the natural human need for education and experience; young adults do not receive the opportunity to educate themselves and drink responsibly before the age of 21. A related line of thought emphasizes the importance of individual rights and freedoms. Another cluster comes from pragmatism, emphasizing the reality that young people are unlikely to stop drinking, and point to statistics on underage drinking as a reason to institute a lower drinking age, which would provide the opportunity to help "young people learn to make healthy and responsible choices". Social environmental theories are also cited; making alcohol a forbidden fruit may encourage more dangerous drinking than would occur if the drinking age were lowered. With a lower drinking age, young people would have access to "publicly moderated drinking environments", rather than "model their behavior after the excessive consumption typical of private student parties", though the perception of excessive drinking on college campuses is often overstated. When brewing magnate Pete Coors raised the drinking age as a campaign issue during the 2004 U.S. Senate race in Colorado, Republican leaders praised his stand on states' rights but distanced themselves from apparent self-interest. Application on college campuses College campuses across the nation continue to struggle with issues of underage drinking, despite the nationwide MLDA of 21. The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) took special interest in this issue, and compiled a list of recommendations for colleges to implement in order to combat underage drinking on campus. However, few schools have actually implemented these recommendations, and according to a recent study, most of the intervention programs currently in place on college campuses have proven ineffective. Underage drinking is nearly impossible to prevent on college campuses because access to alcoholic beverages is extremely easy. Though it is not the only factor that contributes to student drinking, liquor's contraband status seems to imbue it with mystique. As a result, use and abuse of liquor is seen as sophisticated and is expected. Of the colleges surveyed, 98% offered alcohol education programs to their students. Only 50% of surveyed colleges offered intervention programs, 33% coordinated efforts with the surrounding community to monitor illegal alcohol sales, 15% confirmed that surrounding establishments offered responsible beverage service training, and 7% restricted the number of alcohol outlets within the community. Special services for "problem drinkers" were available at 67% of the surveyed schools; 22% of the schools referred problem drinkers to off-campus resources, and 11% offered no intervention program whatsoever. 34% of the surveyed schools were located in communities that actively instituted compliance checks, but 60% of these checks occurred without university involvement. One-fifth of surveyed schools were altogether unaware of the NIAAA's recommendations. Many factors may explain colleges' failure to implement the NIAAA's recommendations to control underage drinking on campus: a lack of university funding, a lack of time, a perceived lack of authority or jurisdiction within the community, or even a lack of interest on the part of the university, many universities even see the program as a waste of resources. Whatever the reasons may be, a multitude of options are available should colleges choose to institute programs to decrease instances of underage drinking on campus. These options include, but are not limited to, alcohol education programs, social norms campaigns, substance-free housing, individual interventions, parental notification policies, disciplinary procedures for alcohol-related violations, and amnesty policies to protect the health and safety of students. Effects This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2015) The Institute of Medicine reviewed a large number of studies on the minimum legal drinking age, including peer-reviewed academic reviews, and largely viewed the policy as a success—so much so that they argued for similar restrictions on tobacco. For example, they quote a study by Kypri and colleagues stating that "No traffic safety policy, with the possible exception of motorcycle safety helmet laws, has more evidence for its effectiveness than do the minimum legal drinking age laws." In contrast, several studies, including a 2011 review, showed data that went against the idea that raising the drinking age to 21 actually saved lives in the long run. For example, Miron and Tetelbaum (2009) found that when the federally coerced and non-coerced states were separated out, any lifesaving effect is no longer statistically or practically significant in the coerced states, and even in the voluntary-adopting states the effect does not seem to last beyond the first year or two. They also find that the 21 drinking age appears to have only a minor impact on teen drinking. There is also some evidence that traffic deaths were merely shifted from the 18-20 age group to the 21-24 age group rather than averted. Additionally, Canada, Australia, the UK, and several other nations saw similar or faster declines in traffic fatalities than the USA did since the early 1980s despite not raising their drinking ages to 21. See also Age of majority Legal age Legal drinking age U.S. history of alcohol minimum purchase age by state Youth rights Legal smoking age References ^ "Law signed to lift drinking age". Spokesman-Review. Spokane, Washington. (New York Times). July 18, 1984. p. 1. ^ "Reagan signs drinking age into law". Lewiston Morning Tribune. Idaho. Associated Press. July 18, 1984. p. 1A. ^ Peters, Gerhard; Woolley, John T (July 17, 1984). "Ronald Reagan: 'Remarks on Signing a National Minimum Drinking Age Bill'". The American Presidency Project. University of California, Santa Barbara. Retrieved February 14, 2023. ^ "Title 23 of the United States Code, Highways" (PDF), Federal Highway Administration, pp. 61–66 ^ a b c d e f g h Toomey, Traci L.; Nelson, Toben F.; Lenk, Kathleen M. (2009). "The age-21 minimum legal drinking age: a case study linking past current debates". Addiction. 104 (12): 1958–965. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02742.x. PMID 19922564. ^ Kapur, Sahil (July 3, 2012). "Will The 'Obamacare' Ruling Make It Easier For States To Lower The Drinking Age? Maybe". Talking Points Memo. ^ "Is there a Federal law that makes 21 the minimum drinking age? | Legally Literate". Archived from the original on 2016-01-29. Retrieved 2016-01-23. ^ Lovett, Kenneth (May 2, 2002). "Let Kids Start Drinking at 18: Brooklyn Pol". New York Post. ^ McCardell Jr., John M. (September 13, 2004). "What Your College President Didn't Tell You". New York Times. ^ Carpenter, Christopher; Dobkin, Carlos (2011). "The Minimum Legal Drinking Age and Public Health". Journal of Economic Perspectives. 25 (2): 133–56. doi:10.1257/jep.25.2.133. PMC 3182479. PMID 21595328. ^ Engs, Ruth C. (Winter 1999). "Forbidden Fruit". Vermont Quarterly. pp. 25 & 47, 1999 – via Indiana University. ^ a b Rasul, Jawaid W.; Rommel, Robert G.; Jacquez, Geoffrey M.; Fitzpatrick, Ben G.; Ackleh, Azmy S.; Simonsen, Neal; Scribner, Richard A. (2011). "Heavy Episodic Drinking on College Campuses: Does Changing the Legal Drinking Age Make a Difference?". Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs. 72 (1): 15–23. doi:10.15288/jsad.2011.72.15. PMC 3001676. PMID 21138707. ^ "Coors urges lower drinking age". The Washington Times. June 24, 2004. ^ Curry, Tom (September 27, 2004). "Pivotal Colo. race focuses on teen drinking". msnbc.com. ^ a b c Nelson, Toben F.; Toomey, Traci L.; Lenk, Kathleen M.; Erickson, Darin J.; Winters, Ken C. (2010). "Implementation of NIAAA College Drinking Task Force Recommendations: How Are Colleges Doing 6 Years Later?". Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 34 (10): 1687–1693. doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2010.01268.x. PMID 20626728. ^ Smith, Michael Clay; Smith, Margaret D (March 12, 1999). "Treat Students As Adults: Set The Drinking Age At 18, Not 21". The Chronicle of Higher Education. 38 (3): 373–374. doi:10.1023/A:1003771309048. S2CID 141013576. Retrieved July 6, 2013. ^ McCartt, Anne T.; Hellinga, Laurie A.; Kirley, Bevan B. (April 2010). "The effects of minimum legal drinking age 21 laws on alcohol-related driving in the United States". Journal of Safety Research. 41 (2): 173–181. doi:10.1016/j.jsr.2010.01.002. ISSN 1879-1247. PMID 20497803. ^ DeJong, William; Blanchette, Jason (2014). "Case closed: research evidence on the positive public health impact of the age 21 minimum legal drinking age in the United States". Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs. Supplement. 75 (Suppl 17): 108–115. doi:10.15288/jsads.2014.75.108. ISSN 1946-5858. PMID 24565317. ^ Wagenaar, Alexander C.; Toomey, Traci L. (March 2002). "Effects of minimum drinking age laws: review and analyses of the literature from 1960 to 2000". Journal of Studies on Alcohol. Supplement (14): 206–225. doi:10.15288/jsas.2002.s14.206. ISSN 0363-468X. PMID 12022726. ^ Medicine, Institute of; Practice, Board on Population Health and Public Health; Products, Committee on the Public Health Implications of Raising the Minimum Age for Purchasing Tobacco; Kwan, Leslie Y.; Stratton, Kathleen; Bonnie, Richard J. (2015-07-23). Evidence on the Effects of Youth Access Restrictions. National Academies Press (US). ^ Kypri, Kypros; Voas, Robert B.; Langley, John D.; Stephenson, Shaun C.R.; Begg, Dorothy J.; Tippetts, A. Scott; Davie, Gabrielle S. (January 2006). "Minimum Purchasing Age for Alcohol and Traffic Crash Injuries Among 15- to 19-Year-Olds in New Zealand". American Journal of Public Health. 96 (1): 126–131. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2005.073122. ISSN 0090-0036. PMC 1470436. PMID 16317197. ^ Grant, Darren (2011), "Evidence and Evaluation: the National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984" (PDF), Sam Houston State University ^ Males, Mike (2008). "Should California Reconsider Its Legal Drinking Age?" (PDF). Californian Journal of Health Promotion. 6 (2): 1–11. doi:10.32398/cjhp.v6i2.1304. ^ Miron, J; Tetelbaum, E (2009). "Does the Minimum Legal Drinking Age Save Lives?". Economic Inquiry. 47 (2): 317–336. doi:10.1111/j.1465-7295.2008.00179.x. S2CID 1048320. ^ a b Asch, Peter; Levy, David (1990). "Young Driver Fatalities: The Roles of Drinking Age and Drinking Experience". Southern Economic Journal. 57 (2): 512–520. doi:10.2307/1060627. JSTOR 1060627. ^ Miron, J; Tetelbaum, E (2009). "Does the Minimum Legal Drinking Age Save Lives?". Economic Inquiry. 47 (2): 317–336. doi:10.1111/j.1465-7295.2008.00179.x. S2CID 1048320. ^ "Frequently Asked Questions". National Youth Rights Association. Archived from the original on 2012-03-10. ^ Dee, Thomas; Evans, William (2001). "Behavioral Policies and Teen Traffic Safety" (PDF). American Economic Review. 91 (2): 91–96. doi:10.1257/aer.91.2.91. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-01-26. Retrieved 2023-02-14. ^ "Determine Why There Are Fewer Young Alcohol-Impaired Drivers, NHTSA, DOT HS 809 348 FINAL REPORT". National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. External links Carpenter, Christopher; Dobkin, Carlos (2011). "The Minimum Legal Drinking Age and Public Health". Journal of Economic Perspectives. 25 (2): 133–56. doi:10.1257/jep.25.2.133. PMC 3182479. PMID 21595328. MLDA-21 - dates enacted by state – U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration State Profiles of Underage Drinking Laws – National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Alcohol Policy Information System (APIS) Stahl, Lesley (February 22, 2009). "Drinking Age Debate". 60 Minutes. CBS News. History of the Drinking Age in Washington, D.C.  – Ghosts of DC blog
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Dole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota_v._Dole"}],"text":"This article is about the U.S. federal law. For other meanings, see legal drinking age.The National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984 (23 U.S.C. § 158) was passed by the United States Congress and was later signed into law by President Ronald Reagan on July 17, 1984.[1][2][3] The act would punish any state that allowed persons under 21 years to purchase alcoholic beverages by reducing its annual federal highway apportionment by 10 percent. The law was later amended, lowering the penalty to 8 percent from fiscal year 2012 and beyond.[4]Despite its name, this act did not outlaw the consumption of alcoholic beverages by those under 21 years of age, just their purchase or public possession. However, Alabama, Arkansas, Idaho, New Hampshire, and West Virginia, extended the law into an outright ban. The minimum purchase and drinking ages is a state law, and most states still permit \"underage\" consumption of alcohol in some circumstances. In some states, no restriction on private consumption is made, while in other states, consumption is only allowed in specific locations, in the presence of consenting and supervising family members, as in the states of Colorado, Maryland, Montana, New York, Texas, Oregon, Washington, Wisconsin, and Wyoming. Some states even allow persons under 21 years of age to drink alcohol in public places, such as in Ohio, Texas, Massachusetts and Louisiana as long as the parent or guardian consents to it and is the one that buys the alcohol and is at least 21 years old. The act also does not seek to criminalize alcohol consumption during religious occasions (e.g., communion wines, Kiddush).The act was expressly upheld as constitutional in 1987 by the United States Supreme Court in South Dakota v. Dole.","title":"National Minimum Drinking Age Act"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prohibition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"18th Amendment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution"},{"link_name":"U.S. Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Constitution"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Toomey-5"},{"link_name":"21st Amendment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty-first_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Toomey-5"},{"link_name":"26th Amendment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Toomey-5"},{"link_name":"Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"voting age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voting_age"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Franklin D. Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"military draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscription_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Toomey-5"},{"link_name":"Frank Lautenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Lautenberg"},{"link_name":"Mothers Against Drunk Driving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mothers_Against_Drunk_Driving"},{"link_name":"21st amendment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21st_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Toomey-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Toomey-5"},{"link_name":"Roberts Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberts_Court"},{"link_name":"NFIB v. Sebelius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Federation_of_Independent_Business_v._Sebelius"},{"link_name":"South Dakota v. Dole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota_v._Dole"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Adam Winkler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Winkler"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Conservative Party of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"New York State Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Assembly"},{"link_name":"member","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_New_York_State_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Félix Ortiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Ortiz"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"National Youth Rights Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Youth_Rights_Association"},{"link_name":"Middlebury College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlebury_College"},{"link_name":"John McCardell, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McCardell,_Jr."},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Choose Responsibility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choose_Responsibility"},{"link_name":"Amethyst Initiative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amethyst_Initiative"},{"link_name":"Students for Sensible Drug Policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Students_for_Sensible_Drug_Policy"},{"link_name":"Mothers Against Drunk Driving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mothers_Against_Drunk_Driving"},{"link_name":"American Medical Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Medical_Association"},{"link_name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention"},{"link_name":"American Board of Pediatrics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Board_of_Pediatrics"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Toomey-5"},{"link_name":"pragmatism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragmatism"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Toomey-5"},{"link_name":"Social environmental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_environment"},{"link_name":"forbidden fruit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbidden_fruit"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carpenter-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Engs-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rasul-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rasul-12"},{"link_name":"Pete Coors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Coors"},{"link_name":"2004 U.S. Senate race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_Colorado,_2004"},{"link_name":"Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado"},{"link_name":"states' rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States%27_rights"},{"link_name":"self-interest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Legislation concerning the legal minimum drinking age in the United States can be traced back to the days of Prohibition. In 1920, the 18th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution declared it illegal to manufacture, transport, or sell intoxicating liquors.[5] This was repealed with the passing of the 21st Amendment in 1933, which was followed by the adoption of minimum legal drinking age policies in all states, with most states electing a minimum legal drinking age (MLDA) of 21.[5] Between 1970 and 1975, 29 states lowered the MLDA from 21 to 18, 19, or 20. This was primarily due to the passing of the 26th Amendment, which lowered the required voting age from 21 to 18.[5]During the 1960s, both Congress and the state legislatures came under increasing pressure to lower the minimum voting age from 21 to 18. This was in large part due to the Vietnam War, in which many young men who were ineligible to vote (or legally drink) were conscripted to fight in the war, thus lacking any means to influence the people sending them off to risk their lives. \"Old enough to fight, old enough to vote,\" was a common slogan used by proponents of lowering the voting age. The slogan traced its roots to World War II, when President Franklin D. Roosevelt lowered the military draft age to 18. With the lowering of the voting age to 18, the minimum legal drinking age (MLDA) was similarly lowered under the notion that by being able to vote (and for males, be subject to being involuntarily drafted into the enlisted ranks of the military), one should also be able to legally consume alcoholic beverages.However, these changes were soon followed by studies showing a significant increase in motor vehicle fatalities attributable to the decreased MLDA. In response to these findings, many states raised the minimum legal drinking age to 19 (and sometimes to 20 or 21).[5] In 1984, the National Minimum Legal Drinking Act, written by Senator Frank Lautenberg (D-NJ) and influenced by Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD), required all states to set their minimum purchasing age to 21. Any state that chooses not to comply with the act would have up to 10 percent of its federal highway funds withheld.As the MLDA was still left to the discretion of the state, the act did not violate the 21st amendment which reserved the right to regulate alcohol for all responsibilities not specifically appointed to the federal government to the states.[5] However, as the act controlled the distribution of anywhere from $8 million to $99 million, depending on the size of the state, the act gave a strong incentive for states to change the drinking age to 21.[5] By 1995, all 50 states, two permanently inhabited territories, and D.C. were in compliance, but Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands (and Guam until 2010) remained at 18 despite them losing 10% of federal highway funding.Professor of law Tim Jost noted that the Roberts Court ruling in NFIB v. Sebelius, though upholding South Dakota v. Dole, had serious implications for future laws that incentivize state action.[6]The Court expressly distinguished South Dakota v. Dole, the drinking age case, because only a small portion of highway funds were at risk. ... There will certainly be future litigation when other federal programs are changed and all of the funding for the existing program is at risk, however.Constitutional lawyer Adam Winkler disagrees saying[7]The health care decision on Medicaid is likely to be limited to its facts. ... Where a state's budget is truly dependent on federal dollars to survive, then conditional spending offers will be called into question. The health care decision doesn't purport to call into question any previous conditional spending law. And it's not likely to have much impact because there's no clear majority opinion establishing new limits.The Conservative Party of New York opposed the passage of the law in 1984. In 2001, according to the same article, New York State Assembly member Félix Ortiz introduced a bill that would lower the drinking age back to 18. He cited unfairness and difficulty with enforcement as his motivations.[8]In 1998, the National Youth Rights Association was founded, in part, to seek to lower the drinking age back to 18. In 2004, the president of Vermont's Middlebury College, John McCardell, Jr. wrote in The New York Times that \"the 21-year-old drinking age is bad social policy and terrible law\" that has made the college drinking problem far worse.[9] Groups that oppose the 21 minimum include Choose Responsibility, the Amethyst Initiative, and Students for Sensible Drug Policy.Organizations that support upholding the 21 minimum age limit include Mothers Against Drunk Driving, American Medical Association, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the American Board of Pediatrics.A key cluster of philosophical opposition to the minimum lies in the natural human need for education and experience; young adults do not receive the opportunity to educate themselves and drink responsibly before the age of 21. A related line of thought emphasizes the importance of individual rights and freedoms.[5] Another cluster comes from pragmatism, emphasizing the reality that young people are unlikely to stop drinking, and point to statistics on underage drinking as a reason to institute a lower drinking age, which would provide the opportunity to help \"young people learn to make healthy and responsible choices\".[5] Social environmental theories are also cited; making alcohol a forbidden fruit may encourage more dangerous drinking than would occur if the drinking age were lowered.[10][11] With a lower drinking age, young people would have access to \"publicly moderated drinking environments\", rather than \"model their behavior after the excessive consumption typical of private student parties\",[12] though the perception of excessive drinking on college campuses is often overstated.[12]When brewing magnate Pete Coors raised the drinking age as a campaign issue during the 2004 U.S. Senate race in Colorado, Republican leaders praised his stand on states' rights but distanced themselves from apparent self-interest.[13][14]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_on_Alcohol_Abuse_and_Alcoholism"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nelson-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nelson-15"},{"link_name":"jurisdiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisdiction"},{"link_name":"social norms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_norms"},{"link_name":"amnesty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nelson-15"}],"text":"College campuses across the nation continue to struggle with issues of underage drinking, despite the nationwide MLDA of 21. The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) took special interest in this issue, and compiled a list of recommendations for colleges to implement in order to combat underage drinking on campus. However, few schools have actually implemented these recommendations, and according to a recent study, most of the intervention programs currently in place on college campuses have proven ineffective. Underage drinking is nearly impossible to prevent on college campuses because access to alcoholic beverages is extremely easy.[15]Though it is not the only factor that contributes to student drinking, liquor's contraband status seems to imbue it with mystique. As a result, use and abuse of liquor is seen as sophisticated and is expected.[16]Of the colleges surveyed, 98% offered alcohol education programs to their students. Only 50% of surveyed colleges offered intervention programs, 33% coordinated efforts with the surrounding community to monitor illegal alcohol sales, 15% confirmed that surrounding establishments offered responsible beverage service training, and 7% restricted the number of alcohol outlets within the community. Special services for \"problem drinkers\" were available at 67% of the surveyed schools; 22% of the schools referred problem drinkers to off-campus resources, and 11% offered no intervention program whatsoever. 34% of the surveyed schools were located in communities that actively instituted compliance checks, but 60% of these checks occurred without university involvement. One-fifth of surveyed schools were altogether unaware of the NIAAA's recommendations.[15]Many factors may explain colleges' failure to implement the NIAAA's recommendations to control underage drinking on campus: a lack of university funding, a lack of time, a perceived lack of authority or jurisdiction within the community, or even a lack of interest on the part of the university, many universities even see the program as a waste of resources. Whatever the reasons may be, a multitude of options are available should colleges choose to institute programs to decrease instances of underage drinking on campus. These options include, but are not limited to, alcohol education programs, social norms campaigns, substance-free housing, individual interventions, parental notification policies, disciplinary procedures for alcohol-related violations, and amnesty policies to protect the health and safety of students.[15]","title":"Application on college campuses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Institute of Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_Of_Medicine"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-25"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"The Institute of Medicine reviewed a large number of studies on the minimum legal drinking age, including peer-reviewed academic reviews,[17][18][19] and largely viewed the policy as a success[20]—so much so that they argued for similar restrictions on tobacco. For example, they quote a study by Kypri and colleagues stating that \"No traffic safety policy, with the possible exception of motorcycle safety helmet laws, has more evidence for its effectiveness than do the minimum legal drinking age laws.\"[21] In contrast, several studies, including a 2011 review, showed data that went against the idea that raising the drinking age to 21 actually saved lives in the long run.[22][23][24][25] For example, Miron and Tetelbaum (2009) found that when the federally coerced and non-coerced states were separated out, any lifesaving effect is no longer statistically or practically significant in the coerced states, and even in the voluntary-adopting states the effect does not seem to last beyond the first year or two. They also find that the 21 drinking age appears to have only a minor impact on teen drinking.[26] There is also some evidence that traffic deaths were merely shifted from the 18-20 age group to the 21-24 age group rather than averted.[27][28][25] Additionally, Canada, Australia, the UK, and several other nations saw similar or faster declines in traffic fatalities than the USA did since the early 1980s despite not raising their drinking ages to 21.[29]","title":"Effects"}]
[]
[{"title":"Age of majority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_majority"},{"title":"Legal age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_age"},{"title":"Legal drinking age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_drinking_age"},{"title":"U.S. history of alcohol minimum purchase age by state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._history_of_alcohol_minimum_purchase_age_by_state"},{"title":"Youth rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youth_rights"},{"title":"Legal smoking age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_smoking_age"}]
[{"reference":"\"Law signed to lift drinking age\". Spokesman-Review. Spokane, Washington. (New York Times). July 18, 1984. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=YFhWAAAAIBAJ&sjid=--4DAAAAIBAJ&pg=1712%2C1053218","url_text":"\"Law signed to lift drinking age\""}]},{"reference":"\"Reagan signs drinking age into law\". Lewiston Morning Tribune. Idaho. Associated Press. July 18, 1984. p. 1A.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=uYNfAAAAIBAJ&sjid=zjAMAAAAIBAJ&pg=3239%2C446332","url_text":"\"Reagan signs drinking age into law\""}]},{"reference":"Peters, Gerhard; Woolley, John T (July 17, 1984). \"Ronald Reagan: 'Remarks on Signing a National Minimum Drinking Age Bill'\". The American Presidency Project. University of California, Santa Barbara. Retrieved February 14, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/remarks-signing-national-minimum-drinking-age-bill","url_text":"\"Ronald Reagan: 'Remarks on Signing a National Minimum Drinking Age Bill'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Barbara","url_text":"University of California, Santa Barbara"}]},{"reference":"\"Title 23 of the United States Code, Highways\" (PDF), Federal Highway Administration, pp. 61–66","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/map21/docs/title23usc.pdf","url_text":"\"Title 23 of the United States Code, Highways\""}]},{"reference":"Toomey, Traci L.; Nelson, Toben F.; Lenk, Kathleen M. (2009). \"The age-21 minimum legal drinking age: a case study linking past current debates\". Addiction. 104 (12): 1958–965. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02742.x. PMID 19922564.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1360-0443.2009.02742.x","url_text":"\"The age-21 minimum legal drinking age: a case study linking past current debates\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1360-0443.2009.02742.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02742.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19922564","url_text":"19922564"}]},{"reference":"Kapur, Sahil (July 3, 2012). \"Will The 'Obamacare' Ruling Make It Easier For States To Lower The Drinking Age? Maybe\". Talking Points Memo.","urls":[{"url":"https://talkingpointsmemo.com/dc/will-the-obamacare-ruling-make-it-easier-for-states-to-lower-the-drinking-age-maybe","url_text":"\"Will The 'Obamacare' Ruling Make It Easier For States To Lower The Drinking Age? Maybe\""}]},{"reference":"\"Is there a Federal law that makes 21 the minimum drinking age? | Legally Literate\". Archived from the original on 2016-01-29. Retrieved 2016-01-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160129175919/http://legallyliterate.com/federal-law-21-minimum-drinking-age/","url_text":"\"Is there a Federal law that makes 21 the minimum drinking age? | Legally Literate\""},{"url":"http://legallyliterate.com/federal-law-21-minimum-drinking-age/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lovett, Kenneth (May 2, 2002). \"Let Kids Start Drinking at 18: Brooklyn Pol\". New York Post.","urls":[{"url":"https://nypost.com/2002/05/01/let-kids-start-drinking-at-18-brooklyn-pol/","url_text":"\"Let Kids Start Drinking at 18: Brooklyn Pol\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Post","url_text":"New York Post"}]},{"reference":"McCardell Jr., John M. (September 13, 2004). \"What Your College President Didn't Tell You\". New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2004/09/13/opinion/what-your-college-president-didnt-tell-you.html","url_text":"\"What Your College President Didn't Tell You\""}]},{"reference":"Carpenter, Christopher; Dobkin, Carlos (2011). \"The Minimum Legal Drinking Age and Public Health\". Journal of Economic Perspectives. 25 (2): 133–56. doi:10.1257/jep.25.2.133. PMC 3182479. PMID 21595328.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3182479","url_text":"\"The Minimum Legal Drinking Age and Public Health\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Economic_Perspectives","url_text":"Journal of Economic Perspectives"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1257%2Fjep.25.2.133","url_text":"10.1257/jep.25.2.133"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3182479","url_text":"3182479"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21595328","url_text":"21595328"}]},{"reference":"Engs, Ruth C. (Winter 1999). \"Forbidden Fruit\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangshan_New_Technology_Development_Zone
Tangshan New Technology Development Zone
["1 See also","2 References"]
Subdistrict in Hebei, ChinaTangshan New Technology Development Zone 唐山高新技术产业开发区SubdistrictChinese transcription(s)CountryChinaProvinceHebeiPrefectureTangshanTime zoneUTC+8 (China Standard Time) Tangshan New Technology Development Zone (Chinese: 唐山高新技术产业开发区) is a township-level division of Lubei District, Tangshan, Hebei, China. See also List of township-level divisions of Hebei References ^ 保定市-行政区划网 (in Chinese). xzqh.org. Archived from the original on 21 September 2011. Retrieved 29 October 2011. vteTangshanHistory 1976 Tangshan earthquake AreasLubei District Qiaotun Subdistrict Wenhua Road Subdistrict Diaoyutai Subdistrict Dongxincun Subdistrict Gangyao Subdistrict Jichang Road Subdistrict Hebei Road Subdistrict Longdong Subdistrict Dali Subdistrict Guangming Subdistrict Xiangyun Subdistrict Guoyuan Township Tangshan New Technology Development Zone Lunan District South Xueyuan Road Subdistrict Youyi Subdistrict Guangchang Subdistrict Yonghongqiao Subdistrict Xiaoshan Subdistrict Wenbei Subdistrict Qianying Subdistrict Huimindao Subdistrict Liangjiatun Road Subdistrict Daodi Nüzhizhai Town Guye District Tangjiazhuang Subdistrict Fengnan District Liushuquan Zunhua City Malanyu Luanzhou City Luancheng Subdistrict Yutian County Hongqiao Other Hangu Administration Zone Lutai Economic Development Zone Kaiping District Fengrun District Caofeidian District Qian'an City Luannan County Laoting County Qianxi County Transportation Tangshan Sannühe Airport Education Tangshan No.1 High School Hebei Tangshan Foreign Language School Landmarks Anti-Seismic Monument Eastern Qing tombs (Zunhua) This list is incomplete. This Tangshan location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
[{"title":"List of township-level divisions of Hebei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_township-level_divisions_of_Hebei"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Linder_(baseball)
William Linder (baseball)
["1 References","2 External links"]
American baseball player Baseball player William LinderPitcherBorn: 1886TennesseeNegro league baseball debut1922, for the Kansas City MonarchsLast appearance1922, for the Kansas City Monarchs Teams Kansas City Monarchs (1922) William Linder (born 1886) was an American Negro league pitcher in the 1920s. A native of Tennessee, Linder played for the Kansas City Monarchs in 1922. In three recorded games, he posted a 5.06 ERA over 10.2 innings. References ^ "William Linder". seamheads.com. Retrieved December 16, 2021. ^ "William Linder". baseball-reference.com. Retrieved December 16, 2021. External links Career statistics and player information from Baseball Reference and Seamheads This Negro league baseball biography article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Negro league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negro_league"},{"link_name":"pitcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitcher"},{"link_name":"Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Kansas City Monarchs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City_Monarchs"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Baseball playerWilliam Linder (born 1886) was an American Negro league pitcher in the 1920s.A native of Tennessee, Linder played for the Kansas City Monarchs in 1922. In three recorded games, he posted a 5.06 ERA over 10.2 innings.[1][2]","title":"William Linder (baseball)"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunther_Dyhrenfurth
Günter Dyhrenfurth
["1 Biography","2 Selected bibliography","3 References","4 External links"]
Swiss mountain climber Günter Oskar Dyhrenfurth (12 November 1886 – 14 April 1975) was a German-born, German and Swiss mountaineer, geologist and Himalayan explorer. He won a gold medal in alpinism at the 1936 Summer Olympics. Biography He led the International Himalaya Expedition (IHE) 1930 to Kangchenjunga, and another one, IHE 1934, to the Baltoro-region in the Karakorams, especially to explore the Gasherbrum-Group. This expedition made the first ascent of Sia Kangri and some of its sub-peaks and provided detailed information about the accessibility of the 8000ers Gasherbrum I and II. The first ascent of Gasherbrum I in 1958 was accomplished via the route proposed by Dyhrenfurth following the so-called IHE-spur and the SE-ridge. Dyrenfurth was a very influential alpinist, expedition leader and chronicler of mountaineering. His son Norman G. Dyhrenfurth was also a mountaineer and became an important expedition leader and film maker. Selected bibliography Dyhrenfurth, Günter (1931). Himalaya. Unsere Expedition 1930. Berlin: Scherl. Dyhrenfurth, Günter (1939). Baltoro, ein Himalaya-Buch. Basel: B. Schwabe & Co. Dyhrenfurth, Günter (1953). To the third Pole. London: W. Laurie. Dyhrenfurth, Günter (1953). L' Himalaya, troisième pôle: les "8.000" de la terre. Paris: Payot. Dyhrenfurth, Günter (1954). Das Buch vom Nanga Parbat, die Geschichte seiner Besteigung, 1895-1953. Munich: Nymphenburger Verlagshandlung. References ^ "Günter Dyhrenfurth". Olympedia. Retrieved 31 July 2020. ^ Jon Krakauer (1997). Into Thin Air. Villard Books. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-385-49478-6. ^ Eberhard Jurgalski (2008). History of chronicles, 8000ers.com, retrieved 9 May 2015. ^ "John F. Kennedy XXXV President of the United States: 1961-1963; 296 - Remarks Upon Presenting the Hubbard Medal to the Leader of the American Everest Expedition". The American Presidency Project. University of California, Santa Barbara. July 8, 1963. Retrieved July 7, 2013. External links Anders Bolinder (1976). In Memoriam: Günter Oskar Dyhrenfurth, The Alpine Journal 1976. p. 268. Eberhard Jurgalski (2008). A BRIEF HISTORY OF HIGH ASIAN CHRONICLES Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Italy Israel United States Czech Republic Netherlands Portugal Academics CiNii People Deutsche Biographie Other Historical Dictionary of Switzerland SNAC IdRef This biographical article relating to a Swiss sportsperson is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This biographical article relating to climbing or mountaineering is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Swiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"mountaineer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountaineer"},{"link_name":"Himalayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaya"},{"link_name":"1936 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Günter Oskar Dyhrenfurth (12 November 1886 – 14 April 1975) was a German-born, German and Swiss mountaineer, geologist and Himalayan explorer. He won a gold medal in alpinism at the 1936 Summer Olympics.[1]","title":"Günter Dyhrenfurth"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kangchenjunga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangchenjunga"},{"link_name":"Baltoro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltoro_Glacier"},{"link_name":"Karakorams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakoram"},{"link_name":"Gasherbrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasherbrum"},{"link_name":"Sia Kangri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sia_Kangri"},{"link_name":"8000ers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8000er"},{"link_name":"Gasherbrum I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasherbrum_I"},{"link_name":"II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasherbrum_II"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thin-air-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Norman G. Dyhrenfurth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Dyhrenfurth"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"He led the International Himalaya Expedition (IHE) 1930 to Kangchenjunga, and another one, IHE 1934, to the Baltoro-region in the Karakorams, especially to explore the Gasherbrum-Group. This expedition made the first ascent of Sia Kangri and some of its sub-peaks and provided detailed information about the accessibility of the 8000ers Gasherbrum I and II. The first ascent of Gasherbrum I in 1958 was accomplished via the route proposed by Dyhrenfurth following the so-called IHE-spur and the SE-ridge.Dyrenfurth was a very influential alpinist, expedition leader and chronicler of mountaineering.[2][3] His son Norman G. Dyhrenfurth was also a mountaineer and became an important expedition leader and film maker.[4]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"Basel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basel"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Nanga Parbat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanga_Parbat"},{"link_name":"Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich"}],"text":"Dyhrenfurth, Günter (1931). Himalaya. Unsere Expedition 1930. Berlin: Scherl.\nDyhrenfurth, Günter (1939). Baltoro, ein Himalaya-Buch. Basel: B. Schwabe & Co.\nDyhrenfurth, Günter (1953). To the third Pole. London: W. Laurie.\nDyhrenfurth, Günter (1953). L' Himalaya, troisième pôle: les \"8.000\" de la terre. Paris: Payot.\nDyhrenfurth, Günter (1954). Das Buch vom Nanga Parbat, die Geschichte seiner Besteigung, 1895-1953. Munich: Nymphenburger Verlagshandlung.","title":"Selected bibliography"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highway_13_(film)
Highway 13 (film)
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","4 References","5 External links"]
1948 film Highway 13Directed byWilliam BerkeWritten byMaurice TombragelBased onstory by John WilsteProduced byWilliam StephensexecutiveRobert L. LippertMusic byRaoul KraushaarProductioncompanyLippert PicturesDistributed byScreen Guild ProductionsRelease date December 28, 1948 (1948-12-28) Running time58 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBudgetless than $60,000. Highway 13 is a 1948 American drama film directed by William Berke and starring Robert Lowery. Lowery had just made Shep Comes Home for financier Robert L. Lippert. Plot This article's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (May 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Norris Trucking Company is plagued by several truck accidents along US highway 13 in the vicinity of Bishop, California. Heiress to the company, Henrietta Denton, also is in a fatal accident along the highway. Hank Wilson, a truck driver for the company, pulls over and attempts to help. Henrietta's husband Frank Denton goes to see the owner of the Norris Trucking Company, J.E. Norris and voices his concerns about the company not rigorously investigating the accidents despite his earlier recommendations. He recommends bringing in his war buddy to investigate. Hank meets Doris who works at the Clover Cafe and Garage during one of his routes. Wondering when he’s going to propose, she asks if he’s asked for the raise that will allow him to get a down payment on a truck of his own he’s been delaying for. Mary Hadley, the personnel supervisor, is unconvinced Hank should get the raise. Frank Denton walks in and asks Hank if he’s the man who found his wife after the accident and if he noticed anything unusual about it. To which Hank said that no, but it is starting to seem a bit odd and coincidental to just be a run of the mill “jinx” as it’s been happening a few too many times and all in the same area. Frank thanks him, offers him the raise and excuses himself. After the sixth accident, the investigator George Montgomery is hired as one of the company’s truck drivers under cover and shadows with Hank while on one of his routes. They stop at the diner and Hank tells Doris about the raise and to set a date. After a few weeks, George reports back to Frank that he’s narrowed it down to the Clover Cafe. He goes on to say the owner, Pops, also used to run with a gang in the 1920s. He also thinks there’s a possible motive to the accidents that would imply inside involvement. Before returning to the company warehouse, Hank makes a stop over at the Cafe with a ring and proposes to Doris, who accepts. Back at the warehouse, Hank parks and heads in for a moment passing George on the way. A hand is seen releasing the break on Hanks truck, allowing it to back into George, killing him. On suspicion of homicide, Hank is taken in. An attorney for the insurance agency drops in to see Hank. He introduces himself as Keller and tells him that George has been in contact with the insurance company during his investigation and had believed Hank was in the clear. So, In a leap of faith they strike a deal where Hank gets reinstated at his job if he helps prove the accidents were intentional and figure out the motive behind it. But It’s better to keep it quiet, even with Doris. He later meets up with Keller who asks if he’s seen anything out of the ordinary, no matter how far fetched. Only that on the day he returned, Mary had seemed to make a play for him. Keller tells him to follow the lead despite Hanks protests of the tenuousness of the lead and being in a relationship. Hank arrives at Mary’s office saying he was returning from a route and saw her light on. She makes advances and they kiss. Outside her office, the accounts manager notices the silhouettes of the two through the door. The next day, Hank sees Doris who is upset about rumors of him being with Mary. He tells her he can’t go into it and that it wasn’t the way it looks. But she doesn’t accept the explanation and ends the engagement. Hank and Keller decide to change methods. Hank sets up a meeting with Doris saying he is able to be more open about what is going on. He explains how he was looking into the accidents and Pops’ involvement in the gangs. Doris informs Pops what Hank said about his past and that Hank accused him of the accidents. Pops calls Mary warning her that Hank has him “pinned to the wall and Labeled”. Hank waiting nearby, overhears the call and confronts pops, urging him to confess. Pops jumps him and ties him up. Pops pulls up with a truck when Aunt Mert arrives. She protests and asks him to reconsider saying that he has enough on his conscience. He loads Hank into the truck and tells her to stay behind so she can’t be held responsible. Doris overhears and climbs into the back unnoticed by either of them. Pops then meets up with Frank and Mary. They decide that Pops is going to drive to the crest of the hill, set the throttle and hop out while Frank and Mary are driving behind to pick him up. On the drive up, Mary expresses mild discomfort. Indignant, Frank replied with that it didn’t bother her when it was his wife. He is also uncertain with being able to get away with it. She tells him the only two men who can prove anything are about to be taken care of. They just have to tell the police Hank had wrecked the trucks because his mind was injured in the war and blackmailed Pops into doing his dirty work. She believes Keller will back their story as it will save his company from having to make the insurance payment. Pops reaches the crest of the hill, sets the throttle and jumps. Doris, half hanging in from the back of the truck, attempts to take control of the truck while trying to wake Hank up. Pops gets hit by Frank’s car and left behind. When Hank wakes up, he is able to stop the truck in the middle of the road. Frank and Mary soon catch up, not realizing the truck had stopped until it was to late. They swerve and drive off an embankment resulting in a crash. Hank is offered a reward, but he expresses his dismay of the circumstances that led to it. Doris asks if there’s any chances of getting the red truck in Bakersfield. Cast Robert Lowery as Hank Wilson Pamela Blake as Doris Lacy Clem Bevans as Bill 'Pops' Lacy Michael Whalen as Frank Denton Steve Pendleton as George Montgomery (as Gaylord Pendleton) Lyle Talbot as Company Detective Maris Wrixon as Mary Hadley Mary Gordon as Aunt Mert Lacy Tom Chatterton as J.E. Norris (uncredited) Production Producer William Stephen made it instead of Banana Boat. It was originally called Roarin' Wheels and Hell on Wheels but both those titles were changed. It was changed again to Rolling Wheels. Filming ended in November 1948. References ^ Schallert, E. (Mar 23, 1949). "Widmark to grow tough again in oil narrative; screen guild expanding". Los Angeles Times. ProQuest 165946201. ^ "Laura's Miscellaneous Musings: Tonight's Movie: Highway 13 (1948)". ^ Schallert, E. (Sep 13, 1948). "'Numbers racket' title finally tossed away; 'jet pilot' to glitter". Los Angeles Times. ProQuest 165864628. ^ Schallert, E. (Oct 28, 1948). "'Two hearts' well on way with greer rumored star: Carolinan in movie fray". Los Angeles Times. ProQuest 165842325. ^ "MOVIELAND BRIEFS". Los Angeles Times. Nov 15, 1948. ProQuest 165878356. External links Highway 13 at IMDb vteFilms directed by William Berke Toll of the Desert (1935) Gun Grit (1936) Desert Justice (1936) Lawless Plainsmen (1942) Down Rio Grande Way (1942) Riders of the Northland (1942) Bad Men of the Hills (1942) Overland to Deadwood (1942) The Lone Prairie (1942) Riding Through Nevada (1942) Pardon My Gun (1942) A Tornado in the Saddle (1942) Frontier Fury (1943) Tornado (1943) Minesweeper (1943) Saddles and Sagebrush (1943) Law of the Northwest (1943) Hail to the Rangers (1943) The Fighting Buckaroo (1943) Silver City Raiders (1943) The Vigilantes Ride (1943) The Navy Way (1944) That's My Baby! (1944) Wyoming Hurricane (1944) Sailor's Holiday (1944) Dark Mountain (1944) Dangerous Passage (1944) Double Exposure (1944) The Last Horseman (1944) Betrayal from the East (1945) High Powered (1945) Dick Tracy (1945) Renegade Girl (1946) Rolling Home (1946) Shoot to Kill (1947) Caged Fury (1948) Speed to Spare (1948) Highway 13 (1948) Waterfront at Midnight (1948) Arson, Inc. (1949) Deputy Marshal (1949) Jungle Jim (1949) The Lost Tribe (1949) Sky Liner (1949) Zamba (1949) Treasure of Monte Cristo (1949) Captive Girl (1950) Mark of the Gorilla (1950) Border Rangers (1950) On the Isle of Samoa (1950) Train to Tombstone (1950) The Bandit Queen (1950) Operation Haylift (1950) Pygmy Island (1950) I Shot Billy the Kid (1950) Gunfire (1950) Danger Zone (1951) FBI Girl (1951) Pier 23 (1951) Savage Drums (1951) Roaring City (1951) Kaadu (1952) Valley of the Head Hunters (1953) Four Boys and a Gun (1957) Street of Sinners (1957) Island Women (1958) Cop Hater (1958) The Mugger (1958)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"drama film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama_film"},{"link_name":"William Berke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Berke"},{"link_name":"Robert Lowery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Lowery_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Shep Comes Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shep_Comes_Home"},{"link_name":"Robert L. Lippert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_L._Lippert"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Highway 13 is a 1948 American drama film directed by William Berke and starring Robert Lowery. Lowery had just made Shep Comes Home for financier Robert L. Lippert.[2]","title":"Highway 13 (film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bishop, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop,_California"},{"link_name":"war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"}],"text":"The Norris Trucking Company is plagued by several truck accidents along US highway 13 in the vicinity of Bishop, California. Heiress to the company, Henrietta Denton, also is in a fatal accident along the highway. Hank Wilson, a truck driver for the company, pulls over and attempts to help. Henrietta's husband Frank Denton goes to see the owner of the Norris Trucking Company, J.E. Norris and voices his concerns about the company not rigorously investigating the accidents despite his earlier recommendations. He recommends bringing in his war buddy to investigate.Hank meets Doris who works at the Clover Cafe and Garage during one of his routes. Wondering when he’s going to propose, she asks if he’s asked for the raise that will allow him to get a down payment on a truck of his own he’s been delaying for. Mary Hadley, the personnel supervisor, is unconvinced Hank should get the raise. Frank Denton walks in and asks Hank if he’s the man who found his wife after the accident and if he noticed anything unusual about it. To which Hank said that no, but it is starting to seem a bit odd and coincidental to just be a run of the mill “jinx” as it’s been happening a few too many times and all in the same area. Frank thanks him, offers him the raise and excuses himself.After the sixth accident, the investigator George Montgomery is hired as one of the company’s truck drivers under cover and shadows with Hank while on one of his routes. They stop at the diner and Hank tells Doris about the raise and to set a date. After a few weeks, George reports back to Frank that he’s narrowed it down to the Clover Cafe. He goes on to say the owner, Pops, also used to run with a gang in the 1920s. He also thinks there’s a possible motive to the accidents that would imply inside involvement.Before returning to the company warehouse, Hank makes a stop over at the Cafe with a ring and proposes to Doris, who accepts. Back at the warehouse, Hank parks and heads in for a moment passing George on the way. A hand is seen releasing the break on Hanks truck, allowing it to back into George, killing him.On suspicion of homicide, Hank is taken in. An attorney for the insurance agency drops in to see Hank. He introduces himself as Keller and tells him that George has been in contact with the insurance company during his investigation and had believed Hank was in the clear. So, In a leap of faith they strike a deal where Hank gets reinstated at his job if he helps prove the accidents were intentional and figure out the motive behind it. But It’s better to keep it quiet, even with Doris. He later meets up with Keller who asks if he’s seen anything out of the ordinary, no matter how far fetched. Only that on the day he returned, Mary had seemed to make a play for him. Keller tells him to follow the lead despite Hanks protests of the tenuousness of the lead and being in a relationship.Hank arrives at Mary’s office saying he was returning from a route and saw her light on. She makes advances and they kiss. Outside her office, the accounts manager notices the silhouettes of the two through the door. The next day, Hank sees Doris who is upset about rumors of him being with Mary. He tells her he can’t go into it and that it wasn’t the way it looks. But she doesn’t accept the explanation and ends the engagement.Hank and Keller decide to change methods. Hank sets up a meeting with Doris saying he is able to be more open about what is going on. He explains how he was looking into the accidents and Pops’ involvement in the gangs. Doris informs Pops what Hank said about his past and that Hank accused him of the accidents. Pops calls Mary warning her that Hank has him “pinned to the wall and Labeled”. Hank waiting nearby, overhears the call and confronts pops, urging him to confess. Pops jumps him and ties him up.Pops pulls up with a truck when Aunt Mert arrives. She protests and asks him to reconsider saying that he has enough on his conscience. He loads Hank into the truck and tells her to stay behind so she can’t be held responsible. Doris overhears and climbs into the back unnoticed by either of them.\nPops then meets up with Frank and Mary. They decide that Pops is going to drive to the crest of the hill, set the throttle and hop out while Frank and Mary are driving behind to pick him up.On the drive up, Mary expresses mild discomfort. Indignant, Frank replied with that it didn’t bother her when it was his wife. He is also uncertain with being able to get away with it. She tells him the only two men who can prove anything are about to be taken care of. They just have to tell the police Hank had wrecked the trucks because his mind was injured in the war and blackmailed Pops into doing his dirty work. She believes Keller will back their story as it will save his company from having to make the insurance payment.Pops reaches the crest of the hill, sets the throttle and jumps. Doris, half hanging in from the back of the truck, attempts to take control of the truck while trying to wake Hank up. Pops gets hit by Frank’s car and left behind.When Hank wakes up, he is able to stop the truck in the middle of the road. Frank and Mary soon catch up, not realizing the truck had stopped until it was to late. They swerve and drive off an embankment resulting in a crash. Hank is offered a reward, but he expresses his dismay of the circumstances that led to it. Doris asks if there’s any chances of getting the red truck in Bakersfield.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert Lowery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Lowery_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Pamela Blake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamela_Blake"},{"link_name":"Clem Bevans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clem_Bevans"},{"link_name":"Michael Whalen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Whalen_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Steve Pendleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Pendleton"},{"link_name":"Lyle Talbot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyle_Talbot"},{"link_name":"Maris Wrixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maris_Wrixon"},{"link_name":"Mary Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Gordon_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Tom Chatterton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Chatterton"}],"text":"Robert Lowery as Hank Wilson\nPamela Blake as Doris Lacy\nClem Bevans as Bill 'Pops' Lacy\nMichael Whalen as Frank Denton\nSteve Pendleton as George Montgomery (as Gaylord Pendleton)\nLyle Talbot as Company Detective\nMaris Wrixon as Mary Hadley\nMary Gordon as Aunt Mert Lacy\nTom Chatterton as J.E. Norris (uncredited)","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Producer William Stephen made it instead of Banana Boat.[3]It was originally called Roarin' Wheels and Hell on Wheels but both those titles were changed. It was changed again to Rolling Wheels.[4]Filming ended in November 1948.[5]","title":"Production"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Schallert, E. (Mar 23, 1949). \"Widmark to grow tough again in oil narrative; screen guild expanding\". Los Angeles Times. ProQuest 165946201.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/165946201","url_text":"165946201"}]},{"reference":"\"Laura's Miscellaneous Musings: Tonight's Movie: Highway 13 (1948)\".","urls":[{"url":"http://laurasmiscmusings.blogspot.com/2015/08/tonights-movie-highway-13-1948.html","url_text":"\"Laura's Miscellaneous Musings: Tonight's Movie: Highway 13 (1948)\""}]},{"reference":"Schallert, E. (Sep 13, 1948). \"'Numbers racket' title finally tossed away; 'jet pilot' to glitter\". Los Angeles Times. ProQuest 165864628.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/165864628","url_text":"165864628"}]},{"reference":"Schallert, E. (Oct 28, 1948). \"'Two hearts' well on way with greer rumored star: Carolinan in movie fray\". Los Angeles Times. ProQuest 165842325.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/165842325","url_text":"165842325"}]},{"reference":"\"MOVIELAND BRIEFS\". Los Angeles Times. Nov 15, 1948. ProQuest 165878356.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/165878356","url_text":"165878356"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Highway_13_(film)&action=edit","external_links_name":"help improve it"},{"Link":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/165946201","external_links_name":"165946201"},{"Link":"http://laurasmiscmusings.blogspot.com/2015/08/tonights-movie-highway-13-1948.html","external_links_name":"\"Laura's Miscellaneous Musings: Tonight's Movie: Highway 13 (1948)\""},{"Link":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/165864628","external_links_name":"165864628"},{"Link":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/165842325","external_links_name":"165842325"},{"Link":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/165878356","external_links_name":"165878356"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0040437/","external_links_name":"Highway 13"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Cryptography_and_Security
Encyclopedia of Cryptography and Security
["1 Advisory board members","2 References"]
Book by Technische Universiteit Eindhoven Encyclopedia of Cryptography and Security AuthorHenk C.A.v. Tilborg, Eindhoven University of Technology, (Editor)LanguageEnglishSeriesMathematicsComputer ScienceGenreEncyclopediaPublisherSpringer-Verlag New YorkPublication date2005Publication placeThe NetherlandsMedia typePrint E-reference (1st edition) E-reference (2nd edition)Pages684ISBN978-0-387-23473-1OCLC61030073Dewey Decimal652/.803 22LC ClassZ103 .E53 2005 The Encyclopedia of Cryptography and Security is a comprehensive work on Cryptography for both information security professionals and experts in the fields of Computer Science, Applied Mathematics, Engineering, Information Theory, Data Encryption, etc. It consists of 460 articles in alphabetical order and is available electronically and in print. The Encyclopedia has a representative Advisory Board consisting of 18 leading international specialists. Topics include but are not limited to authentication and identification, copy protection, cryptoanalysis and security, factorization algorithms and primality tests, cryptographic protocols, key management, electronic payments and digital certificates, hash functions and MACs, elliptic curve cryptography, quantum cryptography and web security. The style of the articles is of explanatory character and can be used for undergraduate or graduate courses. Advisory board members Carlisle Adams, Entrust, Inc. Friedrich Bauer, Technische Universität München Gerrit Bleumer, Francotyp-Postalia Dan Boneh, Stanford University Pascale Charpin, INRIA-Rocquencourt Claude Crepeau, McGill University Yvo G. Desmedt, University College London (University of London) Grigory Kabatiansky, Institute for Information Transmission Problems Burt Kaliski, RSA Security Peter Landrock, University of Aarhus Patrick Drew McDaniel, Penn State University Alfred Menezes, University of Waterloo David Naccache, Gemplus Christof Paar, Ruhr-Universität Bochum Bart Preneel, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Jean-Jacques Quisquater, Université Catholique de Louvain Kazue Sako, NEC Corporation Berry Schoenmakers, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven References ^ Edgar R. Weippl, Computing Reviews, May, 2006
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cryptography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptography"},{"link_name":"information security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_security"},{"link_name":"Computer Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Science"},{"link_name":"Applied Mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_Mathematics"},{"link_name":"Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering"},{"link_name":"Information Theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_Theory"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"primality tests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primality_tests"},{"link_name":"cryptographic protocols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographic_protocols"},{"link_name":"hash functions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hash_function"},{"link_name":"elliptic curve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliptic_curve"},{"link_name":"quantum cryptography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_cryptography"},{"link_name":"web security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_security"}],"text":"The Encyclopedia of Cryptography and Security is a comprehensive work on Cryptography for both information security professionals and experts in the fields of Computer Science, Applied Mathematics, Engineering, Information Theory, Data Encryption, etc.[1] It consists of 460 articles in alphabetical order and is available electronically and in print. The Encyclopedia has a representative Advisory Board consisting of 18 leading international specialists.Topics include but are not limited to authentication and identification, copy protection, cryptoanalysis and security, factorization algorithms and primality tests, cryptographic protocols, key management, electronic payments and digital certificates, hash functions and MACs, elliptic curve cryptography, quantum cryptography and web security.The style of the articles is of explanatory character and can be used for undergraduate or graduate courses.","title":"Encyclopedia of Cryptography and Security"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carlisle Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlisle_Adams"},{"link_name":"Technische Universität München","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technische_Universit%C3%A4t_M%C3%BCnchen"},{"link_name":"Dan Boneh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Boneh"},{"link_name":"Stanford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University"},{"link_name":"Yvo G. Desmedt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvo_G._Desmedt"},{"link_name":"University College London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College_London"},{"link_name":"University of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_London"},{"link_name":"Burt Kaliski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burt_Kaliski"},{"link_name":"University of Aarhus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Aarhus"},{"link_name":"Patrick Drew McDaniel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Drew_McDaniel"},{"link_name":"Alfred Menezes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Menezes"},{"link_name":"Ruhr-Universität Bochum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhr-Universit%C3%A4t_Bochum"},{"link_name":"Bart Preneel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bart_Preneel"},{"link_name":"Katholieke Universiteit Leuven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katholieke_Universiteit_Leuven"},{"link_name":"Technische Universiteit Eindhoven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technische_Universiteit_Eindhoven"}],"text":"Carlisle Adams, Entrust, Inc.\nFriedrich Bauer, Technische Universität München\nGerrit Bleumer, Francotyp-Postalia\nDan Boneh, Stanford University\nPascale Charpin, INRIA-Rocquencourt\nClaude Crepeau, McGill University\nYvo G. Desmedt, University College London (University of London)\nGrigory Kabatiansky, Institute for Information Transmission Problems\nBurt Kaliski, RSA Security\nPeter Landrock, University of Aarhus\nPatrick Drew McDaniel, Penn State University\nAlfred Menezes, University of Waterloo\nDavid Naccache, Gemplus\nChristof Paar, Ruhr-Universität Bochum\nBart Preneel, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven\nJean-Jacques Quisquater, Université Catholique de Louvain\nKazue Sako, NEC Corporation\nBerry Schoenmakers, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven","title":"Advisory board members"}]
[]
null
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999%E2%80%932000_OPJHL_season
1999–2000 OPJHL season
["1 Changes","2 Final standings","3 1999-2000 Frank L. Buckland Trophy Playoffs","4 Dudley Hewitt Cup Championship","5 Scoring leaders","6 Players selected in 2000 NHL Entry Draft","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]
Sports season1999–2000 OPJHL seasonLeagueOntario Provincial Junior A Hockey LeagueSportHockeyDurationRegular season 1999-09 – 2000-02 Playoffs 2000-02 – 2000-04Number of teams37Finals championsBrampton CapitalsOPJHL seasons← 1998–992000–01 → The 1999–2000 OPJHL season is the seventh season of the Ontario Provincial Junior A Hockey League (OPJHL). The thirty-five teams of the North, South, East, and West divisions competed in a 49-game schedule. Come February, the top eight teams of each division competed for the Frank L. Buckland Trophy, the OPJHL championship. The winner of the Buckland Cup, the Brampton Capitals, failed to win the Dudley Hewitt Cup as Central Canadian Champions. Changes League returns to 4 divisions, from 3. Auburn Jr. Crunch change name to Syracuse Jr. Crunch. Shelburne Wolves leave OPJHL. Caledon Canadians leave OPJHL. Parry Sound Shamrocks join OPJHL from NOJHL. St. Michael's Buzzers rejoin OPJHL. Final standings Note: GP = Games played; W = Wins; L = Losses; OTL = Overtime losses; SL = Shootout losses; GF = Goals for; GA = Goals against; PTS = Points; x = clinched playoff berth; y = clinched division title; z = clinched conference title East Division Team GP W L T OTL GF GA P Lindsay Muskies 49 41 3 3 2 244 104 87 Wellington Dukes 49 33 9 6 1 257 144 73 Trenton Sting 49 30 15 3 1 242 179 64 Cobourg Cougars 49 25 21 2 1 199 190 53 Kingston Voyageurs 49 23 20 4 2 193 181 52 Bowmanville Eagles 49 19 24 6 0 188 208 44 Bancroft Hawks 49 18 25 3 3 177 221 42 Peterborough Bees 49 17 26 3 3 184 202 40 Port Hope Buzzards 49 11 37 0 1 158 303 23 Syracuse Jr. Crunch 49 9 36 2 2 170 303 22 North Division Team GP W L T OTL GF GA P Newmarket Hurricanes 49 37 10 1 1 296 167 76 Couchiching Terriers 49 35 12 2 0 258 152 72 Collingwood Blues 47 26 13 5 3 243 148 60 Aurora Tigers 47 27 15 5 0 150 130 59 Stouffville Spirit 49 24 23 2 0 195 190 50 Huntsville Wildcats 49 21 20 6 2 181 198 50 Parry Sound Shamrocks 48 8 34 4 2 154 294 22 Durham Huskies 49 5 39 3 2 132 338 15 South Division Team GP W L T OTL GF GA P Vaughan Vipers 49 36 7 3 3 221 125 78 Thornhill Rattlers 49 33 9 4 3 264 170 73 Wexford Raiders 49 32 11 3 3 237 164 70 Markham Waxers 48 24 18 3 3 211 193 54 North York Rangers 49 17 26 6 0 167 206 40 Ajax Axemen 49 16 26 6 1 159 216 39 St. Michael's Buzzers 49 18 28 3 0 183 231 39 Oshawa Legionaires 49 13 29 4 3 157 212 33 Pickering Panthers 49 11 32 4 2 154 218 28 West Division Team GP W L T OTL GF GA P Georgetown Raiders 49 32 10 5 2 238 180 71 Brampton Capitals 49 30 12 4 3 221 174 67 Milton Merchants 49 30 13 3 3 231 158 66 Streetsville Derbys 49 27 17 5 0 213 208 59 Hamilton Kiltys 49 25 17 5 2 247 206 57 Burlington Cougars 49 23 20 5 1 166 174 52 Mississauga Chargers 49 19 24 2 4 190 220 44 Oakville Blades 49 16 21 9 3 209 246 44 Buffalo Lightning 49 13 32 2 2 170 236 30 Bramalea Blues 49 10 33 2 4 142 217 26 1999-2000 Frank L. Buckland Trophy Playoffs For the Central Canada Championship, see Dudley Hewitt Cup. For the national championship, see 2000 Royal Bank Cup. Division Quarter-final Lindsay Muskies defeated Peterborough Bees 4-games-to-none Wellington Dukes defeated Bancroft Hawks 4-games-to-none Kingston Voyageurs defeated Cobourg Cougars 4-games-to-none Trenton Sting defeated Bowmanville Eagles 4-games-to-2 Brampton Capitals defeated Mississauga Chargers 4-games-to-1 Georgetown Raiders defeated Oakville Blades 4-games-to-3 Burlington Cougars defeated Milton Merchants 4-games-to-3 Streetsville Derbys defeated Hamilton Kiltys 4-games-to-3 Newmarket Hurricanes defeated Parry Sound Shamrocks 4-games-to-none Couchiching Terriers defeated Ajax Axemen 4-games-to-none Stouffville Spirit defeated Aurora Tigers 4-games-to-none Collingwood Blues defeated Huntsville Wildcats 4-games-to-3 Vaughan Vipers defeated Pickering Panthers 4-games-to-none Thornhill Rattlers defeated Oshawa Legionaires 4-games-to-1 Wexford Raiders defeated St. Michael's Buzzers 4-games-to-1 Markham Waxers defeated North York Rangers 4-games-to-3 Division Semi-final Couchiching Terriers defeated Collingwood Blues 4-games-to-1 Stouffville Spirit defeated Newmarket Hurricanes 4-games-to-2 Vaughan Vipers defeated Markham Waxers 4-games-to-1 Thornhill Rattlers defeated Wexford Raiders 4-games-to-1 Wellington Dukes defeated Trenton Sting 4-games-to-none Lindsay Muskies defeated Kingston Voyageurs 4-games-to-none Georgetown Raiders defeated Burlington Cougars 4-games-to-3 Brampton Capitals defeated Streetsville Derbys 4-games-to-none Division Final Couchiching Terriers defeated Stouffville Spirit 4-games-to-none Thornhill Rattlers defeated Vaughan Vipers 4-games-to-none Lindsay Muskies defeated Wellington Dukes 4-games-to-1 Brampton Capitals defeated Georgetown Raiders 4-games-to-none Semi-final Brampton Capitals defeated Couchiching Terriers 4-games-to-none Lindsay Muskies defeated Thornhill Rattlers 4-games-to-1 Final Brampton Capitals defeated Lindsay Muskies 4-games-to-2 Dudley Hewitt Cup Championship Best-of-7 series Rayside-Balfour Sabrecats (NOJHL) defeated Brampton Capitals 4-games-to-1 Rayside-Balfour 4 - Brampton 1 Brampton 4 - Rayside-Balfour 1 Rayside-Balfour 2 - Brampton 1 Rayside-Balfour 3 - Brampton 2 Rayside-Balfour 13 - Brampton 1 Scoring leaders Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; PIM = Penalty minutes Player Team GP G A Pts Pierre Rivard Newmarket Hurricanes 49 35 77 112 Mike Brito Collingwood Blues 47 50 61 111 Players selected in 2000 NHL Entry Draft Rd 3 #67 Max Birbraer - New Jersey Devils (Newmarket Hurricanes) See also 2000 Royal Bank Cup Dudley Hewitt Cup List of OJHL seasons Northern Ontario Junior Hockey League Superior International Junior Hockey League Greater Ontario Junior Hockey League 1999 in ice hockey 2000 in ice hockey References ^ "Shaw Communications". External links Official website of the Ontario Junior Hockey League Official website of the Canadian Junior Hockey League Preceded by1998–99 OPJHL season OJHL seasons Succeeded by2000–01 OPJHL season vteOntario Hockey Association Junior A HockeyCurrent Leagues & Teams Ontario Junior Hockey League Aurora Tigers Brantford 99ers Buffalo Jr. Sabres Burlington Cougars Caledon Admirals Cobourg Cougars Collingwood Blues Georgetown Raiders Haliburton County Huskies Leamington Flyers Lindsay Muskies Markham Royals Milton Menace Mississauga Chargers Niagara Falls Canucks North York Rangers Oakville Blades Pickering Panthers St. Michael's Buzzers Stouffville Spirit Toronto Jr. Canadiens Toronto Patriots Trenton Golden Hawks Wellington Dukes Former Leagues & Teams Southern Ontario Junior A Hockey League Brantford Foresters Brantford Majors Buffalo-Glencoe Tondas Chatham Maroons Detroit Jr. Red Wings Guelph CMC's Guelph Imperials Michigan Americans Niagara Falls Flyers St. Thomas Elgins Sarnia Bees Sarnia Legionnaires Welland Sabres Windsor Spitfires Ontario Provincial Junior A Hockey League Ajax Merchants Belleville Bulls Brampton Warriors Cambridge Winterhawks Dixie Beehives Guelph Platers Hamilton Mountain A's Kingston Frontenacs North Bay Trappers Owen Sound Greys Royal York Royals Toronto Nationals Weston Dodgers Whitby Lawmen Metro Junior A Hockey League Mimico Monarchs Pittsburgh Jr. Penguins Ontario Junior Hockey League Ajax Attack Barrie Colts Bowmanville Eagles Bramalea Blues Brampton Capitals Caledon Canadians Collingwood Blues Couchiching Terriers Dixie Beehives Durham Huskies Huntsville Otters Kingston Voyageurs Markham Waxers Milton Icehawks Newmarket Hurricanes Orangeville Crushers Parry Sound Shamrocks Peterborough Stars Seguin Bruins Shelburne Wolves Streetsville Derbys Syracuse Jr. Crunch Trenton Sting Vaughan Vipers Seasons Ontario Provincial Junior A Hockey League 1972–73 1973–74 1974–75 1975–76 1976–77 1977–78 1978–79 1979–80 1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 1984–85 1985–86 1986–87 Metro Junior A Hockey League 1991–92 1992–93 1993–94 1994–95 1995–96 1996–97 1997–98 Ontario Junior Hockey League 1992–93 1993–94 1994–95 1995–96 1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 1999–00 2000–01 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009-10 CC/OJ 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019-20 2021-22 2022-23 2023-24 Championships CJHL Central Canada Cup Challenge Dudley Hewitt Cup Centennial Cup vteMembers and championships of the Canadian Junior Hockey LeagueANAVET Cup Manitoba Junior Hockey League Saskatchewan Junior Hockey League Doyle Cup Alberta Junior Hockey League Dudley Hewitt Cup Northern Ontario Junior Hockey League Ontario Junior Hockey League Superior International Junior Hockey League Fred Page Cup Central Canada Hockey League Maritime Junior A Hockey League Quebec Junior Hockey League Centennial Cup 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 History Abbott Cup Callaghan Cup Western Canada Cup Thunder Bay Flyers BCHL EJAHL IJHL MetJHL Original MJAHL NBJHL NJAHL NJHL NOJHA OPJHL PJHL QJAHL RMJHL SJJHL SOJHL TBJHL Administrators Rick Morocco (executive director, 2014–2016) Brent Ladds (president, 2016–2022) Hockey Canada World Junior A Challenge World U-17 Hockey Challenge Eastern Canada Cup Challenge
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"seventh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_OJHL_seasons"},{"link_name":"season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Season_(sports)"},{"link_name":"Ontario Provincial Junior A Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Provincial_Junior_A_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"Brampton Capitals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brampton_Capitals"},{"link_name":"Dudley Hewitt Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dudley_Hewitt_Cup"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The 1999–2000 OPJHL season is the seventh season of the Ontario Provincial Junior A Hockey League (OPJHL). The thirty-five teams of the North, South, East, and West divisions competed in a 49-game schedule.Come February, the top eight teams of each division competed for the Frank L. Buckland Trophy, the OPJHL championship. The winner of the Buckland Cup, the Brampton Capitals, failed to win the Dudley Hewitt Cup as Central Canadian Champions.[1]","title":"1999–2000 OPJHL season"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Syracuse Jr. Crunch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syracuse_Jr._Crunch"},{"link_name":"Shelburne Wolves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelburne_Wolves"},{"link_name":"Caledon Canadians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caledon_Canadians"},{"link_name":"Parry Sound Shamrocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parry_Sound_Shamrocks"},{"link_name":"NOJHL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOJHL"},{"link_name":"St. Michael's Buzzers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Michael%27s_Buzzers"}],"text":"League returns to 4 divisions, from 3.\nAuburn Jr. Crunch change name to Syracuse Jr. Crunch.\nShelburne Wolves leave OPJHL.\nCaledon Canadians leave OPJHL.\nParry Sound Shamrocks join OPJHL from NOJHL.\nSt. Michael's Buzzers rejoin OPJHL.","title":"Changes"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Note: GP = Games played; W = Wins; L = Losses; OTL = Overtime losses; SL = Shootout losses; GF = Goals for; GA = Goals against; PTS = Points; x = clinched playoff berth; y = clinched division title; z = clinched conference title","title":"Final standings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dudley Hewitt Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dudley_Hewitt_Cup"},{"link_name":"2000 Royal Bank Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Royal_Bank_Cup"},{"link_name":"Lindsay Muskies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindsay_Muskies"},{"link_name":"Peterborough Bees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peterborough_Bees"},{"link_name":"Wellington Dukes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington_Dukes"},{"link_name":"Bancroft Hawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bancroft_Hawks"},{"link_name":"Kingston Voyageurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_Voyageurs"},{"link_name":"Cobourg Cougars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobourg_Cougars"},{"link_name":"Trenton Sting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trenton_Sting"},{"link_name":"Bowmanville Eagles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowmanville_Eagles"},{"link_name":"Brampton Capitals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brampton_Capitals"},{"link_name":"Mississauga Chargers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississauga_Chargers"},{"link_name":"Georgetown Raiders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown_Raiders"},{"link_name":"Oakville Blades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakville_Blades"},{"link_name":"Burlington Cougars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burlington_Cougars"},{"link_name":"Milton Merchants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Merchants"},{"link_name":"Streetsville Derbys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streetsville_Derbys"},{"link_name":"Hamilton Kiltys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_Kiltys"},{"link_name":"Newmarket Hurricanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newmarket_Hurricanes"},{"link_name":"Parry Sound Shamrocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parry_Sound_Shamrocks"},{"link_name":"Couchiching Terriers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Couchiching_Terriers"},{"link_name":"Ajax Axemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajax_Axemen"},{"link_name":"Stouffville Spirit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stouffville_Spirit"},{"link_name":"Aurora Tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_Tigers"},{"link_name":"Collingwood Blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collingwood_Blues"},{"link_name":"Huntsville Wildcats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntsville_Wildcats"},{"link_name":"Vaughan Vipers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaughan_Vipers"},{"link_name":"Pickering Panthers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pickering_Panthers"},{"link_name":"Thornhill Rattlers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thornhill_Rattlers"},{"link_name":"Oshawa Legionaires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oshawa_Legionaires"},{"link_name":"Wexford Raiders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wexford_Raiders"},{"link_name":"St. Michael's Buzzers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Michael%27s_Buzzers"},{"link_name":"Markham Waxers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markham_Waxers"},{"link_name":"North York Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_York_Rangers"},{"link_name":"Couchiching Terriers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Couchiching_Terriers"},{"link_name":"Collingwood Blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collingwood_Blues"},{"link_name":"Stouffville Spirit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stouffville_Spirit"},{"link_name":"Newmarket Hurricanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newmarket_Hurricanes"},{"link_name":"Vaughan Vipers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaughan_Vipers"},{"link_name":"Markham Waxers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markham_Waxers"},{"link_name":"Thornhill Rattlers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thornhill_Rattlers"},{"link_name":"Wexford Raiders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wexford_Raiders"},{"link_name":"Wellington Dukes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington_Dukes"},{"link_name":"Trenton Sting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trenton_Sting"},{"link_name":"Lindsay Muskies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindsay_Muskies"},{"link_name":"Kingston Voyageurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_Voyageurs"},{"link_name":"Georgetown Raiders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown_Raiders"},{"link_name":"Burlington Cougars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burlington_Cougars"},{"link_name":"Brampton Capitals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brampton_Capitals"},{"link_name":"Streetsville Derbys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streetsville_Derbys"},{"link_name":"Couchiching Terriers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Couchiching_Terriers"},{"link_name":"Stouffville Spirit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stouffville_Spirit"},{"link_name":"Thornhill Rattlers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thornhill_Rattlers"},{"link_name":"Vaughan Vipers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaughan_Vipers"},{"link_name":"Lindsay Muskies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindsay_Muskies"},{"link_name":"Wellington Dukes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington_Dukes"},{"link_name":"Brampton Capitals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brampton_Capitals"},{"link_name":"Georgetown Raiders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown_Raiders"},{"link_name":"Brampton Capitals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brampton_Capitals"},{"link_name":"Couchiching Terriers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Couchiching_Terriers"},{"link_name":"Lindsay Muskies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindsay_Muskies"},{"link_name":"Thornhill Rattlers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thornhill_Rattlers"},{"link_name":"Brampton Capitals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brampton_Capitals"},{"link_name":"Lindsay Muskies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindsay_Muskies"}],"text":"For the Central Canada Championship, see Dudley Hewitt Cup. For the national championship, see 2000 Royal Bank Cup.Division Quarter-finalLindsay Muskies defeated Peterborough Bees 4-games-to-none\nWellington Dukes defeated Bancroft Hawks 4-games-to-none\nKingston Voyageurs defeated Cobourg Cougars 4-games-to-none\nTrenton Sting defeated Bowmanville Eagles 4-games-to-2\nBrampton Capitals defeated Mississauga Chargers 4-games-to-1\nGeorgetown Raiders defeated Oakville Blades 4-games-to-3\nBurlington Cougars defeated Milton Merchants 4-games-to-3\nStreetsville Derbys defeated Hamilton Kiltys 4-games-to-3\nNewmarket Hurricanes defeated Parry Sound Shamrocks 4-games-to-none\nCouchiching Terriers defeated Ajax Axemen 4-games-to-none\nStouffville Spirit defeated Aurora Tigers 4-games-to-none\nCollingwood Blues defeated Huntsville Wildcats 4-games-to-3\nVaughan Vipers defeated Pickering Panthers 4-games-to-none\nThornhill Rattlers defeated Oshawa Legionaires 4-games-to-1\nWexford Raiders defeated St. Michael's Buzzers 4-games-to-1\nMarkham Waxers defeated North York Rangers 4-games-to-3Division Semi-finalCouchiching Terriers defeated Collingwood Blues 4-games-to-1\nStouffville Spirit defeated Newmarket Hurricanes 4-games-to-2\nVaughan Vipers defeated Markham Waxers 4-games-to-1\nThornhill Rattlers defeated Wexford Raiders 4-games-to-1\nWellington Dukes defeated Trenton Sting 4-games-to-none\nLindsay Muskies defeated Kingston Voyageurs 4-games-to-none\nGeorgetown Raiders defeated Burlington Cougars 4-games-to-3\nBrampton Capitals defeated Streetsville Derbys 4-games-to-noneDivision FinalCouchiching Terriers defeated Stouffville Spirit 4-games-to-none\nThornhill Rattlers defeated Vaughan Vipers 4-games-to-none\nLindsay Muskies defeated Wellington Dukes 4-games-to-1\nBrampton Capitals defeated Georgetown Raiders 4-games-to-noneSemi-finalBrampton Capitals defeated Couchiching Terriers 4-games-to-none\nLindsay Muskies defeated Thornhill Rattlers 4-games-to-1FinalBrampton Capitals defeated Lindsay Muskies 4-games-to-2","title":"1999-2000 Frank L. Buckland Trophy Playoffs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rayside-Balfour Sabrecats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayside-Balfour_Sabrecats"},{"link_name":"NOJHL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOJHL"},{"link_name":"Brampton Capitals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brampton_Capitals"}],"text":"Best-of-7 seriesRayside-Balfour Sabrecats (NOJHL) defeated Brampton Capitals 4-games-to-1\nRayside-Balfour 4 - Brampton 1\nBrampton 4 - Rayside-Balfour 1\nRayside-Balfour 2 - Brampton 1\nRayside-Balfour 3 - Brampton 2\nRayside-Balfour 13 - Brampton 1","title":"Dudley Hewitt Cup Championship"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; PIM = Penalty minutes","title":"Scoring leaders"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Max Birbraer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Birbraer"},{"link_name":"New Jersey Devils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Devils"},{"link_name":"Newmarket Hurricanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newmarket_Hurricanes"}],"text":"Rd 3 #67\tMax Birbraer -\tNew Jersey Devils\t(Newmarket Hurricanes)","title":"Players selected in 2000 NHL Entry Draft"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_objective
Goal
["1 Goal setting","1.1 Mindset theory of action phases","2 Goal characteristics","3 Personal goals","3.1 Achieving personal goals","3.2 Personal goal achievement and happiness","4 Self-concordance model","4.1 Self-concordant goals","5 Goal setting management in organizations","6 Goal displacement","7 See also","8 References","9 Further reading"]
Idea of the future or result that a person or group wants to achieve This article is about the idea of a desired result. For the scoring method in many sports, see Goal (sports). For other uses, see Goal (disambiguation). The neutrality of this article is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on Talk:Goal/Archive 1. Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met. (June 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Part of a series onAgency In different fields Philosophy Psychology Social science Theories Action theory Self-determination theory Belief–desire–intention model Processes Goal setting Goal pursuit Planning Individual difference Intentionality Goal orientation Concepts Action Intention (category) Sense of agency Goal (category) Self Self-efficacy Self-concept Social identity theory Free willvte A goal or objective is an idea of the future or desired result that a person or a group of people envision, plan, and commit to achieve. People endeavour to reach goals within a finite time by setting deadlines. A goal is roughly similar to a purpose or aim, the anticipated result which guides reaction, or an end, which is an object, either a physical object or an abstract object, that has intrinsic value. Goal setting Main article: Goal setting A poster at United Nations Headquarters showing Millennium Development Goals Goal-setting theory was formulated based on empirical research and has been called one of the most important theories in organizational psychology. Edwin A. Locke and Gary P. Latham, the fathers of goal-setting theory, provided a comprehensive review of the core findings of the theory in 2002. In summary, Locke and Latham found that specific, difficult goals lead to higher performance than either easy goals or instructions to "do your best", as long as feedback about progress is provided, the person is committed to the goal, and the person has the ability and knowledge to perform the task. According to Locke and Latham, goals affect performance in the following ways: goals direct attention and effort toward goal-relevant activities, difficult goals lead to greater effort, goals increase persistence, with difficult goals prolonging effort, and goals indirectly lead to arousal, and to discovery and use of task-relevant knowledge and strategies Some coaches recommend establishing specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bounded (SMART) objectives, but not all researchers agree that these SMART criteria are necessary. The SMART framework does not include goal difficulty as a criterion; in the goal-setting theory of Locke and Latham, it is recommended to choose goals within the 90th percentile of difficulty, based on the average prior performance of those that have performed the task. Goals can be long-term, intermediate, or short-term. The primary difference is the time required to achieve them. Short-term goals are expect to be finished in a relatively short period of time, long-term goals in a long period of time, and intermediate in a medium period of time. Mindset theory of action phases Before an individual can set out to achieve a goal, they must first decide on what their desired end-state will be. Peter Gollwitzer's mindset theory of action phases proposes that there are two phases in which an individual must go through if they wish to achieve a goal. For the first phase, the individual will mentally select their goal by specifying the criteria and deciding on which goal they will set based on their commitment to seeing it through. The second phase is the planning phase, in which the individual will decide which set of behaviors are at their disposal and will allow them to best reach their desired end-state or goal.: 342–348  Goal characteristics This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Certain characteristics of a goal help define the goal and determine an individual's motivation to achieve that goal. The characteristics of a goal make it possible to determine what motivates people to achieve a goal, and, along with other personal characteristics, may predict goal achievement. Importance is determined by a goal's attractiveness, intensity, relevance, priority, and sign. Importance can range from high to low. Difficulty is determined by general estimates of probability of achieving the goal. Specificity is determined if the goal is qualitative and ranges from being vague to precisely stated. Typically, a higher-level goal is vaguer than a lower level subgoal; for example, wanting to have a successful career is vaguer than wanting to obtain a master's degree. Temporal range is determined by the duration of the goal and the range from proximal (immediate) to distal (delayed). Level of consciousness refers to a person's cognitive awareness of a goal. Awareness is typically greater for proximal goals than for distal goals. Complexity of a goal is determined by how many subgoals are necessary to achieve the goal and how one goal connects to another. For example, graduating college could be considered a complex goal because it has many subgoals (such as making good grades), and is connected to other goals, such as gaining meaningful employment. Personal goals Individuals can set personal goals: a student may set a goal of a high mark in an exam; an athlete might run five miles a day; a traveler might try to reach a destination city within three hours; an individual might try to reach financial goals such as saving for retirement or saving for a purchase. Managing goals can give returns in all areas of personal life. Knowing precisely what one wants to achieve makes clear what to concentrate and improve on, and often can help one subconsciously prioritize on that goal. However, successful goal adjustment (goal disengagement and goal re-engagement capacities) is also a part of leading a healthy life. Goal setting and planning ("goal work") promotes long-term vision, intermediate mission and short-term motivation. It focuses intention, desire, acquisition of knowledge, and helps to organize resources. Efficient goal work includes recognizing and resolving all guilt, inner conflict or limiting belief that might cause one to sabotage one's efforts. By setting clearly-defined goals, one can subsequently measure and take pride in the accomplishment of those goals. One can see progress in what might have seemed a long, perhaps difficult, grind. Achieving personal goals Achieving complex and difficult goals requires focus, long-term diligence, and effort (see Goal pursuit). Success in any field requires forgoing excuses and justifications for poor performance or lack of adequate planning; in short, success requires emotional maturity. The measure of belief that people have in their ability to achieve a personal goal also affects that achievement. Long-term achievements rely on short-term achievements. Emotional control over the small moments of the single day can make a big difference in the long term. Personal goal achievement and happiness There has been a lot of research conducted looking at the link between achieving desired goals, changes to self-efficacy and integrity and ultimately changes to subjective well-being. Goal efficacy refers to how likely an individual is to succeed in achieving their goal. Goal integrity refers to how consistent one's goals are with core aspects of the self. Research has shown that a focus on goal efficacy is associated with happiness, a factor of well-being, and goal integrity is associated with meaning (psychology), another factor of well-being. Multiple studies have shown the link between achieving long-term goals and changes in subjective well-being; most research shows that achieving goals that hold personal meaning to an individual increases feelings of subjective well-being. Psychologist Robert Emmons found that when humans pursue meaningful projects and activities without primarily focusing on happiness, happiness often results as a by-product. Indicators of meaningfulness predict positive effects on life, while lack of meaning predicts negative states such as psychological distress. Emmons summarizes the four categories of meaning which have appeared throughout various studies. He proposes to call them WIST, or work, intimacy, spirituality, and transcendence. Furthermore, those who value extrinstic goals higher than intrinsic goals tend to have lower subjective well-being and higher levels of anxiety. Self-concordance model The self-concordance model is a model that looks at the sequence of steps that occur from the commencement of a goal to attaining that goal. It looks at the likelihood and impact of goal achievement based on the type of goal and meaning of the goal to the individual. Different types of goals impact both goal achievement and the sense of subjective well-being brought about by achieving the goal. The model breaks down factors that promote, first, striving to achieve a goal, then achieving a goal, and then the factors that connect goal achievement to changes in subjective well-being. Self-concordant goals Goals that are pursued to fulfill intrinsic values or to support an individual's self-concept are called self-concordant goals. Self-concordant goals fulfill basic needs and align with what psychoanalyst Donald Winnicott called an individual's "True Self". Because these goals have personal meaning to an individual and reflect an individual's self-identity, self-concordant goals are more likely to receive sustained effort over time. In contrast, goals that do not reflect an individual's internal drive and are pursued due to external factors (e.g. social pressures) emerge from a non-integrated region of a person, and are therefore more likely to be abandoned when obstacles occur. Those who attain self-concordant goals reap greater well-being benefits from their attainment. Attainment-to-well-being effects are mediated by need satisfaction, i.e., daily activity-based experiences of autonomy, competence, and relatedness that accumulate during the period of striving. The model is shown to provide a satisfactory fit to 3 longitudinal data sets and to be independent of the effects of self-efficacy, implementation intentions, avoidance framing, and life skills. Furthermore, self-determination theory and research surrounding this theory shows that if an individual effectively achieves a goal, but that goal is not self-endorsed or self-concordant, well-being levels do not change despite goal attainment. Goal setting management in organizations In organizations, goal management consists of the process of recognizing or inferring goals of individual team-members, abandoning goals that are no longer relevant, identifying and resolving conflicts among goals, and prioritizing goals consistently for optimal team-collaboration and effective operations. For any successful commercial system, it means deriving profits by making the best quality of goods or the best quality of services available to end-users (customers) at the best possible cost. Goal management includes: assessment and dissolution of non-rational blocks to success time management frequent reconsideration (consistency checks) feasibility checks adjusting milestones and main-goal targets Jens Rasmussen and Morten Lind distinguish three fundamental categories of goals related to technological system management. These are: production goals safety goals economy goals Organizational goal-management aims for individual employee goals and objectives to align with the vision and strategic goals of the entire organization. Goal-management provides organizations with a mechanism to effectively communicate corporate goals and strategic objectives to each person across the entire organization. The key consists of having it all emanate from a pivotal source and providing each person with a clear, consistent organizational-goal message, so that every employee understands how their efforts contribute to an enterprise's success. An example of goal types in business management: Consumer goals: this refers to supplying a product or service that the market/consumer wants Product goals: this refers to supplying an outstanding value proposition compared to other products - perhaps due to factors such as quality, design, reliability and novelty Operational goals: this refers to running the organization in such a way as to make the best use of management skills, technology and resources Secondary goals: this refers to goals which an organization does not regard as priorities Goal displacement Goal displacement occurs when the original goals of an entity or organization are replaced over time by different goals. In some instances, this creates problems, because the new goals may exceed the capacity of the mechanisms put in place to meet the original goals. New goals adopted by an organization may also increasingly become focused on internal concerns, such as establishing and enforcing structures for reducing common employee disputes. In some cases, the original goals of the organization become displaced in part by repeating behaviors that become traditional within the organization. For example, a company that manufactures widgets may decide to do seek good publicity by putting on a fundraising drive for a popular charity or by having a tent at a local county fair. If the fundraising drive or county fair tent is successful, the company may choose to make this an annual tradition, and may eventually involve more and more employees and resources in the new goal of raising the most charitable funds or of having the best county fair tent. In some cases, goals are displaced because the initial problem is resolved or the initial goal becomes impossible to pursue. A famous example is the March of Dimes, which began as an organization to fund the fight against polio, but once that disease was effectively brought under control by the polio vaccine, transitioned to being an organization for combating birth defects. See also Counterplanning Decision-making software Direction of fit GOAL agent programming language Goal modeling Goal orientation Goal programming Goal–question–metric (GQM) Goal theory Management by objectives Moving the goalposts Objectives and key results (OKR) Polytely Regulatory focus theory Strategic management Strategic planning SWOT analysis The Goal (novel) The Jackrabbit Factor References ^ Locke, Edwin A.; Latham, Gary P. (1990). A theory of goal setting & task performance. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0139131387. OCLC 20219875. ^ Miner, J. B. (2003). "The rated importance, scientific validity, and practical usefulness of organizational behavior theories: A quantitative review". Academy of Management Learning & Education. 2 (3): 250–268. doi:10.5465/amle.2003.10932132. ^ a b c Locke, Edwin A.; Latham, Gary P. (September 2002) . "Building a practically useful theory of goal setting and task motivation: a 35-year odyssey". American Psychologist. 57 (9): 705–717. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.126.9922. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.57.9.705. PMID 12237980. S2CID 17534210. ^ Grant, Anthony M (September 2012). "An integrated model of goal-focused coaching: an evidence-based framework for teaching and practice" (PDF). International Coaching Psychology Review. 7 (2): 146–165 (147). doi:10.53841/bpsicpr.2012.7.2.146. S2CID 255938190. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-11-29. Whilst the ideas represented by the acronym SMART are indeed broadly supported by goal theory (e.g. Locke, 1996), and the acronym SMART may well be useful in some instances in coaching practice, I think that the widespread belief that goals are synonymous with SMART action plans has done much to stifle the development of a more sophisticated understanding and use of goal theory within in the coaching community, and this point has important implications for coaching research, teaching and practice. ^ Locke, E. A., Chah, D., Harrison, S. & Lustgarten, N. (1989). "Separating the effects of goal specificity from goal level". Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes. 43 (2): 270–287. doi:10.1016/0749-5978(89)90053-8.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ Creek, Jennifer; Lougher, Lesley (2008). "Goal setting". Occupational therapy and mental health (4th ed.). Edinburgh; New York: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier. pp. 111–113 (112). ISBN 9780443100277. OCLC 191890638. Client goals are usually set on two or three levels. Long-term goals are the overall goals of the intervention, the reasons why the client is being offered help, and the expected outcome of intervention... Intermediate goals may be clusters of skills to be developed, attitudes to be changed or barriers to be overcome on the way to achieving the main goals... Short-term goals are the small steps on the way to achieving major goals. ^ Gollwitzer, P. M. (2012). Mindset theory of action phases. In P. A. M. Van Lange. A. W. Kruglanski, & E. T. Handbook of motivation science (pp. 235–250). New York: Guilford Press. ^ a b c d e f g Deckers, Lambert (2018). Motivation: biological, psychological, and environmental (5th ed.). New York: Routledge. ISBN 9781138036321. OCLC 1009183545. ^ Wrosch, Carsten; Scheier, Michael F.; Miller, Gregory E. (2013-12-01). "Goal Adjustment Capacities, Subjective Well-Being, and Physical Health". Social and Personality Psychology Compass. 7 (12): 847–860. doi:10.1111/spc3.12074. ISSN 1751-9004. PMC 4145404. PMID 25177358. ^ Emmons, Robert A (1996). "Striving and feeling: personal goals and subjective well-being". In Gollwitzer, Peter M; Bargh, John A (eds.). The psychology of action: linking cognition and motivation to behavior. New York: Guilford Press. pp. 313–337. ISBN 978-1572300323. OCLC 33103979. ^ McGregor, Ian; Little, Brian R (February 1998). "Personal projects, happiness, and meaning: on doing well and being yourself". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 74 (2): 494–512. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.74.2.494. PMID 9491589. ^ Brunstein, Joachim C (November 1993). "Personal goals and subjective well-being: a longitudinal study". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 65 (5): 1061–1070. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.65.5.1061. ^ Elliott, Andrew J; Sheldon, Kennon M (November 1998). "Avoidance personal goals and the personality–illness relationship". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 75 (5): 1282–1299. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.433.3924. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.75.5.1282. PMID 9866188. ^ Sheldon, Kennon M; Kasser, Tim (December 1998). "Pursuing personal goals: skills enable progress but not all progress is beneficial" (PDF). Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 24 (12): 1319–1331. doi:10.1177/01461672982412006. S2CID 143050092. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-09-13. Retrieved 2015-02-06. ^ Emmons, Robert A. (2003), Keyes, Corey L. M.; Haidt, Jonathan (eds.), "Personal goals, life meaning, and virtue: Wellsprings of a positive life.", Flourishing: Positive psychology and the life well-lived., Washington: American Psychological Association, pp. 105–128, doi:10.1037/10594-005, ISBN 978-1-55798-930-7, retrieved 2023-11-07 ^ Kasser, Tim; Ryan, Richard M. (March 1996). "Further Examining the American Dream: Differential Correlates of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Goals". Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 22 (3): 280–287. doi:10.1177/0146167296223006. ISSN 0146-1672. S2CID 143559692. ^ Sheldon, Ken M; Eliott, Andrew J (March 1999). "Goal striving, need satisfaction and longitudinal well-being: the self-concordance model" (PDF). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 76 (3): 482–497. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.76.3.482. PMID 10101878. ^ Gollwitzer, Peter M (1990). "Action phases and mind-sets" (PDF). In Higgins, E Tory; Sorrentino, Richard M (eds.). Handbook of motivation and cognition: foundations of social behavior. Vol. 2. New York: Guilford Press. pp. 53–92. ISBN 978-0898624328. OCLC 12837968. ^ Sheldon, Kennon M; Elliot, Andrew J (March 1999). "Goal striving, need satisfaction, and longitudinal well-being: the self-concordance model" (PDF). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 76 (3): 482–497. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.76.3.482. PMID 10101878. ^ Ryan, Richard M (January 2000). "Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being" (PDF). American Psychologist. 55 (1): 68–78. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.529.4370. doi:10.1037/0003-066x.55.1.68. PMID 11392867. S2CID 1887672. ^ Rasmussen, Jens; Lind, Morten (1982). "A model of human decision making in complex systems and its use for design of system control strategies" (PDF). Proceedings of the 1982 American Control Conference: Sheraton National Hotel, Arlington, Virginia, June 14–16, 1982. New York: American Automatic Control Council. OCLC 761373599. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-02-06. Retrieved 2015-02-06. Cited in: Wrench, Jason S (2013). "Communicating within the modern workplace: challenges and prospects". In Wrench, Jason S (ed.). Workplace communication for the 21st century: tools and strategies that impact the bottom line. Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger. pp. 1–38. ISBN 978-0313396311. OCLC 773022358. ^ Osterwalder, Alexander; Pigneur, Yves; Clark, Tim (2010). Business model generation: a handbook for visionaries, game changers, and challengers. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9780470876411. OCLC 648031756. ^ Barnes, Cindy; Blake, Helen; Pinder, David (2009). Creating & delivering your value proposition: managing customer experience for profit. London; Philadelphia: Kogan Page. ISBN 9780749455125. OCLC 320800660. ^ a b Karen Kirst-Ashman, Human Behavior, Communities, Organizations, and Groups in the Macro Social Environment (2007), p. 112. Further reading Mager, Robert Frank (1997) . Goal analysis: how to clarify your goals so you can actually achieve them (3rd ed.). Atlanta, GA: Center for Effective Performance. ISBN 978-1879618046. OCLC 37435274. Moskowitz, Gordon B; Heidi Grant Halvorson, eds. (2009). The psychology of goals. New York: Guilford Press. ISBN 9781606230299. OCLC 234434698. Authority control databases National Germany Latvia Other NARA
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Goal (sports)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goal_(sports)"},{"link_name":"Goal (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goal_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"idea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idea"},{"link_name":"plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planning"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Locke_Latham_1990-1"},{"link_name":"deadlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_limit"},{"link_name":"end","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrinsic_value_(ethics)#End"},{"link_name":"object","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_(philosophy)"},{"link_name":"physical object","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_object"},{"link_name":"abstract object","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_object"},{"link_name":"intrinsic value","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrinsic_value_(ethics)"}],"text":"This article is about the idea of a desired result. For the scoring method in many sports, see Goal (sports). For other uses, see Goal (disambiguation).A goal or objective is an idea of the future or desired result that a person or a group of people envision, plan, and commit to achieve.[1] People endeavour to reach goals within a finite time by setting deadlines.A goal is roughly similar to a purpose or aim, the anticipated result which guides reaction, or an end, which is an object, either a physical object or an abstract object, that has intrinsic value.","title":"Goal"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Millennium_Development_Goals,_UN_Headquarters,_New_York_City,_New_York_-_20080501.jpg"},{"link_name":"United Nations Headquarters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Headquarters"},{"link_name":"Millennium Development Goals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_Development_Goals"},{"link_name":"empirical research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empirical_research"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Edwin A. Locke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_A._Locke"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Locke_Latham_2002-3"},{"link_name":"feedback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feedback"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Locke_Latham_2002-3"},{"link_name":"arousal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arousal"},{"link_name":"coaches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaching"},{"link_name":"SMART","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMART_criteria"},{"link_name":"SMART criteria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMART_criteria"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Locke_Latham_2002-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"A poster at United Nations Headquarters showing Millennium Development GoalsGoal-setting theory was formulated based on empirical research and has been called one of the most important theories in organizational psychology.[2] Edwin A. Locke and Gary P. Latham, the fathers of goal-setting theory, provided a comprehensive review of the core findings of the theory in 2002.[3] In summary, Locke and Latham found that specific, difficult goals lead to higher performance than either easy goals or instructions to \"do your best\", as long as feedback about progress is provided, the person is committed to the goal, and the person has the ability and knowledge to perform the task.According to Locke and Latham, goals affect performance in the following ways:[3]goals direct attention and effort toward goal-relevant activities,\ndifficult goals lead to greater effort,\ngoals increase persistence, with difficult goals prolonging effort, and\ngoals indirectly lead to arousal, and to discovery and use of task-relevant knowledge and strategiesSome coaches recommend establishing specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bounded (SMART) objectives, but not all researchers agree that these SMART criteria are necessary.[4] The SMART framework does not include goal difficulty as a criterion; in the goal-setting theory of Locke and Latham, it is recommended to choose goals within the 90th percentile of difficulty, based on the average prior performance of those that have performed the task.[5][3]Goals can be long-term, intermediate, or short-term. The primary difference is the time required to achieve them.[6] Short-term goals are expect to be finished in a relatively short period of time, long-term goals in a long period of time, and intermediate in a medium period of time.","title":"Goal setting"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peter Gollwitzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Gollwitzer"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Deckers-8"}],"sub_title":"Mindset theory of action phases","text":"Before an individual can set out to achieve a goal, they must first decide on what their desired end-state will be. Peter Gollwitzer's mindset theory of action phases proposes that there are two phases in which an individual must go through if they wish to achieve a goal.[7] For the first phase, the individual will mentally select their goal by specifying the criteria and deciding on which goal they will set based on their commitment to seeing it through. The second phase is the planning phase, in which the individual will decide which set of behaviors are at their disposal and will allow them to best reach their desired end-state or goal.[8]: 342–348","title":"Goal setting"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Deckers-8"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Deckers-8"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Deckers-8"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"career","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Career"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Deckers-8"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Deckers-8"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Deckers-8"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"}],"text":"Certain characteristics of a goal help define the goal and determine an individual's motivation to achieve that goal. The characteristics of a goal make it possible to determine what motivates people to achieve a goal, and, along with other personal characteristics, may predict goal achievement.[citation needed]Importance is determined by a goal's attractiveness, intensity, relevance, priority, and sign.[8][page needed] Importance can range from high to low.\nDifficulty is determined by general estimates of probability of achieving the goal.[8][page needed]\nSpecificity is determined if the goal is qualitative and ranges from being vague to precisely stated.[8][page needed] Typically, a higher-level goal is vaguer than a lower level subgoal; for example, wanting to have a successful career is vaguer than wanting to obtain a master's degree.\nTemporal range is determined by the duration of the goal and the range from proximal (immediate) to distal (delayed).[8][page needed]\nLevel of consciousness refers to a person's cognitive awareness of a goal. Awareness is typically greater for proximal goals than for distal goals.[8][page needed]\nComplexity of a goal is determined by how many subgoals are necessary to achieve the goal and how one goal connects to another.[8][page needed] For example, graduating college could be considered a complex goal because it has many subgoals (such as making good grades), and is connected to other goals, such as gaining meaningful employment.","title":"Goal characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"set personal goals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_goal_setting"},{"link_name":"personal life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_life"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Goal setting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goal_setting"},{"link_name":"vision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vision_statement"},{"link_name":"mission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_statement"},{"link_name":"motivation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motivation"},{"link_name":"desire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desire_(emotion)"},{"link_name":"guilt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guilt_(emotion)"},{"link_name":"belief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belief"}],"text":"Individuals can set personal goals: a student may set a goal of a high mark in an exam; an athlete might run five miles a day; a traveler might try to reach a destination city within three hours; an individual might try to reach financial goals such as saving for retirement or saving for a purchase.Managing goals can give returns in all areas of personal life. Knowing precisely what one wants to achieve makes clear what to concentrate and improve on, and often can help one subconsciously prioritize on that goal. However, successful goal adjustment (goal disengagement and goal re-engagement capacities) is also a part of leading a healthy life.[9]Goal setting and planning (\"goal work\") promotes long-term vision, intermediate mission and short-term motivation. It focuses intention, desire, acquisition of knowledge, and helps to organize resources.Efficient goal work includes recognizing and resolving all guilt, inner conflict or limiting belief that might cause one to sabotage one's efforts. By setting clearly-defined goals, one can subsequently measure and take pride in the accomplishment of those goals. One can see progress in what might have seemed a long, perhaps difficult, grind.","title":"Personal goals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Goal pursuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goal_pursuit"},{"link_name":"Emotional control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotional_control"}],"sub_title":"Achieving personal goals","text":"Achieving complex and difficult goals requires focus, long-term diligence, and effort (see Goal pursuit). Success in any field requires forgoing excuses and justifications for poor performance or lack of adequate planning; in short, success requires emotional maturity. The measure of belief that people have in their ability to achieve a personal goal also affects that achievement.Long-term achievements rely on short-term achievements. Emotional control over the small moments of the single day can make a big difference in the long term.","title":"Personal goals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"subjective well-being","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjective_well-being"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"meaning (psychology)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_(psychology)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Personal goal achievement and happiness","text":"There has been a lot of research conducted looking at the link between achieving desired goals, changes to self-efficacy and integrity and ultimately changes to subjective well-being.[10] Goal efficacy refers to how likely an individual is to succeed in achieving their goal. Goal integrity refers to how consistent one's goals are with core aspects of the self. Research has shown that a focus on goal efficacy is associated with happiness, a factor of well-being, and goal integrity is associated with meaning (psychology), another factor of well-being.[11] Multiple studies have shown the link between achieving long-term goals and changes in subjective well-being; most research shows that achieving goals that hold personal meaning to an individual increases feelings of subjective well-being.[12][13][14]Psychologist Robert Emmons found that when humans pursue meaningful projects and activities without primarily focusing on happiness, happiness often results as a by-product. Indicators of meaningfulness predict positive effects on life, while lack of meaning predicts negative states such as psychological distress. Emmons summarizes the four categories of meaning which have appeared throughout various studies. He proposes to call them WIST, or work, intimacy, spirituality, and transcendence.[15] Furthermore, those who value extrinstic goals higher than intrinsic goals tend to have lower subjective well-being and higher levels of anxiety.[16]","title":"Personal goals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"subjective well-being","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjective_well-being"}],"text":"The self-concordance model is a model that looks at the sequence of steps that occur from the commencement of a goal to attaining that goal.[17] It looks at the likelihood and impact of goal achievement based on the type of goal and meaning of the goal to the individual.[citation needed] Different types of goals impact both goal achievement and the sense of subjective well-being brought about by achieving the goal. The model breaks down factors that promote, first, striving to achieve a goal, then achieving a goal, and then the factors that connect goal achievement to changes in subjective well-being.","title":"Self-concordance model"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"psychoanalyst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoanalyst"},{"link_name":"Donald Winnicott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Winnicott"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"autonomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomy"},{"link_name":"self-efficacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-efficacy"},{"link_name":"life skills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_skills"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"self-determination theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-determination_theory"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Self-concordant goals","text":"Goals that are pursued to fulfill intrinsic values or to support an individual's self-concept are called self-concordant goals. Self-concordant goals fulfill basic needs and align with what psychoanalyst Donald Winnicott called an individual's \"True Self\". Because these goals have personal meaning to an individual and reflect an individual's self-identity, self-concordant goals are more likely to receive sustained effort over time. In contrast, goals that do not reflect an individual's internal drive and are pursued due to external factors (e.g. social pressures) emerge from a non-integrated region of a person, and are therefore more likely to be abandoned when obstacles occur.[18]Those who attain self-concordant goals reap greater well-being benefits from their attainment. Attainment-to-well-being effects are mediated by need satisfaction, i.e., daily activity-based experiences of autonomy, competence, and relatedness that accumulate during the period of striving. The model is shown to provide a satisfactory fit to 3 longitudinal data sets and to be independent of the effects of self-efficacy, implementation intentions, avoidance framing, and life skills.[19]Furthermore, self-determination theory and research surrounding this theory shows that if an individual effectively achieves a goal, but that goal is not self-endorsed or self-concordant, well-being levels do not change despite goal attainment.[20]","title":"Self-concordance model"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"organizations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization"},{"link_name":"team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team"},{"link_name":"commercial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commerce"},{"link_name":"system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System"},{"link_name":"profits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profit_(economics)"},{"link_name":"goods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_(accounting)"},{"link_name":"services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_(economics)"},{"link_name":"customers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customer"},{"link_name":"cost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cost"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"time management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_management"},{"link_name":"feasibility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feasibility_study"},{"link_name":"milestones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milestone_(project_management)"},{"link_name":"Jens Rasmussen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jens_Rasmussen_(human_factors_expert)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"which?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"business management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_management"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"value proposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value_proposition"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"management skills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_skills"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"In organizations, goal management consists of the process of recognizing or inferring goals of individual team-members, abandoning goals that are no longer relevant, identifying and resolving conflicts among goals, and prioritizing goals consistently for optimal team-collaboration and effective operations.For any successful commercial system, it means deriving profits by making the best quality of goods or the best quality of services available to end-users (customers) at the best possible cost.[citation needed] Goal management includes:assessment and dissolution of non-rational blocks to success\ntime management\nfrequent reconsideration (consistency checks)\nfeasibility checks\nadjusting milestones and main-goal targetsJens Rasmussen and Morten Lind distinguish three fundamental categories of goals related to technological system management. These are:[21]production goals\nsafety goals\neconomy goalsOrganizational goal-management aims for individual employee goals and objectives to align with the vision and strategic goals of the entire organization. Goal-management provides organizations with a mechanism[which?] to effectively communicate corporate goals and strategic objectives to each person across the entire organization.[citation needed] The key consists of having it all emanate from a pivotal source and providing each person with a clear, consistent organizational-goal message, so that every employee understands how their efforts contribute to an enterprise's success.[citation needed]An example of goal types in business management:Consumer goals: this refers to supplying a product or service that the market/consumer wants[22]\nProduct goals: this refers to supplying an outstanding value proposition compared to other products - perhaps due to factors such as quality, design, reliability and novelty[23]\nOperational goals: this refers to running the organization in such a way as to make the best use of management skills, technology and resources\nSecondary goals: this refers to goals which an organization does not regard as priorities[citation needed]","title":"Goal setting management in organizations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kirst-Ashman-24"},{"link_name":"March of Dimes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_of_Dimes"},{"link_name":"polio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polio"},{"link_name":"polio vaccine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polio_vaccine"},{"link_name":"birth defects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_defect"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kirst-Ashman-24"}],"text":"Goal displacement occurs when the original goals of an entity or organization are replaced over time by different goals. In some instances, this creates problems, because the new goals may exceed the capacity of the mechanisms put in place to meet the original goals. New goals adopted by an organization may also increasingly become focused on internal concerns, such as establishing and enforcing structures for reducing common employee disputes.[24] In some cases, the original goals of the organization become displaced in part by repeating behaviors that become traditional within the organization. For example, a company that manufactures widgets may decide to do seek good publicity by putting on a fundraising drive for a popular charity or by having a tent at a local county fair. If the fundraising drive or county fair tent is successful, the company may choose to make this an annual tradition, and may eventually involve more and more employees and resources in the new goal of raising the most charitable funds or of having the best county fair tent. In some cases, goals are displaced because the initial problem is resolved or the initial goal becomes impossible to pursue. A famous example is the March of Dimes, which began as an organization to fund the fight against polio, but once that disease was effectively brought under control by the polio vaccine, transitioned to being an organization for combating birth defects.[24]","title":"Goal displacement"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1879618046","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1879618046"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"37435274","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/37435274"},{"link_name":"Moskowitz, Gordon B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Moskowitz"},{"link_name":"Guilford Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guilford_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781606230299","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781606230299"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"234434698","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/234434698"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4503831#identifiers"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/4117713-7"},{"link_name":"Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000080439&P_CON_LNG=ENG"},{"link_name":"NARA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalog.archives.gov/id/10638946"}],"text":"Mager, Robert Frank (1997) [1972]. Goal analysis: how to clarify your goals so you can actually achieve them (3rd ed.). Atlanta, GA: Center for Effective Performance. ISBN 978-1879618046. OCLC 37435274.\nMoskowitz, Gordon B; Heidi Grant Halvorson, eds. (2009). The psychology of goals. New York: Guilford Press. ISBN 9781606230299. OCLC 234434698.Authority control databases National\nGermany\nLatvia\nOther\nNARA","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"A poster at United Nations Headquarters showing Millennium Development Goals","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Millennium_Development_Goals%2C_UN_Headquarters%2C_New_York_City%2C_New_York_-_20080501.jpg/220px-Millennium_Development_Goals%2C_UN_Headquarters%2C_New_York_City%2C_New_York_-_20080501.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Counterplanning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterplanning"},{"title":"Decision-making software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision-making_software"},{"title":"Direction of fit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direction_of_fit"},{"title":"GOAL agent programming language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GOAL_agent_programming_language"},{"title":"Goal modeling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goal_modeling"},{"title":"Goal orientation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goal_orientation"},{"title":"Goal programming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goal_programming"},{"title":"Goal–question–metric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GQM"},{"title":"Goal theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goal_theory"},{"title":"Management by objectives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_by_objectives"},{"title":"Moving the goalposts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moving_the_goalposts"},{"title":"Objectives and key results","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objectives_and_key_results"},{"title":"Polytely","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytely"},{"title":"Regulatory focus theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulatory_focus_theory"},{"title":"Strategic management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_management"},{"title":"Strategic planning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_planning"},{"title":"SWOT analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWOT_analysis"},{"title":"The Goal (novel)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Goal_(novel)"},{"title":"The Jackrabbit Factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jackrabbit_Factor"}]
[{"reference":"Locke, Edwin A.; Latham, Gary P. (1990). A theory of goal setting & task performance. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0139131387. OCLC 20219875.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_A._Locke","url_text":"Locke, Edwin A."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prentice_Hall","url_text":"Prentice Hall"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0139131387","url_text":"978-0139131387"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/20219875","url_text":"20219875"}]},{"reference":"Miner, J. B. (2003). \"The rated importance, scientific validity, and practical usefulness of organizational behavior theories: A quantitative review\". Academy of Management Learning & Education. 2 (3): 250–268. doi:10.5465/amle.2003.10932132.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5465%2Famle.2003.10932132","url_text":"10.5465/amle.2003.10932132"}]},{"reference":"Locke, Edwin A.; Latham, Gary P. (September 2002) [2002]. \"Building a practically useful theory of goal setting and task motivation: a 35-year odyssey\". American Psychologist. 57 (9): 705–717. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.126.9922. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.57.9.705. PMID 12237980. S2CID 17534210.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_A._Locke","url_text":"Locke, Edwin A."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Psychologist","url_text":"American Psychologist"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)","url_text":"CiteSeerX"},{"url":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.126.9922","url_text":"10.1.1.126.9922"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0003-066X.57.9.705","url_text":"10.1037/0003-066X.57.9.705"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12237980","url_text":"12237980"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17534210","url_text":"17534210"}]},{"reference":"Grant, Anthony M (September 2012). \"An integrated model of goal-focused coaching: an evidence-based framework for teaching and practice\" (PDF). International Coaching Psychology Review. 7 (2): 146–165 (147). doi:10.53841/bpsicpr.2012.7.2.146. S2CID 255938190. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-11-29. Whilst the ideas represented by the acronym SMART are indeed broadly supported by goal theory (e.g. Locke, 1996), and the acronym SMART may well be useful in some instances in coaching practice, I think that the widespread belief that goals are synonymous with SMART action plans has done much to stifle the development of a more sophisticated understanding and use of goal theory within in the coaching community, and this point has important implications for coaching research, teaching and practice.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141129080651/http://coachingconsultinginternational.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/An-integrated-model-of-goal-focused-coaching-Grant-ICPR-2012.pdf","url_text":"\"An integrated model of goal-focused coaching: an evidence-based framework for teaching and practice\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.53841%2Fbpsicpr.2012.7.2.146","url_text":"10.53841/bpsicpr.2012.7.2.146"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:255938190","url_text":"255938190"},{"url":"http://coachingconsultinginternational.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/An-integrated-model-of-goal-focused-coaching-Grant-ICPR-2012.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Locke, E. A., Chah, D., Harrison, S. & Lustgarten, N. (1989). \"Separating the effects of goal specificity from goal level\". Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes. 43 (2): 270–287. doi:10.1016/0749-5978(89)90053-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0749-5978%2889%2990053-8","url_text":"10.1016/0749-5978(89)90053-8"}]},{"reference":"Creek, Jennifer; Lougher, Lesley (2008). \"Goal setting\". Occupational therapy and mental health (4th ed.). Edinburgh; New York: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier. pp. 111–113 (112). ISBN 9780443100277. OCLC 191890638. Client goals are usually set on two or three levels. Long-term goals are the overall goals of the intervention, the reasons why the client is being offered help, and the expected outcome of intervention... Intermediate goals may be clusters of skills to be developed, attitudes to be changed or barriers to be overcome on the way to achieving the main goals... Short-term goals are the small steps on the way to achieving major goals.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4YnQAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA112","url_text":"\"Goal setting\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780443100277","url_text":"9780443100277"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/191890638","url_text":"191890638"}]},{"reference":"Deckers, Lambert (2018). Motivation: biological, psychological, and environmental (5th ed.). New York: Routledge. ISBN 9781138036321. OCLC 1009183545.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge","url_text":"Routledge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781138036321","url_text":"9781138036321"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1009183545","url_text":"1009183545"}]},{"reference":"Wrosch, Carsten; Scheier, Michael F.; Miller, Gregory E. (2013-12-01). \"Goal Adjustment Capacities, Subjective Well-Being, and Physical Health\". Social and Personality Psychology Compass. 7 (12): 847–860. doi:10.1111/spc3.12074. ISSN 1751-9004. PMC 4145404. PMID 25177358.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4145404","url_text":"\"Goal Adjustment Capacities, Subjective Well-Being, and Physical Health\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fspc3.12074","url_text":"10.1111/spc3.12074"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1751-9004","url_text":"1751-9004"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4145404","url_text":"4145404"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25177358","url_text":"25177358"}]},{"reference":"Emmons, Robert A (1996). \"Striving and feeling: personal goals and subjective well-being\". In Gollwitzer, Peter M; Bargh, John A (eds.). The psychology of action: linking cognition and motivation to behavior. New York: Guilford Press. pp. 313–337. ISBN 978-1572300323. OCLC 33103979.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=v1LQVSI9hfMC&pg=PA313","url_text":"\"Striving and feeling: personal goals and subjective well-being\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Gollwitzer","url_text":"Gollwitzer, Peter M"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bargh","url_text":"Bargh, John A"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guilford_Press","url_text":"Guilford Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1572300323","url_text":"978-1572300323"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/33103979","url_text":"33103979"}]},{"reference":"McGregor, Ian; Little, Brian R (February 1998). \"Personal projects, happiness, and meaning: on doing well and being yourself\". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 74 (2): 494–512. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.74.2.494. PMID 9491589.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/13739275","url_text":"\"Personal projects, happiness, and meaning: on doing well and being yourself\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Personality_and_Social_Psychology","url_text":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0022-3514.74.2.494","url_text":"10.1037/0022-3514.74.2.494"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9491589","url_text":"9491589"}]},{"reference":"Brunstein, Joachim C (November 1993). \"Personal goals and subjective well-being: a longitudinal study\". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 65 (5): 1061–1070. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.65.5.1061.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Personality_and_Social_Psychology","url_text":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0022-3514.65.5.1061","url_text":"10.1037/0022-3514.65.5.1061"}]},{"reference":"Elliott, Andrew J; Sheldon, Kennon M (November 1998). \"Avoidance personal goals and the personality–illness relationship\". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 75 (5): 1282–1299. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.433.3924. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.75.5.1282. PMID 9866188.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Personality_and_Social_Psychology","url_text":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)","url_text":"CiteSeerX"},{"url":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.433.3924","url_text":"10.1.1.433.3924"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0022-3514.75.5.1282","url_text":"10.1037/0022-3514.75.5.1282"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9866188","url_text":"9866188"}]},{"reference":"Sheldon, Kennon M; Kasser, Tim (December 1998). \"Pursuing personal goals: skills enable progress but not all progress is beneficial\" (PDF). Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 24 (12): 1319–1331. doi:10.1177/01461672982412006. S2CID 143050092. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-09-13. Retrieved 2015-02-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140913021214/http://web.missouri.edu/~sheldonk/pdfarticles/PSPB98skills.pdf","url_text":"\"Pursuing personal goals: skills enable progress but not all progress is beneficial\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personality_and_Social_Psychology_Bulletin","url_text":"Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F01461672982412006","url_text":"10.1177/01461672982412006"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143050092","url_text":"143050092"},{"url":"http://web.missouri.edu/~sheldonk/pdfarticles/PSPB98skills.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Emmons, Robert A. (2003), Keyes, Corey L. M.; Haidt, Jonathan (eds.), \"Personal goals, life meaning, and virtue: Wellsprings of a positive life.\", Flourishing: Positive psychology and the life well-lived., Washington: American Psychological Association, pp. 105–128, doi:10.1037/10594-005, ISBN 978-1-55798-930-7, retrieved 2023-11-07","urls":[{"url":"http://content.apa.org/books/10594-005","url_text":"\"Personal goals, life meaning, and virtue: Wellsprings of a positive life.\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1037%2F10594-005","url_text":"10.1037/10594-005"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55798-930-7","url_text":"978-1-55798-930-7"}]},{"reference":"Kasser, Tim; Ryan, Richard M. (March 1996). \"Further Examining the American Dream: Differential Correlates of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Goals\". Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 22 (3): 280–287. doi:10.1177/0146167296223006. ISSN 0146-1672. S2CID 143559692.","urls":[{"url":"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0146167296223006","url_text":"\"Further Examining the American Dream: Differential Correlates of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Goals\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0146167296223006","url_text":"10.1177/0146167296223006"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0146-1672","url_text":"0146-1672"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143559692","url_text":"143559692"}]},{"reference":"Sheldon, Ken M; Eliott, Andrew J (March 1999). \"Goal striving, need satisfaction and longitudinal well-being: the self-concordance model\" (PDF). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 76 (3): 482–497. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.76.3.482. PMID 10101878.","urls":[{"url":"http://web.missouri.edu/~sheldonk/pdfarticles/JPSP99.pdf","url_text":"\"Goal striving, need satisfaction and longitudinal well-being: the self-concordance model\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Personality_and_Social_Psychology","url_text":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0022-3514.76.3.482","url_text":"10.1037/0022-3514.76.3.482"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10101878","url_text":"10101878"}]},{"reference":"Gollwitzer, Peter M (1990). \"Action phases and mind-sets\" (PDF). In Higgins, E Tory; Sorrentino, Richard M (eds.). Handbook of motivation and cognition: foundations of social behavior. Vol. 2. New York: Guilford Press. pp. 53–92. ISBN 978-0898624328. OCLC 12837968.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Gollwitzer","url_text":"Gollwitzer, Peter M"},{"url":"http://www.psych.nyu.edu/gollwitzer/90Goll_ActionPhasesMindSets.pdf","url_text":"\"Action phases and mind-sets\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guilford_Press","url_text":"Guilford Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0898624328","url_text":"978-0898624328"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/12837968","url_text":"12837968"}]},{"reference":"Sheldon, Kennon M; Elliot, Andrew J (March 1999). \"Goal striving, need satisfaction, and longitudinal well-being: the self-concordance model\" (PDF). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 76 (3): 482–497. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.76.3.482. PMID 10101878.","urls":[{"url":"http://web.missouri.edu/~sheldonk/pdfarticles/JPSP99.pdf","url_text":"\"Goal striving, need satisfaction, and longitudinal well-being: the self-concordance model\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Personality_and_Social_Psychology","url_text":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0022-3514.76.3.482","url_text":"10.1037/0022-3514.76.3.482"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10101878","url_text":"10101878"}]},{"reference":"Ryan, Richard M (January 2000). \"Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being\" (PDF). American Psychologist. 55 (1): 68–78. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.529.4370. doi:10.1037/0003-066x.55.1.68. PMID 11392867. 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Proceedings of the 1982 American Control Conference: Sheraton National Hotel, Arlington, Virginia, June 14–16, 1982. New York: American Automatic Control Council. OCLC 761373599. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-02-06. Retrieved 2015-02-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jens_Rasmussen_(human_factors_expert)","url_text":"Rasmussen, Jens"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150206063431/http://www.risoe.dk/rispubl/reports_INIS/RISOM2349.pdf","url_text":"\"A model of human decision making in complex systems and its use for design of system control strategies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Automatic_Control_Council","url_text":"American Automatic Control Council"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/761373599","url_text":"761373599"},{"url":"https://www.risoe.dk/rispubl/reports_INIS/RISOM2349.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Wrench, Jason S (2013). \"Communicating within the modern workplace: challenges and prospects\". In Wrench, Jason S (ed.). Workplace communication for the 21st century: tools and strategies that impact the bottom line. Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger. pp. 1–38. ISBN 978-0313396311. OCLC 773022358.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xtg672jRCfAC&pg=PA4","url_text":"\"Communicating within the modern workplace: challenges and prospects\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praeger_Publishers","url_text":"Praeger"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313396311","url_text":"978-0313396311"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/773022358","url_text":"773022358"}]},{"reference":"Osterwalder, Alexander; Pigneur, Yves; Clark, Tim (2010). Business model generation: a handbook for visionaries, game changers, and challengers. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9780470876411. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_Boardwalk
Nature Boardwalk
["1 Description and history","2 References","3 External links"]
Coordinates: 41°55′7″N 87°37′59″W / 41.91861°N 87.63306°W / 41.91861; -87.63306Outdoor space managed by the Lincoln Park Zoo in Chicago Nature BoardwalkThe Nature Boardwalk in 2010LocationChicago, Illinois, U.S.Nature BoardwalkCoordinates: 41°55′7″N 87°37′59″W / 41.91861°N 87.63306°W / 41.91861; -87.63306 The Nature Boardwalk (also known as the Nature Boardwalk at Lincoln Park Zoo) is an outdoor space managed by the Lincoln Park Zoo, in Chicago's Lincoln Park, in the U.S. state of Illinois. Description and history The boardwalk and pavilion, 2023 The ecological habitat was designed by Studio Gang and features a boardwalk surrounding a pond. There is also a pavilion designed to house educational activities, officially called the Peoples Gas Education Pavilion. The boardwalk opened in 2010, as an improved version of the Zoo's manmade South Pond. Birds like the black-crowned night heron, as well as butterflies, fish, frogs, and turtles are present. Specific butterfly species include the monarch, viceroy, cabbage white, orange and clouded sulphur, red admiral, spring azure, black swallowtail, buckeye, and painted lady. The space also features grasses, benches, and views of the skyline. References ^ "Lincoln Park Zoo South Pond / Studio Gang Architects". ArchDaily. 2010-10-22. Archived from the original on 2023-04-16. Retrieved 2023-08-27. ^ "Lincoln Park Zoo South Pond Restoration and Pavilion | 2011-05-16 | Architectural Record". www.architecturalrecord.com. Archived from the original on 2023-03-24. Retrieved 2023-08-27. ^ "Nature Boardwalk at Lincoln Park Zoo by Studio Gang". Architizer. 2014-02-03. Archived from the original on 2022-10-01. Retrieved 2023-08-27. ^ Bey, Lee (2011-01-12). "Architecture with animal magnetism". WBEZ Chicago. Archived from the original on 2022-08-13. Retrieved 2023-08-27. ^ "Nature boardwalk opens at Lincoln Park Zoo". ABC7 Chicago. 2010-06-24. Archived from the original on 2021-10-28. Retrieved 2023-08-27. ^ Ruppenthal, Alex (2017-10-11). "Rare Herons Thriving But Keep Falling Out of Their Nests, Zoo Says". WTTW News. Archived from the original on 2023-04-17. Retrieved 2023-08-27. ^ Smith, Ryan (2019-12-23). "8 urban places to see wildlife in Chicago". Curbed Chicago. Archived from the original on 2023-06-08. Retrieved 2023-08-27. ^ Ruppenthal, Alex (2019-06-11). "10 Prime Spots to See Butterflies in Chicago". WTTW News. Archived from the original on 2023-04-17. Retrieved 2023-08-27. ^ Freund, Sara (2019-02-12). "Chicago's best places to cry in public". Curbed Chicago. Archived from the original on 2023-08-02. Retrieved 2023-08-27. External links Chicago portal Nature Boardwalk at Lincoln Park Zoo Nature Boardwalk at Lincoln Park Zoo at Studio Gang
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amstel_Playwright_of_the_Year_Award
Amstel Playwright of the Year Award
["1 Award winners","2 Notes","3 References"]
South African non-governmental prize, awarded 1978–1994 This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Amstel Playwright of the Year Award" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Amstel Playwright of the Year Award, an independent non-governmental prize, was launched in South Africa in 1978. It recognised South African playwrights. The prize was awarded to many of South Africa's anti-apartheid playwrights. The award was discontinued in 1994. Award winners Year Winner Special Merit Award 1978 John Pank for Windmills of the Mind James Ambrose Brown for Time and the Wood Zakes Mda for We Shall Sing for the Fatherland Michael Drin for Inquest on Gordon 1979 Zakes Mda for The Hill Paul Slabolepsky for Renovations Esther Flowers for The Libber-Rats Henry Rootenberg for Letters from Uncle Barny Pieter Scholtz for The Amazing Adventures of Tambootie 1980 Henry Rootenberg for I Spy Pieter Scholtz for Mr Big Strikes Again Jill Fletcher for Paddy (music by John Aronowitz) Leon Hamman for Matter of Policy 1981 Paul Slabolepszy for Saturday Night at the Palace Michael Drin for Chad Willie Esterhuizen for Spaceships and Peanut Butter 1982 Victor Gordon for The Brothers Roy Nieman for Na Verlange a die Woude van Veleer James Whyle for National Madness 1983 Geraldine Aron for Brenda Sheugnet Buys for Gutter Flowers Need Love Brendan Butler for Rehearsal in Progress Corlia Fourie for Moeders en Dogters 1984 Michelle Du Toit for Ladies/Dames 1985 Nicholas Haysom, Vanessa Cook and Danny Keoghfor The Native Who Caused All the Trouble 1986 Clive Howard Morris for Maid in South Africa 1987 Norman Coombes for A Snake in the Garden 1988 Charles J. Fourie for Big Boys 1989 Allan Jermieson for Disputed Barricades 1990 Basil Lawrence for Modern Eating Habits 1991 Ian Fraser for Heart like a Stomach 1992 Charles J. Fourie for Vrygrond 1993 Norman Coombes for Episodes in Light and Dark 1994 John Tucker for Waiting for the Rain Notes ^ National English Literary Museum, Grahamstown, South Africa References National English Literary Museum, Grahamstown, South Africa This article about a theatre award is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jun_Sena
Jun Sena
["1 Troupe History","2 Biography","3 Versatility","4 Notable Performances and Roles","4.1 Flower Troupe appearances","4.2 Flower-Moon performances","4.3 Moon Troupe Top Star performances","4.4 After Takarazuka","4.5 Film","5 References"]
This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Jun Sena" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Jun Sena (瀬奈じゅん, Sena Jun), real name Asako Doi (土井麻子, Doi Asako) is a Japanese actress and former top star of the Takarazuka Revue's Moon Troupe, a Japanese theatre organization in which women portray all parts. She was born April 1, 1974, and grew up in Suginami, Tokyo. During her time in the Revue, she was an otokoyaku, an actress who specializes in male roles. After two years of intensive training at the Takarazuka Music School, she joined the revue in 1992 and reached top star status in 2005. Her nicknames are Asa and Asako. The first otokoyaku from her class of 1992 to reach top star status, she resigned her position as top star and retired in December 2009 after the run of Last Play / Heat on Beat and is now pursuing an acting career outside of the Revue. Troupe History Flower Troupe: 1992–2004 Moon Troupe: 2004–2009 Sena entered the Takarazuka Music School in 1990 and graduated in 1992. Upon graduation, she was placed in the Revue's Flower Troupe. During her time in Flower Troupe, she had one shinjinkouen (performance for junior troupe members) lead, and also had the lead role in two performances at Takarazuka Bow Hall. In 2002, she had her first lead role as a female character when she performed as Scarlett O'Hara opposite Yu Todoroki's Rhett Butler in an adaptation of Gone with the Wind. As part of the Revue's 90th anniversary celebration in 2004, Sena made a special appearance in a Moon Troupe performance. She was also selected to portray the title role in the 2005 Moon Troupe production of Elisabeth. Although Sena was never officially transferred into Moon Troupe for these two performances and appeared only as a special guest, she was named the next top star of the troupe in 2005. From that point on until her retirement from the Revue in 2009, Sena would remain a member of Moon Troupe. Biography As a three-year-old, Sena was in a car accident during which she tore her Achilles tendon. Her doctor suggested certain exercises were necessary for her recovery, so her mother enrolled her in ballet lessons. Her stage name, Jun Sena, is a combination of ideas from her parents: Sena comes from Ayrton Senna, her father's favourite Formula One racing driver. "Jun" comes from Jun Ariake, a former vice troupe leader of Takarazuka's Moon Troupe, with whom her mother went to high school. After attending Takarazuka Music School, she was one of the promising young stars promoted by the company in 1999, with Sumire Haruno, the former top star of Flower Troupe, and Hikaru Asami the former top star of Snow Troupe. Before she was promoted to top star status, she was considered as one of top-stars-in-waiting, with such other former Cosmos Troupe top stars Kei Takashiro and Yūga Yamato, former top star of Star Troupe Kei Aran, and former top star of Snow Troupe Natsuki Mizu. In 2001, she had her first leading role in the Bow Hall production Manon. Her co-star in that production, Kanami Ayano, later became her top star partner. With the resignation of Mire Aika and Hibiki Takumi as top stars, Sena became a prominent figure in Flower Troupe. When Sumire Haruno became the top star of the troupe in 2003, Sena became the second man for Haruno. Sena received much acclaim for two roles in 2003: Luigi Lucheni, from Flower Troupe's production of Elisabeth and Sydney Carton from A Tale of Two Cities. In 2004, Sena and classmate Kei Takashiro, who was then a member of Snow Troupe, were invited into the cast of Moon Troupe's production of The Glow of Sunset in Asuka. The pair, with classmate Yūhi Ōzora, had prominent roles in the show. From that time on, Sena was unofficially transferred to Moon Troupe, though officially she was still a member of Flower Troupe. She is the third top star for Moon Troupe that is originally from Flower Troupe and one of two stars that portrayed a female role before becoming an otokoyaku top star. With the resignation of Nao Ayaki in 2005, Sena became the top star of Moon Troupe with Kanami Ayano as her partner. Their debut performance was Ernest in Love, and their début at the Grand Theater was in Jazzy Fairies. Versatility Sena is famous for her portrayal of a series of such strong male characters as Luigi Lucheni, Sydney Carton and Jack Worthing. However, she also received praise for her female roles, such as Scarlett O'Hara in the Flower Troupe production of Gone with the Wind in 2002 and Elisabeth of Bavaria in the Moon Troupe production of Elisabeth in 2005. Although an otokoyaku usually has a deep voice, her voice is versatile enough to allow her to sing in both the male and the female ranges without any difficulties. Notable Performances and Roles Flower Troupe appearances Speakeasy - Macheath (New Actor Show lead) Manon - Rodrigo (first leading performance at Takarazuka Bow Hall) Gone with the Wind - Scarlett O'Hara In the Amber-Hued Rain - Michel de Plaire (Grand Theater) / Louis Valentin (Tokyo) Elisabeth - Luigi Lucheni Immortal Thorns - Albert A Tale of Two Cities - Sydney Carton Akanesasu Murasakino Hana - Prince Ōama Flower-Moon performances The Glow of Sunset in Asuka - Nakatomi no Kamatari/Prince Karu Elisabeth - Elisabeth Moon Troupe Top Star performances Ernest in Love - Jack Worthing (Top Star debut) Jazzy Fairy - Patrick Gale (Top Star debut at Grand Theater) Rose of Versailles (special appearance in Snow Troupe performance) - Andre Rome at Dawn - Marcus Junius Brutus (with special guest star Yū Todoroki) Akanesasu Murasakino Hana - Prince Ōama Higher Than the Sky of Paris - Armand Jacquet Love at Dal Lake - Hachiman The Magician's Melancholy - Champsdor A-“R”ex - Alexander the Great Me and My Girl - Bill Elisabeth - Der Tod Last Play - Alistair After Takarazuka Fun Home (2018), Allison Hairspray (2020), Velma Von Tussle Film April Come She Will (2024), Takahashi References ^ Jun, Sena. "Sena Jun Official Webpage". Retrieved 31 March 2012. ^ "3世代の主人公が父の記憶紡ぐ、小川絵梨子初のミュージカル「ファン・ホーム」". Natalie. Retrieved February 23, 2024. ^ "瀬奈じゅん ミュージカル「ヘアスプレー」が開幕！". Toho Entertainment. Retrieved February 23, 2024. ^ "四月になれば彼女は". eiga.com. Retrieved February 23, 2024. Preceded byNao Ayaki Top Star (Otokoyaku) for Moon Troupe 2005–2009 Succeeded byHiromu Kiriya
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The first otokoyaku from her class of 1992 to reach top star status, she resigned her position as top star and retired in December 2009 after the run of Last Play / Heat on Beat and is now pursuing an acting career outside of the Revue.","title":"Jun Sena"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yu Todoroki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yu_Todoroki"},{"link_name":"Gone with the Wind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gone_with_the_Wind_(film)"},{"link_name":"Elisabeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_(musical)"}],"text":"Flower Troupe: 1992–2004\nMoon Troupe: 2004–2009Sena entered the Takarazuka Music School in 1990 and graduated in 1992. Upon graduation, she was placed in the Revue's Flower Troupe. During her time in Flower Troupe, she had one shinjinkouen (performance for junior troupe members) lead, and also had the lead role in two performances at Takarazuka Bow Hall. In 2002, she had her first lead role as a female character when she performed as Scarlett O'Hara opposite Yu Todoroki's Rhett Butler in an adaptation of Gone with the Wind.As part of the Revue's 90th anniversary celebration in 2004, Sena made a special appearance in a Moon Troupe performance. She was also selected to portray the title role in the 2005 Moon Troupe production of Elisabeth. Although Sena was never officially transferred into Moon Troupe for these two performances and appeared only as a special guest, she was named the next top star of the troupe in 2005. From that point on until her retirement from the Revue in 2009, Sena would remain a member of Moon Troupe.","title":"Troupe History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Achilles tendon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilles_tendon"},{"link_name":"ballet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballet"},{"link_name":"Ayrton Senna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayrton_Senna"},{"link_name":"Formula One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_One"},{"link_name":"Sumire Haruno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumire_Haruno"},{"link_name":"Hikaru Asami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hikaru_Asami"},{"link_name":"Kei Takashiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kei_Takashiro&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Yūga Yamato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C5%ABga_Yamato"},{"link_name":"Kei Aran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kei_Aran"},{"link_name":"Natsuki Mizu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natsuki_Mizu"},{"link_name":"Manon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manon"},{"link_name":"Kanami Ayano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kanami_Ayano&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sumire Haruno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumire_Haruno"},{"link_name":"Luigi Lucheni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Lucheni"},{"link_name":"Elisabeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_(musical)"},{"link_name":"Sydney Carton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Carton"},{"link_name":"A Tale of Two Cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Tale_of_Two_Cities"},{"link_name":"Kei Takashiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kei_Takashiro&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Yūhi Ōzora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yuhi_Ozora&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nao Ayaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nao_Ayaki&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kanami Ayano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kanami_Ayano&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ernest in Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_in_Love"}],"text":"As a three-year-old, Sena was in a car accident during which she tore her Achilles tendon. Her doctor suggested certain exercises were necessary for her recovery, so her mother enrolled her in ballet lessons.Her stage name, Jun Sena, is a combination of ideas from her parents: Sena comes from Ayrton Senna, her father's favourite Formula One racing driver. \"Jun\" comes from Jun Ariake, a former vice troupe leader of Takarazuka's Moon Troupe, with whom her mother went to high school.After attending Takarazuka Music School, she was one of the promising young stars promoted by the company in 1999, with Sumire Haruno, the former top star of Flower Troupe, and Hikaru Asami the former top star of Snow Troupe. Before she was promoted to top star status, she was considered as one of top-stars-in-waiting, with such other former Cosmos Troupe top stars Kei Takashiro and Yūga Yamato, former top star of Star Troupe Kei Aran, and former top star of Snow Troupe Natsuki Mizu.In 2001, she had her first leading role in the Bow Hall production Manon. Her co-star in that production, Kanami Ayano, later became her top star partner. With the resignation of Mire Aika and Hibiki Takumi as top stars, Sena became a prominent figure in Flower Troupe. When Sumire Haruno became the top star of the troupe in 2003, Sena became the second man for Haruno.Sena received much acclaim for two roles in 2003: Luigi Lucheni, from Flower Troupe's production of Elisabeth and Sydney Carton from A Tale of Two Cities.In 2004, Sena and classmate Kei Takashiro, who was then a member of Snow Troupe, were invited into the cast of Moon Troupe's production of The Glow of Sunset in Asuka. The pair, with classmate Yūhi Ōzora, had prominent roles in the show. From that time on, Sena was unofficially transferred to Moon Troupe, though officially she was still a member of Flower Troupe. She is the third top star for Moon Troupe that is originally from Flower Troupe and one of two stars that portrayed a female role before becoming an otokoyaku top star.With the resignation of Nao Ayaki in 2005, Sena became the top star of Moon Troupe with Kanami Ayano as her partner. Their debut performance was Ernest in Love, and their début at the Grand Theater was in Jazzy Fairies.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Luigi Lucheni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Lucheni"},{"link_name":"Sydney Carton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Carton"},{"link_name":"Jack Worthing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Worthing"},{"link_name":"Scarlett O'Hara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarlett_O%27Hara"},{"link_name":"Gone with the Wind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gone_with_the_Wind_(musical)"},{"link_name":"Elisabeth of Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_of_Bavaria"},{"link_name":"Elisabeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_(musical)"}],"text":"Sena is famous for her portrayal of a series of such strong male characters as Luigi Lucheni, Sydney Carton and Jack Worthing. However, she also received praise for her female roles, such as Scarlett O'Hara in the Flower Troupe production of Gone with the Wind in 2002 and Elisabeth of Bavaria in the Moon Troupe production of Elisabeth in 2005.Although an otokoyaku usually has a deep voice, her voice is versatile enough to allow her to sing in both the male and the female ranges without any difficulties.","title":"Versatility"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notable Performances and Roles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scarlett O'Hara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarlett_O%27Hara"},{"link_name":"Elisabeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_(musical)"},{"link_name":"Luigi Lucheni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Lucheni"},{"link_name":"A Tale of Two Cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Tale_of_Two_Cities"},{"link_name":"Sydney Carton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Carton"},{"link_name":"Prince Ōama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Temmu"}],"sub_title":"Flower Troupe appearances","text":"Speakeasy - Macheath (New Actor Show lead)\nManon - Rodrigo (first leading performance at Takarazuka Bow Hall)\nGone with the Wind - Scarlett O'Hara\nIn the Amber-Hued Rain - Michel de Plaire (Grand Theater) / Louis Valentin (Tokyo)\nElisabeth - Luigi Lucheni\nImmortal Thorns - Albert\nA Tale of Two Cities - Sydney Carton\nAkanesasu Murasakino Hana - Prince Ōama","title":"Notable Performances and Roles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Elisabeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_(musical)"},{"link_name":"Elisabeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_of_Bavaria"}],"sub_title":"Flower-Moon performances","text":"The Glow of Sunset in Asuka - Nakatomi no Kamatari/Prince Karu\nElisabeth - Elisabeth","title":"Notable Performances and Roles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ernest in Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_in_Love"},{"link_name":"Rose of Versailles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_of_Versailles"},{"link_name":"Marcus Junius Brutus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Junius_Brutus"},{"link_name":"Yū Todoroki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yu_Todoroki"},{"link_name":"Prince Ōama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Temmu"},{"link_name":"Alexander the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Me and My Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me_and_My_Girl"},{"link_name":"Elisabeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_(musical)"}],"sub_title":"Moon Troupe Top Star performances","text":"Ernest in Love - Jack Worthing (Top Star debut)\nJazzy Fairy - Patrick Gale (Top Star debut at Grand Theater)\nRose of Versailles (special appearance in Snow Troupe performance) - Andre\nRome at Dawn - Marcus Junius Brutus (with special guest star Yū Todoroki)\nAkanesasu Murasakino Hana - Prince Ōama\nHigher Than the Sky of Paris - Armand Jacquet\nLove at Dal Lake - Hachiman\nThe Magician's Melancholy - Champsdor\nA-“R”ex - Alexander the Great\nMe and My Girl - Bill\nElisabeth - Der Tod\nLast Play - Alistair","title":"Notable Performances and Roles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fun Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fun_Home_(musical)"},{"link_name":"Allison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allison_Bechdel"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Hairspray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hairspray_(musical)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"After Takarazuka","text":"Fun Home (2018), Allison[2]\nHairspray (2020), Velma Von Tussle[3]","title":"Notable Performances and Roles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Film","text":"April Come She Will (2024), Takahashi[4]","title":"Notable Performances and Roles"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Jun, Sena. \"Sena Jun Official Webpage\". Retrieved 31 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jun-sena.jp/","url_text":"\"Sena Jun Official Webpage\""}]},{"reference":"\"3世代の主人公が父の記憶紡ぐ、小川絵梨子初のミュージカル「ファン・ホーム」\". Natalie. Retrieved February 23, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://natalie.mu/stage/news/268522","url_text":"\"3世代の主人公が父の記憶紡ぐ、小川絵梨子初のミュージカル「ファン・ホーム」\""}]},{"reference":"\"瀬奈じゅん ミュージカル「ヘアスプレー」が開幕！\". Toho Entertainment. Retrieved February 23, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.toho-ent.co.jp/event_reports/63899","url_text":"\"瀬奈じゅん ミュージカル「ヘアスプレー」が開幕！\""}]},{"reference":"\"四月になれば彼女は\". eiga.com. Retrieved February 23, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://eiga.com/movie/99395/","url_text":"\"四月になれば彼女は\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_Southland_Conference_men%27s_basketball_tournament
1991 Southland Conference men's basketball tournament
["1 Format","2 Bracket","3 References"]
Basketball Tournament March 1991 in Louisiana 1991 Southland Conference men's basketball tournamentClassificationDivision ISeason1990–91Teams4SiteFant-Ewing ColiseumMonroe, LouisianaChampionsNortheast Louisiana (3rd title)Winning coachMike Vining (3rd title)MVPAnthony Jones (2nd) (Northeast Louisiana)Southland Conference men's basketball tournaments← 19901992 → 1990–91 Southland Conference men's basketball standings vte Conf Overall Team W   L   PCT W   L   PCT NE Louisiana † 13 – 1   .929 25 – 8   .758 UT Arlington 11 – 3   .786 20 – 9   .690 North Texas State 11 – 3   .786 17 – 13   .567 Stephen F. Austin 6 – 8   .429 11 – 17   .393 Sam Houston State 5 – 9   .357 7 – 20   .259 Texas State 4 – 10   .286 10 – 17   .370 McNeese State 4 – 10   .286 8 – 19   .296 Northwestern State 2 – 12   .143 6 – 22   .214 † 1991 Southland Conference tournament winnerRankings from AP Poll The 1991 Southland Conference men's basketball tournament was held February 28–March 1 at Fant-Ewing Coliseum in Monroe, Louisiana. Northeast Louisiana defeated Texas–Arlington in the championship game, 87–60, to win their second Southland men's basketball tournament. The Indians received a bid to the 1991 NCAA Tournament as the #15 seed in the Midwest region. Format Just four of the eight conference members participated in the tournament field. They were seeded based on regular season conference records, with tournament play beginning with the semifinal round. Games in the quarterfinal round were played at the home court of the higher-seeded team. All remaining games were played at Fant-Ewing Coliseum in Monroe, Louisiana. Bracket SemifinalsFebruary 28 ChampionshipMarch 1       1 NE Louisiana 75 5 Stephen F. Austin 63 1 NE Louisiana 87 3 Texas-Arlington 60 3 Texas–Arlington 97 2 North Texas State 91 References ^ "1990-91 Southland Conference Season Summary". sports-reference.com. Sports Reference. Retrieved March 6, 2021. vteSouthland Conference men's basketball tournament 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Broadcasters vte1991 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournamentsConference American South ACC Atlantic 10 Big East Big Eight Big Sky Big South Big West CAA East Coast Metro MAAC MCC MEAC Mid-American Mid-Con Missouri Valley NAC Northeast Ohio Valley Patriot SEC Southern Southland Southwest SWAC Sun Belt TAAC WAC West Coast National NCAA NIT
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Southland Conference men's basketball tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southland_Conference_men%27s_basketball_tournament"},{"link_name":"Fant-Ewing Coliseum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fant-Ewing_Coliseum"},{"link_name":"Monroe, Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monroe,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SR-1"},{"link_name":"Northeast Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990%E2%80%9391_Northeast_Louisiana_Indians_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Texas–Arlington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Arlington_Mavericks_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"1991 NCAA Tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_NCAA_Men%27s_Division_I_Basketball_Tournament"}],"text":"The 1991 Southland Conference men's basketball tournament was held February 28–March 1 at Fant-Ewing Coliseum in Monroe, Louisiana.[1]Northeast Louisiana defeated Texas–Arlington in the championship game, 87–60, to win their second Southland men's basketball tournament.The Indians received a bid to the 1991 NCAA Tournament as the #15 seed in the Midwest region.","title":"1991 Southland Conference men's basketball tournament"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fant-Ewing Coliseum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fant-Ewing_Coliseum"},{"link_name":"Monroe, Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monroe,_Louisiana"}],"text":"Just four of the eight conference members participated in the tournament field. They were seeded based on regular season conference records, with tournament play beginning with the semifinal round.Games in the quarterfinal round were played at the home court of the higher-seeded team. All remaining games were played at Fant-Ewing Coliseum in Monroe, Louisiana.","title":"Format"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Bracket"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"1990-91 Southland Conference Season Summary\". sports-reference.com. Sports Reference. Retrieved March 6, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/conferences/southland/1991.html","url_text":"\"1990-91 Southland Conference Season Summary\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Reference","url_text":"Sports Reference"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ednie_Brown
John Ednie Brown
["1 Biography","2 References"]
John Ednie BrownBorn1848ScotlandDiedOctober 26, 1899(1899-10-26) (aged 50–51)Cottesloe, Perth, Western AustraliaNationalityAustralianOccupation(s)Forester, Public servantSpouseBertha AmeliaParent(s)James Brown, LL.D.Jeannette, née Erskine John Ednie Brown, (1848–1899) J.P., F.L.S., was an author on sylviculture and state conservator of forests. Biography The author's contemporary entry in George E. Loyau's Notable South Australians relates his biographical details: he son of Dr. J Brown, LL.D., author of The Forester (one of the best and most comprehensive works on forestry of the present day), late Deputy-Surveyor of H.M. woods and forests in Great Britain, and of late years the most eminent authority on arboricultural matters in Europe. The subject of this memoir was educated in Edinburgh, and on leaving school in 1863, was dedicated to his father's profession, and spent three years with him in the practical management of nursery and forest work, and in reporting on the management of the woods and forests in England and Scotland. After learning his profession as assistant agent and forester upon the Invercauld Estate in Aberdeenshire (on which there were 20,000 acres of woodlands, and plantations of over 1,000 acres in extent formed in one season), Mr. Brown went to the Wass Estate, in Yorkshire, where he laid out plantations and surveyed a property of about 8,000 acres. He was then next employed in managing the woods of Lady Manxe, in Sussex. In 1871 and 1872, he visited the U.S. of America and Canada, gathering much valuable information on the forests of those countries. Appointed Conservator of Forests for South Australia in 1878, a position which he still holds with satisfaction to the Government and the public. Mr. Brown has received many testimonials from those who appreciate his abilities, and among the honors he has gained, the following may be enumerated:—He is Gold Medalist of the Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland, for "Report upon Trees found in California," Silver Medalist of the Scottish Arboricultural Society, for "Report on Trees found in the Canadian Forests," holds silver medal and diploma from the International Forestry Exhibition of Edinburgh, held in 1884, for exhibits in botanical specimens and forest literature. Is author of works on "Tree Culture in South Australia," "The Forest Flora of South Australia," and "Canada as a field for the farmer and laborer." He was commissioned in 1895 to produce a report on forest resources for the state government of Western Australia, undertaking research that included journeying over five thousand kilometres in a year, and leading to the formation of the Department of Woods and Forests, of which he was appointed to head as the first conservator. During his tenure he encouraged the introduction of softwood plantations and sandalwood, and is credited with a fivefold increase in the export value of the state's hardwood resources. His reporting was regarded as careful and considered, despite his prodigious output. A reprint in 1899 of his extensive 1896 report is amongst his published works. He had three sons with his wife, Bertha Amelia, the daughter of James Doughty Willshire. John Ednie Brown died at Cottesloe, Western Australia of complications arising from influenza and was buried at North Fremantle. The standard author abbreviation J.E.Br. is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name. References ^ a b c Refshauge, Richard. "Brown, John Ednie (1848–1899)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. ISBN 978-0-522-84459-7. ISSN 1833-7538. OCLC 70677943. Retrieved 26 September 2018. 1848–1899 ^ Loyau, George E. (1885). Notable South Australians. Adelaide: Loyau. p. 69. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. ^ International Plant Names Index.  J.E.Br. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States Australia Academics International Plant Names Index Artists Scientific illustrators ULAN People Australia Trove Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sylviculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylviculture"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ADB-1"}],"text":"John Ednie Brown, (1848–1899) J.P., F.L.S., was an author on sylviculture and state conservator of forests.[1]","title":"John Ednie Brown"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Loyau-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ADB-1"},{"link_name":"Cottesloe, Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cottesloe,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"North Fremantle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Fremantle"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ADB-1"},{"link_name":"author abbreviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_botanists_by_author_abbreviation_(A)"},{"link_name":"citing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Author_citation_(botany)"},{"link_name":"botanical name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_name"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The author's contemporary entry in George E. Loyau's Notable South Australians relates his biographical details:[2][T]he son of Dr. J[ames] Brown, LL.D., author of The Forester (one of the best and most comprehensive works on forestry of the present day), late Deputy-Surveyor of H.M. woods and forests in Great Britain, and of late years the most eminent authority on arboricultural matters in Europe. The subject of this memoir was educated in Edinburgh, and on leaving school in 1863, was dedicated to his father's profession, and spent three years with him in the practical management of nursery and forest work, and in reporting on the management of the woods and forests in England and Scotland. After learning his profession as assistant agent and forester upon the Invercauld Estate in Aberdeenshire (on which there were 20,000 acres of woodlands, and plantations of over 1,000 acres in extent formed in one season), Mr. Brown went to the Wass Estate, in Yorkshire, where he laid out plantations and surveyed a property of about 8,000 acres. He was then next employed in managing the woods of Lady Manxe, in Sussex. In 1871 and 1872, he visited the U.S. of America and Canada, gathering much valuable information on the forests of those countries. Appointed Conservator of Forests for South Australia in 1878, a position which he still holds with satisfaction to the Government and the public. Mr. Brown has received many testimonials from those who appreciate his abilities, and among the honors he has gained, the following may be enumerated:—He is Gold Medalist of the Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland, for \"Report upon Trees found in California,\" Silver Medalist of the Scottish Arboricultural Society, for \"Report on Trees found in the Canadian Forests,\" holds silver medal and diploma from the International Forestry Exhibition of Edinburgh, held in 1884, for exhibits in botanical specimens and forest literature. Is author of works on \"Tree Culture in South Australia,\" \"The Forest Flora of South Australia,\" and \"Canada as a field for the farmer and laborer.\"He was commissioned in 1895 to produce a report on forest resources for the state government of Western Australia, undertaking research that included journeying over five thousand kilometres in a year, and leading to the formation of the Department of Woods and Forests, of which he was appointed to head as the first conservator. During his tenure he encouraged the introduction of softwood plantations and sandalwood, and is credited with a fivefold increase in the export value of the state's hardwood resources. His reporting was regarded as careful and considered, despite his prodigious output. A reprint in 1899 of his extensive 1896 report is amongst his published works.[1]He had three sons with his wife, Bertha Amelia, the daughter of James Doughty Willshire. John Ednie Brown died at Cottesloe, Western Australia of complications arising from influenza and was buried at North Fremantle.[1]The standard author abbreviation J.E.Br. is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.[3]","title":"Biography"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Refshauge, Richard. \"Brown, John Ednie (1848–1899)\". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. ISBN 978-0-522-84459-7. ISSN 1833-7538. OCLC 70677943. Retrieved 26 September 2018. 1848–1899","urls":[{"url":"http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/brown-john-ednie-3079","url_text":"\"Brown, John Ednie (1848–1899)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Dictionary_of_Biography","url_text":"Australian Dictionary of Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_National_University","url_text":"Australian National University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-522-84459-7","url_text":"978-0-522-84459-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1833-7538","url_text":"1833-7538"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/70677943","url_text":"70677943"}]},{"reference":"Loyau, George E. (1885). Notable South Australians. Adelaide: Loyau. p. 69.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Notable_South_Australians/John_Ednie_Brown,_J.P.,_F.L.S.","url_text":"Notable South Australians"}]},{"reference":"International Plant Names Index.  J.E.Br.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index","url_text":"International Plant Names Index"},{"url":"http://www.ipni.org/ipni/advAuthorSearch.do?find_abbreviation=J.E.Br.","url_text":"J.E.Br"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Vinton_Greene
Francis Vinton Greene
["1 Biography","2 Legacy","3 Dates of rank","4 Publications","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
United States Army officer (1850–1921) Francis Vinton GreeneBorn(1850-06-27)June 27, 1850Providence, Rhode Island, U.S.DiedMay 15, 1921(1921-05-15) (aged 70)New York, New York, U.S.AllegianceUnited StatesYears of service1870–1886, 1898–1899RankMajor GeneralUnit2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, VIII CorpsBattles/wars Spanish–American War Battle of Manila (1898) Alma materU.S. Military AcademyRelationsGeorge S. Greene (father)Samuel Dana Greene (brother)Other workWar Department attaché,Professor of Artillery at West Point,New York City Police CommissionerSignature Francis Vinton Greene (June 27, 1850 – May 15, 1921) was a United States Army officer who fought in the Spanish–American War. He came from the Greene family of Rhode Island, noted for its long line of participants in American military history. Biography Greene was born in Providence, Rhode Island, on June 27, 1850. He attended the United States Military Academy at West Point and graduated in 1870, first in his class. He first served in the U.S. artillery and then transferred to the Corps of Engineers in 1872. He next served as an attaché from the War Department to the U.S. legation in St. Petersburg, Russia. While there he served in the Russian army during its war with Turkey. He was promoted to first lieutenant in 1874 and captain in 1883. He returned to the U.S. and was a civil engineer to the city of Washington, D.C., and was an instructor of practical military engineering at West Point before resigning from the Army on December 31, 1886. He published multiple articles on the development of modern warfare and U.S. military policy. After leaving the Army, Greene became president of the Barber Asphalt Paving Company, joining the New York National Guard on December 18, 1889 as a major and serving as 1st Brigade engineer. He was elected colonel of the 71st New York Infantry Regiment on February 2, 1892. When the Spanish–American War broke out he raised the 71st New York Volunteer Infantry and was commissioned as its colonel on May 2, 1898. He was quickly promoted to brigadier general of Volunteers on May 27, 1898. He commanded the second Philippine Expeditionary Force which became the 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, VIII Corps. Greene took a prominent part in the Battle of Manila in 1898. He assisted in the surrender negotiations for Manila. In August 1898 he was promoted major general of Volunteers and resigned on February 28, 1899. During his service, he was put in charge of the finances of the preliminary Philippine administration. In September 1898, he briefed President McKinley on the Philippine situation and recommended the annexation of the entire archipelago. He wrote to William R. Day and William McKinley that he and Admiral Dewey agreed that the Philippines should not be divided, and it would be much better to hold the islands as one. He expected British agreement. After the war, he pursued a variety of occupations. He was a delegate to the Republican National Convention in 1900. He served as the New York City Police Commissioner from 1903 to 1904. He was president of the Niagara-Lockport and Ontario Power Company, along with other business ventures with Buffalo businessman John J. Albright. Greene died on May 15, 1921, at his home in the Upper East Side, Manhattan, New York City. He was interred at Arlington National Cemetery. Legacy Greene's family holds a distinguished place in American military history. His father was Civil War general, George Sears Greene, famous for his defense of Culp's Hill at the Battle of Gettysburg. His older brother, Samuel Dana Greene, was the executive officer of the USS Monitor during the Battle of Hampton Roads. All were from Rhode Island. Dates of rank Insignia Rank Date Component No insignia Cadet, USMA September 1, 1866 Regular Army Second Lieutenant June 15, 1870 Regular Army(Artillery) Second Lieutenant June 10, 1872 Regular Army(Engineers) First Lieutenant January 13, 1874 Regular Army(Engineers) Captain February 20, 1883 Regular Army(Engineers) Major December 18, 1889 New YorkNational Guard Colonel February 2, 1892 New YorkNational Guard Colonel May 2, 1898 Volunteers Brigadier General May 27, 1898 Volunteers Major General August 13, 1898 Volunteers Publications His publications include a series of works on military campaigns, including: The Russian Army and its Campaigns in Turkey. New York: D. Appleton and Company. 1879. Retrieved July 18, 2018 – via Internet Archive. Sketches of Army Life in Russia. London: W. H. Allen & Co. 1881. Retrieved July 19, 2018 – via Internet Archive. The Mississippi (Campaigns of the Civil War). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 1882. Retrieved July 19, 2018 – via Internet Archive. General Greene. New York: D. Appleton and Company. 1893. Retrieved July 19, 2018 – via Internet Archive. The American Revolutionary War and the Military Policy of the United States. New York: Charles Scribners's Sons. 1911. Retrieved July 19, 2018 – via Internet Archive. "Foreword and Epilogue". Why Europe is at War: The Question Considered From the Points of View of France, England, Germany, Japan and the United States. New York and London: G. P. Putnam's Sons. 1915. pp. v–xvi and 141–170. Retrieved July 19, 2018 – via Internet Archive. Our First Year in the Great War. New York and London: G. P. Putnam's Sons. 1918. Retrieved July 19, 2018 – via Internet Archive. Greene also wrote a biographical sketch in a collection of Theodore Roosevelt's political writings entitled, "American Ideals", originally published 1897 and subsequently republished for Roosevelt's presidential campaign in 1900. See also Battle of Manila (1898) Biography portal References ^ Spaulding, Thomas M. (1931). "Greene, Francis Vinton". In Johnson, Allen; Malone, Dumas (eds.). Dictionary of American Biography. Vol. 7 (Fraunces-Grimké). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 565–566. Retrieved July 19, 2018 – via Internet Archive. ^ a b Cullum, George W. (1930). Biographical register of the officers and graduates of the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, N.Y., from its establishment in 1802 to 1890. Vol. VII (3rd ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. p. 98. ^ Greene, F.V. (1879). "Preface". The Russian Army and its Campaigns in Turkey. New York: D.Appleton and Company. pp. vii–viii. Retrieved July 18, 2018 – via Internet Archive. ^ Greene, Francis V. (1883). "The Important Improvements in the Art of War During the Past Twenty Years and their Probably Effect on Future Military Operations". Journal of the Military Service Institution. 4: 1–54 – via HathiTrust Digital Library. ^ Greene, Francis V. (1887). "Our Defenceless Coasts". Scribner's Monthly Magazine. 1: 51–66 – via HathiTrust Digital Library. ^ Brown, John Howard (1900). "Greene, Francis Vinton". Lamb's Biographical Dictionary of the United States. Vol. III. Boston, Massachusetts: James H. Lamb Company. p. 394. Retrieved August 16, 2023. ^ a b c "Gen. F. V. Greene Dies After Long Illness: Ex-Police Commissioner and Colonel of 71st Regt. Passes Away at His Home Here" (PDF). The New York Times. May 16, 1921. p. 15. Retrieved August 16, 2023. ^ Biographical register of the officers and graduates of the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, New York since its establishment in 1802: Supplement, 1890–1900. Vol. IV. The Riverside Press. 1901. p. 193. Retrieved August 16, 2023. ^ Historical Register and Dictionary of the United States Army, 1798–1903 by Francis B. Heitman. ^ Zelikow, Philip (November 2017). "Why Did America Cross the Pacific? Reconstructing the U.S. Decision to Take the Philippines, 1898–99". Texas National Security Review. 1: 56–57. ^ "General Greene In Police Department". Baltimore American. December 24, 1902. Retrieved May 1, 2011. Francis Vinton Greene was this afternoon appointed commissioner of police by Mayor Low to succeed Colonel John Partridge when the latter retires from office on ... ^ "Greene, Francis V". ANCExplorer. U.S. Army. Retrieved August 16, 2023. ^ Official Army Register for January 1886. Washington: Adjutant General's Office. 1886. p. 41. ^ Greene, General Francis Vinton (1900). "Biographical Sketch". American Ideals; And Other Essays Social and Political by Theodore Roosevelt. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. pp. 1–15. Retrieved July 19, 2018 – via Internet Archive. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Francis Vinton Greene. Works by or about Francis Vinton Greene at Internet Archive Battle of Raymond Arlington National Cemetery This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Gilman, D. C.; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). New International Encyclopedia (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty |title= (help) Police appointments Preceded byJohn Nelson Partridge NYPD Commissioner 1903–1904 Succeeded byWilliam McAdoo vteNew York City Police Commissioners M. C. Murphy (1901) Partridge (1902) Greene (1903) McAdoo (1904–1905) Bingham (1906–1909) Baker (1909–1910) Cropsey (1910–1911) Waldo (1911–1913) McKay (1914) Woods (1914–1917) Enright (1918–1925) McLaughlin (1926–1927) Warren (1927–1928) Whalen (1928–1930) Mulrooney (1930–1933) Bolan (1933) O'Ryan (1934) Valentine (1934–1945) Wallander (1945–1949) O'Brien (1949–1950) T. Murphy (1950–1951) Monaghan (1951–1953) Adams (1954–1955) Kennedy (1955–1961) M. J. Murphy (1961–1965) Broderick (1965–1966) Leary (1966–1970) P. Murphy (1970–1973) Cawley (1973) Codd (1974–1977) McGuire (1978–1983) Ward (1984–1989) Condon (1989–1990) Brown (1990–1992) Kelly (1992–1993) Bratton (1994–1996) Safir (1996–2000) Kerik (2000–2001) Kelly (2002–2013) Bratton (2014–2016) O'Neill (2016–2019) Shea (2019–2021) Sewell (2022–2023) Caban (2023–present) Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Israel United States Netherlands People Trove Other SNAC IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"Spanish–American War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhode_Island"}],"text":"Francis Vinton Greene (June 27, 1850 – May 15, 1921) was a United States Army officer who fought in the Spanish–American War.[1] He came from the Greene family of Rhode Island, noted for its long line of participants in American military history.","title":"Francis Vinton Greene"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Providence, Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"United States Military Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy"},{"link_name":"West Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Point,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cullen-2"},{"link_name":"Corps of Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers"},{"link_name":"attaché","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_attach%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"War Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_War"},{"link_name":"St. Petersburg, Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Petersburg,_Russia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"New York National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Army_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-7"},{"link_name":"71st New York Infantry Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/71st_New_York_Infantry_Regiment"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Spanish–American War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War"},{"link_name":"brigadier general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Philippine Expeditionary Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Expeditionary_Force&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"VIII Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighth_Army_Corps_(Spanish%E2%80%93American_War)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Manila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1898)"},{"link_name":"Manila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila"},{"link_name":"major general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"McKinley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_McKinley"},{"link_name":"William R. Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_R._Day"},{"link_name":"William McKinley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_McKinley"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"New York City Police Commissioner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Police_Commissioner"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Niagara-Lockport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Niagara-Lockport&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ontario Power Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Power_Company"},{"link_name":"John J. Albright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._Albright"},{"link_name":"Upper East Side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_East_Side"},{"link_name":"Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-7"},{"link_name":"Arlington National Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Greene was born in Providence, Rhode Island, on June 27, 1850. He attended the United States Military Academy at West Point and graduated in 1870, first in his class.[2] He first served in the U.S. artillery and then transferred to the Corps of Engineers in 1872. He next served as an attaché from the War Department to the U.S. legation in St. Petersburg, Russia. While there he served in the Russian army during its war with Turkey.[3] He was promoted to first lieutenant in 1874 and captain in 1883. He returned to the U.S. and was a civil engineer to the city of Washington, D.C., and was an instructor of practical military engineering at West Point before resigning from the Army on December 31, 1886. He published multiple articles on the development of modern warfare and U.S. military policy.[4][5]After leaving the Army, Greene became president of the Barber Asphalt Paving Company, joining the New York National Guard on December 18, 1889 as a major and serving as 1st Brigade engineer.[6][7] He was elected colonel of the 71st New York Infantry Regiment on February 2, 1892.[7][8]When the Spanish–American War broke out he raised the 71st New York Volunteer Infantry and was commissioned as its colonel on May 2, 1898. He was quickly promoted to brigadier general of Volunteers on May 27, 1898. He commanded the second Philippine Expeditionary Force which became the 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, VIII Corps. Greene took a prominent part in the Battle of Manila in 1898. He assisted in the surrender negotiations for Manila. In August 1898 he was promoted major general of Volunteers and resigned on February 28, 1899.[9] During his service, he was put in charge of the finances of the preliminary Philippine administration. In September 1898, he briefed President McKinley on the Philippine situation and recommended the annexation of the entire archipelago. He wrote to William R. Day and William McKinley that he and Admiral Dewey agreed that the Philippines should not be divided, and it would be much better to hold the islands as one. He expected British agreement. [10]After the war, he pursued a variety of occupations. He was a delegate to the Republican National Convention in 1900. He served as the New York City Police Commissioner from 1903 to 1904.[11] He was president of the Niagara-Lockport and Ontario Power Company, along with other business ventures with Buffalo businessman John J. Albright. Greene died on May 15, 1921, at his home in the Upper East Side, Manhattan, New York City.[7] He was interred at Arlington National Cemetery.[12]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"George Sears Greene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Sears_Greene"},{"link_name":"Culp's Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culp%27s_Hill"},{"link_name":"Battle of Gettysburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg"},{"link_name":"Samuel Dana Greene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Greene_(naval_officer)"},{"link_name":"USS Monitor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Monitor"},{"link_name":"Battle of Hampton Roads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hampton_Roads"},{"link_name":"Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhode_Island"}],"text":"Greene's family holds a distinguished place in American military history. His father was Civil War general, George Sears Greene, famous for his defense of Culp's Hill at the Battle of Gettysburg. His older brother, Samuel Dana Greene, was the executive officer of the USS Monitor during the Battle of Hampton Roads. All were from Rhode Island.","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cullen-2"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"[2][13]","title":"Dates of rank"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Russian Army and its Campaigns in Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/russianarmyitsca00greeuoft#page/n3/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"Sketches of Army Life in Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/sketchesofarmyli00greerich#page/n7"},{"link_name":"The Mississippi (Campaigns of the Civil War)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/mississippi00gree#page/n13"},{"link_name":"General Greene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/generalgreene00gree"},{"link_name":"The American Revolutionary War and the Military Policy of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/revolutionarywar00gree#page/n5"},{"link_name":"\"Foreword and Epilogue\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/whyeuropeisatwar00coudiala#page/n5"},{"link_name":"Our First Year in the Great War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/ourfirstyearingr00gree#page/n9"},{"link_name":"Theodore Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"His publications include a series of works on military campaigns, including:The Russian Army and its Campaigns in Turkey. New York: D. Appleton and Company. 1879. Retrieved July 18, 2018 – via Internet Archive.\nSketches of Army Life in Russia. London: W. H. Allen & Co. 1881. Retrieved July 19, 2018 – via Internet Archive.\nThe Mississippi (Campaigns of the Civil War). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 1882. Retrieved July 19, 2018 – via Internet Archive.\nGeneral Greene. New York: D. Appleton and Company. 1893. Retrieved July 19, 2018 – via Internet Archive.\nThe American Revolutionary War and the Military Policy of the United States. New York: Charles Scribners's Sons. 1911. Retrieved July 19, 2018 – via Internet Archive.\n\"Foreword and Epilogue\". Why Europe is at War: The Question Considered From the Points of View of France, England, Germany, Japan and the United States. New York and London: G. P. Putnam's Sons. 1915. pp. v–xvi and 141–170. Retrieved July 19, 2018 – via Internet Archive.\nOur First Year in the Great War. New York and London: G. P. Putnam's Sons. 1918. Retrieved July 19, 2018 – via Internet Archive.\nGreene also wrote a biographical sketch in a collection of Theodore Roosevelt's political writings entitled, \"American Ideals\", originally published 1897 and subsequently republished for Roosevelt's presidential campaign in 1900.[14]","title":"Publications"}]
[]
[{"title":"Battle of Manila (1898)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1898)"},{"title":"Biography portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biography"}]
[{"reference":"The Russian Army and its Campaigns in Turkey. New York: D. Appleton and Company. 1879. Retrieved July 18, 2018 – via Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/russianarmyitsca00greeuoft#page/n3/mode/2up","url_text":"The Russian Army and its Campaigns in Turkey"}]},{"reference":"Sketches of Army Life in Russia. London: W. H. Allen & Co. 1881. Retrieved July 19, 2018 – via Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/sketchesofarmyli00greerich#page/n7","url_text":"Sketches of Army Life in Russia"}]},{"reference":"The Mississippi (Campaigns of the Civil War). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 1882. Retrieved July 19, 2018 – via Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/mississippi00gree#page/n13","url_text":"The Mississippi (Campaigns of the Civil War)"}]},{"reference":"General Greene. New York: D. Appleton and Company. 1893. Retrieved July 19, 2018 – via Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/generalgreene00gree","url_text":"General Greene"}]},{"reference":"The American Revolutionary War and the Military Policy of the United States. New York: Charles Scribners's Sons. 1911. Retrieved July 19, 2018 – via Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/revolutionarywar00gree#page/n5","url_text":"The American Revolutionary War and the Military Policy of the United States"}]},{"reference":"\"Foreword and Epilogue\". Why Europe is at War: The Question Considered From the Points of View of France, England, Germany, Japan and the United States. New York and London: G. P. Putnam's Sons. 1915. pp. v–xvi and 141–170. Retrieved July 19, 2018 – via Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/whyeuropeisatwar00coudiala#page/n5","url_text":"\"Foreword and Epilogue\""}]},{"reference":"Our First Year in the Great War. New York and London: G. P. Putnam's Sons. 1918. Retrieved July 19, 2018 – via Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/ourfirstyearingr00gree#page/n9","url_text":"Our First Year in the Great War"}]},{"reference":"Spaulding, Thomas M. (1931). \"Greene, Francis Vinton\". In Johnson, Allen; Malone, Dumas (eds.). Dictionary of American Biography. Vol. 7 (Fraunces-Grimké). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 565–566. Retrieved July 19, 2018 – via Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/dictionaryofamer07ilamer#page/565/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Greene, Francis Vinton\""}]},{"reference":"Cullum, George W. (1930). Biographical register of the officers and graduates of the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, N.Y., from its establishment in 1802 to 1890. Vol. VII (3rd ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. p. 98.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/biographicalregi0000unse/page/98/mode/2up","url_text":"Biographical register of the officers and graduates of the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, N.Y., from its establishment in 1802 to 1890"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt","url_text":"Houghton Mifflin"}]},{"reference":"Greene, F.V. (1879). \"Preface\". The Russian Army and its Campaigns in Turkey. New York: D.Appleton and Company. pp. vii–viii. Retrieved July 18, 2018 – via Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/russianarmyitsca00greeuoft#page/n5/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Preface\""}]},{"reference":"Greene, Francis V. (1883). \"The Important Improvements in the Art of War During the Past Twenty Years and their Probably Effect on Future Military Operations\". Journal of the Military Service Institution. 4: 1–54 – via HathiTrust Digital Library.","urls":[{"url":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=njp.32101049985748&view=1up&seq=9","url_text":"\"The Important Improvements in the Art of War During the Past Twenty Years and their Probably Effect on Future Military Operations\""}]},{"reference":"Greene, Francis V. (1887). \"Our Defenceless Coasts\". Scribner's Monthly Magazine. 1: 51–66 – via HathiTrust Digital Library.","urls":[{"url":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015030597440&view=2up&seq=62","url_text":"\"Our Defenceless Coasts\""}]},{"reference":"Brown, John Howard (1900). \"Greene, Francis Vinton\". Lamb's Biographical Dictionary of the United States. Vol. III. Boston, Massachusetts: James H. Lamb Company. p. 394. Retrieved August 16, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mWJkAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA394","url_text":"\"Greene, Francis Vinton\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gen. F. V. Greene Dies After Long Illness: Ex-Police Commissioner and Colonel of 71st Regt. Passes Away at His Home Here\" (PDF). The New York Times. May 16, 1921. p. 15. Retrieved August 16, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1921/05/16/98689150.pdf","url_text":"\"Gen. F. V. Greene Dies After Long Illness: Ex-Police Commissioner and Colonel of 71st Regt. Passes Away at His Home Here\""}]},{"reference":"Biographical register of the officers and graduates of the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, New York since its establishment in 1802: Supplement, 1890–1900. Vol. IV. The Riverside Press. 1901. p. 193. Retrieved August 16, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://digital-library.usma.edu/digital/collection/p16919coll3/id/14223/rec/8","url_text":"Biographical register of the officers and graduates of the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, New York since its establishment in 1802: Supplement, 1890–1900"}]},{"reference":"Zelikow, Philip (November 2017). \"Why Did America Cross the Pacific? Reconstructing the U.S. Decision to Take the Philippines, 1898–99\". Texas National Security Review. 1: 56–57.","urls":[{"url":"https://tnsr.org/2017/11/america-cross-pacific-reconstructing-u-s-decision-take-philippines-1898-99/","url_text":"\"Why Did America Cross the Pacific? Reconstructing the U.S. Decision to Take the Philippines, 1898–99\""}]},{"reference":"\"General Greene In Police Department\". Baltimore American. December 24, 1902. Retrieved May 1, 2011. Francis Vinton Greene was this afternoon appointed commissioner of police by Mayor Low to succeed Colonel John Partridge when the latter retires from office on ...","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=1dNdAAAAIBAJ&pg=5193,7304002&dq=john+partridge+police&hl=en","url_text":"\"General Greene In Police Department\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_American","url_text":"Baltimore American"}]},{"reference":"\"Greene, Francis V\". ANCExplorer. U.S. Army. Retrieved August 16, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://ancexplorer.army.mil/publicwmv/index.html#/search-all/results/1/CgZHcmVlbmUSB0ZyYW5jaXMaAVY-/","url_text":"\"Greene, Francis V\""}]},{"reference":"Official Army Register for January 1886. Washington: Adjutant General's Office. 1886. p. 41.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/officialarmyregi1886unit/page/40/mode/2up","url_text":"Official Army Register for January 1886"}]},{"reference":"Greene, General Francis Vinton (1900). \"Biographical Sketch\". American Ideals; And Other Essays Social and Political by Theodore Roosevelt. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. pp. 1–15. Retrieved July 19, 2018 – via Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/americanideals00theorich#page/n10/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Biographical Sketch\""}]},{"reference":"Gilman, D. C.; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). New International Encyclopedia (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Coit_Gilman","url_text":"Gilman, D. C."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia","url_text":"New International Encyclopedia"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/russianarmyitsca00greeuoft#page/n3/mode/2up","external_links_name":"The Russian Army and its Campaigns in Turkey"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/sketchesofarmyli00greerich#page/n7","external_links_name":"Sketches of Army Life in Russia"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/mississippi00gree#page/n13","external_links_name":"The Mississippi (Campaigns of the Civil War)"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/generalgreene00gree","external_links_name":"General Greene"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/revolutionarywar00gree#page/n5","external_links_name":"The American Revolutionary War and the Military Policy of the United States"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/whyeuropeisatwar00coudiala#page/n5","external_links_name":"\"Foreword and Epilogue\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/ourfirstyearingr00gree#page/n9","external_links_name":"Our First Year in the Great War"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/dictionaryofamer07ilamer#page/565/mode/1up","external_links_name":"\"Greene, Francis Vinton\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/biographicalregi0000unse/page/98/mode/2up","external_links_name":"Biographical register of the officers and graduates of the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, N.Y., from its establishment in 1802 to 1890"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/russianarmyitsca00greeuoft#page/n5/mode/2up","external_links_name":"\"Preface\""},{"Link":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=njp.32101049985748&view=1up&seq=9","external_links_name":"\"The Important Improvements in the Art of War During the Past Twenty Years and their Probably Effect on Future Military Operations\""},{"Link":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015030597440&view=2up&seq=62","external_links_name":"\"Our Defenceless Coasts\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mWJkAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA394","external_links_name":"\"Greene, Francis Vinton\""},{"Link":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1921/05/16/98689150.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Gen. F. V. Greene Dies After Long Illness: Ex-Police Commissioner and Colonel of 71st Regt. Passes Away at His Home Here\""},{"Link":"http://digital-library.usma.edu/digital/collection/p16919coll3/id/14223/rec/8","external_links_name":"Biographical register of the officers and graduates of the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, New York since its establishment in 1802: Supplement, 1890–1900"},{"Link":"https://tnsr.org/2017/11/america-cross-pacific-reconstructing-u-s-decision-take-philippines-1898-99/","external_links_name":"\"Why Did America Cross the Pacific? Reconstructing the U.S. Decision to Take the Philippines, 1898–99\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=1dNdAAAAIBAJ&pg=5193,7304002&dq=john+partridge+police&hl=en","external_links_name":"\"General Greene In Police Department\""},{"Link":"https://ancexplorer.army.mil/publicwmv/index.html#/search-all/results/1/CgZHcmVlbmUSB0ZyYW5jaXMaAVY-/","external_links_name":"\"Greene, Francis V\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/officialarmyregi1886unit/page/40/mode/2up","external_links_name":"Official Army Register for January 1886"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/americanideals00theorich#page/n10/mode/1up","external_links_name":"\"Biographical Sketch\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Greene%2C%20Francis%20Vinton%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Greene%2C%20Francis%20V%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Greene%2C%20F%2E%20V%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Francis%20Vinton%20Greene%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Francis%20V%2E%20Greene%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22F%2E%20V%2E%20Greene%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Francis%20Vinton%20Greene%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Francis%20V%2E%20Greene%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22F%2E%20V%2E%20Greene%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22F%2E%20Vinton%20Greene%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Greene%2C%20Francis%20Vinton%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Greene%2C%20Francis%20V%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Greene%2C%20F%2E%20V%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Greene%2C%20F%2E%20Vinton%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Francis%20Vinton%20Greene%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Francis%20V%2E%20Greene%22%20OR%20title%3A%22F%2E%20V%2E%20Greene%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Francis%20Vinton%20Greene%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Francis%20V%2E%20Greene%22%20OR%20description%3A%22F%2E%20V%2E%20Greene%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Greene%2C%20Francis%20Vinton%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Greene%2C%20Francis%20V%2E%22%29%20OR%20%28%221850-1921%22%20AND%20Greene%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29","external_links_name":"Works by or about Francis Vinton Greene"},{"Link":"http://battleofraymond.org/battleg.htm","external_links_name":"Battle of Raymond"},{"Link":"http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/fvgreene.htm","external_links_name":"Arlington National Cemetery"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/202206/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000081442898","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/64384322","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJh4tbk8RPj8rC3FDxCvpP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1055268235","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007274785405171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85188847","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p242266762","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/842327","external_links_name":"Trove"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6t16r74","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/219967830","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_Cloud_to_Device_Messaging
Android Cloud to Device Messaging
["1 Technical details","2 Migration to the Google Cloud Messaging service","3 References","4 External links"]
Defunct mobile notification service Android Cloud to Device MessagingOverview of the C2DM Service architecture.Developer(s)GoogleTarget platform(s)Android, ChromeProgramming language(s)JavaStatusDiscontinuedLicenseOpen-sourceWebsitedevelopers.google.com/android/c2dm/  Android Cloud to Device Messaging (commonly referred to as Cloud to Device Messaging), or C2DM, is a defunct mobile notification service that was developed by Google and replaced by the Google Cloud Messaging service. It enabled developers to send data from servers to Android applications and Chrome extensions. C2DM originally launched in 2010 and was available beginning with version 2.2 of Android. On June 27, 2012, Google unveiled the Google Cloud Messaging service aimed at replacing C2DM, citing improvements to authentication and delivery, new API endpoints and messaging parameters, and the removal of API rate limits and maximum message sizes. Google announced official deprecation of the C2DM service in August 2012, and released documentation to assist developers with migrating to the new service. The C2DM service was discontinued for existing applications and completely shut down on October 20, 2015. Technical details The C2DM service consisted of sub-services and interfaces necessary with maintaining security and reliability. When an application registered for C2DM messages and data, it received a C2DM Registration ID from the service. This identifier was unique to the application on the device, and was used to identify the device that the data or message request was intended for. This identifier was typically sent by the client application to a server owned by the developer or creator for tracking and statistical purposes. Upon sending a data or push request, the server sent an authentication request and the C2DM Registration ID of the device to the C2DM authentication service, which responded with an authentication token upon success. The third party server then submitted both identifiers within the final data request to be enqueued and sent to the device. When the device received the information from the C2DM, the request was removed from the C2DM queue. Migration to the Google Cloud Messaging service Shortly after announcing the Google Cloud Messaging service, Google published documentation to guide application developers with migrating from the C2DM and onto the new service. Migrating to the service required SDK and code changes, as well as a release of an application update to the publishing repository (such as Google Play) for downloading and updating. The C2DM and the Google Cloud Messaging service were not interoperable between each other; you could not send data requests using one service to be received and processed on the client app using the other. The migration also required changes to be made on the third party server operated by the developer (depending on the complexity and use case regarding the data sent). References ^ Vogel, Lars (September 12, 2011). "Android Cloud to Device Messaging (C2DM) - Tutorial". Retrieved September 4, 2016. ^ Rubio, Daniel (August 12, 2012). "Google Cloud Messaging for Android (GCM) Unveiled, to Replace C2DM Framework". Retrieved October 15, 2015. ^ "Cloud to Device Messaging (Deprecated)". Google. Retrieved October 15, 2015. ^ Meier, Reto (March 22, 2012). Professional Android 4 Application Development. 2. Indianapolis, Indiana: John Wiley and Sons, Inc. ISBN 978-1118102275. Retrieved October 15, 2015. c2dm registration id. ^ a b "Migration from C2DM". Google. Archived from the original on September 6, 2015. Retrieved October 15, 2015. External links Official website vteAndroid Android Go Comparison of products Software developmentDevelopment toolsOfficial Android Runtime (ART) Software development kit (SDK) Android Debug Bridge (ADB) Fastboot Android App Bundle Android application package (APK) Bionic Dalvik Firebase Google Cloud Messaging (GCM) Firebase Cloud Messaging (FCM) Google Mobile Services (GMS) Native development kit (NDK) Open accessory development kit (OADK) RenderScript Skia AdMob Material Design Fonts Droid Roboto Noto Google Developers Other OpenBinder Apache Harmony OpenJDK Gradle Integrateddevelopmentenvironments (IDE) Android Studio IntelliJ IDEA Eclipse Android Development Tools (ADT) App Inventor Languages, databases Java Kotlin XML C C++ SQLite Virtual reality (VR) Cardboard Daydream Events, communities Google I/O Developer Challenge Developer Lab Android Open Source Project (AOSP) Releases Cupcake (1.5) Donut (1.6) Eclair (2.0–2.1) Froyo (2.2) Gingerbread (2.3) Honeycomb (3.x) Ice Cream Sandwich (4.0) Jelly Bean (4.1–4.3) KitKat (4.4) Lollipop (5.x) Marshmallow (6.0) Nougat (7.x) Oreo (8.x) Pie (9) 10 11 12 13 14 15 Derivatives Android Automotive Android Things TV devices Wear OS DevicesPixel C Pixel & Pixel XL 2 & 2 XL 3 & 3 XL 3a & 3a XL 4 & 4 XL 4a & 4a (5G) 5 5a 6 & 6 Pro 6a 7 & 7 Pro 7a Fold 8 & 8 Pro Nexus One S Galaxy Nexus 4 10 Q 5 5X 6 6P 7 2012 2013 9 Player Play edition HTC One (M7) HTC One (M8) LG G Pad 8.3 Moto G Samsung Galaxy S4 Sony Xperia Z Ultra Android One other smartphones Custom distributions AliOS Android-x86 Remix OS AOKP Baidu Yi Barnes & Noble Nook CalyxOS ColorOS realme UI CopperheadOS EMUI Magic UI Fire OS Flyme OS GrapheneOS LeWa OS LineageOS /e/ CrDroid CyanogenMod DivestOS iodéOS Kali NetHunter LiteOS Meta Horizon OS MicroG MIUI MIUI for POCO Nokia X software platform OmniROM OPhone OxygenOS PixelExperience Pixel UI Replicant Resurrection Remix OS SlimRoms TCL UI Ubuntu for Android XobotOS ZUI Booting and recovery Booting process Recovery mode TWRP ClockworkMod Fastboot APIs Google Maps Google Play Services SafetyNet Google Search Alternative UIs Asus ZenUI ColorOS EMUI Flyme OS XOLO Hive HTC Sense LG UX Optimus UI MIUI Motoblur One UI Experience TouchWiz OxygenOS Pixel UI Xperia UI Rooting SuperSU Magisk Kingo Root Lists Custom distributions Features Free and open-source applications Games Google apps Launchers Related topics Index of articles Androidland Chromecast Google Java vs. Android API Lawn statues BlueStacks Legal issues Google v. Oracle smartphone patent wars Category:Android development Category:Mobile telecommunications Software portal Telecommunication portal
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"notification service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notification_service"},{"link_name":"Google","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google"},{"link_name":"Google Cloud Messaging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Cloud_Messaging"},{"link_name":"Android","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)"},{"link_name":"Chrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrome_(browser)"},{"link_name":"Android","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vogella-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-InfoQ-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GoogleDeprecated-3"}],"text":"Android Cloud to Device Messaging (commonly referred to as Cloud to Device Messaging), or C2DM, is a defunct mobile notification service that was developed by Google and replaced by the Google Cloud Messaging service. It enabled developers to send data from servers to Android applications and Chrome extensions. C2DM originally launched in 2010 and was available beginning with version 2.2 of Android.[1] On June 27, 2012, Google unveiled the Google Cloud Messaging service aimed at replacing C2DM, citing improvements to authentication and delivery, new API endpoints and messaging parameters, and the removal of API rate limits and maximum message sizes.[2] Google announced official deprecation of the C2DM service in August 2012, and released documentation to assist developers with migrating to the new service. The C2DM service was discontinued for existing applications and completely shut down on October 20, 2015.[3]","title":"Android Cloud to Device Messaging"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ProfessionalDevBook-4"}],"text":"The C2DM service consisted of sub-services and interfaces necessary with maintaining security and reliability. When an application registered for C2DM messages and data, it received a C2DM Registration ID from the service. This identifier was unique to the application on the device, and was used to identify the device that the data or message request was intended for. This identifier was typically sent by the client application to a server owned by the developer or creator for tracking and statistical purposes. Upon sending a data or push request, the server sent an authentication request and the C2DM Registration ID of the device to the C2DM authentication service, which responded with an authentication token upon success. The third party server then submitted both identifiers within the final data request to be enqueued and sent to the device. When the device received the information from the C2DM, the request was removed from the C2DM queue.[4]","title":"Technical details"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Google Cloud Messaging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Cloud_Messaging"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GoogleMigration-5"},{"link_name":"Google Play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Play"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GoogleMigration-5"}],"text":"Shortly after announcing the Google Cloud Messaging service, Google published documentation to guide application developers with migrating from the C2DM and onto the new service.[5] Migrating to the service required SDK and code changes, as well as a release of an application update to the publishing repository (such as Google Play) for downloading and updating. The C2DM and the Google Cloud Messaging service were not interoperable between each other; you could not send data requests using one service to be received and processed on the client app using the other. The migration also required changes to be made on the third party server operated by the developer (depending on the complexity and use case regarding the data sent).[5]","title":"Migration to the Google Cloud Messaging service"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Vogel, Lars (September 12, 2011). \"Android Cloud to Device Messaging (C2DM) - Tutorial\". Retrieved September 4, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vogella.com/tutorials/GoogleCloudMessaging/article.html","url_text":"\"Android Cloud to Device Messaging (C2DM) - Tutorial\""}]},{"reference":"Rubio, Daniel (August 12, 2012). \"Google Cloud Messaging for Android (GCM) Unveiled, to Replace C2DM Framework\". Retrieved October 15, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.infoq.com/news/2012/08/GoogleCMReplacesC2Dm","url_text":"\"Google Cloud Messaging for Android (GCM) Unveiled, to Replace C2DM Framework\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cloud to Device Messaging (Deprecated)\". Google. Retrieved October 15, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://developers.google.com/android/c2dm/","url_text":"\"Cloud to Device Messaging (Deprecated)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"}]},{"reference":"Meier, Reto (March 22, 2012). Professional Android 4 Application Development. 2. Indianapolis, Indiana: John Wiley and Sons, Inc. ISBN 978-1118102275. Retrieved October 15, 2015. c2dm registration id.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/professionalandr0000meie","url_text":"Professional Android 4 Application Development"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1118102275","url_text":"978-1118102275"}]},{"reference":"\"Migration from C2DM\". Google. Archived from the original on September 6, 2015. Retrieved October 15, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150906095043/https://developers.google.com/cloud-messaging/c2dm","url_text":"\"Migration from C2DM\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://developers.google.com/cloud-messaging/c2dm","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Anthony_Alexander_Rous,_4th_Earl_of_Stradbroke
John Rous, 4th Earl of Stradbroke
["1 References"]
John RousEarl of StradbrokePredecessorGeorge RousSuccessorWilliam RousBorn(1903-04-01)1 April 1903Died14 July 1983(1983-07-14) (aged 80)FatherGeorge Rous, 3rd Earl of StradbrokeMotherHelena Fraser John Anthony Alexander Rous, 4th Earl of Stradbroke, KStJ (1 April 1903 – 14 July 1983), was a British nobleman, the son of George Rous, 3rd Earl of Stradbroke. He was styled Viscount Dunwich from birth until acceding to the earldom in 1947. He was educated at the Royal Naval College, Osborne, and the Royal Naval College, Dartmouth then served from 1917 to 1928 and again, through World War II, between 1939 and 1945. He was Secretary to the Governor of Victoria from 1946 to 1947. He was a member of East Suffolk County Council from 1931 to 1945; and an Alderman from 1953 to 1964. In 1978 he was awarded the Scout Association's prestigious Silver Wolf Award. He was succeeded by his brother William Rous, 5th Earl of Stradbroke. References ^ thePeerage.com ^ 'STRADBROKE', Who Was Who, A & C Black, an imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing plc, 1920–2016; online edn, Oxford University Press, 2014 ; online edn, April 2014 accessed 8 Sept 2016 Court offices Preceded byThe Earl of Stradbroke Lord Lieutenant of Suffolk 1948–1978 Succeeded bySir Joshua Rowley, Bt Peerage of the United Kingdom Preceded byGeorge Rous Earl of Stradbroke 1947–1983 Succeeded byWilliam Rous Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany This biography of an earl in the peerage of the United Kingdom is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldmine_House,_Great_Budworth
Goldmine House
["1 See also","2 References"]
Coordinates: 53°17′35″N 2°30′16″W / 53.2931°N 2.5044°W / 53.2931; -2.5044 Goldmine House and its attached cottage (Rose Cottage) are at No. 26 Southbank, Great Budworth, Cheshire, England, to the south of St Mary and All Saints' Church. They are recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II listed building. The house and cottage were built for Rowland Egerton-Warburton of Arley Hall and were designed by the Chester architect John Douglas. They were constructed about 1870 in brown brick with some timber framing, and clay tile roofs. The house is to the west, is in two storeys, and has two bays, both gabled. The western bay is smaller than that to the east and is set back; its gable is timber framed. Between the storeys on both wings is a frieze of zigzag brickwork and plaster. To the east of the house is a single-storey extension with a catslide roof and an arched entrance giving access to rear of the buildings; over the entrance is a timber framed gable. The cottage is simple in form with a dormer and blue brick diapering. In 1884 the editor of The British Architect, Thomas Raffles Davison, described the building as one of the "very pleasing buildings south of the by Mr Douglas". See also Cheshire portal Listed buildings in Great Budworth List of houses and associated buildings by John Douglas References ^ a b c Historic England, "Goldmine House, Rose Cottage, Great Budworth (1329888)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 20 July 2013 ^ Hubbard, Edward (1991), The Work of John Douglas, London: The Victorian Society, p. 278, ISBN 0-901657-16-6 53°17′35″N 2°30′16″W / 53.2931°N 2.5044°W / 53.2931; -2.5044 This article about a Cheshire building or structure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a listed building in the United Kingdom is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Great Budworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Budworth"},{"link_name":"Cheshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheshire"},{"link_name":"St Mary and All Saints' Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mary_and_All_Saints%27_Church,_Great_Budworth"},{"link_name":"National Heritage List for England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England"},{"link_name":"listed building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_building#England_and_Wales"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-images-1"},{"link_name":"Rowland Egerton-Warburton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowland_Egerton-Warburton"},{"link_name":"Arley Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arley_Hall"},{"link_name":"Chester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester"},{"link_name":"John Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Douglas_(English_architect)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"timber framing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timber_framing"},{"link_name":"bays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"gabled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gable"},{"link_name":"frieze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frieze"},{"link_name":"catslide roof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catslide_roof"},{"link_name":"dormer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dormer"},{"link_name":"diapering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diapering"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-images-1"},{"link_name":"Thomas Raffles Davison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Raffles_Davison"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-images-1"}],"text":"Goldmine House and its attached cottage (Rose Cottage) are at No. 26 Southbank, Great Budworth, Cheshire, England, to the south of St Mary and All Saints' Church. They are recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II listed building.[1]The house and cottage were built for Rowland Egerton-Warburton of Arley Hall and were designed by the Chester architect John Douglas.[2] They were constructed about 1870 in brown brick with some timber framing, and clay tile roofs. The house is to the west, is in two storeys, and has two bays, both gabled. The western bay is smaller than that to the east and is set back; its gable is timber framed. Between the storeys on both wings is a frieze of zigzag brickwork and plaster. To the east of the house is a single-storey extension with a catslide roof and an arched entrance giving access to rear of the buildings; over the entrance is a timber framed gable. The cottage is simple in form with a dormer and blue brick diapering.[1] In 1884 the editor of The British Architect, Thomas Raffles Davison, described the building as one of the \"very pleasing buildings south of the [church] by Mr Douglas\".[1]","title":"Goldmine House"}]
[]
[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Cheshire.svg"},{"title":"Cheshire portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Cheshire"},{"title":"Listed buildings in Great Budworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_buildings_in_Great_Budworth"},{"title":"List of houses and associated buildings by John Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_houses_and_associated_buildings_by_John_Douglas"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funk,_Ohio
Funk, Ohio
["1 References","2 External links"]
Coordinates: 40°45′11″N 82°06′59″W / 40.753056°N 82.11638°W / 40.753056; -82.11638Unincorporated community in Ohio, U.S. Location of Funk, Ohio Funk is an unincorporated community in southwestern Plain Township, Wayne County, Ohio, United States. Because it is not tracked by the U.S. Census, a census population estimate is not available. Funk is a hamlet and was platted under the name Austen in 1894. Before that, it was called Kauffman Corners. The names Kaufman, Funk, and Austen all referred to local families who had owned land in and around Funk for generations. Funk's growth started in the late 1890s when a portion of the A&W Railroad was built from Big Prairie to Ashland. This was completed in 1899. At this point, there was another village called Austin, Ohio, so the name was changed to Funk after a local family that lived and farmed in the area. Before World War I, a Grain elevator was built. It is assumed it was built by a man named Craig, who may be the man who donated his farmland to form Craigton, another unincorporated community and railroad depot from the early 1900s located a few miles from Funk. This grain elevator passed through several hands before becoming known as the Funk Equity Union Co. It was later owned by William "D" Funk, who also owned the successful general store and was an agent for the railroad in the village. D Funk inherited the general store from his father Zenas between 1895 and 1910. The store went through several more owners until it was finally closed in 1986. The grain elevator was operated until 1957. Funk had two blacksmiths, a scrap dealer, a butcher, several barbers, a makeshift automobile jack factory called The Black Jack Factory, an ice house, gravel pit, and in the 1980s was home to the Austin Disposal headquarters. The only church in Funk was a Methodist church located across the Ashland County line, the building later moved to Funk and remodeled into a home. They were destroyed in a fire in 1940. The locals transferred to Maple Grove Methodist Church. There is some confusion for outsiders about the origins of Funk's name because they were never explicitly recorded in public records. Funk is located at the intersection of South Funk Road and State Route 95, southwest of the county seat of Wooster. References ^ a b c Wayne County History Book Committee (1987). A History of Wayne County, Ohio. Dallas: Taylor Publishing Company. pp. 33–34. ^ a b Wayne County History Book Committee (1987). A History of Wayne County, Ohio. Dallas: Taylor Publishing Company. p. 34. ^ Peacefull, Leonard (1996). A Geography of Ohio. Kent State University Press. p. 220. ISBN 9780873385251. Retrieved December 8, 2013. External links vteMunicipalities and communities of Wayne County, Ohio, United StatesCounty seat: WoosterCities Norton‡ Orrville Rittman‡ Wooster Map of Ohio highlighting Wayne CountyVillages Apple Creek Burbank Congress Creston‡ Dalton Doylestown Fredericksburg Marshallville Mount Eaton Shreve Smithville West Salem Townships Baughman Canaan Chester Chippewa Clinton Congress East Union Franklin Green Milton Paint Plain Salt Creek Sugar Creek Wayne Wooster CDPs Kidron New Pittsburg Sterling Unincorporatedcommunities Aukerman Blachleyville Burton City Cedar Valley Centerville Devil Town East Union Easton Funk Golden Corners Honeytown Jefferson Johnsons Corners Lattasburg Maysville Millbrook Moreland Overton Pleasant Home Reedsburg Springville West Lebanon Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Ohio portal United States portal 40°45′11″N 82°06′59″W / 40.753056°N 82.11638°W / 40.753056; -82.11638 This Wayne County, Ohio state location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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null
[{"reference":"Wayne County History Book Committee (1987). A History of Wayne County, Ohio. Dallas: Taylor Publishing Company. pp. 33–34.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Wayne County History Book Committee (1987). A History of Wayne County, Ohio. Dallas: Taylor Publishing Company. p. 34.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Peacefull, Leonard (1996). A Geography of Ohio. Kent State University Press. p. 220. ISBN 9780873385251. Retrieved December 8, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Gefpsoo1nRIC&pg=PA220","url_text":"A Geography of Ohio"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780873385251","url_text":"9780873385251"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sar%C4%B1fas%C4%B1l,_Ulus
Sarıfasıl, Ulus
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 41°35′N 32°34′E / 41.583°N 32.567°E / 41.583; 32.567Village in Bartın, TurkeySarıfasılVillageSarıfasılLocation in TurkeyCoordinates: 41°35′N 32°34′E / 41.583°N 32.567°E / 41.583; 32.567CountryTurkeyProvinceBartınDistrictUlusPopulation (2021)169Time zoneTRT (UTC+3) Sarıfasıl is a village in the Ulus District, Bartın Province, Turkey. Its population is 169 (2021). References ^ Köy, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 30 January 2023. ^ "Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2021" (XLS) (in Turkish). TÜİK. Retrieved 30 January 2023. vte Ulus DistrictMunicipalities Abdipaşa Kumluca Ulus Villages Abdurrahman Ağaköy Akörensöküler Aktaş Alıçlı Alpı Arpacık Aşağıçamlı Aşağıçerçi Aşağıdere Aşağıemirce Aşağıköy Bağdatlı Bahçecik Balıcak Buğurlar Çavuşköy Çerde Ceyüpler Çubukbeli Çubuklu Dereli Dibektaş Dodurga Doğanköy Döngeller Dörekler Dorucaşahinci Düzköy Eldeş Elmacık Eseler Gökpınar Güneyören Hasanören Hisarköy Hocaköy İbrahimderesi İğneciler İnceçam Isırganlı Kadıköy Kalecik Karahasan Karakışla Kayabaşı Keçideresi Kirazcık Kirsinler Kıyıklar Kızıllar Köklü Konak Konuklu Kozanlı Küllü Öncüler Sarıfasıl Sarnıç Şirinler Üçsaray Ulukaya Uluköy Yenikışla Yeniköy Yılanlar Yukarıdere Zafer This geographical article about a location in Bartın Province, Turkey is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2021\" (XLS) (in Turkish). TÜİK. Retrieved 30 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tuik.gov.tr/indir/duyuru/favori_raporlar.xlsx","url_text":"\"Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2021\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%9C%C4%B0K","url_text":"TÜİK"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_State_at_the_Department_of_Further_and_Higher_Education,_Research,_Innovation_and_Science
Minister of State at the Department of Further and Higher Education, Research, Innovation and Science
["1 List of ministers of state","2 References"]
List of Irish Ministers of State The Minister of State at the Department of Further and Higher Education, Research, Innovation and Science is a junior ministerial post in the Department of Further and Higher Education, Research, Innovation and Science of the Government of Ireland who performs duties and functions delegated by the Minister for Further and Higher Education, Research, Innovation and Science. A Minister of State does not hold cabinet rank. The current Minister of State is Niall Collins, TD, who was appointed in July 2020. List of ministers of state Name Term of office Party Responsibilities Government Niall Collins 1 July 2020 Incumbent Fianna Fáil Skills and Further Education 32nd • 33rd References ^ "List of Ministers and Ministers of State". Government of Ireland. Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2020. ^ "Appointment of Ministers and Ministers of State – Dáil Éireann (33rd Dáil) – Tuesday, 7 July 2020". Houses of the Oireachtas. Archived from the original on 9 July 2020. Retrieved 5 January 2021. ^ "Minister of State appointments". gov.ie. Department of the Taoiseach. 21 December 2022. Retrieved 21 December 2022. vteMinisters of State of IrelandBy department Agriculture, Food and the Marine Children, Equality, Disability, Integration and Youth Defence Education Enterprise, Trade and Employment Environment, Climate and Communications Finance Foreign Affairs Further and Higher Education, Research, Innovation and Science Health Housing, Local Government and Heritage Justice Public Expenditure, National Development Plan Delivery and Reform Rural and Community Development Social Protection Taoiseach Tourism, Culture, Arts, Gaeltacht, Sport and Media Transport Specific roles Disability European Affairs Former Children Government Labour Posts and Telegraphs Women
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[]
null
[{"reference":"\"List of Ministers and Ministers of State\". Government of Ireland. Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.ie/en/organisation-information/9b5048-government-ministers/","url_text":"\"List of Ministers and Ministers of State\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Ireland","url_text":"Government of Ireland"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200807154553/https://www.gov.ie/en/organisation-information/9b5048-government-ministers/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Appointment of Ministers and Ministers of State – Dáil Éireann (33rd Dáil) – Tuesday, 7 July 2020\". Houses of the Oireachtas. Archived from the original on 9 July 2020. Retrieved 5 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2020-07-07/3/","url_text":"\"Appointment of Ministers and Ministers of State – Dáil Éireann (33rd Dáil) – Tuesday, 7 July 2020\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200709181211/https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2020-07-07/3/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Minister of State appointments\". gov.ie. Department of the Taoiseach. 21 December 2022. Retrieved 21 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.ie/en/press-release/dd77e-minister-of-state-appointments/","url_text":"\"Minister of State appointments\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_the_Taoiseach","url_text":"Department of the Taoiseach"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogle_Township,_Somerset_County,_Pennsylvania
Ogle Township, Pennsylvania
["1 Geography","2 Recreation","3 Demographics","4 References","5 External links"]
Coordinates: 40°12′00″N 78°43′31″W / 40.20000°N 78.72528°W / 40.20000; -78.72528 Township in Pennsylvania, United StatesOgle Township, Somerset County, PennsylvaniaTownshipRoad through Gallitzin State Forest in Ogle TownshipMap of Somerset County, Pennsylvania Highlighting Ogle TownshipMap of Somerset County, PennsylvaniaCountryUnited StatesStatePennsylvaniaCountySomersetArea • Total34.58 sq mi (89.57 km2) • Land34.57 sq mi (89.53 km2) • Water0.01 sq mi (0.04 km2)Population (2020) • Total467  • Estimate (2021)469 • Density13.86/sq mi (5.35/km2)Time zoneUTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)FIPS code42-111-56352 Ogle Township is a township in Somerset County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 467 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Johnstown, Pennsylvania, Metropolitan Statistical Area. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 36.2 square miles (93.9 km2), of which 36.2 square miles (93.8 km2) is land and 0.04 square mile (0.1 km2) (0.08%) is water. Ogle Township is bordered by Shade Township to the south, Paint Township to the west, Cambria County to the north, and Bedford County to the east. Recreation Most of the Gallitzin State Forest (Babcock Division) and a very small portion of the Pennsylvania State Game Lands Number 26 occupies just over half of the township. Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 2010501—2020467−6.8%2021 (est.)4690.4%U.S. Decennial Census At the 2000 census there were 588 people, 217 households, and 157 families living in the township. The population density was 16.2 people per square mile (6.3/km2). There were 251 housing units at an average density of 6.9/sq mi (2.7/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 99.49% White, and 0.51% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.51%. Of the 217 households 36.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66.4% were married couples living together, 5.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.6% were non-families. 22.1% of households were one person and 6.5% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.69 and the average family size was 3.20. The age distribution was 26.5% under the age of 18, 6.5% from 18 to 24, 27.9% from 25 to 44, 28.7% from 45 to 64, and 10.4% 65 or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 106.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 113.9 males. The median household income was $43,438 and the median family income was $48,625. Males had a median income of $35,536 versus $22,083 for females. The per capita income for the township was $18,005. About 4.2% of families and 7.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.8% of those under age 18 and 3.3% of those age 65 or over. References ^ "2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 14, 2017. ^ a b c d Bureau, US Census. "City and Town Population Totals: 2020—2021". Census.gov. US Census Bureau. Retrieved July 24, 2022. ^ https://viewer.nationalmap.gov/advanced-viewer/ The National Map, retrieved 3 October 2018 ^ Pennsylvania State Game Lands Number 26, retrieved 3 October 2018 ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2016. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008. External links Media related to Ogle Township, Somerset County, Pennsylvania at Wikimedia Commons vteMunicipalities and communities of Somerset County, Pennsylvania, United StatesCounty seat: SomersetBoroughs Addison Berlin Boswell Callimont Casselman Central City Confluence Garrett Hollsopple Hooversville Indian Lake Jennerstown Meyersdale New Baltimore New Centerville Paint Rockwood Salisbury Seven Springs‡ Shanksville Somerset Stoystown Ursina Wellersburg Windber Townships Addison Allegheny Black Brothersvalley Conemaugh Elk Lick Fairhope Greenville Jefferson Jenner Larimer Lincoln Lower Turkeyfoot Middlecreek Milford Northampton Ogle Paint Quemahoning Shade Somerset Southampton Stonycreek Summit Upper Turkeyfoot CDPs Cairnbrook Davidsville Edie Friedens Jerome Unincorporatedcommunities Acosta Blough Boynton Deal Fairhope Fort Hill Gray Hidden Valley Hiyasota Husband Jenners Kantner Lambertsville Listie Markleton Quecreek Ralphton Randolph Reading Number Three Seanor Sipesville Springs West Salisbury Zimmerman Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Pennsylvania portal United States portal 40°12′00″N 78°43′31″W / 40.20000°N 78.72528°W / 40.20000; -78.72528
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Township_(Pennsylvania)"},{"link_name":"Somerset County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerset_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"2020 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USCensusEst2020-2021-2"},{"link_name":"Johnstown, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnstown,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Statistical Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Statistical_Area"}],"text":"Township in Pennsylvania, United StatesOgle Township is a township in Somerset County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 467 at the 2020 census.[2] It is part of the Johnstown, Pennsylvania, Metropolitan Statistical Area.","title":"Ogle Township, Pennsylvania"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"Shade Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shade_Township,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Paint Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paint_Township,_Somerset_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Cambria County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambria_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Bedford County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedford_County,_Pennsylvania"}],"text":"According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 36.2 square miles (93.9 km2), of which 36.2 square miles (93.8 km2) is land and 0.04 square mile (0.1 km2) (0.08%) is water. Ogle Township is bordered by Shade Township to the south, Paint Township to the west, Cambria County to the north, and Bedford County to the east.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gallitzin State Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallitzin_State_Forest"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania State Game Lands Number 26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_Game_Lands_Number_26"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TheNationalMap-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PASGL-4"}],"text":"Most of the Gallitzin State Forest (Babcock Division) and a very small portion of the Pennsylvania State Game Lands Number 26 occupies just over half of the township.[3][4]","title":"Recreation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2000 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"racial makeup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_Census#2000_census"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-6"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"text":"At the 2000 census there were 588 people, 217 households, and 157 families living in the township. The population density was 16.2 people per square mile (6.3/km2). There were 251 housing units at an average density of 6.9/sq mi (2.7/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 99.49% White, and 0.51% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.51%.[6]Of the 217 households 36.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66.4% were married couples living together, 5.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.6% were non-families. 22.1% of households were one person and 6.5% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.69 and the average family size was 3.20.The age distribution was 26.5% under the age of 18, 6.5% from 18 to 24, 27.9% from 25 to 44, 28.7% from 45 to 64, and 10.4% 65 or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 106.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 113.9 males.The median household income was $43,438 and the median family income was $48,625. Males had a median income of $35,536 versus $22,083 for females. The per capita income for the township was $18,005. About 4.2% of families and 7.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.8% of those under age 18 and 3.3% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheating,_Inc.
Cheating, Inc.
["1 Crew","2 Cast","3 Behind the Scenes","4 Articles in the Media","5 External links"]
Internet Poster For "Cheating, Inc." Cheating, Inc. is a 1991 short, non-dialogue comedic silent film about a class of students cheating on their exam. The film was an official selection of the 1992 Cannes Film Festival. Crew William Lorton, Director / Writer / Sound Erik Porter, Camera / Editor Matthew Peterson, Original Music Derek Purcell, Production Design Cast Ken Jones Derek Purcell Jonathan Fish Gregory Bernstein Robert Weston John Randall Todd M. Guyette Gary Rubenstein Carlos Medrano de Anda Jared Bushansky Behind the Scenes The entire film was made at The University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, campus. USC CNTV 310 class, in which the film was made, required students to complete an eight-minute, non-dialogue 16mm black and white project over an eight-week period. 16mm / BW / Mono Optical Track / 8min 30 sec / 1.33:1 Academy Ratio Articles in the Media Article: 11 May 1992: "A Taste of the Big Time at Cannes" by Kenneth Turan, Los Angeles Times Article: 20 April 1992: "US Comes on Strong at Cannes" by Pia Farrell, The Hollywood Reporter External links Cheating, Inc. at IMDb Official Cheating, Inc. website This article about a short silent comedy film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_London,_1839
Treaty of London (1839)
["1 Background","2 Territorial consequences","3 Neutrality of Belgium","4 Iron Rhine","5 In media","6 See also","7 Footnotes","8 Further reading","8.1 Primary sources","9 External links"]
Treaty over Belgium and Luxembourg "Scrap of paper" redirects here. For the literal meaning, see Paper recycling. For the silent film, see A Scrap of Paper. Treaty of LondonBelgian borders claimed before The Treaty of the XXIV articles.TypeMultilateral TreatySigned19 April 1839 (1839-04-19)LocationLondon, United KingdomOriginalsignatories  Austria  Belgium  France  German Confederation  Netherlands  Russia  United Kingdom Ratifiers Austria Belgium France German Confederation Netherlands Russia United Kingdom The Treaty of London of 1839, was signed on 19 April 1839 between the Concert of Europe, the United Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Kingdom of Belgium. It was a direct follow-up to the 1831 Treaty of the XVIII Articles, which the Netherlands had refused to sign, and the result of negotiations at the London Conference of 1838–1839. Under the treaty, the European powers recognised and guaranteed the independence and neutrality of Belgium and established the full independence of the German-speaking part of Luxembourg. Article VII required Belgium to remain perpetually neutral; Belgium formally abandoned its policy of neutrality after its experiences in both world wars. Background Main article: Belgian Revolution Since 1815, Belgium had been a reluctant part of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands. In 1830, Belgians broke away and established an independent Kingdom of Belgium. The overwhelmingly Catholic population could not accept the Dutch king's favouritism toward Protestantism, while French-speakers were irritated by his disdain for the French language, and the middle classes objected to the Dutch monopolisation of public offices. Liberals regarded King William I's rule as despotic, while there were high levels of unemployment and industrial unrest among the working classes. Small-scale fighting – the death of some 600 volunteers is commemorated in the Place des Martyrs, Brussels – was followed by an international settlement in 1831. However the settlement was not accepted by the Dutch, who invaded the country in the autumn of 1831; and it took a French army recapturing Antwerp in 1832 before Belgium and the Netherlands could even agree an armistice. Several years later, the Netherlands recognised that they stood to gain more territory by accepting the 1831 settlement than from a mere continuance of the armistice. The Belgian government protested, with French support, against the late implementation of the settlement terms, but Britain accepted the Dutch claim; and in 1839, the Dutch accepted Belgian independence (and regained the disputed territories) by the Treaty of London. At the same time, the major powers all guaranteed Belgium's independence from the Netherlands. Territorial consequences With the treaty, the southern provinces of the Netherlands, independent de facto since 1830, became internationally recognised as the Kingdom of Belgium, while the Province of Limburg was split into Belgian and Dutch parts. The Grand Duchy of Luxemburg was in a personal union with the Netherlands and simultaneously a member of the German Confederation. The treaty partitioned the grand duchy. It lost two-thirds of its territory to Belgium's new Province of Luxembourg. The partitioning left a rump grand duchy, covering one-third of the original territory and inhabited by one-half of the original population, in personal union with the Netherlands, under King-Grand Duke William I (and subsequently William II and William III). This arrangement was confirmed by the 1867 Treaty of London, known as the 'Second Treaty of London' in reference to the 1839 treaty, and lasted until the death of King-Grand Duke William III 23 November 1890. Neutrality of Belgium "The Scrap of Paper – Enlist Today", a British World War I recruitment poster of 1914, Canadian War Museum. The "Bülow" mentioned is Heinrich von Bülow, Prussian ambassador to Britain. Belgium's de facto independence had been established through nine years of intermittent fighting. The co-signatories of the Treaty of London now officially recognised the independent Kingdom of Belgium. The five great powers of Europe (Austria, France, Prussia, Russia, and the United Kingdom) also pledged to guarantee Belgium's neutrality. The treaty was a fundamental "lawmaking" treaty that became a cornerstone of European international law; it was especially important in the events leading up to World War I. On 31 July 1914 the mobilisation of the Belgian Army was ordered, and the Belgian king at the same time publicly called Europe's attention to the fact that Germany, Great Britain and France were solemnly bound to respect and to defend the neutrality of his country. When the German Empire invaded Belgium in August 1914 in violation of the treaty, after an unanswered ultimatum UK declared war on 4 August. Informed by the British ambassador that Britain would go to war with Germany over the latter's violation of Belgian neutrality, German Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg exclaimed that he could not believe that Britain and Germany would be going to war over a mere "scrap of paper". However, the actual reasoning may have had at least as much to do with the British fear that lack of their help leading to a possible defeat of France could lead to German hegemony in Western Europe, with Christopher Clark pointing out that the British cabinet decided on 29 July 1914 that, being a signatory to the 1839 treaty, guaranteeing Belgium's frontiers did not oblige it to oppose a German invasion of Belgium with military force. According to Isabel V. Hull: Annika Mombauer correctly sums up the current historiography: "Few historians would still maintain that the 'rape of Belgium' was the real motive for Britain's declaration of war on Germany." Instead, the role of Belgian neutrality is variously interpreted as an excuse used to mobilise public opinion, to provide embarrassed radicals in the cabinet with the justification for abandoning the principal of pacifism and thus staying in office, or - in the more conspiratorial versions - as cover for naked imperial interests. Refer to British entry into World War I for further details. Iron Rhine Main article: Iron Rhine The Treaty of London also guaranteed Belgium the right of transit by rail or canal over Dutch territory as an outlet to the German Ruhr. This right was reaffirmed in a 24 May 2005 ruling of the Permanent Court of Arbitration in a dispute between Belgium and the Netherlands on the railway track. In 2004 Belgium requested a reopening of the Iron Rhine railway. This was the result of the increasing transport of goods between the port of Antwerp and the German Ruhr Area. As part of the European policy of modal shift on the increasing traffic of goods, transport over railway lines and waterways was now preferred over road transport. The Belgian request was based on the treaty of 1839, and the Iron Rhine Treaty of 1873. After a series of failed negotiations, the Belgian and Dutch governments agreed to take the issue to the Permanent Court of Arbitration and respect its ruling in the case. In a ruling of 24 May 2005, the court acknowledged both the Belgian rights under the cessation treaty of 1839 and the Dutch concerns for part of the Meinweg National Park nature reserve. The 1839 treaty still applied, the court found, giving Belgium the right to use and modernise the Iron Rhine. However, Belgium would be obliged to finance the modernisation of the line, while the Netherlands had to fund the repairs and maintenance of the route. Both countries were to share the costs of a tunnel beneath the nature reserve. In media A Scrap of Paper, comedic short film by Fatty Arbuckle See also List of treaties Treaty of Maastricht (1843) Treaties of London Schlieffen Plan Footnotes ^ also called the First Treaty of London, the Convention of 1839, the Treaty of Separation, the Quintuple Treaty of 1839, or the Treaty of the XXIV articles ^ Eric Van Hooydonk (2006). "Chapter 15". In Aldo E. Chircop; O. Lindén (eds.). Places of Refuge: The Belgian Experience. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff. p. 417. ISBN 9789004149526. Retrieved 30 May 2012. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) ^ Eric Van Hooydonk (2006). "Chapter 15". In Aldo E. Chircop; O. Lindén (eds.). Places of Refuge: The Belgian Experience. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff. p. 417. ISBN 9789004149526. Retrieved 30 May 2012. ^ J. Weller, Wellington at Waterloo (London 1967), p. 30. ^ D. Richards Modern Europe (London 1964), pp. 86–7. ^ H A L Fisher, A History of Europe (London 1936) p. 891 ^ E. Halevy, The Triumph of Reform (London 1961), p. 73. ^ G. M. Trevelyan, British History in the 19th Century (London 1922), p. 233. ^ D. Richards Modern Europe (London 1964), p. 88–89. ^ E. Halevy, The Triumph of Reform (London 1961), p. 254. ^ E. H. Kossmann, The Low Countries, 1780–1940 (1978), pp. 151–154. ^ Paul W. Schroeder, The Transformation of European Politics, 1763–1848 (1994), pp. 671–691. ^ Calmes (1989), p. 316 ^ Kreins (2003), pp. 80–81 ^ Kriens (2003), p. 83 ^ Abbenhuis, Maartje Maria (2013). "A Most Useful Tool for Diplomacy and Statecraft: Neutrality and Europe in the 'Long' Nineteenth Century, 1815–1914". The International History Review. 35: 5. doi:10.1080/07075332.2012.737350. S2CID 153502314. ^ Hull, Isabel V. (2014). A Scrap of Paper: Breaking and Making International Law during the Great War. Cornell University Press. p. 17. ISBN 9780801470646. Retrieved 24 February 2016. ^ Fox, Sir Frank (1914). The Agony of Belgium The Invasion of Belgium in WWI August–December 1914. Beaumont Fox 2nd edition 2014. p. 19. ^ Cook, Chris; Stevenson, John (2005). The Routledge companion to European history since 1763. Routledge. p. 121. ISBN 9780415345835. ^ Why did Britain go to War?, The National Archives, retrieved 30 April 2016 ^ Larry Zuckerman (2004). The Rape of Belgium: The Untold Story of World War I. New York University Press. p. 43. ISBN 9780814797044. ^ Christopher Clark, The Sleepwalkers (2012) p. 539. ^ Isabel V. Hull, A Scrap of Paper: Breaking and Making International Law during the Great War (Cornell UP, 2014) p, 33 ^ "Iron Rhine Arbitration (Belgium/Netherlands)". The Hague Justice Portal. 24 May 2005. Retrieved 30 April 2016. ^ "Iron Rhine Arbitration, Belgium v Netherlands, Award, ICGJ 373 (PCA 2005), 24th May 2005, Permanent Court of Arbitration ". Oxford Public Law International. 24 May 2005. Retrieved 30 April 2016. Letter of the Belgian Minister of Transport to the Dutch Minister of Transport and Waterstaat, dated 23 February 1987 ... In my view, such a limitation would go against the rights accorded to Belgium by Article 12 of the Treaty of London of 19 April 1839 between Belgium and the Netherlands, which was executed through the Treaty of 13 January 1873 regulating the passage of the railway Antwerp-Gladbach through the territory of Limburg. In the above context, it is beyond doubt that Belgium will hold firm to its right of free transport through the Iron Rhine. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) ^ "Iron rhine Arbitral Tribunal Renders Awards" (PDF) (Press release). Permanent Court of Arbitration. 24 May 2005. Retrieved 30 April 2016. Further reading Calmes, Christian (1989). The Making of a Nation From 1815 to the Present Day. Luxembourg City: Saint-Paul. Omond. G. W. T. "The Question of the Netherlands in 1829–1830," Transactions of the Royal Historical Society (1919) pp. 150–171 JSTOR 3678256 Schroeder, Paul W. The Transformation of European Politics, 1763–1848 (1994) pp. 716–18 Kreins, Jean-Marie (2003). Histoire du Luxembourg (in French) (3rd ed.). Paris: Presses Universitaires de France. ISBN 978-2-13-053852-3. Primary sources Sanger, Charles Percy; Norton, Henry Tertius James (1915). England's guarantee to Belgium and Luxemburg: with the full text of the treaties. G. Allen & Unwin Limited. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Treaty of London (1839). 'Belgian Neutrality and its Reinterpretation ahead of the First World War' Original text of the Treaty in French and its 1915 English translation vteBelgian Revolution and the independence of Belgium (1830–1839)Belgian Revolution Belgian Revolution Rattachism Orangism La muette de Portici (August 1830) La Brabançonne (August 1830) Provisional Government of Belgium (September 1830 – February 1831) National Congress of Belgium (November 1830) Constitution of Belgium (February 1831) First Belgian monarchs Érasme, Baron Surlet de Chokier (Regent; February 1831 – July 1831) Leopold I (King of the Belgians; July 1831 – December 1865) Important figures Charles Niellon Alexandre Dechet (Jenneval) Frédéric de Mérode Juan Van Halen(see also List of members of the National Congress) Provisional Government Alexandre Gendebien André Jolly Charles Rogier Louis de Potter Sylvain Van de Weyer Feuillien de Coppin Félix de Mérode Joseph Vanderlinden Emmanuel Van der Linden d'Hooghvorst de Gerlache Government Étienne Constantin de Gerlache Charles de Brouckère Alexandre Gendebien Albert Goblet d'Alviella Sylvain Van de Weyer Lebeau I Government Joseph Lebeau Étienne de Sauvage Charles de Brouckère Paul Devaux United Kingdom of the Netherlands King William I Prince William Ten Days' Campaign (August 1831) Siege of Antwerp (1832) Treaties London Conference of 1830 Treaty of the Eighteen Articles (1831) Treaty of London (1839) Treaty of Maastricht (1843) Iron Rhine Treaty (1873) Monuments and honours Monument to the Martyrs of the 1830 Revolution Congress Column Civic Guard Merit Medal 1830 Star of Honour Iron Cross 1830 Volunteers' Commemorative Cross
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For the literal meaning, see Paper recycling. For the silent film, see A Scrap of Paper.The Treaty of London of 1839,[1] was signed on 19 April 1839 between the Concert of Europe, the United Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Kingdom of Belgium. It was a direct follow-up to the 1831 Treaty of the XVIII Articles, which the Netherlands had refused to sign, and the result of negotiations at the London Conference of 1838–1839.[2]Under the treaty, the European powers recognised and guaranteed the independence and neutrality of Belgium and established the full independence of the German-speaking part of Luxembourg. Article VII required Belgium to remain perpetually neutral;[3] Belgium formally abandoned its policy of neutrality after its experiences in both world wars.","title":"Treaty of London (1839)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United Kingdom of the Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Protestantism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism"},{"link_name":"French language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"King William I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_I_of_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Place des Martyrs, Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Place_des_Martyrs,_Brussels"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Since 1815, Belgium had been a reluctant part of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands.[4] In 1830, Belgians broke away and established an independent Kingdom of Belgium. The overwhelmingly Catholic population could not accept the Dutch king's favouritism toward Protestantism, while French-speakers were irritated by his disdain for the French language, and the middle classes objected to the Dutch monopolisation of public offices.[5] Liberals regarded King William I's rule as despotic, while there were high levels of unemployment and industrial unrest among the working classes.Small-scale fighting – the death of some 600 volunteers is commemorated in the Place des Martyrs, Brussels[6] – was followed by an international settlement in 1831.[7] However the settlement was not accepted by the Dutch, who invaded the country in the autumn of 1831;[8] and it took a French army recapturing Antwerp in 1832 before Belgium and the Netherlands could even agree an armistice.[9] Several years later, the Netherlands recognised that they stood to gain more territory by accepting the 1831 settlement than from a mere continuance of the armistice.[10] The Belgian government protested, with French support, against the late implementation of the settlement terms, but Britain accepted the Dutch claim; and in 1839, the Dutch accepted Belgian independence (and regained the disputed territories) by the Treaty of London. At the same time, the major powers all guaranteed Belgium's independence from the Netherlands.[11][12]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Province of Limburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Limburg_(1815%E2%80%931839)"},{"link_name":"Grand Duchy of Luxemburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Luxemburg"},{"link_name":"German Confederation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Confederation"},{"link_name":"partitioned the grand duchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Partition_of_Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"Province of Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"personal union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_union"},{"link_name":"King-Grand Duke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King-Grand_Duke"},{"link_name":"William I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_I_of_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"William II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_II_of_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"William III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_III_of_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"1867 Treaty of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1867)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"With the treaty, the southern provinces of the Netherlands, independent de facto since 1830, became internationally recognised as the Kingdom of Belgium, while the Province of Limburg was split into Belgian and Dutch parts.The Grand Duchy of Luxemburg was in a personal union with the Netherlands and simultaneously a member of the German Confederation. The treaty partitioned the grand duchy. It lost two-thirds of its territory to Belgium's new Province of Luxembourg. The partitioning left a rump grand duchy, covering one-third of the original territory and inhabited by one-half of the original population,[13] in personal union with the Netherlands, under King-Grand Duke William I (and subsequently William II and William III). This arrangement was confirmed by the 1867 Treaty of London,[14] known as the 'Second Treaty of London' in reference to the 1839 treaty, and lasted until the death of King-Grand Duke William III 23 November 1890.[15]","title":"Territorial consequences"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Scrap_of_Paper_-_Enlist_Today.jpg"},{"link_name":"Canadian War Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_War_Museum"},{"link_name":"Heinrich von Bülow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_von_B%C3%BClow_(diplomat)"},{"link_name":"great powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_power"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Empire"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_Monarchy"},{"link_name":"Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"events leading up to","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"German Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire"},{"link_name":"invaded Belgium in August 1914","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Belgium_(1914)"},{"link_name":"declared war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_declaration_of_war_upon_Germany_(1914)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theobald_von_Bethmann_Hollweg"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Christopher Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Clark"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Annika Mombauer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annika_Mombauer"},{"link_name":"rape of Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rape_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"British entry into World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_entry_into_World_War_I"}],"text":"\"The Scrap of Paper – Enlist Today\", a British World War I recruitment poster of 1914, Canadian War Museum. The \"Bülow\" mentioned is Heinrich von Bülow, Prussian ambassador to Britain.Belgium's de facto independence had been established through nine years of intermittent fighting. The co-signatories of the Treaty of London now officially recognised the independent Kingdom of Belgium. The five great powers of Europe (Austria, France, Prussia, Russia, and the United Kingdom) also pledged to guarantee Belgium's neutrality.[16]The treaty was a fundamental \"lawmaking\" treaty that became a cornerstone of European international law; it was especially important in the events leading up to World War I.[17] On 31 July 1914 the mobilisation of the Belgian Army was ordered, and the Belgian king at the same time publicly called Europe's attention to the fact that Germany, Great Britain and France were solemnly bound to respect and to defend the neutrality of his country.[18] When the German Empire invaded Belgium in August 1914 in violation of the treaty, after an unanswered ultimatum UK declared war on 4 August.[19][20] Informed by the British ambassador that Britain would go to war with Germany over the latter's violation of Belgian neutrality, German Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg exclaimed that he could not believe that Britain and Germany would be going to war over a mere \"scrap of paper\".[21]However, the actual reasoning may have had at least as much to do with the British fear that lack of their help leading to a possible defeat of France could lead to German hegemony in Western Europe, with Christopher Clark pointing out that the British cabinet decided on 29 July 1914 that, being a signatory to the 1839 treaty, guaranteeing Belgium's frontiers did not oblige it to oppose a German invasion of Belgium with military force.[22] According to Isabel V. Hull:Annika Mombauer correctly sums up the current historiography: \"Few historians would still maintain that the 'rape of Belgium' was the real motive for Britain's declaration of war on Germany.\" Instead, the role of Belgian neutrality is variously interpreted as an excuse used to mobilise public opinion, to provide embarrassed radicals in the cabinet with the justification for abandoning the principal of pacifism and thus staying in office, or - in the more conspiratorial versions - as cover for naked imperial interests.[23]Refer to British entry into World War I for further details.","title":"Neutrality of Belgium"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ruhr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhr"},{"link_name":"Permanent Court of Arbitration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_Court_of_Arbitration"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Iron Rhine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Rhine"},{"link_name":"Ruhr Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhr_Area"},{"link_name":"Iron Rhine Treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Rhine_Treaty"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Permanent Court of Arbitration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_Court_of_Arbitration"},{"link_name":"Meinweg National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meinweg_National_Park"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"The Treaty of London also guaranteed Belgium the right of transit by rail or canal over Dutch territory as an outlet to the German Ruhr. This right was reaffirmed in a 24 May 2005 ruling of the Permanent Court of Arbitration in a dispute between Belgium and the Netherlands on the railway track.[24]In 2004 Belgium requested a reopening of the Iron Rhine railway. This was the result of the increasing transport of goods between the port of Antwerp and the German Ruhr Area. As part of the European policy of modal shift on the increasing traffic of goods, transport over railway lines and waterways was now preferred over road transport. The Belgian request was based on the treaty of 1839, and the Iron Rhine Treaty of 1873.[25] After a series of failed negotiations, the Belgian and Dutch governments agreed to take the issue to the Permanent Court of Arbitration and respect its ruling in the case.In a ruling of 24 May 2005, the court acknowledged both the Belgian rights under the cessation treaty of 1839 and the Dutch concerns for part of the Meinweg National Park nature reserve. The 1839 treaty still applied, the court found, giving Belgium the right to use and modernise the Iron Rhine. However, Belgium would be obliged to finance the modernisation of the line, while the Netherlands had to fund the repairs and maintenance of the route. Both countries were to share the costs of a tunnel beneath the nature reserve.[26]","title":"Iron Rhine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A Scrap of Paper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Scrap_of_Paper"},{"link_name":"Fatty Arbuckle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roscoe_Arbuckle"}],"text":"A Scrap of Paper, comedic short film by Fatty Arbuckle","title":"In media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Chapter 15\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=Q0_6pPNR40EC&q=%22London+conference%22+1839&pg=PA417"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9789004149526","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004149526"},{"link_name":"cite 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Most Useful Tool for Diplomacy and Statecraft: Neutrality and Europe in the 'Long' Nineteenth Century, 1815–1914\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07075332.2012.737350"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1080/07075332.2012.737350","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1080%2F07075332.2012.737350"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"153502314","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153502314"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"Hull, Isabel V.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabel_Hull"},{"link_name":"A Scrap of Paper: Breaking and Making International Law during the Great War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=67xfAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA17"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780801470646","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801470646"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"Fox, Sir Frank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Fox_(author)"},{"link_name":"The Agony of Belgium The Invasion of Belgium in WWI August–December 1914","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//sirfrankfox.com/author-books/the-agony-of-belgium-the-invasion-of-belgium-in-ww1-august-december-1914/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"The Routledge companion to European history since 1763","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=L1LbApzDoiEC&pg=PA121"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780415345835","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415345835"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"Why did Britain go to War?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/greatwar/g2/backgroundcs1.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"The Rape of Belgium: The Untold Story of World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=7c-luyz-hdQC&pg=PA43"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780814797044","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814797044"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"\"Iron Rhine Arbitration (Belgium/Netherlands)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.haguejusticeportal.net/index.php?id=6158"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"\"Iron Rhine Arbitration, Belgium v Netherlands, Award, ICGJ 373 (PCA 2005), 24th May 2005, Permanent Court of Arbitration [PCA]\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//opil.ouplaw.com/view/10.1093/law:icgj/373pca05.case.1/law-icgj-373pca05"},{"link_name":"cite journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_journal"},{"link_name":"help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"\"Iron rhine Arbitral Tribunal Renders Awards\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//archive.pca-cpa.org/Press%20release%20BE-NL%2024050512ba.pdf?fil_id=380"}],"text":"^ also called the First Treaty of London, the Convention of 1839, the Treaty of Separation, the Quintuple Treaty of 1839, or the Treaty of the XXIV articles\n\n^ Eric Van Hooydonk (2006). \"Chapter 15\". In Aldo E. Chircop; O. Lindén (eds.). Places of Refuge: The Belgian Experience. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff. p. 417. ISBN 9789004149526. Retrieved 30 May 2012. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)\n\n^ Eric Van Hooydonk (2006). \"Chapter 15\". In Aldo E. Chircop; O. Lindén (eds.). Places of Refuge: The Belgian Experience. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff. p. 417. ISBN 9789004149526. Retrieved 30 May 2012.\n\n^ J. Weller, Wellington at Waterloo (London 1967), p. 30.\n\n^ D. Richards Modern Europe (London 1964), pp. 86–7.\n\n^ H A L Fisher, A History of Europe (London 1936) p. 891\n\n^ E. Halevy, The Triumph of Reform (London 1961), p. 73.\n\n^ G. M. Trevelyan, British History in the 19th Century (London 1922), p. 233.\n\n^ D. Richards Modern Europe (London 1964), p. 88–89.\n\n^ E. Halevy, The Triumph of Reform (London 1961), p. 254.\n\n^ E. H. Kossmann, The Low Countries, 1780–1940 (1978), pp. 151–154.\n\n^ Paul W. Schroeder, The Transformation of European Politics, 1763–1848 (1994), pp. 671–691.\n\n^ Calmes (1989), p. 316\n\n^ Kreins (2003), pp. 80–81\n\n^ Kriens (2003), p. 83\n\n^ Abbenhuis, Maartje Maria (2013). \"A Most Useful Tool for Diplomacy and Statecraft: Neutrality and Europe in the 'Long' Nineteenth Century, 1815–1914\". The International History Review. 35: 5. doi:10.1080/07075332.2012.737350. S2CID 153502314.\n\n^ Hull, Isabel V. (2014). A Scrap of Paper: Breaking and Making International Law during the Great War. Cornell University Press. p. 17. ISBN 9780801470646. Retrieved 24 February 2016.\n\n^ Fox, Sir Frank (1914). The Agony of Belgium The Invasion of Belgium in WWI August–December 1914. Beaumont Fox 2nd edition 2014. p. 19.\n\n^ Cook, Chris; Stevenson, John (2005). The Routledge companion to European history since 1763. Routledge. p. 121. ISBN 9780415345835.\n\n^ Why did Britain go to War?, The National Archives, retrieved 30 April 2016\n\n^ Larry Zuckerman (2004). The Rape of Belgium: The Untold Story of World War I. New York University Press. p. 43. ISBN 9780814797044.\n\n^ Christopher Clark, The Sleepwalkers (2012) p. 539.\n\n^ Isabel V. Hull, A Scrap of Paper: Breaking and Making International Law during the Great War (Cornell UP, 2014) p, 33\n\n^ \"Iron Rhine Arbitration (Belgium/Netherlands)\". The Hague Justice Portal. 24 May 2005. Retrieved 30 April 2016.\n\n^ \"Iron Rhine Arbitration, Belgium v Netherlands, Award, ICGJ 373 (PCA 2005), 24th May 2005, Permanent Court of Arbitration [PCA]\". Oxford Public Law International. 24 May 2005. Retrieved 30 April 2016. Letter of the Belgian Minister of Transport to the Dutch Minister of Transport and Waterstaat, dated 23 February 1987 ... In my view, such a limitation would go against the rights accorded to Belgium by Article 12 of the Treaty of London of 19 April 1839 between Belgium and the Netherlands, which was executed through the Treaty of 13 January 1873 regulating the passage of the railway Antwerp-Gladbach through the territory of Limburg. In the above context, it is beyond doubt that Belgium will hold firm to its right of free transport through the Iron Rhine. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)\n\n^ \"Iron rhine Arbitral Tribunal Renders Awards\" (PDF) (Press release). Permanent Court of Arbitration. 24 May 2005. Retrieved 30 April 2016.","title":"Footnotes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3678256","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/3678256"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2-13-053852-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-13-053852-3"}],"text":"Calmes, Christian (1989). The Making of a Nation From 1815 to the Present Day. Luxembourg City: Saint-Paul.\nOmond. G. W. T. \"The Question of the Netherlands in 1829–1830,\" Transactions of the Royal Historical Society (1919) pp. 150–171 JSTOR 3678256\nSchroeder, Paul W. The Transformation of European Politics, 1763–1848 (1994) pp. 716–18\nKreins, Jean-Marie (2003). Histoire du Luxembourg (in French) (3rd ed.). Paris: Presses Universitaires de France. ISBN 978-2-13-053852-3.","title":"Further reading"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"England's guarantee to Belgium and Luxemburg: with the full text of the treaties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/englandsguarante00sang"}],"sub_title":"Primary sources","text":"Sanger, Charles Percy; Norton, Henry Tertius James (1915). England's guarantee to Belgium and Luxemburg: with the full text of the treaties. G. Allen & Unwin Limited.","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"\"The Scrap of Paper – Enlist Today\", a British World War I recruitment poster of 1914, Canadian War Museum. The \"Bülow\" mentioned is Heinrich von Bülow, Prussian ambassador to Britain.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/The_Scrap_of_Paper_-_Enlist_Today.jpg/170px-The_Scrap_of_Paper_-_Enlist_Today.jpg"}]
[{"title":"List of treaties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_treaties"},{"title":"Treaty of Maastricht (1843)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Maastricht_(1843)"},{"title":"Treaties of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"Schlieffen Plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlieffen_Plan"}]
[{"reference":"Eric Van Hooydonk (2006). \"Chapter 15\". In Aldo E. Chircop; O. Lindén (eds.). Places of Refuge: The Belgian Experience. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff. p. 417. ISBN 9789004149526. Retrieved 30 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Q0_6pPNR40EC&q=%22London+conference%22+1839&pg=PA417","url_text":"\"Chapter 15\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004149526","url_text":"9789004149526"}]},{"reference":"Eric Van Hooydonk (2006). \"Chapter 15\". In Aldo E. Chircop; O. Lindén (eds.). Places of Refuge: The Belgian Experience. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff. p. 417. ISBN 9789004149526. Retrieved 30 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Q0_6pPNR40EC&q=%22London+conference%22+1839&pg=PA417","url_text":"\"Chapter 15\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004149526","url_text":"9789004149526"}]},{"reference":"Abbenhuis, Maartje Maria (2013). \"A Most Useful Tool for Diplomacy and Statecraft: Neutrality and Europe in the 'Long' Nineteenth Century, 1815–1914\". The International History Review. 35: 5. doi:10.1080/07075332.2012.737350. S2CID 153502314.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07075332.2012.737350","url_text":"\"A Most Useful Tool for Diplomacy and Statecraft: Neutrality and Europe in the 'Long' Nineteenth Century, 1815–1914\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07075332.2012.737350","url_text":"10.1080/07075332.2012.737350"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153502314","url_text":"153502314"}]},{"reference":"Hull, Isabel V. (2014). A Scrap of Paper: Breaking and Making International Law during the Great War. Cornell University Press. p. 17. ISBN 9780801470646. Retrieved 24 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabel_Hull","url_text":"Hull, Isabel V."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=67xfAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA17","url_text":"A Scrap of Paper: Breaking and Making International Law during the Great War"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801470646","url_text":"9780801470646"}]},{"reference":"Fox, Sir Frank (1914). The Agony of Belgium The Invasion of Belgium in WWI August–December 1914. Beaumont Fox 2nd edition 2014. p. 19.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Fox_(author)","url_text":"Fox, Sir Frank"},{"url":"http://sirfrankfox.com/author-books/the-agony-of-belgium-the-invasion-of-belgium-in-ww1-august-december-1914/","url_text":"The Agony of Belgium The Invasion of Belgium in WWI August–December 1914"}]},{"reference":"Cook, Chris; Stevenson, John (2005). The Routledge companion to European history since 1763. Routledge. p. 121. ISBN 9780415345835.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=L1LbApzDoiEC&pg=PA121","url_text":"The Routledge companion to European history since 1763"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415345835","url_text":"9780415345835"}]},{"reference":"Why did Britain go to War?, The National Archives, retrieved 30 April 2016","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/greatwar/g2/backgroundcs1.htm","url_text":"Why did Britain go to War?"}]},{"reference":"Larry Zuckerman (2004). The Rape of Belgium: The Untold Story of World War I. New York University Press. p. 43. ISBN 9780814797044.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7c-luyz-hdQC&pg=PA43","url_text":"The Rape of Belgium: The Untold Story of World War I"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814797044","url_text":"9780814797044"}]},{"reference":"\"Iron Rhine Arbitration (Belgium/Netherlands)\". The Hague Justice Portal. 24 May 2005. Retrieved 30 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.haguejusticeportal.net/index.php?id=6158","url_text":"\"Iron Rhine Arbitration (Belgium/Netherlands)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Iron Rhine Arbitration, Belgium v Netherlands, Award, ICGJ 373 (PCA 2005), 24th May 2005, Permanent Court of Arbitration [PCA]\". Oxford Public Law International. 24 May 2005. Retrieved 30 April 2016. Letter of the Belgian Minister of Transport to the Dutch Minister of Transport and Waterstaat, dated 23 February 1987 ... In my view, such a limitation would go against the rights accorded to Belgium by Article 12 of the Treaty of London of 19 April 1839 between Belgium and the Netherlands, which was executed through the Treaty of 13 January 1873 regulating the passage of the railway Antwerp-Gladbach through the territory of Limburg. In the above context, it is beyond doubt that Belgium will hold firm to its right of free transport through the Iron Rhine.","urls":[{"url":"http://opil.ouplaw.com/view/10.1093/law:icgj/373pca05.case.1/law-icgj-373pca05","url_text":"\"Iron Rhine Arbitration, Belgium v Netherlands, Award, ICGJ 373 (PCA 2005), 24th May 2005, Permanent Court of Arbitration [PCA]\""}]},{"reference":"\"Iron rhine Arbitral Tribunal Renders Awards\" (PDF) (Press release). Permanent Court of Arbitration. 24 May 2005. Retrieved 30 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.pca-cpa.org/Press%20release%20BE-NL%2024050512ba.pdf?fil_id=380","url_text":"\"Iron rhine Arbitral Tribunal Renders Awards\""}]},{"reference":"Calmes, Christian (1989). The Making of a Nation From 1815 to the Present Day. Luxembourg City: Saint-Paul.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Kreins, Jean-Marie (2003). Histoire du Luxembourg (in French) (3rd ed.). Paris: Presses Universitaires de France. ISBN 978-2-13-053852-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-13-053852-3","url_text":"978-2-13-053852-3"}]},{"reference":"Sanger, Charles Percy; Norton, Henry Tertius James (1915). England's guarantee to Belgium and Luxemburg: with the full text of the treaties. G. Allen & Unwin Limited.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/englandsguarante00sang","url_text":"England's guarantee to Belgium and Luxemburg: with the full text of the treaties"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artur_Jorge_(footballer,_born_1946)
Artur Jorge (footballer, born 1946)
["1 Club career","2 International career","3 Managerial career","4 Managerial statistics","5 Career statistics","6 Honours","6.1 Player","6.2 Manager","7 References","8 External links"]
Portuguese football coach This article is about the manager and former footballer. For other people with similar names, see Artur Jorge. Artur Jorge Artur Jorge in 1972Personal informationFull name Artur Jorge Braga de Melo TeixeiraDate of birth (1946-02-13) 13 February 1946 (age 78)Place of birth Porto, PortugalPosition(s) StrikerSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)1964–1965 Porto 4 (1)1965–1969 Académica 96 (72)1969–1975 Benfica 130 (105)1975–1978 Belenenses 51 (14)1977 → Rochester Lancers (loan) 7 (2)Total 288 (194)International career1967–1977 Portugal 16 (1)Managerial career1980–1981 Vitória de Guimarães1981 Belenenses1981–1983 Portimonense1984–1987 Porto1987–1989 Racing Paris1989–1991 Porto1990–1991 Portugal1991–1994 Paris Saint-Germain1994–1995 Benfica1995–1996 Switzerland1996–1997 Portugal1997–1998 Tenerife1998 Vitesse1998–1999 Paris Saint-Germain2000–2001 Al-Nassr2001–2002 Al-Hilal2002–2003 Académica2003–2004 CSKA Moscow2004–2006 Cameroon2006 Al-Nassr2006–2007 Créteil2014–2015 MC Alger *Club domestic league appearances and goals Artur Jorge Braga Melo Teixeira (born 13 February 1946), commonly known as Artur Jorge, is a Portuguese football manager and former player, who played as a forward. Club career As a junior player, Artur Jorge started at the junior team of FC Porto. As professional player, he played for Académica de Coimbra and Benfica, before ending his career at Belenenses in the 1977–78 season, due to a serious injury suffered at a training session in the Estádio Nacional where he broke a leg. He also had a stint in the North American Soccer League with the Rochester Lancers. During his playing days in Coimbra, Jorge was a student at the Faculty of Literature of the University of Coimbra, graduating in Germanic Philology from the University of Lisbon in 1975 during his time at Benfica. As a player, he won four Portuguese league championships, two Taça de Portugal cups and two silver boots for being the best goalscorer. He underwent knee surgery five times during his career, this is attributed as one of the causes of his declining abilities at the end of the career. International career Despite having been one of the top scorers at Benfica, the concurrence of other great forwards such as Eusébio, Rui Jordão and Nené largely limited Artur Jorge to only 16 caps for Portugal, earning two caps while at Académica, 13 at Benfica and one while playing for Belenenses, scoring only one goal during his international career. His debut, on 27 March 1967, was a 1–1 draw with Italy, in a friendly match, in Rome. His last match was on 30 March 1977, a 1–0 win over Switzerland in another friendly match, in Funchal, Madeira. He was a member of the squad that reached the Brazil Independence Cup final, in 1972, the highest point of his international career. Managerial career After his player career, Artur Jorge went to Leipzig, East Germany, to study football and training methodology. He started his managerial career working with Vitória de Guimarães, moving on to Belenenses, Portimonense and then signing with Porto for the 1984–85 season, where he won three national champion titles and two Taça de Portugal titles. His greatest success was to win the European Cup with Porto over favourites Bayern Munich 2–1. Jorge is known since then as "Rei Artur" ("King Arthur"). He moved to Racing Paris the next season, and returned to Porto in 1989–90. He then moved to Paris Saint-Germain in 1991–92, where he won the national championship in 1993–94. Artur Jorge moved to Benfica in 1994–95, finishing third with his team, and was replaced at the beginning of the following season. Since then, he has been coach of several other clubs including Académica de Coimbra, Vitesse Arnhem, Tenerife and CSKA Moscow. He managed the Portugal national team, initially while still Porto coach during the 1989–90 and 1990–91 seasons, and again during the 1996–97 season. He also managed the Switzerland team at UEFA Euro 1996, replacing Roy Hodgson under whom they had qualified. Since 2004 he managed Cameroon. He failed to lead his team to the 2006 FIFA World Cup. He managed Saudi club Al-Nasr for only two cup matches and was sacked following a 4–1 defeat by lowly club Al-Faisaly. He then managed French second division team Créteil in 2006–07. On 27 November 2014, Artur Jorge joined Algerian club MC Alger, ending a seven-year period without coaching. That appointment ended on 8 October 2015. Managerial statistics As of 3 December 2023 Managerial record by team and tenure Team Nat From To Record G W D L GF GA GD Win % Vitória de Guimarães 1 July 1980 30 June 1981 30 11 9 10 38 30 +8 036.67 Portimonense 1 December 1981 30 June 1983 54 22 15 17 66 49 +17 040.74 Porto 1 July 1984 31 May 1987 130 96 18 16 297 80 +217 073.85 Racing Paris 1 June 1987 1 November 1989 57 17 23 17 57 64 −7 029.82 Porto 7 November 1989 30 June 1991 125 91 21 13 255 71 +184 072.80 Portugal 1 July 1990 21 February 1991 8 4 3 1 12 5 +7 050.00 Paris Saint-Germain 1 July 1991 31 May 1994 144 78 44 22 215 96 +119 054.17 Benfica 1 June 1994 1 July 1995 51 27 13 11 90 44 +46 052.94 Switzerland 13 March 1996 18 June 1996 7 1 2 4 5 8 −3 014.29 Portugal 1 July 1996 12 October 1997 12 5 5 2 12 6 +6 041.67 Tenerife 10 November 1997 14 February 1998 13 3 5 5 14 19 −5 023.08 Vitesse 1 July 1998 8 October 1998 10 6 3 1 22 10 +12 060.00 Paris Saint-Germain 9 October 1998 14 March 1999 22 7 6 9 27 28 −1 031.82 Al-Nassr 1 July 2000 30 June 2001 25 13 6 6 35 20 +15 052.00 Al-Hilal 1 July 2001 19 February 2002 32 22 8 2 78 26 +52 068.75 Académica 20 December 2002 28 August 2003 23 7 8 8 26 28 −2 030.43 CSKA Moscow 24 November 2003 12 July 2004 20 9 7 4 32 19 +13 045.00 Cameroon 10 January 2005 8 March 2006 10 8 1 1 31 19 +12 080.00 Créteil 16 October 2006 12 June 2007 28 8 9 11 30 41 −11 028.57 MC Alger 1 December 2014 8 October 2015 25 11 8 6 27 17 +10 044.00 Total 826 446 214 166 1,369 685 +684 054.00 Career statistics Scores and results list Portugal's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Artur Jorge goal. List of international goals scored by Artur Jorge No. Date Venue Opponent Score Result Competition 1 29 March 1972 Estádio da Luz (1954), Lisbon, Portugal  Cyprus 3–0 4–0 1974 World Cup qualification Honours Player Benfica Primeira Liga: 1970–71, 1971–72, 1972–73, 1974–75 Taça de Portugal: 1969–70, 1971–72 Individual Bola de Prata: 1970–71, 1971–72 Manager Porto Primeira Liga: 1984–85, 1985–86, 1989–90 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira: 1984, 1986, 1990 Taça de Portugal: 1990–91 European Cup: 1987 Paris Saint-Germain Division 1: 1994 Coupe de France: 1993 Al-Hilal Saudi Premier League: 2002 Asian Cup Winners' Cup: 2002 CSKA Moscow Russian Super Cup: 2004 Individual European Coach of the Season: 1986–87 References ^ "NASL Player Profile – Artur Jorge". Retrieved 14 September 2012. ^ "Blogger". vedetaoumarreta.blogspot.com. 2006. ^ "Lista de treinadores da equipa principal". Clube de Futebol Os Belenenses. Archived from the original on 26 May 2011. ^ "France – Trainers of First and Second Division Clubs". Archived from the original on 31 May 2008. Retrieved 17 June 2010. ^ "PSG". English. ^ White, Clive (8 June 1996). "Football: Swiss knives out for King Jorge". The Independent. London. Retrieved 25 April 2010. ^ "Jorge amiss with the Swiss". The Independent. 2 June 1996. Retrieved 9 April 2020. ^ Etonge, Martin (10 January 2005). "Cameroon name new coach". BBC News. Retrieved 25 April 2010. ^ "RFI – Artur Jorge: dans la tanière des Lions indomptables". Radio France Internationale. ^ "Foot – L2 – Créteil – Artur Jorge : "Compliqué !"". L'Équipe. France. Archived from the original on 29 June 2007. Retrieved 29 October 2017. ^ "Artur Jorge appointed coach of Mouloudia Alger". BBC Sport. 27 November 2014. Retrieved 27 August 2019. ^ "Especial 'Tetra'" . Mística (in Portuguese). No. 33. Portugal: Impresa Publishing. April–June 2017. p. 94. ISSN 3846-0823. External links Artur Jorge at ForaDeJogo (archived) Artur Jorge at National-Football-Teams.com Awards vtePrimeira Liga top scorers 1935: Soeiro 1936: Pinga 1937: Soeiro 1938: Peyroteo 1939: Costuras 1940: Kodrnja & Peyroteo 1941: Peyroteo 1942: Dias 1943: Julinho 1944: Rodrigues 1945: Rodrigues 1946: Peyroteo 1947: Peyroteo 1948: Araújo 1949: Peyroteo 1950: Julinho 1951: Vasques 1952: J. Águas 1953: Matateu 1954: Martins 1955: Matateu 1956: J. Águas 1957: J. Águas 1958: Arsénio 1959: J. Águas 1960: Ribeiro 1961: J. Águas 1962: Veríssimo 1963: Torres 1964: Eusébio 1965: Eusébio 1966: Eusébio & Figueiredo 1967: Eusébio 1968: Eusébio 1969: António 1970: Eusébio 1971: Artur Jorge 1972: Artur Jorge 1973: Eusébio 1974: Yazalde 1975: Yazalde 1976: Jordão 1977: Gomes 1978: Gomes 1979: Gomes 1980: Jordão 1981: Nené 1982: Jacques 1983: Gomes 1984: Gomes & Nené 1985: Gomes 1986: Fernandes 1987: Cascavel 1988: Cascavel 1989: Vata 1990: Magnusson 1991: R. Águas 1992: Ricky 1993: Cadete 1994: Yekini 1995: Nader 1996: Domingos 1997: Jardel 1998: Jardel 1999: Jardel 2000: Jardel 2001: Pena 2002: Jardel 2003: Faye & Simão 2004: McCarthy 2005: Liédson 2006: Meyong 2007: Liédson 2008: López 2009: Nenê 2010: Cardozo 2011: Hulk 2012: Cardozo & Lima 2013: Martínez 2014: Martínez 2015: Martínez 2016: Jonas 2017: Dost 2018: Jonas 2019: Seferovic 2020: Vinícius 2021: Gonçalves 2022: Núñez 2023: Taremi vteTaça de Portugal top scorers 1941: Ferreira 1944: Julinho 1945: Peyroteo 1946: Peyroteo & Sidónio 1948: Peyroteo 1951: J. Águas & Pipi 1952: Pipi 1953: J. Águas 1954: João Martins 1955: J. Águas 1956: Teixeira 1958: J. Águas 1960: Puglia 1961: Puglia 1962: Eusébio 1963: Mascarenhas 1964: Eusébio 1965: Eusébio 1966: Carlos Manuel 1967: Artur Jorge & Ernesto 1968: Djalma 1969: Eusébio 1970: 1971: Peres 1972: Eusébio 1973: Yazalde 1974: Nené 1975: 1976: 1977: Duda 1978: M. Fernandes 1979: 1980: Gomes & Nené 1981: Nené 1982: Jordão 1983: Gomes 1984: 1985: Manniche 1986: R. Águas & Manniche 1987: M. Fernandes 1988: 1989: Lima 1990: 1991: Domingos 1992: 1993: Balakov & Cadete 1994: Balakov 1995: Domingos, Figo & Yordanov 1996: Marcelo 1997: João Pinto 1998: Jardel 1999: 2000: Jardel 2001: Acosta 2002: Jardel 2003: Vida 2004: Constantino, Jankauskas, Edson, Igor, Šokota & Tiago 2005: Meyong, Moraes & Geovanni 2006: McCarthy 2007: Liédson 2008: Cardozo 2009: Mateus & Pedrinha 2010: Falcao 2011: Edgar & Cardozo 2012: Van Wolfswinkel 2013: Cardozo & Ricardo 2014: Júlio 2015: Jonas 2016: Miguelito & Bonifácio 2017: Mitroglou 2018: Amilton 2019: B. Fernandes 2020: Okitokandjo 2021: Ruiz 2022: Evanilson 2023: Cádiz, Martínez & Monteiro vteEuropean Cup and UEFA Champions League winning managersEuropean Cup era 1956: Villalonga 1957: Villalonga 1958: Carniglia 1959: Carniglia 1960: Muñoz 1961: Guttmann 1962: Guttmann 1963: Rocco 1964: Herrera 1965: Herrera 1966: Muñoz 1967: Stein 1968: Busby 1969: Rocco 1970: Happel 1971: Michels 1972: Kovács 1973: Kovács 1974: Lattek 1975: Cramer 1976: Cramer 1977: Paisley 1978: Paisley 1979: Clough 1980: Clough 1981: Paisley 1982: Barton 1983: Happel 1984: Fagan 1985: Trapattoni 1986: Jenei 1987: Artur Jorge 1988: Hiddink 1989: Sacchi 1990: Sacchi 1991: Petrović 1992: Cruyff UEFA Champions League era 1993: Goethals 1994: Capello 1995: Van Gaal 1996: Lippi 1997: Hitzfeld 1998: Heynckes 1999: Ferguson 2000: Del Bosque 2001: Hitzfeld 2002: Del Bosque 2003: Ancelotti 2004: Mourinho 2005: Benítez 2006: Rijkaard 2007: Ancelotti 2008: Ferguson 2009: Guardiola 2010: Mourinho 2011: Guardiola 2012: Di Matteo 2013: Heynckes 2014: Ancelotti 2015: Luis Enrique 2016: Zidane 2017: Zidane 2018: Zidane 2019: Klopp 2020: Flick 2021: Tuchel 2022: Ancelotti 2023: Guardiola vteLigue 1 winning managers 1933: De Veen 1934: Dedieu 1935: Ross 1936: Kimpton 1937: Eisenhoffer 1938: Ross 1939: Marmiès 1946: Berry 1947: Demeillez 1948: Zilisy 1949: Roessler 1950: Gérard 1951: Andoire 1952: Andoire 1953: Batteux 1954: Cheuva 1955: Batteux 1956: Carniglia 1957: Snella 1958: Batteux 1959: Luciano 1960: Batteux 1961: Leduc 1962: Batteux 1963: Leduc 1964: Snella 1965: Arribas 1966: Arribas 1967: Snella 1968: Batteux 1969: Batteux 1970: Batteux 1971: Leduc 1972: Zatelli 1973: Arribas 1974: Herbin 1975: Herbin 1976: Herbin 1977: Vincent 1978: Leduc 1979: Gress 1980: Vincent 1981: Herbin 1982: Banide 1983: Suaudeau 1984: Jacquet 1985: Jacquet 1986: Houllier 1987: Jacquet 1988: Wenger 1989: Gili 1990: Gili 1991: Goethals 1992: Goethals 1993: Goethals 1994: Artur Jorge 1995: Suaudeau 1996: Roux 1997: Tigana 1998: Leclercq 1999: Baup 2000: Puel 2001: Denoueix 2002: Santini 2003: Le Guen 2004: Le Guen 2005: Le Guen 2006: Houllier 2007: Houllier 2008: Perrin 2009: Blanc 2010: Deschamps 2011: Garcia 2012: Girard 2013: Ancelotti 2014: Blanc 2015: Blanc 2016: Blanc 2017: Jardim 2018: Emery 2019: Tuchel 2020: Tuchel 2021: Galtier 2022: Pochettino 2023: Galtier vtePrimeira Liga winning managers 1935: Szabó 1936: Gonçalves 1937: Hertzka 1938: Hertzka 1939: Siska 1940: Siska 1941: Szabó 1942: Biri 1943: Biri 1944: Szabó 1945: Biri 1946: A. Silva 1947: Kelly 1948: C. de Oliveira 1949: C. de Oliveira 1950: Smith 1951: Galloway 1952: Galloway 1953: Galloway 1954: Szabó 1955: Glória 1956: Yustrich 1957: Glória 1958: E. Fernández 1959: Guttmann 1960: Guttmann 1961: Guttmann 1962: Juca 1963: Riera 1964: Czeizler 1965: Schwartz 1966: Glória 1967: Riera 1968: Glória 1969: Glória 1970: Vaz 1971: Hagan 1972: Hagan 1973: Hagan 1974: Lino 1975: Pavić 1976: Wilson 1977: Mortimore 1978: Pedroto 1979: Pedroto 1980: Mendes 1981: Baróti 1982: Allison 1983: Eriksson 1984: Eriksson 1985: Artur Jorge 1986: Artur Jorge 1987: Mortimore 1988: Ivić 1989: Toni 1990: Artur Jorge 1991: Eriksson 1992: C. Alberto Silva 1993: C. Alberto Silva 1994: Toni 1995: Robson 1996: Robson 1997: A. Oliveira 1998: A. Oliveira 1999: Santos 2000: Inácio 2001: Pacheco 2002: Bölöni 2003: Mourinho 2004: Mourinho 2005: Trapattoni 2006: Adriaanse 2007: Ferreira 2008: Ferreira 2009: Ferreira 2010: Jesus 2011: Villas-Boas 2012: Pereira 2013: Pereira 2014: Jesus 2015: Jesus 2016: Vitória 2017: Vitória 2018: Conceição 2019: Lage 2020: Conceição 2021: Amorim 2022: Conceição 2023: Schmidt vteCoupe de France winning managers 1918–25: Unknown 1926: Gibson 1927: Gibson 1928: Unknown 1929: Unknown 1930: Regan 1931: Unknown 1932: Aitken 1933: Griffiths 1934: Dedieu 1935: Dittrich 1936: Kimpton 1937: Ross 1938: Conchy 1939: Kimpton 1940: Rous 1941: Díaz 1942: Veinante 1943: Gonzales 1944: Wartel 1945: Baron 1946: Cheuva 1947: Cheuva 1948: Cheuva 1949: Baron 1950: Roessler 1951: Nicolas 1952: Andoire 1953: Cheuva 1954: Berry 1955: Cheuva 1956: Dugauguez 1957: Bigot 1958: Batteux 1959: Jasseron 1960: Leduc 1961: Dugauguez 1962: Guérin 1963: Leduc 1964: Jasseron 1965: Prouff 1966: Frantz 1967: Hon 1968: Batteux 1969: Zatelli 1970: Batteux 1971: Prouff 1972: Zatelli 1973: Mignot 1974: Herbin 1975: Herbin 1976: Zvunka 1977: Herbin 1978: Redin 1979: Vincent 1980: Banide 1981: Redin 1982: Peyroche 1983: Peyroche 1984: Kasperczak 1985: Muller 1986: Jacquet 1987: Jacquet 1988: Husson 1989: Gili 1990: Mézy 1991: Wenger 1993: Artur Jorge 1994: Roux 1995: Fernandez 1996: Roux 1997: Takač 1998: Gomes 1999: Denoueix 2000: Denoueix 2001: Pouliquen 2002: Pouliquen 2003: Roux 2004: Halilhodžić 2005: Roux 2006: Lacombe 2007: Perrin 2008: Perrin 2009: Zvunka 2010: Kombouaré 2011: Garcia 2012: Garde 2013: Gillot 2014: Gourvennec 2015: Blanc 2016: Blanc 2017: Emery 2018: Emery 2019: Stéphan 2020: Tuchel 2021: Pochettino 2022: Kombouaré 2023: Montanier vteTaça de Portugal winning managers 1939: Paulo 1940: Biri 1941: Szabó 1942: Faroleiro 1943: Biri 1944: Biri 1945: Jo. Ferreira 1946: C. de Oliveira 1948: C. de Oliveira 1949: Smith 1951: Smith 1952: Tavares 1953: R. dos Reis 1954: Szabó 1955: Glória 1956: Yustrich 1957: Glória 1958: Bumbel 1959: Valdivieso 1960: Glória 1961: Núñez 1962: Caiado 1963: Juca 1964: Czeizler 1965: Vaz 1966: Sim-Sim 1967: Vaz 1968: Pedroto 1969: Glória 1970: Augusto 1971: Vaz 1972: Hagan 1973: Lino 1974: Lino 1975: Pedroto 1976: Pedroto 1977: Pedroto 1978: Dias 1979: Hagan 1980: Wilson 1981: Baróti 1982: Allison 1983: Eriksson 1984: Morais 1985: Csernai 1986: Mortimore 1987: Mortimore 1988: Ivić 1989: Peres 1990: Alves 1991: Artur Jorge 1992: Manuel José 1993: Toni 1994: Robson 1995: Queiroz 1996: Wilson 1997: M. Reis 1998: A. Oliveira 1999: Sousa 2000: Santos 2001: Santos 2002: Bölöni 2003: Mourinho 2004: Camacho 2005: Rachão 2006: Adriaanse 2007: Bento 2008: Bento 2009: Je. Ferreira 2010: Je. Ferreira 2011: Villas-Boas 2012: Emanuel 2013: Vitória 2014: Jesus 2015: Silva 2016: Fonseca 2017: Vitória 2018: Mota 2019: Keizer 2020: Conceição 2021: Carvalhal 2022: Conceição 2023: Conceição Artur Jorge international tournaments vteSwitzerland squad – UEFA Euro 1996 1 Pascolo 2 Hottiger 3 Quentin 4 Henchoz 5 Geiger (c) 6 Wicky 7 Fournier 8 Sylvestre 9 Grassi 10 Sforza 11 Chapuisat 12 Lehmann 13 Jeanneret 14 Türkyilmaz 15 Vega 16 Koller 17 Vogel 18 Rothenbühler 19 Sesa 20 Comisetti 21 Bonvin 22 Corminbœuf Coach: Artur Jorge vteCameroon squad – 2006 Africa Cup of Nations 1 Kameni 2 Ateba 3 Atouba 4 Song (c) 5 Kalla 6 Angbwa 7 Kome 8 Geremi 9 Eto'o 10 Emaná 11 Makoun 12 Deumi 13 Feutchine 14 Saidou 15 Webó 16 Hamidou 17 Ebéde 18 Douala 19 Djemba-Djemba 20 Olembé 21 Boya 22 Meyong 23 Bikey Coach: Artur Jorge Artur Jorge managerial positions vteVitória S.C. – managers Couteiro (1925–XX) Genecy (1932–33) Puskás (1933–35) Augusto (1935–XX) Genecy (1939) Augusto (19XX–45) Freitas (1945–47) Alfredo Valadas (1947–49) Biri (1949–51) Peics (1951–52) Tavares (1952–54) Galloway (1954–55) Vaz (1955–56) Tellechea (1956–57) Vaz (1957–58) Amaro (1958–59) Buchelli (1959–60) Quaresma (1960–62) Valle (1962–64) Luciano (1964–67) Juca (1967–68) J. Vieira (1968–69) Giba (1969) Caiado (1969–70) J. Vieira (1970–71) Wilson (1971–75) Caiado (1975–77) Wilson (1977–79) Imbelloni (1979–80) Gouveia (1980) F. Peres (1980) Artur Jorge (1980–81) Pedroto (1981–82) Manuel José (1982–83) Stessl (1983–84) Goethals (1984–85) Morais (1985–86) Autuori (1986) M. Peres (1986–87) António Oliveira (1987–88) Geninho (1988–89) Autuori (1989–91) João Alves (1991–92) M. Peres (1992–93) Bernardino (1993–94) Quinito (1994–95) Vítor Oliveira (1995) Pacheco (1995–96) Romeu Silva (1996) Pacheco (1996–97) Quinito (1997–98) Filipović (1998–99) Quinito (1999–2000) Autuori (2000) Álvaro (2000–01) Inácio (2001–03) Jesus (2003–04) Machado (2004–05) Pacheco (2005) Pontes (2005–06) Norton de Matos (2006) Cajuda (2006–09) Vingada (2009) Paulo Sérgio (2009–10) Machado (2010–11) Vitória (2011–15) Evangelista (2015) Conceição (2015–16) Martins (2016–18) Campelos (a.i.) (2018) Peseiro (2018) Castro (2018–19) I. Vieira (2019–20) Tiago (2020) Henriques (2020–21) Bino (2021) Moreno (2021) Pepa (2021–22) Moreno (2022–23) Turra (2023) Pacheco (2023–) vteC.F. Os Belenenses – managers Costa (1919–22) A. Pereira (1922–37) C. de Oliveira (1937–38) A. Silva (1938–39) Hertzka (1939–40) Scopelli (1939–41) Faroleiro (1941–43) Peics (1943–44) A. Silva (1944–47) Scopelli (1947–48) Quaresma (1948–49) Martini (1949–50) Peics (1950–51) A. Silva (1951–52) Vaz (1951–53) Buchelli (1953–54) Riera (1954–57) Herrera (1957–58) Di Pace (1958–59) Vaz (1958–59) Glória (1959–61) Soares (1961–62) Vega (1961) José do Carmo (1961–62) Pisa (1961–62) Vaz (1962–64) Zubieta (1964) José do Carmo (1964) Fuchs (1964–65) Amaro (1964–65) Vieira (1965–66) Pérez (1966–67) M. de Oliveira (1967–68) C. Silva (1968) Zubieta (1968–69) Wilson (1969–70) Meirim (1970–71) Serpa (1971) Moreira (1971–72) Scopelli (1972–74) Bandeira (1974–76) Correia (1976–77) Medeiros (1977–79) Juca (1979–80) Hagan (1980–81) Bandeira (1981) Artur Jorge (1981) Vingada (1981) Gomes (1981) R. Dias (1981–82) Castro (1981–82) Amado (1981–82) Vicente (1981–82) Mendes (1982–84) Mourinho (1982–83) Melia (1983–86) Depireux (1986–87) Peres (1987–88) Mortimore (1988–89) Mladenov (1989) Moisés (1989–90) Lopes (1990) Moisés (1990) Depireux (1990–91) Moisés (1991) Braga (1991–94) José António (1993–94) Romão (1993–94) Alves (1994–96) Quinito (1996) Vítor Manuel (1996–97) Mladenov (1997) Cajuda (1997–98) V. Oliveira (1998–00) Peres (2000–02) Nené (2002) Manuel José (2002–03) Bogićević (2003–04) Inácio (2004) Carvalhal (2004–05) Couceiro (2005–06) Jesus (2006–08) Mior (2008) Pacheco (2008–09) Rui Jorge (2009) C. Pereira (2009) Conceição (2009–10) Gregório (2010) Brito (2010) Mota (2010–12) Marco Paulo (2012) van der Gaag (2012–13) Marco Paulo (2013–14) Vidigal (2014–15) Simão (2015) Sá Pinto (2015) Velázquez (2015–16) Machado (2016–17) Paciência (2017–18) Silas (2018) N. Oliveira (2018–21) Martins (2021–22) B. Dias (2022–23) Faísca (2023–) vteFC Porto – managers Gadda (1906–07) Cassagne (1907–22) Tezler (1922–27) Cal (1927–28) Szabó (1928–35) Biri (1935–36) Siska (1936) Magyar (1936) Gutkas (1936–37) Siska (1937–42) Hertzka (1942–45) Szabó (1945–47) Nunes (1947) Vaschetto (1947–48) Scopelli (1948–49) A. Silva (1949–50) Pinga (1949–50) Reboredo (1950) Vogel (1950) Gencsy (1950–51) Vaschetto (1951–52) Pasarín (1952) Taioli (1952–53) de Oliveira (1953–54) Vaz (1954–55) Yustrich (1955–56) Costa (1956–57) Yustrich (1957–58) Bumbel (1958) Guttmann (1958–59) Puricelli (1959) Daučík (1959–60) Reboredo (1960) Vieira (1960–61) Reboredo (1961) Orth (1961–62) Reboredo (1962) Kálmár (1962–63) Glória (1963–65) Costa (1965–66) Mendes (1966) Pedroto (1966–69) Morais (1969) Schwartz (1969–70) Vieirinha (1969–70) Docherty (1970–71) Teixeira (1971) Baeta (1971) Amaral (1971–72) Feliciano (1972) Riera (1972–73) Guttmann (1973–74) Moreira (1974–75) Stanković (1975–76) Monteiro da Costa (1976) Pedroto (1976–80) Stessl (1980–82) Pedroto (1982–83) Morais (1983–84) Artur Jorge (1984–87) Ivić (1987–88) Quinito (1988) Murça (1988) Artur Jorge (1988–91) C. Silva (1991–93) Ivić (1993–94) Robson (1994–96) Oliveira (1996–98) Santos (1998–2001) Machado (2001–02) Mourinho (2002–04) Delneri (2004) Fernández (2004–05) Couceiro (2005) Adriaanse (2005–06) Barros (2006) Ferreira (2006–10) Villas-Boas (2010–11) Pereira (2011–13) Fonseca (2013–14) Castro (2014) Lopetegui (2014–16) Barros (2016) Peseiro (2016) Nuno (2016–17) Conceição (2017–) vtePortugal national football team – managers Selection committee (Vilar, del Negro, Gonçalves, Paula, Duro, Araújo, Pereira Jr., Narciso Freire, Sousa, Raul Nunes & Ribeiro dos Reis) (1921–23) Ribeiro dos Reis (1925–26) C. de Oliveira, Ornelas & João Brito (1926–29) Loureiro (1929) Grijó & Pedrosa (1930) Tavares & Pedrosa (1931) do Carmo, Sampaio & Perfeito (1932–33) C. de Oliveira (1935–45) Tavares (1945–47) Paula, M. Oliveira & João Brito (1947–48) Sampaio (1949) do Campo, João Brito & Rodrigues (1950) Tavares (1951) C. de Oliveira (1952) S. do Carmo (1953–54) Vaz (1954) Tavares (1955–57) Antunes (1957–60) Ferreira (1961) Peyroteo (1961) Ferreira (1962) Antunes (1962–64) Afonso & Glória (1964–66) Gomes (1967) Antunes (1968–69) Gomes (1970–71) José Augusto (1972–73) Pedroto (1974–77) Juca (1977–78) Wilson (1978–80) Juca (1980–82) Glória (1982–83) Cabrita (1983–84) Torres (1984–86) Seabra (1986–87) Juca (1987–89) Artur Jorge (1989–91) Queiroz (1991–93) Vingada (1993–94) An. Oliveira (1994–96) Artur Jorge (1996–97) Coelho (1997–2000) An. Oliveira (2000–02) Ag. Oliveira (2002) Scolari (2003–08) Queiroz (2008–10) Bento (2010–14) Santos (2014–22) Martínez (2023–) vteParis Saint-Germain F.C. – managers Phelipon (1970–72) Vicot (1972–75) Fontaine (1975–76) Vasović (1976–77) Pantelić (1977) Larqué (1977–78) Alonzo (1978) Vasović (1978–79) Choquier (1979) Peyroche (1979–83) Leduc (1983–84) Peyroche (1984–85) Coste (1985) Houllier (1985–87) Mombaerts (1987) Houllier (1988) Ivić (1988–90) Michel (1990–91) Artur Jorge (1991–94) Fernandez (1994–96) Ricardo (1996–98) Giresse (1998) Artur Jorge (1998–99) Bergeroo (1999–2000) Fernandez (2000–03) Halilhodžić (2003–05) Fournier (2005) Lacombe (2006–07) Le Guen (2007–09) Kombouaré (2009–11) Ancelotti (2011–13) Blanc (2013–16) Emery (2016–18) Tuchel (2018–20) Pochettino (2021–22) Galtier (2022–23) Enrique (2023–) vteS.L. Benfica – managers Gourlade (1906–08) Damiãos p (1908–26) Ribeiro dos Reis (1926–29) John (1929–31) Ribeiro dos Reis (1932–34) Gonçalves (1934–36) Hertzka (1936–39) Biri (1939–47) Hertzka (1947–48) Smith (1948–52) Tavares (1951–52) Zozaya (1952–53) Ribeiro dos Reis (1953) Valdiviesoc (1953–54) Glória (1954–59) Valdiviesoc (1959) Guttmann (1959–62) Caiadoc (1962) Riera (1962–63) Czeizler (1963–64) Schwartz (1964–65) Guttmann (1965–66) Riera (1966–67) Cabritac (1967–68) Glória (1968–70) José Augustoc (1970) Hagan (1970–73) Cabrita (1973–74) Pavić (1974–75) Wilson (1975–76) Mortimore (1976–79) Wilson (1979–80) Baróti (1980–82) Eriksson (1982–84) Csernai (1984–85) Mortimore (1985–87) Skovdahl (1987) Toni (1987–89) Eriksson (1989–92) Ivić (1992) Toni (1992–94) Artur Jorge (1994–95) Wilson (1995–96) Autuori (1996–97) Wilsonc (1997) Manuel José (1997) Wilsonc (1997) Souness (1997–99) Shéuc (1999) Heynckes (1999–2000) Mourinho (2000) Toni (2000–02) Ferreira (2002) Chalanac (2002) Camacho (2002–04) Trapattoni (2004–05) Koeman (2005–06) Santos (2006–07) Camacho (2007–08) Chalanac (2008) Flores (2008–09) Jesus (2009–15) Vitória (2015–19) Lage (2019–20) Veríssimoc (2020) Jesus (2020–21) Veríssimoc (2021–22) Schmidt (2022–) s = secretary; p = player-manager; c = caretaker manager vteAl Hilal SFC – managers Sultan (1957–60) Jobarat (1960) Salem (1960–76) Smith (1976–78) Amaral (1978) Zagallo (1978–79) Filho (1981–82) Kubala (1982–84) Espinosa (1984–85) Noagira (1986) Minelli (1986–87) Borrás (1987–88) Candinho (1988–89) Carlos (1989) Santana (1989–90) Tavares (1990–91) Cedinho (1991–92) Lazaroni (1992–93) Bernardi (1993) Baptista (1993–94) Lopes (1994) Bernardi (1994–95) Lazaroni (1995) Van Hanegem (1995–96) Joubert (1996) Mirko Jozić (1996–97) Ferreira (1997) Bernardi (1997) Balaci (1997–98) Hollmann (1998–99) Al-Zayani (1999) Sandri (1999) Iordănescu (1999–2000) Balaci (2000–01) Sušić (2001) Artur Jorge (2001–02) Maturana (2002) Balaci (2002–03) De Mos (2003–04) Al-Ajlani (2004) Bernardi (2004) Paquetá (2004–05) Barroso (2005–06) Candinho (2006) Peseiro (2006–07) Paquetá (2007) Cerezo (2007) Olăroiu (2007–09) Leekens (2009) Gerets (2009–10) Calderón (2010–11) Doll (2011–12) Hašek (2012) Kombouaré (2012–13) Dalić (2013) Al-Jaber (2013–14) Reghecampf (2014–15) Donis (2015–16) Matosas (2016) Díaz (2016–18) Brown (2018) Jesus (2018–19) Mamić (2019) Chamusca (2019) Lucescu (2019–21) Micale (2021) Morais (2021) Jardim (2021–22) Díaz (2022–23) Jesus (2023–) vteSwitzerland national football team – managers Dégerine (1908–09) Referee's Commission (1910–24) Duckworth & Kürschner & Hogan (1924) Duckworth (1928) Müller (1934) Rappan (1937–38) Rappan (1942–49) Tschirren & Andreoli & Minelli (1949–50) Andreoli (1950) Baumgartner & Tschirren & Kielholz (1950–53) Rappan (1953–54) Rüegsegger (1954) Baumgartner & Kielholz (1954–55) Baumgartner & Kielholz & Spagnoli (1955–58) Sekulić & Rüegsegger & Vescori (1958–60) Hahn (1958–59) Rappan (1960–63) Sobotka & Quinche & Guhl (1964) Foni (1964–67) Ballabio (1967–69) Hussy (1970) Maurer (1970–71) Michaud (1972–73) Hussy (1973–76) Blažević (1976) Vonlanthen (1977–79) Walker (1979–80) Wolfisberg (1980–85) Jeandupeux (1986–89) Wolfisberg (1989) Stielike (1989–91) Hodgson (1992–95) Artur Jorge (1995–96) Fringer (1996–97) Gress (1998–99) Zaugg (2000) Trossero (2000–01) Kuhn (2001–08) Hitzfeld (2008–14) Petković (2014–21) Yakin (2021–) vteCD Tenerife – managers Muñiz (1953–54) Planas (1954) Muñiz (1954–56) Lozano (1956–57) Espada (1957–59) Fuentes (1959) Urbieta (1959) Gimeno (1959–60) Herrera (1960–61) Broćić (1961) Gimeno (1961) Rabassa (1961–62) Toba (1962–63) Campos (1963–64) Grech (1964–65) Villar (1965) Joseíto (1965–66) Riera (1966–67) Cobo (1967–68) Villar (1968) Galbis (1968) Villar & Guiance (1968) Cova (1968–69) Verdugo (1969–72) Núñez (1972) Eizaguirre (1972) Núñez (1972–73) Moll (1973–74) Negrillo (1974–75) Mesones (1975–76) Moreno (1976–77) Nito (1977) Sanchís (1977–78) Romero (1978–80) Lamelo (1980–81) Joseíto (1981–82) Ramos (1982) Fuertes (1982–84) Gilbertoc (1984) Juanjo (1984) Milošević (1984–86) D. Rivero (1986) Marrero (1986–87) Gilbertoc (1987) Alzate (1987–88) Joanet (1988–89) Miera (1989–90) Azkargorta (1990) Solari (1990–92) Valdano (1992–94) Cantatore (1994–95) Heynckes (1995–97) V. Fernández (1997) G. Cortés & Arjolc (1997) Artur Jorge (1997–98) Lillo (1998) Aimar (1998–99) Miñambres & Robi (1999) Sandreani (1999) Miñambresc (1999) Castro Santos (1999–2000) Cappa (2000) Benítez (2000–01) Mel (2001–02) Clemente (2002) Lienen (2002–03) Amaral (2003–04) Marrero (2004) Moré (2004–05) Barrios (2005) Medinac (2005) López Habas (2005) Amaral (2006) Krauss (2006) Casuco (2006–07) Toñoc (2007) Oltra (2007–10) Arconada (2010) Merinoc (2010) Mandiá (2010–11) Tapia (2011) Amaral (2011) Calderón (2011–12) García Tébar (2012) Medina (2012) Cervera (2012–15) Agné (2015) Martí (2015–18) Etxeberria (2018) Oltra (2018–19) Luis César (2019) López Garai (2019) S. Riveroc (2019) Baraja (2019–20) F. Fernández (2020) Ramis (2020–23) Garitano (2023–) vteSBV Vitesse – managers Chadwick (1914) Sutcliffe (1914–15) McPherson (1919–20) Griffiths (1920–22) van Dort & Evers (1922–23) van Dort (1923–24) Jefferson (1924–27) Schwarz (1928–36) Damsté (1936) Van Wijhe (1936–37) Horsten (1938–39) Horsten (1945–46) Roper (1946–47) Horsten & Piederiet (1947) Van der Wel (1947–48) Zonnenberg (1948–54) Gruber (1954–57) Pastoor (1957–60) Vidovic (1960–62) Zonnenberg (1962–64) Gruber (1964–66) De Munck (1966–69) Brom (1969–72) De Munck (1972–74) Bulatović (1974–75) De Bouter (1975–76) Westerhof (1976) Wullems (1976–82) Looijen (1982–83) Hofstee (1983–84) Westerhof (1984–85) Kowalik (1985–86) Dorjee (1986–87) Overweg (1987) Jacobs (1988–93) Neumann (1993–95) Spelbos (1995) Thijssen (1995–96) Beenhakker (1996–97) Ten Cate (1997–98) Artur Jorge (1998) Neumann (1998–99) Sturing (1999) Koeman (2000–01) Sturing (2001–02) Snoei (2002–03) Sturing (2003–06) De Mos (2006–08) Westerhof (2008) Bos (2009–10) Van Arum & Van der Gouw (dual a.i.) (2010) Ferrer (2010–11) Van den Brom (2011–12) Rutten (2012–13) Bosz (2013–16) Maas (a.i.) (2016) Fraser (2016–18) Sturing (a.i.) (2018) Slutsky (2018–19) Oosting (a.i.) (2019) Sturing (a.i.) (2020) Letsch (2020–22) Cocu (2022–23) Sturing (2023–) vteAl Nassr FC – managers Al-Joker (1960–62) A. Abdullah (1962–65) Qatna (1966–67) Tarnah (1967–69) Sultan (1969–70) Osman (1971) Abdulmajid (1972) Khairi (1973–74) Abou-Regaila (1975) Vivas (1976) Broćić (1976–79) Chico (1980–81) Sarno (1983) Chira (1983) Carpergiani (1983–84) Herbin (1985–86) Bingham (1987–88) Y.Khamees (1989) Al-Johar (1990–91) Santana (1991) Šekularac (1992) Al-Johar (1993) Abdullah (1993) Fernandez (1993–94) Michel (1995) Y.Khamees (1995) Fernandez (1995–96) Balaci (1996–97) D. Penev (1997) Uhrin (1997–98) Fernandez (1998) Dutra (1998–99) Procópio (1999) Živadinović (2000) Y.Khamees (2000) Artur Jorge (2000–01) Núñez (2001) Al-Mutlaq (2001) Habegger (2001–02) Asad (2002–03) Tumbaković (2003) Rednic (2004) Saleh (2004) Dimitrov (2004–05) Barreto (2005–06) Al-Koroni (2006) Y.Khamees (2006) Artur Jorge (2006) Habegger (2006–07) Ednaldo (2007) Booy (2007) Asad (2007) Gačanin (2008) Bauza (2009) Da Silva (2009–10) Zenga (2010) Skočić (2011) Costas (2011) Komaikh (2011) Maturana (2011–12) Carreño (2012–14) Caneda (2014) Da Silva (2014–15) Cannavaro (2016) Caneda (2016) Mamić (2016–17) Carteron (2017) Gomes (2017) Quinteros (2017–18) Jurčić (2018) Carreño (2018) Hélder (2018–19) Vitória (2019–20) Horvat (2020–21) Menezes (2021) Emanuel (2021) Russo (2021–22) Garcia (2022–23) Jeličić (2023) Castro (2023–) vteAssociação Académica de Coimbra – managers Jeny (1934–35) Paulo (1938–39) Hertzka (1940–41) Augusto (1945–46) C. Oliveira (1956–58) Biri (1958) Bumbel (1958–59) Imbelloni (1960–61) A. Gomes (1961–62) Pedroto (1962–64) Wilson (1964–68) Maló (1968–69) Andrade (1969) Juca (1969–72) Humberto (1972) Vaz (1972–74) Crispim & Falcão (1974) Andrade (1974–75) Crispim & Marques (1975) Crispim (1975–76) Juca (1976–79) P. Gomes (1979–80) Wilson (1980–83) Vingada (1983) Gervásio (1983–84) Ferreira (1984) V. Manuel (1984–87) A. Oliveira (1988) J. A. Costa (1989–90) V. Oliveira (1995–97) Calisto (1997–98) Freixo (1998) Romão (1998) Águas (1998–99) Freixo (1999) Garcia (1999–2000) Alves (2000–02) A. Jorge (2002–03) Pereira (2003–04) Vingada (2004–06) Machado (2006–07) Domingos (2007–09) Gonçalves (2009) Villas-Boas (2009–10) J. Costa (2010) Guilherme (2010–11) Morais (2011) P. Emanuel (2011–13) Conceição (2013–14) P. Sérgio (2014–15) Viterbo (2015) Gouveia (2015–16) Costinha (2016–17) Vieira (2017) Soares (2017–18) Machado (2018) Pinto (2018) Vinha (2018) Alves (2018–19) Peixoto (2019) Pereira (2019–20) Borges (2020–21) Pereira (2021) Duarte (2021–22) J. Gomes (2022) Valença (2022) Zé Nando (2022–23) Moutinho (2023–) vtePFC CSKA Moscow – managers Khalkiopov (1936) Rushchinsky (1937–39) Bukhteyev (1940) Yezhov (1941) Nikishin (1943–44) Arkadyev (1944–51) Pinaichev (1954–57) Arkadyev (1958–59) Pinaichev (1960) Beskov (1961–62) Solovyov (1963–64) Nikolayev (1964–65) Shaposhnikov (1966–67) Bobrov (1967–69) Nikolayev (1970–73) Agapov (1973–74) Tarasov (1975) Mamykin (1976–77) Bobrov (1977–78) Shaposhnikov (1979) Bazilevich (1980–82) Shesternyov (1982–83) Shaposhnikov (1983) Morozov (1984–87) Shaposhnikov (1987–88) Sadyrin (1989–92) Kostylev (1992–93) Kopeykin (1993–94) Tarkhanov (1994–96) Sadyrin (1997–98) Dolmatov (1998–2000) Sadyrin (2000–01) Kuznetsov (2001) Gazzaev (2001–03) Artur Jorge (2003–04) Gazzaev (2004–08) Zico (2009) Ramos (2009) Slutsky (2009–16) Goncharenko (2016–21) Olić (2021) Berezutski (2021–22) Fedotov (2022–) (c) = caretaker manager vteCameroon national football team – managers Colonna (1965–70) Fobete & Colonna (1970) Schnittger (1970–73) Beara (1973–75) Ridanović (1976–79) Žutić (1980–82) Vincent (1982) Ognjanović (1982–84) Le Roy (1985–88) Nepomnyashchy (1988–90) Redon (1991–92) Nyongha (1992–94) Michel (1994) Nyongha (1994–96) Depireux (1996–97) Manga-Onguéné (1997–98) Le Roy (1998) Lechantre (1999–2001) Corfou (2001) Akono (2001) Schäfer (2001–04) Artur Jorge (2004–06) Haan (2006–07) Nyongha (2007) Pfister (2007–09) N'Kono (a.i.) (2009) Le Guen (2009–10) Clemente (2010–11) Lavagne (2011–12) Akono (2012–13) Finke (2013–15) Belinga (a.i.) (2015–16) Broos (2016–17) Song (a.i.) (2018) Belinga (a.i.) (2018) Seedorf (2018–19) Conceição (2019–22) Song (2022–) Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National France BnF data Germany Netherlands Portugal
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Artur Jorge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artur_Jorge_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"forward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_(association_football)"}],"text":"This article is about the manager and former footballer. For other people with similar names, see Artur Jorge.Artur Jorge Braga Melo Teixeira (born 13 February 1946), commonly known as Artur Jorge, is a Portuguese football manager and former player, who played as a forward.","title":"Artur Jorge (footballer, born 1946)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FC Porto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Porto"},{"link_name":"Académica de Coimbra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Acad%C3%A9mica_de_Coimbra_%E2%80%93_O.A.F."},{"link_name":"Benfica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.L._Benfica"},{"link_name":"Belenenses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.F._Os_Belenenses"},{"link_name":"Estádio Nacional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Est%C3%A1dio_Nacional"},{"link_name":"North American Soccer League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Soccer_League_(1968%E2%80%931984)"},{"link_name":"Rochester Lancers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester_Lancers_(1967%E2%80%9380)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nasl_profile-1"},{"link_name":"University of Coimbra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Coimbra"},{"link_name":"Germanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_languages"},{"link_name":"Philology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philology"},{"link_name":"University of Lisbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Lisbon"},{"link_name":"Portuguese league championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primeira_Liga"},{"link_name":"Taça de Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C3%A7a_de_Portugal"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"As a junior player, Artur Jorge started at the junior team of FC Porto. As professional player, he played for Académica de Coimbra and Benfica, before ending his career at Belenenses in the 1977–78 season, due to a serious injury suffered at a training session in the Estádio Nacional where he broke a leg. He also had a stint in the North American Soccer League with the Rochester Lancers.[1] During his playing days in Coimbra, Jorge was a student at the Faculty of Literature of the University of Coimbra, graduating in Germanic Philology from the University of Lisbon in 1975 during his time at Benfica. As a player, he won four Portuguese league championships, two Taça de Portugal cups and two silver boots for being the best goalscorer. He underwent knee surgery five times during his career,[citation needed] this is attributed as one of the causes of his declining abilities at the end of the career.[citation needed]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eusébio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eus%C3%A9bio"},{"link_name":"Rui Jordão","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rui_Jord%C3%A3o"},{"link_name":"Nené","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nen%C3%A9_(footballer,_born_1949)"},{"link_name":"caps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cap_(sport)"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Funchal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funchal"},{"link_name":"Madeira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeira"},{"link_name":"Brazil Independence Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_Independence_Cup"}],"text":"Despite having been one of the top scorers at Benfica, the concurrence of other great forwards such as Eusébio, Rui Jordão and Nené largely limited Artur Jorge to only 16 caps for Portugal, earning two caps while at Académica, 13 at Benfica and one while playing for Belenenses, scoring only one goal during his international career. His debut, on 27 March 1967, was a 1–1 draw with Italy, in a friendly match, in Rome. His last match was on 30 March 1977, a 1–0 win over Switzerland in another friendly match, in Funchal, Madeira. He was a member of the squad that reached the Brazil Independence Cup final, in 1972, the highest point of his international career.","title":"International career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leipzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig"},{"link_name":"East Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germany"},{"link_name":"Vitória de Guimarães","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vit%C3%B3ria_S.C."},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Belenenses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.F._Os_Belenenses"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Portimonense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portimonense_S.C."},{"link_name":"European Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"Bayern Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Bayern_Munich"},{"link_name":"Racing Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCF_Paris"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Paris Saint-Germain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Saint-Germain_F.C."},{"link_name":"national championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligue_1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Académica de Coimbra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Acad%C3%A9mica_de_Coimbra_%E2%80%93_O.A.F."},{"link_name":"Vitesse Arnhem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitesse_Arnhem"},{"link_name":"Tenerife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.D._Tenerife"},{"link_name":"CSKA Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PFC_CSKA_Moscow"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"UEFA Euro 1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Euro_1996"},{"link_name":"Roy Hodgson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Hodgson"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Cameroon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"2006 FIFA World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Al-Nasr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Nassr_FC"},{"link_name":"second division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligue_2"},{"link_name":"Créteil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Cr%C3%A9teil-Lusitanos"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"MC Alger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MC_Alger"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"After his player career, Artur Jorge went to Leipzig, East Germany, to study football and training methodology.\nHe started his managerial career working with Vitória de Guimarães,[2] moving on to Belenenses,[3] Portimonense and then signing with Porto for the 1984–85 season, where he won three national champion titles and two Taça de Portugal titles. His greatest success was to win the European Cup with Porto over favourites Bayern Munich 2–1. Jorge is known since then as \"Rei Artur\" (\"King Arthur\"). He moved to Racing Paris the next season,[4] and returned to Porto in 1989–90. He then moved to Paris Saint-Germain in 1991–92, where he won the national championship in 1993–94.[5]Artur Jorge moved to Benfica in 1994–95, finishing third with his team, and was replaced at the beginning of the following season. Since then, he has been coach of several other clubs including Académica de Coimbra, Vitesse Arnhem, Tenerife and CSKA Moscow. He managed the Portugal national team, initially while still Porto coach during the 1989–90 and 1990–91 seasons, and again during the 1996–97 season. He also managed the Switzerland team at UEFA Euro 1996, replacing Roy Hodgson under whom they had qualified.[6][7] Since 2004 he managed Cameroon.[8][9] He failed to lead his team to the 2006 FIFA World Cup. He managed Saudi club Al-Nasr for only two cup matches and was sacked following a 4–1 defeat by lowly club Al-Faisaly. He then managed French second division team Créteil in 2006–07.[10]On 27 November 2014, Artur Jorge joined Algerian club MC Alger, ending a seven-year period without coaching.[11] That appointment ended on 8 October 2015.","title":"Managerial career"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"As of 3 December 2023","title":"Managerial statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Scores and results list Portugal's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Artur Jorge goal.","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Primeira Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primeira_Liga"},{"link_name":"1970–71","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970%E2%80%9371_Primeira_Liga"},{"link_name":"1971–72","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971%E2%80%9372_Primeira_Liga"},{"link_name":"1972–73","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972%E2%80%9373_Primeira_Liga"},{"link_name":"1974–75","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974%E2%80%9375_Primeira_Liga"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Taça de Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C3%A7a_de_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Bola de Prata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bola_de_Prata_(Portugal)"},{"link_name":"1970–71","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970%E2%80%9371_Primeira_Divis%C3%A3o"},{"link_name":"1971–72","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971%E2%80%9372_Primeira_Divis%C3%A3o"}],"sub_title":"Player","text":"BenficaPrimeira Liga: 1970–71, 1971–72, 1972–73, 1974–75[12]\nTaça de Portugal: 1969–70, 1971–72IndividualBola de Prata: 1970–71, 1971–72","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Primeira Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primeira_Liga"},{"link_name":"Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superta%C3%A7a_C%C3%A2ndido_de_Oliveira"},{"link_name":"Taça de Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C3%A7a_de_Portugal"},{"link_name":"European Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"1987","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987_European_Cup_Final"},{"link_name":"Division 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligue_1"},{"link_name":"Coupe de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coupe_de_France"},{"link_name":"Saudi Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Asian Cup Winners' Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Cup_Winners%27_Cup"},{"link_name":"Russian Super Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Super_Cup"},{"link_name":"European Coach of the Season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Coach_of_the_Season_(association_football)"}],"sub_title":"Manager","text":"PortoPrimeira Liga: 1984–85, 1985–86, 1989–90\nSupertaça Cândido de Oliveira: 1984, 1986, 1990\nTaça de Portugal: 1990–91\nEuropean Cup: 1987Paris Saint-GermainDivision 1: 1994\nCoupe de France: 1993Al-HilalSaudi Premier League: 2002\nAsian Cup Winners' Cup: 2002CSKA MoscowRussian Super Cup: 2004IndividualEuropean Coach of the Season: 1986–87","title":"Honours"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"NASL Player Profile – Artur Jorge\". Retrieved 14 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nasljerseys.com/Players/J/Jorge.Artur.htm","url_text":"\"NASL Player Profile – Artur Jorge\""}]},{"reference":"\"Blogger\". vedetaoumarreta.blogspot.com. 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://vedetaoumarreta.blogspot.com/2006/09/1-treinador-vedeta-ou-marreta-artur.html","url_text":"\"Blogger\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lista de treinadores da equipa principal\". Clube de Futebol Os Belenenses. Archived from the original on 26 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110526224717/http://www.osbelenenses.com/portal/belenenses/_specific/public/allbrowsers/asp/projuhistory.asp?stage=2&id=171&name=Treinadores%20-%20Futebol%20S%E9nior","url_text":"\"Lista de treinadores da equipa principal\""},{"url":"http://www.osbelenenses.com/portal/belenenses/_specific/public/allbrowsers/asp/projuhistory.asp?stage=2&id=171&name=Treinadores%20-%20Futebol%20S%E9nior","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"France – Trainers of First and Second Division Clubs\". Archived from the original on 31 May 2008. Retrieved 17 June 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rsssf.org/players/trainers-fran-clubs.html","url_text":"\"France – Trainers of First and Second Division Clubs\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080531102336/http://www.rsssf.com/players/trainers-fran-clubs.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"PSG\". English.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.psg.fr/fr/Club/6020001/Entraineurs","url_text":"\"PSG\""}]},{"reference":"White, Clive (8 June 1996). \"Football: Swiss knives out for King Jorge\". The Independent. London. Retrieved 25 April 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football-swiss-knives-out-for-king-jorge-1336072.html","url_text":"\"Football: Swiss knives out for King Jorge\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jorge amiss with the Swiss\". The Independent. 2 June 1996. Retrieved 9 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/jorge-amiss-with-the-swiss-1335120.html","url_text":"\"Jorge amiss with the Swiss\""}]},{"reference":"Etonge, Martin (10 January 2005). \"Cameroon name new coach\". BBC News. Retrieved 25 April 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/africa/4161723.stm","url_text":"\"Cameroon name new coach\""}]},{"reference":"\"RFI – Artur Jorge: dans la tanière des Lions indomptables\". Radio France Internationale.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rfi.fr/actufr/articles/061/article_33139.asp","url_text":"\"RFI – Artur Jorge: dans la tanière des Lions indomptables\""}]},{"reference":"\"Foot – L2 – Créteil – Artur Jorge : \"Compliqué !\"\". L'Équipe. France. Archived from the original on 29 June 2007. Retrieved 29 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20070629074437/http://www.lequipe.fr/Football/20061018_085554Dev.html","url_text":"\"Foot – L2 – Créteil – Artur Jorge : \"Compliqué !\"\""},{"url":"https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/20061018_085554Dev.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Artur Jorge appointed coach of Mouloudia Alger\". BBC Sport. 27 November 2014. Retrieved 27 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/30199086","url_text":"\"Artur Jorge appointed coach of Mouloudia Alger\""}]},{"reference":"\"Especial 'Tetra'\" ['Tetra' special edition]. Mística (in Portuguese). No. 33. Portugal: Impresa Publishing. April–June 2017. p. 94. ISSN 3846-0823.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impresa","url_text":"Impresa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/3846-0823","url_text":"3846-0823"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandon,_Colorado
Brandon, Colorado
["1 History","2 Geography","3 Demographics","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
Coordinates: 38°26′47″N 102°26′28″W / 38.4463995°N 102.4411549°W / 38.4463995; -102.4411549 (Brandon CDP, Colorado)Censuu-designated place in Kiowa County, Colorado, United States Census-designated place in Colorado, United StatesBrandon, ColoradoCensus-designated placeBrandon in 2015.Location of the Brandon CDP in Kiowa County, Colorado.BrandonLocation of the Brandon CDP in the United States.Coordinates: 38°26′47″N 102°26′28″W / 38.4463995°N 102.4411549°W / 38.4463995; -102.4411549 (Brandon CDP, Colorado)Country United StatesState ColoradoCountyKiowa CountyEstablishedlate 1887Government • Typeunincorporated communityArea • Total0.117 sq mi (0.304 km2) • Land0.117 sq mi (0.304 km2) • Water0.000 sq mi (0.000 km2)Elevation3,924 ft (1,196 m)Population (2020) • Total21 • Density180/sq mi (69/km2)Time zoneUTC-7 (MST) • Summer (DST)UTC-6 (MDT)ZIP Code81071Area code719GNIS featureBrandon CDP Brandon is a census-designated place (CDP) in and governed by Kiowa County, Colorado, United States. The population of the Brandon CDP was 21 at the United States Census 2020. The Sheridan Lake post office (Zip Code 81071) serves Brandon postal addresses. History The town of Brandon was established in late 1887. The Brandon post office opened on May 19, 1888, and closed on February 28, 1963. Geography Brandon is located in eastern Kiowa County. Colorado State Highway 96 passes along the north side of the community, leading west 20 miles (32 km) to Eads, the county seat, and east 8 miles (13 km) to Sheridan Lake. The Brandon CDP has an area of 75 acres (0.304 km2), all land. Demographics Brandon CDP, ColoradoYearPop.±%201021—    202021+0.0%Source: United States Census Bureau The United States Census Bureau initially defined the Brandon CDP for the United States Census 2010. See also Colorado portal List of census-designated places in Colorado References ^ a b c "State of Colorado Census Designated Places - BAS20 - Data as of January 1, 2020". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 22, 2020. ^ a b Eichler, Geo. R. (1977). Colorado Place Names. Boulder, Colo.: Johnson Publishing Company. LCCN 77-89726. ^ a b "KIOWA COUNTY: THE HIGH PLAINS OF SOUTHEAST COLORADO". Archived from the original (MS Word) on October 23, 2006. Retrieved September 30, 2007. ^ a b c "U.S. Board on Geographic Names: Domestic Names". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved December 22, 2020. ^ a b United States Census Bureau. "Brandon CDP, Colorado". Retrieved April 15, 2023. ^ a b "Look Up a ZIP Code". United States Postal Service. Retrieved December 22, 2020. ^ Bauer, William H.; James L. Ozment; John H. Willard (1990). Colorado Post Offices 1859-1989. Denver, Co.: The Colorado Railroad Museum. ISBN 0-918654-42-4. LCCN 90-034759. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Brandon, Colorado. Brandon @ GhostTowns.com Sand Creek Massacre National Historic Site Kiowa County website vteMunicipalities and communities of Kiowa County, Colorado, United StatesCounty seat: EadsTowns Eads Haswell Sheridan Lake Map of Colorado highlighting Kiowa CountyCDPs Brandon Towner Unincorporatedcommunities Arlington Chivington Colorado portal United States portal
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[{"reference":"\"State of Colorado Census Designated Places - BAS20 - Data as of January 1, 2020\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 22, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/tigerwebmain/Files/bvp20/tigerweb_bvp20_cdp_2020_co.html","url_text":"\"State of Colorado Census Designated Places - BAS20 - Data as of January 1, 2020\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"Eichler, Geo. R. (1977). Colorado Place Names. Boulder, Colo.: Johnson Publishing Company. LCCN 77-89726.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/77-89726","url_text":"77-89726"}]},{"reference":"\"KIOWA COUNTY: THE HIGH PLAINS OF SOUTHEAST COLORADO\". Archived from the original (MS Word) on October 23, 2006. Retrieved September 30, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061023130311/http://www.kcedf.org/Kiowa%2BCnty%2BFact%2BBook.doc","url_text":"\"KIOWA COUNTY: THE HIGH PLAINS OF SOUTHEAST COLORADO\""},{"url":"http://www.kcedf.org/Kiowa%20Cnty%20Fact%20Book.doc","url_text":"the original"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS_Word","url_text":"MS Word"}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Board on Geographic Names: Domestic Names\". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved December 22, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usgs.gov/core-science-systems/ngp/board-on-geographic-names/domestic-names","url_text":"\"U.S. Board on Geographic Names: Domestic Names\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"United States Census Bureau. \"Brandon CDP, Colorado\". Retrieved April 15, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/profile/Brandon_CDP,_Colorado?g=160XX00US0808290","url_text":"\"Brandon CDP, Colorado\""}]},{"reference":"\"Look Up a ZIP Code\". United States Postal Service. Retrieved December 22, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://tools.usps.com/go/ZipLookup","url_text":"\"Look Up a ZIP Code\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service","url_text":"United States Postal Service"}]},{"reference":"Bauer, William H.; James L. Ozment; John H. Willard (1990). Colorado Post Offices 1859-1989. Denver, Co.: The Colorado Railroad Museum. ISBN 0-918654-42-4. LCCN 90-034759.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Railroad_Museum","url_text":"Colorado Railroad Museum"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-918654-42-4","url_text":"0-918654-42-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/90-034759","url_text":"90-034759"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannon_Hill,_Queensland
Cannon Hill, Queensland
["1 Geography","2 History","3 Demographics","4 Heritage listings","5 Education","6 Facilities","7 Amenities","8 Transport","9 References","10 External links"]
Coordinates: 27°28′24″S 153°05′48″E / 27.4734°S 153.0968°E / -27.4734; 153.0968 (Cannon Hill (centre of suburb)) Map all coordinates using: OpenStreetMap Download coordinates as: KML GPX (all coordinates) GPX (primary coordinates) GPX (secondary coordinates) Suburb of Brisbane, Queensland, AustraliaCannon HillBrisbane, QueenslandCannon Hill railway stationCannon HillCoordinates27°28′24″S 153°05′48″E / 27.4734°S 153.0968°E / -27.4734; 153.0968 (Cannon Hill (centre of suburb))Population6,701 (2021 census) • Density1,763/km2 (4,570/sq mi)Established1867Postcode(s)4170 Area3.8 km2 (1.5 sq mi)Time zoneAEST (UTC+10:00)Location10.4 km (6 mi) E of Brisbane GPOLGA(s)City of Brisbane(Doboy Ward; Morningside Ward)State electorate(s)BulimbaFederal division(s)Griffith Suburbs around Cannon Hill: Morningside Murarrie Murarrie Morningside Cannon Hill Tingalpa Seven Hills Carina Carina Cannon Hill is a suburb in the City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. In the 2016 census, Cannon Hill had a population of 5,533 people. Geography The suburb is located 10.4 kilometres (6.5 mi) by road east of the Brisbane GPO. History Cannon Hill was originally inhabited by Aboriginal people but, after being accused of "intimidating" the settlers, they were "dispersed" by the Native Police and Brisbane Mounted Police in November 1861, around the time when British settlement began in the area. Some land was used by settlers for farming and grazing, but the area remained mostly bushland. The suburb is most likely named after Cannon Hill House, a residence formerly located on Wynnum Road. It was occupied by the Weedon family from its construction in 1867 until burning down in 1926. Thornhill Weedon named the house after two fallen trees which were said to have resembled a cannon. The Cleveland railway line was opened in 1889 going through Cannon Hill to Cleveland. At the same time blocks of land near the station were offered for sale. Cannon Hill State School opened on 16 August 1915. In February 1917, the Cannon Hill Progress Association proposed that a School of Arts be established in the district and a campaign of fund raising commenced. In June 1917 a land parcel of 32 perches (810 m2) was reserved for the School of Arts. In August 1922 it was announced that construction of the building was underway, although the stumps (the foundations of a Queenslander building) were not in place until February 1923. The building was to be 70 by 40 feet (21 by 12 m) and to be used as a dancing and concert hall, gymnasium and reading and recreation room purposes. Although intended to be two storeys, by June 1923 it was decided to just construct one storey initially to avoid going into debt. A stump-capping ceremony was held on 9 June 1923. The School of Arts was completed in 1923, consisting of a large hall and a library. On Sunday 14 June 1925, Archbishop James Duhig blessed and laid the foundation stone of the new Catholic presbytery. He also blessed and opened St Finbar's Convent to be occupied by the Sisters of Charity. He returned in August 1925 to officially open the presbytery. Cannon Hill Presbyterian Church opened in 1930 with the financial assistance of William Robert Black. It was a timber building designed by Brisbane architect George Trotter. The stump-capping ceremony was held on 22 March 1930 and the church was officially opened on 17 May 1930. The church property was sold in 2002 for $220,000 and has been converted into a private home. In 1931, Brisbane's sale yards for livestock were relocated from Newmarket to Cannon Hill adjacent to the abattoir. The sale yards at Cannon Hill were described as "a paradise as compared to the old yards at Newmarket" and "possibly the best in the Southern Hemisphere". Specifically the yards had been specially constructed to prevent the bruising of cattle and the meat could be produced more hygienically for both local consumption and export. Blessed Oliver Plunkett School opened in January 1947 with an initial enrolment of 90 students. It was operated by the Presentation Sisters, a Roman Catholic order of nuns. When Oliver Plunkett was canonised on 12 October 1975 by Pope Paul VI, the school was renamed Saint Oliver Plunkett School. In December 1986 the involvement of the Presentation Sisters in the school ceased and a lay principal was appointed. St Boniface's Anglican Church Room was opened circa 1952. It closed circa 1964. Cannon Hill Kmart Plaza opened in 1973. Kmart is still situated in the original building. The eastern wing housing Woolworths supermarket is a newer addition. The shopping mart behind the Cannon Hill Shopping Centre, including anchor tenants Aldi and Bunnings, was previously the site of a drive-in cinema. In 1994, a Cannon Hill paddock became one of the first places where Hendra virus was transmitted between bats and horses. The infected mare was taken to a training complex, starting an outbreak that eventually killed horse trainer Vic Rail. The paddock has since been turned into housing and parkland in Murarrie. Demographics In the 2016 census, Cannon Hill had a population of 5,533 people. The median age of the population was 34; 4 years younger than the Australian average. 68.8% of people were born in Australia. The next most common countries of birth were New Zealand 3.9% and England 3.3%. 78.9% of people spoke only English at home. Other languages spoken at home included Mandarin at 2.2%. The most common responses for religion were No Religion 32.6%, Catholic 27.2% and Anglican 11.6%. Heritage listings Cannon Hill has a number of heritage-listed sites, including: 66 Barrack Road: Cannon Hill railway station   29 Beauvardia Street: St Oliver Plunkett Catholic Church  4 Molloy Road: former Cannon Hill Presbyterian Church  58 Moncrief Road: Housing Commission Duplex   845–849 Wynnum Road: Cannon Hill State School  958 Wynnum Road: Cannon Hill School of Arts  Education Cannon Hill State School is a government primary (Prep–6) school for boys and girls at 845 Wynnum Road (27°28′05″S 153°05′02″E / 27.4681°S 153.0838°E / -27.4681; 153.0838 (Cannon Hill State School)). In 2017, the school had an enrolment of 264 students with 23 teachers (19 full-time equivalent) and 18 non-teaching staff (9 full-time equivalent). St Oliver Plunkett School is a Catholic primary (Prep–6) school for boys and girls at 17 Beauvardia Street (27°28′11″S 153°05′03″E / 27.4697°S 153.0843°E / -27.4697; 153.0843 (St Oliver Plunkett School)). In 2017, the school had an enrolment of 505 students with 34 teachers (31 full-time equivalent) and 20 non-teaching staff (12 full-time equivalent). Cannon Hill Anglican College is a private primary and secondary (Prep–12) school for boys and girls at the corner of Junction and Krupp Roads (27°27′37″S 153°05′02″E / 27.4603°S 153.0840°E / -27.4603; 153.0840 (Cannon Hill Anglican College)). In 2017, the school had an enrolment of 1,181 students with 99 teachers (90 full-time equivalent) and 57 non-teaching staff (43 full-time equivalent). There is no government secondary school in Cannon Hill. The nearest government secondary schools are Balmoral State High School in Balmoral to the north-west and Whites Hill State College in neighbouring Carina to the south. Facilities Cannon Hill Police Beat Shopfront is at Shop 15, Cannon Hill Kmart Plaza, 1909 Creek Road (27°28′15″S 153°05′53″E / 27.4709°S 153.0980°E / -27.4709; 153.0980 (Cannon Hill Police Beat Shopfront)). Cannon Hill Fire Station is at 24 Corporate Drive (27°28′03″S 153°05′26″E / 27.4674°S 153.0906°E / -27.4674; 153.0906 (Cannon Hill Fire Station)). Amenities Cannon Hill Kmart Plaza is a shopping centre on the south-east corner of Creek Road and Wynnum Road (27°28′19″S 153°05′51″E / 27.4719°S 153.0975°E / -27.4719; 153.0975 (Cannon Hill K-Mart Plaza shopping centre)). It is anchored by a Kmart and a Coles supermarket. Cannon Central Shopping Centre is at 1145 Wynnum Road (27°28′17″S 153°05′59″E / 27.4715°S 153.0998°E / -27.4715; 153.0998 (Cannon Central Shopping Centre)). It is anchored by a Woolworths supermarket. Urban Village Shopping Centre is at 965 Wynnum Road (27°28′08″S 153°05′24″E / 27.4689°S 153.0901°E / -27.4689; 153.0901 (Urban Village shopping centre)). Most of the shops in the centre are for casual dining. Cannon Hill School of Arts is at 958 Wynnum Road (27°28′05″S 153°05′23″E / 27.4681°S 153.0897°E / -27.4681; 153.0897 (Cannon Hill School of Arts)). It is managed by private trustees and provides a venue for community groups to meet. Transport Cannon Hill is well serviced by public transport and is located in zones 2 and 3 of the Translink integrated public transport system. Cannon Hill is also serviced by two major roads which allow for easy transportation around the city. Cannon Hill railway station provides access to regular Queensland Rail City network services to the Brisbane CBD and Cleveland. The Cannon Hill bus station is a major interchange for the area. Bus routes include to the Brisbane CBD, Chermside, DFO and Carindale. State Route 20 (Creek Road): Connects Cannon Hill to Mount Gravatt and MurarrieState Route 23 (Wynnum Road, Lytton Road, Shafston Road): Connects Cannon Hill to Kangaroo Point and Tingalpa References ^ a b c d Australian Bureau of Statistics (27 June 2017). "Cannon Hill (SSC)". 2016 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 20 October 2018. ^ "Find a postcode". Australia Post. Archived from the original on 24 August 2011. Retrieved 23 October 2013. ^ "Doboy Ward". Brisbane City Council. Archived from the original on 3 January 2014. Retrieved 4 January 2014. ^ "Morningside Ward". Brisbane City Council. Archived from the original on 4 January 2014. Retrieved 4 January 2014. ^ "Cannon Hill – suburb in City of Brisbane (entry 43252)". Queensland Place Names. Queensland Government. Retrieved 18 July 2021. ^ Google (25 September 2021). "Brisbane GPO to Cannon Hill" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved 25 September 2021. ^ a b c "Cannon Hill". RE/MAX. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 8 February 2014. ^ Williams, Brian. "Secrets of Brisbane's suburbs: C". News Ltd. Archived from the original on 22 December 2014. Retrieved 8 February 2014. ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics. "Cannon Hill". Archived from the original on 30 October 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2014. ^ "Cannon Hill". Queensland Places. Centre for the Government of Queensland, University of Queensland. Archived from the original on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 14 October 2010. ^ a b "Cannon Hill (entry 43252)". Queensland Place Names. Queensland Government. Retrieved 8 February 2014. ^ Garrad, Janette (26 February 2015). ""Cannon Hill" what's in a name". State Library Of Queensland. Retrieved 25 September 2023. ^ "HOUSE GUTTED". Brisbane Courier. 6 March 1926. Retrieved 25 September 2023. ^ a b Queensland Family History Society (2010), Queensland schools past and present (Version 1.01 ed.), Queensland Family History Society, ISBN 978-1-921171-26-0 ^ "METROPOLITAN DISTRICTS". The Brisbane Courier. No. 18, 428. Queensland, Australia. 7 February 1917. p. 9. Archived from the original on 21 May 2022. Retrieved 25 September 2021 – via National Library of Australia. ^ "Selectors and Reserves". Cairns Post. Vol. XXX, no. 2853. Queensland, Australia. 28 June 1917. p. 4. Archived from the original on 21 May 2022. Retrieved 25 September 2021 – via National Library of Australia. ^ "School of Arts for Cannon Hill". The Brisbane Courier. No. 20, 147. Queensland, Australia. 17 August 1922. p. 15. Archived from the original on 21 May 2022. Retrieved 25 September 2021 – via National Library of Australia. ^ "SCHOOL OF ARTS". Daily Mail. No. 6367. Queensland, Australia. 6 September 1922. p. 6. Archived from the original on 21 May 2022. Retrieved 25 September 2021 – via National Library of Australia. ^ "CANNON HILL". Daily Mail. No. 6540. Queensland, Australia. 27 February 1923. p. 3. Archived from the original on 21 May 2022. Retrieved 25 September 2021 – via National Library of Australia. ^ "NEW SCHOOL OF ARTS". The Telegraph. No. 15766. Queensland, Australia. 11 June 1923. p. 3 (SECOND EDITION). Archived from the original on 21 May 2022. Retrieved 25 September 2021 – via National Library of Australia. ^ "COMING EVENTS". The Telegraph. No. 15765. Queensland, Australia. 9 June 1923. p. 8. Archived from the original on 21 May 2022. Retrieved 25 September 2021 – via National Library of Australia. ^ a b "Cannon Hill School of Arts". Brisbane Heritage Register. Brisbane City Council. Retrieved 20 July 2020. ^ "Items of General Interest". Advocate. Vol. LVI, no. 3751. Victoria, Australia. 25 June 1925. p. 10. Archived from the original on 21 May 2022. Retrieved 25 September 2021 – via National Library of Australia. ^ "BRISBANE DAY by DAY". The Catholic Press. No. 1545. New South Wales, Australia. 20 August 1925. p. 28. Archived from the original on 21 May 2022. Retrieved 25 September 2021 – via National Library of Australia. ^ a b "Cannon Hill Presbyterian Church (former)". Brisbane Heritage Register. Brisbane City Council. Retrieved 20 July 2020. ^ "4 Molloy Road, Cannon Hill Qld 4170". Realestate.com.au. Archived from the original on 25 September 2021. Retrieved 15 September 2021. ^ "BEST IN THIS HEMISPHERE". Daily Standard. No. 5883. Queensland, Australia. 23 November 1931. p. 7. Archived from the original on 3 May 2022. Retrieved 4 August 2019 – via National Library of Australia. ^ "Our History". St Oliver Plunkett School. Archived from the original on 4 August 2019. Retrieved 4 August 2019. ^ Anglican Church of Southern Queensland. "Closed Churches". Archived from the original on 3 April 2019. Retrieved 3 July 2020. ^ a b "Cannon Hill Kmart Plaza". Cannon Hill Kmart Plaza. Archived from the original on 25 September 2021. Retrieved 25 September 2021. ^ Quammen, David (2012). Spillover: Animal Infections and the Next Human Pandemic. ^ "Cannon Hill Railway Station". Brisbane Heritage Register. Brisbane City Council. Retrieved 20 July 2020. ^ "St Oliver Plunkett Catholic Church". Brisbane Heritage Register. Brisbane City Council. Retrieved 20 July 2020. ^ "Housing Commission Duplex". Brisbane Heritage Register. Brisbane City Council. Retrieved 20 July 2020. ^ "Cannon Hill State School (entry 602854)". Queensland Heritage Register. Queensland Heritage Council. Retrieved 23 December 2017. ^ "Cannon Hill State School". Brisbane Heritage Register. Brisbane City Council. Retrieved 20 July 2020. ^ a b c "State and non-state school details". Queensland Government. 9 July 2018. Archived from the original on 21 November 2018. Retrieved 21 November 2018. ^ "Cannon Hill State School". Archived from the original on 19 March 2020. Retrieved 21 November 2018. ^ a b c "ACARA School Profile 2017". Archived from the original on 22 November 2018. Retrieved 22 November 2018. ^ "St Oliver Plunkett School". Archived from the original on 9 December 2011. Retrieved 21 November 2018. ^ "Cannon Hill Anglican College". Archived from the original on 26 January 2019. Retrieved 21 November 2018. ^ "Queensland Globe". State of Queensland. Retrieved 25 September 2021. ^ a b "Emergency services facilities - Queensland". Queensland Open Data. Queensland Government. 18 November 2020. Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2020. ^ "Cannon Hill Police Beat Shopfront". Queensland Police. Archived from the original on 9 April 2020. Retrieved 25 September 2021. ^ "Find Us". Queensland Fire and Emergency Service. Archived from the original on 25 May 2021. Retrieved 25 September 2021. ^ a b "Building areas - Queensland". Queensland Open Data. Queensland Government. 17 November 2020. Archived from the original on 23 October 2020. Retrieved 17 November 2020. ^ "Home". Cannon Central Shopping Centre. Archived from the original on 25 September 2021. Retrieved 25 September 2021. ^ Google (25 September 2021). "Urban Village" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved 25 September 2021. ^ "The Trustee for CANNON HILL SCHOOL OF ARTS INC". Dun & Bradstreet. Archived from the original on 27 June 2023. Retrieved 25 September 2021. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cannon Hill, Queensland. "Cannon Hill". BRISbites. Brisbane City Council. Archived from the original on 20 July 2008. Retrieved 30 October 2013. "Cannon Hill". Our Brisbane. Brisbane City Council. Archived from the original on 14 February 2008. Retrieved 30 October 2013. vteSuburbs of the City of Brisbane, QueenslandNorth of theBrisbane River Albion Alderley Anstead Ascot Ashgrove Aspley Auchenflower Bald Hills Banks Creek Banyo Bardon Bellbowrie Boondall Bowen Hills Bracken Ridge Bridgeman Downs Brighton Brisbane Airport Brisbane CBD Brookfield Carseldine Chapel Hill Chermside Chermside West Clayfield Deagon Eagle Farm Enoggera Enoggera Reservoir England Creek Everton Park Ferny Grove Fig Tree Pocket Fitzgibbon Fortitude Valley Gaythorne Geebung Gordon Park Grange Hamilton Hendra Herston Indooroopilly Kalinga Karana Downs Kedron Kelvin Grove Kenmore Kenmore Hills Keperra Kholo Lake Manchester Lutwyche McDowall Milton Mitchelton Moggill Mount Coot-tha Mount Crosby New Farm Newmarket Newstead Northgate Nudgee Nudgee Beach Nundah Paddington Petrie Terrace Pinjarra Hills Pinkenba Pullenvale Red Hill Sandgate Shorncliffe Spring Hill St Lucia Stafford Stafford Heights Taigum Taringa Teneriffe The Gap Toowong Upper Brookfield Upper Kedron Virginia Wavell Heights Wilston Windsor Wooloowin Zillmere South of theBrisbane River Acacia Ridge Algester Annerley Archerfield Balmoral Belmont Bulimba Burbank Calamvale Camp Hill Cannon Hill Capalaba West (defunct) Carina Carina Heights Carindale Chandler Chelmer Chuwar Coopers Plains Corinda Coorparoo Darra Doolandella Drewvale Durack Dutton Park East Brisbane Eight Mile Plains Ellen Grove Fairfield Forest Lake Graceville Greenslopes Gumdale Hawthorne Heathwood Hemmant Highgate Hill Holland Park Holland Park West Inala Jamboree Heights Jindalee Kangaroo Point Karawatha Kuraby Larapinta Lota Lytton MacGregor Mackenzie Manly Manly West Mansfield Middle Park Morningside Mount Ommaney Moorooka Mount Gravatt Mount Gravatt East Murarrie Nathan Norman Park Oxley Pallara Parkinson Port of Brisbane Ransome Richlands Riverhills Robertson Rochedale Rocklea Runcorn Salisbury Seven Hills Seventeen Mile Rocks Sherwood Sinnamon Park South Brisbane Stretton Stones Corner Sumner Sunnybank Sunnybank Hills Tarragindi Tennyson Tingalpa Upper Mount Gravatt Wacol Wakerley West End Westlake Willawong Wishart Woolloongabba Wynnum Wynnum West Yeerongpilly Yeronga Moreton Bay Bulwer Cowan Cowan Kooringal Moreton Bay Moreton Island
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"suburb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suburbs_and_localities_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"City of Brisbane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Brisbane"},{"link_name":"Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qpnl-5"},{"link_name":"2016 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Australian_census"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census2016-1"}],"text":"Suburb of Brisbane, Queensland, AustraliaCannon Hill is a suburb in the City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.[5] In the 2016 census, Cannon Hill had a population of 5,533 people.[1]","title":"Cannon Hill, Queensland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brisbane GPO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane_GPO"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The suburb is located 10.4 kilometres (6.5 mi) by road east of the Brisbane GPO.[6]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aboriginal people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_people"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-REMAX-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Courier-8"},{"link_name":"bushland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushland"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Community_Profile-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gazetteer-11"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-REMAX-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-REMAX-7"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gazetteer-11"},{"link_name":"Cleveland railway line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_railway_line"},{"link_name":"Cleveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qfhs-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Queenslander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queenslander_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"stump-capping ceremony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stump-capping_ceremony"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bhr2199-22"},{"link_name":"Archbishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archbishop_of_Brisbane"},{"link_name":"James Duhig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Duhig"},{"link_name":"Sisters of Charity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisters_of_Charity"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"William Robert Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Robert_Black"},{"link_name":"George Trotter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Trotter_(architect)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bhr2251-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Presentation Sisters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presentation_Sisters"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qfhs-14"},{"link_name":"Oliver Plunkett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Plunkett"},{"link_name":"canonised","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canonised"},{"link_name":"Pope Paul VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ClosedAnglicanChurches-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-30"},{"link_name":"Hendra virus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henipavirus"},{"link_name":"Murarrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murarrie,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"text":"Cannon Hill was originally inhabited by Aboriginal people but, after being accused of \"intimidating\" the settlers, they were \"dispersed\" by the Native Police and Brisbane Mounted Police in November 1861, around the time when British settlement began in the area.[7][8] Some land was used by settlers for farming and grazing, but the area remained mostly bushland.[9]The suburb is most likely named after Cannon Hill House, a residence formerly located on Wynnum Road.[10][11][7] It was occupied by the Weedon family from its construction in 1867 until burning down in 1926.[7][12][13] Thornhill Weedon named the house after two fallen trees which were said to have resembled a cannon.[11]The Cleveland railway line was opened in 1889 going through Cannon Hill to Cleveland. At the same time blocks of land near the station were offered for sale.Cannon Hill State School opened on 16 August 1915.[14]In February 1917, the Cannon Hill Progress Association proposed that a School of Arts be established in the district and a campaign of fund raising commenced.[15] In June 1917 a land parcel of 32 perches (810 m2) was reserved for the School of Arts.[16] In August 1922 it was announced that construction of the building was underway,[17][18] although the stumps (the foundations of a Queenslander building) were not in place until February 1923.[19] The building was to be 70 by 40 feet (21 by 12 m) and to be used as a dancing and concert hall, gymnasium and reading and recreation room purposes. Although intended to be two storeys, by June 1923 it was decided to just construct one storey initially to avoid going into debt.[20] A stump-capping ceremony was held on 9 June 1923.[21] The School of Arts was completed in 1923, consisting of a large hall and a library.[22]On Sunday 14 June 1925, Archbishop James Duhig blessed and laid the foundation stone of the new Catholic presbytery. He also blessed and opened St Finbar's Convent to be occupied by the Sisters of Charity.[23] He returned in August 1925 to officially open the presbytery.[24]Cannon Hill Presbyterian Church opened in 1930 with the financial assistance of William Robert Black. It was a timber building designed by Brisbane architect George Trotter. The stump-capping ceremony was held on 22 March 1930 and the church was officially opened on 17 May 1930. The church property was sold in 2002 for $220,000 and has been converted into a private home.[25][26]In 1931, Brisbane's sale yards for livestock were relocated from Newmarket to Cannon Hill adjacent to the abattoir. The sale yards at Cannon Hill were described as \"a paradise as compared to the old yards at Newmarket\" and \"possibly the best in the Southern Hemisphere\". Specifically the yards had been specially constructed to prevent the bruising of cattle and the meat could be produced more hygienically for both local consumption and export.[27]Blessed Oliver Plunkett School opened in January 1947 with an initial enrolment of 90 students. It was operated by the Presentation Sisters, a Roman Catholic order of nuns.[14] When Oliver Plunkett was canonised on 12 October 1975 by Pope Paul VI, the school was renamed Saint Oliver Plunkett School. In December 1986 the involvement of the Presentation Sisters in the school ceased and a lay principal was appointed.[28]St Boniface's Anglican Church Room was opened circa 1952. It closed circa 1964.[29]Cannon Hill Kmart Plaza opened in 1973.[30] Kmart is still situated in the original building. The eastern wing housing Woolworths supermarket is a newer addition. The shopping mart behind the Cannon Hill Shopping Centre, including anchor tenants Aldi and Bunnings, was previously the site of a drive-in cinema.In 1994, a Cannon Hill paddock became one of the first places where Hendra virus was transmitted between bats and horses. The infected mare was taken to a training complex, starting an outbreak that eventually killed horse trainer Vic Rail. The paddock has since been turned into housing and parkland in Murarrie.[31]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2016 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Australian_census"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census2016-1"},{"link_name":"median age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median_age"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census2016-1"}],"text":"In the 2016 census, Cannon Hill had a population of 5,533 people.[1] The median age of the population was 34; 4 years younger than the Australian average. 68.8% of people were born in Australia. The next most common countries of birth were New Zealand 3.9% and England 3.3%. 78.9% of people spoke only English at home. Other languages spoken at home included Mandarin at 2.2%. The most common responses for religion were No Religion 32.6%, Catholic 27.2% and Anglican 11.6%.[1]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cannon Hill railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannon_Hill_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bhr2150-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bhr2196-33"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bhr2251-25"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bhr2151-34"},{"link_name":"Cannon Hill State School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannon_Hill_State_School"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bhr2152-36"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bhr2199-22"}],"text":"Cannon Hill has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:66 Barrack Road: Cannon Hill railway station  [32]\n29 Beauvardia Street: St Oliver Plunkett Catholic Church [33]\n4 Molloy Road: former Cannon Hill Presbyterian Church [25]\n58 Moncrief Road: Housing Commission Duplex  [34]\n845–849 Wynnum Road: Cannon Hill State School [35][36]\n958 Wynnum Road: Cannon Hill School of Arts [22]","title":"Heritage listings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"27°28′05″S 153°05′02″E / 27.4681°S 153.0838°E / -27.4681; 153.0838 (Cannon Hill State School)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cannon_Hill,_Queensland&params=27.4681_S_153.0838_E_type:edu_region:AU-QLD&title=Cannon+Hill+State+School"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SchoolList2018-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ACARA2017-39"},{"link_name":"27°28′11″S 153°05′03″E / 27.4697°S 153.0843°E / -27.4697; 153.0843 (St Oliver Plunkett School)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cannon_Hill,_Queensland&params=27.4697_S_153.0843_E_type:edu_region:AU-QLD&title=St+Oliver+Plunkett+School"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SchoolList2018-37"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ACARA2017-39"},{"link_name":"Cannon Hill Anglican College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannon_Hill_Anglican_College"},{"link_name":"27°27′37″S 153°05′02″E / 27.4603°S 153.0840°E / -27.4603; 153.0840 (Cannon Hill Anglican College)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cannon_Hill,_Queensland&params=27.4603_S_153.084_E_type:edu_region:AU-QLD&title=Cannon+Hill+Anglican+College"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SchoolList2018-37"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ACARA2017-39"},{"link_name":"Balmoral State High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balmoral_State_High_School"},{"link_name":"Balmoral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balmoral,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Carina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carina,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-globe-42"}],"text":"Cannon Hill State School is a government primary (Prep–6) school for boys and girls at 845 Wynnum Road (27°28′05″S 153°05′02″E / 27.4681°S 153.0838°E / -27.4681; 153.0838 (Cannon Hill State School)).[37][38] In 2017, the school had an enrolment of 264 students with 23 teachers (19 full-time equivalent) and 18 non-teaching staff (9 full-time equivalent).[39]St Oliver Plunkett School is a Catholic primary (Prep–6) school for boys and girls at 17 Beauvardia Street (27°28′11″S 153°05′03″E / 27.4697°S 153.0843°E / -27.4697; 153.0843 (St Oliver Plunkett School)).[37][40] In 2017, the school had an enrolment of 505 students with 34 teachers (31 full-time equivalent) and 20 non-teaching staff (12 full-time equivalent).[39]Cannon Hill Anglican College is a private primary and secondary (Prep–12) school for boys and girls at the corner of Junction and Krupp Roads (27°27′37″S 153°05′02″E / 27.4603°S 153.0840°E / -27.4603; 153.0840 (Cannon Hill Anglican College)).[37][41] In 2017, the school had an enrolment of 1,181 students with 99 teachers (90 full-time equivalent) and 57 non-teaching staff (43 full-time equivalent).[39]There is no government secondary school in Cannon Hill. The nearest government secondary schools are Balmoral State High School in Balmoral to the north-west and Whites Hill State College in neighbouring Carina to the south.[42]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"27°28′15″S 153°05′53″E / 27.4709°S 153.0980°E / -27.4709; 153.0980 (Cannon Hill Police Beat Shopfront)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cannon_Hill,_Queensland&params=27.4709_S_153.098_E_type:landmark_region:AU-QLD&title=Cannon+Hill+Police+Beat+Shopfront"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-emergencyservices-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"27°28′03″S 153°05′26″E / 27.4674°S 153.0906°E / -27.4674; 153.0906 (Cannon Hill Fire Station)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cannon_Hill,_Queensland&params=27.4674_S_153.0906_E_type:landmark_region:AU-QLD&title=Cannon+Hill+Fire+Station"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-emergencyservices-43"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"text":"Cannon Hill Police Beat Shopfront is at Shop 15, Cannon Hill Kmart Plaza, 1909 Creek Road (27°28′15″S 153°05′53″E / 27.4709°S 153.0980°E / -27.4709; 153.0980 (Cannon Hill Police Beat Shopfront)).[43][44]Cannon Hill Fire Station is at 24 Corporate Drive (27°28′03″S 153°05′26″E / 27.4674°S 153.0906°E / -27.4674; 153.0906 (Cannon Hill Fire Station)).[43][45]","title":"Facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"27°28′19″S 153°05′51″E / 27.4719°S 153.0975°E / -27.4719; 153.0975 (Cannon Hill K-Mart Plaza shopping centre)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cannon_Hill,_Queensland&params=27.4719_S_153.0975_E_type:landmark_region:AU-QLD&title=Cannon+Hill+K-Mart+Plaza+shopping+centre"},{"link_name":"Kmart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kmart_Australia"},{"link_name":"Coles supermarket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coles_Supermarkets"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BuildingAreas-46"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-30"},{"link_name":"27°28′17″S 153°05′59″E / 27.4715°S 153.0998°E / -27.4715; 153.0998 (Cannon Central Shopping Centre)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cannon_Hill,_Queensland&params=27.4715_S_153.0998_E_type:landmark_region:AU-QLD&title=Cannon+Central+Shopping+Centre"},{"link_name":"Woolworths supermarket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woolworths_Supermarkets"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BuildingAreas-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"27°28′08″S 153°05′24″E / 27.4689°S 153.0901°E / -27.4689; 153.0901 (Urban Village shopping centre)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cannon_Hill,_Queensland&params=27.4689_S_153.0901_E_type:landmark_region:AU-QLD&title=Urban+Village+shopping+centre"},{"link_name":"casual dining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casual_dining"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"27°28′05″S 153°05′23″E / 27.4681°S 153.0897°E / -27.4681; 153.0897 (Cannon Hill School of Arts)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cannon_Hill,_Queensland&params=27.4681_S_153.0897_E_type:landmark_region:AU-QLD&title=Cannon+Hill+School+of+Arts"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"}],"text":"Cannon Hill Kmart Plaza is a shopping centre on the south-east corner of Creek Road and Wynnum Road (27°28′19″S 153°05′51″E / 27.4719°S 153.0975°E / -27.4719; 153.0975 (Cannon Hill K-Mart Plaza shopping centre)). It is anchored by a Kmart and a Coles supermarket.[46][30]Cannon Central Shopping Centre is at 1145 Wynnum Road (27°28′17″S 153°05′59″E / 27.4715°S 153.0998°E / -27.4715; 153.0998 (Cannon Central Shopping Centre)). It is anchored by a Woolworths supermarket.[46][47]Urban Village Shopping Centre is at 965 Wynnum Road (27°28′08″S 153°05′24″E / 27.4689°S 153.0901°E / -27.4689; 153.0901 (Urban Village shopping centre)). Most of the shops in the centre are for casual dining.[48]Cannon Hill School of Arts is at 958 Wynnum Road (27°28′05″S 153°05′23″E / 27.4681°S 153.0897°E / -27.4681; 153.0897 (Cannon Hill School of Arts)). It is managed by private trustees and provides a venue for community groups to meet.[49]","title":"Amenities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"public transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_transport"},{"link_name":"Translink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translink_(Queensland)"},{"link_name":"Cannon Hill railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannon_Hill_railway_station,_Brisbane"},{"link_name":"Queensland Rail City network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Rail_City_network"},{"link_name":"Brisbane CBD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane_CBD"},{"link_name":"Cleveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Cannon Hill bus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannon_Hill_bus_station"},{"link_name":"Brisbane CBD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane_CBD"},{"link_name":"Chermside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chermside,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Carindale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carindale,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Mount Gravatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Gravatt,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Murarrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murarrie,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Kangaroo Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangaroo_Point,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Tingalpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tingalpa,_Queensland"}],"text":"Cannon Hill is well serviced by public transport and is located in zones 2 and 3 of the Translink integrated public transport system. Cannon Hill is also serviced by two major roads which allow for easy transportation around the city.Cannon Hill railway station provides access to regular Queensland Rail City network services to the Brisbane CBD and Cleveland.The Cannon Hill bus station is a major interchange for the area. Bus routes include to the Brisbane CBD, Chermside, DFO and Carindale.State Route 20 (Creek Road): Connects Cannon Hill to Mount Gravatt and MurarrieState Route 23 (Wynnum Road, Lytton Road, Shafston Road): Connects Cannon Hill to Kangaroo Point and Tingalpa","title":"Transport"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Australian Bureau of Statistics (27 June 2017). \"Cannon Hill (SSC)\". 2016 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 20 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics","url_text":"Australian Bureau of Statistics"},{"url":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2016/SSC30523","url_text":"\"Cannon Hill (SSC)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Find a postcode\". Australia Post. Archived from the original on 24 August 2011. Retrieved 23 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://auspost.com.au/apps/postcode.html","url_text":"\"Find a postcode\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_Post","url_text":"Australia Post"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110824032407/http://auspost.com.au/apps/postcode.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doboy Ward\". Brisbane City Council. Archived from the original on 3 January 2014. Retrieved 4 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/about-council/governance-strategy/councillors-wards/doboy-ward/index.htm","url_text":"\"Doboy Ward\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140103213310/http://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/about-council/governance-strategy/councillors-wards/doboy-ward/index.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Morningside Ward\". Brisbane City Council. Archived from the original on 4 January 2014. Retrieved 4 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/about-council/governance-strategy/councillors-wards/morningside-ward/index.htm","url_text":"\"Morningside Ward\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140104204220/http://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/about-council/governance-strategy/councillors-wards/morningside-ward/index.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Cannon Hill – suburb in City of Brisbane (entry 43252)\". Queensland Place Names. Queensland Government. Retrieved 18 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dnrm.qld.gov.au/qld/environment/land/place-names/search#/search=Cannon_Hill&types=0&place=Cannon_Hill43252","url_text":"\"Cannon Hill – suburb in City of Brisbane (entry 43252)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Government","url_text":"Queensland Government"}]},{"reference":"Google (25 September 2021). \"Brisbane GPO to Cannon Hill\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved 25 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://goo.gl/maps/HLiNKWZsoJWbQWea7","url_text":"\"Brisbane GPO to Cannon Hill\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"\"Cannon Hill\". RE/MAX. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 8 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140222152658/http://www.remaxexecutivesqld.com/cannon_hill.htm","url_text":"\"Cannon Hill\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RE/MAX","url_text":"RE/MAX"},{"url":"http://www.remaxexecutivesqld.com/cannon_hill.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Williams, Brian. \"Secrets of Brisbane's suburbs: C\". News Ltd. Archived from the original on 22 December 2014. Retrieved 8 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/queensland/brisbane-surburbs-c/story-fnkbjxqk-1226740167175","url_text":"\"Secrets of Brisbane's suburbs: C\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141222162313/http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/queensland/brisbane-surburbs-c/story-fnkbjxqk-1226740167175","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Australian Bureau of Statistics. \"Cannon Hill\". Archived from the original on 30 October 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://profile.id.com.au/brisbane/about?WebID=350&DataType=en","url_text":"\"Cannon Hill\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131030170734/http://profile.id.com.au/brisbane/about?WebID=350&DataType=en","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Cannon Hill\". Queensland Places. Centre for the Government of Queensland, University of Queensland. Archived from the original on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 14 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://queenslandplaces.com.au/cannon-hill","url_text":"\"Cannon Hill\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140202165549/http://www.queenslandplaces.com.au/cannon-hill","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Cannon Hill (entry 43252)\". Queensland Place Names. Queensland Government. 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No. 20, 147. Queensland, Australia. 17 August 1922. p. 15. Archived from the original on 21 May 2022. Retrieved 25 September 2021 – via National Library of Australia.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article20565736","url_text":"\"School of Arts for Cannon Hill\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Brisbane_Courier","url_text":"The Brisbane Courier"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220521043923/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/20565736","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"SCHOOL OF ARTS\". Daily Mail. No. 6367. Queensland, Australia. 6 September 1922. p. 6. Archived from the original on 21 May 2022. 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Queensland, Australia. 11 June 1923. p. 3 (SECOND EDITION). Archived from the original on 21 May 2022. Retrieved 25 September 2021 – via National Library of Australia.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article177042936","url_text":"\"NEW SCHOOL OF ARTS\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Telegraph_(Brisbane)","url_text":"The Telegraph"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220521043929/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/177042936","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"COMING EVENTS\". The Telegraph. No. 15765. Queensland, Australia. 9 June 1923. p. 8. Archived from the original on 21 May 2022. 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Brisbane Heritage Register. Brisbane City Council. Retrieved 20 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://heritage.brisbane.qld.gov.au/heritage-places/2251","url_text":"\"Cannon Hill Presbyterian Church (former)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane_City_Council","url_text":"Brisbane City Council"}]},{"reference":"\"4 Molloy Road, Cannon Hill Qld 4170\". Realestate.com.au. Archived from the original on 25 September 2021. Retrieved 15 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.realestate.com.au/property/4-molloy-rd-cannon-hill-qld-4170","url_text":"\"4 Molloy Road, Cannon Hill Qld 4170\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realestate.com.au","url_text":"Realestate.com.au"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210925071949/https://www.realestate.com.au/property/4-molloy-rd-cannon-hill-qld-4170","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"BEST IN THIS HEMISPHERE\". Daily Standard. No. 5883. Queensland, Australia. 23 November 1931. p. 7. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalia,_North_West
Amalia, South Africa
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 27°14′53″S 25°2′45″E / 27.24806°S 25.04583°E / -27.24806; 25.04583 Place in North West, South AfricaAmaliaAmaliaShow map of North West (South African province)AmaliaShow map of South AfricaCoordinates: 27°14′53″S 25°2′45″E / 27.24806°S 25.04583°E / -27.24806; 25.04583CountrySouth AfricaProvinceNorth WestDistrictDr Ruth Segomotsi MompatiMunicipalityMamusaArea • Total2.35 km2 (0.91 sq mi)Population (2011) • Total226 • Density96/km2 (250/sq mi)Racial makeup (2011) • Black African24.0% • Coloured5.8% • Indian/Asian2.2% • White67.6% • Other0.4%First languages (2011) • Afrikaans74.3% • Tswana22.1% • English2.2% • Other1.3%Time zoneUTC+2 (SAST)Postal code (street)2786PO box2786Area code053 Amalia is a town in Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati District Municipality in the North West province of South Africa. The town was founded in 1927 and named for Amalia Faustmann, a well-known local church figure. References ^ a b c d "Main Place Amalia". Census 2011. ^ Adrian Room (2008). African placenames: origins and meanings of the names…. McFarland & Co. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-7864-3546-3. vteMunicipalities and communities of Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati District Municipality, North WestDistrict seat: VryburgNaledi Stella Vryburg Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati District within South AfricaMamusa Amalia Glaudina Schweizer-Reneke Greater Taung Kameelputs Magogong Majeakgoro Manthe Pudimoe Reivilo Taung Lekwa-Teemane Bloemhof Boitumelong Christiana Coverndale Geluksoord Utlwanang Kagisano–Molopo Austrey Bray Ganyesa Goodwood Louwna Morokweng Piet Plessis Pomfret Tosca This North West Province location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/149-151_George_Street,_The_Rocks
149-151 George Street, The Rocks
["1 History","2 Description","2.1 Condition","2.2 Modifications and dates","3 Heritage listing","4 See also","5 References","5.1 Bibliography","5.2 Attribution","6 External links"]
Coordinates: 33°51′39″S 151°12′30″E / 33.8608°S 151.2082°E / -33.8608; 151.2082Heritage-listed building in Sydney, Australia 149–151 George Street, The Rocks149-151 George Street is located on the left, pictured in 2019.Location149–151 George Street, The Rocks, City of Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaCoordinates33°51′39″S 151°12′30″E / 33.8608°S 151.2082°E / -33.8608; 151.2082Built1913OwnerProperty NSW New South Wales Heritage RegisterOfficial nameShops and Residences; Currently part of Duty Free Store complexTypeState heritage (built)Designated10 May 2002Reference no.1594Typehistoric site Location of 149–151 George Street, The Rocks in Sydney 149–151 George Street, The Rocks is a heritage-listed duty-free store complex and former retail building and residence located at 149–151 George Street, in the inner city Sydney suburb of The Rocks in the City of Sydney local government area of New South Wales, Australia. It was built from 1913 to 1913. It is also known as part of the Duty Free Store complex. The property is owned by Property NSW, an agency of the Government of New South Wales. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 10 May 2002. History 149–151 George Street, The Rocks, pictured at left, with awning W. A. Grubb, undated. James Meehan's Survey of 1807 indicates that the subject site was first occupied by Surgeon General John White at Lot No. 4 and Captain William Raven at Lot No. 5. In c. 1835 Mrs Underwood was the owner and perhaps builder of three storey stone shops and houses each with seven rooms. By 1845 a two-storey brick house and shop with a shingle roof and five rooms was built. Also on this same allotment at the corner of George and Globe Streets a two-storey stone and brick house and store was erected. The five roomed house had "every convenience". In 1861 this building was used as a "Bowling Alley" managed by William Ogilvie. In 1871 in the tenements erected by Mrs Underwood, a public house was opened in today's No. 155 George Street, named the "Nil Desperandum Hotel". By 1882 three two storey tenements were erected on the north side of the Hotel, which was at this time known as the New York Hotel. These shops and dwelling were constructed of brick and they were roofed in iron. In 1891 the building to the south corner of Globe and George Street (now 145 George Street) was demolished. In 1892 a three-storey brick and slate roofed shop and dwelling was erected for the Trustees of the Church of England at 145 George Street. In 1900 the entire Rocks area was resumed under the Observatory Hill Resumption Act after the outbreak of the bubonic plague. The New York Hotel was demolished in 1907 and by 1908 Tooth & Co. Ltd. Built the last New York Hotel, a brick and iron roofed building at 153/155 George Street. In 1911 the tenements to 149 and 151 George Street were replaced by the current building which became known as the Quay Chambers. W. A. Grubb is the longest tenant on the site, a butchering company with stores throughout Sydney. They operated at 147 George Street from 1905 until 1910 and when 149–151 George Street was built, they moved into those premises in 1912, remaining there until the 1980s when the site was redeveloped. The buildings just south of the subject site were demolished in 1937 and the site acquired by the Public Transport Commission in 1946 for the City Rail Link to Circular Quay, the line became operational in 1956. In 1986 plans for the development of the site, comprising 145–155 George Street and 60 Harrington Street were developed. The proposal was for the development of the Harrington Street portion of the site. The development included the construction of a ten-storey office block with retail on the ground floor and an underground carpark. The development included changes to the commercial buildings facing George Street with new shopfronts and the reconfiguring of 147 George Street as an arcade entrance for the Duty Free Store (DFS). In 1998 further development work was undertaken on the Duty Free Store including retail fit outs the removal of a barrel-vaulted awing and the reinstatement of the current flat awning. Description It was erected in 1913 as "Quay Chambers" and is also a face brick three storey building with typical Federation period characteristics; face brick, sandstone banded dressings and keystone and gabled parapet. Other features include a stone bracketed cornice and use of decorative metal work in the rainwater goods and awning support brackets. There are strong similarities in the way that the double level balcony opening is designed to that in the adjacent 147 George Street. In both cases the floor slab between levels is designed to emphasise the double height opening. W. A. Grubb & Co. butchers were the first tenants of the building, occupying the shopfront for many decades. The appearance of the shopfront was later modified by the conversion of a central door bay into a window and the application of tiles up to the window sill line, prior to complete removal and reconstruction as part of the mid-1980s redevelopment. Also removed at this time was the awning which had a soffit lining of Wunderlich pressed metal which also appears to have continued onto the adjoining awning at 147 George Street. Style: Edwardian; Storeys: three. Condition Archaeology Assessment Condition: Destroyed? Assessment Basis: Modern development. Basement car parks. No archaeological work appears to have been undertaken for this site although the 1986 Assessment indicated a potential, and important, resource. The subsequent building operations appear to have obliterated much of this resource. Possible deposits survive beneath shops on George Street frontage. Investigation: Historical research and assessment of archaeology: destroyed. Modifications and dates DFS complex: 1988 (the redevelopment involved the demolition of the rear of the George Street buildings, the removal of interior and the creation of new shopfront). In 1914 to 157–159 George Street Nathan Jacobs erected the New York Theatre. The New York Theatre was demolished in 1937. This site was acquired by the Public Transport Commission in 1946 and the City Circle Railway was opened in 1956. In the late 1980s the site was developed with a large commercial historic building erected behind 145–155 George Street whilst the façades of the buildings were adapted. Heritage listing As at 31 March 2011, 149–151 George Street was constructed in 1911–12, a part of a group of four buildings and are of State heritage significance for their historical and scientific cultural values. The site and building are also of State heritage significance for their contribution to The Rocks area which is of State Heritage significance in its own right. 149–151 George Street has historic significance at State level for having been the site of early European settlement, continuously occupied by Europeans since 1788. The site has historic significance for its associations with several phases of 20th century urban renewal. Firstly the demolition and rebuilding of much of The Rocks under the Observatory Hill Resumption Act following the 1900 plague outbreak; secondly, an association with infrastructure works including the construction of the Cahill Expressway and the City Railway link, which dramatically changed the visual curtilage of the group; and lastly, the 1980s creation of The Rocks as a tourist destination, when the interior and rear of the building was altered to accommodate a Duty Free Store Complex. 149–151 George Street, forms part of a group of four commercial buildings (Nos. 147, 149–151 and 153–155 George Street) which front George Street and form the eastern portion of the DFS Complex. This group of buildings bounded by Globe Street and the Cahill Expressway, mark George St's southern entry to The Rocks precinct. The façades of the four late 19th century and early 20th century buildings, have streetscape qualities and character that contribute to the overall richness of a coherent and harmonious brick and stucco group of buildings located within The Rocks. The subject building also has local significance in its use of the arch as a dominant feature of the east elevation, as well as the clear division of the façade into thirds. The four brick buildings (Nos. 145; 147, 149–151 & 153–155 George Street) of heritage significance, which as a group, provide evidence of two phases of commercial activity in The Rocks just before and just after the plague outbreak and subsequent resumption of land at the beginning of the 20th century. Although compromised by the loss of rear sections, ground floor interiors and street awnings in the 1980s, it remains a coherent and harmonious brick and stucco group. The buildings are representative of the commercial architecture of the Federation period and the transitional phase prior to the turn of the century. They are tangible evidence of the redevelopment of The Rocks in the early 20th century and also the more recent redevelopment period associated with the SCA. These buildings also provide evidence of historical association with prominent local business such as WA Grubb butchers. The Central Sydney Heritage Inventory contains separate listings for the building façades of 145–151 George Street and the former New York Hotel at 153–155 George Street: "Of environmental significance for its contribution to an architecturally diverse and historically important commercial streetscape of heritage significance as physical evidence of the growth and consolidation associated with the maritime activities at Circular Quay". The group of four buildings was classified as part of the George Street Business Precinct by the National Trust of Australia in the mid 1970s: "A group of four compatible Edwardian buildings containing interesting and lively fenestration which combine to present a picturesque street elevation. The group acts as a sympathetic extension to the remaining earlier buildings of George Street in scale and character to present a unified streetscape". The above listings indicate that the primary significance of the group is their contribution to the historic streetscape as well as their aesthetic value as a group of Federation period commercial buildings. The significance of the subject site and the group is associated with its location in The Rocks, a precinct unique to NSW and its historic associations and streetscape character and qualities that contribute to The Rocks area. The group is an important part of The Rocks Heritage Conservation Area being sympathetic in scale and character and an extension of the remaining earlier buildings of George Street, presenting a unified streetscape. The buildings are tangible evidence of the redevelopment of The Rocks in the last decade of the 19th century and the first decade of the 20th, the period before and after the plague outbreak. 149–151 George Street was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 10 May 2002 having satisfied the following criteria. The place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales. 149–151 George Street has associations as a built element within George Street, the Rocks, the oldest commercial centre in Australia. The building has moderate significance at local level associated with a butchery continuously operating on the site from the time the building was completed until its major renovation seventy years later. It also has significance for having purpose-built offices on the first and second floors. 149–151 George Street has moderate significance at local level for its associations with the phase of redevelopment of The Rocks in the 1980s when the precinct was transformed into a major tourist attraction. The building at 149–151 George Street is a three-storey face brick building erected in c. 1912 as a shop and offices. Stylistically, the building is an example of the transition between late Victorian and the Federation periods. The upper parapet, sandstone quoins and keystones are typical of Victorian period detailing, while the use of face brick is more typically a Federation detail. The item meets this criterion at State level. The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales. The East elevation of 149–151 George Street has high significance at local level as a representative example of a commercial building in The Rocks designed in the Late Victorian and early Federation style. The building at 149–151 George Street has high significance at local level associated with the intactness of external elements and the retention of late 19th century and early 20th century streetscape elements conserved within the building group between Globe Street and the Cahill Expressway. 149–151 George Street has high significance at local level associated with buildings with landmark qualities, located between the Cahill Expressway and Globe Street, comprising 145, 146, 149–151 and 153–155 George Street. On entering the precinct from George Street this group of buildings contrast with the modernist brutalism of the Cahill Expressway and the 20th century modernist buildings located around Circular Quay and the central business district. The backdrop of the DFS buildings does not diminish the picturesque quality of the group. The West Elevation of 149–151 George Street is a façade designed as part of the 1980s DFS development and as such contributes to the loss of design integrity. The interior of the building was removed in the 1980s development and little evidence of the architectural planning or fabric is retained internally. The item meets this criterion at local level The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons. The Rocks in general has considerable significance to the general community of Sydney and to the people of NSW as a heritage precinct. The fight to save The Rocks was a significant battle for local residents and the community. The Rocks is a highly visited tourist area, both by local and international tourists, for its historic character and associations as a remnant of the area first settled in Sydney. The Rocks, of which the subject site forms a part, is important to the community's sense of place that is integral to The Rocks as a whole and is subsequently held in esteem by the community. Shopping is a major activity within The Rocks area, and as the first commercial district of Sydney relating directly to the port and shipping, the area has developed a strong commercial focus, which is currently maintained by tourism. The subject site has maintained its historic association with shopping and retail. The item meets this criterion at State level. The place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales. 149–151 George Street is relatively unusual at a local level, for the use of a prominent central arch, emphasised by the appearance of the double height balcony spaces. The detailing of the face brickwork in combination with sandstone quoins, as well as the string course and gable, divides the façade into three vertical elements, which gives the building a very distinct configuration. The item meets this criterion at a local level The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of cultural or natural places/environments in New South Wales. The shops and shopping district of The Rocks are representative of the continued commercial use of the area, and the change in commercial demand from ports and shipping to that of tourism. 149–151 George Street is one of a group of shop buildings that operated in The Rocks from the end of the 19th century until the late 20th century. The item is a representative of this group. The item meets this criterion at local level. See also Architecture portal 147 George Street, The Rocks New York Hotel, also known as 153–155 George Street, The Rocks Australian non-residential architectural styles References ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w "Shops and Residences". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Department of Planning & Environment. H01594. Retrieved 14 October 2018. Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) under CC-BY 4.0 licence. ^ National Trust of Australia: "Neo Georgian". Bibliography Conybeare Morrison International (2007). 149–151 George St, Conservation Management Plan. Godden Mackay; APT Peddle Thorp (1996). 'Heritage Impact Statement' as part of a 'Statement of Environmental Effects for Proposed Alterations, DFS (Australia), 155 George Street, The Rocks. Sydney Cove Authority (SCA) (1980). Building Data Sheet , Globe Street Precinct. Sydney Cove Authority (SCA) (1998). SCA Register 1979-1998. Attribution This Wikipedia article was originally based on Shops and Residences, entry number 1594 in the New South Wales State Heritage Register published by the State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) 2018 under CC-BY 4.0 licence, accessed on 14 October 2018. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to 149-151 George Street, The Rocks. "Edwardian Commercial Group, 145-155 George St, The Rocks, NSW, Australia (Place ID 14265)". Australian Heritage Database. Australian Government. 21 October 1980. vteThe Rocks historical attractionsResidential buildings Argyle Terrace Avery Terrace Baker's Terrace Cadmans Cottage Cumberland Street Nos. 106-128 Nos. 130, 132-134, 136-138, and 140-142 No. 182 Nos. 182.5-188 Gannon House George Street Nos. 29-31 No. 93 Nos. 95-99 No. 101 No. 103 No. 105 Nos. 107-109 No. 121 Nos. 123-125 Nos. 139-141 No. 145 No. 147 Nos. 149-151 Gloucester Street Nos. 32-36 and 38-40 Nos. 46-56 103-111 Nos. 113-115 Nos. 117-117a Harrington Street No. 32 Nos. 42-52 Nos. 55-59 Nos. 61-65 No. 67 No. 71 Jobbins Terrace Lilyvale Long's Lane Precinct Merchant's House Penrhyn House Playfair Street Terraces Playfair's Terrace Reynolds' Cottages Samson's Cottage Samson's Cottage wall remains Sergeant Major's Row Susannah Place (museum) View Terrace facades Commercial buildings Accountants House Ambulance Station (former) ASN Co building Argyle Stores ASN Hotel Building Bushells Building Butchery Building Campbell's Stores Cleland Bond Store Coroner's Court (former) English, Scottish and Australian Bank Federation Hall George Street No. 231 Harrington's Buildings Harts Buildings Joe Bananas shop Johnson's building Julian Ashton Art School Lawson House Metcalfe Bond Stores Museum of Contemporary Art Australia (former MSB building) Mining Museum (former) New York Hotel (former) Model factory building, Gloucester Street NSW Housing Board Building, Grosvenor Street Old Bushells Factory Phillip's Foote Restaurant Police Station (former) Raphael Mackeller Stores Royal Naval House Science House Sydney Sailors' Home Union Bond Store (former) Unwin's Stores Churches Mariners' Church St Patrick's Church, Church Hill Pubs and hotels Australian British Seamen's Brooklyn Fortune of War Glenmore Harbour Rocks Mercantile Observer Orient Russell Transport infrastructure Argyle Bridge Argyle Cut Captain Tench Arcade Cumberland Place and Steps Sydney Cove railings Other significant historical features Cumberland Street Archaeological Site Dawes Point Battery Rocks Push Sydney Cove West Archaeological Precinct
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"duty-free store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duty-free_store"},{"link_name":"George Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Street,_Sydney"},{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney"},{"link_name":"The Rocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rocks,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"City of Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Sydney"},{"link_name":"New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Property NSW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_NSW"},{"link_name":"agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_agency"},{"link_name":"Government of New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"New South Wales State Heritage Register","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_State_Heritage_Register"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1594-1"}],"text":"Heritage-listed building in Sydney, Australia149–151 George Street, The Rocks is a heritage-listed duty-free store complex and former retail building and residence located at 149–151 George Street, in the inner city Sydney suburb of The Rocks in the City of Sydney local government area of New South Wales, Australia. It was built from 1913 to 1913. It is also known as part of the Duty Free Store complex. The property is owned by Property NSW, an agency of the Government of New South Wales. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 10 May 2002.[1]","title":"149-151 George Street, The Rocks"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:145-151_George_Street.jpg"},{"link_name":"public house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pub"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1594-1"},{"link_name":"New York Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Hotel"},{"link_name":"Tooth & Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tooth_%26_Co."},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1594-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1594-1"},{"link_name":"Public Transport Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Transport_Commission"},{"link_name":"Circular Quay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_Quay"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1594-1"},{"link_name":"Duty Free Store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DFS_Group"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1594-1"}],"text":"149–151 George Street, The Rocks, pictured at left, with awning W. A. Grubb, undated.James Meehan's Survey of 1807 indicates that the subject site was first occupied by Surgeon General John White at Lot No. 4 and Captain William Raven at Lot No. 5. In c. 1835 Mrs Underwood was the owner and perhaps builder of three storey stone shops and houses each with seven rooms. By 1845 a two-storey brick house and shop with a shingle roof and five rooms was built. Also on this same allotment at the corner of George and Globe Streets a two-storey stone and brick house and store was erected. The five roomed house had \"every convenience\". In 1861 this building was used as a \"Bowling Alley\" managed by William Ogilvie. In 1871 in the tenements erected by Mrs Underwood, a public house was opened in today's No. 155 George Street, named the \"Nil Desperandum Hotel\".[1]By 1882 three two storey tenements were erected on the north side of the Hotel, which was at this time known as the New York Hotel. These shops and dwelling were constructed of brick and they were roofed in iron. In 1891 the building to the south corner of Globe and George Street (now 145 George Street) was demolished. In 1892 a three-storey brick and slate roofed shop and dwelling was erected for the Trustees of the Church of England at 145 George Street. In 1900 the entire Rocks area was resumed under the Observatory Hill Resumption Act after the outbreak of the bubonic plague. The New York Hotel was demolished in 1907 and by 1908 Tooth & Co. Ltd. Built the last New York Hotel, a brick and iron roofed building at 153/155 George Street.[1]In 1911 the tenements to 149 and 151 George Street were replaced by the current building which became known as the Quay Chambers.[1]W. A. Grubb is the longest tenant on the site, a butchering company with stores throughout Sydney. They operated at 147 George Street from 1905 until 1910 and when 149–151 George Street was built, they moved into those premises in 1912, remaining there until the 1980s when the site was redeveloped. The buildings just south of the subject site were demolished in 1937 and the site acquired by the Public Transport Commission in 1946 for the City Rail Link to Circular Quay, the line became operational in 1956.[1]In 1986 plans for the development of the site, comprising 145–155 George Street and 60 Harrington Street were developed. The proposal was for the development of the Harrington Street portion of the site. The development included the construction of a ten-storey office block with retail on the ground floor and an underground carpark. The development included changes to the commercial buildings facing George Street with new shopfronts and the reconfiguring of 147 George Street as an arcade entrance for the Duty Free Store (DFS). In 1998 further development work was undertaken on the Duty Free Store including retail fit outs the removal of a barrel-vaulted awing and the reinstatement of the current flat awning.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sandstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandstone"},{"link_name":"keystone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keystone_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"parapet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parapet"},{"link_name":"cornice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornice"},{"link_name":"awning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awning"},{"link_name":"brackets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bracket_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"balcony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balcony"},{"link_name":"bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"soffit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soffit"},{"link_name":"pressed metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressed_metal_ceiling"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1594-1"}],"text":"It was erected in 1913 as \"Quay Chambers\" and is also a face brick three storey building with typical Federation period characteristics; face brick, sandstone banded dressings and keystone and gabled parapet. Other features include a stone bracketed cornice and use of decorative metal work in the rainwater goods and awning support brackets. There are strong similarities in the way that the double level balcony opening is designed to that in the adjacent 147 George Street. In both cases the floor slab between levels is designed to emphasise the double height opening. W. A. Grubb & Co. butchers were the first tenants of the building, occupying the shopfront for many decades. The appearance of the shopfront was later modified by the conversion of a central door bay into a window and the application of tiles up to the window sill line, prior to complete removal and reconstruction as part of the mid-1980s redevelopment. Also removed at this time was the awning which had a soffit lining of Wunderlich pressed metal which also appears to have continued onto the adjoining awning at 147 George Street.Style: Edwardian;[2] Storeys: three.[1]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1594-1"}],"sub_title":"Condition","text":"Archaeology Assessment Condition: Destroyed? Assessment Basis: Modern development. Basement car parks. No archaeological work appears to have been undertaken for this site although the 1986 Assessment indicated a potential, and important, resource. The subsequent building operations appear to have obliterated much of this resource. Possible deposits survive beneath shops on George Street frontage. Investigation: Historical research and assessment of archaeology: destroyed.[1]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"façades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facade"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1594-1"}],"sub_title":"Modifications and dates","text":"DFS complex: 1988 (the redevelopment involved the demolition of the rear of the George Street buildings, the removal of interior and the creation of new shopfront).\nIn 1914 to 157–159 George Street Nathan Jacobs erected the New York Theatre. The New York Theatre was demolished in 1937.\nThis site was acquired by the Public Transport Commission in 1946 and the City Circle Railway was opened in 1956.\nIn the late 1980s the site was developed with a large commercial historic building erected behind 145–155 George Street whilst the façades of the buildings were adapted.[1]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1594-1"},{"link_name":"Cahill Expressway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cahill_Expressway"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1594-1"},{"link_name":"147","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/147_George_Street,_The_Rocks"},{"link_name":"153–155","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Hotel"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1594-1"},{"link_name":"National Trust of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Trust_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1594-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1594-1"},{"link_name":"New South Wales State Heritage Register","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_State_Heritage_Register"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1594-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1594-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1594-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1594-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1594-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1594-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1594-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1594-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1594-1"}],"text":"As at 31 March 2011, 149–151 George Street was constructed in 1911–12, a part of a group of four buildings and are of State heritage significance for their historical and scientific cultural values. The site and building are also of State heritage significance for their contribution to The Rocks area which is of State Heritage significance in its own right.[1]149–151 George Street has historic significance at State level for having been the site of early European settlement, continuously occupied by Europeans since 1788. The site has historic significance for its associations with several phases of 20th century urban renewal. Firstly the demolition and rebuilding of much of The Rocks under the Observatory Hill Resumption Act following the 1900 plague outbreak; secondly, an association with infrastructure works including the construction of the Cahill Expressway and the City Railway link, which dramatically changed the visual curtilage of the group; and lastly, the 1980s creation of The Rocks as a tourist destination, when the interior and rear of the building was altered to accommodate a Duty Free Store Complex.[1]149–151 George Street, forms part of a group of four commercial buildings (Nos. 147, 149–151 and 153–155 George Street) which front George Street and form the eastern portion of the DFS Complex. This group of buildings bounded by Globe Street and the Cahill Expressway, mark George St's southern entry to The Rocks precinct. The façades of the four late 19th century and early 20th century buildings, have streetscape qualities and character that contribute to the overall richness of a coherent and harmonious brick and stucco group of buildings located within The Rocks. The subject building also has local significance in its use of the arch as a dominant feature of the east elevation, as well as the clear division of the façade into thirds.[1]The four brick buildings (Nos. 145; 147, 149–151 & 153–155 George Street) of heritage significance, which as a group, provide evidence of two phases of commercial activity in The Rocks just before and just after the plague outbreak and subsequent resumption of land at the beginning of the 20th century. Although compromised by the loss of rear sections, ground floor interiors and street awnings in the 1980s, it remains a coherent and harmonious brick and stucco group. The buildings are representative of the commercial architecture of the Federation period and the transitional phase prior to the turn of the century. They are tangible evidence of the redevelopment of The Rocks in the early 20th century and also the more recent redevelopment period associated with the SCA. These buildings also provide evidence of historical association with prominent local business such as WA Grubb butchers. The Central Sydney Heritage Inventory contains separate listings for the building façades of 145–151 George Street and the former New York Hotel at 153–155 George Street: \"Of environmental significance for its contribution to an architecturally diverse and historically important commercial streetscape of heritage significance as physical evidence of the growth and consolidation associated with the maritime activities at Circular Quay\". The group of four buildings was classified as part of the George Street Business Precinct by the National Trust of Australia in the mid 1970s: \"A group of four compatible Edwardian buildings containing interesting and lively fenestration which combine to present a picturesque street elevation. The group acts as a sympathetic extension to the remaining earlier buildings of George Street in scale and character to present a unified streetscape\". The above listings indicate that the primary significance of the group is their contribution to the historic streetscape as well as their aesthetic value as a group of Federation period commercial buildings.[1]The significance of the subject site and the group is associated with its location in The Rocks, a precinct unique to NSW and its historic associations and streetscape character and qualities that contribute to The Rocks area. The group is an important part of The Rocks Heritage Conservation Area being sympathetic in scale and character and an extension of the remaining earlier buildings of George Street, presenting a unified streetscape. The buildings are tangible evidence of the redevelopment of The Rocks in the last decade of the 19th century and the first decade of the 20th, the period before and after the plague outbreak.[1]149–151 George Street was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 10 May 2002 having satisfied the following criteria.[1]The place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales.149–151 George Street has associations as a built element within George Street, the Rocks, the oldest commercial centre in Australia. The building has moderate significance at local level associated with a butchery continuously operating on the site from the time the building was completed until its major renovation seventy years later. It also has significance for having purpose-built offices on the first and second floors. 149–151 George Street has moderate significance at local level for its associations with the phase of redevelopment of The Rocks in the 1980s when the precinct was transformed into a major tourist attraction. The building at 149–151 George Street is a three-storey face brick building erected in c. 1912 as a shop and offices. Stylistically, the building is an example of the transition between late Victorian and the Federation periods. The upper parapet, sandstone quoins and keystones are typical of Victorian period detailing, while the use of face brick is more typically a Federation detail.[1]The item meets this criterion at State level.[1]The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales.The East elevation of 149–151 George Street has high significance at local level as a representative example of a commercial building in The Rocks designed in the Late Victorian and early Federation style. The building at 149–151 George Street has high significance at local level associated with the intactness of external elements and the retention of late 19th century and early 20th century streetscape elements conserved within the building group between Globe Street and the Cahill Expressway. 149–151 George Street has high significance at local level associated with buildings with landmark qualities, located between the Cahill Expressway and Globe Street, comprising 145, 146, 149–151 and 153–155 George Street. On entering the precinct from George Street this group of buildings contrast with the modernist brutalism of the Cahill Expressway and the 20th century modernist buildings located around Circular Quay and the central business district. The backdrop of the DFS buildings does not diminish the picturesque quality of the group.[1]The West Elevation of 149–151 George Street is a façade designed as part of the 1980s DFS development and as such contributes to the loss of design integrity. The interior of the building was removed in the 1980s development and little evidence of the architectural planning or fabric is retained internally.\nThe item meets this criterion at local level[1]The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.The Rocks in general has considerable significance to the general community of Sydney and to the people of NSW as a heritage precinct. The fight to save The Rocks was a significant battle for local residents and the community. The Rocks is a highly visited tourist area, both by local and international tourists, for its historic character and associations as a remnant of the area first settled in Sydney. The Rocks, of which the subject site forms a part, is important to the community's sense of place that is integral to The Rocks as a whole and is subsequently held in esteem by the community.[1]Shopping is a major activity within The Rocks area, and as the first commercial district of Sydney relating directly to the port and shipping, the area has developed a strong commercial focus, which is currently maintained by tourism. The subject site has maintained its historic association with shopping and retail. The item meets this criterion at State level.[1]The place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.149–151 George Street is relatively unusual at a local level, for the use of a prominent central arch, emphasised by the appearance of the double height balcony spaces. The detailing of the face brickwork in combination with sandstone quoins, as well as the string course and gable, divides the façade into three vertical elements, which gives the building a very distinct configuration. The item meets this criterion at a local level[1]The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of cultural or natural places/environments in New South Wales.The shops and shopping district of The Rocks are representative of the continued commercial use of the area, and the change in commercial demand from ports and shipping to that of tourism. 149–151 George Street is one of a group of shop buildings that operated in The Rocks from the end of the 19th century until the late 20th century. The item is a representative of this group. The item meets this criterion at local level.[1]","title":"Heritage listing"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Shops and Residences\". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Department of Planning & Environment. H01594. Retrieved 14 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hms.heritage.nsw.gov.au/App/Item/ViewItem?itemId=5053210","url_text":"\"Shops and Residences\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_State_Heritage_Register","url_text":"New South Wales State Heritage Register"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Planning_%26_Environment","url_text":"Department of Planning & Environment"}]},{"reference":"Conybeare Morrison International (2007). 149–151 George St, Conservation Management Plan.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Godden Mackay; APT Peddle Thorp (1996). 'Heritage Impact Statement' as part of a 'Statement of Environmental Effects for Proposed Alterations, DFS (Australia), 155 George Street, The Rocks.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PTW_Architects","url_text":"APT Peddle Thorp"}]},{"reference":"Sydney Cove Authority (SCA) (1980). Building Data Sheet , Globe Street Precinct.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Cove_Authority","url_text":"Sydney Cove Authority"}]},{"reference":"Sydney Cove Authority (SCA) (1998). SCA Register 1979-1998.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Cove_Authority","url_text":"Sydney Cove Authority"}]},{"reference":"\"Edwardian Commercial Group, 145-155 George St, The Rocks, NSW, Australia (Place ID 14265)\". Australian Heritage Database. Australian Government. 21 October 1980.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=14265","url_text":"\"Edwardian Commercial Group, 145-155 George St, The Rocks, NSW, Australia (Place ID 14265)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Heritage_Database","url_text":"Australian Heritage Database"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Government","url_text":"Australian Government"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iaba,_Banitu_and_Atalia
Iaba, Banitu and Atalia
["1 Names and backgrounds","2 Content of Tomb II","3 Identification","4 Paleopathology","4.1 Body II B (Iaba)","4.2 Body II A (Atalia)","5 Fate of the bones","6 Notes","7 References","7.1 Bibliography"]
Ancient Assyrian queens Photographs of Tomb II, from which the objects and remains of the queens have been recovered: the sarcophagus (upper right), an opening/entranceway (upper left) and the northern wall, with pottery (bottom) Iaba (also called Yaba), Banitu, and Atalia were queens of the Neo-Assyrian Empire as the primary consorts of the successive kings Tiglath-Pileser III (r. 745–727 BC), Shalmaneser V (r. 727–722 BC) and Sargon II (r. 722–705 BC), respectively. Little is known of the lives of the three queens; they were not known by name by modern historians prior to the 1989 discovery of a stone sacrophagus among the Queens' tombs at Nimrud which contained objects inscribed with the names of all three women. The stone sacrophagus, believed to originally have been the tomb of Iaba since her name is on the nearby funerary inscription, presents a problem of identification as it contains objects with the names of three queens, but contains only two skeletons. The conventional interpretation is that the skeletons are those of Iaba (since it was originally her tomb) and Atalia (since her objects have to be the latest in the tomb), but several alternate hypotheses have also been made, such as the idea that Iaba and Banitu could be the same person. Iaba and Banitu being the same person is however not supported by either historical or chronological evidence. The names of the queens have aroused some interest since out of the three names, only Banitu appears to be an Akkadian (the language of ancient Assyria) name. Various etymological origins have been proposed for the other names; Iaba has variously been identified as a Levantine, Aramean, Arabic or Hebrew name, and Atalia has also variously been identified as Hebrew or Arabic. Since Iaba's funerary inscription includes a curse against anyone who disturbs her tomb, it is possible that she and Atalia were related (as such perhaps circumventing the curse). The bones discovered in the Nimrud tombs have been the subject of paleopathological research since the 1990s, which has made it possible to gain some insight into the lives and health of the ancient queens. Iaba suffered from several health issues, including chronic sinusitis and perhaps neoplastic meningitis. Out of all the queens found in the tombs at Nimrud, Atalia had by far the most health issues. Atalia's bones suggest that the queen suffered from mild arthritis and the early stages of Scheuermann's disease. Her most painful condition was inflammations within her skull, a recurring and incurable affliction which caused immense head pain. Names and backgrounds The three names of the queens are unusually short and modest compared to the names of some of the other known Assyrian queens, such as Shammuramat and Libbali-sharrat. Iaba's name is inscribed in cuneiform as fia-ba-a, transliterated as Iabâ or Yabâ. The name, clearly not of Akkadian origin, might be of either West Semitic, perhaps Levantine or Aramean, or Arabic origin, with possible roots including yph ("beautiful"), nby ("to name") and yhb ("to give"). Banitu's name is inscribed in cuneiform as fba-ni-ti, transliterated as Banītu, Banîtu, Banêti, Banīti or Banitu. Just like Iaba, Banitu might also mean "beautiful" (banītu in Akkadian), but it might also be derived from the Akkadian bānītu, which means "(divine) Creatress". Simo Parpola believes the name Banitu to be of Babylonian origin, and as a consequence speculates that Queen Banitu might have been a Babylonian princess, brought to Assyria as a hostage after Tiglath-Pileser's conquest of Babylon in 729 BC. Atalia's name is inscribed in cuneiform as fa-ta-li-a or fa-tal-ia-a, depending on the inscription, transliterated as Atalia, Ataliā, Ataliya or Ataliyā. The name is clearly not of Akkadian origin. In 1998, Stephanie Dalley proposed that both Iaba and Atalia were actually names of Hebrew origin and speculated that they were both princesses of the Kingdom of Judah, from the same royal family. Dalley based her argument on the name Atalia being similar, and perhaps etymologically identical, to the name Athaliah (borne by a Judean queen who ruled about a century earlier), that the ending of the name (i-a or ia-a) could represent a theophoric element deriving from Yahweh, and that Atalia and Iaba might have been related. Dalley also argued that the inter-marriage of the Assyrian and Judean royal families could help explain why Sargon II's successor Sennacherib (r. 705–681 BC), who warred against Hezekiah of Judah, in his inscriptions refer to Hezekiah as "strong and mighty", highly unusual epithets for the Assyrians to bestow upon an enemy. Dalley's arguments have met with both support and opposition and the idea that the names were Hebrew has also been independently forwarded by Simo Parpola. In 2002, K. Lawson Younger pointed out that it was far from certain that i-a or ia-a actually corresponded to Yahweh since there are few analogues in other Neo-Assyrian names and inscriptions. The identification of Atalia as a Hebrew name was also doubted by Nicholas Postgate in 2008, and in that year Ran Zadok alternatively suggested that Atalia was an Arabic name. Content of Tomb II See also: Queens' tombs at Nimrud Various objects from Tomb II after excavationClose-up of a golden crown (left) and a decorative plaque (right) from Tomb II The tomb containing the remains of the queens was uncovered during excavations at the Northwest Palace of Ashurnasirpal II (r. 883–859 BC) in Nimrud in the late 1980s, by the Iraqi Department of Antiquities. While excavating portions of the residential quarters of the Northwest Palace in 1988, an unevenness of the floor was noted and soon, the chamber of tombs below was discovered. The tombs were excavated and examined 1988–1990. Tomb II, which contains the finds relevant to Iaba, Banitu and Atalia, was discovered and excavated in 1989. Although the tombs were immediately recognized as extraordinary on account of the great treasures contained within them, their discovery was soon overshadowed by the Gulf War (1991), which meant that scientific study of the tombs thereafter was a slow process. Out of the over two dozen individuals found in the tombs many remain unidentified given that inscriptions do not provide identifications for all the bodies and tombs. The many individuals were spread out in four different chambers, buried in three bronze coffins, two clay coffins and three sarcophagi made of stone. The finds relevant to Iaba, Banitu and Atalia were discovered in and around the stone sacrophagus in the chamber designated Tomb II. Iaba, Banitu and Atalia were not known by name prior to the discovery of the tomb. The find of the tombs, which contained other remains and names as well, nearly doubled the number of Neo-Assyrian queens known by name. On an alabaster tablet recording a funerary inscription, found in the alcove of the tomb's antechamber, Iaba's name is recorded and she is described as the queen, though the name of her husband is not mentioned. Iaba's name also appears on two golden bowls found in the sarcophagus, where she is explicitly called the "queen of Tiglath-Pileser". Apart from these bowls, five other inscribed objects were also found in the sarcophagus. Three (a rock crystal jar, bronze mirror and another golden bowl) are inscribed with "Atalia, queen of Sargon" and two (a bronze cosmetic container and a fourth golden bowl) are inscribed with "Banitu, queen of Shalmaneser". There are also numerous objects in the tomb that are not inscibed with any name, including bracelets, bowls and two golden crowns. In total Tomb II contained 26 kilograms (57 lbs) of gold objects. Several of these are marked with a scorpion symbol, often used for royal women, rather than a specific name. The sarcophagus contained two female skeletons, one buried on top of the other. The lower skeleton has been designated Body II B and the upper skeleton has been designated Body II A. The skeletons were covered with burnt remains of linen garments. For security reasons, the bones and treasures of the tomb were placed in plastic bags and taken to the Mosul Museum on the same day they were discovered. There were several alabaster jars found in the tomb, one of which included brown and decomposed organic material. Analysis of this material has ruled it out being a heart, liver or kidney but it may be a dehydrated brain, of unclear origin. Identification The tomb, clearly originally belonging to Iaba since her name is on the funerary inscription, presents a problem of identification since it contains the inscriptions of three queens but only contains two skeletons. It is generally assumed that the bodies belong to two of the three queens. Several explanations for there only being two bodies, but accompanied by the names of three queens, have been proposed since the discovery of the tomb. Most scholars assume that the two bodies belong to Iaba, clearly the original occupant of the tomb, and Atalia, the latest name that appears on the inscribed objects. The items inscribed with Banitu's name could then have been buried with Atalia, who was buried alongside items from various other kings as well (such as the Babylonian kings Kurigalzu II and Marduk-zakir-shumi I). It is even possible that Atalia, after her husband deposed Shalmaneser, took the objects with Banitu's name as trophies. A popular alternative hypothesis, first proposed by Stephanie Dalley in 2008, is that Iaba and Banitu were actually the same person, with Iaba being her name in Hebrew or Aramean and Banitu being her name in Akkadian. There are examples of royal women in Assyria changing their name or using two names, notably the later queen Naqi'a, who is also known as Zakutû. Dalley also argued that while Banitu's objects could be in the tomb as trophies taken by Atalia, it is unclear why Atalia then would not erase the old queen's name from them and inscribe her own. As explained previously, it is possible to translate both names to mean "beautiful", but that is far from the only possible translation. Shalmaneser V, in this scenario not the son of Iaba, would thus have married his father's widow to further strengthen his position as king. There are issues with the idea that Iaba and Banitu were the same person, one prominent issue being that the two names are never used interchangeably in the surviving material. In 2013, David Kertai opposed identifying Iaba and Banitu as the same person from a chronological standpoint. Microscopic investigations of the preservation of the skeletons have demonstrated that the two queens were buried at least 20 years (though possibly as much as 50 years) apart and that both died aged approximately 30–35. If Iaba and Banitu were the same person, she would have had to have died during or after Shalmaneser's reign. Atalia, as Sargon's queen cannot have died earlier than 722 BC but was probably dead before 707/706 BC since the royal court was in that year moved to the new city Dur-Sharrukin and she is not attested in the reign of Sennacherib. Even if limiting the gap between the two burials to 20 years, Iaba and Banitu could then only be the same person if Atalia died very late in Sargon's reign. Saana Svärd defended Dalley's hypothesis in 2015 by suggesting that Ataliya was "deposed" as queen sometime before the end of Sargon's reign and actually died in the reign of Sennacherib, 20–50 years after the death of Iaba/Banitu, and was buried in the same tomb. In 2017, Keiko Yamada and Shigeo Yamada questioned this hypothesis by wondering if it was really likely that Sargon's queen would be buried together with the queen of Shalmaneser, whom Sargon had deposed and by pointing out that the hypothesis that Iaba and Banitu were the same person was based solely in one of several possible interpretations of the meanings of their names since no inscription otherwise designates them as the same and the two names do not appear together on any of the objects. Cuneiform text of Iaba's funerary inscription Iaba's funerary inscription contains a curse against disturbing her tomb. In full, the inscription reads: By the name of Shamash, Ereshkigal and the Anunnaki, the great gods of the earth, mortal destiny overtook Iaba, the queen, in death, she went to the path of her ancestors.Whomever, in the future, be it a queen who sits on the throne or a palace lady who is a concubine of the king, removes me from my tomb, or puts anybody else with me, and lays their hand upon my jewelry with evil intent or breaks open the seal of that tomb, above (earth), under the rays of the sun, let their spirit roam outside in thirst, below in the underworld, when libations of water are offered, they must not receive with the Anunnaki as a funerary offering any beer, wine or meal. May Ningishzida and the great door-keeper, Bitu, the great gods of the underworld, afflict their corpse and ghost with eternal restlessness! Perhaps the fact that another body was buried in Iaba's tomb later on in direct violation of the inscription demonstrates that whoever was buried was somehow "immune" from this curse. This could be explained by the possibility that the two queens in Tomb II were closely related. Though it has thus in the past been suggested, first by Muayyad Said Damerji in 1999, that Iaba and Atalia were mother and daughter, it would not have been appropriate for Sargon to marry his sister, and there are no other known cases of incestuous marriages in ancient Assyria. Still, it is possible that they were close relatives in some other arrangement. Paleopathology The bones discovered in the Nimrud tombs have been the subject of paleopathological research since the 1990s. Across the seventeen different individuals found, common health issues include stiff joints, childhood illness, headaches, allergies and colds. Many of the individuals, though their dental hygiene was good relative to the average ancient Assyrian, suffered from dental problems. In ancient Assyria it was not possible to treat periodontal abscesses, fill dental cavities or to scrape off dental plaque. Body II B (Iaba) The lower body, typically identified as Iaba, having been buried decades earlier than the upper one is not indicated solely by it being placed furthest down, but also by the bones being in a more advanced stage of decomposition and that it appears to have been damaged when the upper body was placed in the sarcophagus. The bones of Iaba were upon their discovery far more brittle than those of Atalia, perhaps due to the later opening of the tomb or due to heat exposure. Iaba's bones reveal that she suffered from several health issues in her life. The interior of her skulls suggests that she had suffered from several minor brain tumors, probably the result of neoplastic meningitis. Analysis of the jaw and teeth showed that Iaba also suffered from a severe inflammation of the gums and dental abscesses which resulted in the loss of two teeth. Although no dental plaque was detected on any of the surviving teeth, it was likely present. Iaba suffered from slight wear to some of her joints; slight signs of wear were found in the right elbow and right knee joints, with stronger signs of wear found in the left hip joint. The spine shows signs of the early stages of osteoarthritis and further signs of wear was also found in the joints of some of the vertebrae. Iaba also suffered from chronic sinusitis. Body II A (Atalia) The upper skeleton in the sarcophagus, smaller than the lower one and typically identified as Atalia, had by far the most health issues of any of the seventeen individuals buried in the tombs at Nimrud. Like the other queen, Atalia appears to have died aged approximately 30–35, and her body was after death for unknown reasons roasted or smoked for several hours (at a temperature in the range 150–250 °C; 302–482 °F) before being wrapped in a shroud. Compared to the other queens, Atalia's dental health was notably bad; her first premolar has a cavity and she suffered not only from dental plaque but also from an abscess and from inflammation in her gums. Problems were not limited to the teeth; both her frontal sinuses exhibit evidence of inflammation and though she was at most 35 years old at the time of death, several of Atalia's vertebrae, as well as her ankle joints, hips, shoulders and knees show signs of mild arthritis. Atalia's vertebrae show some features that may suggest that she was suffering from the early stages of Scheuermann's disease, which eventually produces a "hunchback". Perhaps this condition was brought on by cancer weakening Atalia's bone structure, osteoporosis, or some unknown infection. Because Atalia's teeth exhibit linear enamel hypoplasia, it is evident that she at some point in her childhood suffered from a severe long-term illness. At some point she also pulled a leg muscle and at another point, she broke one of her toes. Atalia's perhaps most painful condition was revealed by the frontal, parietal and occipital bones of her skull being thickened. The inner surfaces of these bones suggest that Atalia, due to her meninges reacting to the thickening, suffered from inflammation within the skull so severe that the swelling blood vessels changed the interior of the skull bones. This recurring and incurable condition would have caused immense pain. A number of stone amulets found in Tomb II contain spells meant to protect against head pain. Though no name is inscribed on these, they likely belonged to Atalia. Fate of the bones Around 2002, there were rumors that the bones of the two queens from Tomb II, and the other royal individuals in the tombs, were to be honored with a state funeral and reburied. Any such plans never came to fruition. In 2015, the bones were still stored at the Mosul Museum. That year, the ruins of the Northwest Palace were destroyed by the Islamic State and the Mosul Museum was also attacked, leaving the fate of the royal remains unclear. The gold from Tomb II is stored at the Baghdad Museum and unscathed. Notes ^ Assyrian kings at times had multiple wives at the same time, but not all were recognized as queens (or "women of the palace", the actual term used in Assyria). Though it has been disputed in the past, it appears that only one woman bore the title at any given time, as the term typically appears without qualifiers (indicating a lack of ambiguity). ^ For further discussion on the hypothesis that the two were related, see the "Identification" section ^ Other alternate hypotheses include Banitu being either the older skeleton or the younger one, though neither of these suggestions have received much attention. ^ Though whether Sargon II was actually Tiglath-Pileser III's son, as he claimed to be, is disputed. ^ Possible explanations include that this was for preservation purposes, for transportation purposes or to prevent the spread of some disease she might have had. References ^ a b Kertai 2013, p. 109. ^ Spurrier 2017, p. 166. ^ a b Bogdanos, Matthew (2005-07-01). "The Casualities of War: The Truth about the Iraq Museum". American Journal of Archaeology. 109 (3): 477–526. doi:10.3764/aja.109.3.477. ISSN 0002-9114. S2CID 163583412. ^ Moore, Michael (2018). Hittite Queenship: Women and Power in Hittite Anatolia (Thesis). UCLA. ^ a b c d Kertai 2013, pp. 114–115. ^ a b Yamada & Yamada 2017, p. 394. ^ Dalley 2008, p. 172. ^ a b c d e f g h Yamada & Yamada 2017, p. 391. ^ a b c d e f Elayi 2017, p. 28. ^ a b c Teppo 2007, p. 388. ^ a b Melville 2019, p. 689. ^ a b c d e f g Kertai 2013, p. 114. ^ a b c Frahm 2014, p. 174. ^ a b c d Dalley 2008, p. 171. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Yamada & Yamada 2017, p. 393. ^ a b Collon 2010, p. 149. ^ a b c d e Damerji 2008, p. 82. ^ a b al-Rawi 2008, p. 138. ^ Lawson Younger 2002, p. 207. ^ Lawson Younger 2002, p. 217. ^ Dalley 2008, p. 174. ^ Lawson Younger 2002, pp. 217–218. ^ a b c Spurrier 2017, p. 149. ^ a b Spurrier 2017, p. 151. ^ Damerji 2008, p. 81. ^ a b Yamada & Yamada 2017, p. 390. ^ Melville 2019, p. 687. ^ Collon 2010, p. 158. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Spurrier 2015. ^ a b c d Müller-Karpe, Kunter & Schultz 2008, p. 143. ^ Müller-Karpe, Kunter & Schultz 2008, p. 148. ^ a b Lawson Younger 2002, p. 216. ^ a b c d e Yamada & Yamada 2017, p. 392. ^ a b Kertai 2013, p. 115. ^ Yamada & Yamada 2017, p. 395. ^ a b al-Rawi 2008, pp. 119, 124. ^ Chen 2020, p. 201. ^ a b Schultz & Kunter 1998, p. 100. ^ Schultz & Kunter 1998, p. 101. ^ Schultz & Kunter 1998, p. 102. ^ Schultz & Kunter 1998, p. 95. ^ Müller-Karpe, Kunter & Schultz 2008, p. 141. Bibliography al-Rawi, Farouk N. H. (2008). Inscriptions from the Tombs of the Queens of Assyria. Nimrud Conference. Vol. New Light on Nimrud: Proceedings of the Nimrud Conference 11th–13th March 2002. pp. 119–138. Chen, Fei (2020). Study on the Synchronistic King List from Ashur. Leiden: BRILL. ISBN 978-9004430914. Collon, Dominique (2010). "Getting it Wrong in Assyria: Some Bracelets from Nimrud". Iraq. 72: 149–162. doi:10.1017/S0021088900000619. JSTOR 20779022. S2CID 191932360. Dalley, Stephanie (2008). The Identity of the Princesses in Tomb II and a New Analysis of the Events in 701 BC. Nimrud Conference. Vol. New Light on Nimrud: Proceedings of the Nimrud Conference 11th–13th March 2002. pp. 171–175. Damerji, Muayyad Said (2008). An Introduction to the Nimrud Tombs. Nimrud Conference. Vol. New Light on Nimrud: Proceedings of the Nimrud Conference 11th–13th March 2002. pp. 81–82. Elayi, Josette (2017). Sargon II, King of Assyria. Atlanta: SBL Press. ISBN 978-1628371772. Frahm, Eckart (2014). "Family Matters: Psychohistorical Reflections on Sennacherib and His Times". In Kalimi, Isaac; Richardson, Seth (eds.). Sennacherib at the Gates of Jerusalem: Story, History and Historiography. Leiden: Brill Publishers. ISBN 978-9004265615. Kertai, David (2013). "The Queens of the Neo-Assyrian Empire". Altorientalische Forschungen. 40 (1): 108–124. doi:10.1524/aof.2013.0006. S2CID 163392326. Lawson Younger, K. (2002). "Yahweh at Ashkelon and Calaḫ? Yahwistic Names in Neo-Assyrian". Vetus Testamentum. 52 (2): 207–218. doi:10.1163/156853302760013866. JSTOR 1585090. Melville, Sarah C. (2019). "Neo-Assyrian Women Revisited". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 139 (3): 687–692. doi:10.7817/jameroriesoci.139.3.0687. JSTOR 10.7817/jameroriesoci.139.3.0687. S2CID 211660781. Müller-Karpe, Michael; Kunter, Manfred; Schultz, Michael (2008). Results of the Palaeopathological Investigations on the Royal Skeletons from Nimrud. Nimrud Conference. Vol. New Light on Nimrud: Proceedings of the Nimrud Conference 11th–13th March 2002. pp. 141–148. Schultz, Michael; Kunter, Manfred (1998). "Erste ergebnisse der anthropologischen und palaopathologischen untersuchungen an den menschlichen skeletfunden aus den Neuassyrischen Königinnengräbern von Nimrud". Jahrbuch des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz. 45: 85–128. Spurrier, Tracy L. (2015). "The Life and Health of Assyrian Queens". The Ancient Near East Today. American Society of Overseas Research. Retrieved 15 December 2021. Spurrier, Tracy L. (2017). "Finding Hama: On the Identification of a Forgotten Queen Buried in the Nimrud Tombs". Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 76 (1): 149–174. doi:10.1086/690911. S2CID 164734557. Teppo, Saana (2007). "Agency and the Neo-Assyrian Women of the Palace". Studia Orientalia Electronica. 101: 381–420. Yamada, Keiko; Yamada, Shiego (2017). "Shalmaneser V and His Era, Revisited". In Baruchi-Unna, Amitai; Forti, Tova; Aḥituv, Shmuel; Ephʿal, Israel; Tigay, Jeffrey H. (eds.). "Now It Happened in Those Days": Studies in Biblical, Assyrian, and Other Ancient Near Eastern Historiography Presented to Mordechai Cogan on His 75th Birthday. Vol. 2. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns. ISBN 978-1575067612. vteQueens of the Neo-Assyrian Empire Mullissu-mukannishat-Ninua Shammuramat Hama Iaba Banitu Atalia Tashmetu-sharrat Naqi'a (?) Esharra-hammat Libbali-sharrat Ana-Tashmetum-taklak Category
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Neo-Assyrian,_Nimrud,_Tomb_II,_main_chamber,_North_Wall.png"},{"link_name":"queens of the Neo-Assyrian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens_of_the_Neo-Assyrian_Empire"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Tiglath-Pileser III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_III"},{"link_name":"Shalmaneser V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shalmaneser_V"},{"link_name":"Sargon II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sargon_II"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Queens' tombs at Nimrud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens%27_tombs_at_Nimrud"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertai2013114%E2%80%93115-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017394-7"},{"link_name":"Akkadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akkadian_language"},{"link_name":"Levantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levant"},{"link_name":"Aramean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arameans"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"paleopathological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleopathology"},{"link_name":"sinusitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinusitis"},{"link_name":"neoplastic meningitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoplastic_meningitis"},{"link_name":"Nimrud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimrud"},{"link_name":"arthritis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthritis"},{"link_name":"Scheuermann's disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheuermann%27s_disease"}],"text":"Photographs of Tomb II, from which the objects and remains of the queens have been recovered: the sarcophagus (upper right), an opening/entranceway (upper left) and the northern wall, with pottery (bottom)Iaba (also called Yaba), Banitu, and Atalia were queens of the Neo-Assyrian Empire as the primary consorts[a] of the successive kings Tiglath-Pileser III (r. 745–727 BC), Shalmaneser V (r. 727–722 BC) and Sargon II (r. 722–705 BC), respectively.[3][4] Little is known of the lives of the three queens; they were not known by name by modern historians prior to the 1989 discovery of a stone sacrophagus among the Queens' tombs at Nimrud which contained objects inscribed with the names of all three women.[3] The stone sacrophagus, believed to originally have been the tomb of Iaba since her name is on the nearby funerary inscription, presents a problem of identification as it contains objects with the names of three queens, but contains only two skeletons. The conventional interpretation is that the skeletons are those of Iaba (since it was originally her tomb) and Atalia (since her objects have to be the latest in the tomb), but several alternate hypotheses have also been made, such as the idea that Iaba and Banitu could be the same person. Iaba and Banitu being the same person is however not supported by either historical or chronological evidence.[5][6]The names of the queens have aroused some interest since out of the three names, only Banitu appears to be an Akkadian (the language of ancient Assyria) name. Various etymological origins have been proposed for the other names; Iaba has variously been identified as a Levantine, Aramean, Arabic or Hebrew name, and Atalia has also variously been identified as Hebrew or Arabic. Since Iaba's funerary inscription includes a curse against anyone who disturbs her tomb, it is possible that she and Atalia were related (as such perhaps circumventing the curse).The bones discovered in the Nimrud tombs have been the subject of paleopathological research since the 1990s, which has made it possible to gain some insight into the lives and health of the ancient queens. Iaba suffered from several health issues, including chronic sinusitis and perhaps neoplastic meningitis. Out of all the queens found in the tombs at Nimrud, Atalia had by far the most health issues. Atalia's bones suggest that the queen suffered from mild arthritis and the early stages of Scheuermann's disease. Her most painful condition was inflammations within her skull, a recurring and incurable affliction which caused immense head pain.","title":"Iaba, Banitu and Atalia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shammuramat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shammuramat"},{"link_name":"Libbali-sharrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libbali-sharrat"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley2008172-8"},{"link_name":"cuneiform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuneiform"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017391-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElayi201728-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETeppo2007388-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelville2019689-12"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017391-9"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertai2013114-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrahm2014174-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley2008171-15"},{"link_name":"Akkadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akkadian_language"},{"link_name":"West Semitic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Semitic_languages"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017393-16"},{"link_name":"Levantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levant"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollon2010149-17"},{"link_name":"Aramean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arameans"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertai2013114-13"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017393-16"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017391-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETeppo2007388-11"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrahm2014174-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley2008171-15"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElayi201728-10"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDamerji200882-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEal-Rawi2008138-19"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017391-9"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertai2013114-13"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelville2019689-12"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017393-16"},{"link_name":"Simo Parpola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simo_Parpola"},{"link_name":"Babylonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonia"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017393-16"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017391-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElayi201728-10"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017391-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETeppo2007388-11"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrahm2014174-14"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertai2013114-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley2008171-15"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEal-Rawi2008138-19"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017393-16"},{"link_name":"Stephanie Dalley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephanie_Dalley"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017393-16"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Judah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson_Younger2002207-20"},{"link_name":"Athaliah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athaliah"},{"link_name":"theophoric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theophoric_name"},{"link_name":"Yahweh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahweh"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson_Younger2002217-21"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Sennacherib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sennacherib"},{"link_name":"Hezekiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezekiah"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley2008174-23"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017393-16"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson_Younger2002217%E2%80%93218-24"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Postgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Postgate_(academic)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017393-16"}],"text":"The three names of the queens are unusually short and modest compared to the names of some of the other known Assyrian queens, such as Shammuramat and Libbali-sharrat.[7] Iaba's name is inscribed in cuneiform as fia-ba-a,[8] transliterated as Iabâ[9][10][11] or Yabâ.[8][12][13][14] The name, clearly not of Akkadian origin, might be of either West Semitic,[15] perhaps Levantine[16] or Aramean,[12] or Arabic origin, with possible roots including yph (\"beautiful\"), nby (\"to name\") and yhb (\"to give\").[15]Banitu's name is inscribed in cuneiform as fba-ni-ti,[8] transliterated as Banītu,[10][13][14] Banîtu,[9] Banêti,[17] Banīti[18] or Banitu.[8][12][11] Just like Iaba, Banitu might also mean \"beautiful\" (banītu in Akkadian), but it might also be derived from the Akkadian bānītu, which means \"(divine) Creatress\".[15] Simo Parpola believes the name Banitu to be of Babylonian origin, and as a consequence speculates that Queen Banitu might have been a Babylonian princess, brought to Assyria as a hostage after Tiglath-Pileser's conquest of Babylon in 729 BC.[15]Atalia's name is inscribed in cuneiform as fa-ta-li-a or fa-tal-ia-a, depending on the inscription,[8] transliterated as Atalia,[9][8][10] Ataliā,[13] Ataliya[12] or Ataliyā.[14][18] The name is clearly not of Akkadian origin.[15] In 1998, Stephanie Dalley proposed that both Iaba and Atalia were actually names of Hebrew origin[15] and speculated that they were both princesses of the Kingdom of Judah, from the same royal family.[19] Dalley based her argument on the name Atalia being similar, and perhaps etymologically identical, to the name Athaliah (borne by a Judean queen who ruled about a century earlier), that the ending of the name (i-a or ia-a) could represent a theophoric element deriving from Yahweh, and that Atalia and Iaba might have been related.[20][b] Dalley also argued that the inter-marriage of the Assyrian and Judean royal families could help explain why Sargon II's successor Sennacherib (r. 705–681 BC), who warred against Hezekiah of Judah, in his inscriptions refer to Hezekiah as \"strong and mighty\", highly unusual epithets for the Assyrians to bestow upon an enemy.[21]Dalley's arguments have met with both support and opposition and the idea that the names were Hebrew has also been independently forwarded by Simo Parpola.[15] In 2002, K. Lawson Younger pointed out that it was far from certain that i-a or ia-a actually corresponded to Yahweh since there are few analogues in other Neo-Assyrian names and inscriptions.[22] The identification of Atalia as a Hebrew name was also doubted by Nicholas Postgate in 2008, and in that year Ran Zadok alternatively suggested that Atalia was an Arabic name.[15]","title":"Names and backgrounds"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Queens' tombs at Nimrud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens%27_tombs_at_Nimrud"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Neo-Assyrian,_Nimrud,_Queens%E2%80%99_Tombs,_Tomb_II,_Objects_after_Excavation.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Neo-Assyrian,_Nimrud,_Queens%E2%80%99_Tombs,_Tomb_II,_Golden_Crown.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Neo-Assyrian,_Nimrud,_Tombs_of_Queens_Yaba,_Banitu,_and_Atalia,_Plaque_with_Date_Palm.png"},{"link_name":"Northwest Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Northwest_Palace&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ashurnasirpal II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashurnasirpal_II"},{"link_name":"Nimrud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimrud"},{"link_name":"Iraqi Department of Antiquities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iraqi_Department_of_Antiquities&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpurrier2017149-25"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpurrier2017151-26"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDamerji200881-27"},{"link_name":"Gulf War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_War"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpurrier2017149-25"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpurrier2017151-26"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpurrier2017149-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017390-28"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelville2019687-29"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017390-28"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017391-9"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDamerji200882-18"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollon2010158-30"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElayi201728-10"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpurrier2015-31"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEM%C3%BCller-KarpeKunterSchultz2008143-32"},{"link_name":"Mosul Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosul_Museum"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDamerji200882-18"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEM%C3%BCller-KarpeKunterSchultz2008148-33"}],"text":"See also: Queens' tombs at NimrudVarious objects from Tomb II after excavationClose-up of a golden crown (left) and a decorative plaque (right) from Tomb IIThe tomb containing the remains of the queens was uncovered during excavations at the Northwest Palace of Ashurnasirpal II (r. 883–859 BC) in Nimrud in the late 1980s, by the Iraqi Department of Antiquities.[23] While excavating portions of the residential quarters of the Northwest Palace in 1988, an unevenness of the floor was noted and soon, the chamber of tombs below was discovered. The tombs were excavated and examined 1988–1990.[24] Tomb II, which contains the finds relevant to Iaba, Banitu and Atalia, was discovered and excavated in 1989.[25] Although the tombs were immediately recognized as extraordinary on account of the great treasures contained within them, their discovery was soon overshadowed by the Gulf War (1991), which meant that scientific study of the tombs thereafter was a slow process. Out of the over two dozen individuals found in the tombs many remain unidentified[23] given that inscriptions do not provide identifications for all the bodies and tombs.[24] The many individuals were spread out in four different chambers, buried in three bronze coffins, two clay coffins and three sarcophagi made of stone.[23] The finds relevant to Iaba, Banitu and Atalia were discovered in and around the stone sacrophagus in the chamber designated Tomb II.[26]Iaba, Banitu and Atalia were not known by name prior to the discovery of the tomb. The find of the tombs, which contained other remains and names as well, nearly doubled the number of Neo-Assyrian queens known by name.[27] On an alabaster tablet recording a funerary inscription, found in the alcove of the tomb's antechamber, Iaba's name is recorded and she is described as the queen, though the name of her husband is not mentioned. Iaba's name also appears on two golden bowls found in the sarcophagus, where she is explicitly called the \"queen of Tiglath-Pileser\".[26] Apart from these bowls, five other inscribed objects were also found in the sarcophagus. Three (a rock crystal jar, bronze mirror and another golden bowl) are inscribed with \"Atalia, queen of Sargon\" and two (a bronze cosmetic container and a fourth golden bowl) are inscribed with \"Banitu, queen of Shalmaneser\".[8] There are also numerous objects in the tomb that are not inscibed with any name, including bracelets, bowls and two golden crowns. In total Tomb II contained 26 kilograms (57 lbs) of gold objects.[17] Several of these are marked with a scorpion symbol, often used for royal women, rather than a specific name.[28]The sarcophagus contained two female skeletons, one buried on top of the other.[9][29] The lower skeleton has been designated Body II B and the upper skeleton has been designated Body II A.[30] The skeletons were covered with burnt remains of linen garments. For security reasons, the bones and treasures of the tomb were placed in plastic bags and taken to the Mosul Museum on the same day they were discovered.[17] There were several alabaster jars found in the tomb, one of which included brown and decomposed organic material. Analysis of this material has ruled it out being a heart, liver or kidney but it may be a dehydrated brain, of unclear origin.[31]","title":"Content of Tomb II"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017391-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElayi201728-10"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertai2013114-13"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertai2013114-13"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollon2010149-17"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson_Younger2002216-34"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017392-35"},{"link_name":"Kurigalzu II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurigalzu_II"},{"link_name":"Marduk-zakir-shumi I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marduk-zakir-shumi_I"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertai2013115-36"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017395-37"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertai2013114-13"},{"link_name":"Naqi'a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naqi%27a"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley2008171-15"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017392-35"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017393-16"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017393-16"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElayi201728-10"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertai2013114%E2%80%93115-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertai2013114%E2%80%93115-6"},{"link_name":"Dur-Sharrukin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dur-Sharrukin"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertai2013115-36"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017394-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Neo-Assyrian,_Nimrud,_Queens%E2%80%99_Tombs,_Tomb_II,_Stone_Tablet_with_Jaba_Inscription.png"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017392-35"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpurrier2015-31"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEal-Rawi2008119,_124-39"},{"link_name":"Shamash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamash"},{"link_name":"Ereshkigal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ereshkigal"},{"link_name":"Anunnaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anunnaki"},{"link_name":"Ningishzida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ningishzida"},{"link_name":"Bitu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neti_(deity)"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpurrier2015-31"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEal-Rawi2008119,_124-39"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017392-35"},{"link_name":"[d]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson_Younger2002216-34"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamadaYamada2017392-35"}],"text":"The tomb, clearly originally belonging to Iaba since her name is on the funerary inscription,[8] presents a problem of identification since it contains the inscriptions of three queens but only contains two skeletons.[9] It is generally assumed that the bodies belong to two of the three queens.[12] Several explanations for there only being two bodies, but accompanied by the names of three queens, have been proposed since the discovery of the tomb.[12] Most scholars assume that the two bodies belong to Iaba, clearly the original occupant of the tomb, and Atalia, the latest name that appears on the inscribed objects.[16][32][33] The items inscribed with Banitu's name could then have been buried with Atalia, who was buried alongside items from various other kings as well (such as the Babylonian kings Kurigalzu II and Marduk-zakir-shumi I).[34] It is even possible that Atalia, after her husband deposed Shalmaneser, took the objects with Banitu's name as trophies.[35]A popular alternative hypothesis,[c] first proposed by Stephanie Dalley in 2008, is that Iaba and Banitu were actually the same person, with Iaba being her name in Hebrew or Aramean and Banitu being her name in Akkadian.[12] There are examples of royal women in Assyria changing their name or using two names, notably the later queen Naqi'a, who is also known as Zakutû. Dalley also argued that while Banitu's objects could be in the tomb as trophies taken by Atalia, it is unclear why Atalia then would not erase the old queen's name from them and inscribe her own.[14] As explained previously, it is possible to translate both names to mean \"beautiful\",[33] but that is far from the only possible translation.[15] Shalmaneser V, in this scenario not the son of Iaba,[15] would thus have married his father's widow to further strengthen his position as king.[9]There are issues with the idea that Iaba and Banitu were the same person, one prominent issue being that the two names are never used interchangeably in the surviving material.[5] In 2013, David Kertai opposed identifying Iaba and Banitu as the same person from a chronological standpoint. Microscopic investigations of the preservation of the skeletons have demonstrated that the two queens were buried at least 20 years (though possibly as much as 50 years) apart and that both died aged approximately 30–35.[5] If Iaba and Banitu were the same person, she would have had to have died during or after Shalmaneser's reign. Atalia, as Sargon's queen cannot have died earlier than 722 BC but was probably dead before 707/706 BC since the royal court was in that year moved to the new city Dur-Sharrukin and she is not attested in the reign of Sennacherib. Even if limiting the gap between the two burials to 20 years, Iaba and Banitu could then only be the same person if Atalia died very late in Sargon's reign.[34] Saana Svärd defended Dalley's hypothesis in 2015 by suggesting that Ataliya was \"deposed\" as queen sometime before the end of Sargon's reign and actually died in the reign of Sennacherib, 20–50 years after the death of Iaba/Banitu, and was buried in the same tomb. In 2017, Keiko Yamada and Shigeo Yamada questioned this hypothesis by wondering if it was really likely that Sargon's queen would be buried together with the queen of Shalmaneser, whom Sargon had deposed and by pointing out that the hypothesis that Iaba and Banitu were the same person was based solely in one of several possible interpretations of the meanings of their names since no inscription otherwise designates them as the same and the two names do not appear together on any of the objects.[6]Cuneiform text of Iaba's funerary inscriptionIaba's funerary inscription contains a curse against disturbing her tomb.[33] In full, the inscription reads:[29][36]By the name of Shamash, Ereshkigal and the Anunnaki, the great gods of the earth, mortal destiny overtook Iaba, the queen, in death, she went to the path of her ancestors.Whomever, in the future, be it a queen who sits on the throne or a palace lady who is a concubine of the king, removes me from my tomb, or puts anybody else with me, and lays their hand upon my jewelry with evil intent or breaks open the seal of that tomb, above (earth), under the rays of the sun, let their spirit roam outside in thirst, below in the underworld, when libations of water are offered, they must not receive with the Anunnaki as a funerary offering any beer, wine or meal. May Ningishzida and the great door-keeper, Bitu, the great gods of the underworld, afflict their corpse and ghost with eternal restlessness![29][36]Perhaps the fact that another body was buried in Iaba's tomb later on in direct violation of the inscription demonstrates that whoever was buried was somehow \"immune\" from this curse. This could be explained by the possibility that the two queens in Tomb II were closely related. Though it has thus in the past been suggested, first by Muayyad Said Damerji in 1999, that Iaba and Atalia were mother and daughter, it would not have been appropriate for Sargon to marry his sister,[33][d] and there are no other known cases of incestuous marriages in ancient Assyria.[32] Still, it is possible that they were close relatives in some other arrangement.[33]","title":"Identification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"paleopathological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleopathology"},{"link_name":"periodontal abscesses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodontal_abscess"},{"link_name":"dental cavities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_cavities"},{"link_name":"dental plaque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_plaque"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpurrier2015-31"}],"text":"The bones discovered in the Nimrud tombs have been the subject of paleopathological research since the 1990s. Across the seventeen different individuals found, common health issues include stiff joints, childhood illness, headaches, allergies and colds. Many of the individuals, though their dental hygiene was good relative to the average ancient Assyrian, suffered from dental problems. In ancient Assyria it was not possible to treat periodontal abscesses, fill dental cavities or to scrape off dental plaque.[29]","title":"Paleopathology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEM%C3%BCller-KarpeKunterSchultz2008143-32"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchultzKunter1998100-42"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEM%C3%BCller-KarpeKunterSchultz2008143-32"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchultzKunter1998100-42"},{"link_name":"brain tumors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_tumor"},{"link_name":"neoplastic meningitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoplastic_meningitis"},{"link_name":"dental abscesses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_abscess"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchultzKunter1998101-43"},{"link_name":"osteoarthritis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteoarthritis"},{"link_name":"sinusitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinusitis"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchultzKunter1998102-44"}],"sub_title":"Body II B (Iaba)","text":"The lower body, typically identified as Iaba,[30][38] having been buried decades earlier than the upper one is not indicated solely by it being placed furthest down, but also by the bones being in a more advanced stage of decomposition and that it appears to have been damaged when the upper body was placed in the sarcophagus.[30] The bones of Iaba were upon their discovery far more brittle than those of Atalia, perhaps due to the later opening of the tomb or due to heat exposure.[38]Iaba's bones reveal that she suffered from several health issues in her life. The interior of her skulls suggests that she had suffered from several minor brain tumors, probably the result of neoplastic meningitis. Analysis of the jaw and teeth showed that Iaba also suffered from a severe inflammation of the gums and dental abscesses which resulted in the loss of two teeth. Although no dental plaque was detected on any of the surviving teeth, it was likely present. Iaba suffered from slight wear to some of her joints; slight signs of wear were found in the right elbow and right knee joints, with stronger signs of wear found in the left hip joint.[39] The spine shows signs of the early stages of osteoarthritis and further signs of wear was also found in the joints of some of the vertebrae. Iaba also suffered from chronic sinusitis.[40]","title":"Paleopathology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDamerji200882-18"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpurrier2015-31"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchultzKunter199895-45"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpurrier2015-31"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertai2013114%E2%80%93115-6"},{"link_name":"[e]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"premolar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premolar"},{"link_name":"frontal sinuses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontal_sinus"},{"link_name":"arthritis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthritis"},{"link_name":"Scheuermann's disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheuermann%27s_disease"},{"link_name":"cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer"},{"link_name":"osteoporosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteoporosis"},{"link_name":"linear enamel hypoplasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_enamel_hypoplasia"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpurrier2015-31"},{"link_name":"frontal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontal_bone"},{"link_name":"parietal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parietal_bone"},{"link_name":"occipital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occipital_bone"},{"link_name":"meninges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meninges"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpurrier2015-31"}],"sub_title":"Body II A (Atalia)","text":"The upper skeleton in the sarcophagus, smaller than the lower one[17] and typically identified as Atalia,[29][41] had by far the most health issues of any of the seventeen individuals buried in the tombs at Nimrud.[29] Like the other queen, Atalia appears to have died aged approximately 30–35,[5] and her body was after death for unknown reasons[e] roasted or smoked for several hours (at a temperature in the range 150–250 °C; 302–482 °F) before being wrapped in a shroud. Compared to the other queens, Atalia's dental health was notably bad; her first premolar has a cavity and she suffered not only from dental plaque but also from an abscess and from inflammation in her gums. Problems were not limited to the teeth; both her frontal sinuses exhibit evidence of inflammation and though she was at most 35 years old at the time of death, several of Atalia's vertebrae, as well as her ankle joints, hips, shoulders and knees show signs of mild arthritis. Atalia's vertebrae show some features that may suggest that she was suffering from the early stages of Scheuermann's disease, which eventually produces a \"hunchback\". Perhaps this condition was brought on by cancer weakening Atalia's bone structure, osteoporosis, or some unknown infection. Because Atalia's teeth exhibit linear enamel hypoplasia, it is evident that she at some point in her childhood suffered from a severe long-term illness. At some point she also pulled a leg muscle and at another point, she broke one of her toes.[29]Atalia's perhaps most painful condition was revealed by the frontal, parietal and occipital bones of her skull being thickened. The inner surfaces of these bones suggest that Atalia, due to her meninges reacting to the thickening, suffered from inflammation within the skull so severe that the swelling blood vessels changed the interior of the skull bones. This recurring and incurable condition would have caused immense pain. A number of stone amulets found in Tomb II contain spells meant to protect against head pain. Though no name is inscribed on these, they likely belonged to Atalia.[29]","title":"Paleopathology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEM%C3%BCller-KarpeKunterSchultz2008141-47"},{"link_name":"Islamic State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpurrier2015-31"}],"text":"Around 2002, there were rumors that the bones of the two queens from Tomb II, and the other royal individuals in the tombs, were to be honored with a state funeral and reburied.[42] Any such plans never came to fruition. In 2015, the bones were still stored at the Mosul Museum. That year, the ruins of the Northwest Palace were destroyed by the Islamic State and the Mosul Museum was also attacked, leaving the fate of the royal remains unclear. The gold from Tomb II is stored at the Baghdad Museum and unscathed.[29]","title":"Fate of the bones"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertai2013109-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpurrier2017166-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertai2013109-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-38"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDamerji200882-18"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEM%C3%BCller-KarpeKunterSchultz2008143-32"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-41"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2020201-40"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-46"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpurrier2015-31"}],"text":"^ Assyrian kings at times had multiple wives at the same time, but not all were recognized as queens (or \"women of the palace\", the actual term used in Assyria). Though it has been disputed in the past,[1][2] it appears that only one woman bore the title at any given time, as the term typically appears without qualifiers (indicating a lack of ambiguity).[1]\n\n^ For further discussion on the hypothesis that the two were related, see the \"Identification\" section\n\n^ Other alternate hypotheses include Banitu being either the older skeleton or the younger one, though neither of these suggestions have received much attention.[17][30]\n\n^ Though whether Sargon II was actually Tiglath-Pileser III's son, as he claimed to be, is disputed.[37]\n\n^ Possible explanations include that this was for preservation purposes, for transportation purposes or to prevent the spread of some disease she might have had.[29]","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Photographs of Tomb II, from which the objects and remains of the queens have been recovered: the sarcophagus (upper right), an opening/entranceway (upper left) and the northern wall, with pottery (bottom)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Neo-Assyrian%2C_Nimrud%2C_Tomb_II%2C_main_chamber%2C_North_Wall.png/330px-Neo-Assyrian%2C_Nimrud%2C_Tomb_II%2C_main_chamber%2C_North_Wall.png"},{"image_text":"Cuneiform text of Iaba's funerary inscription","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Neo-Assyrian%2C_Nimrud%2C_Queens%E2%80%99_Tombs%2C_Tomb_II%2C_Stone_Tablet_with_Jaba_Inscription.png/150px-Neo-Assyrian%2C_Nimrud%2C_Queens%E2%80%99_Tombs%2C_Tomb_II%2C_Stone_Tablet_with_Jaba_Inscription.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"Bogdanos, Matthew (2005-07-01). \"The Casualities of War: The Truth about the Iraq Museum\". American Journal of Archaeology. 109 (3): 477–526. doi:10.3764/aja.109.3.477. ISSN 0002-9114. S2CID 163583412.","urls":[{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3764/aja.109.3.477","url_text":"\"The Casualities of War: The Truth about the Iraq Museum\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3764%2Faja.109.3.477","url_text":"10.3764/aja.109.3.477"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9114","url_text":"0002-9114"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163583412","url_text":"163583412"}]},{"reference":"Moore, Michael (2018). Hittite Queenship: Women and Power in Hittite Anatolia (Thesis). UCLA.","urls":[{"url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/81x0p8m9","url_text":"Hittite Queenship: Women and Power in Hittite Anatolia"}]},{"reference":"al-Rawi, Farouk N. H. (2008). Inscriptions from the Tombs of the Queens of Assyria. Nimrud Conference. Vol. New Light on Nimrud: Proceedings of the Nimrud Conference 11th–13th March 2002. pp. 119–138.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Chen, Fei (2020). Study on the Synchronistic King List from Ashur. Leiden: BRILL. ISBN 978-9004430914.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=N3znDwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Study on the Synchronistic King List from Ashur"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004430914","url_text":"978-9004430914"}]},{"reference":"Collon, Dominique (2010). \"Getting it Wrong in Assyria: Some Bracelets from Nimrud\". Iraq. 72: 149–162. doi:10.1017/S0021088900000619. JSTOR 20779022. S2CID 191932360.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021088900000619","url_text":"\"Getting it Wrong in Assyria: Some Bracelets from Nimrud\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021088900000619","url_text":"10.1017/S0021088900000619"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/20779022","url_text":"20779022"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:191932360","url_text":"191932360"}]},{"reference":"Dalley, Stephanie (2008). The Identity of the Princesses in Tomb II and a New Analysis of the Events in 701 BC. Nimrud Conference. Vol. New Light on Nimrud: Proceedings of the Nimrud Conference 11th–13th March 2002. pp. 171–175.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Damerji, Muayyad Said (2008). An Introduction to the Nimrud Tombs. Nimrud Conference. Vol. New Light on Nimrud: Proceedings of the Nimrud Conference 11th–13th March 2002. pp. 81–82.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Elayi, Josette (2017). Sargon II, King of Assyria. Atlanta: SBL Press. ISBN 978-1628371772.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TsctDwAAQBAJ&q=%22Sargon+II%22&pg=PP1","url_text":"Sargon II, King of Assyria"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1628371772","url_text":"978-1628371772"}]},{"reference":"Frahm, Eckart (2014). \"Family Matters: Psychohistorical Reflections on Sennacherib and His Times\". In Kalimi, Isaac; Richardson, Seth (eds.). Sennacherib at the Gates of Jerusalem: Story, History and Historiography. Leiden: Brill Publishers. ISBN 978-9004265615.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bF_bAgAAQBAJ","url_text":"Sennacherib at the Gates of Jerusalem: Story, History and Historiography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brill_Publishers","url_text":"Brill Publishers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004265615","url_text":"978-9004265615"}]},{"reference":"Kertai, David (2013). \"The Queens of the Neo-Assyrian Empire\". Altorientalische Forschungen. 40 (1): 108–124. doi:10.1524/aof.2013.0006. S2CID 163392326.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1524%2Faof.2013.0006","url_text":"10.1524/aof.2013.0006"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163392326","url_text":"163392326"}]},{"reference":"Lawson Younger, K. 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Vol. New Light on Nimrud: Proceedings of the Nimrud Conference 11th–13th March 2002. pp. 141–148.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Schultz, Michael; Kunter, Manfred (1998). \"Erste ergebnisse der anthropologischen und palaopathologischen untersuchungen an den menschlichen skeletfunden aus den Neuassyrischen Königinnengräbern von Nimrud\". Jahrbuch des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz. 45: 85–128.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Spurrier, Tracy L. (2015). \"The Life and Health of Assyrian Queens\". The Ancient Near East Today. American Society of Overseas Research. Retrieved 15 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.asor.org/anetoday/2015/06/the-life-and-health-of-assyrian-queens/","url_text":"\"The Life and Health of Assyrian Queens\""}]},{"reference":"Spurrier, Tracy L. (2017). \"Finding Hama: On the Identification of a Forgotten Queen Buried in the Nimrud Tombs\". Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 76 (1): 149–174. doi:10.1086/690911. S2CID 164734557.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/690911","url_text":"\"Finding Hama: On the Identification of a Forgotten Queen Buried in the Nimrud Tombs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F690911","url_text":"10.1086/690911"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164734557","url_text":"164734557"}]},{"reference":"Teppo, Saana (2007). \"Agency and the Neo-Assyrian Women of the Palace\". Studia Orientalia Electronica. 101: 381–420.","urls":[{"url":"https://journal.fi/store/article/view/52624","url_text":"\"Agency and the Neo-Assyrian Women of the Palace\""}]},{"reference":"Yamada, Keiko; Yamada, Shiego (2017). \"Shalmaneser V and His Era, Revisited\". In Baruchi-Unna, Amitai; Forti, Tova; Aḥituv, Shmuel; Ephʿal, Israel; Tigay, Jeffrey H. (eds.). \"Now It Happened in Those Days\": Studies in Biblical, Assyrian, and Other Ancient Near Eastern Historiography Presented to Mordechai Cogan on His 75th Birthday. Vol. 2. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns. ISBN 978-1575067612.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/35496181","url_text":"\"Shalmaneser V and His Era, Revisited\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1575067612","url_text":"978-1575067612"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_eclipse_of_July_21,_1906
Solar eclipse of July 21, 1906
["1 Related eclipses","1.1 Solar eclipses 1906–1909","1.2 Metonic series","2 References","3 External links"]
20th-century partial solar eclipse Solar eclipse of July 21, 1906MapType of eclipseNaturePartialGamma−1.3637Magnitude0.3355Maximum eclipseCoordinates68°36′S 33°18′W / 68.6°S 33.3°W / -68.6; -33.3Times (UTC)Greatest eclipse13:14:19ReferencesSaros115 (70 of 72)Catalog # (SE5000)9296 A partial solar eclipse occurred on July 21, 1906. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A partial solar eclipse occurs in the polar regions of the Earth when the center of the Moon's shadow misses the Earth. Related eclipses Solar eclipses 1906–1909 This eclipse is a member of a semester series. An eclipse in a semester series of solar eclipses repeats approximately every 177 days and 4 hours (a semester) at alternating nodes of the Moon's orbit. Solar eclipse series sets from 1906–1909 Ascending node   Descending node 115 July 21, 1906Partial 120 January 14, 1907Total 125 July 10, 1907Annular 130 January 3, 1908Total 135 June 28, 1908Annular 140 December 23, 1908Hybrid 145 June 17, 1909Hybrid 150 December 12, 1909Partial Metonic series The metonic series repeats eclipses every 19 years (6939.69 days), lasting about 5 cycles. Eclipses occur in nearly the same calendar date. In addition, the octon subseries repeats 1/5 of that or every 3.8 years (1387.94 days). 22 eclipse events between December 13, 1898, and July 20, 1982 December 13–14 October 1–2 July 20–21 May 9 February 24–25 111 113 115 117 119 December 13, 1898 July 21, 1906 May 9, 1910 February 25, 1914 121 123 125 127 129 December 14, 1917 October 1, 1921 July 20, 1925 May 9, 1929 February 24, 1933 131 133 135 137 139 December 13, 1936 October 1, 1940 July 20, 1944 May 9, 1948 February 25, 1952 141 143 145 147 149 December 14, 1955 October 2, 1959 July 20, 1963 May 9, 1967 February 25, 1971 151 153 155 December 13, 1974 October 2, 1978 July 20, 1982 References ^ "Phenomenon in Antartic Not Reproduced in Iowa by Long Shot". Sioux City Journal. Sioux City, Iowa. 1906-07-22. p. 6. Retrieved 2023-11-01 – via Newspapers.com. ^ van Gent, R.H. "Solar- and Lunar-Eclipse Predictions from Antiquity to the Present". A Catalogue of Eclipse Cycles. Utrecht University. Retrieved 6 October 2018. External links Earth visibility chart and eclipse statistics Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak, NASA/GSFC Besselian elements vteSolar eclipsesLists of eclipsesBy era Antiquity Middle Ages Modern era 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st 22nd Future Saros series 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 Visibility Australia China Israel Philippines Russia Ukraine United Kingdom United States Historical Mursili's eclipse (1312 BC) Assyrian eclipse (763 BC) Eclipse of Thales (585 BC) Total/hybrid eclipses→ next total/hybrid 1560 1598 1652 1654 1673 1699 1706 1715 1724 1766 1778 1780 1806 1816 1824 1842 1851 1853 1857 1858 1860 1865 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1874 1875 1878 1882 1883 1885 1886 1887 Jan 1889 Dec 1889 1893 1896 1898 1900 1901 1903 1904 1905 1907 Jan 1908 Dec 1908 1909 1910 1911 Apr 1912 Oct 1912 1914 1916 1918 1919 1921 1922 1923 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 Apr 1930 Oct 1930 1932 1934 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1943 Jan 1944 1945 1947 1948 1950 1952 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1961 1962 1963 1965 1966 1967 1968 1970 1972 1973 1974 1976 1977 1979 1980 1981 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1990 1991 1992 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2008 2009 2010 2012 2013 2015 2016 2017 2019 2020 2021 2023 → 2024 2026 2027 2028 2030 2031 2033 2034 2035 2037 2038 2039 2041 2042 2043 2044 2045 2046 2048 2049 2050 2052 2053 2055 Jan 2057 Dec 2057 2059 2060 2061 2063 2064 2066 2067 2068 2070 2071 2072 2073 2075 2076 2077 2078 2079 2081 2082 2084 2086 2088 2089 2090 2091 2093 2094 2095 2096 2097 2099 2100 2114 2117 2126 2132 2150 2153 2168 2178 2186 Annular eclipses→ next annular 1820 1854 1879 1889 1900 1901 1903 1904 1905 1907 1908 1911 1914 Feb 1915 Aug 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1921 1922 1923 1925 1926 1927 1929 1932 Feb 1933 Aug 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1939 1940 1941 1943 Jul 1944 1945 1947 1948 1950 Mar 1951 Sep 1951 1952 Jan 1954 Dec 1954 1955 1957 1958 1959 1961 1962 1963 1965 1966 Mar 1969 Sep 1969 1970 1972 Jan 1973 Dec 1973 1976 1977 1979 1980 1981 1983 1984 1987 1988 1990 1991 1992 1994 1995 1998 1999 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2008 2009 2010 2012 2013 2014 2016 2017 2019 2020 2021 2023 → 2024 2026 2027 2028 2030 2031 2032 2034 2035 2036 Jan 2038 Jul 2038 2039 2041 2042 2043 2044 2045 2046 2048 2049 2052 2053 Jan 2056 Jul 2056 2057 2059 2060 2061 2063 2064 2066 2067 2070 2071 Jan 2074 Jul 2074 2075 2077 2078 2079 2081 2082 2084 Jun 2085 Dec 2085 2088 2089 Feb 2092 Aug 2092 2093 2095 2096 2097 2099 2100 2101 Jan 2168 Dec 2168 Apr 2191 2200 Partial eclipses→ next partial Jan 1639 Apr 1902 May 1902 Oct 1902 Feb 1906 Jul 1906 Aug 1906 Dec 1909 Nov 1910 Apr 1913 Aug 1913 Sep 1913 Dec 1916 Jan 1917 Jun 1917 Jul 1917 May 1920 Nov 1920 Mar 1924 Jul 1924 Aug 1924 Dec 1927 Jun 1928 Nov 1928 Apr 1931 Sep 1931 Oct 1931 Jan 1935 Feb 1935 Jun 1935 Jul 1935 Nov 1938 Mar 1942 Aug 1942 Sep 1942 Jan 1946 May 1946 Jun 1946 Nov 1946 Apr 1949 Oct 1949 Feb 1953 Jul 1953 Aug 1953 Dec 1956 Mar 1960 Sep 1960 Jan 1964 Jun 1964 Jul 1964 Dec 1964 May 1967 Mar 1968 Feb 1971 Jul 1971 Aug 1971 Dec 1974 May 1975 Nov 1975 Apr 1978 Oct 1978 Jan 1982 Jun 1982 Jul 1982 Dec 1982 May 1985 Apr 1986 Mar 1989 Aug 1989 Dec 1992 May 1993 Nov 1993 Apr 1996 Oct 1996 Sep 1997 Feb 2000 1 Jul 2000 31 Jul 2000 Dec 2000 Apr 2004 Oct 2004 Mar 2007 Sep 2007 Jan 2011 Jun 2011 Jul 2011 Nov 2011 Oct 2014 Sep 2015 Feb 2018 Jul 2018 Aug 2018 Jan 2019 Apr 2022 Oct 2022 → Mar 2025 Sep 2025 Jan 2029 Jun 2029 Jul 2029 Dec 2029 2032 2033 Feb 2036 Jul 2036 Aug 2036 2037 May 2040 Nov 2040 Jan 2047 Jun 2047 Jul 2047 Dec 2047 2050 Apr 2051 Oct 2051 Mar 2054 Aug 2054 Sep 2054 2055 May 2058 Jun 2058 Nov 2058 Mar 2062 Sep 2062 Feb 2065 Jul 2065 Aug 2065 Dec 2065 2068 Apr 2069 May 2069 Oct 2069 2072 2073 Jun 2076 Jul 2076 Nov 2076 Feb 2083 Jul 2083 Aug 2083 2084 2086 May 2087 Jun 2087 Oct 2087 2090 2091 Jun 2094 Jul 2094 Dec 2094 Apr 2098 Sep 2098 Oct 2098 Apr 2108 Jul 2195 Other bodies Mars Moon Jupiter Neptune Pluto Saturn Uranus Related Eclipse chasing Solar viewer Planetary transit List of films featuring eclipses Solar eclipses in fiction Lunar eclipse  Astronomy portal  Solar System portal Category This solar eclipse–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi,_Buddy
Hi, Buddy
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 References","4 External links"]
1943 American musical film directed by Harold Young Hi, BuddyTheatrical release posterDirected byHarold YoungScreenplay byWarren WilsonProduced byPaul MalvernStarringDick ForanHarriet NelsonRobert PaigeMarjorie LordBobs WatsonTommy CookJennifer HoltGus SchillingCinematographyJohn W. BoyleEdited byCharles MaynardMusic byCharles PrevinProductioncompanyUniversal PicturesDistributed byUniversal PicturesRelease date February 26, 1943 (1943-02-26) Running time66 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish Hi, Buddy is a 1943 American musical film directed by Harold Young and written by Warren Wilson. The film stars Dick Foran, Harriet Nelson, Robert Paige, Marjorie Lord, Bobs Watson, Tommy Cook, Jennifer Holt and Gus Schilling. The film was released on February 26, 1943, by Universal Pictures. Plot This article needs a plot summary. Please add one in your own words. (March 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Cast Dick Foran as Dave O'Connor Harriet Nelson as Gloria Bradley Robert Paige as Johnny Blake Marjorie Lord as Mary Parker Bobs Watson as Tim Martin Tommy Cook as Spud Winslow Jennifer Holt as Miss Lucille Russell Gus Schilling as Downbeat Collins Wade Boteler as Michael O'Shane Drew Roddy as Pat O'Shane References ^ "Hi, Buddy (1943) - Overview". TCM.com. Retrieved 2019-03-09. ^ Hal Erickson. "Hi, Buddy (1943) - Harold Young". AllMovie. Retrieved 2019-03-09. ^ "Hi, Buddy". Catalog.afi.com. Retrieved 2019-03-09. External links Hi, Buddy at IMDb vteFilms directed by Harold Young Leave It to Blanche (1934) Too Many Millions (1934) The Scarlet Pimpernel (1934) Without Regret (1935) Woman Trap (1936) My American Wife (1936) Let Them Live (1937) 52nd Street (1937) Little Tough Guy (1938) The Storm (1938) Newsboys' Home (1938) Code of the Streets (1939) The Forgotten Woman (1939) Hero for a Day (1939) Sabotage (1939) Dreaming Out Loud (1940) Bachelor Daddy (1941) Swing It Soldier (1941) Juke Box Jenny (1942) There's One Born Every Minute (1942) Rubber Racketeers (1942) The Mummy's Tomb (1942) Hi'ya, Chum (1943) Hi, Buddy (1943) I Escaped from the Gestapo (1943) Spy Train (1943) Machine Gun Mama (1944) The Three Caballeros (1944) Song of the Sarong (1945) I'll Remember April (1945) The Frozen Ghost (1945) Jungle Captive (1945) Roogie's Bump (1954) Carib Gold (1957) This article about a musical film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"musical film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_film"},{"link_name":"Harold Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Young_(director)"},{"link_name":"Dick Foran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Foran"},{"link_name":"Harriet Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harriet_Nelson"},{"link_name":"Robert Paige","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Paige"},{"link_name":"Marjorie Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marjorie_Lord"},{"link_name":"Bobs Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobs_Watson"},{"link_name":"Tommy Cook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Cook_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Jennifer Holt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Holt"},{"link_name":"Gus Schilling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gus_Schilling"},{"link_name":"Universal Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Pictures"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Hi, Buddy is a 1943 American musical film directed by Harold Young and written by Warren Wilson. The film stars Dick Foran, Harriet Nelson, Robert Paige, Marjorie Lord, Bobs Watson, Tommy Cook, Jennifer Holt and Gus Schilling. The film was released on February 26, 1943, by Universal Pictures.[1][2][3]","title":"Hi, Buddy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dick Foran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Foran"},{"link_name":"Harriet Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harriet_Nelson"},{"link_name":"Robert Paige","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Paige"},{"link_name":"Marjorie Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marjorie_Lord"},{"link_name":"Bobs Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobs_Watson"},{"link_name":"Tommy Cook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Cook_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Jennifer Holt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Holt"},{"link_name":"Gus Schilling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gus_Schilling"},{"link_name":"Wade Boteler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wade_Boteler"}],"text":"Dick Foran as Dave O'Connor\nHarriet Nelson as Gloria Bradley\nRobert Paige as Johnny Blake\nMarjorie Lord as Mary Parker\nBobs Watson as Tim Martin\nTommy Cook as Spud Winslow\nJennifer Holt as Miss Lucille Russell\nGus Schilling as Downbeat Collins\nWade Boteler as Michael O'Shane\nDrew Roddy as Pat O'Shane","title":"Cast"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacksonville,_Kentucky
Jamestown, Kentucky
["1 Geography","1.1 Climate","2 History","3 Demographics","4 Education","5 References"]
Coordinates: 36°59′27″N 85°04′01″W / 36.99083°N 85.06694°W / 36.99083; -85.06694This article is about the present-day city in Russell County. For the 19th-century city of the same name in Campbell County, see Dayton, Kentucky. City in Kentucky, United StatesJamestown, KentuckyCityRussell County courthouse in JamestownLocation of Jamestown in Russell County, Kentucky.Coordinates: 36°59′27″N 85°04′01″W / 36.99083°N 85.06694°W / 36.99083; -85.06694CountryUnited StatesStateKentuckyCountyRussellIncorporated1826Named forJames Wooldridge, a local landownerArea • Total3.65 sq mi (9.46 km2) • Land3.52 sq mi (9.11 km2) • Water0.14 sq mi (0.35 km2)Elevation978 ft (298 m)Population (2020) • Total1,867 • Estimate (2022)1,869 • Density530.70/sq mi (204.91/km2)Time zoneUTC-6 (Central (CST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT)ZIP code42629Area code(s)270 & 364FIPS code21-40114GNIS feature ID2404788 Jamestown is a home rule-class city in Russell County, Kentucky, in the United States. It is the seat of its county. The population was 1,794 at the 2010 U.S. census. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 2.2 square miles (5.7 km2), all land. Climate The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Jamestown has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps. Climate data for Jamestown, Kentucky (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1971–present) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °F (°C) 76(24) 80(27) 89(32) 90(32) 91(33) 103(39) 103(39) 101(38) 97(36) 94(34) 86(30) 79(26) 103(39) Mean maximum °F (°C) 66.3(19.1) 70.6(21.4) 77.3(25.2) 83.5(28.6) 87.1(30.6) 91.9(33.3) 93.8(34.3) 92.4(33.6) 90.7(32.6) 84.0(28.9) 75.4(24.1) 67.5(19.7) 95.1(35.1) Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 43.5(6.4) 48.1(8.9) 57.2(14.0) 67.5(19.7) 75.4(24.1) 82.6(28.1) 85.6(29.8) 84.8(29.3) 79.4(26.3) 68.9(20.5) 56.7(13.7) 47.4(8.6) 66.4(19.1) Daily mean °F (°C) 34.0(1.1) 37.5(3.1) 45.5(7.5) 54.8(12.7) 64.2(17.9) 71.9(22.2) 75.4(24.1) 74.2(23.4) 67.7(19.8) 56.7(13.7) 45.1(7.3) 38.2(3.4) 55.4(13.0) Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 24.5(−4.2) 26.9(−2.8) 33.8(1.0) 42.2(5.7) 53.0(11.7) 61.1(16.2) 65.2(18.4) 63.5(17.5) 56.0(13.3) 44.5(6.9) 33.5(0.8) 29.0(−1.7) 44.4(6.9) Mean minimum °F (°C) 3.0(−16.1) 8.7(−12.9) 15.5(−9.2) 24.9(−3.9) 35.5(1.9) 48.1(8.9) 54.9(12.7) 53.1(11.7) 42.6(5.9) 28.7(−1.8) 17.9(−7.8) 13.8(−10.1) −1.4(−18.6) Record low °F (°C) −22(−30) −19(−28) −1(−18) 16(−9) 28(−2) 40(4) 48(9) 43(6) 34(1) 22(−6) 7(−14) −14(−26) −22(−30) Average precipitation inches (mm) 5.48(139) 4.57(116) 5.36(136) 5.12(130) 5.41(137) 4.97(126) 5.09(129) 4.19(106) 4.64(118) 3.14(80) 4.01(102) 5.04(128) 57.02(1,448) Average snowfall inches (cm) 1.1(2.8) 2.8(7.1) 1.0(2.5) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 4.9(12) Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 11.1 9.9 12.1 11.5 12.1 10.4 11.5 8.0 8.3 7.7 9.1 12.6 124.3 Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 0.9 1.4 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 3.0 Source: NOAA History The community was established in 1826 to be the seat of the newly formed Russell County. It was briefly known as Jacksonville in honor of General Andrew Jackson, who had just won a plurality of the popular vote during the 1824 presidential election but lost the runoff in the House of Representatives, largely because of the "corrupt bargain" struck by Henry Clay and John Quincy Adams. However, an anti-Jacksonian party loyal to Clay came into power the same year and the post office was established in November as Jamestown after local landowner James Wooldridge, who (together with his brother John) had donated 110 acres of land for the town. The act of the state legislature incorporating the city in December continued this name, which the city has used since. Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 1870138—1880121−12.3%189015427.3%1910177—192023733.9%193041073.0%194047616.1%19501,064123.5%1960792−25.6%19701,02729.7%19801,44140.3%19901,64113.9%20001,624−1.0%20101,79410.5%20201,8674.1%2022 (est.)1,8690.1%U.S. Decennial Census At the 2000 census there were 1,624 people in 662 households, including 421 families, in the city. The population density was 722.5 inhabitants per square mile (279.0/km2). There were 755 housing units at an average density of 335.9 per square mile (129.7/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 94.89% White, 3.51% African American, 0.43% Asian, 0.12% from other races, and 1.05% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.86%. Of the 662 households 30.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.3% were married couples living together, 15.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.3% were non-families. 34.1% of households were one person and 15.6% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.25 and the average family size was 2.87. The age distribution was 23.0% under the age of 18, 7.9% from 18 to 24, 24.4% from 25 to 44, 22.0% from 45 to 64, and 22.7% 65 or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 83.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 79.7 males. The median household income was $18,587 and the median family income was $25,234. Males had a median income of $24,375 versus $20,380 for females. The per capita income for the city was $11,140. About 25.8% of families and 30.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 44.5% of those under age 18 and 14.2% of those age 65 or over. Education Jamestown has a lending library, a branch of the Russell County Public Library. References ^ "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 18, 2022. ^ a b U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Jamestown, Kentucky ^ "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places in Kentucky: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2022". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 26, 2023. ^ "Summary and Reference Guide to House Bill 331 City Classification Reform" (PDF). Kentucky League of Cities. Retrieved December 30, 2014. ^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on May 31, 2011. Retrieved June 7, 2011. ^ "Jamestown, Kentucky – Köppen Climate Classification". Weatherbase. ^ "NOWData – NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved November 18, 2023. ^ "Summary of Monthly Normals 1991–2020". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved November 18, 2023. ^ a b Rennick, Robert M. (1987). Kentucky Place Names. University Press of Kentucky. p. 152. Retrieved July 26, 2013. ^ The Kentucky Encyclopedia, p. 463. "Jamestown". University Press of Kentucky (Lexington), 1992. Accessed 1 August 2013. ^ Commonwealth of Kentucky. Office of the Secretary of State. Land Office. "Jamestown, Kentucky". Accessed 1 August 2013. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ "Kentucky Public Library Directory". Kentucky Department for Libraries and Archives. Archived from the original on January 11, 2019. Retrieved June 7, 2019. vteMunicipalities and communities of Russell County, Kentucky, United StatesCounty seat: JamestownCities Jamestown Russell Springs Location of Russell County, KentuckyUnincorporatedcommunities Bryan Crocus‡ Eli Esto Fonthill Freedom Helm Horntown Humble Jabez Karlus Old Olga Olga Ono Ribbon Rowena Royville Sano Vinnie Whittle Ghost town Creelsboro Footnotes ‡ This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties. Kentucky portal United States portal vteCounty seats in Kentucky Albany Alexandria Barbourville Bardstown Bardwell Beattyville Bedford Benton Booneville Bowling Green Brandenburg Brooksville Brownsville Burkesville Burlington Cadiz Calhoun Campbellsville Campton Carlisle Carrollton Catlettsburg Clinton Columbia Covington Cynthiana Danville Dixon Eddyville Edmonton Elizabethtown Elkton Falmouth Flemingsburg Frankfort Franklin Frenchburg Georgetown Glasgow Grayson Greensburg Greenup Greenville Hardinsburg Harlan Harrodsburg Hartford Hawesville Hazard Henderson Hickman Hindman Hodgenville Hopkinsville Hyden Independence Inez Irvine Jackson Jamestown La Grange Lancaster Lawrenceburg Lebanon Leitchfield Lexington Liberty London Louisa Louisville Madisonville Manchester Marion Mayfield Maysville McKee Monticello Morehead Morganfield Morgantown Mount Olivet Mount Sterling Mount Vernon Munfordville Murray New Castle Newport Nicholasville Owensboro Owenton Owingsville Paducah Paintsville Paris Pikeville Pineville Prestonsburg Princeton Richmond Russellville Salyersville Sandy Hook Scottsville Shelbyville Shepherdsville Smithland Somerset Springfield Stanford Stanton Taylorsville Tompkinsville Vanceburg Versailles Warsaw West Liberty Whitesburg Whitley City Wickliffe Williamsburg Williamstown Winchester  Kentucky portal Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dayton, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayton,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"home rule-class city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_rule_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Russell County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_County,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky"},{"link_name":"seat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_seat"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR6-5"},{"link_name":"2010 U.S. census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_U.S._census"}],"text":"This article is about the present-day city in Russell County. For the 19th-century city of the same name in Campbell County, see Dayton, Kentucky.City in Kentucky, United StatesJamestown is a home rule-class city[4] in Russell County, Kentucky, in the United States. It is the seat of its county.[5] The population was 1,794 at the 2010 U.S. census.","title":"Jamestown, Kentucky"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"}],"text":"According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 2.2 square miles (5.7 km2), all land.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Köppen Climate Classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_Climate_Classification"},{"link_name":"humid subtropical climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"NOAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOWData-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NCEI-8"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Jamestown has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated \"Cfa\" on climate maps.[6]Climate data for Jamestown, Kentucky (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1971–present)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °F (°C)\n\n76(24)\n\n80(27)\n\n89(32)\n\n90(32)\n\n91(33)\n\n103(39)\n\n103(39)\n\n101(38)\n\n97(36)\n\n94(34)\n\n86(30)\n\n79(26)\n\n103(39)\n\n\nMean maximum °F (°C)\n\n66.3(19.1)\n\n70.6(21.4)\n\n77.3(25.2)\n\n83.5(28.6)\n\n87.1(30.6)\n\n91.9(33.3)\n\n93.8(34.3)\n\n92.4(33.6)\n\n90.7(32.6)\n\n84.0(28.9)\n\n75.4(24.1)\n\n67.5(19.7)\n\n95.1(35.1)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °F (°C)\n\n43.5(6.4)\n\n48.1(8.9)\n\n57.2(14.0)\n\n67.5(19.7)\n\n75.4(24.1)\n\n82.6(28.1)\n\n85.6(29.8)\n\n84.8(29.3)\n\n79.4(26.3)\n\n68.9(20.5)\n\n56.7(13.7)\n\n47.4(8.6)\n\n66.4(19.1)\n\n\nDaily mean °F (°C)\n\n34.0(1.1)\n\n37.5(3.1)\n\n45.5(7.5)\n\n54.8(12.7)\n\n64.2(17.9)\n\n71.9(22.2)\n\n75.4(24.1)\n\n74.2(23.4)\n\n67.7(19.8)\n\n56.7(13.7)\n\n45.1(7.3)\n\n38.2(3.4)\n\n55.4(13.0)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °F (°C)\n\n24.5(−4.2)\n\n26.9(−2.8)\n\n33.8(1.0)\n\n42.2(5.7)\n\n53.0(11.7)\n\n61.1(16.2)\n\n65.2(18.4)\n\n63.5(17.5)\n\n56.0(13.3)\n\n44.5(6.9)\n\n33.5(0.8)\n\n29.0(−1.7)\n\n44.4(6.9)\n\n\nMean minimum °F (°C)\n\n3.0(−16.1)\n\n8.7(−12.9)\n\n15.5(−9.2)\n\n24.9(−3.9)\n\n35.5(1.9)\n\n48.1(8.9)\n\n54.9(12.7)\n\n53.1(11.7)\n\n42.6(5.9)\n\n28.7(−1.8)\n\n17.9(−7.8)\n\n13.8(−10.1)\n\n−1.4(−18.6)\n\n\nRecord low °F (°C)\n\n−22(−30)\n\n−19(−28)\n\n−1(−18)\n\n16(−9)\n\n28(−2)\n\n40(4)\n\n48(9)\n\n43(6)\n\n34(1)\n\n22(−6)\n\n7(−14)\n\n−14(−26)\n\n−22(−30)\n\n\nAverage precipitation inches (mm)\n\n5.48(139)\n\n4.57(116)\n\n5.36(136)\n\n5.12(130)\n\n5.41(137)\n\n4.97(126)\n\n5.09(129)\n\n4.19(106)\n\n4.64(118)\n\n3.14(80)\n\n4.01(102)\n\n5.04(128)\n\n57.02(1,448)\n\n\nAverage snowfall inches (cm)\n\n1.1(2.8)\n\n2.8(7.1)\n\n1.0(2.5)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n4.9(12)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)\n\n11.1\n\n9.9\n\n12.1\n\n11.5\n\n12.1\n\n10.4\n\n11.5\n\n8.0\n\n8.3\n\n7.7\n\n9.1\n\n12.6\n\n124.3\n\n\nAverage snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)\n\n0.9\n\n1.4\n\n0.5\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.2\n\n3.0\n\n\nSource: NOAA[7][8]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russell County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_County,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Andrew Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ren-9"},{"link_name":"1824 presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"corrupt bargain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrupt_bargain"},{"link_name":"Henry Clay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Clay"},{"link_name":"John Quincy Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kenky-10"},{"link_name":"state legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ren-9"}],"text":"The community was established in 1826 to be the seat of the newly formed Russell County. It was briefly known as Jacksonville in honor of General Andrew Jackson,[9] who had just won a plurality of the popular vote during the 1824 presidential election but lost the runoff in the House of Representatives, largely because of the \"corrupt bargain\" struck by Henry Clay and John Quincy Adams. However, an anti-Jacksonian party loyal to Clay came into power the same year[10] and the post office was established in November as Jamestown after local landowner James Wooldridge, who (together with his brother John) had donated 110 acres of land for the town. The act of the state legislature incorporating the city in December[11] continued this name, which the city has used since.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2000 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"racial makeup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_Census#2000_census"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-13"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"text":"At the 2000 census there were 1,624 people in 662 households, including 421 families, in the city. The population density was 722.5 inhabitants per square mile (279.0/km2). There were 755 housing units at an average density of 335.9 per square mile (129.7/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 94.89% White, 3.51% African American, 0.43% Asian, 0.12% from other races, and 1.05% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.86%.[13]Of the 662 households 30.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.3% were married couples living together, 15.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.3% were non-families. 34.1% of households were one person and 15.6% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.25 and the average family size was 2.87.The age distribution was 23.0% under the age of 18, 7.9% from 18 to 24, 24.4% from 25 to 44, 22.0% from 45 to 64, and 22.7% 65 or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 83.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 79.7 males.The median household income was $18,587 and the median family income was $25,234. Males had a median income of $24,375 versus $20,380 for females. The per capita income for the city was $11,140. About 25.8% of families and 30.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 44.5% of those under age 18 and 14.2% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lending library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_library"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Jamestown has a lending library, a branch of the Russell County Public Library.[14]","title":"Education"}]
[{"image_text":"Location of Russell County, Kentucky","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Map_of_Kentucky_highlighting_Russell_County.svg/200px-Map_of_Kentucky_highlighting_Russell_County.svg.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 18, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_21.txt","url_text":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""}]},{"reference":"\"Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places in Kentucky: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2022\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 26, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/tables/2020-2022/cities/totals/SUB-IP-EST2022-POP-21.xlsx","url_text":"\"Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places in Kentucky: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2022\""}]},{"reference":"\"Summary and Reference Guide to House Bill 331 City Classification Reform\" (PDF). Kentucky League of Cities. Retrieved December 30, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.klc.org/UserFiles/files/ClassificationReformFACT(3).pdf","url_text":"\"Summary and Reference Guide to House Bill 331 City Classification Reform\""}]},{"reference":"\"Find a County\". National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on May 31, 2011. Retrieved June 7, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110531210815/http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx","url_text":"\"Find a County\""},{"url":"http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Jamestown, Kentucky – Köppen Climate Classification\". Weatherbase.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=802451&cityname=Jamestown,+Kentucky,+United+States+of+America&units=","url_text":"\"Jamestown, Kentucky – Köppen Climate Classification\""}]},{"reference":"\"NOWData – NOAA Online Weather Data\". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved November 18, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.weather.gov/wrh/climate?wfo=lmk","url_text":"\"NOWData – NOAA Online Weather Data\""}]},{"reference":"\"Summary of Monthly Normals 1991–2020\". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved November 18, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&stations=USC00154208&format=pdf&dataTypes=MLY-TMAX-NORMAL,MLY-TMIN-NORMAL,MLY-TAVG-NORMAL,MLY-PRCP-NORMAL,MLY-SNOW-NORMAL","url_text":"\"Summary of Monthly Normals 1991–2020\""}]},{"reference":"Rennick, Robert M. (1987). Kentucky Place Names. University Press of Kentucky. p. 152. Retrieved July 26, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3Lac2FUSj_oC&pg=PA152","url_text":"Kentucky Place Names"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Kentucky Public Library Directory\". Kentucky Department for Libraries and Archives. Archived from the original on January 11, 2019. Retrieved June 7, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190111202017/https://kdla.ky.gov/librarians/pages/librarydirectory.aspx","url_text":"\"Kentucky Public Library Directory\""},{"url":"https://kdla.ky.gov/librarians/pages/librarydirectory.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Jamestown,_Kentucky&params=36_59_27_N_85_04_01_W_region:US_type:city","external_links_name":"36°59′27″N 85°04′01″W / 36.99083°N 85.06694°W / 36.99083; -85.06694"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Jamestown,_Kentucky&params=36_59_27_N_85_04_01_W_region:US_type:city","external_links_name":"36°59′27″N 85°04′01″W / 36.99083°N 85.06694°W / 36.99083; -85.06694"},{"Link":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_21.txt","external_links_name":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/2404788","external_links_name":"U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Jamestown, Kentucky"},{"Link":"https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/tables/2020-2022/cities/totals/SUB-IP-EST2022-POP-21.xlsx","external_links_name":"\"Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places in Kentucky: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2022\""},{"Link":"http://www.klc.org/UserFiles/files/ClassificationReformFACT(3).pdf","external_links_name":"\"Summary and Reference Guide to House Bill 331 City Classification Reform\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110531210815/http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Find a County\""},{"Link":"http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=802451&cityname=Jamestown,+Kentucky,+United+States+of+America&units=","external_links_name":"\"Jamestown, Kentucky – Köppen Climate Classification\""},{"Link":"https://www.weather.gov/wrh/climate?wfo=lmk","external_links_name":"\"NOWData – NOAA Online Weather Data\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&stations=USC00154208&format=pdf&dataTypes=MLY-TMAX-NORMAL,MLY-TMIN-NORMAL,MLY-TAVG-NORMAL,MLY-PRCP-NORMAL,MLY-SNOW-NORMAL","external_links_name":"\"Summary of Monthly Normals 1991–2020\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3Lac2FUSj_oC&pg=PA152","external_links_name":"Kentucky Place Names"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8eFSK4o--M0C&pg=PA463","external_links_name":"p. 463"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","external_links_name":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190111202017/https://kdla.ky.gov/librarians/pages/librarydirectory.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Kentucky Public Library Directory\""},{"Link":"https://kdla.ky.gov/librarians/pages/librarydirectory.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/140829979","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007565072805171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n88187182","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Remo,_New_South_Wales
San Remo, New South Wales
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 33°12′51″S 151°31′18″E / 33.2143°S 151.5218°E / -33.2143; 151.5218 Suburb of Central Coast, New South Wales, AustraliaSan RemoCentral Coast, New South WalesPopulation4,434 (SAL 2021)Postcode(s)2262Elevation13 m (43 ft)Area2.4 km2 (0.9 sq mi)Location 22 km (14 mi) N of The Entrance 17 km (11 mi) NE of Wyong 51 km (32 mi) SW of Newcastle 37 km (23 mi) NNE of Gosford 107 km (66 mi) NNE of Sydney LGA(s)Central Coast CouncilParishMunmorahState electorate(s)SwanseaFederal division(s)Shortland Suburbs around San Remo: Doyalson Doyalson Colongra Blue Haven San Remo Colongra Charmhaven Budgewoi Lake Buff Point San Remo is a suburb of the Central Coast region of New South Wales, Australia. It is part of the Central Coast Council local government area and is home to Northlakes High School, which has over 1000 students, and the San Remo Neighbourhood Centre. References ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics (28 June 2022). "San Remo (NSW) (suburb and locality)". Australian Census 2021 QuickStats. Retrieved 28 June 2022.  vteSuburbs of the Central Coast, New South WalesTowns, suburbsand localities Alison Avoca Beach Bar Point Bateau Bay Bensville Berkeley Vale Blackwall Blue Bay Blue Haven Booker Bay Bouddi Box Head Budgewoi Budgewoi Peninsula Buff Point Bushells Ridge Calga Canton Beach Cedar Brush Creek Central Mangrove Chain Valley Bay Charmhaven Cheero Point Chittaway Bay Chittaway Point Cogra Bay Colongra Copacabana Crangan Bay Daleys Point Davistown Dooralong Doyalson Doyalson North Durren Durren East Gosford Empire Bay Erina Erina Heights Ettalong Beach Forresters Beach Fountaindale Glenning Valley Glenworth Valley Gorokan Gosford Green Point Greengrove Gunderman Gwandalan Halekulani Halloran Hamlyn Terrace Hardys Bay Holgate Horsfield Bay Jilliby Kangy Angy Kanwal Kariong Kiar Killarney Vale Killcare Killcare Heights Kincumber Kincumber South Kingfisher Shores Koolewong Kulnura Lake Haven Lake Munmorah Lemon Tree Lisarow Little Jilliby Little Wobby Long Jetty Lower Mangrove MacMasters Beach Magenta Mangrove Creek Mangrove Mountain Mannering Park Mardi Marlow Matcham Moonee Mooney Mooney Mooney Mooney Creek Mount Elliot Mount White Narara Niagara Park Norah Head Noraville North Avoca North Gosford Ourimbah Palm Grove Palmdale Patonga Pearl Beach Peats Ridge Phegans Bay Picketts Valley Point Clare Point Frederick Pretty Beach Ravensdale Rocky Point San Remo Saratoga Shelly Beach Somersby Spencer Springfield St Huberts Island Summerland Point Tacoma Tacoma South Tascott Ten Mile Hollow Terrigal The Entrance The Entrance North Toowoon Bay Toukley Tuggerah Tuggerawong Tumbi Umbi Umina Beach Upper Mangrove Wadalba Wagstaffe Wallarah Wamberal Warnervale Watanobbi Wendoree Park West Gosford Wisemans Ferry Wondabyne Woongarrah Woy Woy Woy Woy Bay Wyee Wyoming Wyong Wyong Creek Wyongah Yarramalong Yattalunga Rivers andother waterways Brisbane Water Budgewoi Lake Mangrove Creek Mooney Mooney Creek Lake Munmorah Ourimbah Creek Terrigal Lagoon Wamberal Lagoon Tuggerah Lake Tuggerah Lakes Wyong River National parks Bouddi Brisbane Water Dharug Other places andpoints of interest Central Coast Stadium Central Coast Highway Erina Fair Gosford Glyphs Munmorah Power Station Munmorah State Conservation Area Pacific Motorway Watagan Mountains Wyrrabalong National Park List of Central Coast, New South Wales suburbs 33°12′51″S 151°31′18″E / 33.2143°S 151.5218°E / -33.2143; 151.5218 This Central Coast geography article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"suburb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Central_Coast_suburbs"},{"link_name":"Central Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Coast_(New_South_Wales)"},{"link_name":"New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Central Coast Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Coast_Council_(New_South_Wales)"},{"link_name":"local government area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_government_areas_of_New_South_Wales"}],"text":"Suburb of Central Coast, New South Wales, AustraliaSan Remo is a suburb of the Central Coast region of New South Wales, Australia. It is part of the Central Coast Council local government area and is home to Northlakes High School, which has over 1000 students, and the San Remo Neighbourhood Centre.","title":"San Remo, New South Wales"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"Australian Bureau of Statistics (28 June 2022). \"San Remo (NSW) (suburb and locality)\". Australian Census 2021 QuickStats. Retrieved 28 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics","url_text":"Australian Bureau of Statistics"},{"url":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/SAL13485","url_text":"\"San Remo (NSW) (suburb and locality)\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=San_Remo,_New_South_Wales&params=33.2143_S_151.5218_E_type:city_region:AU-NSW","external_links_name":"33°12′51″S 151°31′18″E / 33.2143°S 151.5218°E / -33.2143; 151.5218"},{"Link":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/SAL13485","external_links_name":"\"San Remo (NSW) (suburb and locality)\""},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=San_Remo,_New_South_Wales&params=33.2143_S_151.5218_E_type:city_region:AU-NSW","external_links_name":"33°12′51″S 151°31′18″E / 33.2143°S 151.5218°E / -33.2143; 151.5218"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=San_Remo,_New_South_Wales&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_mayoral_election,_1969
1969 Pittsburgh mayoral election
["1 Primary elections","2 General election","3 External links","4 References"]
Election for mayor of Pittsburgh 1969 Pittsburgh mayoral election ← 1965 November 4, 1969 1973 →   Nominee Pete Flaherty John Tabor Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 118,936 62,586 Percentage 65.5% 34.5% Mayor before election Joseph M. Barr Democratic Elected Mayor Pete Flaherty Democratic Elections in Pennsylvania Federal government U.S. President 1789 1792 1796 1800 1804 1808 1812 1816 1820 1824 1828 1832 1836 1840 1844 1848 1852 1856 1860 1864 1868 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 Presidential primaries Democratic 2000 2004 2008 2016 2020 2024 Republican 2008 2016 2020 2024 U.S. Senate 1788 1791 1793 sp 1794 sp 1795 1796 1797 1801 1801 sp 1802 1806 1808 1808 sp 1809 sp 1812 1814 1814 sp 1818 1820 1824 1826 1830 1831 sp 1832 1834 sp 1836 1840 sp 1843 1845 1845 sp 1849 1851 1856 1857 1861 1861 sp 1863 1867 1869 1873 1875 1877 sp 1879 1881 1885 1887 1891 1893 1897 1899 1901 sp 1903 1905 1905 sp 1908 1909 1909 sp 1911 1914 1916 1920 1922 1922 sp 1926 1928 1930 sp 1932 1934 1938 1940 1944 1946 1950 1952 1956 1958 1962 1964 1968 1970 1974 1976 1980 1982 1986 1988 1991 sp 1992 1994 1998 2000 2004 2006 2010 2012 2016 2018 2022 2024 2028 U.S. House of Representatives 1788 1791 1792 1794 1796 5th sp 1797 5th sp 1798 1st sp 4th sp 1800 8th sp 1801 4th sp 8th sp 12th sp 1802 1804 10th sp 1805 4th sp 11th sp 1806 1st sp 1808 1st sp 1809 1st sp 1810 1812 1813 3rd sp 5th sp 7th sp 13th sp 15th sp 1814 2nd sp 3rd sp 1815 1st sp 3rd sp 9th sp 1816 9th sp 1817 10th sp 1818 4th sp 6th sp 1820 5th sp 7th sp 1821 5th sp 10th sp 1822 1st sp 6th sp 7th sp 14th sp 1824 8th sp 13th sp 1825 16th sp 1826 2nd sp 7th sp 13th sp 18th sp 1827 2nd sp 1828 1829 8th sp 16th sp 1830 1831 11th sp 1832 1833 1st sp 1834 1836 13th sp 24th sp 1837 3rd sp 1838 9th sp 1839 14th sp 1840 13th sp 22nd sp 1841 2nd sp 13th sp 20th sp 18th sp Jun Dec 1842 17th sp 21st sp 1843 1844 12th sp 13th sp 21st sp 1846 1848 6th sp 1850 11th sp 15th sp 1852 1854 8th sp 1856 1857 12th sp 1858 8th sp 1860 8th sp 1861 2nd sp 12th sp 1862 7th sp 1864 1866 1867 12th sp 1868 9th sp 20th sp 1870 1872 13th sp 1874 23rd sp 1876 12th sp 1878 1880 1882 1884 19th sp 1885 19th sp 1886 1888 1890 3rd sp 4th sp 1892 1893 2nd sp 8th sp 1894 at-large sp 1895 15th sp 1896 1897 25th sp 1898 23rd sp 1899 9th sp 1900 5th sp 1901 10th sp 1902 17th sp 1903 4th sp 1904 3rd sp 1906 2nd sp 3rd sp 12th sp 1907 2nd sp 1908 1910 1911 2nd sp 14th sp 1912 1st sp 1914 1916 1917 28th sp 1918 1919 22nd sp 1920 3rd sp 1921 at-large sp 1922 1924 1926 1927 1st sp 1928 8th sp 1929 12th sp 1930 1931 2nd sp 1932 6th sp 18th sp 20th sp 1933 9th sp 1934 1936 1937 18th sp 1938 1939 4th sp 1940 1941 15th sp 1942 11th sp 12th sp 33rd sp 1943 2nd sp 23rd sp 1944 2nd sp 17th sp 1946 10th sp 23rd sp 33rd sp 1947 8th sp 1948 1949 22nd sp 26th sp 1950 1951 8th sp 14th sp 33rd sp 1952 1954 1956 2nd sp 30th sp 1957 13th sp 1958 4th sp 21st sp 1960 17th sp 18th sp 1961 16th sp 1962 1963 15th sp 23rd sp 1964 5th sp 1966 1968 1970 9th sp 1971 18th sp 1972 27th sp 1974 12th sp 1976 1st sp 1978 1980 11th sp 12th sp 1981 3rd sp 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1991 2nd sp 1992 1994 1996 1998 1st sp 2000 2001 9th sp 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 12th sp 2012 2014 2016 2nd sp 2018 7th sp 15th sp 18th sp 2019 12th sp 2020 2022 2024 State government Governor 1790 1793 1796 1799 1802 1805 1808 1811 1814 1817 1820 1823 1826 1829 1832 1835 1838 1841 1844 1847 1848 1851 1854 1857 1860 1863 1866 1869 1872 1875 1878 1882 1886 1890 1894 1898 1902 1906 1910 1914 1918 1922 1926 1930 1934 1938 1942 1946 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 2026 Lieutenant Governor 1874 1878 1882 1886 1890 1894 1898 1902 1906 1910 1914 1918 1922 1926 1930 1934 1938 1942 1946 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 Attorney General 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 Auditor General 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 State Treasurer 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 State Senate 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 State House of Representatives 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 Elections by year State elections 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Philadelphia Mayoral elections 1839 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1856 1858 1860 1862 1865 1868 1871 1874 1877 1881 1884 1887 1891 1895 1899 1903 1907 1911 1915 1919 1923 1927 1931 1935 1939 1943 1947 1951 1955 1959 1963 1967 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 2023 City Council elections 2015 2019 2022–23 sp. 2023 Other municipal elections 1951 1953 1955 1957 1959 1961 2023 Pittsburgh Mayors 1909 1913 1917 1921 1925 1929 1933 1937 1941 1945 1949 1953 1957 1959 1961 1965 1969 1973 1977 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2007 2009 2013 2017 2021 Allentown Mayors 1977 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013 2017 2019 sp 2021 Lancaster Mayors 2009 2017 2021 Harrisburg Mayors 1969 1973 1977 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013 2017 2021 Governmentvte The Mayoral election of 1969 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania was held on Tuesday, November 4, 1969. The incumbent mayor, Joe Barr of the Democratic Party chose not to run for his third term. Primary elections Outspoken City Councilman Pete Flaherty won the Democratic Primary, despite strong opposition from the city's aging party machine. He ran an aggressive campaign and characterized himself to the public as a reform. Court of Common Pleas Judge Harry Kramer, the endorsed candidate, launched a series of sharp personal attacks on Flaherty, which undermined his own campaign and hastened his defeat. General election A total of 181,522 votes were cast. As is typical in the heavily Democratic city, Flaherty won by over 30 points. The Republican nominee was John Tabor, the state's last Secretary of Internal Affairs (under the 1968 Pennsylvania Constitution, this elected position, considered to be the state's third highest office, was eliminated). Pittsburgh mayoral election, 1969 Party Candidate Votes % ±% Democratic Pete Flaherty 118,936 65.5 Republican John Tabor 62,586 34.5 Turnout 181,522 Democratic hold Swing External links Peter F. Flaherty Papers Finding Aid, 1964-1995, AIS.1999.19, Archives Service Center, University of Pittsburgh John K. Tabor Papers Finding Aid, 1969, AIS.1984.26, Archives Service Center, University of Pittsburgh References "Republican mayoral candidates through the years". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. November 7, 2007. Retrieved September 18, 2009. Preceded by1965 Pittsburgh mayoral election1969 Succeeded by1973 vte(1968←)   1969 United States elections   (→1970)U.S. House California 27th sp Illinois 13th sp Massachusetts 6th sp Montana 2nd sp New Jersey 8th sp Tennessee 8th sp Wisconsin 7th Governors Maryland (special) New Jersey Virginia Mayors Cleveland, OH Detroit, MI Los Angeles, CA Manchester, NH New Orleans, LA New York City, NY Pittsburgh, PA St. Louis, MO Springfield, MA vteCity of PittsburghGovernment Airport Convention Center City Hall Courthouse Mayor Council Events InterGov Police District Attorney Sheriff Fire Libraries Transit Education Parks Port Regional Economy Allegheny Conference Duquesne Club Chamber of Commerce Corporations Economic Club HYP Club Stock Exchange Other topics Colleges and universities Culture cookie table theatre Green Man Pittsburgh Parking Chair Picklesburgh Dialect Yinzer Flag Fictional settings Filming films television History name timeline Jewish history 2018 synagogue shooting Pittsburgh toilet Hospitals Media Museums Neighborhoods Nicknames Notable Pittsburghers Region combined statistical area Skyscrapers Sports Category
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westacres,_Michigan
West Bloomfield Township, Michigan
["1 Communities","2 Geography","3 Education","4 Religion","5 Demographics","5.1 Ethnic groups","6 Notable people","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]
Coordinates: 42°34′16″N 83°22′29″W / 42.57111°N 83.37472°W / 42.57111; -83.37472This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "West Bloomfield Township, Michigan" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Charter township in Michigan, United StatesWest Bloomfield Township, MichiganCharter townshipCharter Township of West BloomfieldWest Bloomfield Township Sign at 14 Mile Road and M-10Location within Oakland CountyWest Bloomfield TownshipLocation within the state of MichiganCoordinates: 42°34′16″N 83°22′29″W / 42.57111°N 83.37472°W / 42.57111; -83.37472CountryUnited StatesStateMichiganCountyOaklandEstablished1833Government • SupervisorSteven Kaplan (D)Area • Charter township31.2 sq mi (80.9 km2) • Land27.3 sq mi (70.8 km2) • Water3.9 sq mi (10.1 km2)  12.49%Elevation984 ft (300 m)Population (2020) • Charter township65,888 • Density2,369.5/sq mi (914.9/km2) • Metro4,296,250 (Metro Detroit)Time zoneUTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)ZIP code(s)48302, 48320, 48322–48325, 48328Area code(s)248FIPS code26-85480GNIS feature ID1627244WebsiteOfficial website West Bloomfield Township is a charter township in Oakland County in the U.S. state of Michigan. A northwestern suburb of Detroit, West Bloomfield is located roughly 27 miles (43.5 km) from downtown Detroit. As of the 2020 census, the township had a population of 65,888. Communities Westacres is an unincorporated community in the township at Keith and Commerce Roads (42°36′00″N 83°25′30″W / 42.60000°N 83.42500°W / 42.60000; -83.42500 Elevation: 925 ft./282 m.). Geography West Bloomfield is sometimes referred to by its residents as the "lake township of Oakland County", due to it being heavily dotted with small and medium-sized lakes. Cass Lake, the largest lake in the county, is in part of West Bloomfield, and Pine Lake, which has a private country club on its shore, is only a few miles away from Cass and lies completely within West Bloomfield. In addition, directly west of Pine Lake is Orchard Lake, which also has a private country club on its shore. Orchard Lake is surrounded by the city of Orchard Lake Village. Several smaller lakes are scattered around these larger ones. Orchard Lake Road runs north–south through the middle of the township and is the main artery of West Bloomfield's economy along with West Maple Road (15 Mile Rd.), flanked on each side by long strip malls and shopping complexes. There are many high-end boutique stores and expensive restaurants to visit. Most of the township's population growth has occurred since the 1960s, as many residents moved there from the inner ring Detroit suburbs. West Bloomfield is located in south-central Oakland County about 10 miles (20 km) to the northwest from the Detroit city limits and has borders with Bloomfield Township to its east, Farmington Hills to its south, Commerce Township to its west, and four communities to its north: Waterford Township, Orchard Lake Village, Keego Harbor, and Sylvan Lake. The communities of West Bloomfield, Orchard Lake Village, Keego Harbor, and Sylvan Lake make up what is known as Greater West Bloomfield. According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 31.2 square miles (81 km2), of which 27.3 square miles (71 km2) is land and 3.9 square miles (10 km2), or 12.49%, is water. Education West Bloomfield High School The school districts that serve the township are the West Bloomfield School District, Waterford School District, Farmington Public Schools, Birmingham City School District, Pontiac School District, Walled Lake School District, and the Bloomfield Hills School District. West Bloomfield High School and the Frankel Jewish Academy of Metropolitan Detroit are in West Bloomfield proper, and St. Mary's Preparatory is in Orchard Lake Village. Catholic schools are under the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Detroit. St. William Catholic Church, which includes portions of West Bloomfield in its service area, operates St. William Catholic School, a K–8 school in Walled Lake. The West Bloomfield Township Public Library serves West Bloomfield. In 1999 this library and the Awaji City Library in Awaji, Hyogo, Japan were paired as sister institutions. Religion West Bloomfield is home to the largest Jewish population in Michigan. Catholic Churches are under the Archdiocese of Detroit. Prince of Peace Church is in West Bloomfield. St. William Church in Walled Lake includes portions of West Bloomfield in its service area. Demographics As of the census of 2010, there were 64,690 people, 24,411 households, and 18,040 families living in the township. The population density was 2,374.3 inhabitants per square mile (916.7/km2). There were 24,410 housing units at an average density of 893.6 per square mile (345.0/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 77.6% White, 11.4% Black or African American, 0.1% Native American, 8.4% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.4% from other races, and 2.0% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.60% of the population. As of the census of 2000, there were 64,860 people, 23,414 households, and 18,192 families living in the township. The population density was 2,374.3 inhabitants per square mile (916.7/km2). There were 24,410 housing units at an average density of 893.6 per square mile (345.0/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 84.25% White, 5.18% Black or African American, 0.12% Native American, 7.81% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.38% from other races, and 2.25% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.40% of the population. There were 23,414 households, out of which 37.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 69.5% were married couples living together, 5.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22.3% were non-families. 19.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.74 and the average family size was 3.17. In the township, 26.4% of the population was under the age of 18, 5.2% was between 18 and 24, 27.1% from 25 to 44, 27.9% from 45 to 64, and 13.4% were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.9 males. According to a 2007 estimate, the median income for a household in the township was $98,832, and the median income for a family was $113,191. Males had a median income of $74,557 versus $45,339 for females. The per capita income for the township was $44,885. About 1.6% of families and 2.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.0% of those under age 18 and 2.6% of those age 65 and over. Ethnic groups See also: History of the Jews in Metro Detroit and History of the Middle Eastern people in Metro Detroit West Bloomfield has a large Jewish population. It is home to the Jewish Community Center of Metropolitan Detroit and the Frankel Jewish Academy, a Jewish community high school. West Bloomfield also has a large Chaldo-Assyrian population. In 2004 the Chaldean Cultural Center, the largest of its kind in the United States, was established in the township. As of April 2013, West Bloomfield had the third largest Japanese national population in the state of Michigan, at 1,047. Notable people Rucka Rucka Ali, rapper, radio personality, singer, comedian, and satirist most noted for his song parodies on YouTube Justin Bartha, actor, most notable for The Hangover Trilogy and the National Treasure series Jack Berry, sports journalist for The Detroit News and the Detroit Free Press Meryl Davis, Olympic ice dancer who won the gold medal at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, Russia Pamela Eldred, Miss America 1970 Dan Gheesling, winner of Big Brother 10 and runner-up of Big Brother 14 Joe Ginsberg , former baseball catcher for the Detroit Tigers Adam Grant, psychologist Brandon T. Jackson, actor, appears in Tropic Thunder, and Percy Jackson Kyle Mack, Olympic snowboarder, who won silver medal in Men's Big Air at Pyeongchang 2018 Winter Olympics Dana Nessel, Michigan Attorney General Adetokunbo Ogundeji, outside linebacker for the Atlanta Falcons Jesse Palter, modern jazz singer Karen Clark Sheard, gospel singer Bruce Ableson, social media pioneer Donovan Edwards, University of Michigan running back Jack Kevorkian, Assisted Suicide advocate, lived in West Bloomfield Township from 1994 until his conviction in 1999 in a home owned by his lawyer. See also 1976 West Bloomfield Tornado Portal: Michigan References ^ a b c "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ "West Bloomfield Township". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. ^ "Race, Hispanic or Latino, Age, and Housing Occupancy: 2010 Census Redistricting Data (Public Law 94-171) Summary File (QT-PL), West Bloomfield charter township, Oakland County, Michigan". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 22, 2011. ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Westacres, Michigan & GNIS in Google Map ^ "West Bloomfield Described," Greater West Bloomfield Historical Society, Accessed June 23, 2007 Archive accessed September 11, 2013. ^ "School District Map 2013" (Archive). West Bloomfield Township. Retrieved on June 30, 2015. ^ a b "Home". St. William Catholic Church. Retrieved May 4, 2020. Our parish boundaries incorporate approximately 45 square miles, including parts of West Bloomfield ^ Hubred-Golden, Joni. "Students from Japan Visit West Bloomfield Library." (Archive) West Bloomfield Patch. July 31, 2013. Retrieved on November 10, 2013. ^ "Prince of Peace Parish". Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Detroit. Retrieved May 4, 2020. ^ System Unavailable ^ Archived February 12, 2020, at archive.today ^ Levin, Doron P. "WEST BLOOMFIELD JOURNAL; Jews and Ethnic Iraqis: A Neighborhood's Story." The New York Times. December 17, 1990. Retrieved on September 11, 2013. ^ "Arab, Chaldean, and Middle Eastern Children and Families in the Tri-County Area." (Archive) From a Child's Perspective: Detroit Metropolitan Census 2000 Fact Sheets Series. Wayne State University. Volume 4, Issue 2, February 2004. p. 2/32. Retrieved on November 8, 2013. ^ Stone, Cal. "State's Japanese employees increasing." (Archive) Observer & Eccentric. Gannett Company. April 11, 2013. Retrieved on May 5, 2013. ^ "Veteran Detroit-Area Sportswriter Jack Berry Named Recipient of PGA Lifetime Achievement in Journalism Award - The Golf Wire". The Golf Wire. February 15, 2007. Retrieved January 1, 2022. ^ Death Becomes Him, Vanity Fair July 1994. Retrieved on 19 January 2024 https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/kevorkian/aboutk/vanityfair.html External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to West Bloomfield Township, Michigan. Charter Township of West Bloomfield West Bloomfield Township Public Library West Bloomfield Civic Center TV vteWest Bloomfield Township, MichiganEducationPrimary and secondary schools West Bloomfield SD West Bloomfield HS Birmingham CSD Bloomfield Hills SD Farmington PS SD of Pontiac Walled Lake CS Waterford SD Frankel Jewish Academy Other education Oakland Community College Michigan Jewish Institute OtherTransportation SMART This list is incomplete. vteMunicipalities and communities of Oakland County, Michigan, United StatesCounty seat: PontiacCities Auburn Hills Berkley Birmingham Bloomfield Hills Clarkston Clawson Farmington Farmington Hills Fenton‡ Ferndale Hazel Park Huntington Woods Keego Harbor Lake Angelus Lathrup Village Madison Heights Northville‡ Novi Oak Park Orchard Lake Village Pleasant Ridge Pontiac Rochester Rochester Hills Royal Oak South Lyon Southfield Sylvan Lake Troy Walled Lake Wixom Map of Michigan highlighting Oakland CountyVillages Beverly Hills Bingham Farms Franklin Holly Lake Orion Leonard Milford Ortonville Oxford Wolverine Lake Chartertownships Bloomfield Brandon Commerce Highland Independence Lyon Milford Oakland Orion Oxford Pontiac (defunct) Royal Oak Springfield Waterford West Bloomfield White Lake Civil townships Addison Groveland Holly Novi Rose Southfield Unincorporated communities Andersonville Austin Corners Brandon Gardens Campbells Corner Charing Cross Clintonville Clyde Commerce Davisburg Drayton Plains East Highland Elizabeth Lake Five Points Four Towns Gingellville Glengary Goodison Groveland Corners Hickory Ridge Highland Huron Heights Jossman Acres Kensington Lake Orion Heights Lakeville New Hudson Newark Oak Grove Oakley Park Oakwood Oxbow Perry Lake Heights Rose Center Rose Corners Rudds Mill Seven Harbors Springfield Thomas Union Lake Walters Waterford Waterstone West Highland Westacres White Lake Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Michigan portal United States portal 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Montmorency Muskegon Newaygo Oakland Oceana Ogemaw Ontonagon Osceola Oscoda Otsego Ottawa Presque Isle Roscommon Saginaw Sanilac Schoolcraft Shiawassee St. Clair St. Joseph Tuscola Van Buren Washtenaw Wayne Wexford  Michigan portal Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States Geographic MusicBrainz area 42°34′16″N 83°22′29″W / 42.57111°N 83.37472°W / 42.57111; -83.37472
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"charter township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charter_township"},{"link_name":"Oakland County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_County,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"U.S. state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"},{"link_name":"Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan"},{"link_name":"downtown Detroit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Detroit"},{"link_name":"2020 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2020-3"}],"text":"Charter township in Michigan, United StatesWest Bloomfield Township is a charter township in Oakland County in the U.S. state of Michigan. A northwestern suburb of Detroit, West Bloomfield is located roughly 27 miles (43.5 km) from downtown Detroit. As of the 2020 census, the township had a population of 65,888.[3]","title":"West Bloomfield Township, Michigan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"unincorporated community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unincorporated_area"},{"link_name":"42°36′00″N 83°25′30″W / 42.60000°N 83.42500°W / 42.60000; -83.42500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=West_Bloomfield_Township,_Michigan&params=42_36_00_N_83_25_30_W_"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Westacres is an unincorporated community in the township at Keith and Commerce Roads (42°36′00″N 83°25′30″W / 42.60000°N 83.42500°W / 42.60000; -83.42500 Elevation: 925 ft./282 m.).[4]","title":"Communities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Cass Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cass_Lake_(Michigan)"},{"link_name":"Orchard Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchard_Lake_(Michigan)"},{"link_name":"Orchard Lake Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchard_Lake_Village,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Detroit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit"},{"link_name":"Bloomfield Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomfield_Township,_Oakland_County,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Farmington Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmington_Hills,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Commerce Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commerce_Township,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Waterford Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterford_Township,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Orchard Lake Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchard_Lake_Village,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Keego Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keego_Harbor,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Sylvan Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvan_Lake,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"}],"text":"West Bloomfield is sometimes referred to by its residents as the \"lake township of Oakland County\",[5] due to it being heavily dotted with small and medium-sized lakes. Cass Lake, the largest lake in the county, is in part of West Bloomfield, and Pine Lake, which has a private country club on its shore, is only a few miles away from Cass and lies completely within West Bloomfield. In addition, directly west of Pine Lake is Orchard Lake, which also has a private country club on its shore. Orchard Lake is surrounded by the city of Orchard Lake Village. Several smaller lakes are scattered around these larger ones.Orchard Lake Road runs north–south through the middle of the township and is the main artery of West Bloomfield's economy along with West Maple Road (15 Mile Rd.), flanked on each side by long strip malls and shopping complexes. There are many high-end boutique stores and expensive restaurants to visit. Most of the township's population growth has occurred since the 1960s, as many residents moved there from the inner ring Detroit suburbs. West Bloomfield is located in south-central Oakland County about 10 miles (20 km) to the northwest from the Detroit city limits and has borders with Bloomfield Township to its east, Farmington Hills to its south, Commerce Township to its west, and four communities to its north: Waterford Township, Orchard Lake Village, Keego Harbor, and Sylvan Lake. The communities of West Bloomfield, Orchard Lake Village, Keego Harbor, and Sylvan Lake make up what is known as Greater West Bloomfield.According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 31.2 square miles (81 km2), of which 27.3 square miles (71 km2) is land and 3.9 square miles (10 km2), or 12.49%, is water.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:West_Bloomfield_High_School.JPG"},{"link_name":"West Bloomfield High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bloomfield_High_School"},{"link_name":"West Bloomfield School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bloomfield_School_District"},{"link_name":"Waterford School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterford_School_District"},{"link_name":"Farmington Public Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmington_Public_Schools_(Michigan)"},{"link_name":"Birmingham City School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_City_School_District"},{"link_name":"Pontiac School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontiac_School_District"},{"link_name":"Walled Lake School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walled_Lake_School_District"},{"link_name":"Bloomfield Hills School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomfield_Hills_School_District"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"West Bloomfield High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bloomfield_High_School"},{"link_name":"Frankel Jewish Academy of Metropolitan Detroit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankel_Jewish_Academy_of_Metropolitan_Detroit"},{"link_name":"St. Mary's Preparatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Mary%27s_Preparatory"},{"link_name":"Orchard Lake Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchard_Lake_Village"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Detroit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Detroit"},{"link_name":"K–8 school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%E2%80%938_school"},{"link_name":"Walled Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walled_Lake,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StWilliam-7"},{"link_name":"West Bloomfield Township Public Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bloomfield_Township_Public_Library"},{"link_name":"Awaji, Hyogo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awaji,_Hyogo"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"West Bloomfield High SchoolThe school districts that serve the township are the West Bloomfield School District, Waterford School District, Farmington Public Schools, Birmingham City School District, Pontiac School District, Walled Lake School District, and the Bloomfield Hills School District.[6]West Bloomfield High School and the Frankel Jewish Academy of Metropolitan Detroit are in West Bloomfield proper, and St. Mary's Preparatory is in Orchard Lake Village.Catholic schools are under the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Detroit. St. William Catholic Church, which includes portions of West Bloomfield in its service area, operates St. William Catholic School, a K–8 school in Walled Lake.[7]The West Bloomfield Township Public Library serves West Bloomfield. In 1999 this library and the Awaji City Library in Awaji, Hyogo, Japan were paired as sister institutions.[8]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StWilliam-7"}],"text":"West Bloomfield is home to the largest Jewish population in Michigan. Catholic Churches are under the Archdiocese of Detroit. Prince of Peace Church is in West Bloomfield.[9] St. William Church in Walled Lake includes portions of West Bloomfield in its service area.[7]","title":"Religion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-1"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._census)"},{"link_name":"Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._census)"},{"link_name":"Pacific Islander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Islander_(U.S._census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._census)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-1"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._census)"},{"link_name":"Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._census)"},{"link_name":"Pacific Islander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Islander_(U.S._census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"text":"As of the census[1] of 2010, there were 64,690 people, 24,411 households, and 18,040 families living in the township. The population density was 2,374.3 inhabitants per square mile (916.7/km2). There were 24,410 housing units at an average density of 893.6 per square mile (345.0/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 77.6% White, 11.4% Black or African American, 0.1% Native American, 8.4% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.4% from other races, and 2.0% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.60% of the population.[10]As of the census[1] of 2000, there were 64,860 people, 23,414 households, and 18,192 families living in the township. The population density was 2,374.3 inhabitants per square mile (916.7/km2). There were 24,410 housing units at an average density of 893.6 per square mile (345.0/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 84.25% White, 5.18% Black or African American, 0.12% Native American, 7.81% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.38% from other races, and 2.25% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.40% of the population.There were 23,414 households, out of which 37.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 69.5% were married couples living together, 5.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22.3% were non-families. 19.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.74 and the average family size was 3.17.In the township, 26.4% of the population was under the age of 18, 5.2% was between 18 and 24, 27.1% from 25 to 44, 27.9% from 45 to 64, and 13.4% were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.9 males.According to a 2007 estimate, the median income for a household in the township was $98,832, and the median income for a family was $113,191.[11] Males had a median income of $74,557 versus $45,339 for females. The per capita income for the township was $44,885. About 1.6% of families and 2.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.0% of those under age 18 and 2.6% of those age 65 and over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"History of the Jews in Metro Detroit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Metro_Detroit"},{"link_name":"History of the Middle Eastern people in Metro Detroit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Middle_Eastern_people_in_Metro_Detroit"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LevinWBJournal-12"},{"link_name":"Frankel Jewish Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jean_and_Samuel_Frankel_Jewish_Academy_of_Metropolitan_Detroit"},{"link_name":"Chaldo-Assyrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaldean_Catholics"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ACMEp2-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stone-14"}],"sub_title":"Ethnic groups","text":"See also: History of the Jews in Metro Detroit and History of the Middle Eastern people in Metro DetroitWest Bloomfield has a large Jewish population.[12] It is home to the Jewish Community Center of Metropolitan Detroit and the Frankel Jewish Academy, a Jewish community high school.West Bloomfield also has a large Chaldo-Assyrian population. In 2004 the Chaldean Cultural Center, the largest of its kind in the United States, was established in the township.[13]As of April 2013, West Bloomfield had the third largest Japanese national population in the state of Michigan, at 1,047.[14]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rucka Rucka Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rucka_Rucka_Ali"},{"link_name":"rapper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapper"},{"link_name":"radio personality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_personality"},{"link_name":"comedian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedian"},{"link_name":"satirist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satirist"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"Justin Bartha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Bartha"},{"link_name":"The Hangover Trilogy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hangover_Trilogy"},{"link_name":"National Treasure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Treasure_(franchise)"},{"link_name":"Jack Berry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Berry_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"The Detroit News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Detroit_News"},{"link_name":"Detroit Free Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Free_Press"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Meryl Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meryl_Davis"},{"link_name":"Olympic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Games"},{"link_name":"ice dancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_dancer"},{"link_name":"2014 Winter Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Sochi, Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sochi,_Russia"},{"link_name":"Pamela Eldred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamela_Eldred"},{"link_name":"Miss America 1970","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_America_1970"},{"link_name":"Dan Gheesling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Gheesling"},{"link_name":"Big Brother 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Brother_10_(U.S.)"},{"link_name":"Big Brother 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Brother_14_(U.S.)"},{"link_name":"Joe Ginsberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Ginsberg"},{"link_name":"Detroit Tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Tigers"},{"link_name":"Adam Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Grant"},{"link_name":"Brandon T. Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandon_T._Jackson"},{"link_name":"Tropic Thunder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropic_Thunder"},{"link_name":"Percy Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Jackson_(film_series)"},{"link_name":"Kyle Mack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle_Mack"},{"link_name":"Dana Nessel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dana_Nessel"},{"link_name":"Adetokunbo Ogundeji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adetokunbo_Ogundeji"},{"link_name":"outside linebacker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outside_linebacker"},{"link_name":"Atlanta Falcons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Falcons"},{"link_name":"Jesse Palter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Palter"},{"link_name":"Karen Clark Sheard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Clark_Sheard"},{"link_name":"Bruce Ableson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Ableson"},{"link_name":"Donovan Edwards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donovan_Edwards"},{"link_name":"Jack Kevorkian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Kevorkian"},{"link_name":"Assisted Suicide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assisted_Suicide"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Rucka Rucka Ali, rapper, radio personality, singer, comedian, and satirist most noted for his song parodies on YouTube\nJustin Bartha, actor, most notable for The Hangover Trilogy and the National Treasure series\nJack Berry, sports journalist for The Detroit News and the Detroit Free Press[15]\nMeryl Davis, Olympic ice dancer who won the gold medal at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, Russia\nPamela Eldred, Miss America 1970\nDan Gheesling, winner of Big Brother 10 and runner-up of Big Brother 14\nJoe Ginsberg , former baseball catcher for the Detroit Tigers\nAdam Grant, psychologist\nBrandon T. Jackson, actor, appears in Tropic Thunder, and Percy Jackson\nKyle Mack, Olympic snowboarder, who won silver medal in Men's Big Air at Pyeongchang 2018 Winter Olympics\nDana Nessel, Michigan Attorney General\nAdetokunbo Ogundeji, outside linebacker for the Atlanta Falcons\nJesse Palter, modern jazz singer\nKaren Clark Sheard, gospel singer\nBruce Ableson, social media pioneer\nDonovan Edwards, University of Michigan running back\nJack Kevorkian, Assisted Suicide advocate, lived in West Bloomfield Township from 1994 until his conviction in 1999 in a home owned by his lawyer. [16]","title":"Notable people"}]
[{"image_text":"West Bloomfield High School","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/West_Bloomfield_High_School.JPG/220px-West_Bloomfield_High_School.JPG"},{"image_text":"Map of Michigan highlighting Oakland County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Map_of_Michigan_highlighting_Oakland_County.svg/85px-Map_of_Michigan_highlighting_Oakland_County.svg.png"}]
[{"title":"1976 West Bloomfield Tornado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_West_Bloomfield_Tornado"},{"title":"Portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals"},{"title":"Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Michigan"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murchison,_Texas
Murchison, Texas
["1 Geography","2 Demographics","3 Education","4 References"]
Coordinates: 32°16′42″N 95°45′19″W / 32.27833°N 95.75528°W / 32.27833; -95.75528 City in Texas, United StatesMurchison, TexasCityU.S. Post Office in Murchison, TexasLocation of Murchison, TexasCoordinates: 32°16′42″N 95°45′19″W / 32.27833°N 95.75528°W / 32.27833; -95.75528CountryUnited StatesStateTexasCountyHendersonArea • Total1.58 sq mi (4.09 km2) • Land1.58 sq mi (4.09 km2) • Water0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2)Elevation456 ft (139 m)Population (2010) • Total594 • Estimate (2019)599 • Density379.59/sq mi (146.56/km2)Time zoneUTC-6 (Central (CST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT)ZIP code75778Area code903FIPS code48-50076GNIS feature ID1375068 First United Methodist Church on Texas State Highway 31 in Murchison Murchison is a city in Henderson County, Texas, United States. The population was 594 at the 2010 census. Geography Murchison is located northeast of the center of Henderson County at 32°16′42″N 95°45′19″W / 32.27833°N 95.75528°W / 32.27833; -95.75528 (32.278405, –95.755179). Texas State Highway 31 passes through the center of town, leading southwest 8 miles (13 km) to Athens, the county seat, and east 27 miles (43 km) to Tyler. According to the United States Census Bureau, Murchison has a total area of 1.6 square miles (4.1 km2), all land. Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 1970432—198051318.8%1990510−0.6%200059216.1%20105940.3%2019 (est.)5990.8%U.S. Decennial Census At the 2000 census there were 592 people in 217 households, including 161 families, in the city. The population density was 373.9 inhabitants per square mile (144.4/km2). There were 238 housing units at an average density of 150.3 per square mile (58.0/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 94.93% White, 0.17% African American, 0.51% Native American, 0.17% Asian, 3.55% from other races, and 0.68% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6.08%. Of the 217 households 31.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.8% were married couples living together, 10.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.8% were non-families. 21.7% of households were one person and 14.7% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.73 and the average family size was 3.14. The age distribution was 29.9% under the age of 18, 8.8% from 18 to 24, 23.3% from 25 to 44, 24.2% from 45 to 64, and 13.9% 65 or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 87.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 82.0 males. The median household income was $33,281 and the median family income was $36,071. Males had a median income of $30,938 versus $17,500 for females. The per capita income for the city was $14,986. About 15.7% of families and 20.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 28.3% of those under age 18 and 23.5% of those age 65 or over. Education Public education in the city of Murchison is provided by the Murchison Independent School District. References ^ "2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 7, 2020. ^ a b U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Murchison, Texas ^ a b "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". United States Census Bureau. May 24, 2020. Retrieved May 27, 2020. ^ a b "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ a b "Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Census Summary File 1 (G001): Murchison city, Texas". American Factfinder. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved February 12, 2018. ^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015. vteMunicipalities and communities of Henderson County, Texas, United StatesCounty seat: AthensCities Athens Brownsboro Chandler Eustace Gun Barrel City Log Cabin Malakoff Moore Station Murchison Seven Points‡ Star Harbor Tool Trinidad Henderson County mapTowns Berryville Caney City Coffee City Enchanted Oaks Mabank‡ Payne Springs Poynor CDP Sunrise Shores Othercommunities Aley Antioch Baxter Bethel Big Rock Buffalo Crescent Heights Cross Roads Dauphin Evelyn Fincastle LaRue Leagueville Mankin New Hope New York Opelika Pauline Pickens Pine Grove Ruth Springs Shady Oaks Stockard Summer Hill Union Hill Virginia Hill Ghost towns Centreville Corinth Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Texas portal United States portal
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:First_United_Methodist_Church,_Murchison,_TX_IMG_0569.JPG"},{"link_name":"United Methodist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Methodist"},{"link_name":"Texas State Highway 31","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_31"},{"link_name":"Henderson County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henderson_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"2010 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2010-5"}],"text":"City in Texas, United StatesFirst United Methodist Church on Texas State Highway 31 in MurchisonMurchison is a city in Henderson County, Texas, United States. The population was 594 at the 2010 census.[5]","title":"Murchison, Texas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"32°16′42″N 95°45′19″W / 32.27833°N 95.75528°W / 32.27833; -95.75528","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Murchison,_Texas&params=32_16_42_N_95_45_19_W_type:city"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR1-6"},{"link_name":"Texas State Highway 31","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_31"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens,_Texas"},{"link_name":"county seat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_seat"},{"link_name":"Tyler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyler,_Texas"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2010-5"}],"text":"Murchison is located northeast of the center of Henderson County at 32°16′42″N 95°45′19″W / 32.27833°N 95.75528°W / 32.27833; -95.75528 (32.278405, –95.755179).[6] Texas State Highway 31 passes through the center of town, leading southwest 8 miles (13 km) to Athens, the county seat, and east 27 miles (43 km) to Tyler.According to the United States Census Bureau, Murchison has a total area of 1.6 square miles (4.1 km2), all land.[5]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2000 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"racial makeup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_Census#2000_census"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-4"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"text":"At the 2000 census there were 592 people in 217 households, including 161 families, in the city. The population density was 373.9 inhabitants per square mile (144.4/km2). There were 238 housing units at an average density of 150.3 per square mile (58.0/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 94.93% White, 0.17% African American, 0.51% Native American, 0.17% Asian, 3.55% from other races, and 0.68% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6.08%.[4]Of the 217 households 31.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.8% were married couples living together, 10.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.8% were non-families. 21.7% of households were one person and 14.7% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.73 and the average family size was 3.14.The age distribution was 29.9% under the age of 18, 8.8% from 18 to 24, 23.3% from 25 to 44, 24.2% from 45 to 64, and 13.9% 65 or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 87.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 82.0 males.The median household income was $33,281 and the median family income was $36,071. Males had a median income of $30,938 versus $17,500 for females. The per capita income for the city was $14,986. About 15.7% of families and 20.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 28.3% of those under age 18 and 23.5% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Murchison Independent School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murchison_Independent_School_District"}],"text":"Public education in the city of Murchison is provided by the Murchison Independent School District.","title":"Education"}]
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[{"reference":"\"2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 7, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2019_Gazetteer/2019_gaz_place_48.txt","url_text":"\"2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""}]},{"reference":"\"Population and Housing Unit Estimates\". United States Census Bureau. May 24, 2020. Retrieved May 27, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.2019.html","url_text":"\"Population and Housing Unit Estimates\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Census Summary File 1 (G001): Murchison city, Texas\". American Factfinder. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved February 12, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20200213112911/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/G001/1600000US4850076","url_text":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Census Summary File 1 (G001): Murchison city, Texas\""},{"url":"https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/G001/1600000US4850076","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yusef_Zehi,_Hirmand
Yusef Zehi, Hirmand
["1 References"]
Village in Sistan and Baluchestan, IranYusef Zehi يوسف زهيvillageCountry IranProvinceSistan and BaluchestanCountyHirmandBakhshCentralRural DistrictMarganPopulation (2006) • Total207Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST) • Summer (DST)UTC+4:30 (IRDT) Yusef Zehi (Persian: يوسف زهي, also Romanized as Yūsef Zehī) is a village in Margan Rural District, in the Central District of Hirmand County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 207, in 42 families. References Iran portal ^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20. vte Hirmand CountyCapital Dust Mohammad DistrictsCentralCities Dust Mohammad Rural Districts and villagesDust Mohammad Abbas Shah Gol Ali Hoseyna Ali Khan-e Kachkul Allah Dad Amir Asheqan Azad Bar Ahui Chaluki Dad Zari Dadkhoda-ye Sasuli Deh-e Abdollah Deh-e Ahmad Deh-e Ali Morad Deh-e Amir Deh-e Anushirvan Deh-e Gholam Mohammad Sarani Deh-e Gholam Naruyi Deh-e Gol Mir Deh-e Hajji Abbas Khan Deh-e Hajji Abdol Rahim Rakhshani Deh-e Hasan Deh-e Hatam Deh-e Hoseyn Ali Khan Deh-e Karam Deh-e Karam Mazraeh Deh-e Khamr Deh-e Mirza Ali Deh-e Mokhtar Deh-e Molla Abdollah Deh-e Nik Mohammad Deh-e Nur Mohammad Safarzayi Deh-e Rahman Deh-e Rakhshani Deh-e Rasul Khan Mohammad Deh-e Salim Dust Mohammad-e Lashkaran Eydu Sohrab Galah Chah Gholam Ali Gholam Mohammad Gholam Mohammad Sarani Golshah Golshah Naruyi Hajji Babakhan Hakim Rigi Halim Alizehi Hanif Jama Jangikhu Kamkhan Karim Koshteh Karkuh Kartakeh Khan Mohammad Khaneh-ye Hay Khvasti Khani Abbas Khani Gol Mohammad Rakhshani Khoda Raham Majid Makaki Masafer Mohammad Khan Molla Azim Rudini Molla Dust Mohammad Molla Soltan Nahangi Karim Sarani Nur Mohammad-e Yusef Rudini Pakir Shahsavar Pasand Khan Pudineh Qaderabad Qajar Mohammad Hasan Qus ol Din Bamadi Rakhshani Rasul Gholam Rostam Saidabad Saleh Khan Saleh Khan Sar Gazak Sarani Sasuli Shaghalak Shahrak-e Gol Beyk Shahrak-e Shahid Beheshti Siah Khan Siah Khan Tavus Vali Khormayi Yar Mohammad-e Alam Yar Mohammad-e Kharut Yusef-e Eslam Jahanabad Abdol Rahman Safarzayi Akhundzadeh Aziz-e Bamadi Balal Baqerabad Deh Now-e Ali Khan Deh-e Ali Akbar Deh-e Azad Deh-e Bar Ahuyi Deh-e Hajji Hoseyn Deh-e Hajji Mirza Khan Deh-e Hasan Deh-e Kadkhoda Shah Jan Bamari Deh-e Mardeh Deh-e Mir Jafar Khan Deh-e Mirza Mohammad Deh-e Mohammad Shahraki Deh-e Nazar Gargich Deh-e Pahlavan Deh-e Qader Deh-e Samad Deh-e Shadi Jamal Zehi Dow Kalleh Ebrahimabad Hajj Mohammad Alishah Hajji Ahmad Shahvazayi Hajji Baluch Khan Hajji Malang Kharut Hajji Malek Hajji Nabi Hoseyn Arbabi Jahanabad-e Olya Jahanabad-e Sofla Jama Azam Jani Kadkhoda Hoseyn Kang-e Shir Ali Khan Khaneh Hay Khodadad Khaneh Hay Mehrollah Kondel Lajehi Mandilan-e Bala Milak Mim Khan Mohammad Qasem Mohammad Rakhshani Molla Dadkhoda Isa Zehi Nayib-e Lajehi Nur Mohammad Pakak Hajji Heydar Qajar Barani Saleh Mohammad Shahriyari Sanjarani Sanjardeh Mardeh Sarferaz Sasuli Seyyed Khan Sharekh Sheykh Alam Shir Ali Khan Shir Mohammad Gargij Zurabad Margan Abdol Rahman Sarani Abil Pol Randeh Al Gorg Ali Akbar Khamr Ali Khan Ali Modad Arag Khan Malek Asak Baluch Abil Barani Chakkol Dad Shah Mohammad Pahlavan Deh-e Afghan-e Bar Ahuyi Deh-e Ali Khan Deh-e Arjuni Deh-e Chahar Dari Deh-e Fakhireh Deh-e Fakhireh-ye Sofla Deh-e Fatami Deh-e Gargich Deh-e Kadkhoda Ali-ye Namruri Deh-e Kandal Deh-e Khoda Rahm Deh-e Malang Deh-e Mardeh Deh-e Mirza Khan-e Bar Ahuyi Deh-e Nazar Isa Zahi Deh-e Said Deh-e Sargazi Deh-e Soltan Dust Mohammad-e Shah Gol Pahlavan Enayat Esmail Ali Gazmeh Gholam Ali Jafar Gholam Rostam Gol Mir Hajji Hoseyn Shirzehi Hajji Malek Shirzayi Hoseyn Safdar Hoseynabad Jahan Tigh Jalalabad Kachkul Kam Khan Kang-e Emam Dad Kang-e Molla Abdollah Khaneh Hay Nazer Saheb Khan Kureh Ajar Fashari Sepah Kureh Ajarpazi Latfi Majid Isa Zahi Maleki Margan Meskin Mirza Nabi Molla Avaz Molla Gol Jan Molla Karim-e Bar Ahui Morad Ali Morad Qoli Musa Kuhkan Qaljehi Randeh Shahraki Rasul-e Afghan Rasul-e Sarani Rustai-ye Isa Zehi Saheb Khan Barani Samad Sarani Sargezi Shah Mohammad Qasemi Shandel Sherkat Chah Shirdel Sadak Shirin Salar Shirin Siadak Deh Mardeh Siadak Sufi Seyyedi Takur Tavakkol Yusef Zehi Zeh-e Ruzehi QorqoriCities none Rural Districts and villagesQorqori Akbarabad Ali Khan-e Zaman Amrudi Arbabi Arbabi As Hajji Asak Borj-e Mirgol Dashak Deh-e Ali Ahmad-e Lek Zahi Deh-e Ali Ahmad-e Lek Zayi Deh-e Alishah Deh-e Bozi Deh-e Mardeh Deh-e Miran Deh-e Mohsen Deh-e Nur Mohammad Khan Deh-e Parviz Sarani Deh-e Sangu Deraz Dowlatabad Farahi Galleh Bacheh Gamshad Golzar-e Yagan Gorg Hajji Hasan Sheykh Jamaabad Kakha Kanal Kandikeh Karaq-e Shah Jahan Katamak Khak-e Sefidi Khamak Kuhkan Langar Barani Mahmudi-ye Bala Mir Gol-e Kalati Mir Shekar Mohammad Hoseyn Barani Molla Ali Molla Dadi Molla Nur Mohammad Mowlowy-ye Dust Mohammad Nik Mohammad Padehi Pakir Mahmud Palgi Piran Qorqori Rig-e Muri Sadif Safar Zai Samad-e Deh-e Mardeh Saravani Seyyed Khan Shahraki Takhteh Pol Tappeh Kaniz This Hirmand County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_Park,_New_Jersey
Orange Park (New Jersey)
["1 References","2 External links"]
Coordinates: 40°45′53″N 74°13′49″W / 40.764811°N 74.230356°W / 40.764811; -74.230356Park in New Jersey Orange ParkSouthwest entranceTypePublic ParkLocationOrange, New JerseyCoordinates40°45′53″N 74°13′49″W / 40.764811°N 74.230356°W / 40.764811; -74.230356Area47.63 acres (192,800 m2)Created1900Operated byEssex County Park SystemOpenAll yearWebsitehttp://www.essex-countynj.org/p/index.php?section=parks/sites/gl&ImgLoc=images/gl Orange Park (formally Monte Irvin Orange Park) is a county park in the City of Orange, in Essex County, New Jersey, United States, located near the city's border with East Orange. The park has a playground, basketball court, soccer field and man-made lake. The park was constructed in 1899 and opened the following year. Orange resident Frederick W. Kelsey was the main impetus for the creation of the Essex County Park System with the introduction of a resolution that led to the formation of a five-member parks commission in 1894, approved by the New Jersey Supreme Court. Efforts were underway in 1896 to purchase the land in Orange / East Orange, as well as in other areas around the county, with many of the land purchases made anonymously in an effort to avoid tipping off speculators. The property that became Orange Park was acquired in 1897, making it one of the first purchases of land in the Essex County network and one of the nation's oldest parks. The park covers 47.63 acres (19.28 ha), making it the sixth-largest in the county system, and the marshy land was purchased for $17,500. Funds totaling $100,000 were set aside to drain the swamp and to perform the needed improvements in the park. Designed by the Olmsted Brothers landscape design firm, the park informally opened to the public on August 25, 1900. An artificial turf soccer field was reconstructed at the park as part of a $1 million project that was completed in August 2009, including a scoreboard and fencing, with the park to be the home field for the Orange High School Tornados soccer teams. The construction was part of a $5 million series of projects that included redevelopment and improvements to baseball fields, basketball courts and playgrounds. The soccer field was developed with a grant of $100,000 from the U.S. Soccer Foundation, as part of its effort to improve the availability of soccer facilities in underserved communities. The park was renamed in May 2006 for Orange resident and Hall of Famer Monte Irvin, who played for the New York Giants as one of the first African American players in Major League Baseball. A monument was dedicated in the park in April 2007 in memory of Orange Police Detective Kieran T. Shields, who was killed in the park in August 2006 while trying to arrest an armed suspect. References ^ Park & Recreation Locations, City of Orange Township. Accessed July 19, 2013. ^ a b Monte Irvin Orange Park, Essex County Department of Parks, Recreation, and Cultural Affairs. Accessed July 19, 2013. ^ Staff. "PARKS IN ESSEX COUNTY; The Extensive Plan WhicH Is Being Carried Out. TO INCLUDE MANY FINE BOULEVARDS What the Commissioners Have Already Done -- Plans of the Various Towns -- Work to Begin Soon.", The New York Times, March 11, 1896. Accessed July 19, 2013. "The Essex County Park Commission is still quietly at work acquiring land and laying its plans for the establishment of the proposed system of parks and boulevards, although it is conducting almost all its transactions through its authorized agents, whose identity is carefully obscured in order to prevent land sharks and speculators from getting possession of the land desired." ^ Meagher, Tom. "County officials unveil new soccer facility in Orange", The Star-Ledger, August 10, 2009. Accessed July 19, 2013. ^ "ESSEX COUNTY EXECUTIVE DIVINCENZO ANNOUNCES OPENING OF SYNTHETIC GRASS SURFACE SOCCER FIELD IN ESSEX COUNTY MONTE IRVIN ORANGE PARK; Improvements Address Overuse of Popular Soccer Field by Providing a Modern and Safe Playing Field", City of Orange Township. Accessed July 19, 2013. ^ DeSantis, Russ. "Memorial to a Fallen Officer", The Star-Ledger, April 24, 2007. Accessed July 19, 2013. External links Monty Irvin Orange Park – Essex County Park System vteEssex County Park SystemParks Anderson Park Becker Park Belleville Park Branch Brook Park Brookdale Park Glenfield Park Grover Cleveland Park Independence Park lrvington Park lvy Hill Park Kip's Castle Park Orange Park Riverbank Park RiverFront Park Vailsburg Park Verona Park Veterans Memorial Park Watsessing Park Weequahic Park West Side Park Yanticaw Park Reservations Eagle Rock Reservation Hilltop Reservation Mills Reservation South Mountain Reservation West Essex Park Other facilities Francis A. Byrne Golf Course Hendricks Field Golf Course Riker Hill Complex South Mountain Recreation Complex Weequahic Golf Course West Essex Trail
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty,_Equality,_Fraternity
Liberté, égalité, fraternité
["1 Origins during the French Revolution","2 19th century","2.1 1848 Revolution","2.2 Paris Commune and Third Republic","3 20th century","4 Other nations","5 Culture","6 See also","7 Notes","8 References","9 Further reading","10 External links"]
National motto of France and Haiti Official logo of the French Republic used on government documents with the slogan "Liberté, égalité, fraternité" A propaganda poster from 1793 representing the French First Republic with the slogan "Unity and Indivisibility of the Republic. Liberty, Equality, Fraternity or Death", together with symbols such as tricolour flags, phrygian cap and gallic rooster Liberté, égalité, fraternité (French pronunciation: ), French for 'liberty, equality, fraternity', is the national motto of France and the Republic of Haiti, and is an example of a tripartite motto. Although it finds its origins in the French Revolution, it was then only one motto among others and was not institutionalized until the Third Republic at the end of the 19th century. Debates concerning the compatibility and order of the three terms began at the same time as the Revolution. It is also the motto of the Grand Orient and the Grande Loge de France. Origins during the French Revolution Text displayed on a placard announcing the sale of expropriated property (1793). Soon after the Revolution, the motto was often written as "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity, or Death." "Death" was later dropped for being too strongly associated with the excesses of the revolution. The French Tricolour has been seen as embodying all the principles of the Revolution—Liberté, égalité, fraternité. Some claim that Camille Desmoulins in number 35 of Révolutions de France et de Brabant, published on July 26, 1790, invented the phrase, however it is not confirmed as this is only the first official mention of the phrase. Speaking of the festival of July 14, 1790, he described "the citizen-soldiers rushing into each other's arms, promising each other liberty, equality, fraternity." (French: les soldats-citoyens se précipiter dans les bras l’un de l’autre, en se promettant liberté, égalité, fraternité.) Several months later, Maximilien Robespierre popularized the phrase in his speech "On the organization of the National Guard" (French: Discours sur l'organisation des gardes nationales), on 5 December 1790, article XVI, which was disseminated widely throughout France by the popular Societies. Discours sur l'organisation des gardes nationalesArticle XVI.On their uniforms engraved these words: THE FRENCH PEOPLE, & below: LIBERTY, EQUALITY, FRATERNITY. The same words are inscribed on flags which bear the three colors of the nation.(French: XVI. Elles porteront sur leur poitrine ces mots gravés : LE PEUPLE FRANÇAIS, & au-dessous : LIBERTÉ, ÉGALITÉ, FRATERNITÉ. Les mêmes mots seront inscrits sur leurs drapeaux, qui porteront les trois couleurs de la nation.)— Maximilien Robespierre, 1790 Credit for the motto has been given also to Antoine-François Momoro (1756–1794), a Parisian printer and Hébertist organizer, though in different context of foreign invasion and Federalist revolts in 1793, it was modified to "Unity, indivisibility of the Republic; liberty, equality, brotherhood or death" (French: Unité, Indivisibilité de la République; Liberté, Egalité, Fraternité ou la mort) and suggested by a resolution of the Paris Commune (of which Momoro was elected member by his section du Théâtre-Français) on 29 June 1793 to be inscribed on Parisian house-fronts and imitated by the inhabitants of other cities. In 1839, the philosopher Pierre Leroux claimed it had been an anonymous and popular creation. The historian Mona Ozouf underlines that, although Liberté and Égalité were associated as a motto during the 18th century, Fraternité wasn't always included in it, and other terms, such as Amitié (Friendship), Charité (Charity) or Union were often added in its place. The emphasis on Fraternité during the French Revolution led Olympe de Gouges, a female journalist, to write the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen as a response. The tripartite motto was neither a creative collection, nor really institutionalized by the Revolution. As soon as 1789, other terms were used, such as "la Nation, la Loi, le Roi" (The Nation, The Law, The King), or "Union, Force, Vertu" (Union, Strength, Virtue), a slogan used beforehand by masonic lodges, or "Force, Égalité, Justice" (Strength, Equality, Justice), "Liberté, Sûreté, Propriété" (Liberty, Security, Property), etc. In other words, liberté, égalité, fraternité was only one slogan among many others. During the Jacobin revolutionary period, various mottos were used, such as liberté, unité, égalité (liberty, unity, equality); liberté, égalité, justice (liberty, equality, justice); liberté, raison, égalité (liberty, reason, equality), etc. The only solid association was that of liberté and égalité, fraternité being ignored by the Cahiers de doléances as well as by the 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. It was only alluded to in the 1791 Constitution, as well as in Robespierre's draft Declaration of 1793, placed under the invocation of (in that order) égalité, liberté, sûreté and propriété (equality, liberty, safety, property—though it was used not as a motto, but as articles of declaration), as the possibility of a universal extension of the Declaration of Rights: "Men of all countries are brothers, he who oppresses one nation declares himself the enemy of all." It did not figure in the August 1793 Declaration. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen of 1789 defined liberty in Article 4 as follows: Liberty consists of being able to do anything that does not harm others: thus, the exercise of the natural rights of every man or woman has no bounds other than those that guarantee other members of society the enjoyment of these same rights. Equality, on the other hand, was defined by the Declaration in terms of judicial equality and merit-based entry to government (art. 6): must be the same for all, whether it protects or punishes. All citizens, being equal in its eyes, shall be equally eligible to all high offices, public positions and employments, according to their ability, and without other distinction than that of their virtues and talents. Liberté, égalité, fraternité actually finds its origins in a May 1791 proposition by the Club des Cordeliers, following a speech on the Army by the Marquis de Guichardin. A British marine held prisoner on the French ship Le Marat in 1794 wrote home in letters published in 1796: The republican spirit is inculcated not in songs only, for in every part of the ship I find emblems purposely displayed to awaken it. All the orders relating to the discipline of the crew are hung up, and prefaced by the words Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité, ou la Mort, written in capital letters. The compatibility of liberté and égalité was not in doubt in the first days of the Revolution, and the problem of the antecedence of one term on the other not lifted. Thus, the Abbé Sieyès considered that only liberty ensured equality, unless the latter was to be the equality of all dominated by a despot; while liberty followed equality ensured by the rule of law. The abstract generality of law (theorized by Jean-Jacques Rousseau in his 1762 book The Social Contract) thus ensured the identification of liberty to equality, liberty being negatively defined as an independence from arbitrary rule, and equality considered abstractly in its judicial form. This identification of liberty and equality became problematic during the Jacobin period, when equality was redefined (for instance by François-Noël Babeuf) as equality of results, and not only judicial equality of rights. Thus, Marc Antoine Baudot considered that French temperament inclined rather to equality than liberty, a theme which would be re-used by Pierre Louis Roederer and Alexis de Tocqueville, while Jacques Necker considered that an equal society could only be found on coercion. Alsatian sign, 1792: Freiheit Gleichheit Brüderlichk. od. Tod (Liberty Equality Fraternity or Death) Tod den Tyranen (Death to Tyrants) Heil den Völkern (Long live the Peoples) The third term, fraternité, was the most problematic to insert in the triad, as it belonged to another sphere, that of moral obligations rather than rights, links rather than statutes, harmony rather than contract, and community rather than individuality. Various interpretations of fraternité existed. The first one, according to Mona Ozouf, was one of "fraternité de rébellion" (Fraternity of Rebellion), that is the union of the deputies in the Jeu de Paume Oath of June 1789, refusing the dissolution ordered by the King Louis XVI: "We swear never to separate ourselves from the National Assembly, and to reassemble wherever circumstances require, until the constitution of the realm is drawn up and fixed upon solid foundations." Fraternity was thus issued from Liberty and oriented by a common cause. Another form of fraternité was that of the patriotic Church, which identified social links with religious links and based fraternity on Christian brotherhood. In this second sense, fraternité preceded both liberté and égalité, instead of following them as in the first sense. Thus, two senses of Fraternity: "one, that followed liberty and equality, was the object of a free pact; the other preceded liberty and equality as the mark on its work of the divine craftsman." Another hesitation concerning the compatibility of the three terms arose from the opposition between liberty and equality as individualistic values, and fraternity as the realization of a happy community, devoid of any conflicts and opposed to any form of egotism. This fusional interpretation of Fraternity opposed it to the project of individual autonomy and manifested the precedence of Fraternity on individual will. In this sense, it was sometimes associated with death, as in Fraternité, ou la Mort! (Fraternity or Death!), excluding liberty and even equality, by establishing a strong dichotomy between those who were brothers and those who were not (in the sense of "you are with me or against me", brother or foe). Louis de Saint-Just thus stigmatized Anarchasis Cloots' cosmopolitanism, declaring "Cloots liked the universe, except France." With Thermidor and the execution of Robespierre, fraternité disappeared from the slogan, reduced to the two terms of liberty and equality, re-defined again as simple judicial equality and not as the equality upheld by the sentiment of fraternity. The First Consul (Napoleon Bonaparte) then established the motto liberté, ordre public (liberty, public order). 19th century Following Napoleon's rule, the triptych dissolved itself, as none believed it possible to conciliate individual liberty and equality of rights with equality of results and fraternity. The idea of individual sovereignty and of natural rights possessed by man before being united in the collectivity contradicted the possibility of establishing a transparent and fraternal community. Liberals accepted liberty and equality, defining the latter as equality of rights and ignoring fraternity. Early socialists rejected an independent conception of liberty, opposed to the social, and also despised equality, as they considered, as Fourier, that one had only to orchestrate individual discordances, to harmonize them, or they believed, as Saint-Simon, that equality contradicted equity by a brutal levelling of individualities. Utopian socialism thus only valued fraternity, which was, in Cabet's Icarie the sole commandment. This opposition between liberals and socialists was mirrored in rival historical interpretations of the Revolution, liberals admiring 1789, and socialists 1793. The July Revolution of 1830, establishing a constitutional monarchy headed by Louis-Philippe, substituted ordre et liberté (order and liberty) to the Napoleonic motto Liberté, Ordre public. Despite this apparent disappearance of the triptych, the latter was still being thought in some underground circles, in Republican secret societies, masonic lodges such as the "Indivisible Trinity," far-left booklets or during the Canuts Revolt in Lyon. In 1834, the lawyer of the Society of the Rights of Man (Société des droits de l'homme), Dupont, a liberal sitting in the far-left during the July Monarchy, associated the three terms together in the Revue Républicaine which he edited: Any man aspires to liberty, to equality, but he can not achieve it without the assistance of other men, without fraternity The triptych resurfaced during the 1847 Campagne des Banquets, upheld for example in Lille by Ledru-Rollin. Two interpretations had attempted to conciliate the three terms, beyond the antagonism between liberals and socialists. One was upheld by Catholic traditionalists, such as Chateaubriand or Ballanche, the other by socialist and republican such as Pierre Leroux. Chateaubriand thus gave a Christian interpretation of the revolutionary motto, stating in the 1841 conclusion to his Mémoires d'outre-tombe: Far from being at its term, the religion of the Liberator is now only just entering its third phase, the political period, liberty, equality, fraternity Neither Chateaubriand nor Ballanche considered the three terms to be antagonistic. Rather, they took them for being the achievement of Christianity. On the other hand, Pierre Leroux did not disguise the difficulties of associating the three terms, but superated it by considering liberty as the aim, equality as the principle and fraternity as the means. Leroux thus ordered the motto as Liberty, Fraternity, Equality, an order also supported by Christian socialists, such as Buchez. Against this new order of the triptych, Michelet supported the traditional order, maintaining the primordial importance of an original individualistic right. Michelet attempted to conciliate a rational communication with a fraternal communication, "right beyond right", and thus the rival traditions of socialism and liberalism. The republican tradition would strongly inspire itself from Michelet's synchretism. 1848 Revolution Liberté, égalité, fraternité on French coins5-franc piece, 184920-franc piece, 1851 With the 1848 February Revolution, the motto was officially adopted, mainly under the pressure of the people who had attempted to impose the red flag over the tricolor flag (the 1791 red flag was, however, the symbol of martial law and of order, not of insurrection). Lamartine opposed popular aspirations, and in exchange of the maintaining of the tricolor flag, conceded the Republican motto of Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité, written on the flag, on which a red rosette was also to be added. Fraternity was then considered to resume and to contain both Liberty and Equality, being a form of civil religion (which, far from opposing itself to Christianity, was associated with it in 1848) establishing social links (as called for by Rousseau in the conclusion of the Social Contract). However, Fraternity was not devoid of its previous sense of opposition between brothers and foes, images of blood haunting revolutionary Christian publications, taking in Lamennais' themes. Thus, the newspaper Le Christ républicain (The Republican Christ) developed the idea of the Christ bringing forth peace to the poor and war to the rich. As soon as 6 January 1852, the future Napoleon III, first President of the Republic, ordered all prefects to erase the triptych from all official documents and buildings, conflated with insurrection and disorder. Auguste Comte applauded Napoleon, claiming equality to be the "symbol of metaphysical anarchism", and preferring to it his diptych "ordre et progrès" ("order and progress", which would then become the motto of Brazil, Ordem e Progresso). On the other hand, Proudhon criticized fraternity as an empty word, which he associated with idealistic dreams of Romanticism. He preferred to it the sole term of liberty. Paris Commune and Third Republic Pache, mayor of the Paris Commune, painted the formula "Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité, ou la mort" on the walls of the commune. It was only under the Third Republic that the motto was made official. It was then not dissociated with insurrection and revolutionary ardours, Opportunist Republicans such as Jules Ferry or Gambetta adapting it to the new political conditions. Larousse's Dictionnaire universel deprived fraternity of its "evangelistic halo" (Mona Ozouf), conflating it with solidarity and the welfare role of the state. Some still opposed the Republican motto, such as the nationalist Charles Maurras in his Dictionnaire politique et critique, who claimed liberty to be an empty dream, equality an insanity, and only kept fraternity. Charles Péguy, renewing with Lamennais' thought, kept fraternity and liberty, excluding equality, seen as an abstract repartition between individuals reduced to homogeneity, opposing "fraternity" as a sentiment put in motion by "misery", while equality only interested itself, according to him, to the mathematical solution of the problem of "poverty." Péguy identified Christian charity and socialist solidarity in this conception of fraternity. On the other hand, Georges Vacher de Lapouge, the most important French author of pseudo-scientific racism and supporter of eugenism, completely rejected the republican triptych, adopting another motto, "déterminisme, inégalité, sélection" (determinism, inequality, selection). But, according to Ozouf, the sole use of a triptych was the sign of the influence of the republican motto, despite it being corrupted in its opposite. 20th century The Coat of arms of France (1905–present) depicts a ribbon with the motto "Liberté, égalité, fraternité". During the German occupation of France in World War II, this motto was replaced by the reactionary phrase "travail, famille, patrie" (work, family, fatherland) by Marshal Pétain, who became the leader of the new Vichy French government in 1940. Pétain had taken this motto from the colonel de la Rocque's Parti social français (PSF), although the latter considered it more appropriate for a movement than for a regime. Indian polymath and social reformer B.R. Ambedkar is to have said, "I like the religion that teaches 'liberty, equality, and fraternity'". Following the Liberation, the Provisional Government of the French Republic (GPRF) re-established the Republican motto Liberté, égalité, fraternité, which is incorporated into both the 1946 and the 1958 French constitutions. Other nations Many other nations have adopted the French slogan of "liberty, equality, and fraternity" as an ideal. B.R. Ambedkar, the Chairman of the Drafting Committee of the Constitution of India, included these words in the preamble to the Constitution of India, in the year 1950. Since its founding, "Liberty, Equality and Brotherhood" has been the lemma of the Social Democratic Party of Denmark. In the United Kingdom the political party the Liberal Democrats refer to "the fundamental values of liberty, equality and community" in the preamble of the party's Federal Constitution, and this is printed on party membership cards. Slogan in Czech "Rovnost, volnost, bratrství" also became motto of Czech national gymnastics organization Sokol at the end of the 19th century. Liberal values of the fraternal organization manifested themselves especially in Czech independence movement during the World War I, when many Sokol members joined armies of the Allies and formed the Czechoslovak Legion to form independent Czechoslovakia in 1918. The Philippine National Flag has a rectangular design that consists of a white equilateral triangle, symbolizing liberty, equality, and fraternity; a horizontal blue stripe for peace, truth, and justice; and a horizontal red stripe for patriotism and valor. In the center of the white triangle is an eight- rayed golden sun symbolizing unity, freedom, people's democracy, and sovereignty. Some former colonies of the French Republic (such as Haiti, Chad, Niger, and Gabon) have adopted similar three-word mottos. The idea of the slogan "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity" has also given an influence as natural law to the First Article of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights: All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. Culture The term is referred to in the 1993-94 film trilogy Three Colours by Krzysztof Kieślowski. "Libertad! Igualdad! Fraternidad!" is the title of an English-language poem by William Carlos Williams. See also List of political slogans Give me liberty or give me death Life, liberty, and property Brotherhood and unity Three Principles of the People Travail, famille, patrie – the national motto of Vichy France La Nation, la Loi, le Roi Salazar's Estado Novo's motto Deus, Pátria e Família (meaning "God, Fatherland, and Family") Notes ^ French: "Les hommes de tous les pays sont frères, celui qui opprime une seule nation se déclare l'ennemi de toutes." ^ French: "Tout homme aspire à la liberté, à l'égalité, mais on ne peut y atteindre sans le secours des autres hommes, sans la fraternité." ^ French: "Loin d'être à son terme, la religion du Libérateur entre à peine dans sa troisième période, la période politique, liberté, égalité, fraternité." References ^ a b c "Liberty, Égalité, Fraternité". Embassy of France in the US. Archived from the original on 18 October 2014. Retrieved 18 September 2014. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg Ozouf, Mona (1997), "Liberté, égalité, fraternité stands for peace country and war", in Nora, Pierre (ed.), Lieux de Mémoire (in French), vol. tome III, Quarto Gallimard, pp. 4353–89 (abridged translation, Realms of Memory, Columbia University Press, 1996–98). ^ "Flag of France | History & Meaning". ^ Hervé Leuwers, Camille et Lucile Desmoulins, Un rêve de république, p. 162 ^ Camille Desmoulins, Révolutions de France et de Brabant, Number 35, p. 515 ^ Robespierre, Maximilien (1950). OEUVRES DE MAXIMILIEN ROBESPIERRE. Vol. Tome VI. PRESSES UNIVERSITAIRES DE FRANCE. p. 643. Retrieved 19 September 2014. ^ From Robespierre's speech to the National Assembly on 5 December 1790. Cited in Triomphe et mort du droit naturel en Révolution, 1789-1795-1802, Florence Gauthier, éd. PUF/ pratiques théoriques, 1992, p. 129 ^ Latham, Edward (1906). Famous Sayings and Their Authors. London: Swan Sonnenschein. pp. 147. OCLC 4697187. ^ de Barante, Amable Guillaume P. Brugière (1851). Histoire de la Convention nationale (in French). Langlois & Leclercq. p. 322. Retrieved 31 August 2011. ^ Thacher, John Boyd (1905). Outlines of the French revolution told in autographs. Weed-Parsons Printing Co. p. 8. Retrieved 31 August 2011. ^ Ellis; Esler, "The Modern Era", World History (textbook). ^ Tench, Watkin (1796), Letters Written in France: To a Friend in London, Between the Month of November 1794, and the Month of May 1795, London: J Johnson, p. 15. ^ "The symbols of the Republic and Bastille Day". French Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 20 April 2006. ^ Le Christ républicain n°7, quoted by Mona Ozouf: "Nous, pauvres prolétaires, nous sommes rouges, parce que le Christ a versé son sang pour nous racheter, son sang par lequel nous voulons nous régénérer. Nous sommes rouges, parce que l'ange exterminateur a marqué le haut de nos portes avec le sang de l'agneau, pour distinguer, au jour de la vengeance, les élus d'avec les réprouvés. ^ "Bandeiras e significados" , História net (in Portuguese), retrieved 9 October 2010. ^ Ozouf p 584. ^ "Vichy Government". World History. DE: KMLA. Retrieved 1 May 2007. ^ "Federal Constitution". UK: Liberal Democrats. Retrieved 22 August 2011. ^ Sláma, Karel. "Z historie Sokola - díl 1.: Svoboda, rovnost, bratrství". www.sokol-zastavka.cz (in Czech). Retrieved 28 August 2023. ^ "Article 1", The Universal Declaration of Human Rights. ^ "Libertad! Igualdad! Fraternidad! By William Carlos Williams". 24 April 2021. Further reading Mathijsen, Marita. "The emancipation of the past, as due to the Revolutionary French ideology of Liberté, Egalité, Fraternité." Free Access to the Past ed Lotte Jensen (Brill, 2010). 20–40. Roth, Guenther. "Durkheim and the principles of 1789: the issue of gender equality." Telos 1989.82 (1989): 71–88. Sénac, Réjane. "The Contemporary Conversation about the French Connection "Liberté, égalité, fraternité": Neoliberal Equality and "Non-brothers." Revue Française de Civilisation Britannique. French Journal of British Studies 21.XXI-1 (2016). online External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Liberté, égalité, fraternité. Liberty, Equality, Fraternity on the website of the French Presidency Slogan of the French Republic – Official French website (in English) (archived 23 February 2013) vteFrench Revolution Causes Timeline Ancien Régime Revolution Constitutional monarchy Republic Directory Consulate Glossary Journals Museum Significant civil and political events by year1788 Day of the Tiles (7 Jun 1788) Assembly of Vizille (21 Jul 1788) 1789 What Is the Third Estate? (Jan 1789) Réveillon riots (28 Apr 1789) Convocation of the Estates General (5 May 1789) Death of the Dauphin (4 June 1789) National Assembly (17 Jun – 9 Jul 1790) Tennis Court Oath (20 Jun 1789) National Constituent Assembly (9 Jul – 30 Sep 1791) Storming of the Bastille (14 Jul 1789) Great Fear (20 Jul – 5 Aug 1789) Abolition of Feudalism (4–11 Aug 1789) Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (26 Aug 1789) Women's March on Versailles (5 Oct 1789) Nationalization of the Church properties (2 Nov 1789) 1790 Abolition of the Parlements (Feb–Jul 1790) Abolition of the Nobility (23 Jun 1790) Civil Constitution of the Clergy (12 Jul 1790) Fête de la Fédération (14 Jul 1790) 1791 Flight to Varennes (20–21 Jun 1791) Champ de Mars massacre (17 Jul 1791) Declaration of Pillnitz (27 Aug 1791) The Constitution of 1791 (3 Sep 1791) National Legislative Assembly (1 Oct 1791 – Sep 1792) 1792 France declares war (20 Apr 1792) Brunswick Manifesto (25 Jul 1792) Paris Commune becomes insurrectionary (Jun 1792) 10th of August (10 Aug 1792) September Massacres (Sep 1792) National Convention (20 Sep 1792 – 26 Oct 1795) First republic declared (22 Sep 1792) 1793 Execution of Louis XVI (21 Jan 1793) Revolutionary Tribunal (9 Mar 1793 – 31 May 1795) Reign of Terror (27 Jun 1793 – 27 Jul 1794) Committee of Public Safety Committee of General Security Fall of the Girondists (2 Jun 1793) Assassination of Marat (13 Jul 1793) Levée en masse (23 Aug 1793) The Death of Marat (painting) Law of Suspects (17 Sep 1793) Marie Antoinette is guillotined (16 Oct 1793) Anti-clerical laws (throughout the year) 1794 Danton and Desmoulins guillotined (5 Apr 1794) Law of 22 Prairial (10 Jun 1794) Thermidorian Reaction (27 Jul 1794) Robespierre guillotined (28 Jul 1794) White Terror (Fall 1794) Closing of the Jacobin Club (11 Nov 1794) 1795–6 Insurrection of 12 Germinal Year III (1 Apr 1795) Constitution of the Year III (22 Aug 1795) Directoire (1795–99) Council of Five Hundred Council of Ancients 13 Vendémiaire 5 Oct 1795 Conspiracy of the Equals (May 1796) 1797 Coup of 18 Fructidor (4 Sep 1797) Second Congress of Rastatt (Dec 1797) 1798 Law of 22 Floréal Year VI (11 May 1798) 1799 Coup of 30 Prairial VII (18 Jun 1799) Coup of 18 Brumaire (9 Nov 1799) Constitution of the Year VIII (24 Dec 1799) Consulate Revolutionary campaigns1792 Verdun Thionville Valmy Royalist Revolts Chouannerie Vendée Dauphiné Lille Siege of Mainz Jemappes Namur  1793 First Coalition War in the Vendée Battle of Neerwinden) Battle of Famars (23 May 1793) Expedition to Sardinia (21 Dec 1792 - 25 May 1793) Battle of Kaiserslautern Siege of Mainz Battle of Wattignies Battle of Hondschoote Siege of Bellegarde Battle of Peyrestortes (Pyrenees) Siege of Toulon (18 Sep – 18 Dec 1793) First Battle of Wissembourg (13 Oct 1793) Battle of Truillas (Pyrenees) Second Battle of Wissembourg (26–27 Dec 1793) 1794 Battle of Villers-en-Cauchies (24 Apr 1794) Second Battle of Boulou (Pyrenees) (30 Apr – 1 May 1794) Battle of Tourcoing (18 May 1794) Battle of Tournay (22 May 1794) Battle of Fleurus (26 Jun 1794) Chouannerie Battle of Aldenhoven (2 Oct 1794) Siege of Luxembourg (22 Nov 1794 - 7 Jun 1795) 1795 Siege of Luxembourg (22 Nov 1794 - 7 Jun 1795) Peace of Basel 1796 Battle of Lonato (3–4 Aug 1796) Battle of Castiglione (5 Aug 1796) Battle of Theiningen Battle of Neresheim (11 Aug 1796) Battle of Amberg (24 Aug 1796) Battle of Würzburg (3 Sep 1796) Battle of Rovereto (4 Sep 1796) First Battle of Bassano (8 Sep 1796) Battle of Emmendingen (19 Oct 1796) Battle of Schliengen (26 Oct 1796) Second Battle of Bassano (6 Nov 1796) Battle of Calliano (6–7 Nov 1796) Battle of Arcole (15–17 Nov 1796) Ireland expedition (Dec 1796) 1797 Naval Engagement off Brittany (13 Jan 1797) Battle of Rivoli (14–15 Jan 1797) Battle of the Bay of Cádiz (25 Jan 1797) Treaty of Leoben (17 Apr 1797) Battle of Neuwied (18 Apr 1797) Treaty of Campo Formio (17 Oct 1797) 1798 French invasion of Switzerland (28 January – 17 May 1798) French Invasion of Egypt (1798–1801) Irish Rebellion of 1798 (23 May – 23 Sep 1798) Quasi-War (1798–1800) Peasants' War (12 Oct – 5 Dec 1798) 1799 Second Coalition (1798–1802) Siege of Acre (20 Mar – 21 May 1799) Battle of Ostrach (20–21 Mar 1799) Battle of Stockach (25 Mar 1799) Battle of Magnano (5 Apr 1799) Battle of Cassano (27–28 Apr 1799) First Battle of Zurich (4–7 Jun 1799) Battle of Trebbia (17–20 Jun 1799) Battle of Novi (15 Aug 1799) Second Battle of Zurich (25–26 Sep 1799) 1800 Battle of Marengo (14 Jun 1800) Convention of Alessandria (15 Jun 1800) Battle of Hohenlinden (3 Dec 1800) League of Armed Neutrality (1800–02) 1801 Treaty of Lunéville (9 Feb 1801) Treaty of Florence (18 Mar 1801) Algeciras campaign (8 Jul 1801) 1802 Treaty of Amiens (25 Mar 1802) Treaty of Paris (25 Jun 1802) Military leaders FranceFrench Army Eustache Charles d'Aoust Pierre Augereau Alexandre de Beauharnais Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte Louis-Alexandre Berthier Jean-Baptiste Bessières Guillaume Brune Jean François Carteaux Jean-Étienne Championnet Chapuis de Tourville Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine Louis-Nicolas Davout Louis Desaix Jacques François Dugommier Thomas-Alexandre Dumas Charles François Dumouriez Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino Louis-Charles de Flers Paul Grenier Emmanuel de Grouchy Jacques Maurice Hatry Lazare Hoche Jean-Baptiste Jourdan François Christophe de Kellermann Jean-Baptiste Kléber Pierre Choderlos de Laclos Jean Lannes Charles Leclerc Claude Lecourbe François Joseph Lefebvre Étienne Macdonald Jean-Antoine Marbot Marcellin Marbot François Séverin Marceau Auguste de Marmont André Masséna Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey Jean Victor Marie Moreau Édouard Mortier, Duke of Trévise Joachim Murat Michel Ney Pierre-Jacques Osten  Nicolas Oudinot Catherine-Dominique de Pérignon Jean-Charles Pichegru Józef Poniatowski Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer Jean-Mathieu-Philibert Sérurier Joseph Souham Jean-de-Dieu Soult Louis-Gabriel Suchet Belgrand de Vaubois Claude Victor-Perrin, Duc de Belluno French Navy Charles-Alexandre Linois Opposition Austria József Alvinczi Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen Count of Clerfayt (Walloon) Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze (Swiss) Friedrich Adolf, Count von Kalckreuth Pál Kray (Hungarian) Charles Eugene, Prince of Lambesc (French) Maximilian Baillet de Latour (Walloon) Karl Mack von Leiberich Rudolf Ritter von Otto (Saxon) Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss-Plauen Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló (Hungarian) Karl Philipp Sebottendorf Dagobert von Wurmser Britain Sir Ralph Abercromby James Saumarez, 1st Baron de Saumarez Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany Netherlands William V, Prince of Orange Prussia Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen Russia Alexander Korsakov Alexander Suvorov Andrei Rosenberg Spain Luis Firmin de Carvajal Antonio Ricardos Other significant figures and factionsPatriotic Society of 1789 Jean Sylvain Bailly Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette François Alexandre Frédéric, duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt Isaac René Guy le Chapelier Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord Nicolas de Condorcet Feuillantsand monarchiens Grace Elliott Arnaud de La Porte Jean-Sifrein Maury François-Marie, marquis de Barthélemy Guillaume-Mathieu Dumas Antoine Barnave Lafayette Alexandre-Théodore-Victor, comte de Lameth Charles Malo François Lameth André Chénier Jean-François Rewbell Camille Jordan Madame de Staël Boissy d'Anglas Jean-Charles Pichegru Pierre Paul Royer-Collard Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac Girondins Jacques Pierre Brissot Jean-Marie Roland de la Platière Madame Roland Father Henri Grégoire Étienne Clavière Marquis de Condorcet Charlotte Corday Marie Jean Hérault Jean Baptiste Treilhard Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve Jean Debry Olympe de Gouges Jean-Baptiste Robert Lindet Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux The Plain Abbé Sieyès de Cambacérès Charles-François Lebrun Pierre-Joseph Cambon Bertrand Barère Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot Philippe Égalité Louis Philippe I Mirabeau Antoine Christophe Merlin de Thionville Jean Joseph Mounier Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours François de Neufchâteau Montagnards Maximilien Robespierre Georges Danton Jean-Paul Marat Camille Desmoulins Louis Antoine de Saint-Just Paul Barras Louis Philippe I Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau Jacques-Louis David Marquis de Sade Georges Couthon Roger Ducos Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois Jean-Henri Voulland Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai Antoine Quentin Fouquier-Tinville Philippe-François-Joseph Le Bas Marc-Guillaume Alexis Vadier Jean-Pierre-André Amar Prieur de la Côte-d'Or Prieur de la Marne Gilbert Romme Jean Bon Saint-André Jean-Lambert Tallien Pierre Louis Prieur Antoine Christophe Saliceti Hébertistsand Enragés Jacques Hébert Jacques-Nicolas Billaud-Varenne Pierre Gaspard Chaumette Charles-Philippe Ronsin Antoine-François Momoro François-Nicolas Vincent François Chabot Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Gobel François Hanriot Jacques Roux Stanislas-Marie Maillard Charles-Philippe Ronsin Jean-François Varlet Theophile Leclerc Claire Lacombe Pauline Léon Gracchus Babeuf Sylvain Maréchal OthersFigures Charles X Louis XVI Louis XVII Louis XVIII Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien Louis Henri, Prince of Condé Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé Marie Antoinette Napoléon Bonaparte Lucien Bonaparte Joseph Bonaparte Joseph Fesch Joséphine de Beauharnais Joachim Murat Jean Sylvain Bailly Jacques-Donatien Le Ray Guillaume-Chrétien de Malesherbes Talleyrand Thérésa Tallien Gui-Jean-Baptiste Target Catherine Théot Madame de Lamballe Madame du Barry Louis de Breteuil de Chateaubriand Jean Chouan Loménie de Brienne Charles Alexandre de Calonne Jacques Necker Jean-Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil List of people associated with the French Revolution Factions Jacobins Cordeliers Panthéon Club Social Club Influential thinkers Les Lumières Beaumarchais Edmund Burke Anacharsis Cloots Charles-Augustin de Coulomb Pierre Claude François Daunou Diderot Benjamin Franklin Thomas Jefferson Antoine Lavoisier Montesquieu Thomas Paine Jean-Jacques Rousseau Abbé Sieyès Voltaire Mary Wollstonecraft Cultural impact La Marseillaise Cockade of France Flag of France Liberté, égalité, fraternité Marianne Bastille Day Panthéon French Republican calendar Metric system Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen Cult of the Supreme Being Cult of Reason Temple of Reason Sans-culottes Phrygian cap Women in the French Revolution Incroyables and merveilleuses Symbolism in the French Revolution Historiography of the French Revolution Influence of the French Revolution Films vteNational symbols of France Coat of arms Fleur-de-lis Fasces Armorial Cockade Diplomatic emblem Flag ensign Gallic rooster Great Seal Joan of Arc Liberté, égalité, fraternité Marianne
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Guichardin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marquis_de_Guichardin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ozouf-2"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ozouf-2"},{"link_name":"Abbé Sieyès","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abb%C3%A9_Siey%C3%A8s"},{"link_name":"despot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Despotism"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ozouf-2"},{"link_name":"Jean-Jacques Rousseau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau"},{"link_name":"The Social Contract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Social_Contract"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ozouf-2"},{"link_name":"François-Noël Babeuf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-No%C3%ABl_Babeuf"},{"link_name":"equality of results","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equality_of_outcome"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ozouf-2"},{"link_name":"Marc Antoine Baudot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Antoine_Baudot"},{"link_name":"Pierre Louis Roederer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Louis_Roederer"},{"link_name":"Alexis de Tocqueville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville"},{"link_name":"Jacques Necker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Necker"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ozouf-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Enseigne_Alsacienne_revolutionnaire.jpg"},{"link_name":"contract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_contract"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ozouf-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ozouf-2"},{"link_name":"Jeu de Paume Oath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_Court_Oath"},{"link_name":"Louis XVI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XVI"},{"link_name":"National Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_(French_Revolution)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ozouf-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ozouf-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ozouf-2"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ozouf-2"},{"link_name":"individualistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individualism"},{"link_name":"egotism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egotism"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ozouf-2"},{"link_name":"individual autonomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-ownership"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ozouf-2"},{"link_name":"you are with me or against me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You%27re_either_with_us,_or_against_us"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ozouf-2"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"Louis de Saint-Just","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Saint-Just"},{"link_name":"Anarchasis Cloots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchasis_Cloots"},{"link_name":"cosmopolitanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmopolitanism"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ozouf-2"},{"link_name":"Thermidor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermidorian_Reaction"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ozouf-2"},{"link_name":"First Consul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Consul"},{"link_name":"Napoleon Bonaparte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte"}],"text":"Text displayed on a placard announcing the sale of expropriated property (1793). Soon after the Revolution, the motto was often written as \"Liberty, Equality, Fraternity, or Death.\" \"Death\" was later dropped for being too strongly associated with the excesses of the revolution.The French Tricolour has been seen as embodying all the principles of the Revolution—Liberté, égalité, fraternité.[3]Some claim that Camille Desmoulins in number 35 of Révolutions de France et de Brabant, published on July 26, 1790,[4] invented the phrase, however it is not confirmed as this is only the first official mention of the phrase. Speaking of the festival of July 14, 1790, he described \"the citizen-soldiers rushing into each other's arms, promising each other liberty, equality, fraternity.\" (French: les soldats-citoyens se précipiter dans les bras l’un de l’autre, en se promettant liberté, égalité, fraternité.)[5]Several months later, Maximilien Robespierre popularized the phrase in his speech \"On the organization of the National Guard\" (French: Discours sur l'organisation des gardes nationales), on 5 December 1790, article XVI, which was disseminated widely throughout France by the popular Societies.Discours sur l'organisation des gardes nationalesArticle XVI.On their uniforms engraved these words: THE FRENCH PEOPLE, & below: LIBERTY, EQUALITY, FRATERNITY. The same words are inscribed on flags which bear the three colors of the nation.(French: XVI. Elles porteront sur leur poitrine ces mots gravés : LE PEUPLE FRANÇAIS, & au-dessous : LIBERTÉ, ÉGALITÉ, FRATERNITÉ. Les mêmes mots seront inscrits sur leurs drapeaux, qui porteront les trois couleurs de la nation.)— Maximilien Robespierre, 1790[1][6][7]Credit for the motto has been given also to Antoine-François Momoro (1756–1794), a Parisian printer and Hébertist organizer,[8][9][10] though in different context of foreign invasion and Federalist revolts in 1793, \nit was modified to \"Unity, indivisibility of the Republic; liberty, equality, brotherhood or death\" (French: Unité, Indivisibilité de la République; Liberté, Egalité, Fraternité ou la mort) and suggested by a resolution of the Paris Commune (of which Momoro was elected member by his section du Théâtre-Français) on 29 June 1793 to be inscribed on Parisian house-fronts and imitated by the inhabitants of other cities. In 1839, the philosopher Pierre Leroux claimed it had been an anonymous and popular creation.[2][page needed] The historian Mona Ozouf underlines that, although Liberté and Égalité were associated as a motto during the 18th century, Fraternité wasn't always included in it, and other terms, such as Amitié (Friendship), Charité (Charity) or Union were often added in its place.[2]The emphasis on Fraternité during the French Revolution led Olympe de Gouges, a female journalist, to write the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen[11][page needed] as a response. The tripartite motto was neither a creative collection, nor really institutionalized by the Revolution.[2] As soon as 1789, other terms were used, such as \"la Nation, la Loi, le Roi\" (The Nation, The Law, The King), or \"Union, Force, Vertu\" (Union, Strength, Virtue), a slogan used beforehand by masonic lodges, or \"Force, Égalité, Justice\" (Strength, Equality, Justice), \"Liberté, Sûreté, Propriété\" (Liberty, Security, Property), etc.[2]In other words, liberté, égalité, fraternité was only one slogan among many others.[2] During the Jacobin revolutionary period, various mottos were used, such as liberté, unité, égalité (liberty, unity, equality); liberté, égalité, justice (liberty, equality, justice); liberté, raison, égalité (liberty, reason, equality), etc.[2] The only solid association was that of liberté and égalité, fraternité being ignored by the Cahiers de doléances as well as by the 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. It was only alluded to in the 1791 Constitution, as well as in Robespierre's draft Declaration of 1793, placed under the invocation of (in that order) égalité, liberté, sûreté and propriété (equality, liberty, safety, property—though it was used not as a motto, but as articles of declaration), as the possibility of a universal extension of the Declaration of Rights: \"Men of all countries are brothers, he who oppresses one nation declares himself the enemy of all.\"[2][a] It did not figure in the August 1793 Declaration.[2]The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen of 1789 defined liberty in Article 4 as follows:Liberty consists of being able to do anything that does not harm others: thus, the exercise of the natural rights of every man or woman has no bounds other than those that guarantee other members of society the enjoyment of these same rights.Equality, on the other hand, was defined by the Declaration in terms of judicial equality and merit-based entry to government (art. 6):[The law] must be the same for all, whether it protects or punishes. All citizens, being equal in its eyes, shall be equally eligible to all high offices, public positions and employments, according to their ability, and without other distinction than that of their virtues and talents.Liberté, égalité, fraternité actually finds its origins in a May 1791 proposition by the Club des Cordeliers, following a speech on the Army by the Marquis de Guichardin.[2] A British marine held prisoner on the French ship Le Marat in 1794 wrote home in letters published in 1796:[12]The republican spirit is inculcated not in songs only, for in every part of the ship I find emblems purposely displayed to awaken it. All the orders relating to the discipline of the crew are hung up, and prefaced by the words Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité, ou la Mort, written in capital letters.The compatibility of liberté and égalité was not in doubt in the first days of the Revolution, and the problem of the antecedence of one term on the other not lifted.[2] Thus, the Abbé Sieyès considered that only liberty ensured equality, unless the latter was to be the equality of all dominated by a despot; while liberty followed equality ensured by the rule of law.[2] The abstract generality of law (theorized by Jean-Jacques Rousseau in his 1762 book The Social Contract) thus ensured the identification of liberty to equality, liberty being negatively defined as an independence from arbitrary rule, and equality considered abstractly in its judicial form.[2]This identification of liberty and equality became problematic during the Jacobin period, when equality was redefined (for instance by François-Noël Babeuf) as equality of results, and not only judicial equality of rights.[2] Thus, Marc Antoine Baudot considered that French temperament inclined rather to equality than liberty, a theme which would be re-used by Pierre Louis Roederer and Alexis de Tocqueville, while Jacques Necker considered that an equal society could only be found on coercion.[2]Alsatian sign, 1792: Freiheit Gleichheit Brüderlichk. od. Tod (Liberty Equality Fraternity or Death) Tod den Tyranen (Death to Tyrants) Heil den Völkern (Long live the Peoples)The third term, fraternité, was the most problematic to insert in the triad, as it belonged to another sphere, that of moral obligations rather than rights, links rather than statutes, harmony rather than contract, and community rather than individuality.[2] Various interpretations of fraternité existed. The first one, according to Mona Ozouf, was one of \"fraternité de rébellion\" (Fraternity of Rebellion),[2] that is the union of the deputies in the Jeu de Paume Oath of June 1789, refusing the dissolution ordered by the King Louis XVI: \"We swear never to separate ourselves from the National Assembly, and to reassemble wherever circumstances require, until the constitution of the realm is drawn up and fixed upon solid foundations.\" Fraternity was thus issued from Liberty and oriented by a common cause.[2]Another form of fraternité was that of the patriotic Church, which identified social links with religious links and based fraternity on Christian brotherhood.[2] In this second sense, fraternité preceded both liberté and égalité, instead of following them as in the first sense.[2][page needed] Thus, two senses of Fraternity: \"one, that followed liberty and equality, was the object of a free pact; the other preceded liberty and equality as the mark on its work of the divine craftsman.\"[2]Another hesitation concerning the compatibility of the three terms arose from the opposition between liberty and equality as individualistic values, and fraternity as the realization of a happy community, devoid of any conflicts and opposed to any form of egotism.[2] This fusional interpretation of Fraternity opposed it to the project of individual autonomy and manifested the precedence of Fraternity on individual will.[2]In this sense, it was sometimes associated with death, as in Fraternité, ou la Mort! (Fraternity or Death!), excluding liberty and even equality, by establishing a strong dichotomy between those who were brothers and those who were not (in the sense of \"you are with me or against me\", brother or foe).[2][page needed] Louis de Saint-Just thus stigmatized Anarchasis Cloots' cosmopolitanism, declaring \"Cloots liked the universe, except France.\"[2]With Thermidor and the execution of Robespierre, fraternité disappeared from the slogan, reduced to the two terms of liberty and equality, re-defined again as simple judicial equality and not as the equality upheld by the sentiment of fraternity.[2] The First Consul (Napoleon Bonaparte) then established the motto liberté, ordre public (liberty, public order).","title":"Origins during the French Revolution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"equality of results","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equality_of_outcome"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ozouf-2"},{"link_name":"individual sovereignty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-ownership"},{"link_name":"natural rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_rights"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ozouf-2"},{"link_name":"Liberals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ozouf-2"},{"link_name":"Early socialists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utopian_socialism"},{"link_name":"Fourier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fourier"},{"link_name":"Saint-Simon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Henri_de_Rouvroy,_comte_de_Saint-Simon"},{"link_name":"equity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equity_(economics)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ozouf-2"},{"link_name":"Cabet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etienne_Cabet"},{"link_name":"Icarie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icarians"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ozouf-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ozouf-2"},{"link_name":"July Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Louis-Philippe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Philippe_of_France"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ozouf-2"},{"link_name":"secret societies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_societies"},{"link_name":"Canuts Revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canuts_Revolt"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ozouf-2"},{"link_name":"Society of the Rights of Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_the_Rights_of_Man"},{"link_name":"Dupont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques-Charles_Dupont_de_l%27Eure"},{"link_name":"July Monarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_Monarchy"},{"link_name":"Revue Républicaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Revue_R%C3%A9publicaine&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ozouf-2"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Campagne des Banquets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campagne_des_Banquets"},{"link_name":"Lille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lille"},{"link_name":"Ledru-Rollin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ledru-Rollin"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ozouf-2"},{"link_name":"Chateaubriand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chateaubriand"},{"link_name":"Ballanche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballanche"},{"link_name":"Pierre Leroux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Leroux"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ozouf-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ozouf-2"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ozouf-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ozouf-2"},{"link_name":"Christian socialists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_socialism"},{"link_name":"Buchez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buchez"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ozouf-2"},{"link_name":"Michelet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Michelet"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ozouf-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ozouf-2"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ozouf-2"},{"link_name":"republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republicanism"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ozouf-2"}],"text":"Following Napoleon's rule, the triptych dissolved itself, as none believed it possible to conciliate individual liberty and equality of rights with equality of results and fraternity.[2] The idea of individual sovereignty and of natural rights possessed by man before being united in the collectivity contradicted the possibility of establishing a transparent and fraternal community.[2] Liberals accepted liberty and equality, defining the latter as equality of rights and ignoring fraternity.[2]Early socialists rejected an independent conception of liberty, opposed to the social, and also despised equality, as they considered, as Fourier, that one had only to orchestrate individual discordances, to harmonize them, or they believed, as Saint-Simon, that equality contradicted equity by a brutal levelling of individualities.[2] Utopian socialism thus only valued fraternity, which was, in Cabet's Icarie the sole commandment.[2]This opposition between liberals and socialists was mirrored in rival historical interpretations of the Revolution, liberals admiring 1789, and socialists 1793.[2] The July Revolution of 1830, establishing a constitutional monarchy headed by Louis-Philippe, substituted ordre et liberté (order and liberty) to the Napoleonic motto Liberté, Ordre public.[2] Despite this apparent disappearance of the triptych, the latter was still being thought in some underground circles, in Republican secret societies, masonic lodges such as the \"Indivisible Trinity,\" far-left booklets or during the Canuts Revolt in Lyon.[2] In 1834, the lawyer of the Society of the Rights of Man (Société des droits de l'homme), Dupont, a liberal sitting in the far-left during the July Monarchy, associated the three terms together in the Revue Républicaine which he edited:Any man aspires to liberty, to equality, but he can not achieve it without the assistance of other men, without fraternity[2][b]The triptych resurfaced during the 1847 Campagne des Banquets, upheld for example in Lille by Ledru-Rollin.[2]Two interpretations had attempted to conciliate the three terms, beyond the antagonism between liberals and socialists. One was upheld by Catholic traditionalists, such as Chateaubriand or Ballanche, the other by socialist and republican such as Pierre Leroux.[2] Chateaubriand thus gave a Christian interpretation of the revolutionary motto, stating in the 1841 conclusion to his Mémoires d'outre-tombe:Far from being at its term, the religion of the Liberator is now only just entering its third phase, the political period, liberty, equality, fraternity[2][c]Neither Chateaubriand nor Ballanche considered the three terms to be antagonistic. Rather, they took them for being the achievement of Christianity. On the other hand, Pierre Leroux did not disguise the difficulties of associating the three terms, but superated it by considering liberty as the aim, equality as the principle and fraternity as the means.[2] Leroux thus ordered the motto as Liberty, Fraternity, Equality,[2] an order also supported by Christian socialists, such as Buchez.[2]Against this new order of the triptych, Michelet supported the traditional order, maintaining the primordial importance of an original individualistic right.[2] Michelet attempted to conciliate a rational communication with a fraternal communication, \"right beyond right\",[2][page needed] and thus the rival traditions of socialism and liberalism.[2] The republican tradition would strongly inspire itself from Michelet's synchretism.[2]","title":"19th century"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:France_5_francs_1849.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:France_20_francs_1851.jpg"},{"link_name":"1848 February Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1848_February_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frenchsymbols-16"},{"link_name":"red flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_flag_(politics)"},{"link_name":"tricolor flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_France"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ozouf-2"},{"link_name":"Lamartine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamartine"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ozouf-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ozouf-2"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ozouf-2"},{"link_name":"Lamennais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamennais"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ozouf-2"},{"link_name":"Le Christ républicain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Le_Christ_r%C3%A9publicain&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ozouf-2"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Napoleon III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_III_of_France"},{"link_name":"prefects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefects_of_France"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ozouf-2"},{"link_name":"Auguste Comte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste_Comte"},{"link_name":"Ordem e Progresso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordem_e_Progresso"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-historianet-18"},{"link_name":"Proudhon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proudhon"},{"link_name":"Romanticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanticism"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ozouf-2"}],"sub_title":"1848 Revolution","text":"Liberté, égalité, fraternité on French coins5-franc piece, 184920-franc piece, 1851With the 1848 February Revolution, the motto was officially adopted,[13] mainly under the pressure of the people who had attempted to impose the red flag over the tricolor flag (the 1791 red flag was, however, the symbol of martial law and of order, not of insurrection).[2] Lamartine opposed popular aspirations, and in exchange of the maintaining of the tricolor flag, conceded the Republican motto of Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité, written on the flag, on which a red rosette was also to be added.[2]Fraternity was then considered to resume and to contain both Liberty and Equality, being a form of civil religion (which, far from opposing itself to Christianity, was associated with it in 1848[2][page needed]) establishing social links (as called for by Rousseau in the conclusion of the Social Contract).[2]However, Fraternity was not devoid of its previous sense of opposition between brothers and foes, images of blood haunting revolutionary Christian publications, taking in Lamennais' themes.[2] Thus, the newspaper Le Christ républicain (The Republican Christ) developed the idea of the Christ bringing forth peace to the poor and war to the rich.[2][14]As soon as 6 January 1852, the future Napoleon III, first President of the Republic, ordered all prefects to erase the triptych from all official documents and buildings, conflated with insurrection and disorder.[2] Auguste Comte applauded Napoleon, claiming equality to be the \"symbol of metaphysical anarchism\", and preferring to it his diptych \"ordre et progrès\" (\"order and progress\", which would then become the motto of Brazil, Ordem e Progresso).[15] On the other hand, Proudhon criticized fraternity as an empty word, which he associated with idealistic dreams of Romanticism.[2] He preferred to it the sole term of liberty.","title":"19th century"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paris Commune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Commune"},{"link_name":"Third Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Third_Republic"},{"link_name":"Opportunist Republicans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opportunist_Republicans"},{"link_name":"Jules Ferry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Ferry"},{"link_name":"Gambetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Gambetta"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Larousse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Larousse"},{"link_name":"welfare role","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welfare_state"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ozouf-2"},{"link_name":"Charles Maurras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Maurras"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ozouf-2"},{"link_name":"Charles Péguy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_P%C3%A9guy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ozouf-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ozouf-2"},{"link_name":"Georges Vacher de Lapouge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Vacher_de_Lapouge"},{"link_name":"pseudo-scientific racism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_racism"},{"link_name":"eugenism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenism"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ozouf-2"}],"sub_title":"Paris Commune and Third Republic","text":"Pache, mayor of the Paris Commune, painted the formula \"Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité, ou la mort\" on the walls of the commune. It was only under the Third Republic that the motto was made official. It was then not dissociated with insurrection and revolutionary ardours, Opportunist Republicans such as Jules Ferry or Gambetta adapting it to the new political conditions.[16] Larousse's Dictionnaire universel deprived fraternity of its \"evangelistic halo\" (Mona Ozouf), conflating it with solidarity and the welfare role of the state.[2]Some still opposed the Republican motto, such as the nationalist Charles Maurras in his Dictionnaire politique et critique, who claimed liberty to be an empty dream, equality an insanity, and only kept fraternity.[2] Charles Péguy, renewing with Lamennais' thought, kept fraternity and liberty, excluding equality, seen as an abstract repartition between individuals reduced to homogeneity, opposing \"fraternity\" as a sentiment put in motion by \"misery\", while equality only interested itself, according to him, to the mathematical solution of the problem of \"poverty.\"[2]Péguy identified Christian charity and socialist solidarity in this conception of fraternity.[2] On the other hand, Georges Vacher de Lapouge, the most important French author of pseudo-scientific racism and supporter of eugenism, completely rejected the republican triptych, adopting another motto, \"déterminisme, inégalité, sélection\" (determinism, inequality, selection). But, according to Ozouf, the sole use of a triptych was the sign of the influence of the republican motto, despite it being corrupted in its opposite.[2]","title":"19th century"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arms_of_the_French_Republic.svg"},{"link_name":"Coat of arms of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_France"},{"link_name":"German occupation of France in World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_occupation_of_France_in_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"travail, famille, patrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travail,_famille,_patrie"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WHKLMA-20"},{"link_name":"Marshal Pétain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain"},{"link_name":"Vichy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichy_France"},{"link_name":"colonel de la Rocque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel_de_la_Rocque"},{"link_name":"Parti social français","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parti_social_fran%C3%A7ais"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ozouf-2"},{"link_name":"B.R. Ambedkar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B.R._Ambedkar"},{"link_name":"Provisional Government of the French Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_French_Republic"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FrEmb-1"}],"text":"The Coat of arms of France (1905–present) depicts a ribbon with the motto \"Liberté, égalité, fraternité\".During the German occupation of France in World War II, this motto was replaced by the reactionary phrase \"travail, famille, patrie\" (work, family, fatherland)[17] by Marshal Pétain, who became the leader of the new Vichy French government in 1940. Pétain had taken this motto from the colonel de la Rocque's Parti social français (PSF), although the latter considered it more appropriate for a movement than for a regime.[2]Indian polymath and social reformer B.R. Ambedkar is to have said, \"I like the religion that teaches 'liberty, equality, and fraternity'\".Following the Liberation, the Provisional Government of the French Republic (GPRF) re-established the Republican motto Liberté, égalité, fraternité, which is incorporated into both the 1946 and the 1958 French constitutions.[1]","title":"20th century"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"B.R. Ambedkar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B.R._Ambedkar"},{"link_name":"preamble to the Constitution of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preamble_to_the_Constitution_of_India"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Liberal Democrats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LDFC-21"},{"link_name":"Sokol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokol_(sport_organization)"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Czechoslovak Legion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovak_Legion"},{"link_name":"Czechoslovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Philippine National Flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"Haiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti"},{"link_name":"Chad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad"},{"link_name":"Niger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger"},{"link_name":"Gabon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabon"},{"link_name":"natural law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_law"},{"link_name":"Universal Declaration of Human Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"Many other nations have adopted the French slogan of \"liberty, equality, and fraternity\" as an ideal. B.R. Ambedkar, the Chairman of the Drafting Committee of the Constitution of India, included these words in the preamble to the Constitution of India, in the year 1950. Since its founding, \"Liberty, Equality and Brotherhood\" has been the lemma of the Social Democratic Party of Denmark. In the United Kingdom the political party the Liberal Democrats refer to \"the fundamental values of liberty, equality and community\" in the preamble of the party's Federal Constitution, and this is printed on party membership cards.[18]Slogan in Czech \"Rovnost, volnost, bratrství\" also became motto of Czech national gymnastics organization Sokol at the end of the 19th century. Liberal values of the fraternal organization manifested themselves especially in Czech independence movement during the World War I, when many Sokol members joined armies of the Allies and formed the Czechoslovak Legion to form independent Czechoslovakia in 1918.[19]The Philippine National Flag has a rectangular design that\nconsists of a white equilateral triangle, symbolizing liberty,\nequality, and fraternity; a horizontal blue stripe for peace,\ntruth, and justice; and a horizontal red stripe for patriotism\nand valor. In the center of the white triangle is an eight-\nrayed golden sun symbolizing unity, freedom, people's\ndemocracy, and sovereignty.Some former colonies of the French Republic (such as Haiti, Chad, Niger, and Gabon) have adopted similar three-word mottos.The idea of the slogan \"Liberty, Equality, Fraternity\" has also given an influence as natural law to the First Article of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights:All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.[20]","title":"Other nations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Three Colours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Colours"},{"link_name":"Krzysztof Kieślowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krzysztof_Kie%C5%9Blowski"},{"link_name":"William Carlos Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Carlos_Williams"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"The term is referred to in the 1993-94 film trilogy Three Colours by Krzysztof Kieślowski.\"Libertad! Igualdad! Fraternidad!\" is the title of an English-language poem by William Carlos Williams.[21]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"}],"text":"^ French: \"Les hommes de tous les pays sont frères, celui qui opprime une seule nation se déclare l'ennemi de toutes.\"\n\n^ French: \"Tout homme aspire à la liberté, à l'égalité, mais on ne peut y atteindre sans le secours des autres hommes, sans la fraternité.\"\n\n^ French: \"Loin d'être à son terme, la religion du Libérateur entre à peine dans sa troisième période, la période politique, liberté, égalité, fraternité.\"","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sénac, Réjane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9jane_S%C3%A9nac"},{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//journals.openedition.org/rfcb/840"}],"text":"Mathijsen, Marita. \"The emancipation of the past, as due to the Revolutionary French ideology of Liberté, Egalité, Fraternité.\" Free Access to the Past ed Lotte Jensen (Brill, 2010). 20–40.\nRoth, Guenther. \"Durkheim and the principles of 1789: the issue of gender equality.\" Telos 1989.82 (1989): 71–88.\nSénac, Réjane. \"The Contemporary Conversation about the French Connection \"Liberté, égalité, fraternité\": Neoliberal Equality and \"Non-brothers.\" Revue Française de Civilisation Britannique. French Journal of British Studies 21.XXI-1 (2016). online","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Official logo of the French Republic used on government documents with the slogan \"Liberté, égalité, fraternité\"","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Logo_RF.svg/220px-Logo_RF.svg.png"},{"image_text":"A propaganda poster from 1793 representing the French First Republic with the slogan \"Unity and Indivisibility of the Republic. Liberty, Equality, Fraternity or Death\", together with symbols such as tricolour flags, phrygian cap and gallic rooster","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Unit%C3%A9_Indivisibilit%C3%A9_de_la_R%C3%A9publique.jpg/220px-Unit%C3%A9_Indivisibilit%C3%A9_de_la_R%C3%A9publique.jpg"},{"image_text":"Text displayed on a placard announcing the sale of expropriated property (1793). Soon after the Revolution, the motto was often written as \"Liberty, Equality, Fraternity, or Death.\" \"Death\" was later dropped for being too strongly associated with the excesses of the revolution.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/LibertyEqualityorDeath.jpg/220px-LibertyEqualityorDeath.jpg"},{"image_text":"The French Tricolour has been seen as embodying all the principles of the Revolution—Liberté, égalité, fraternité.[3]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/220px-Flag_of_France.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Alsatian sign, 1792: Freiheit Gleichheit Brüderlichk. od. Tod (Liberty Equality Fraternity or Death) Tod den Tyranen (Death to Tyrants) Heil den Völkern (Long live the Peoples)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Enseigne_Alsacienne_revolutionnaire.jpg/170px-Enseigne_Alsacienne_revolutionnaire.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Coat of arms of France (1905–present) depicts a ribbon with the motto \"Liberté, égalité, fraternité\".","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Arms_of_the_French_Republic.svg/220px-Arms_of_the_French_Republic.svg.png"}]
[{"title":"List of political slogans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_slogans"},{"title":"Give me liberty or give me death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Give_me_liberty_or_give_me_death"},{"title":"Life, liberty, and property","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life,_liberty,_and_property"},{"title":"Brotherhood and unity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brotherhood_and_unity"},{"title":"Three Principles of the People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Principles_of_the_People"},{"title":"Travail, famille, patrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travail,_famille,_patrie"},{"title":"Vichy France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichy_France"},{"title":"La Nation, la Loi, le Roi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Nation,_la_Loi,_le_Roi"},{"title":"Estado Novo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Portugal)"}]
[{"reference":"\"Liberty, Égalité, Fraternité\". Embassy of France in the US. Archived from the original on 18 October 2014. Retrieved 18 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141018141249/http://www.ambafrance-us.org/spip.php?article620","url_text":"\"Liberty, Égalité, Fraternité\""},{"url":"http://www.ambafrance-us.org/spip.php?article620","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ozouf, Mona (1997), \"Liberté, égalité, fraternité stands for peace country and war\", in Nora, Pierre (ed.), Lieux de Mémoire [Places of memory] (in French), vol. tome III, Quarto Gallimard, pp. 4353–89","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mona_Ozouf","url_text":"Ozouf, Mona"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Nora","url_text":"Nora, Pierre"}]},{"reference":"\"Flag of France | History & Meaning\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/topic/flag-of-France","url_text":"\"Flag of France | History & Meaning\""}]},{"reference":"Robespierre, Maximilien (1950). OEUVRES DE MAXIMILIEN ROBESPIERRE. Vol. Tome VI. PRESSES UNIVERSITAIRES DE FRANCE. p. 643. Retrieved 19 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/oeuvrescomplte06robeuoft","url_text":"OEUVRES DE MAXIMILIEN ROBESPIERRE"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/oeuvrescomplte06robeuoft/page/643","url_text":"643"}]},{"reference":"Latham, Edward (1906). Famous Sayings and Their Authors. London: Swan Sonnenschein. pp. 147. OCLC 4697187.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/famoussayingsan00lathgoog","url_text":"Famous Sayings and Their Authors"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/famoussayingsan00lathgoog/page/n166","url_text":"147"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4697187","url_text":"4697187"}]},{"reference":"de Barante, Amable Guillaume P. Brugière (1851). Histoire de la Convention nationale [History of the National convention] (in French). Langlois & Leclercq. p. 322. Retrieved 31 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=llsFAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA322","url_text":"Histoire de la Convention nationale"}]},{"reference":"Thacher, John Boyd (1905). Outlines of the French revolution told in autographs. Weed-Parsons Printing Co. p. 8. Retrieved 31 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/cu31924032226684","url_text":"Outlines of the French revolution told in autographs"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/cu31924032226684/page/n15","url_text":"8"}]},{"reference":"Ellis; Esler, \"The Modern Era\", World History (textbook)","urls":[]},{"reference":"Tench, Watkin (1796), Letters Written in France: To a Friend in London, Between the Month of November 1794, and the Month of May 1795, London: J Johnson, p. 15","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ztMuAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA15","url_text":"Letters Written in France: To a Friend in London, Between the Month of November 1794, and the Month of May 1795"}]},{"reference":"\"The symbols of the Republic and Bastille Day\". French Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 20 April 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/france_159/discovering-france_2005/france-from-to-z_1978/the-symbols-of-the-republic-and-bastille-day_2002/","url_text":"\"The symbols of the Republic and Bastille Day\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(France)","url_text":"French Ministry of Foreign Affairs"}]},{"reference":"\"Bandeiras e significados\" [Flags & meanings], História net (in Portuguese), retrieved 9 October 2010","urls":[{"url":"http://www.historianet.com.br/conteudo/default.aspx?codigo=934","url_text":"\"Bandeiras e significados\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vichy Government\". World History. DE: KMLA. Retrieved 1 May 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/france/vichy.html","url_text":"\"Vichy Government\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany","url_text":"DE"}]},{"reference":"\"Federal Constitution\". UK: Liberal Democrats. Retrieved 22 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.libdems.org.uk/constitution.aspx","url_text":"\"Federal Constitution\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom","url_text":"UK"}]},{"reference":"Sláma, Karel. \"Z historie Sokola - díl 1.: Svoboda, rovnost, bratrství\". www.sokol-zastavka.cz (in Czech). Retrieved 28 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sokol-zastavka.cz/kronika/soubor-historickych-clanku-br-slamy/z-historie-sokola-dil-1-svoboda-rovnost-bratrstvi/","url_text":"\"Z historie Sokola - díl 1.: Svoboda, rovnost, bratrství\""}]},{"reference":"\"Article 1\", The Universal Declaration of Human Rights","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights","url_text":"The Universal Declaration of Human Rights"}]},{"reference":"\"Libertad! Igualdad! Fraternidad! By William Carlos Williams\". 24 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://poemfull.com/william-carlos-williams/libertad-igualdad-fraternidad-2/index.html","url_text":"\"Libertad! Igualdad! Fraternidad! By William Carlos Williams\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_King%27s_Head,_Kirton
Old King's Head, Kirton
["1 Architecture","2 Old King's Head Gallery","3 Literature","4 References","5 External links"]
Coordinates: 52°55′40″N 0°03′33″W / 52.927740°N 0.059105°W / 52.927740; -0.059105Historic site in Kirton in Holland, near BostonOld King's HeadThe Old King's Head, Kirton, LincolnshireLocationThe Old King's Head, Kirton in Holland, near BostonCoordinates52°55′40″N 0°03′33″W / 52.927740°N 0.059105°W / 52.927740; -0.059105OS grid referenceTF3054038472BuiltLate 16th century (datestone 1599).RebuiltLate 17th century (datestone 1661)Architectural style(s)Elizabethan and later Fen Artisan Style Listed Building – Grade IIDesignated19 November 1951Reference no.1062023 Location of Old King's Head in Lincolnshire The Old King's Head, Kirton in Holland, near Boston in Lincolnshire, England is a former public house. The earlier part of it was built at the end of the sixteenth century and was given major alterations in 1661 in Artisan Mannerist Style. It is red brick in English Bond with recent tiles over a thatched roof. It became a domestic residence in the 1960s and in 2016 it was purchased by Heritage Lincolnshire for restoration. Architecture The term Artisan Mannerist Architecture was first used by Sir John Summerson in 1953 to describe the building style that developed after the Renaissance in Britain when artisan craftsmen such as masons and bricklayers took on the role of architects. The style was largely derived from Dutch architecture. Sir John's study was largely restricted to larger stone buildings, but John Harris who worked with Sir Nicholas Pevsner on the Lincolnshire volume of Buildings of England adopted the terminology Fen Artisan Style and described the Old Kings Head as an example of Fenland Artisan Mannerism. Harris went on to describe other examples of similar buildings. These include the nearby Blossom's Hall also in Kirton, the Elizabethan House and The Hall at Coningsby, the Porch House Sibsey the Church House at Boston and the Bulls Neck and adjacent farm near Holbeach. The style is probably best exemplified by the manor house at Aslackby, near Bourne. Here the house has raised brickwork decoration and elaborate string courses, while the square chimney stacks are angled in a line in a similar fashion to those on the Old Kings Head. The style contrasts with the Artisan brick mannerism of North Lincolnshire and East Yorkshire which has been studied by Neave and is often associated with the work of Hull architect William Catlyn. Neave derives this architectural style from the brick architecture of the Netherlands. This origin is also likely to be true for Fenland Artisan Mannerism where houses often also have Dutch gables Old King's Head Gallery Old King's Head Old King's Head from King's street. The Old King's Head. Mannerist brick decoration over earlier doorway The Old King's Head. Late 16th century moulded beam. Advertisement for Stone's Ginger wine, c.1900 The Old King's Head. 17th century chimney stacks. Rear of the Old King's Head. shows brick rustication on corner. Literature Antram N (revised), Pevsner N & Harris J, (1989), The Buildings of England: Lincolnshire, Yale University Press. pp. 979 Barley M (1990) The Buildings of the Countryside 1500–1750, Vol 5, of Chapters from the Agrarian History of England and Wales (ed. Thirsk J.) Cambridge University Press, pp 1–173. Neave D. (1996) Artisan Mannerism in North Lincolnshire and East Yorkshire: The work of William Catlyn (1628-1709) of Hull in Sturman C (ed) Lincolnshire Peoples and Places: Essays in Memory of Terence R. Leach (1937-1994), pp. 18–25. Summerson Sir J 1953, Architecture in Britain 1530–1830, 97-105 References ^ The Old King's Head gets a new lease of Life ^ Neave (1996), pp18-25 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Old King’s Head, Kirton, Lincolnshire. British Listed Buildings Heritage Lincolnshire
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kirton in Holland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirton_in_Holland"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston,_Lincolnshire"},{"link_name":"Lincolnshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincolnshire"},{"link_name":"Artisan Mannerist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artisan_Mannerism"},{"link_name":"English Bond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Bond"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Historic site in Kirton in Holland, near BostonThe Old King's Head, Kirton in Holland, near Boston in Lincolnshire, England is a former public house. The earlier part of it was built at the end of the sixteenth century and was given major alterations in 1661 in Artisan Mannerist Style. It is red brick in English Bond with recent tiles over a thatched roof. It became a domestic residence in the 1960s and in 2016 it was purchased by Heritage Lincolnshire for restoration.[1]","title":"Old King's Head, Kirton"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sir John Summerson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_John_Summerson"},{"link_name":"Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance"},{"link_name":"Sir Nicholas Pevsner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaus_Pevsner"},{"link_name":"Buildings of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buildings_of_England"},{"link_name":"Coningsby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coningsby"},{"link_name":"Sibsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibsey"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston,_Lincolnshire"},{"link_name":"William Catlyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Catlyn"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Dutch gables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_gables"}],"text":"The term Artisan Mannerist Architecture was first used by Sir John Summerson in 1953 to describe the building style that developed after the Renaissance in Britain when artisan craftsmen such as masons and bricklayers took on the role of architects. The style was largely derived from Dutch architecture. Sir John's study was largely restricted to larger stone buildings, but John Harris who worked with Sir Nicholas Pevsner on the Lincolnshire volume of Buildings of England adopted the terminology Fen Artisan Style and described the Old Kings Head as an example of Fenland Artisan Mannerism. Harris went on to describe other examples of similar buildings. These include the nearby Blossom's Hall also in Kirton, the Elizabethan House and The Hall at Coningsby, the Porch House Sibsey the Church House at Boston and the Bulls Neck and adjacent farm near Holbeach. The style is probably best exemplified by the manor house at Aslackby, near Bourne. Here the house has raised brickwork decoration and elaborate string courses, while the square chimney stacks are angled in a line in a similar fashion to those on the Old Kings Head. The style contrasts with the Artisan brick mannerism of North Lincolnshire and East Yorkshire which has been studied by Neave and is often associated with the work of Hull architect William Catlyn. Neave derives this architectural style from the brick architecture of the Netherlands.[2] This origin is also likely to be true for Fenland Artisan Mannerism where houses often also have Dutch gables","title":"Architecture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kirton-in-Holland_-_geograph.org.uk_-_732913.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kirton-in-Holland_-_geograph.org.uk_-_732920.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Old_King%E2%80%99s_Head,_Kirton,_Lincolnshire_01.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Old_King%E2%80%99s_Head,_Kirton,_Lincolnshire_04.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Old_King%E2%80%99s_Head,_Kirton,_Lincolnshire_05.jpg"},{"link_name":"Stone's Ginger wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginger_wine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Old_King%E2%80%99s_Head,_Kirton,_Lincolnshire_06.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Old_King%E2%80%99s_Head,_Kirton,_Lincolnshire_07.jpg"},{"link_name":"rustication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rustication_(architecture)"}],"text":"Old King's Head\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOld King's Head from King's street.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Old King's Head. Mannerist brick decoration over earlier doorway\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Old King's Head. Late 16th century moulded beam.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAdvertisement for Stone's Ginger wine, c.1900\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Old King's Head. 17th century chimney stacks.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRear of the Old King's Head. shows brick rustication on corner.","title":"Old King's Head Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Antram N (revised), Pevsner N & Harris J, (1989), The Buildings of England: Lincolnshire, Yale University Press. pp. 979\nBarley M (1990) The Buildings of the Countryside 1500–1750, Vol 5, of Chapters from the Agrarian History of England and Wales (ed. Thirsk J.) Cambridge University Press, pp 1–173.\nNeave D. (1996) Artisan Mannerism in North Lincolnshire and East Yorkshire: The work of William Catlyn (1628-1709) of Hull in Sturman C (ed) Lincolnshire Peoples and Places: Essays in Memory of Terence R. Leach (1937-1994), pp. 18–25.\nSummerson Sir J 1953, Architecture in Britain 1530–1830, 97-105","title":"Literature"}]
[]
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[]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Old_King%27s_Head,_Kirton&params=52.92774_N_0.059105_W_type:landmark","external_links_name":"52°55′40″N 0°03′33″W / 52.927740°N 0.059105°W / 52.927740; -0.059105"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Old_King%27s_Head,_Kirton&params=52.92774_N_0.059105_W_type:landmark","external_links_name":"52°55′40″N 0°03′33″W / 52.927740°N 0.059105°W / 52.927740; -0.059105"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Old_King%27s_Head,_Kirton&params=52.927785_N_0.059486_W_region:GB_scale:25000&title=Old+King%27s+Head","external_links_name":"TF3054038472"},{"Link":"https://www.heritagelincolnshire.org/news/old-kings-head-gets-new-lease-life","external_links_name":"The Old King's Head gets a new lease of Life"},{"Link":"http://www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/en-192093-the-old-king-s-head-kirton-lincolnshire#.WAAHJEvG53k","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://www.heritagelincolnshire.org/news/old-kings-head-gets-new-lease-life","external_links_name":"[2]"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clear_Creek_High_School_(League_City,_Texas)
Clear Creek High School (League City, Texas)
["1 History","2 Feeder patterns","3 Notable alumni","4 References","5 External links"]
Coordinates: 29°31′30″N 95°04′16″W / 29.5249°N 95.0711°W / 29.5249; -95.0711Public school in Texas, United States Clear Creek High SchoolFront entrance view of CCHSAddress2305 East Main StreetLeague City, Texas 77573United StatesCoordinates29°31′30″N 95°04′16″W / 29.5249°N 95.0711°W / 29.5249; -95.0711InformationTypePublic High SchoolMotto"Once a Wildcat, always a Wildcat."Established1956School districtClear Creek Independent School DistrictNCES District ID4814280SuperintendentEric WilliamsNCES School ID481428000903PrincipalAshley OrrTeaching staff141.26 (FTE)Grades9–12Enrollment2,381 (2020–21)Student to teacher ratio16.86Campus typeSuburbColour(s)   Maroon, WhiteSloganBe the differenceAthleticsUIL 6AAthletics conferenceUIL Region III District 24-6AMascotWillie the WildcatNicknameWildcatsRivalClear Lake High School Clear Springs High SchoolCommunities servedLeague CityWebsiteSchool website Clear Creek High School is located in League City, Texas, in the Clear Creek Independent School District. The school serves most of League City and the cities of Kemah, Clear Lake Shores, Nassau Bay, and Webster. The school colors are maroon and white. The school's mascot is Willie the Wildcat. History Clear Creek High School was established in 1956 as the first high school in the Clear Creek Independent School District. By 1972, Clear Creek High School was overpopulated and a second district high school, Clear Lake High School was opened. Feeder patterns The following elementary schools feed into Clear Creek High School: Falcon Pass, Ferguson, Goforth, Hyde, League City, McWhirter, Robinson, and Stewart and Parr. The following intermediate schools feed into Clear Creek High School: League City, Space Center, Victory Lakes, and the newest intermediate school Clear Creek IS. Clear Springs High School took portions of the Clear Creek High School attendance zone when it opened in 2007. Bauerschlag, Gilmore, Hall, Ross, Creekside, and some of Victory Lakes will no longer feed into Clear Creek. Clear Falls High School took portions of the Clear Creek High School attendance zone when it opened in 2010. Notable alumni Christopher Sabat, voice actor and producer Shelly Berg, dean, Frost School of Music at the University of Miami Jay Buhner, former Major League Baseball player for the Seattle Mariners Jarred Cosart, Major League Baseball player for the San Diego Padres Richard Garriott, video game designer Scott Mitchell, former wide receiver in the Arena Football League and Canadian Football League Cliff Olander, American player of gridiron football Chase Ortiz, former football player for the Winnipeg Blue Bombers of the Canadian Football League James Patton, former football player for the Buffalo Bills of the National Football League Riley Salmon, 2008 Olympic indoor volleyball gold medalist (also competed in the 2004 Summer Olympics) Susan Swift, child actress References ^ a b c d "Search for Public Schools - Clear Creek High School (481428000903)". National Center for Education Statistics. Institute of Education Sciences. Retrieved April 6, 2023. ^ Chronister, Dane (August 21, 2011). "Behind the mask". The Daily News. Retrieved April 5, 2023. ^ "About Us - Clear Creek High School". Clear Creek High School. Retrieved August 23, 2023. ^ Orozco, Yvette (October 6, 2022). "Clear Lake High's 50th anniversary this weekend to include football, music, alumni basketball game". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved April 5, 2023. ^ "Clear Springs High" (PDF). ccisd.net. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 5, 2013. Retrieved January 13, 2022. ^ Bechtle, John (August 4, 2004). "A True Cinderella Story: CCISD Graduate Riley Salmon makes Olympic dream a reality". Bay Runner. Archived from the original on April 5, 2005. Retrieved June 7, 2005. ^ Soriano, Paul (June 18, 2004). "VOLLEYBALL: Texas Native Riley Salmon Returns Home with USA Men's National Team" (Press release). USA Volleyball. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved June 7, 2005. External links Official website School district website vteLeague City, TexasEducationPrimary & secondary schools Clear Creek ISD Clear Creek HS Clear Springs HS Clear Falls HS Clear Path Alt. Veterans Memorial Stadium Challenger Columbia Stadium Dickinson ISD Bay Area Christian Other education San Jacinto College (serves Harris County portions) College of the Mainland (serves Galveston County portions) Landmarks Houston Gulf Airport (closed 2002) This list is incomplete. vteClear Creek Independent School DistrictThis district operates schools in Galveston and Harris counties.High schools Clear Brook Clear Creek Clear Falls Clear Lake Clear Springs Clear View Alternative schools Clear Horizons Early College High School Clear Path Alternative School Facilities Veterans Memorial Stadium Challenger Columbia Stadium vteEducation in Galveston County, TexasSee also: Education in Galveston, TexasPublic high schoolsClear Creek ISD Clear Creek Clear Falls Clear Springs Clear Path Alternative Other schools are in Harris County Dickinson ISD Dickinson High Friendswood ISD Friendswood High Galveston ISD BallClosed Central High High Island ISD High Island Hitchcock ISD Hitchcock High Santa Fe ISD Santa Fe High Texas City ISD La Marque High (formerly of La Marque ISD) Texas City High Private schoolsReligious schools Bay Area Christian School O'Connell College Preparatory School Closed Dominican High School TertiaryUniversities University of Texas Medical Branch Texas A&M University at Galveston (branch) Closed St. Mary's University Community colleges College of the Mainland (Texas City) Galveston College LibrariesPublic libraries Rosenberg Library Clear Creek ISD extends into Harris County; only schools in Galveston County are listed here vteGalveston Bay AreaHistoryLarge cities Baytown Pasadena Other cities Anahuac Beach City Clear Lake Shores Dickinson El Lago Deer Park Friendswood Kemah La Marque La Porte League City Nassau Bay Morgan's Point Seabrook Shoreacres Taylor Lake Village Texas City Webster CDPs and non-municipalities Bacliff Bayview Clear Lake City (part of Houston/Pasadena) Double Bayou San Leon Smith Point Counties Chambers Galveston Harris Subregions Pasadena/Baytown Clear Lake Area Texas City/La Marque Chambers County Bodies ofwater Armand Bayou Cedar Bayou Clear Creek Clear Lake Dickinson Bay Galveston Bay Lake Anahuac Moses Lake San Jacinto River Taylor Lake Trinity Bay Trinity River Major ports Barbours Cut Bayport Texas City Naturepreserves Anahuac National Wildlife Refuge Armand Bayou Nature Center Baytown Nature Center Pine Gully Park Texas City Prairie Preserve vteTexas University Interscholastic League (UIL) high school athletic regionsTexas 6ARegion 1District 1 El Paso Americas El Paso Coronado El Paso Eastwood El Paso El Dorado El Paso Franklin El Paso Montwood El Paso Socorro District 2 Amarillo Lubbock Coronado Wolfforth Frenship Lubbock Monterey Amarillo Tascosa District 3 Abilene San Angelo Central Midland Midland Legacy Odessa Odessa Permian District 4 Arlington Arlington Bowie Arlington Houston Arlington Lamar Arlington Martin Fort Worth Paschal North Crowley Weatherford District 5 Denton Guyer Denton 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District 12 Anderson-Shiro Centerville Groveton Hull-Daisetta Lovelady Saratoga West Hardin Region 4District 13 Holland Moody Riesel Rosebud-Lott Thorndale Thrall District 14 Brackettville Brackett Center Point Harper Johnson City LBJ Junction Mason Sabinal District 15 Flatonia Ganado Refugio Schulenburg Shiner Weimar District 16 Ben Bolt-Palito Blanco Corpus Christi London La Villa Riviera Kaufer Santa Maria Three Rivers Texas 2A: Division IIRegion 1District 1 Booker Claude Gruver Shamrock Sunray Wheeler District 2 Bovina Earth Springlake Farwell Sudan Vega District 3 Clarendon Crosbyton Lockney Memphis Quanah Ralls District 4 Morton Plains Seagraves Smyer Sundown Region 2District 5 Alvord Eldorado Iraan Mertzon Irion County Van Horn Wink District 6 Bronte Menard Miles Roby Roscoe Collegiate Winters District 7 Electra Hamlin Haskell Munday Petrolia Seymour District 8 Albany Baird Cross Plains Gorman Perrin-Whitt Ranger Santo Region 3District 9 Celeste Collinsville Cumby Detroit Era 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Paint Creek Jayton Lueders-Avoca Rule District 11 Benjamin Chillicothe Harrold Vernon Northside District 12 Bowie Gold-Burg Forestburg Throckmorton Woodson Region 4District 13 Brookesmith Cherokee Lohn Mullin Richland Springs District 14 Cranfills Gap Iredell Jonesboro Morgan Oglesby Walnut Springs District 15 Karnack Ladonia Fannindel Mount Calm Oakwood Trinidad District 16 Buckholts Calvert High Island Prairie Lea Source: Texas University Interscholastic League (UIL) Authority control databases: Geographic NCES
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"League City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_City,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"Clear Creek Independent School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clear_Creek_Independent_School_District"},{"link_name":"League City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_City"},{"link_name":"Kemah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemah,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Clear Lake Shores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clear_Lake_Shores,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Nassau Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nassau_Bay,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Webster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webster,_Texas"},{"link_name":"school colors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_colors"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Public school in Texas, United StatesClear Creek High School is located in League City, Texas, in the Clear Creek Independent School District. The school serves most of League City and the cities of Kemah, Clear Lake Shores, Nassau Bay, and Webster.The school colors are maroon and white. The school's mascot is Willie the Wildcat.[2]","title":"Clear Creek High School (League City, Texas)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clear Creek Independent School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clear_Creek_Independent_School_District"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Clear Lake High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clear_Lake_High_School_(Texas)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Clear Creek High School was established in 1956 as the first high school in the Clear Creek Independent School District.[3] By 1972, Clear Creek High School was overpopulated and a second district high school, Clear Lake High School was opened.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clear Springs High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clear_Springs_High_School"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The following elementary schools feed into Clear Creek High School: Falcon Pass, Ferguson, Goforth, Hyde, League City, McWhirter, Robinson, and Stewart and Parr.The following intermediate schools feed into Clear Creek High School: League City, Space Center, Victory Lakes, and the newest intermediate school Clear Creek IS.Clear Springs High School took portions of the Clear Creek High School attendance zone when it opened in 2007.[5] Bauerschlag, Gilmore, Hall, Ross, Creekside, and some of Victory Lakes will no longer feed into Clear Creek.Clear Falls High School took portions of the Clear Creek High School attendance zone when it opened in 2010.","title":"Feeder patterns"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Christopher Sabat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Sabat"},{"link_name":"Shelly Berg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelly_Berg"},{"link_name":"Frost School of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frost_School_of_Music"},{"link_name":"University of Miami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Miami"},{"link_name":"Jay Buhner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Buhner"},{"link_name":"Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"Seattle Mariners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_Mariners"},{"link_name":"Jarred Cosart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarred_Cosart"},{"link_name":"Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"San Diego Padres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_Padres"},{"link_name":"Richard Garriott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Garriott"},{"link_name":"Scott Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Mitchell_(wide_receiver)"},{"link_name":"Arena Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arena_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Canadian Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Cliff Olander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliff_Olander"},{"link_name":"Chase Ortiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chase_Ortiz"},{"link_name":"Winnipeg Blue Bombers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg_Blue_Bombers"},{"link_name":"Canadian Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Football_League"},{"link_name":"James Patton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Patton_(defensive_lineman)"},{"link_name":"Buffalo Bills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_Bills"},{"link_name":"National Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Riley Salmon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riley_Salmon"},{"link_name":"volleyball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Susan Swift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Swift"}],"text":"Christopher Sabat, voice actor and producer\nShelly Berg, dean, Frost School of Music at the University of Miami\nJay Buhner, former Major League Baseball player for the Seattle Mariners\nJarred Cosart, Major League Baseball player for the San Diego Padres\nRichard Garriott, video game designer\nScott Mitchell, former wide receiver in the Arena Football League and Canadian Football League\nCliff Olander, American player of gridiron football\nChase Ortiz, former football player for the Winnipeg Blue Bombers of the Canadian Football League\nJames Patton, former football player for the Buffalo Bills of the National Football League\nRiley Salmon, 2008 Olympic indoor volleyball gold medalist (also competed in the 2004 Summer Olympics)[6][7]\nSusan Swift, child actress","title":"Notable alumni"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Search for Public Schools - Clear Creek High School (481428000903)\". National Center for Education Statistics. Institute of Education Sciences. Retrieved April 6, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://nces.ed.gov/ccd/schoolsearch/school_detail.asp?Search=1&ID=481428000903","url_text":"\"Search for Public Schools - Clear Creek High School (481428000903)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Education_Statistics","url_text":"National Center for Education Statistics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Education_Sciences","url_text":"Institute of Education Sciences"}]},{"reference":"Chronister, Dane (August 21, 2011). \"Behind the mask\". The Daily News. Retrieved April 5, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.galvnews.com/sports/behind-the-mask/article_87c16899-f0dd-5718-87ef-de6d08e691c6.html","url_text":"\"Behind the mask\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_News_(Texas)","url_text":"The Daily News"}]},{"reference":"\"About Us - Clear Creek High School\". Clear Creek High School. Retrieved August 23, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://clearcreekhs.ccisd.net/our-campus/about-us","url_text":"\"About Us - Clear Creek High School\""}]},{"reference":"Orozco, Yvette (October 6, 2022). \"Clear Lake High's 50th anniversary this weekend to include football, music, alumni basketball game\". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved April 5, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.houstonchronicle.com/neighborhood/bayarea/article/Clear-Lake-HS-celebrates-50th-during-homecoming-17492340.php","url_text":"\"Clear Lake High's 50th anniversary this weekend to include football, music, alumni basketball game\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Chronicle","url_text":"Houston Chronicle"}]},{"reference":"\"Clear Springs High\" (PDF). ccisd.net. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 5, 2013. Retrieved January 13, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130905133352/http://ccisd.net/docs/2013-2014-attendance-zone-maps-high-school/clear-springs-high-school.pdf?sfvrsn=4","url_text":"\"Clear Springs High\""},{"url":"http://ccisd.net/docs/2013-2014-attendance-zone-maps-high-school/clear-springs-high-school.pdf?sfvrsn=4","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bechtle, John (August 4, 2004). \"A True Cinderella Story: CCISD Graduate Riley Salmon makes Olympic dream a reality\". Bay Runner. Archived from the original on April 5, 2005. Retrieved June 7, 2005.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050405061735/http://www.bayrunnermagazine.com/html/ccisd_graduate_riley_salmon_ma.html","url_text":"\"A True Cinderella Story: CCISD Graduate Riley Salmon makes Olympic dream a reality\""},{"url":"http://www.bayrunnermagazine.com/html/ccisd_graduate_riley_salmon_ma.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Soriano, Paul (June 18, 2004). \"VOLLEYBALL: Texas Native Riley Salmon Returns Home with USA Men's National Team\" (Press release). USA Volleyball. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved June 7, 2005.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070928061715/http://www.usocpressbox.org/usoc/pressbox.nsf/0/c2fbaa32b6929d9785256eb7007c48e4?OpenDocument","url_text":"\"VOLLEYBALL: Texas Native Riley Salmon Returns Home with USA Men's National Team\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Volleyball","url_text":"USA Volleyball"},{"url":"http://www.usocpressbox.org/usoc/pressbox.nsf/0/c2fbaa32b6929d9785256eb7007c48e4?OpenDocument","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londonderry,_Edmonton
Londonderry, Edmonton
["1 Geography","2 Schools","3 Shopping","3.1 Amenities","4 Surrounding neighbourhoods","5 See also","6 References"]
Area in Alberta, CanadaLondonderryAreaLondonderryLocation of Londonderry in EdmontonCoordinates: 53°36′32″N 113°27′14″W / 53.609°N 113.454°W / 53.609; -113.454Country CanadaProvince AlbertaCityEdmontonQuadrantNWWardtastawiyiniwakGovernment • Administrative bodyEdmonton City Council • CouncillorsKaren PrincipeElevation683 m (2,241 ft) Londonderry is a residential area in northeast Edmonton, Alberta, Canada that consists of the neighbourhoods of Kildare and Kilkenny. The community is represented by the Londonderry Community League, established in 1968, which maintains a community hall and outdoor rink located at 74 Street and 142 Avenue. Geography Located in northeast Edmonton, the Londonderry area is bounded by 82 Street to the west, 137 Avenue to the south, 66 Street to the east, and 153 Avenue to the north. The area is bisected by 144 Avenue. Kilkenny comprises the part of the area north of 144 Avenue, while Kildare comprises the balance to the south of 144 Avenue. The Dickinsfield area is located beyond 82 Street to the west, while the Casselman-Steele Heights area is beyond 66 Street to the east and the Lake District (Edmonton North) area is beyond 153 Avenue to the north. The Delwood neighbourhood is located across 137 Avenue to the south. Schools There are six schools operated by Edmonton Public Schools and Edmonton Catholic Schools in Londonderry, one in Kildare and five in Kilkenny. Schools in Kildare Edmonton Public Schools Kildare Elementary School Schools in Kilkenny Edmonton Public Schools J.A. Fife Elementary School John Barnett Elementary School Londonderry Junior High School M.E. Lazerte High School Edmonton Catholic Schools Father Leo Green Catholic Elementary School Shopping Londonderry Mall is located in the southeast corner of Londonderry within Kildare on the west side of 66 Street between 137 Avenue and 144 Avenue. Amenities Parks within Kildare include Cherrydale Park and Kildare Park, while parks within Kilkenny include G. Edmund Kelly Park, Kilkenny Park and the Londonderry Athletic Grounds. The Londonderry Fitness & Leisure Centre is located within Kilkenny between the Londonderry Athletic Grounds and M.E. Lazerte High School. G. Edmund Kelly Spray Park is owned and run by the City Of Edmonton. Surrounding neighbourhoods Places adjacent to Londonderry, Edmonton Lake District Lake District Pilot Sound Dickinsfield Londonderry Casselman-Steele Heights Glengarry Delwood Belvedere See also Edmonton Federation of Community Leagues References ^ a b "City of Edmonton Wards & Standard Neighbourhoods" (PDF). City of Edmonton. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 3, 2014. Retrieved February 13, 2013. ^ "City Councillors". City of Edmonton. Retrieved February 13, 2013. ^ a b c d e "Casselman-Steele Heights District Outline Plan (Office Consolidation)" (PDF). City of Edmonton. August 2006. p. 6 of 47. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-06-16. Retrieved 2012-05-27. ^ a b c d e "Welcome to Edmonton Maps". City of Edmonton. Retrieved 2012-05-27. ^ "Londonderry Community League". Londonderry Community League. Retrieved October 10, 2017. ^ Kuban, Ron (2005). Edmonton's Urban Villages: The Community League Movement. University of Alberta Press. ISBN 9781459303249. ^ "Edmonton North Area Structure Plan (Office Consolidation)" (PDF). City of Edmonton. September 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-06-16. Retrieved 2012-05-13. vteEdmonton neighbourhoodsMature AreaWestJasper Place Britannia Youngstown Canora Elmwood Glenwood High Park Jasper Park Lynnwood Mayfield Meadowlark Park Patricia Heights Rio Terrace Sherwood West Jasper Place West Meadowlark Park Crestwood Glenora Grovenor Laurier Heights McQueen North Glenora Parkview Quesnell HeightsNorthDickinsfield Evansdale Northmount Londonderry Kildare Kilkenny Athlone Balwin Belvedere Calder Delwood Dovercourt Glengarry Inglewood Kensington Killarney Lauderdale Prince Charles Rosslyn Sherbrooke Wellington Woodcroft YorkCentralCentral Core North Boyle Street Central McDougall Downtown McCauley Oliver Queen Mary Park Riverdale Rossdale Blatchford Prince Rupert Spruce Avenue Westmount WestwoodEastBeverly Abbottsfield Beacon Heights Bergman Beverly Heights Rundle Heights Alberta Avenue Avonmore Bellevue Bonnie Doon Capilano Cromdale Delton Eastwood Elmwood Park Forest Heights Fulton Place Gold Bar Highlands Holyrood Idylwylde Kenilworth King Edward Park Montrose Newton Ottewell Parkdale Strathearn Terrace Heights Virginia ParkSouthCentral Core South Cloverdale Garneau Strathcona University of Alberta Allendale Argyll Aspen Gardens Belgravia Duggan Empire Park Grandview Heights Greenfield Hazeldean Lansdowne Lendrum Place Malmo Plains McKernan Parkallen Pleasantview Queen Alexandra Rideau Park Ritchie Royal Gardens Westbrook Estates Windsor ParkWest The Grange Lewis Farms Riverview West Jasper Place Cameron Heights Edgemont Northwest Big Lake Westview Village North Castle Downs Lake District The Palisades Goodridge Corners Griesbach Northeast Casselman-Steele Heights Clareview Hermitage Horse Hill Pilot Sound Southwest Heritage Valley Kaskitayo Riverbend Terwillegar Heights Windermere Blackburne Southeast Decoteau Ellerslie The Meadows Mill Woods Southeast Maple Ridge Business revitalization zones Industrial districts
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edmonton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton"},{"link_name":"Alberta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta"},{"link_name":"Kildare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kildare,_Edmonton"},{"link_name":"Kilkenny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilkenny,_Edmonton"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CSHOP-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maps-4"},{"link_name":"Community League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neighborhood_council"},{"link_name":"community hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_centre"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Londonderry is a residential area in northeast Edmonton, Alberta, Canada that consists of the neighbourhoods of Kildare and Kilkenny.[3][4]The community is represented by the Londonderry Community League, established in 1968, which maintains a community hall and outdoor rink located at 74 Street and 142 Avenue.[5][6]","title":"Londonderry, Edmonton"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CSHOP-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maps-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CSHOP-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maps-4"},{"link_name":"Dickinsfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dickinsfield,_Edmonton"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CSHOP-3"},{"link_name":"Casselman-Steele Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casselman-Steele_Heights,_Edmonton"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CSHOP-3"},{"link_name":"Lake District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_District,_Edmonton"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ENASP-7"},{"link_name":"Delwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delwood,_Edmonton"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maps-4"}],"text":"Located in northeast Edmonton, the Londonderry area is bounded by 82 Street to the west, 137 Avenue to the south, 66 Street to the east, and 153 Avenue to the north.[3] The area is bisected by 144 Avenue.[4] Kilkenny comprises the part of the area north of 144 Avenue, while Kildare comprises the balance to the south of 144 Avenue.[3][4]The Dickinsfield area is located beyond 82 Street to the west,[3] while the Casselman-Steele Heights area is beyond 66 Street to the east[3] and the Lake District (Edmonton North) area is beyond 153 Avenue to the north.[7] The Delwood neighbourhood is located across 137 Avenue to the south.[4]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edmonton Public Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton_Public_Schools"},{"link_name":"Edmonton Catholic Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton_Catholic_Schools"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maps-4"}],"text":"There are six schools operated by Edmonton Public Schools and Edmonton Catholic Schools in Londonderry, one in Kildare and five in Kilkenny.[4]Schools in KildareEdmonton Public Schools\nKildare Elementary SchoolSchools in KilkennyEdmonton Public Schools\nJ.A. Fife Elementary School\nJohn Barnett Elementary School\nLondonderry Junior High School\nM.E. Lazerte High School\nEdmonton Catholic Schools\nFather Leo Green Catholic Elementary School","title":"Schools"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Londonderry Mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londonderry_Mall"}],"text":"Londonderry Mall is located in the southeast corner of Londonderry within Kildare on the west side of 66 Street between 137 Avenue and 144 Avenue.","title":"Shopping"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Amenities","text":"Parks within Kildare include Cherrydale Park and Kildare Park, while parks within Kilkenny include G. Edmund Kelly Park, Kilkenny Park and the Londonderry Athletic Grounds. The Londonderry Fitness & Leisure Centre is located within Kilkenny between the Londonderry Athletic Grounds and M.E. Lazerte High School. G. Edmund Kelly Spray Park is owned and run by the City Of Edmonton.","title":"Shopping"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lake District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_District,_Edmonton"},{"link_name":"Lake District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_District,_Edmonton"},{"link_name":"Pilot Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot_Sound,_Edmonton"},{"link_name":"Dickinsfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dickinsfield,_Edmonton"},{"link_name":"Casselman-Steele Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casselman-Steele_Heights,_Edmonton"},{"link_name":"Glengarry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glengarry,_Edmonton"},{"link_name":"Delwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delwood,_Edmonton"},{"link_name":"Belvedere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belvedere,_Edmonton"}],"text":"Places adjacent to Londonderry, Edmonton\nLake District\nLake District\nPilot Sound\n\n\n\n\n\nDickinsfield\n\nLondonderry\n\nCasselman-Steele Heights\n\n\n\n\n\nGlengarry\nDelwood\nBelvedere","title":"Surrounding neighbourhoods"}]
[]
[{"title":"Edmonton Federation of Community Leagues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton_Federation_of_Community_Leagues"}]
[{"reference":"\"City of Edmonton Wards & Standard Neighbourhoods\" (PDF). City of Edmonton. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 3, 2014. Retrieved February 13, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140503100206/http://www.edmonton.ca/business_economy/documents/EdmontonWardNeighbourhoods.pdf","url_text":"\"City of Edmonton Wards & Standard Neighbourhoods\""},{"url":"http://www.edmonton.ca/business_economy/documents/EdmontonWardNeighbourhoods.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"City Councillors\". City of Edmonton. Retrieved February 13, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://edmonton.ca/city_government/city_organization/city-councillors.aspx","url_text":"\"City Councillors\""}]},{"reference":"\"Casselman-Steele Heights District Outline Plan (Office Consolidation)\" (PDF). City of Edmonton. August 2006. p. 6 of 47. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-06-16. Retrieved 2012-05-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110616145555/http://www.edmonton.ca/city_government/documents/Casselman_Steele-Heights_OP_Consolidation.pdf","url_text":"\"Casselman-Steele Heights District Outline Plan (Office Consolidation)\""},{"url":"http://www.edmonton.ca/city_government/documents/Casselman_Steele-Heights_OP_Consolidation.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Welcome to Edmonton Maps\". City of Edmonton. Retrieved 2012-05-27.","urls":[{"url":"http://maps.edmonton.ca/","url_text":"\"Welcome to Edmonton Maps\""}]},{"reference":"\"Londonderry Community League\". Londonderry Community League. Retrieved October 10, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.londonderry.online/","url_text":"\"Londonderry Community League\""}]},{"reference":"Kuban, Ron (2005). Edmonton's Urban Villages: The Community League Movement. University of Alberta Press. ISBN 9781459303249.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/edmontonsurbanvi00kuba","url_text":"Edmonton's Urban Villages: The Community League Movement"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781459303249","url_text":"9781459303249"}]},{"reference":"\"Edmonton North Area Structure Plan (Office Consolidation)\" (PDF). City of Edmonton. September 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-06-16. Retrieved 2012-05-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110616145251/http://www.edmonton.ca/city_government/documents/Edmonton_North_ASP_Consolidation.pdf","url_text":"\"Edmonton North Area Structure Plan (Office Consolidation)\""},{"url":"http://www.edmonton.ca/city_government/documents/Edmonton_North_ASP_Consolidation.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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