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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linstead_Magna
Linstead Magna
["1 Population and civil parish","2 Parish church","3 References","4 External links"]
Coordinates: 52°20′24″N 1°24′22″E / 52.340°N 1.406°E / 52.340; 1.406 Human settlement in EnglandLinstead MagnaLinstead MagnaLocation within SuffolkPopulation60 DistrictEast SuffolkShire countySuffolkRegionEastCountryEnglandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townHalesworthPostcode districtIP19PoliceSuffolkFireSuffolkAmbulanceEast of England List of places UK England Suffolk 52°20′24″N 1°24′22″E / 52.340°N 1.406°E / 52.340; 1.406 Linstead Magna is a civil parish in the East Suffolk district of Suffolk in eastern England. Population and civil parish In 2005 its population was 60. It shares a civil parish council with nearby Chediston and Linstead Parva. At the 2011 Census the population was listed under Linstead Parva only. Parish church The ancient parish church of Linstead Magna was dedicated to St Peter. The church fell into ruins many centuries ago, and almost no trace remains. The two Linstead parishes were combined, and now share the parish church of Linstead Parva (dedicated to St Margaret of Antioch). Nonetheless, a procession and open air service is held at the site of the church on Church Farm, Linstead Magna, every two years. References ^ a b Estimates of Total Population of Areas in Suffolk Archived 2008-12-19 at the Wayback Machine Suffolk County Council ^ "St Margaret, Linstead Parva". Suffolk Churches. Retrieved 25 July 2020. ^ "St Margaret of Antioch's Church, Linstead". Blyth Valley Team Ministry. Retrieved 25 July 2020. External links Chediston and Linstead Parish Council vteEast SuffolkTowns Aldeburgh Beccles Bungay Carlton Colville Felixstowe Halesworth Kesgrave Leiston Lowestoft Orford Saxmundham Southwold Woodbridge Civil parishes Alderton Aldringham cum Thorpe All Saints and St Nicholas, South Elmham Badingham Barnby Barsham Bawdsey Benacre Benhall Blaxhall Blundeston Blythburgh Blyford Boulge Boyton Bramfield Brampton with Stoven Brandeston Bredfield Brightwell Bromeswell Bruisyard Bucklesham Burgh Butley Campsey Ash Capel St Andrew Charsfield Chediston Chillesford Clopton Cookley Corton Covehithe Cransford Cratfield Cretingham Culpho Dallinghoo Darsham Debach Dennington Dunwich Earl Soham Easton Ellough Eyke Falkenham Farnham Flixton (Lothingland) Flixton (the Saints) Foxhall Framlingham Friston Frostenden Gedgrave Gisleham Great Bealings Great Glemham Grundisburgh Hacheston Hasketon Hemley Henstead with Hulver Street Heveningham Hollesley Holton Hoo Huntingfield Iken Ilketshall St Andrew Ilketshall St John Ilketshall St Lawrence Ilketshall St Margaret Kettleburgh Kelsale cum Carlton Kessingland Kirton Knodishall Letheringham Levington Linstead Magna Linstead Parva Little Bealings Little Glemham Lound Marlesford Martlesham Melton Mettingham Middleton Monewden Mutford Nacton Newbourne North Cove Otley Oulton Oulton Broad Parham Peasenhall Pettistree Playford Purdis Farm Ramsholt Redisham Rendham Rendlesham Reydon (Easton Bavents) Ringsfield Rumburgh Rushmere Rushmere St Andrew Saxtead Shadingfield Shipmeadow Shottisham Sibton Snape Somerleyton, Ashby and Herringfleet Sotherton Sotterley South Cove Spexhall St Cross, South Elmham St James, South Elmham St Margaret, South Elmham St Mary, South Elmham otherwise Homersfield St Michael, South Elmham St Peter, South Elmham Sternfield Stratford St Andrew Stratton Hall Sudbourne Sutton Sutton Heath Sweffling Swilland Theberton Thorington Trimley St Martin Trimley St. Mary Tuddenham St Martin Tunstall Ubbeston Ufford Uggeshall Walberswick Waldringfield Walpole Wangford with Henham Wantisden Wenhaston with Mells Hamlet Westerfield Westhallilk Westleton Weston Wickham Market Willingham St Mary Wissett Witnesham Worlingham Wrentham Yoxford Other settlements Aldringham All Saints' South Elmham Ashby Brampton Carlton Eastbridge Gunton Henham Henstead Herringfleet Hulver Street Kelsale Kirkley Mells Minsmere Pakefield Sizewell Somerleyton St Nicholas South Elmham Stoven Thorpeness Walton Wangford Wenhaston See also: Grade I listed buildings in East Suffolk District Suffolk Coastal local elections Waveney local elections 2019 East Suffolk District Council election Waveney (UK Parliament constituency) vteCeremonial county of SuffolkBoroughs or districts Babergh East Suffolk Ipswich Mid Suffolk West Suffolk Major settlements(cities in italics) Aldeburgh Beccles Brandon Bungay Bury St Edmunds Clare Eye Felixstowe Framlingham Hadleigh Halesworth Haverhill Ipswich Kesgrave Leiston Lowestoft Mildenhall Needham Market Newmarket Orford Saxmundham Southwold Stowmarket Sudbury WoodbridgeSee also: List of civil parishes in Suffolk Topics Flag Parliamentary constituencies Places Places of interest Population of major settlements SSSIs Country houses Grade I listed buildings Grade II* listed buildings History Lord Lieutenants High Sheriffs Schools Museums Windmills This Suffolk location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_destroyer_Valmy
French destroyer Valmy
["1 Notes","2 References"]
Destroyer of the French Navy For other ships with the same name, see French ship Valmy. Sister ship Guépard at anchor History France NameValmy NamesakeBattle of Valmy BuilderAteliers et Chantiers de Saint-Nazaire Penhoët Launched19 May 1928 FateScuttled, 27 November 1942 General characteristics (as built) Class and typeGuépard-class destroyer Displacement 2,436 t (2,398 long tons) (standard) 3,220 t (3,170 long tons) (full load) Length130.2 m (427 ft 2 in) Beam11.5 m (37 ft 9 in) Draft4.3 m (14 ft 1 in) Installed power 4 du Temple boilers 64,000 PS (47,000 kW; 63,000 shp) Propulsion2 shafts; 2 geared steam turbines Speed35.5 knots (65.7 km/h; 40.9 mph) Range3,000 nmi (5,600 km; 3,500 mi) at 14.5 knots (26.9 km/h; 16.7 mph) Crew12 officers, 224 crewmen (wartime) Armament 5 × single 138.6 mm (5.5 in) guns 4 × single 37 mm (1.5 in) AA guns 2 × triple 550 mm (21.7 in) torpedo tubes 2 chutes; 4 throwers for 28 depth charges Valmy was one of six Guépard-class destroyers (contre-torpilleurs) built for the French Navy during the 1920s. After France signed an armistice with Germany in June 1940 during World War II, Valmy served with the navy of Vichy France. She was among the ships of the French fleet scuttled at Toulon, France, on 27 November 1942. Notes References Cernuschi, Enrico & O'Hara, Vincent P. (2013). "Toulon: The Self-Destruction and Salvage of the French Fleet". In Jordan, John (ed.). Warship 2013. London: Conway. pp. 134–148. ISBN 978-1-84486-205-4. Chesneau, Roger, ed. (1980). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946. Greenwich, UK: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-146-7. Jordan, John & Moulin, Jean (2015). French Destroyers: Torpilleurs d'Escadre & Contre-Torpilleurs 1922–1956. Barnsley, UK: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84832-198-4. Rohwer, Jürgen (2005). Chronology of the War at Sea 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two (Third Revised ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-59114-119-2. Whitley, M. J. (1988). Destroyers of World War Two: An International Encyclopedia. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-326-1. vteGuépard-class destroyers French Navy Guépard Valmy Verdun Bison Lion Vauban  Regia Marina FR 21 (ex-Lion) FR 24 (ex-Valmy) Preceded by: Chacal class Followed by: Aigle class List of destroyers of the French Navy vteShipwrecks and maritime incidents in November 1942Shipwrecks 2 Nov: Empire Antelope, Empire Leopard, Gifu Maru 3 Nov: East Indian Ro-65 4 Nov: Hobbema, U-132 5 Nov: U-408 6 Nov: Chulmleigh, City of Cairo, Dekabrist 7 Nov: Donbass, Eveleen, Ha-11, USS Majaba 8 Nov: Actéon, Albatros, Amphitrite, Argonaute, Brestois, Boulonnais, Fougueux, Frondeur, HMS Hartland, La Psyché, La Surprise, Milan, Oréade, Primauguet, Tornade, Tramontane, HMS Walney, West Humhaw 9 Nov: Ariane, HMS Cromer, Danaé, Diane, USS Leedstown, Typhon 10 Nov: HMS Broke, I-15, HMS Ibis, Jean Bart, HMS Martin, Méduse 11 Nov: Hōkoku Maru, USS Joseph Hewes, Sidi Ferruch, HMS Unbeaten, Viceroy of India 12 Nov: USS Edward Rutledge, USS Erie, Hokkai Maru, USS Hugh L. Scott, USS Tasker H. Bliss, HMS Tynwald, U-272, U-660 13 Nov: Akatsuki, USS Atlanta, USS Barton, USS Cushing, Isaac Sweers, USS Juneau, Kinugasa, USS Laffey, Le Conquérant, USS Monssen, U-411, Yūdachi 14 Nov: Hiei, Scillin, Narkunda, U-595, U-605 15 Nov: HMS Algerine, HMS Avenger, Ayanami, USS Benham, Kirishima, Le Tonnant, USS Preston, U-98, U-259, USS Walke 16 Nov: Irish Pine, U-173 17 Nov: U-331 18 Nov: Krasnoye Znamya, Tower Grange 19 Nov: USS YP-26 20 Nov: Prins Harald, Pierce Butler 21 Nov: U-517 22 Nov: Sokrushitelny 23 Nov: Benlomond 24 Nov: Hayashio 25 Nov: HMS Utmost 27 Nov: Achéron, Aigle, Algérie, Aurore, Bordelais, Caïman, Casque, Cassard, Colbert, Commandant Teste, Diamant, D'Iberville, Dunkerque, Dupleix, Eurydice, Foch, Foudroyant, Fresnel, Galatée, Gerfaut, Guépard, Henri Poincaré, Jean de Vienne, Kersaint, L'Adroit, La Galissonnière, Lansquenet, L'Espoir, L'Indomptable, Lion, Lynx, Mameluk, Marseillaise, Mogador, Naïade, Panthère, Pascal, Provence, Sirène, Siroco, Strasbourg, Tartu, Thétis, Tigre, Trombe, Valmy, Vauban, Vauquelin, Vautour, Vengeur, Vénus, Verdun 28 Nov: Empire Cromwell, HMS Ithuriel, Nova Scotia, Thomas T. Tucker 29 Nov: Dunedin Star 30 Nov: USS Northampton, HMCS Quinte, Takanami, Thor, Uckermark Unknown date: Sibylle, Saint Edmond, U-184 Otherincidents 7 Nov: USS Thomas Stone 8 Nov: HMS Broke, USS Gunnel, USS Leedstown 9 Nov: Wandle 11 Nov: Giacinto Carini 14 Nov: USS Electra 15 Nov: HMCS Saguenay 16 Nov: USS Electra 17 Nov: Piemonte 20 Nov: HMS Bramham, I-175 26 Nov: USS Swordfish 27 Nov: Scuttling of the French fleet at Toulon 28 Nov: USS Alchiba 29 Nov: Akka, USS Tunny 1941 1942 1943 October 1942 December 1942 This article about a specific military ship or boat of France is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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[{"reference":"Cernuschi, Enrico & O'Hara, Vincent P. (2013). \"Toulon: The Self-Destruction and Salvage of the French Fleet\". In Jordan, John (ed.). Warship 2013. London: Conway. pp. 134–148. ISBN 978-1-84486-205-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84486-205-4","url_text":"978-1-84486-205-4"}]},{"reference":"Chesneau, Roger, ed. (1980). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946. Greenwich, UK: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-146-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85177-146-7","url_text":"0-85177-146-7"}]},{"reference":"Jordan, John & Moulin, Jean (2015). French Destroyers: Torpilleurs d'Escadre & Contre-Torpilleurs 1922–1956. Barnsley, UK: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84832-198-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84832-198-4","url_text":"978-1-84832-198-4"}]},{"reference":"Rohwer, Jürgen (2005). Chronology of the War at Sea 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two (Third Revised ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-59114-119-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Rohwer","url_text":"Rohwer, Jürgen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59114-119-2","url_text":"1-59114-119-2"}]},{"reference":"Whitley, M. J. (1988). Destroyers of World War Two: An International Encyclopedia. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-326-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_J._Whitley","url_text":"Whitley, M. J."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87021-326-1","url_text":"0-87021-326-1"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayyid_Kazim_Rashti
Kazim Rashti
["1 Works","1.1 Sharh al-qasída al-lámíya","2 Successorship","2.1 The Báb's relationship to Sayyid Káẓim","3 Notes","4 References"]
Successor of Shaykh Ahmad al-Ahsa'i, leader of the Shaykhí movement This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (June 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) SayyidKázim Rashtíسید کاظم رشتیPersonalBorn1793Rasht, PersiaDied1843(1843-00-00) (aged 49–50)Karbala, Baghdad Eyalet, Ottoman Empire (Present-day Iraq)ReligionIslamEraQajar dynastyDenominationTwelver ShiaMovementShaykhísmMuslim leader Influenced by Shaykh Ahmad, Abdullah Shubbar Influenced Báb, Táhirih, Mullá Husayn, Quddús Sayyid Kāẓim bin Qāsim al-Ḥusaynī ar-Rashtī (1793–1843) (Arabic: سيد كاظم بن قاسم الحسيني الرﺷتي), mostly known as Siyyid Kázim Rashtí (Persian: سید کاظم رشتی), was the son of Siyyid Qasim of Rasht, a town in northern Iran. He was appointed as the successor of Shaykh Ahmad al-Ahsa'i, and led the Shaykhí movement until his death. He came from a family of well known merchants. He was a Shaykhi scholar who told his students about the coming of the Mahdi and the "Masih" (the return of Christ) and taught them how to recognize them. After his death in 1843, many of his students spread out around Asia, Europe and Africa for the search. Upon his death he was buried near the tomb of Imam Hossein in Karbala. Works Sharh al-qasída al-lámíya One of Siyyid Kazim’s most important works is a 16,000 verse commentary on an Arabic ode. The text itself has not much to do with the actual content of the poem. The commentary is well known for Kazim’s depiction of the many levels, regions and inhabitants of the spiritual universe depicted as a “multi-faceted celestial, cosmic city”. It also includes discussion surrounding “the curtain of the city of knowledge” and its symbolism, the inception of an era of spirituality and “inward realities” as opposed to the “outward observances” and laws of the past, allusions to the significance of the word Baha (Splendour/Glory), as well as interpretations of Noah’s Ark and the light verse. Successorship On the death of Siyyid Kazim on 31 December 1843, some Shaykhis went on to become Babis, some of whom later became Baháʼís, and the rest split into three factions. Baháʼí sources claim that Ḥájí Mírzá Muḥammad-Karím Khán-i-Kirmání declared himself as the successor to Siyyid Káẓim. It is also reported in the Baháʼí sources that before dying, instead of appointing a successor, he sent his disciples out to find the Promised One. One of his most noted followers, Mullá Husayn said: "Our departed teacher insistently exhorted us to forsake our homes, to scatter far and wide, in quest of the promised Beloved... Regarding the features of the Promised One, he told us that He is of a pure lineage, is of illustrious descent, and of the seed of Fatimah. As to His age, He is more than twenty and less than thirty. He is endowed with innate knowledge. He is of medium height, abstains from smoking, and is free from bodily deficiency." (quoted in Nabil-i-Aʻzam's The Dawn-Breakers", or "Nabil's Narrative", translated by Shoghi Effendi, p. 57) In 1844 Mullá Husayn, after meeting the Siyyid ʻAlí-Muhammad (the Báb) in Shiraz accepted him as the Mahdi. The Báb's relationship to Sayyid Káẓim The Shaykhis had previously met Siyyid ʻAlí-Muhammad in Karbila' when he attended the meetings of Sayyid Káẓim. There is disagreement over the amount of time Sayyid Mírzá ʻAlí-Muhammad stayed in Karbila' and the frequency of his attending Sayyid Káẓim's lectures; Baháʼí sources state that the Báb only occasionally attended the meetings, while sources more critical to the Baháʼí Faith state that he stayed in Karbila for a year or two and learned the Shaykhi teachings. In the Bab's own writings, however, he refers to the Shaykhi leader as his teacher. Some statements include: E.G. Browne wrote that the Báb was in Karbila for two months meeting Siyyid Kazim occasionally: "He proceeded at some time antecedent to the year A.H. 1259 (in which year Siyyid Kázim died) to Karbilá, where he resided for some time (two months, according to the Táríkh-i-Jadíd), occasionally attending the lectures of Hájí Siyyid Kázim of Resht" (E.G. Browne, Notes in the Traveller's Narrative) "One day the circle of those who sat at the feet of Seyyid Kázim was augmented by a fresh arrival. The newcomer, who took his seat modestly by the door in the lowest place, was none other than Mírzá 'Alí Muhammad, who, impelled by a pious desire to visit the Holy Shrines, had left his business at Bushire to come to Kerbelá. During the next few months the face of the young Shírází became familiar to all the disciples of Siyyid Kázim, and the teacher himself did not fail to notice and appreciate the earnest but modest demeanour of the youthful stranger." (Babism by E G Browne in Religious Systems of the World, pp. 335). Baháʼí sources state that the Báb went on pilgrimage to Iraq for 7 months, to the cities of Najaf and Karbila. But they deny that a close bond developed with Sayyid Kázim. "According to Mírzá Abu'l-Faḍl of Gulpaygan, He journeyed to the holy cities of 'Iraq in the spring of 1841, stayed in 'Iraq for nearly seven months and returned to His 'native province of Fars' in the autumn of that year. ... "While in Karbila the Bab visited Siyyid Kazim-i-Rashti and attended his discourses. But these occasional visits did not and could not make Him a pupil or disciple of Sayyid Kazim. His adversaries have alleged that He sat at the feet of Siyyid Kazim for months on end to learn from him." (H.M. Balyuzi, The Bab - The Herald of the Day of Days, p. 41) Amanat presents arguments for and against the Bab being a student of Siyyid Kazim (p140-1). On the one hand Mulla Sadiq Muqaddas states that "...Mir Ali Muhammad Shirazi ...is a student of Sayyid Kazim..." and that he (Muqaddas) was introduced to Siyyid Kazim by the Bab. On the other hand, another contemporary, Qatil Karbala'i, who later became a Babi, states that the Bab attended Sayyid Kazim's lectures only two or three times. Amanat argues that the Bab was not in Karbala long enough to fully grasp Siyyid Kazim's teachings; in fact, Muqaddas himself states that once in Karbala, he was asked to teach the Bab, and that he was also determined to convert the Bab to Shaykhism. Amanat asserts that the Bab's reference to Siyyid Kazim as "the revered scholar and my intimate teacher" is a symbolic acknowledgement of their spiritual affinity and not a literal fact. ʻAbdu'l-Bahá's wife, Munirih Khanum quotes in her biography her uncle stating: "We had often heard in the course of his lectures Haji Siyyid Kazem stating the fact, that the day of the Manifestation was drawing nigh. He admonished us at all times that we must be searching, and be in a state of quest, because the Promised One was living amongst the people, was associating with them; but unfortunately the people were veiled and lived in a state of negligence. When we saw the Bab standing with such humility before the Shrine of Imam Hossein, we often wondered if perhaps, he was not the invisible Promised One, who had come to visit the Shrine of his ancestors. ... During his seclusion in Karbila, he attended now and then the classes of Haji Siyyid Kasem, with a shining and luminous countenance. Whenever he entered the class, Haji Siyyid Kasem would show him the greatest respect and honor." (Munirih Khanum quoting her uncle, found in Episodes in the Life of Moneereh Khanum, pp. 11–12) In one of the Báb's earliest writings, the Risala fi'l-Suluk, or "Treatise on Spiritual Wayfaring," he mentions the Shaykhi leader by name and refers to him as "my master, my support, my teacher, the pilgrim Siyyid Kazim al-Rashti." Notes ^ Rafati, Vahid (1979). The development of Shaykhí thought in Shí'í Islam (PhD thesis). University of California, Los Angeles. p. 134. Retrieved 21 August 2021. ^ Lambden, Stephen. "Sayyid Kāzim al-Ḥusaynī al-Rashtī (d.1259/1843). Bibliography". Hurqalya Publications: Center for Shaykhī and Bābī-Bahā’ī Studies. Retrieved 21 August 2021. ^ Eschraghi, Armin. "KĀẒEM RAŠTI". ENCYCLOPÆDIA IRANICA. Retrieved 21 August 2021. ^ Lambden, Stephen. "Sayyid Kazim Rashtī - From the Sharh al-Qaṣīda al-Lāmiyya". Hurqalya Publications: Center for Shaykhī and Bābī-Bahā’ī Studies. Retrieved 21 August 2021. ^ Lawson, Todd (12 March 2012). Gnostic Apocalypse and Islam: Qur'an, Exegesis, Messianism, and the Literary Origins of the Babi Religion. p. 70. ISBN 9781136622885. ^ MacEoin, Denis (1979). FROM SHAYKHISM TO BABISM: A STUDY IN CHARISMATIC RENEWAL IN SHĪʿĪ ISLAM (PhD thesis). Cambridge University. p. 103. Retrieved 21 August 2021. ^ Effendi, Shoghi. God Passes By. US Bahá’í Publishing Trust. p. 97. ^ Lambden, Stephen. "Sayyid Kazim Rashtī - From the Sharh al-Qaṣīda al-Lāmiyya". Hurqalya Publications: Center for Shaykhī and Bābī-Bahā’ī Studies. Retrieved 21 August 2021. ^ "Bahá'í Reference Library - The Kitáb-i-Aqdas, Pages 244-245". reference.bahai.org. Retrieved 2020-10-16. ^ Smith, Peter (2000). "Kázim Rashti, Sayyid". A concise encyclopedia of the Baháʼí Faith. Oxford: Oneworld Publications. p. 217. ISBN 1-85168-184-1. References Amanat, Abbas (1989). Resurrection and Renewal. Cornell University Press, New York. ISBN 0-8014-2098-9. Balyuzi, H.M. (1973). The Báb: The Herald of the Day of Days. Oxford, UK: George Ronald. ISBN 0-85398-048-9. Brown, Edward Granville (1889). Bábism. Khanum, Munirih (1987). Memoirs and Letters. Translated by Sammireh Anwar Smith. Los Angeles, USA: Kalimat Press. ISBN 0-933770-51-0. Nabíl-i-Zarandí (1932) . The Dawn-Breakers: Nabíl's Narrative. Translated by Shoghi Effendi (Hardcover ed.). Wilmette, Illinois, USA: Baháʼí Publishing Trust. ISBN 0-900125-22-5. vtePrecursors in religionPrecursors Asita Báb Bahira (Sergius) John the Baptist Sayyid Kazim Rashti Shaykh Ahmad
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Rasht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasht"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"Shaykh Ahmad al-Ahsa'i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaykh_Ahmad_al-Ahsa%27i"},{"link_name":"Shaykhí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaykhism"},{"link_name":"Shaykhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaykhism"},{"link_name":"Mahdi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahdi"},{"link_name":"Masih","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masih"},{"link_name":"Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa"},{"link_name":"Imam Hossein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imam_Hossein"},{"link_name":"Karbala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbala"}],"text":"Sayyid Kāẓim bin Qāsim al-Ḥusaynī ar-Rashtī (1793–1843) (Arabic: سيد كاظم بن قاسم الحسيني الرﺷتي), mostly known as Siyyid Kázim Rashtí (Persian: سید کاظم رشتی), was the son of Siyyid Qasim of Rasht, a town in northern Iran. He was appointed as the successor of Shaykh Ahmad al-Ahsa'i, and led the Shaykhí movement until his death.He came from a family of well known merchants. He was a Shaykhi scholar who told his students about the coming of the Mahdi and the \"Masih\" (the return of Christ) and taught them how to recognize them. After his death in 1843, many of his students spread out around Asia, Europe and Africa for the search.Upon his death he was buried near the tomb of Imam Hossein in Karbala.","title":"Kazim Rashti"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"the light verse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Light_Verse"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Sharh al-qasída al-lámíya","text":"One of Siyyid Kazim’s most important works [1] is a 16,000 verse commentary on an Arabic ode.[2] The text itself has not much to do with the actual content of the poem.[3] The commentary is well known for Kazim’s depiction of the many levels, regions and inhabitants of the spiritual universe depicted as a “multi-faceted celestial, cosmic city”.[4] It also includes discussion surrounding “the curtain of the city of knowledge” and its symbolism,[5] the inception of an era of spirituality and “inward realities” as opposed to the “outward observances” and laws of the past,[6] allusions to the significance of the word Baha (Splendour/Glory),[7] as well as interpretations of Noah’s Ark and the light verse.[8]","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ḥájí Mírzá Muḥammad-Karím Khán-i-Kirmání","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karim_Khan_Kermani"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"disciples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/disciple"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-smith-10"},{"link_name":"Mullá Husayn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mull%C3%A1_Husayn"},{"link_name":"Fatimah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimah"},{"link_name":"Mullá Husayn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mull%C3%A1_Husayn"},{"link_name":"Báb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1b"}],"text":"On the death of Siyyid Kazim on 31 December 1843, some Shaykhis went on to become Babis, some of whom later became Baháʼís, and the rest split into three factions. Baháʼí sources claim that Ḥájí Mírzá Muḥammad-Karím Khán-i-Kirmání declared himself as the successor to Siyyid Káẓim.[9]It is also reported in the Baháʼí sources that before dying, instead of appointing a successor, he sent his disciples out to find the Promised One.[10] One of his most noted followers, Mullá Husayn said:\"Our departed teacher insistently exhorted us to forsake our homes, to scatter far and wide, in quest of the promised Beloved... Regarding the features of the Promised One, he told us that He is of a pure lineage, is of illustrious descent, and of the seed of Fatimah. As to His age, He is more than twenty and less than thirty. He is endowed with innate knowledge. He is of medium height, abstains from smoking, and is free from bodily deficiency.\"\n(quoted in Nabil-i-Aʻzam's The Dawn-Breakers\", or \"Nabil's Narrative\", translated by Shoghi Effendi, p. 57)In 1844 Mullá Husayn, after meeting the Siyyid ʻAlí-Muhammad (the Báb) in Shiraz accepted him as the Mahdi.","title":"Successorship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baháʼí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith"},{"link_name":"Báb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1b"},{"link_name":"E.G. Browne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E.G._Browne"},{"link_name":"Táríkh-i-Jadíd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.paintdrawer.co.uk/david/folders/Research/Bahai/Bab/Tarikh-i-Jadid%20(1880%20History%20of%20the%20Bab)%5B76%5D.htm"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.h-net.msu.edu/~bahai/diglib/books/A-E/B/browne/tn/tnappx.htm"},{"link_name":"Babism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.h-net.org/~bahai/diglib/articles/A-E/browne/brbabism.htm"},{"link_name":"E G Browne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Granville_Browne"},{"link_name":"Najaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najaf"},{"link_name":"Karbila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbila"},{"link_name":"Mírzá Abu'l-Faḍl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%ADrz%C3%A1_Abu%27l-Fa%E1%B8%8Dl"},{"link_name":"Fars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fars_Province"},{"link_name":"ʻAbdu'l-Bahá's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBAbdu%27l-Bah%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Munirih Khanum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munirih_Khanum"},{"link_name":"Episodes in the Life of Moneereh Khanum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.paintdrawer.co.uk/david/folders/Research/Bahai/Misc/Episodes%20in%20the%20Life%20of%20Munirih%20Khanum%5B72%5D.htm"},{"link_name":"Risala fi'l-Suluk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.h-net.msu.edu/~bahai/trans/vol2/suluk/suluktr.htm"}],"sub_title":"The Báb's relationship to Sayyid Káẓim","text":"The Shaykhis had previously met Siyyid ʻAlí-Muhammad in Karbila' when he attended the meetings of Sayyid Káẓim. There is disagreement over the amount of time Sayyid Mírzá ʻAlí-Muhammad stayed in Karbila' and the frequency of his attending Sayyid Káẓim's lectures; Baháʼí sources state that the Báb only occasionally attended the meetings, while sources more critical to the Baháʼí Faith state that he stayed in Karbila for a year or two and learned the Shaykhi teachings. In the Bab's own writings, however, he refers to the Shaykhi leader as his teacher. Some statements include:E.G. Browne wrote that the Báb was in Karbila for two months meeting Siyyid Kazim occasionally:\n\"He [the Báb] proceeded at some time antecedent to the year A.H. 1259 (in which year Siyyid Kázim died) to Karbilá, where he resided for some time (two months, according to the Táríkh-i-Jadíd), occasionally attending the lectures of Hájí Siyyid Kázim of Resht\"\n(E.G. Browne, Notes in the Traveller's Narrative) [1]\"One day the circle of those who sat at the feet of Seyyid Kázim was augmented by a fresh arrival. The newcomer, who took his seat modestly by the door in the lowest place, was none other than Mírzá 'Alí Muhammad, who, impelled by a pious desire to visit the Holy Shrines, had left his business at Bushire to come to Kerbelá. During the next few months the face of the young Shírází became familiar to all the disciples of Siyyid Kázim, and the teacher himself did not fail to notice and appreciate the earnest but modest demeanour of the youthful stranger.\"\n(Babism by E G Browne in Religious Systems of the World, pp. 335).Baháʼí sources state that the Báb went on pilgrimage to Iraq for 7 months, to the cities of Najaf and Karbila. But they deny that a close bond developed with Sayyid Kázim.\n\"According to Mírzá Abu'l-Faḍl of Gulpaygan, He journeyed to the holy cities of 'Iraq in the spring of 1841, stayed in 'Iraq for nearly seven months and returned to His 'native province of Fars' in the autumn of that year.\n...\n\"While in Karbila the Bab visited Siyyid Kazim-i-Rashti and attended his discourses. But these occasional visits did not and could not make Him a pupil or disciple of Sayyid Kazim. His adversaries have alleged that He sat at the feet of Siyyid Kazim for months on end to learn from him.\"\n(H.M. Balyuzi, The Bab - The Herald of the Day of Days, p. 41)\nAmanat presents arguments for and against the Bab being a student of Siyyid Kazim (p140-1). On the one hand Mulla Sadiq Muqaddas states that \"...Mir Ali Muhammad Shirazi [the Bab]...is a student of Sayyid Kazim...\" and that he (Muqaddas) was introduced to Siyyid Kazim by the Bab. On the other hand, another contemporary, Qatil Karbala'i, who later became a Babi, states that the Bab attended Sayyid Kazim's lectures only two or three times. Amanat argues that the Bab was not in Karbala long enough to fully grasp Siyyid Kazim's teachings; in fact, Muqaddas himself states that once in Karbala, he was asked to teach the Bab, and that he was also determined to convert the Bab to Shaykhism. Amanat asserts that the Bab's reference to Siyyid Kazim as \"the revered scholar and my intimate teacher\" is a symbolic acknowledgement of their spiritual affinity and not a literal fact.\nʻAbdu'l-Bahá's wife, Munirih Khanum quotes in her biography her uncle stating:\n\"We had often heard in the course of his lectures Haji Siyyid Kazem stating the fact, that the day of the Manifestation was drawing nigh. He admonished us at all times that we must be searching, and be in a state of quest, because the Promised One was living amongst the people, was associating with them; but unfortunately the people were veiled and lived in a state of negligence.\nWhen we saw the Bab standing with such humility before the Shrine of Imam Hossein, we often wondered if perhaps, he was not the invisible Promised One, who had come to visit the Shrine of his ancestors.\n...\nDuring his seclusion in Karbila, he attended now and then the classes of Haji Siyyid Kasem, with a shining and luminous countenance. Whenever he entered the class, Haji Siyyid Kasem would show him the greatest respect and honor.\"\n(Munirih Khanum quoting her uncle, found in Episodes in the Life of Moneereh Khanum, pp. 11–12)\nIn one of the Báb's earliest writings, the Risala fi'l-Suluk, or \"Treatise on Spiritual Wayfaring,\" he mentions the Shaykhi leader by name and refers to him as \"my master, my support, my teacher, the pilgrim Siyyid Kazim al-Rashti.\"","title":"Successorship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"The development of Shaykhí thought in Shí'í Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bahai-library.com/rafati_development_shaykhi_thought"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Sayyid Kāzim al-Ḥusaynī al-Rashtī (d.1259/1843). Bibliography\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hurqalya.ucmerced.edu/node/294/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"KĀẒEM RAŠTI\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//iranicaonline.org/articles/kazem-rasti-sayyed"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"Sayyid Kazim Rashtī - From the Sharh al-Qaṣīda al-Lāmiyya\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hurqalya.ucmerced.edu/node/3941/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Gnostic Apocalypse and Islam: Qur'an, Exegesis, Messianism, and the Literary Origins of the Babi Religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=5XmpAgAAQBAJ&dq=%22curtain+of+the+city+of+knowledge%22&pg=PA70"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781136622885","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136622885"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"FROM SHAYKHISM TO BABISM: A STUDY IN CHARISMATIC RENEWAL IN SHĪʿĪ ISLAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bahai-library.com/maceoin_shaykhism_babism"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"God Passes By","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//reference.bahai.org/en/t/se/GPB/gpb-7.html.utf8?query=sharh&action=highlight#gr20"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"\"Sayyid Kazim Rashtī - From the Sharh al-Qaṣīda al-Lāmiyya\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hurqalya.ucmerced.edu/node/3941/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"\"Bahá'í Reference Library - The Kitáb-i-Aqdas, Pages 244-245\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//reference.bahai.org/en/t/b/KA/ka-199.html.utf8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-smith_10-0"},{"link_name":"Smith, Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Smith_(historian)"},{"link_name":"\"Kázim Rashti, Sayyid\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=pYfrAQAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-85168-184-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85168-184-1"}],"text":"^ Rafati, Vahid (1979). The development of Shaykhí thought in Shí'í Islam (PhD thesis). University of California, Los Angeles. p. 134. Retrieved 21 August 2021. \n\n^ Lambden, Stephen. \"Sayyid Kāzim al-Ḥusaynī al-Rashtī (d.1259/1843). Bibliography\". Hurqalya Publications: Center for Shaykhī and Bābī-Bahā’ī Studies. Retrieved 21 August 2021.\n\n^ Eschraghi, Armin. \"KĀẒEM RAŠTI\". ENCYCLOPÆDIA IRANICA. Retrieved 21 August 2021.\n\n^ Lambden, Stephen. \"Sayyid Kazim Rashtī - From the Sharh al-Qaṣīda al-Lāmiyya\". Hurqalya Publications: Center for Shaykhī and Bābī-Bahā’ī Studies. Retrieved 21 August 2021.\n\n^ Lawson, Todd (12 March 2012). Gnostic Apocalypse and Islam: Qur'an, Exegesis, Messianism, and the Literary Origins of the Babi Religion. p. 70. ISBN 9781136622885.\n\n^ MacEoin, Denis (1979). FROM SHAYKHISM TO BABISM: A STUDY IN CHARISMATIC RENEWAL IN SHĪʿĪ ISLAM (PhD thesis). Cambridge University. p. 103. Retrieved 21 August 2021. \n\n^ Effendi, Shoghi. God Passes By. US Bahá’í Publishing Trust. p. 97.\n\n^ Lambden, Stephen. \"Sayyid Kazim Rashtī - From the Sharh al-Qaṣīda al-Lāmiyya\". Hurqalya Publications: Center for Shaykhī and Bābī-Bahā’ī Studies. Retrieved 21 August 2021.\n\n^ \"Bahá'í Reference Library - The Kitáb-i-Aqdas, Pages 244-245\". reference.bahai.org. Retrieved 2020-10-16.\n\n^ Smith, Peter (2000). \"Kázim Rashti, Sayyid\". A concise encyclopedia of the Baháʼí Faith. Oxford: Oneworld Publications. p. 217. ISBN 1-85168-184-1.","title":"Notes"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Rafati, Vahid (1979). The development of Shaykhí thought in Shí'í Islam (PhD thesis). University of California, Los Angeles. p. 134. Retrieved 21 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://bahai-library.com/rafati_development_shaykhi_thought","url_text":"The development of Shaykhí thought in Shí'í Islam"}]},{"reference":"Lambden, Stephen. \"Sayyid Kāzim al-Ḥusaynī al-Rashtī (d.1259/1843). Bibliography\". Hurqalya Publications: Center for Shaykhī and Bābī-Bahā’ī Studies. Retrieved 21 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://hurqalya.ucmerced.edu/node/294/","url_text":"\"Sayyid Kāzim al-Ḥusaynī al-Rashtī (d.1259/1843). Bibliography\""}]},{"reference":"Eschraghi, Armin. \"KĀẒEM RAŠTI\". ENCYCLOPÆDIA IRANICA. Retrieved 21 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://iranicaonline.org/articles/kazem-rasti-sayyed","url_text":"\"KĀẒEM RAŠTI\""}]},{"reference":"Lambden, Stephen. \"Sayyid Kazim Rashtī - From the Sharh al-Qaṣīda al-Lāmiyya\". Hurqalya Publications: Center for Shaykhī and Bābī-Bahā’ī Studies. Retrieved 21 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://hurqalya.ucmerced.edu/node/3941/","url_text":"\"Sayyid Kazim Rashtī - From the Sharh al-Qaṣīda al-Lāmiyya\""}]},{"reference":"Lawson, Todd (12 March 2012). Gnostic Apocalypse and Islam: Qur'an, Exegesis, Messianism, and the Literary Origins of the Babi Religion. p. 70. ISBN 9781136622885.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5XmpAgAAQBAJ&dq=%22curtain+of+the+city+of+knowledge%22&pg=PA70","url_text":"Gnostic Apocalypse and Islam: Qur'an, Exegesis, Messianism, and the Literary Origins of the Babi Religion"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136622885","url_text":"9781136622885"}]},{"reference":"MacEoin, Denis (1979). FROM SHAYKHISM TO BABISM: A STUDY IN CHARISMATIC RENEWAL IN SHĪʿĪ ISLAM (PhD thesis). Cambridge University. p. 103. Retrieved 21 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://bahai-library.com/maceoin_shaykhism_babism","url_text":"FROM SHAYKHISM TO BABISM: A STUDY IN CHARISMATIC RENEWAL IN SHĪʿĪ ISLAM"}]},{"reference":"Effendi, Shoghi. God Passes By. US Bahá’í Publishing Trust. p. 97.","urls":[{"url":"https://reference.bahai.org/en/t/se/GPB/gpb-7.html.utf8?query=sharh&action=highlight#gr20","url_text":"God Passes By"}]},{"reference":"Lambden, Stephen. \"Sayyid Kazim Rashtī - From the Sharh al-Qaṣīda al-Lāmiyya\". Hurqalya Publications: Center for Shaykhī and Bābī-Bahā’ī Studies. Retrieved 21 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://hurqalya.ucmerced.edu/node/3941/","url_text":"\"Sayyid Kazim Rashtī - From the Sharh al-Qaṣīda al-Lāmiyya\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bahá'í Reference Library - The Kitáb-i-Aqdas, Pages 244-245\". reference.bahai.org. Retrieved 2020-10-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://reference.bahai.org/en/t/b/KA/ka-199.html.utf8","url_text":"\"Bahá'í Reference Library - The Kitáb-i-Aqdas, Pages 244-245\""}]},{"reference":"Smith, Peter (2000). \"Kázim Rashti, Sayyid\". A concise encyclopedia of the Baháʼí Faith. Oxford: Oneworld Publications. p. 217. ISBN 1-85168-184-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Smith_(historian)","url_text":"Smith, Peter"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pYfrAQAAQBAJ","url_text":"\"Kázim Rashti, Sayyid\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85168-184-1","url_text":"1-85168-184-1"}]},{"reference":"Amanat, Abbas (1989). Resurrection and Renewal. Cornell University Press, New York. ISBN 0-8014-2098-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbas_Amanat","url_text":"Amanat, Abbas"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/resurrectionrene00aman","url_text":"Resurrection and Renewal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-2098-9","url_text":"0-8014-2098-9"}]},{"reference":"Balyuzi, H.M. (1973). The Báb: The Herald of the Day of Days. Oxford, UK: George Ronald. ISBN 0-85398-048-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasan_M._Balyuzi","url_text":"Balyuzi, H.M."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85398-048-9","url_text":"0-85398-048-9"}]},{"reference":"Brown, Edward Granville (1889). Bábism.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Granville_Browne","url_text":"Brown, Edward Granville"},{"url":"http://www.h-net.org/~bahai/diglib/articles/A-E/browne/brbabism.htm","url_text":"Bábism"}]},{"reference":"Khanum, Munirih (1987). Memoirs and Letters. Translated by Sammireh Anwar Smith. Los Angeles, USA: Kalimat Press. ISBN 0-933770-51-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munirih_Khanum","url_text":"Khanum, Munirih"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=IYh_fXZ8ZjUC","url_text":"Memoirs and Letters"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-933770-51-0","url_text":"0-933770-51-0"}]},{"reference":"Nabíl-i-Zarandí (1932) [1890]. The Dawn-Breakers: Nabíl's Narrative. Translated by Shoghi Effendi (Hardcover ed.). Wilmette, Illinois, USA: Baháʼí Publishing Trust. ISBN 0-900125-22-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nab%C3%ADl-i-A%CA%BBzam","url_text":"Nabíl-i-Zarandí"},{"url":"http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/nz/DB/","url_text":"The Dawn-Breakers: Nabíl's Narrative"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-900125-22-5","url_text":"0-900125-22-5"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1839%E2%80%931841)
Egyptian–Ottoman War (1839–1841)
["1 Origins","2 War","2.1 Naval intervention in Syria","2.2 Sidon, Nahr-el-Kelb and Boharsef","2.3 Bombardment of Acre","3 Aftermath","4 See also","5 Citations","6 References","7 Further reading"]
1839–1841 war between the Ottoman Empire and the Eyalet of Egypt This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (August 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Second Egyptian–Ottoman War lasted from 1839 until 1841 and was fought mainly in Syria. It has sometimes been referred to as the Syrian War or Second Syrian War. Second Egyptian–Ottoman WarPart of the campaigns of Muhammad Ali of EgyptMap of Syria, 1848.Date1839–1841LocationLevant (mainly Lebanon)Result Ottoman victoryTerritorialchanges Egyptian retrocession of Syria, Crete, and the Hejaz to the Ottoman EmpireBelligerents Ottoman EmpireAllies: United Kingdom Austria Russia Prussia EgyptAllies: France SpainCommanders and leaders Mahmud II Abdülmecid Robert Stopford Charles Napier Charles Smith Archduke Friedrich Muhammad Ali Ibrahim PashavteEgyptian–Ottoman War (1839–1841) Nezib Beirut Nahr al-Kalb Sidon Boharsef Acre vteCampaigns of Muhammad Ali of Egypt Egypt (1803–1807) Anglo-Turkish War Fraser campaign Wahhabi War Sudan Greece 1st Egyptian-Ottoman War Ethiopia Syrian Peasant Revolt Palestine Alawite coast Najd Druze revolt 2nd Egyptian-Ottoman War In 1839, the Ottoman Empire moved to reoccupy lands lost to Muhammad Ali in the First Turko-Egyptian War. The Ottoman Empire invaded Syria, but after suffering a defeat at the Battle of Nezib appeared on the verge of collapse. On 1 July, the Ottoman fleet sailed to Alexandria and surrendered to Muhammad Ali. Britain, Austria and other European nations, rushed to intervene and force Egypt into accepting a peace treaty. From September to November 1840, a combined naval fleet, made up of British and Austrian vessels, cut off Ibrahim's sea communications with Egypt, followed by the occupation of Beirut and Acre by the British. On 27 November 1840, the Convention of Alexandria took place. British Admiral Charles Napier reached an agreement with the Egyptian government, where the latter abandoned its claims to Syria and returned the Ottoman fleet in exchange of the recognition of Muhammad Ali and his sons as the only legitimate rulers of Egypt. Origins Main article: Egyptian–Ottoman War (1831–1833) The war was the climax of the long power-struggle between the Ottoman Empire and the Pasha of Egypt, Muhammad Ali, which had reached a point of crisis that threatened to destabilize the whole of the Levant. On June 24, 1839 an invading Ottoman army (accompanied by Moltke the Elder) was destroyed in Syria by Muhammad Ali's general Ibrahim Pasha at the Battle of Nezib, putting him in possession of the whole of Syria. This threatened to place Constantinople itself and the rule of the entire Eastern Mediterranean within his grasp. A few days after the battle the Ottoman Sultan, Mahmud II, died, leaving his Empire in the hands of his 16-year-old heir Abdülmecid. Meanwhile, the Ottoman fleet had defected to Muhammad Ali. Britain, Russia and Austria were all pledged to support the tottering Ottoman Empire and to force Muhammad Ali (who had the support of France and Spain) to withdraw from Syria. Although the new Sultan's ministers moved to resolve the crisis by offering to cede the rule of Syria to Muhammad Ali, the British, Austrian and Russian ambassadors forced them to rescind this offer and stand firm against him. There was even a possibility of war with France, who looked to Muhammad Ali's success to increase its sphere of influence in the Near East. The English Historical Review No. 69 from January, 1903, has a letter Palmerston wrote to defend not notifying France about the date of the intervention. War Naval intervention in Syria HMS Powerful and Princess Charlotte at the English Camp at Djouni, near Sidon in 1840. During the Syrian operations, the Princess Charlotte was the flagship of Admiral, Sir Robert Stopford In June 1840 Admiral Sir Robert Stopford, commanding the British Mediterranean Fleet, sent Commodore Charles Napier with a small squadron to the Syrian (now the Lebanese) coast. He was then ordered to proceed to Beirut to compel the Egyptians to withdraw. The situation on the ground was extremely volatile, and called for quick and decisive action; this Napier provided, acting as if his was an entirely independent command. On August 11, 1840, Napier's ships appeared off Beirut and he called upon Suleiman Pasha, Muhammad Alis governor, to abandon the town and leave Syria, whose population shortly revolted against Muhammad Ali's occupying army. With such a small force, there was little that Napier could do against 15,000 Egyptian troops until September, when Stopford's ships joined up with him. Open war broke out on September 11, when Napier bombarded Beirut and effected a landing at Jounieh with 1,500 Turks and Marines to operate against Ibrahim, who was prevented by the revolt from doing more than trying to hold the coastal cities. Sidon, Nahr-el-Kelb and Boharsef Tortosa, 23rd September 1840, attack by the boats of HMS Benbow, Carysfort and Zebra, under Captain J.F. Ross, R.N. Due to the illness of the Brigadier-General of the army, Sir Charles Smith, Napier was instructed to command the land force and made a successful sortie against a force of Albanians at Nahr-el-Kelb (Kelbson). He then, with a mixed squadron of British, Turkish and Austrian ships, bombarded Sidon on September 26 and landed with the storming column. Sidon capitulated in two days. While preparing to attack the Egyptian positions on the heights of Boharsef, Napier received an order to retire from the command of the land forces to make way for Brigadier-General Smith, who had recovered from his illness, and also had received command of the Turkish force in the allied army. To do this, Napier would need to retreat from his position; he decided to disobey the order and continued with the attack against Ibrahim's army. The fighting, on October 9 was furious but victory was secured. Napier then left the land forces to Smith. Meanwhile, the Egyptians had abandoned Beirut on October 3. Bombardment of Acre The fleet was then instructed to retake Acre, which was the only coastal position left in Egyptian hands. The Mediterranean Fleet, commanded by Stopford, and supported by small Austrian and Turkish squadrons, moved into position against the western and southern sides of Acre on November 3-4 and opened fire at 14:00. The ships anchored closer to the shore than expected, at 450–800 metres, and the Egyptian guns were aimed too high. The fire of the ships was devastatingly accurate thanks to the training associated with the Royal Navy's new gunnery school, HMS Excellent. The Egyptians had no opportunity to correct their error; their guns were disabled by direct hits and by the walls of the fortifications falling on their crews. The sailing ships of the line were in two lines with steamers manoeuvring in between. At 16:20 a shell penetrated the main magazine in the south of the city, which exploded killing 1,100 men. The guns ashore fell silent and that night the city was occupied. British losses were light: 18 men killed and 41 wounded. The ships had fired 48,000 rounds. Aftermath Main articles: Convention of London (1840) and Oriental Crisis of 1840 The rapid collapse of Muhammad Ali's power, with the prospect of bloody chaos in Egypt, was not part of the Allies' plan, and Stopford sent Napier to command the squadron at Alexandria and to observe the situation. Here, acting independently again, he appeared before the city with part of his squadron on November 25 and enforced a blockade. Then without reference to his Admiral or the British government he personally negotiated a peace with Muhammad Ali, guaranteeing him and his heirs the sovereignty of Egypt, and pledging to evacuate Ibrahim's beleaguered army back to Alexandria, if Muhammad Ali in turn renounced all claims to Syria, submitted to the Sultan and returned the Ottoman fleet. Stopford and the British ambassador were furious with this outcome. Stopford repudiated it immediately when he had heard the news and several of the Allied powers declared it void. Despite Napier’s long-standing personal friendship with Lord Palmerston, the arrangement was at first denounced by the British government; but the formal treaty later concluded and confirmed by the Sultan used Napier’s original as the basis for negotiations and differed from it only in minor ways. See also Military of ancient Egypt Egyptian Armed Forces Egyptian Army List of Wars involving Egypt Citations ^ Jochmus 1883. ^ Dixon & Sarkees 2015, p. 694. ^ Dixon & Sarkees 2015, pp. 330–31. ^ Dupuy and Dupuy (1993), p. 851. ^ Kohn (1999), p. 502. ^ Garnett (1903), p. 125. References Dixon, Jeffrey S; Sarkees, Meredith Reid (2015). A Guide to Intra-state Wars An Examination of Civil, Regional, and Intercommunal Wars, 1816-2014. SAGE Publications. ISBN 9780872897755. Dupuy, R. Ernest; Dupuy, Trevor N. (1993). The Harper Encyclopedia of Military History: From 3500 B.C. to the Present. New York: HarperCollins Publishers. ISBN 0-06-270056-1. Garnett, R. (1903). The English Historical Review. Vol. XVIII. London: Longmans, Green and Co. Jochmus, August Giacomo (1883). The Syrian War and the Decline of the Ottoman Empire, 1840–1848. Albert Cohn. Kohn, George Childs (1999). Dictionary of Wars (Revised ed.). New York: Facts On File, Inc. ISBN 0-8160-3928-3. Further reading Aksan, Virginia (2014). Ottoman Wars, 1700–1870: An Empire Besieged. Routledge. Anderson, M.S. (1970). The Great Powers and the Near East, 1774–1923. Edward Arnold. Napier, Charles John (1842). The War in Syria. Vol. 1. Harrison and Co. Napier, Charles John (1842). The War in Syria. Vol. 2. Harrison and Co. Carl Michael Runeberg (1962), Finland under orientaliska kriget / Carl Michael Runeberg., Skrifter utgivna av Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland (in Swedish), Helsinki: Society of Swedish Literature in Finland, ISSN 0039-6842, Wikidata Q113528425 vteColonial conflicts involving the English/British Empire17thcentury Ireland (1593–1603) Virginia (1609–46) Swally (1612) Ormuz (1622) Saint Kitts (1626) Quebec (1628) Pequot War (1634–38) Irish Rebellion (1641) Confederate War (1641–53) Cromwellian conquest of Ireland (1649–53) Acadia (1654–67) Anglo-Spanish War (1654–60) Jamaica (1655–1739) 1st Tangier (1662) 2nd Tangier (1664) King Philip's War (1675–78) Child's War (1686–90) Siam (1687) Williamite War (1688–91) King William's War (1688–97) Ghana (1694–1700) 18thcentury Queen Anne's War (1702–13) Tuscarora War (1711–15) Yamasee War (1715–17) Father Rale's War/Dummer's War (1722–25) War of Jenkins' Ear (1740–42) King George's War (1744–48) Carnatic Wars (1746–63) Nova Scotia (1749–55) 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Syria"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJochmus1883-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDixonSarkees2015694-2"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Ali of Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Karte_von_Syrien_Platt_1848.pdf"},{"link_name":"Levant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levant"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDixonSarkees2015330%E2%80%9331-3"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria_(region)"},{"link_name":"Crete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crete"},{"link_name":"Hejaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hejaz"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Empire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia"},{"link_name":"Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Egypt"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_Monarchy"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-nineteenth_century_Spain"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Mahmud II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmud_II"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Abdülmecid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd%C3%BClmecid_I"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Robert Stopford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Stopford_(Royal_Navy_officer)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Charles Napier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Napier_(Royal_Navy_officer)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Charles Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Felix_Smith"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Archduke Friedrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archduke_Friedrich_of_Austria_(1821%E2%80%931847)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Ibrahim Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_Pasha_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Egyptian%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1839%E2%80%931841)"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Egyptian%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1839%E2%80%931841)"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Egyptian%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1839%E2%80%931841)"},{"link_name":"Egyptian–Ottoman War (1839–1841)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Nezib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Nezib"},{"link_name":"Beirut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardment_of_Beirut_(1840)"},{"link_name":"Nahr al-Kalb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Nahr_al-Kalb&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sidon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sidon_(1840)"},{"link_name":"Boharsef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Boharsef&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Acre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Acre_(1840)"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Ali of Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Egypt (1803–1807)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali%27s_seizure_of_power"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Turkish War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Turkish_War_(1807%E2%80%931809)"},{"link_name":"Fraser campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria_expedition_of_1807"},{"link_name":"Wahhabi War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahhabi_War"},{"link_name":"Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turco-Egyptian_conquest_of_Sudan_(1820%E2%80%931824)"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"1st Egyptian-Ottoman War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1831%E2%80%931833)"},{"link_name":"Ethiopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian%E2%80%93Ottoman_border_conflict"},{"link_name":"Syrian Peasant Revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Peasant_Revolt_(1834%E2%80%931835)"},{"link_name":"Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasants%27_revolt_in_Palestine"},{"link_name":"Alawite coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alawite_revolt_(1834%E2%80%931835)"},{"link_name":"Najd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expedition_to_Najd_(1836)"},{"link_name":"Druze revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1838_Druze_revolt"},{"link_name":"2nd Egyptian-Ottoman War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"First Turko-Egyptian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Turko-Egyptian_War"},{"link_name":"Battle of Nezib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Nezib"},{"link_name":"Charles Napier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_John_Napier"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupuy_and_Dupuy1993851-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohn1999502-5"}],"text":"The Second Egyptian–Ottoman War lasted from 1839 until 1841 and was fought mainly in Syria. It has sometimes been referred to as the Syrian War[1] or Second Syrian War.[2]Second Egyptian–Ottoman WarPart of the campaigns of Muhammad Ali of EgyptMap of Syria, 1848.Date1839–1841LocationLevant (mainly Lebanon)Result\nOttoman victory[3]Territorialchanges\nEgyptian retrocession of Syria, Crete, and the Hejaz to the Ottoman EmpireBelligerents\n Ottoman EmpireAllies: United Kingdom Austria Russia Prussia\n EgyptAllies: France SpainCommanders and leaders\n Mahmud II Abdülmecid Robert Stopford Charles Napier Charles Smith Archduke Friedrich\n Muhammad Ali Ibrahim PashavteEgyptian–Ottoman War (1839–1841)\nNezib\nBeirut\nNahr al-Kalb\nSidon\nBoharsef\nAcre\n\nvteCampaigns of Muhammad Ali of Egypt\nEgypt (1803–1807)\nAnglo-Turkish War\nFraser campaign\nWahhabi War\nSudan\nGreece\n1st Egyptian-Ottoman War\nEthiopia\nSyrian Peasant Revolt\nPalestine\nAlawite coast\nNajd\nDruze revolt\n2nd Egyptian-Ottoman WarIn 1839, the Ottoman Empire moved to reoccupy lands lost to Muhammad Ali in the First Turko-Egyptian War. The Ottoman Empire invaded Syria, but after suffering a defeat at the Battle of Nezib appeared on the verge of collapse. On 1 July, the Ottoman fleet sailed to Alexandria and surrendered to Muhammad Ali. Britain, Austria and other European nations, rushed to intervene and force Egypt into accepting a peace treaty. From September to November 1840, a combined naval fleet, made up of British and Austrian vessels, cut off Ibrahim's sea communications with Egypt, followed by the occupation of Beirut and Acre by the British. On 27 November 1840, the Convention of Alexandria took place. British Admiral Charles Napier reached an agreement with the Egyptian government, where the latter abandoned its claims to Syria and returned the Ottoman fleet in exchange of the recognition of Muhammad Ali and his sons as the only legitimate rulers of Egypt.[4][5]","title":"Egyptian–Ottoman War (1839–1841)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pasha of Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_the_Muhammad_Ali_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Levant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levant"},{"link_name":"Moltke the Elder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmuth_Graf_von_Moltke"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Syria"},{"link_name":"Ibrahim Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_Pasha_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Battle of Nezib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Nezib"},{"link_name":"Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean"},{"link_name":"Mahmud II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmud_II"},{"link_name":"Abdülmecid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd%C3%BClmecid_I"},{"link_name":"The English Historical Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_English_Historical_Review"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarnett1903125-6"}],"text":"The war was the climax of the long power-struggle between the Ottoman Empire and the Pasha of Egypt, Muhammad Ali, which had reached a point of crisis that threatened to destabilize the whole of the Levant.On June 24, 1839 an invading Ottoman army (accompanied by Moltke the Elder) was destroyed in Syria by Muhammad Ali's general Ibrahim Pasha at the Battle of Nezib, putting him in possession of the whole of Syria. This threatened to place Constantinople itself and the rule of the entire Eastern Mediterranean within his grasp. A few days after the battle the Ottoman Sultan, Mahmud II, died, leaving his Empire in the hands of his 16-year-old heir Abdülmecid. Meanwhile, the Ottoman fleet had defected to Muhammad Ali. Britain, Russia and Austria were all pledged to support the tottering Ottoman Empire and to force Muhammad Ali (who had the support of France and Spain) to withdraw from Syria.Although the new Sultan's ministers moved to resolve the crisis by offering to cede the rule of Syria to Muhammad Ali, the British, Austrian and Russian ambassadors forced them to rescind this offer and stand firm against him. There was even a possibility of war with France, who looked to Muhammad Ali's success to increase its sphere of influence in the Near East.The English Historical Review No. 69 from January, 1903, has a letter Palmerston wrote to defend not notifying France about the date of the intervention.[6]","title":"Origins"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"War"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Princess_Charlotte._English_Camp_at_Djouni_Syria_1840._Shows_HMS_Powerful_RMG_PW8043.jpg"},{"link_name":"Powerful","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Powerful_(1826)"},{"link_name":"Princess Charlotte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Princess_Charlotte_(1825)"},{"link_name":"Robert Stopford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Stopford_(Royal_Navy_officer)"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Fleet"},{"link_name":"Charles Napier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_John_Napier"},{"link_name":"Beirut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut"},{"link_name":"Suleiman Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soliman_Pasha_al-Faransawi"},{"link_name":"Jounieh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jounieh"}],"sub_title":"Naval intervention in Syria","text":"HMS Powerful and Princess Charlotte at the English Camp at Djouni, near Sidon in 1840. During the Syrian operations, the Princess Charlotte was the flagship of Admiral, Sir Robert StopfordIn June 1840 Admiral Sir Robert Stopford, commanding the British Mediterranean Fleet, sent Commodore Charles Napier with a small squadron to the Syrian (now the Lebanese) coast. He was then ordered to proceed to Beirut to compel the Egyptians to withdraw. The situation on the ground was extremely volatile, and called for quick and decisive action; this Napier provided, acting as if his was an entirely independent command.On August 11, 1840, Napier's ships appeared off Beirut and he called upon Suleiman Pasha, Muhammad Alis governor, to abandon the town and leave Syria, whose population shortly revolted against Muhammad Ali's occupying army. With such a small force, there was little that Napier could do against 15,000 Egyptian troops until September, when Stopford's ships joined up with him. Open war broke out on September 11, when Napier bombarded Beirut and effected a landing at Jounieh with 1,500 Turks and Marines to operate against Ibrahim, who was prevented by the revolt from doing more than trying to hold the coastal cities.","title":"War"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tortosa,_23rd_September_1840,_attack_by_the_boats_of_H.M.S._Benbow,_Carysfort_and_Zebra,_under_Captain_J.F._Ross,_R.N.,_by_Capt._J._W._Anderson.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tortosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tartus"},{"link_name":"Nahr-el-Kelb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahr-el-Kelb"},{"link_name":"Sidon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sidon_(1840)"}],"sub_title":"Sidon, Nahr-el-Kelb and Boharsef","text":"Tortosa, 23rd September 1840, attack by the boats of HMS Benbow, Carysfort and Zebra, under Captain J.F. Ross, R.N.Due to the illness of the Brigadier-General of the army, Sir Charles Smith, Napier was instructed to command the land force and made a successful sortie against a force of Albanians at Nahr-el-Kelb (Kelbson). He then, with a mixed squadron of British, Turkish and Austrian ships, bombarded Sidon on September 26 and landed with the storming column. Sidon capitulated in two days. While preparing to attack the Egyptian positions on the heights of Boharsef, Napier received an order to retire from the command of the land forces to make way for Brigadier-General Smith, who had recovered from his illness, and also had received command of the Turkish force in the allied army. To do this, Napier would need to retreat from his position; he decided to disobey the order and continued with the attack against Ibrahim's army. The fighting, on October 9 was furious but victory was secured. Napier then left the land forces to Smith. Meanwhile, the Egyptians had abandoned Beirut on October 3.","title":"War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"retake Acre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Acre_(1840)"},{"link_name":"HMS Excellent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Excellent_(shore_establishment)"}],"sub_title":"Bombardment of Acre","text":"The fleet was then instructed to retake Acre, which was the only coastal position left in Egyptian hands. The Mediterranean Fleet, commanded by Stopford, and supported by small Austrian and Turkish squadrons, moved into position against the western and southern sides of Acre on November 3-4 and opened fire at 14:00. The ships anchored closer to the shore than expected, at 450–800 metres, and the Egyptian guns were aimed too high. The fire of the ships was devastatingly accurate thanks to the training associated with the Royal Navy's new gunnery school, HMS Excellent. The Egyptians had no opportunity to correct their error; their guns were disabled by direct hits and by the walls of the fortifications falling on their crews. The sailing ships of the line were in two lines with steamers manoeuvring in between. At 16:20 a shell penetrated the main magazine in the south of the city, which exploded killing 1,100 men. The guns ashore fell silent and that night the city was occupied. British losses were light: 18 men killed and 41 wounded. The ships had fired 48,000 rounds.","title":"War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alexandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria"},{"link_name":"Lord Palmerston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston"}],"text":"The rapid collapse of Muhammad Ali's power, with the prospect of bloody chaos in Egypt, was not part of the Allies' plan, and Stopford sent Napier to command the squadron at Alexandria and to observe the situation. Here, acting independently again, he appeared before the city with part of his squadron on November 25 and enforced a blockade. Then without reference to his Admiral or the British government he personally negotiated a peace with Muhammad Ali, guaranteeing him and his heirs the sovereignty of Egypt, and pledging to evacuate Ibrahim's beleaguered army back to Alexandria, if Muhammad Ali in turn renounced all claims to Syria, submitted to the Sultan and returned the Ottoman fleet. Stopford and the British ambassador were furious with this outcome. Stopford repudiated it immediately when he had heard the news and several of the Allied powers declared it void. Despite Napier’s long-standing personal friendship with Lord Palmerston, the arrangement was at first denounced by the British government; but the formal treaty later concluded and confirmed by the Sultan used Napier’s original as the basis for negotiations and differed from it only in minor ways.","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJochmus1883_1-0"},{"link_name":"Jochmus 1883","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFJochmus1883"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDixonSarkees2015694_2-0"},{"link_name":"Dixon & Sarkees 2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFDixonSarkees2015"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDixonSarkees2015330%E2%80%9331_3-0"},{"link_name":"Dixon & Sarkees 2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFDixonSarkees2015"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupuy_and_Dupuy1993851_4-0"},{"link_name":"Dupuy and Dupuy (1993)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFDupuy_and_Dupuy1993"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKohn1999502_5-0"},{"link_name":"Kohn (1999)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFKohn1999"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarnett1903125_6-0"},{"link_name":"Garnett (1903)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGarnett1903"}],"text":"^ Jochmus 1883.\n\n^ Dixon & Sarkees 2015, p. 694.\n\n^ Dixon & Sarkees 2015, pp. 330–31.\n\n^ Dupuy and Dupuy (1993), p. 851.\n\n^ Kohn (1999), p. 502.\n\n^ Garnett (1903), p. 125.","title":"Citations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Napier, Charles John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Napier_(Royal_Navy_officer)"},{"link_name":"The War in Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.gutenberg.org/files/53498/53498-h/53498-h.htm"},{"link_name":"Napier, Charles John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Napier_(Royal_Navy_officer)"},{"link_name":"The War in Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.gutenberg.org/files/54751/54751-h/54751-h.htm"},{"link_name":"Finland under orientaliska kriget / Carl Michael Runeberg.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//urn.fi/urn:NBN:fi-fd2019-00022450"},{"link_name":"Skrifter utgivna av Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skrifter_utgivna_av_Svenska_litteraturs%C3%A4llskapet_i_Finland"},{"link_name":"Society of Swedish Literature in Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Swedish_Literature_in_Finland"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0039-6842","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0039-6842"},{"link_name":"Wikidata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"Q113528425","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q113528425"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:British_colonial_campaigns"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:British_colonial_campaigns"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_colonial_campaigns"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_overseas_possessions"},{"link_name":"British Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Powhatan_Wars"},{"link_name":"Swally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Swally"},{"link_name":"Ormuz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Persian_capture_of_Ormuz"},{"link_name":"Saint Kitts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalinago_Genocide_of_1626"},{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_of_17_July_1628"},{"link_name":"Pequot War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pequot_War"},{"link_name":"Irish Rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1641"},{"link_name":"Confederate War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Confederate_Wars"},{"link_name":"Cromwellian conquest of 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(1722–1723)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1722%E2%80%931723)"},{"link_name":"War of the Polish Succession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Polish_Succession"},{"link_name":"Austro-Russian–Turkish War (1735–1739)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austro-Russian%E2%80%93Turkish_War_(1735%E2%80%931739)"},{"link_name":"War of the Austrian Succession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession"},{"link_name":"Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1741%E2%80%931743)"},{"link_name":"Seven Years' War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War"},{"link_name":"Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1768%E2%80%931774)"},{"link_name":"Bar Confederation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_Confederation"},{"link_name":"Russo-Turkish War 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Caucasus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_the_Caucasus"},{"link_name":"Caucasian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasian_War"},{"link_name":"Russo-Circassian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Circassian_War"},{"link_name":"Murid War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murid_War"},{"link_name":"Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1826%E2%80%931828)"},{"link_name":"Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1828%E2%80%931829)"},{"link_name":"November Uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_Uprising"},{"link_name":"Hungarian Revolution of 1848","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848"},{"link_name":"Crimean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_War"},{"link_name":"Åland War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85land_War"},{"link_name":"Amur Annexation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amur_Annexation"},{"link_name":"January Uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_Uprising"},{"link_name":"Russian conquest of Central Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_Central_Asia"},{"link_name":"Russian conquest of Bukhara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_Bukhara"},{"link_name":"Khivan campaign of 1873","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khivan_campaign_of_1873"},{"link_name":"Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)"},{"link_name":"Boxer Rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion"},{"link_name":"Russian invasion of Manchuria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Manchuria"},{"link_name":"Russo-Japanese War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War"},{"link_name":"Russian occupation of Tabriz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Tabriz"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Battle of Robat Karim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Robat_Karim"},{"link_name":"Russian Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian–Soviet War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian%E2%80%93Soviet_War"},{"link_name":"1919 Soviet invasion of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1919_Soviet_invasion_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Kazakhstan Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alash_Autonomy"},{"link_name":"Finnish Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Sochi conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sochi_conflict"},{"link_name":"Heimosodat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heimosodat"},{"link_name":"Soviet westward offensive of 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Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Red Army intervention in Mongolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_intervention_in_Mongolia"},{"link_name":"East Karelian uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Karelian_uprising"},{"link_name":"Central Asian Revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basmachi_movement"},{"link_name":"August Uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Uprising"},{"link_name":"Urtatagai conflict (1925–1926)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urtatagai_conflict_(1925%E2%80%931926)"},{"link_name":"Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Soviet_conflict_(1929)"},{"link_name":"Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1929)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army_intervention_in_Afghanistan_(1929)"},{"link_name":"Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1930)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army_intervention_in_Afghanistan_(1930)"},{"link_name":"Chechen uprising of 1932","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chechen_uprising_of_1932&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B5_1932_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0"},{"link_name":"Soviet–Japanese border conflicts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_border_conflicts"},{"link_name":"Soviet invasion of Xinjiang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Xinjiang"},{"link_name":"Xinjiang War (1937)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_rebellion_in_Xinjiang_(1937)"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Soviet invasion of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Winter War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_War"},{"link_name":"Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_(1940)"},{"link_name":"Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Latvia_in_1940"},{"link_name":"Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina"},{"link_name":"Continuation War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuation_War"},{"link_name":"Eastern Front (World War II)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)"},{"link_name":"Soviet re-occupation of the Baltic states (1944)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_re-occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_(1944)"},{"link_name":"Soviet re-occupation of Latvia in 1944","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_re-occupation_of_Latvia_in_1944"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran"},{"link_name":"Soviet–Japanese War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_War"},{"link_name":"Guerrilla war in the Baltic states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states"},{"link_name":"Guerilla war in Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army#Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-communist_resistance_in_Poland_(1944%E2%80%931953)"},{"link_name":"Ili Rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ili_Rebellion"},{"link_name":"First Indochina War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Indochina_War"},{"link_name":"Korean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War"},{"link_name":"East German uprising of 1953","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_German_uprising_of_1953"},{"link_name":"Hungarian Revolution of 1956","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"Vlora incident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlora_incident"},{"link_name":"Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia"},{"link_name":"Sino-Soviet border conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Soviet_border_conflict"},{"link_name":"War of Attrition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_Attrition"},{"link_name":"Eritrean War of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"Angolan Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Ogaden War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogaden_War"},{"link_name":"South African Border War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Border_War"},{"link_name":"Soviet–Afghan War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War"},{"link_name":"Gulf War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_War"},{"link_name":"Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_OMON_assaults_on_Lithuanian_border_posts"},{"link_name":"First Nagorno-Karabakh War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War"},{"link_name":"War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Abkhazia_(1992%E2%80%931993)"},{"link_name":"South Ossetia war (1991–1992)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Ossetia_war_(1991%E2%80%931992)"},{"link_name":"Transnistria War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transnistria_War"},{"link_name":"Georgian Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Tajikistani Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistani_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"First Chechen War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Chechen_War"},{"link_name":"War of Dagestan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_Dagestan"},{"link_name":"Second Chechen War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Chechen_War"},{"link_name":"Russo-Georgian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Georgian_War"},{"link_name":"Russo-Ukrainian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War"},{"link_name":"Outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War"},{"link_name":"Annexation of Crimea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation"},{"link_name":"War in Donbas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Donbas"},{"link_name":"2022 invasion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Intervention in Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_military_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war"},{"link_name":"Western Libya campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Libya_campaign"},{"link_name":"Deployment in Nagorno-Karabakh (2020)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War"},{"link_name":"Deployment in Kazakhstan (2022)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Kazakh_unrest"},{"link_name":"Russian Winter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Winter"},{"link_name":"Russian Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Cold War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War"},{"link_name":"Sphere of influence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphere_of_influence"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2600326#identifiers"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007524637905171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2010000083"}],"text":"Aksan, Virginia (2014). Ottoman Wars, 1700–1870: An Empire Besieged. Routledge.\nAnderson, M.S. (1970). The Great Powers and the Near East, 1774–1923. Edward Arnold.\nNapier, Charles John (1842). The War in Syria. Vol. 1. Harrison and Co.\nNapier, Charles John (1842). The War in Syria. Vol. 2. Harrison and Co.\nCarl Michael Runeberg (1962), Finland under orientaliska kriget / Carl Michael Runeberg., Skrifter utgivna av Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland (in Swedish), Helsinki: Society of Swedish Literature in Finland, ISSN 0039-6842, Wikidata Q113528425vteColonial conflicts involving the English/British Empire17thcentury\nIreland (1593–1603)\nVirginia (1609–46)\nSwally (1612)\nOrmuz (1622)\nSaint Kitts (1626)\nQuebec (1628)\nPequot War (1634–38)\nIrish Rebellion (1641)\nConfederate War (1641–53)\nCromwellian conquest of Ireland (1649–53)\nAcadia (1654–67)\nAnglo-Spanish War (1654–60)\nJamaica (1655–1739)\n1st Tangier (1662)\n2nd Tangier (1664)\nKing Philip's War (1675–78)\nChild's War (1686–90)\nSiam (1687)\nWilliamite War (1688–91)\nKing William's War (1688–97)\nGhana (1694–1700)\n18thcentury\nQueen Anne's War (1702–13)\nTuscarora War (1711–15)\nYamasee War (1715–17)\nFather Rale's War/Dummer's War (1722–25)\nWar of Jenkins' Ear (1740–42)\nKing George's War (1744–48)\nCarnatic Wars (1746–63)\nNova Scotia (1749–55)\nFrench and Indian War (1754–63)\nSeven Years' War (1756–63)\nBengal War (1756–65)\nAnglo-Cherokee War (1758–61)\nJamaica (1762)\nAnglo-Spanish War (1762–63)\nPontiac's War (1763–66)\nRegulator Movement in North Carolina (1765–71)\nFirst Carib War (1769–73)\nRohilkhand (1773–74)\nLord Dunmore's War (1774)\nAmerican Revolutionary War (1775–83)\nFirst Anglo-Maratha War (1775–82)\nSecond Anglo-Mysore War (1779–84)\nGold Coast (1781–82)\nAssam (1786)\nAustralian frontier wars (1788–1934)\nNootka Sound (1789)\nThird Anglo-Mysore War (1789–92)\nCotiote (Wayanad) War (1793–1806)\nRohilkhand (1794)\nCape Colony (1795)\nJamaica (1795–96)\nGrenada (1795–96)\nCeylon (1795)\nKandyan Wars (1796–1818)\nIrish Rebellion (1798)\nMalta (1798–1800)\nFourth Anglo-Mysore War (1798–99)\nDwyer's guerrilla campaign (1799–1803)\nPolygar Wars (1799–1805)\n19thcentury\nNewfoundland (1800)\nSecond Anglo-Maratha War (1803–05)\nCastle Hill convict rebellion (1804)\nSurinam (1804)\nCape Colony (1806)\nRío de la Plata (1806–07)\nEgypt (1807)\nFroberg mutiny (1807)\nSanto Domingo (1808–09)\nMartinique (1809)\nPersian Gulf (1809)\nGuadeloupe (1810)\nReunion (1810)\nMauritius (1810)\nSeychelles (1810)\nSpice Islands (1810)\nJava (1810–11)\nXhosa Wars (1811–79)\nUSA (1812–15)\nNepal (1814–16)\nGuadeloupe (1815)\nCape Colony (1815)\nAlgiers (1816)\nThird Anglo-Maratha War (1817–18)\nPersian Gulf (1819)\nGuiana (1823)\nAnglo-Ashanti wars (1824–1901)\nFirst Anglo-Burmese War (1824–26)\nBlack War (Van Diemen's Land) (1828–32)\nJamaica (1831–32)\nMalacca (1831–33)\nLower Canada (1837–38)\nUpper Canada (1837–38)\nAden Expedition (1839)\nEgyptian–Ottoman War (1839–41)\nFirst Anglo-Afghan War (1839–42)\nFirst Opium War (1839–42)\nNew Zealand Wars (1845–72)\nFirst Anglo-Sikh War (1845–46)\nRío de la Plata (1845–50)\nCanton (1847)\nBritish Honduras (1847–1901)\nCeylon (1848)\nSecond Anglo-Sikh War (1848–49)\nSecond Anglo-Burmese War (1852)\nEureka Rebellion (1854)\nÅland War (1854–56)\nAnglo-Persian War (1856–57)\nSecond Opium War (1856–60)\nIndian Rebellion (1857–59)\nRevolt of Rajab Ali (1857–58)\nKagoshima (1863)\nAmbela campaign (1863–64)\nShimonoseki (1864)\nDuar War (1864–65)\nFenian Rebellion in Canada (1866–71)\nAbyssinia (1868)\nManitoba (1870)\nPerak (1875–76)\nAnglo-Zulu War (1879)\nSecond Anglo-Afghan War (1879–80)\nBasutoland (1880–81)\nFirst Boer War (1880–81)\nMahdist War (1881–99)\nAnglo-Egyptian War (1882)\nSaskatchewan (1885)\nThird Anglo-Burmese War (1885)\nCentral Africa (1886–89)\nHazara (1888)\nMashonaland (1890)\nHunza–Nagar Campaign (1891)\nAnglo-Manipur War (1891)\nPahang Uprising (1891–1895)\nMatabeleland (1893–94)\nNorth Borneo (1894–1905)\nChitral Expedition (1895)\nJameson Raid South Africa (1896)\nAnglo-Zanzibar War (1896)\nMatabeleland (1896–97)\nBenin Expedition (1897)\nSiege of Malakand (1897)\nFirst Mohmand campaign (1897–98)\nTirah campaign (1897–98)\nSix-Day War (1899)\nBoxer Rebellion (1898–1901)\nSecond Boer War (1899–1902)\n20thcentury\nSomaliland (1900–20)\nWest Africa (1901–02)\nTibet expedition (1903–04)\nBambatha Rebellion (1906)\nMaritz rebellion (1914–15)\nTochi (1914–15)\nNyasaland (1915)\nNigeria (1915)\nPeshawar (1915)\nMohmand (1916–17)\nQuebec (1917)\nNigeria (1918)\nThird Anglo-Afghan War (1919)\nWaziristan campaign (1919–20)\nIraqi Revolt (1920)\nMalabar rebellion (1921)\nKurdistan (1922–24)\nTransjordan (1923)\nPink's War (1925)\nIkhwan revolt (1927–30)\nTirah (1930–31)\nBarzani revolt (1931–32)\nSecond Mohmand campaign (1935)\nArab revolt in Palestine (1936–39)\nWaziristan campaign (1936–39)\nEthiopia (1943)\nJewish revolt in Palestine (1944–48)\nIndochina (1945–46)\nIndonesia (1945)\nSarawak (1946–50)\nMalayan Emergency (1948–60)\nMau Mau Uprising Kenya (1952–60)\nOman (1954–59)\nCyprus Emergency (1955–59)\nSuez Crisis (1956)\nOman (1962–76)\nBrunei (1962)\nSarawak (1962–90)\nMalaysia (1962–66)\nAden (1963–67)\nFalklands (1982)vteArmed conflicts involving Russia (including Tsarist, Imperial and Soviet times)Related\nEarly modern warfare\nMilitary history of Russia\nMilitary history of the Russian Empire\nMilitary history of the Soviet Union\nMilitary history of the Russian Federation\nPost-Soviet conflicts\nRussian Armed Forces\nLists by opponent\nMuscovite–Lithuanian Wars\nRusso-Crimean Wars\nSoviet-Finnish wars\nRusso-Kazan Wars\nRusso-Persian Wars\nRusso-Polish Wars\nRusso-Swedish wars\nRusso-Turkish wars\nRusso-Ukrainian Wars\nSino-Russian border conflicts\nList of wars involving Russia\nList of wars involving the Soviet Union\nList of battles involving the Russian Federation\nInternal\nUprising of Bolotnikov\nRazin's Rebellion\nBulavin Rebellion\nPugachev's Rebellion\nDecembrist revolt\nRussian Civil War\nAugust Uprising\nCoup attempt (1991)\n1993 Russian constitutional crisis\nFirst Chechen War\nWar of Dagestan\nSecond Chechen War\nInsurgency in the North Caucasus\nWagner Group rebellion\nTsardom ofRussia\nRusso-Crimean Wars\nRusso-Kazan Wars\nRusso-Swedish War (1554–1557)\nLivonian War\nRussian Conquest of Siberia (1580–1747)\nRusso-Turkish War (1568–1570)\nRusso-Swedish War (1590–1595)\nPolish–Muscovite War (1605–1618) and the Time of Troubles\nIngrian War\nSmolensk War\nRusso-Persian War (1651–1653)\nSino-Russian border conflicts (1652–1689)\nRusso-Polish War (1654–1667)\nDeluge\nSecond Northern War\nRusso-Turkish War (1676–1681)\nRusso-Turkish War (1686–1700)\n18th–19thcentury\nGreat Northern War\nRusso-Turkish War (1710–1711)\nRusso-Persian War (1722–1723)\nWar of the Polish Succession (1733–1738)\nAustro-Russian–Turkish War (1735–1739)\nWar of the Austrian Succession (1740–1748)\nRusso-Swedish War (1741–1743)\nSeven Years' War\nRusso-Turkish War (1768–1774)\nBar Confederation\nRusso-Turkish War (1787–1792)\nRusso-Swedish War (1788–1790)\nRusso-Polish War (1792)\nRussian colonization of North America\nKościuszko Uprising\nRusso-Persian War (1796)\nWar of the Second Coalition\nWar of the Third Coalition\nRusso-Persian War (1804–1813)\nWar of the Fourth Coalition\nRusso-Turkish War (1806–1812)\nAnglo-Russian War\nFinnish War\nWar of the Fifth Coalition\nFrench invasion of Russia\nWar of the Sixth Coalition\nWar of the Seventh Coalition\nRussian conquest of the Caucasus\nCaucasian War\nRusso-Circassian War\nMurid War\nRusso-Persian War (1826–1828)\nRusso-Turkish War (1828–1829)\nNovember Uprising\nHungarian Revolution of 1848\nCrimean War\nÅland War\nAmur Annexation\nJanuary Uprising\nRussian conquest of Central Asia\nRussian conquest of Bukhara\nKhivan campaign of 1873\nRusso-Turkish War (1877–1878)\nBoxer Rebellion\nRussian invasion of Manchuria\n20thcentury\nRusso-Japanese War\nRussian occupation of Tabriz\nWorld War I\nBattle of Robat Karim\nRussian Civil War\nUkrainian–Soviet War\n1919 Soviet invasion of Ukraine\nKazakhstan Campaign\nFinnish Civil War\nSochi conflict\nHeimosodat\nSoviet westward offensive of 1918–1919\nEstonian War of Independence\nLatvian War of Independence\nLithuanian–Soviet War\nGeorgian–Ossetian conflict (1918–1920)\nPolish–Soviet War\nRed Army invasion of Azerbaijan\nRed Army invasion of Armenia\nRed Army invasion of Georgia\nRed Army intervention in Mongolia\nEast Karelian uprising\nCentral Asian Revolt\nAugust Uprising\nUrtatagai conflict (1925–1926)\nSino-Soviet conflict (1929)\nRed Army intervention in Afghanistan (1929)\nRed Army intervention in Afghanistan (1930)\nChechen uprising of 1932 [ru]\nSoviet–Japanese border conflicts\nSoviet invasion of Xinjiang\nXinjiang War (1937)\nWorld War II\nSoviet invasion of Poland\nWinter War\nSoviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)\nSoviet occupation of Latvia in 1940\nSoviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina\nContinuation War\nEastern Front (World War II)\nSoviet re-occupation of the Baltic states (1944)\nSoviet re-occupation of Latvia in 1944\nAnglo-Soviet invasion of Iran\nSoviet–Japanese War\nGuerrilla war in the Baltic states\nGuerilla war in Ukraine\nAnti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953)\nIli Rebellion\nFirst Indochina War\nKorean War\nEast German uprising of 1953\nHungarian Revolution of 1956\nVietnam War\nVlora incident\nWarsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia\nSino-Soviet border conflict\nWar of Attrition\nEritrean War of Independence\nAngolan Civil War\nOgaden War\nSouth African Border War\nSoviet–Afghan War\nGulf War\nSoviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts\nFirst Nagorno-Karabakh War\nWar in Abkhazia (1992–1993)\nSouth Ossetia war (1991–1992)\nTransnistria War\nGeorgian Civil War\nTajikistani Civil War\nFirst Chechen War\nWar of Dagestan\nSecond Chechen War\n21stcentury\nRusso-Georgian War\nRusso-Ukrainian War\nOutline\nAnnexation of Crimea\nWar in Donbas\n2022 invasion\nIntervention in Syria\nWestern Libya campaign\nDeployment in Nagorno-Karabakh (2020)\nDeployment in Kazakhstan (2022)\n\nRussian Winter\nRussian Revolution\nCold War\nSphere of influenceAuthority control databases: National \nIsrael\nUnited States","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"HMS Powerful and Princess Charlotte at the English Camp at Djouni, near Sidon in 1840. During the Syrian operations, the Princess Charlotte was the flagship of Admiral, Sir Robert Stopford","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Princess_Charlotte._English_Camp_at_Djouni_Syria_1840._Shows_HMS_Powerful_RMG_PW8043.jpg/220px-Princess_Charlotte._English_Camp_at_Djouni_Syria_1840._Shows_HMS_Powerful_RMG_PW8043.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tortosa, 23rd September 1840, attack by the boats of HMS Benbow, Carysfort and Zebra, under Captain J.F. Ross, R.N.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Tortosa%2C_23rd_September_1840%2C_attack_by_the_boats_of_H.M.S._Benbow%2C_Carysfort_and_Zebra%2C_under_Captain_J.F._Ross%2C_R.N.%2C_by_Capt._J._W._Anderson.jpg/220px-Tortosa%2C_23rd_September_1840%2C_attack_by_the_boats_of_H.M.S._Benbow%2C_Carysfort_and_Zebra%2C_under_Captain_J.F._Ross%2C_R.N.%2C_by_Capt._J._W._Anderson.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Military of ancient Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_of_ancient_Egypt"},{"title":"Egyptian Armed Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Armed_Forces"},{"title":"Egyptian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Army"},{"title":"List of Wars involving Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Egypt"}]
[{"reference":"Dixon, Jeffrey S; Sarkees, Meredith Reid (2015). A Guide to Intra-state Wars An Examination of Civil, Regional, and Intercommunal Wars, 1816-2014. SAGE Publications. ISBN 9780872897755.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780872897755","url_text":"9780872897755"}]},{"reference":"Dupuy, R. Ernest; Dupuy, Trevor N. (1993). The Harper Encyclopedia of Military History: From 3500 B.C. to the Present. New York: HarperCollins Publishers. ISBN 0-06-270056-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-270056-1","url_text":"0-06-270056-1"}]},{"reference":"Garnett, R. (1903). The English Historical Review. Vol. XVIII. London: Longmans, Green and Co.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/englishhistoric08edwagoog","url_text":"The English Historical Review"}]},{"reference":"Jochmus, August Giacomo (1883). The Syrian War and the Decline of the Ottoman Empire, 1840–1848. Albert Cohn.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Giacomo_Jochmus","url_text":"Jochmus, August Giacomo"}]},{"reference":"Kohn, George Childs (1999). Dictionary of Wars (Revised ed.). New York: Facts On File, Inc. ISBN 0-8160-3928-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8160-3928-3","url_text":"0-8160-3928-3"}]},{"reference":"Aksan, Virginia (2014). Ottoman Wars, 1700–1870: An Empire Besieged. Routledge.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Anderson, M.S. (1970). The Great Powers and the Near East, 1774–1923. Edward Arnold.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Napier, Charles John (1842). The War in Syria. Vol. 1. Harrison and Co.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Napier_(Royal_Navy_officer)","url_text":"Napier, Charles John"},{"url":"http://www.gutenberg.org/files/53498/53498-h/53498-h.htm","url_text":"The War in Syria"}]},{"reference":"Napier, Charles John (1842). The War in Syria. Vol. 2. Harrison and Co.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Napier_(Royal_Navy_officer)","url_text":"Napier, Charles John"},{"url":"http://www.gutenberg.org/files/54751/54751-h/54751-h.htm","url_text":"The War in Syria"}]},{"reference":"Carl Michael Runeberg (1962), Finland under orientaliska kriget / Carl Michael Runeberg., Skrifter utgivna av Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland (in Swedish), Helsinki: Society of Swedish Literature in Finland, ISSN 0039-6842, Wikidata Q113528425","urls":[{"url":"https://urn.fi/urn:NBN:fi-fd2019-00022450","url_text":"Finland under orientaliska kriget / Carl Michael Runeberg."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skrifter_utgivna_av_Svenska_litteraturs%C3%A4llskapet_i_Finland","url_text":"Skrifter utgivna av Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Swedish_Literature_in_Finland","url_text":"Society of Swedish Literature in Finland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0039-6842","url_text":"0039-6842"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)","url_text":"Wikidata"},{"url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q113528425","url_text":"Q113528425"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/englishhistoric08edwagoog","external_links_name":"The English Historical Review"},{"Link":"http://www.gutenberg.org/files/53498/53498-h/53498-h.htm","external_links_name":"The War in Syria"},{"Link":"http://www.gutenberg.org/files/54751/54751-h/54751-h.htm","external_links_name":"The War in Syria"},{"Link":"https://urn.fi/urn:NBN:fi-fd2019-00022450","external_links_name":"Finland under orientaliska kriget / Carl Michael Runeberg."},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0039-6842","external_links_name":"0039-6842"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007524637905171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2010000083","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Wood_County_(LST-1178)
USS Wood County
["1 Service history","1.1 Mediterranean, 1960–1962","1.2 Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962","1.3 Atlantic Fleet, 1963–1964","1.4 Dominican intervention, 1965","1.5 Mediterranean, 1966–1967","1.6 In reserve, 1967–1970","1.7 Mediterranean, 1971","1.8 Decommissioning and scrapping, 1972–1989","2 See also","3 References"]
USS Wood County (LST-1178) seen marrying up with LCU-1612 and another LCU to form a causeway to the beach, date and place unknown History United States NameUSS Wood County Namesake Wood County, Ohio Wood County, Texas Wood County, West Virginia Wood County, Wisconsin BuilderAmerican Ship Building Company, Lorain, Ohio Laid down1 October 1956 Launched14 December 1957 Commissioned5 August 1959 Decommissioned1 May 1972 Stricken16 February 1989 IdentificationIMO number: 8450366 Honours andawardsMeritorious Unit Commendation (Dominican Republic) FateScrapped, July 2002 General characteristics Class and typeDe Soto County-class tank landing ship Displacement 3,560 long tons (3,617 t) light 7,823 long tons (7,949 t) full load Length446 ft (136 m) Beam62 ft (19 m) Draft17 ft (5.2 m) Propulsion6 × Cooper Bessemer diesel engines, replaced in September, 1969 with six Fairbanks-Morse diesels, two propellers Speed17 knots (31 km/h; 20 mph) Boats & landing craft carried4 LCVPs Capacity 28 medium tanks or vehicles to 75 tons on 288 ft (88 m) tank deck 100,000 gal (US) diesel or jet fuel, plus 7,000 gal fuel for embarked vehicles Troops410 officers and enlisted men Complement170 officers and enlisted men Armament3 × twin 3"/50 caliber gun mounts USS Wood County (LST-1178) was a De Soto County-class tank landing ship built for the United States Navy during the late 1950s. Named after counties in Ohio, Texas, West Virginia, and Wisconsin, she was the only U.S. Naval vessel to bear the name. Wood County was designed under project SCB 119 and laid down on 1 October 1956, at Lorain, Ohio by the American Ship Building Company; launched on 14 December 1957; sponsored by Miss Margaret Ackerman, daughter of the president of the American Shipbuilding Company; and commissioned on 5 August 1959 at the Norfolk Naval Shipyard, Portsmouth, Virginia. Service history On Jan 1961, MCB 7 was transported to Guantanamo Bay, Cuba for a deployment. MCB 4 was transported from Guantanamo Bey, Cuba to its homeport in Davisville, RI. Mediterranean, 1960–1962 Following her shakedown and initial operations on the Atlantic seaboard, Wood County was deployed to the Mediterranean for the first time in the summer of 1960, as part of Amphibious Squadron (PhibRon) 2. She subsequently conducted her second deployment to the 6th Fleet in the autumn of 1961 after escorting to division of ocean minesweepers from the east coast to the Mediterranean. During that deployment, the tank landing ship visited Polensa Bay, Majorca, Spain and the British Crown Colony of Malta, where she embarked a detachment of British commandos that she eventually landed at Bomba, Libya during an exercise. In addition, the ship also visited Valencia, Rota, and Barcelona, Spain; Messina and La Spezia, Italy; Cannes, France; and Piles and Athens, Greece before she returned to Little Creek, Virginia, her home port, in February 1962. On 1 April 1962 Wood County was transferred to PhibRon 12. Later that month, the tank landing ship participated in a large scale demonstration exercise off Little Creek, an evolution witnessed by President John F. Kennedy and the Shah of Iran. Immediately thereafter, Wood County proceeded to Vieques, Puerto Rico where she participated in Atlantic Fleet Amphibious Exercise 1-62. Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962 Wood County underwent a regular overhaul at Newport News, Virginia, from June to August, 1962 before she stood out to sea for trials and refresher training. The tank landing ship deployed to the Caribbean to take part in amphibious brigade exercises and then to become part of the "Caribbean Ready Squadron." In the autumn of 1962, after American aerial reconnaissance disclosed the presence of Soviet offensive missiles in Cuba, President Kennedy insisted that the missiles be withdrawn and imposed a "quarantine" on Cuba. Wood County participated in that operation off the Cuban coast which ended after the Soviet Union removed the missiles. Atlantic Fleet, 1963–1964 The warship began the new year 1963 in the familiar tropical climes of the Caribbean but soon sailed for the Mediterranean. During this deployment, she served as part of the 6th Fleet's amphibious strike force and visited Italian, French, and Spanish ports during the course of her tour. She participated in "Operation Southtrap," a NATO exercise in which she embarked and landed 1,000 Turkish troops with their vehicles. Other landing exercises were held with NATO forces in Turkey, Sardinia, Majorca, and Greece. She returned home to Little Creek on 19 October 1963. Following upkeep and type training evolutions, Wood County shifted to Davisville, Rhode Island to load Mobile Construction Battalion (CB or SeaBee) 4. She transported the Seabees to Guantanamo Bay, Cuba and carried Mobile CB Battalion 1 from Guantanamo back to Davisville on the return voyage. The following month, the tank landing ship took part in routine Caribbean exercises and, upon completion, took part in a pair of successive Atlantic Fleet amphibious exercises. That summer, in August, Wood County participated in a special balloon-launch in a joint Navy-Air Force project before undergoing overhaul and upkeep at Charleston and Jacksonville, respectively. Dominican intervention, 1965 After a lengthy in-port period, Wood County departed Little Creek in April, 1965 for what promised to be a routine Caribbean deployment. Exercise "Quick Kick VII" took place soon thereafter, before the ship put into San Juan, Puerto Rico to allow the crew liberty. Departing San Juan shortly thereafter, the tank landing ship received urgent orders to sail for the Dominican Republic. There, a coup to return the ousted former president, Juan Bosch, to power, had developed into a bloody civil war when communist elements took control of the pro-Bosch movement to turn it toward their own ends. Heavy fighting developed in and around the capital city of Santo Domingo, prompting President Lyndon B. Johnson to order American marines to the Caribbean isle to halt the coup and protect American lives. Wood County's task was to evacuate American nationals threatened by the strife in the capital city. To do this, the tank landing ship put into Puerto de Haina (nine miles from the center of Santo Domingo) and took on board 415 passengers for passage to Puerto Rico. Wood County disembarked the refugees at San Juan and returned to the Dominican Republic with marines and a few newspapermen embarked. En route, the ship transferred the newsmen to the Boxer (LPH-4) before she landed the marines in an amphibious operation near Santo Domingo. Moving to Puerto de Haina for the second time, Wood County embarked 1,013 more refugees and ferried them to San Juan. Upon completion of this task, Wood County remained in the vicinity, on patrol duty in a stand-by status, until she returned north and put into Little Creek on 30 June. Mediterranean, 1966–1967 Wood County operated locally off the Virginia Capes into February 1966. She later transported an engineering battalion to Vieques before commencing a restricted availability in April. During July, the tank landing ship operated between Santo Domingo and San Juan. In September and October, the ship prepared for an impending Mediterranean deployment. Wood County escorted Naval Ocean going tugs across the Atlantic to the Mediterranean; and lifted the 3rd Battalion, 8th Engineers, to Rota, Spain, before she participated in a combined amphibious assault with French units at Lovo Santo, Corsica in November 1966. The tank landing ship took part in an amphibious exercise off Sardinia in January 1967 and in two more during March before undertaking a role in a joint amphibious evolution with ships of the Italian Navy at Tagliamento river, Italy and another exercise off Sardinia in April. In reserve, 1967–1970 On her return voyage to the United States in May, 1967 Wood County offloaded Marines and equipment at Morehead City and then entered the Baltimore Shipyard for an overhaul which lasted from June, 1967 to September, 1967. The tank landing ship then was placed in reserve operating status in December 1967 to be effective until January, 1970. During this reserve period, Wood County operated in a restricted operating status and with a reduced manning level, due to the problems associated with the ship's main propulsion system, the six COOPER BESSEMER DIESEL ENGINES. While Wood County remained pier side at Little Creek for the greater part of 1969, her crew labored to preserve and maintain the ship and conducted training on board and on shore. The tank landing ship was also used as a demonstration ship for the amphibious school (a stationary training aid) through the summer of 1969. Groups of students from the school came on board periodically to tour the LST-type vessel. On 2 September 1969, Wood County proceeded to the Home Brothers Shipyard at Newport News to have the six Cooper Bessemer engines replaced by a like number of Fairbanks-Morse diesels. The work progressed well into the spring of 1970. On 15 June the tank landing ship successfully completed her sea trials and, on the 19th, officially competed her yard period at Newport News. On the 20th, she set out on her two-week shakedown cruise. On Sunday, 21 June, Wood County sighted a red flare and altered course to investigate. She found that the 36-foot sailboat Hiro had been adrift for three days due to a rudder casualty, and she rescued the two occupants. Six days later, Wood County performed her second rescue of the week when she hauled on board two men from a small fishing boat which had been the object of a massive search by United States Coast Guard ships and planes for the past three days. From August to October, 1970, Wood County underwent shakedown and amphibious refresher training under the auspices of the Atlantic Fleet Amphibious Operational Training Unit. From 16 to 26 October, the tank landing ship provided transportation and berthing for representatives of many amphibious type commands at the Philadelphia Naval Base for participation in a firefighting school conducted there at the time. Wood County underwent type training, acting as control ship for drone aircraft used in various gunnery exercises by the ships in PhibRon 6. Returning to port, Wood County soon commenced a tender availability in preparation for the ship's first Mediterranean deployment in four years. Mediterranean, 1971 16 January 1971 the ship's cargo—two PCF "Swift boats" and a pair of Ammi pontoons—were secured and ready for sea. This was the first instance of Ammi pontoons being side-loaded on a tank landing ship for a transoceanic voyage. Wood County stood out of Little Creek on 19 January, bound for Malta and Crete. The tank landing ship made port at Valletta, Malta on 6 February and off-loaded the two Swift patrol craft. Those boats were to be used by the Maltese government to combat smuggling off the island's coasts. Departing the same day, Wood County pressed on for Crete and arrived two days later. There, she turned the two 54-ton Ammi pontoons over to the Royal Hellenic Navy for use in extending a pier in the harbor at Souda Bay. USS Wood County (LST-1178) moored pier side at Copenhagen, Denmark, with Tucumcari (PGH-2) secured to her deck, 1971 Departing Souda Bay on 9 February Wood County returned home via Barcelona and Gibraltar and arrived at Little Creek on 28 February. However, soon after returning to her home port, Wood County began preparations to return to the Mediterranean. The coming deployment would be especially significant, as Wood County had been assigned the task of support ship to the product of the Navy's newest developments in hydrofoil technology, the gunboat Tucumcari (PGH-2). On 22 March 1971, Tucumcari was deck-loaded piggyback on board Wood County; and, three days later, the tank landing ship sailed from Little Creek, bound for the first stop on the special demonstration deployment. Over the ensuing months, Wood County and Tucumcari visited seven NATO nations and 16 ports: Copenhagen and Frederikshavn, Denmark; Kiel and Olpenitz, Germany; Portsmouth and the Isle of Portland, England; and Rendsburg, Germany. Then, after a transit of the Kiel Canal, she stopped at Rosyth, Scotland; Brest and Toulon, France; Naples, Brindisi, La Spezia, and Augusta, Sicily; Athens, Greece; and Gölcük, Turkey. Tucumcari was demonstrated in hopes that NATO would develop a guided-missile hydrofoil weapons system. In addition to providing a base of operations and facilities for briefings and discussions between United States liaison officers and foreign representatives, Wood County provided logistics support, messing and berthing facilities, and engaged in numerous public relations efforts to promote international goodwill. The performance of Wood County and Tucumcari both elicited praise from the Chief of Naval Operations; Commander Amphibious Force, U.S. Atlantic Fleet; the United States NATO Mission; Commander in Chief, United States Naval Forces Europe, and others. Decommissioning and scrapping, 1972–1989 Upon Wood County's return, she offloaded Tucumcari and began preparations for a Board of Inspection and Survey inspection in November. Following that, Wood County was placed out of commission, in reserve, on 15 February 1972. On 1 May 1972, Wood County was decommissioned. Wood County was berthed in the James River, part of the National Defense Reserve Fleet, in temporary custody of the Maritime Administration, from 1972 to July 1977. After that date, the tank landing ship was shifted to the Portsmouth berthing area, where she remained until struck from the Naval Vessel Register 16 February 1989. Wood County was scrapped in July 2002 at Transforma Marine, Brownsville, Texas. Wood County received a Meritorious Unit Commendation for the Dominican Republic Intervention of 1965. See also List of United States Navy LSTs The Wood County had her engines overhauled at Baltimore Ship Yards in 1967 prior to them being fully replaced in 1968 or 1969. References  This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. The entry can be found here. Historical record of balloons launched from the USS Wood County "LST-1178 Wood County". Amphibious Photo Archive. Retrieved 3 July 2007. vteDe Soto County-class tank landing ships De Soto County LST-1172 cancelled Suffolk County Grant County York County Graham County Lorain County Wood County Other operators Argentine Navy Cabo San Antonio  Brazilian Navy Duque de Caxias (ex-Grant County)  Marina Militare Grado (ex-De Soto County) Caorle (ex-York County) Preceded by: Terrebonne Parish class Followed by: Newport class List of United States Navy LSTs List of United States Navy amphibious warfare ships
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"De Soto County-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Soto_County-class_tank_landing_ship"},{"link_name":"tank landing ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank_landing_ship"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"SCB 119","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_Characteristics_Board"},{"link_name":"Lorain, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorain,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"American Ship Building Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Ship_Building_Company"},{"link_name":"Norfolk Naval Shipyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk_Naval_Shipyard"},{"link_name":"Portsmouth, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth,_Virginia"}],"text":"USS Wood County (LST-1178) was a De Soto County-class tank landing ship built for the United States Navy during the late 1950s. Named after counties in Ohio, Texas, West Virginia, and Wisconsin, she was the only U.S. Naval vessel to bear the name.Wood County was designed under project SCB 119 and laid down on 1 October 1956, at Lorain, Ohio by the American Ship Building Company; launched on 14 December 1957; sponsored by Miss Margaret Ackerman, daughter of the president of the American Shipbuilding Company; and commissioned on 5 August 1959 at the Norfolk Naval Shipyard, Portsmouth, Virginia.","title":"USS Wood County"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"On Jan 1961, MCB 7 was transported to Guantanamo Bay, Cuba for a deployment. MCB 4 was transported from Guantanamo Bey, Cuba to its homeport in Davisville, RI.","title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"minesweepers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minesweeper_(ship)"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean"},{"link_name":"Polensa Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polensa_Bay&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Majorca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majorca"},{"link_name":"Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta"},{"link_name":"Bomba, Libya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomba,_Libya"},{"link_name":"Valencia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencia,_Spain"},{"link_name":"Rota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rota,_Spain"},{"link_name":"Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona"},{"link_name":"Messina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messina"},{"link_name":"La Spezia, Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Spezia,_Italy"},{"link_name":"Cannes, France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannes,_France"},{"link_name":"Piles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Piles,_Greece&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens"},{"link_name":"Little Creek, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Amphibious_Base_Little_Creek"},{"link_name":"John F. Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy"},{"link_name":"Shah of Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Vieques, Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vieques,_Puerto_Rico"}],"sub_title":"Mediterranean, 1960–1962","text":"Following her shakedown and initial operations on the Atlantic seaboard, Wood County was deployed to the Mediterranean for the first time in the summer of 1960, as part of Amphibious Squadron (PhibRon) 2. She subsequently conducted her second deployment to the 6th Fleet in the autumn of 1961 after escorting to division of ocean minesweepers from the east coast to the Mediterranean. During that deployment, the tank landing ship visited Polensa Bay, Majorca, Spain and the British Crown Colony of Malta, where she embarked a detachment of British commandos that she eventually landed at Bomba, Libya during an exercise. In addition, the ship also visited Valencia, Rota, and Barcelona, Spain; Messina and La Spezia, Italy; Cannes, France; and Piles and Athens, Greece before she returned to Little Creek, Virginia, her home port, in February 1962. On 1 April 1962 Wood County was transferred to PhibRon 12. Later that month, the tank landing ship participated in a large scale demonstration exercise off Little Creek, an evolution witnessed by President John F. Kennedy and the Shah of Iran. Immediately thereafter, Wood County proceeded to Vieques, Puerto Rico where she participated in Atlantic Fleet Amphibious Exercise 1-62.","title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Newport News, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport_News,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Caribbean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean"},{"link_name":"aerial reconnaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerial_reconnaissance"},{"link_name":"presence of Soviet offensive missiles in Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis"},{"link_name":"Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"}],"sub_title":"Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962","text":"Wood County underwent a regular overhaul at Newport News, Virginia, from June to August, 1962 before she stood out to sea for trials and refresher training. The tank landing ship deployed to the Caribbean to take part in amphibious brigade exercises and then to become part of the \"Caribbean Ready Squadron.\" In the autumn of 1962, after American aerial reconnaissance disclosed the presence of Soviet offensive missiles in Cuba, President Kennedy insisted that the missiles be withdrawn and imposed a \"quarantine\" on Cuba. Wood County participated in that operation off the Cuban coast which ended after the Soviet Union removed the missiles.","title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mediterranean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean"},{"link_name":"Operation Southtrap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operation_Southtrap&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"NATO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Sardinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardinia"},{"link_name":"Majorca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majorca"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Davisville, Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davisville,_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"Seabees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seabee_(US_Navy)"},{"link_name":"Guantanamo Bay, Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay,_Cuba"},{"link_name":"Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Charleston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Jacksonville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacksonville"}],"sub_title":"Atlantic Fleet, 1963–1964","text":"The warship began the new year 1963 in the familiar tropical climes of the Caribbean but soon sailed for the Mediterranean. During this deployment, she served as part of the 6th Fleet's amphibious strike force and visited Italian, French, and Spanish ports during the course of her tour. She participated in \"Operation Southtrap,\" a NATO exercise in which she embarked and landed 1,000 Turkish troops with their vehicles. Other landing exercises were held with NATO forces in Turkey, Sardinia, Majorca, and Greece. She returned home to Little Creek on 19 October 1963.Following upkeep and type training evolutions, Wood County shifted to Davisville, Rhode Island to load Mobile Construction Battalion (CB or SeaBee) 4. She transported the Seabees to Guantanamo Bay, Cuba and carried Mobile CB Battalion 1 from Guantanamo back to Davisville on the return voyage. The following month, the tank landing ship took part in routine Caribbean exercises and, upon completion, took part in a pair of successive Atlantic Fleet amphibious exercises. That summer, in August, Wood County participated in a special balloon-launch in a joint Navy-Air Force project before undergoing overhaul and upkeep at Charleston and Jacksonville, respectively.","title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San Juan, Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Juan,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Dominican Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic"},{"link_name":"Juan Bosch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Bosch_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Lyndon B. Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson"},{"link_name":"marines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps"},{"link_name":"halt the coup and protect American lives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_the_Dominican_Republic"},{"link_name":"Puerto de Haina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajos_de_Haina"},{"link_name":"Santo Domingo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santo_Domingo"},{"link_name":"Boxer (LPH-4)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Boxer_(CV-21)"}],"sub_title":"Dominican intervention, 1965","text":"After a lengthy in-port period, Wood County departed Little Creek in April, 1965 for what promised to be a routine Caribbean deployment. Exercise \"Quick Kick VII\" took place soon thereafter, before the ship put into San Juan, Puerto Rico to allow the crew liberty. Departing San Juan shortly thereafter, the tank landing ship received urgent orders to sail for the Dominican Republic. There, a coup to return the ousted former president, Juan Bosch, to power, had developed into a bloody civil war when communist elements took control of the pro-Bosch movement to turn it toward their own ends. Heavy fighting developed in and around the capital city of Santo Domingo, prompting President Lyndon B. Johnson to order American marines to the Caribbean isle to halt the coup and protect American lives.Wood County's task was to evacuate American nationals threatened by the strife in the capital city. To do this, the tank landing ship put into Puerto de Haina (nine miles from the center of Santo Domingo) and took on board 415 passengers for passage to Puerto Rico. Wood County disembarked the refugees at San Juan and returned to the Dominican Republic with marines and a few newspapermen embarked. En route, the ship transferred the newsmen to the Boxer (LPH-4) before she landed the marines in an amphibious operation near Santo Domingo. Moving to Puerto de Haina for the second time, Wood County embarked 1,013 more refugees and ferried them to San Juan. Upon completion of this task, Wood County remained in the vicinity, on patrol duty in a stand-by status, until she returned north and put into Little Creek on 30 June.","title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Virginia Capes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Capes"},{"link_name":"Lovo Santo, Corsica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lovo_Santo,_Corsica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Italian Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Navy"},{"link_name":"Tagliamento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagliamento"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"}],"sub_title":"Mediterranean, 1966–1967","text":"Wood County operated locally off the Virginia Capes into February 1966. She later transported an engineering battalion to Vieques before commencing a restricted availability in April. During July, the tank landing ship operated between Santo Domingo and San Juan. In September and October, the ship prepared for an impending Mediterranean deployment. Wood County escorted Naval Ocean going tugs across the Atlantic to the Mediterranean; and lifted the 3rd Battalion, 8th Engineers, to Rota, Spain, before she participated in a combined amphibious assault with French units at Lovo Santo, Corsica in November 1966. The tank landing ship took part in an amphibious exercise off Sardinia in January 1967 and in two more during March before undertaking a role in a joint amphibious evolution with ships of the Italian Navy at Tagliamento river, Italy and another exercise off Sardinia in April.","title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"sailboat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailboat"},{"link_name":"United States Coast Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Naval Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philadelphia_Naval_Base&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"In reserve, 1967–1970","text":"On her return voyage to the United States in May, 1967 Wood County offloaded Marines and equipment at Morehead City and then entered the Baltimore Shipyard for an overhaul which lasted from June, 1967 to September, 1967. The tank landing ship then was placed in reserve operating status in December 1967 to be effective until January, 1970. During this reserve period, Wood County operated in a restricted operating status and with a reduced manning level, due to the problems associated with the ship's main propulsion system, the six COOPER BESSEMER DIESEL ENGINES. While Wood County remained pier side at Little Creek for the greater part of 1969, her crew labored to preserve and maintain the ship and conducted training on board and on shore. The tank landing ship was also used as a demonstration ship for the amphibious school (a stationary training aid) through the summer of 1969. Groups of students from the school came on board periodically to tour the LST-type vessel.On 2 September 1969, Wood County proceeded to the Home Brothers Shipyard at Newport News to have the six Cooper Bessemer engines replaced by a like number of Fairbanks-Morse diesels. The work progressed well into the spring of 1970. On 15 June the tank landing ship successfully completed her sea trials and, on the 19th, officially competed her yard period at Newport News. On the 20th, she set out on her two-week shakedown cruise. On Sunday, 21 June, Wood County sighted a red flare and altered course to investigate. She found that the 36-foot sailboat Hiro had been adrift for three days due to a rudder casualty, and she rescued the two occupants. Six days later, Wood County performed her second rescue of the week when she hauled on board two men from a small fishing boat which had been the object of a massive search by United States Coast Guard ships and planes for the past three days.From August to October, 1970, Wood County underwent shakedown and amphibious refresher training under the auspices of the Atlantic Fleet Amphibious Operational Training Unit. From 16 to 26 October, the tank landing ship provided transportation and berthing for representatives of many amphibious type commands at the Philadelphia Naval Base for participation in a firefighting school conducted there at the time. Wood County underwent type training, acting as control ship for drone aircraft used in various gunnery exercises by the ships in PhibRon 6. Returning to port, Wood County soon commenced a tender availability in preparation for the ship's first Mediterranean deployment in four years.","title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"PCF \"Swift boats\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_Patrol_Craft"},{"link_name":"pontoons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontoon_(boat)"},{"link_name":"Crete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crete"},{"link_name":"Valletta, Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valletta,_Malta"},{"link_name":"Royal Hellenic Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Hellenic_Navy"},{"link_name":"Souda Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souda_Bay"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USS_Wood_County_(LST-1178)_with_USS_Tucumcari_(PGH-2)_at_Copenhagen_in_1971.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tucumcari (PGH-2)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Tucumcari"},{"link_name":"Gibraltar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar"},{"link_name":"hydrofoil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrofoil"},{"link_name":"Tucumcari (PGH-2)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Tucumcari"},{"link_name":"Copenhagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen"},{"link_name":"Frederikshavn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederikshavn"},{"link_name":"Kiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiel"},{"link_name":"Olpenitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olpenitz"},{"link_name":"Portsmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth"},{"link_name":"Isle of Portland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Portland"},{"link_name":"Rendsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendsburg"},{"link_name":"Kiel Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiel_Canal"},{"link_name":"Rosyth, Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosyth,_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Brest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brest,_France"},{"link_name":"Toulon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toulon"},{"link_name":"Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naples"},{"link_name":"Brindisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brindisi"},{"link_name":"La Spezia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Spezia"},{"link_name":"Augusta, Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusta,_Sicily"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens"},{"link_name":"Gölcük","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6lc%C3%BCk,_Kocaeli"},{"link_name":"guided-missile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guided-missile"},{"link_name":"Chief of Naval Operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_Naval_Operations"}],"sub_title":"Mediterranean, 1971","text":"16 January 1971 the ship's cargo—two PCF \"Swift boats\" and a pair of Ammi pontoons—were secured and ready for sea. This was the first instance of Ammi pontoons being side-loaded on a tank landing ship for a transoceanic voyage. Wood County stood out of Little Creek on 19 January, bound for Malta and Crete. The tank landing ship made port at Valletta, Malta on 6 February and off-loaded the two Swift patrol craft. Those boats were to be used by the Maltese government to combat smuggling off the island's coasts. Departing the same day, Wood County pressed on for Crete and arrived two days later. There, she turned the two 54-ton Ammi pontoons over to the Royal Hellenic Navy for use in extending a pier in the harbor at Souda Bay.USS Wood County (LST-1178) moored pier side at Copenhagen, Denmark, with Tucumcari (PGH-2) secured to her deck, 1971Departing Souda Bay on 9 February Wood County returned home via Barcelona and Gibraltar and arrived at Little Creek on 28 February. However, soon after returning to her home port, Wood County began preparations to return to the Mediterranean. The coming deployment would be especially significant, as Wood County had been assigned the task of support ship to the product of the Navy's newest developments in hydrofoil technology, the gunboat Tucumcari (PGH-2). On 22 March 1971, Tucumcari was deck-loaded piggyback on board Wood County; and, three days later, the tank landing ship sailed from Little Creek, bound for the first stop on the special demonstration deployment. Over the ensuing months, Wood County and Tucumcari visited seven NATO nations and 16 ports: Copenhagen and Frederikshavn, Denmark; Kiel and Olpenitz, Germany; Portsmouth and the Isle of Portland, England; and Rendsburg, Germany. Then, after a transit of the Kiel Canal, she stopped at Rosyth, Scotland; Brest and Toulon, France; Naples, Brindisi, La Spezia, and Augusta, Sicily; Athens, Greece; and Gölcük, Turkey. Tucumcari was demonstrated in hopes that NATO would develop a guided-missile hydrofoil weapons system. In addition to providing a base of operations and facilities for briefings and discussions between United States liaison officers and foreign representatives, Wood County provided logistics support, messing and berthing facilities, and engaged in numerous public relations efforts to promote international goodwill. The performance of Wood County and Tucumcari both elicited praise from the Chief of Naval Operations; Commander Amphibious Force, U.S. Atlantic Fleet; the United States NATO Mission; Commander in Chief, United States Naval Forces Europe, and others.","title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Board of Inspection and Survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_of_Inspection_and_Survey"},{"link_name":"Naval Vessel Register","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Vessel_Register"},{"link_name":"Brownsville, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownsville,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Meritorious Unit Commendation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meritorious_Unit_Commendation"}],"sub_title":"Decommissioning and scrapping, 1972–1989","text":"Upon Wood County's return, she offloaded Tucumcari and began preparations for a Board of Inspection and Survey inspection in November. Following that, Wood County was placed out of commission, in reserve, on 15 February 1972. On 1 May 1972, Wood County was decommissioned. Wood County was berthed in the James River, part of the National Defense Reserve Fleet, in temporary custody of the Maritime Administration, from 1972 to July 1977. After that date, the tank landing ship was shifted to the Portsmouth berthing area, where she remained until struck from the Naval Vessel Register 16 February 1989. Wood County was scrapped in July 2002 at Transforma Marine, Brownsville, Texas.Wood County received a Meritorious Unit Commendation for the Dominican Republic Intervention of 1965.","title":"Service history"}]
[{"image_text":"USS Wood County (LST-1178) moored pier side at Copenhagen, Denmark, with Tucumcari (PGH-2) secured to her deck, 1971","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/USS_Wood_County_%28LST-1178%29_with_USS_Tucumcari_%28PGH-2%29_at_Copenhagen_in_1971.jpg/220px-USS_Wood_County_%28LST-1178%29_with_USS_Tucumcari_%28PGH-2%29_at_Copenhagen_in_1971.jpg"}]
[{"title":"List of United States Navy LSTs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_LSTs"}]
[{"reference":"\"LST-1178 Wood County\". Amphibious Photo Archive. Retrieved 3 July 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.navsource.org/archives/10/16/161178.htm","url_text":"\"LST-1178 Wood County\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turjanski_Vrh
Turjanski Vrh
["1 References","2 External links"]
Coordinates: 46°37′0.79″N 16°2′54.01″E / 46.6168861°N 16.0483361°E / 46.6168861; 16.0483361Place in Styria, SloveniaTurjanski VrhTurjanski VrhLocation in SloveniaCoordinates: 46°37′0.79″N 16°2′54.01″E / 46.6168861°N 16.0483361°E / 46.6168861; 16.0483361Country SloveniaTraditional regionStyriaStatistical regionMuraMunicipalityRadenciArea • Total0.55 km2 (0.21 sq mi)Elevation268.6 m (881.2 ft)Population (2002) • Total80 Turjanski Vrh (pronounced ) is a settlement in the hills above Mota in the Municipality of Radenci in northeastern Slovenia. References ^ Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia ^ Radenci municipal site External links Turjanski Vrh on Geopedia vteMunicipality of RadenciSettlementsAdministrative seat: Radenci Current Boračeva Hrašenski Vrh Hrastje–Mota Janžev Vrh Kapelski Vrh Kobilščak Kocjan Melanjski Vrh Murski Vrh Murščak Okoslavci Paričjak Rački Vrh Radenski Vrh Rihtarovci Spodnji Kocjan Šratovci Turjanci Turjanski Vrh Zgornji Kocjan Žrnova Former Hrastje Mota Žabjak Landmarks Radenci Basin Radenci Spa Notable people Jakob Missia This article about the Municipality of Radenci in Slovenia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[ˈtuːɾjanski ˈʋəɾx]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Slovene"},{"link_name":"Mota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrastje-Mota"},{"link_name":"Municipality of Radenci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipality_of_Radenci"},{"link_name":"Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Place in Styria, SloveniaTurjanski Vrh (pronounced [ˈtuːɾjanski ˈʋəɾx]) is a settlement in the hills above Mota in the Municipality of Radenci in northeastern Slovenia.[2]","title":"Turjanski Vrh"}]
[]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Turjanski_Vrh&params=46_37_0.79_N_16_2_54.01_E_region:SI_type:city(80)","external_links_name":"46°37′0.79″N 16°2′54.01″E / 46.6168861°N 16.0483361°E / 46.6168861; 16.0483361"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Turjanski_Vrh&params=46_37_0.79_N_16_2_54.01_E_region:SI_type:city(80)","external_links_name":"46°37′0.79″N 16°2′54.01″E / 46.6168861°N 16.0483361°E / 46.6168861; 16.0483361"},{"Link":"http://www.stat.si/eng/index.asp","external_links_name":"Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia"},{"Link":"http://www.radenci.si/","external_links_name":"Radenci municipal site"},{"Link":"https://www.geopedia.world/#T12_L362_F2473:5910_x1786711.7946310877_y5879686.416981196_s15_b2345","external_links_name":"Turjanski Vrh on Geopedia"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turjanski_Vrh&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Macao_Fort
Battle of Macao Fort
["1 Gallery","2 References","3 Further reading"]
Coordinates: 23°4′12″N 113°15′29″E / 23.07000°N 113.25806°E / 23.07000; 113.25806Battle of Macao FortPart of the Second Opium WarMap of the battleDate4 January 1857LocationPearl River, Guangdong, China23°4′12″N 113°15′29″E / 23.07000°N 113.25806°E / 23.07000; 113.25806Result British victoryBelligerents  United Kingdom Qing ChinaCommanders and leaders Michael Seymour Ye MingchenStrength 4 sloops3 pinnaces1 gig1 cutter 70+ junks (many armed with stinkpots)30+ row boatsCasualties and losses 1 killed6 wounded UnknownvteSecond Opium War 1st Canton French Folly Fort Bogue Barrier Forts Macao Fort Escape Creek Fatshan Creek 2nd Canton 1st Taku Forts 2nd Taku Forts 3rd Taku Forts Zhangjiawan Palikao The Battle of Macao Fort was fought between British and Chinese forces in the Pearl River, Guangdong, China on 4 January 1857 during the Second Opium War. Macao Fort was located on an islet about 3 miles (4.8 kilometres) south of Canton (Guangzhou). Gallery Larger map of the Canton River, showing Macao Fort Macao Fort, c. 1841 The Union Jack on the fort, 1857 Watercolour sketch of the fort, 1858 References ^ Further Papers Relating to the Proceedings of Her Majesty's Naval Forces at Canton. London: Harrison and Sons. 1857. pp. 27–31. ^ Kennedy, William (1900). Hurrah for the Life of a Sailor: Fifty Years in the Royal Navy. Edinburgh: William Blackwood and Sons. pp. 66–67. ^ Allen's Indian Mail. 3 March 1857. 15 (311): 137. Further reading King-Hall, Louise, ed. (1936). Sea Saga, Being the Naval Diaries of Four Generations of the King-Hall Family. London: V. Gollancz. p. 234.
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Macao Fort was located on an islet about 3 miles (4.8 kilometres) south of Canton (Guangzhou).","title":"Battle of Macao Fort"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canton_River,_26_May_1841.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yellow_Pagoda_Fort.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Macao_Fort,_1857.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Macao_Fort,_Canton_River.jpg"}],"text":"Larger map of the Canton River, showing Macao Fort\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMacao Fort, c. 1841\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Union Jack on the fort, 1857\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWatercolour sketch of the fort, 1858","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sea Saga, Being the Naval Diaries of Four Generations of the King-Hall Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sites.google.com/site/kinghallconnections/4100-w-hms-calcutta"}],"text":"King-Hall, Louise, ed. (1936). Sea Saga, Being the Naval Diaries of Four Generations of the King-Hall Family. London: V. Gollancz. p. 234.","title":"Further reading"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fancy_Dress_(2019_film)
Fancy Dress (2019 film)
["1 Cast","2 Soundtrack","3 Marketing and release","4 Reception","5 References","6 External links"]
2019 Indian filmFancy DressDirected byRanjith SaccariyaWritten byRanjith SaccariyaAjay KumarStory byGuinnes PakruProduced byGuinnes PakruStarringGuinnes PakruSwetha MenonKalabhavan ShajonSowmya MenonCinematographyPradeep NairEdited byV SajanMusic byRatheesh VegaProductioncompanySarva Deeptha ProductionsRelease date 2 August 2019 (2019-08-02) Running time124 minutesCountryIndiaLanguageMalayalam Fancy Dress is a 2019 Indian Malayalam Language comedy film directed by Ranjith Saccariya and produced by Guinness Pakru. The film starring Guinness Pakru, Swetha Menon and Kalabhavan Shajon was released on 2 August 2019. The film had musical score composed by Ratheesh Vega. Cast Guinness Pakru as Dikru/Ben Hareesh Kanaran as Sebastian/Seban Swetha Menon as Priya Kalabhavan Shajon as Nandhan Police Officer Sowmya Menon as Tessa Jayan Cherthala as Devarajan Police Officer Bala Kumar as Gabriel Bijukuttan as Lalu Security guard Sudheer Karamana as Sreedharan Santhosh Keezhattoor as Martyn Police Officer Saju Navodaya as Jomon Ponnamma Babu as Cicily Kottayam Pradeep as Prabha Varma Majeed as Anandan Gemini Kottayam as Abraham Joy as Gokul Thesni Khan as Parvathy Kathir as Jobin Suraj Venjaramoodu (Cameo Appearance) Sarayu Mohan (Cameo Appearance) Soundtrack Ullilie Moham Kunnolam by Niranj Suresh Aattam Maarattam by Vijay Yesudas Marketing and release The official teaser was launched on 4 July 2019 and the film was released on 2 August 2019. Reception Anna Mathews of Times of India noted slow pacing in parts of the film and described the comedic elements as "thin". References ^ a b "FANCY DRESS MOVIE REVIEW". Times of India. 2 August 2019. Retrieved 13 August 2019. ^ "Fancy Dress movie review highlights: A slow moving tale with few laughs". Review E times. Retrieved 2 August 2019. ^ "Fancy Dress looks like a poignant comedy". News E times. Retrieved 5 July 2019. ^ "'Fancy Dress': Check out the makeover of Guinness Pakru for his productional venture". News E times. Retrieved 5 August 2019. ^ "Guinness Pakru sets another record by producing the film 'Fancy Dress'". News New indian Express. Retrieved 5 August 2019. ^ Hungama, Fancy Dress, retrieved 19 February 2020 ^ GOODWILL ENTERTAINMENTS (4 July 2019), "Fancy Dress Movie Official Teaser - Guinness Pakru - Ranjith Skaria - Sarva Deeptha Productions", YouTube ^ Fancy Dress Movie Review {2.0/5}: Critic Review of Fancy Dress by Times of India, retrieved 19 February 2020 External links Fancy Dress at IMDb
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indiana_companies
List of companies of the United States by state
["1 Alabama","2 Alaska","3 Arizona","4 Arkansas","5 California","6 Colorado","7 Connecticut","8 Delaware","9 Florida","10 Georgia","11 Hawaii","11.1 Current","11.2 Former","12 Idaho","13 Illinois","14 Indiana","14.1 Current","14.2 Former","15 Iowa","15.1 Current","15.2 Former","16 Kansas","17 Kentucky","18 Louisiana","18.1 Current","18.2 Former","19 Maine","19.1 Current","19.2 Former","20 Maryland","20.1 Current","20.2 Former","21 Massachusetts","22 Michigan","23 Minnesota","24 Mississippi","24.1 Current","24.2 Former","25 Missouri","25.1 Current","25.2 Former","26 Montana","26.1 Current","26.2 Former","27 Nebraska","27.1 Current","27.2 Former","28 Nevada","28.1 Former","29 New Hampshire","29.1 Current","29.2 Former","30 New Jersey","31 New Mexico","31.1 Current","31.2 Former","32 New York","33 North Carolina","34 North Dakota","35 Ohio","36 Oklahoma","37 Oregon","38 Pennsylvania","39 Rhode Island","40 South Carolina","41 South Dakota","41.1 Current","41.2 Former","42 Tennessee","42.1 Current","42.2 Former","43 Texas","44 Utah","45 Vermont","45.1 Current","45.2 Former","46 Virginia","46.1 Current","46.2 Former","47 Washington","48 West Virginia","48.1 Current","48.2 Former","49 Wisconsin","49.1 Current","49.2 Former","50 Wyoming","51 References"]
This is a list of companies in the United States by state where their headquarters is located: Alabama For a more comprehensive list, see List of Alabama companies. Alaska For a more comprehensive list, see List of Alaska companies. Arizona For a more comprehensive list, see List of Arizona companies. Arkansas For a more comprehensive list, see List of Arkansas companies. California For a more comprehensive list, see List of California companies. Colorado For a more comprehensive list, see List of Colorado companies. Connecticut For a more comprehensive list, see List of Connecticut companies. Delaware For a more comprehensive list, see List of Delaware companies. Florida For a more comprehensive list, see List of Florida companies. Georgia For a more comprehensive list, see List of Georgia (U.S. state) companies. Hawaii For a more comprehensive list, see List of Hawaii companies. See also: List of airlines of Hawaii and List of restaurants in Hawaii Current ABC Stores (Honolulu) Alexander & Baldwin (Honolulu) Aloha Petroleum (Honolulu) American Savings Bank (Honolulu) Aqua-Aston Hospitality (Honolulu) Bank of Hawaii (Honolulu) Central Pacific Bank (Honolulu) First Hawaiian Bank (Honolulu) Foodland Hawaii (Honolulu) Hawaii National Bank (Honolulu) Hawaiian Electric Industries (Honolulu) Hawaiian Telcom (Honolulu) Island Pacific Energy (Honolulu) Kamakura Corporation (Honolulu) Kauaʻi Island Utility Cooperative (Lihue) Matson, Inc. (Honolulu) Maui Land & Pineapple Company (Kapalua) Mauna Loa Macadamia Nut Corporation (Hilo) Mountain Apple Company (Honolulu) Outrigger Hotels & Resorts (Honolulu) Pacific LightNet (Honolulu) RevoluSun (Honolulu) Sullivan Family of Companies (Honolulu) Times Supermarkets (Honolulu) Tori Richard (Honolulu) Visionary Related Entertainment (Honolulu) Former Blue Planet Software Code Rebel Phase2 International Shirokiya Idaho For a more comprehensive list, see List of companies based in Idaho. Illinois For a more comprehensive list, see List of Illinois companies. Indiana Current 1st Source (South Bend) AES Indiana (Indianapolis) Allison Transmission (Indianapolis) AM General (South Bend) American Red Ball (Indianapolis) Angi (Indianapolis) Applied Instruments (Indianapolis) Arni's Restaurant (Lafayette) Atlas World Group (Evansville) Batesville Casket Company (Batesville) Berry Global (Evansville) Better World Books (Mishawaka) Calumet Specialty Products Partners (Indianapolis) Chicago South Shore and South Bend Railroad (Michigan City) CNO Financial Group (Carmel) Cummins (Columbus) DirectBuy (Merrillville) Do It Best (Fort Wayne) Elevance Health (Indianapolis) Eli Lilly and Company (Indianapolis) Elwood Staffing (Columbus) Emmis Corporation (Indianapolis) Finish Line, Inc. (Indianapolis) First Internet Bancorp (Indianapolis) First Merchants Corporation (Muncie) The Ford Meter Box Company (Wabash) Guidant (Indianapolis) Gurney's Seed and Nursery Company (Greendale) Haynes International (Kokomo) Herff Jones (Indianapolis) Hulman & Company (Terre Haute) Indiana Bell (Indianapolis) ITT Technical Institute (Carmel) JayC Food Stores (Seymour) Jayco (Middlebury) Kimball International (Jasper) Klipsch Audio Technologies (Indianapolis) Matthews Aurora Funeral Solutions (Aurora) MCL Cafeterias (Indianapolis) Midcontinent Independent System Operator (Carmel) Monarch Beverage, Inc. (Indianapolis) NiSource (Merrillville) Noble Roman's (Indianapolis) North American Van Lines (Fort Wayne) Old National Bank (Evansville) Paige's Music (Indianapolis) Republic Airways Holdings (Indianapolis) Salesforce Marketing Cloud (Indianapolis) Schurz Communications (South Bend) Shindigz (Fort Wayne) Shoe Carnival (Evansville) Simon Property Group (Indianapolis) Steak 'n Shake (Indianapolis) Steel Dynamics (Fort Wayne) Sweetwater Sound (Fort Wayne) Thor Industries (Elkhart) Three Floyds Brewing (Munster) Upland Brewing Company (Bloomington) Vera Bradley (Fort Wayne) Wabash National (Lafayette) Weaver Popcorn Company (Van Buren) Wheaton World Wide Moving (Indianapolis) Zimmer Biomet (Warsaw) Former Biomet BrightPoint Buehler Foods Celadon Group Copient Technologies Golden Rule Insurance Company Harlan Marsh Supermarkets Ohio Falls Iron Works Owen's Market Scott's Food & Pharmacy Vectren Iowa Current Casey's (Ankeny) Dubuque Bank and Trust (Dubuque) Fareway (Boone) Happy Joe's (Bettendorf) Hartig Drug (Dubuque) HNI Corporation (Muscatine) Hy-Vee (West Des Moines) Kum & Go (Des Moines) Lee Enterprises (Davenport) Maid-Rite (Urbandale) MidAmerican Energy Company (Des Moines) Musco Lighting (Oskaloosa) Norby's Farm Fleet (Dubuque) Pancheros Mexican Grill (Coralville) Pioneer Hi Bred International (Johnston) Pizza Ranch (Orange City) Principal Financial Group (Des Moines) Radio Dubuque (Dubuque) Right Stuf (Grimes) Vermeer Corporation (Pella) Von Maur (Davenport) West Liberty Foods (West Liberty) Former Agriprocessors iWireless McLeodUSA Meredith Corporation Rockwell Collins Kansas For a more comprehensive list, see List of Kansas companies. Kentucky For a more comprehensive list, see List of Kentucky companies. Louisiana Current APS Payroll (Shreveport) Copeland's (New Orleans) Entergy (New Orleans) Hornbeck Offshore Services (Covington) Lamar Advertising Company (Baton Rouge) Lumen Technologies (Monroe) McIlhenny Company (Avery Island) Raising Cane's Chicken Fingers (Baton Rouge) Taylor Energy (New Orleans) Former Hibernia National Bank Maine Current Casco Bay Lines (Portland) L.L.Bean (Freeport) Pioneer Telephone (Portland) Renys (Newcastle) Simons Architects (Portland) Smokey's Greater Shows (Fryeburg) Former The Freaky Bean Coffee Company TD Banknorth Maryland Current Balducci's (Germantown) Black+Decker (Towson) Centrus Energy (Bethesda) Choice Hotels (Rockville) Constellation Energy (Baltimore) GEICO (Chevy Chase) Giant Food (Landover) GlobalStem (Gaithersburg) Goodwill Industries (Derwood) Herman Born & Sons (Baltimore) Host Hotels & Resorts (Bethesda Jerry's Subs & Pizza (Gaithersburg) Ledo Pizza (Annapolis) Lockheed Martin (Bethesda) Marriott International (Bethesda) McCormick & Company (Hunt Valley) Perdue Farms (Salisbury) Piedmont Airlines (Salisbury) PRS Guitars (Stevensville) Roy Rogers Restaurants (Frederick) Shoppers Food & Pharmacy (Bowie) STX (Baltimore) Sylvan Learning (Baltimore) T. Rowe Price (Baltimore) Transamerica Corporation (Baltimore) Trophogen (Rockville) Under Armour (Baltimore) Urban One (Silver Spring) W. R. Grace and Company (Columbia) Westat (Rockville) Xometry (North Bethesda) ZeniMax Media (Rockville) Former BlueHippo Funding Coventry Health Care Legg Mason Mars (supermarket) MedImmune Massachusetts For a more comprehensive list, see List of Massachusetts companies. Michigan For a more comprehensive list, see List of Michigan companies. Minnesota For a more comprehensive list, see List of Minnesota companies. Mississippi Current Ablitech, Inc. (Hattiesburg) Ballet Magnificat! (Jackson) Bumpers Drive-In (Brookhaven) Ergon, Inc. (Flowood) Keesler Federal Credit Union (Biloxi) MidSouth Rail Corporation (Jackson) Mississippi Power (Gulfport) Mossy Oak (West Point) Peavey Electronics (Meridian) Sanderson Farms (Laurel) Viking Range (Greenwood) Ward's (Hattiesburg) Former Fred's Missouri Current Ameren (St. Louis) Andy's Frozen Custard (Springfield) Anheuser-Busch (St. Louis) Arch Resources (St. Louis) B&B Theatres (Liberty) Baron Aviation Services (Vichy) Bass Pro Shops (Springfield) Caleres (Clayton) Centene Corporation (St. Louis) Columbia Insurance Group (Columbia) Commerce Bancshares (Kansas City) Dierbergs Markets (Chesterfield) Drury Hotels (Creve Coeur) Edward Jones Investments (St. Louis) Emerson Electric (Ferguson) Energizer (Town and Country) Enterprise Rent-A-Car (Clayton) Express Scripts (St. Louis County) Ferrellgas (Liberty) GoJet Airlines (Bridgeton) Graybar (Clayton) H&R Block (Kansas City) Hallmark Cards (Kansas City) Helzberg Diamonds (North Kansas City) Kansas City Life Insurance Company (Kansas City) Leggett & Platt (Carthage) Mayflower Transit (Fenton) Metropark Communications (St. Louis) MFA Oil (Columbia) Missouri Employers Mutual (Columbia) Olin Corporation (Clayton) Oracle Cerner (Kansas City) O'Reilly Auto Parts (Springfield) Orscheln Farm & Home (Moberly) Panera Bread (Fenton) Peabody Energy (St. Louis) Populous (Kansas City) Rawlings (St. Louis) Russell Stover Candies (Kansas City) Save-A-Lot (St. Ann) Schnucks (St. Louis) Shelter Insurance (Columbia) United Van Lines (Fenton) Winstead's (Kansas City) Former A. G. Edwards Adam's Mark Aquila, Inc. Farmland Industries Great Plains Energy International Hat Company Interstate Bakeries Kansas City Southern McCabe-Powers Body Company Monsanto Ralston Purina Shop 'n Save Smithfield Hog Production Division Solutia Suddenlink Communications Trans States Airlines Wehrenberg Theatres Montana Current Big Sky Brewing Company (Missoula) Bridger Aerospace (Belgrade) Conlin's Furniture (Billings) Corporate Air (Billings) First Interstate BancSystem (Billings) KOA (Billings) Merlin Airways (Billings) RightNow Technologies (Bozeman) Shiloh Rifle Manufacturing Company (Big Timber) Town Pump (Butte) Former Big Sky Airlines Semitool Nebraska Current Berkshire Hathaway (Omaha) Buckle (Kearney) Cabela's (Sidney) First National Bank of Omaha (Omaha) Fort Western Stores (Nebraska City) Godfather's Pizza (Omaha) Gorat's (Omaha) HobbyTown USA (Lincoln) Intrado (Omaha) Kiewit Corporation (Omaha) Mutual of Omaha (Omaha) Nelnet (Lincoln) Omaha Star (Omaha) Omaha Steaks (Omaha) Union Pacific Railroad (Omaha) Werner Enterprises (Omaha) Former Affiliated Foods Midwest Douglas Theatre Company Gordmans Mister C's Nevada Allegiant Air (Summerlin) Bally Technologies (Enterprise) Boyd Gaming (Las Vegas) Bushmaster Firearms International (Carson City) Caesars Entertainment (Reno) Diamond Resorts (Las Vegas) Everi Holdings (Spring Valley) Grand Canyon Scenic Airlines (Paradise) Las Vegas Sands (Paradise) MGM Resorts International (Paradise) NV Energy (Las Vegas) Port of Subs (Reno) Primaris Airlines (Enterprise) Scolari's Food and Drug (Sparks) Shelby American (Enterprise) Sierra Nevada Corporation (Sparks) Southwest Gas (Las Vegas) Station Casinos (Summerlin South) Terrible Herbst (Paradise) Wynn Resorts (Paradise) Zappos (Las Vegas) Former Nevada Power Company New Hampshire Current Brookstone (Merrimack) C&S Wholesale Grocers (Keene) Cole Haan (Greenland) DEKA (Manchester) PC Connection (Merrimack) State Line Tack (Plaistow) Timberland (Stratham) Wiggins Airways (Manchester) Former Boston-Maine Airways New Jersey American Standard Companies Automatic Data Processing Avaya Avis Budget Group B&G Foods Becton Dickinson Bed Bath & Beyond Benjamin Moore & Co. Bradco Supply Burlington Coat Factory Campbell Soup Company Catalent Ce De Candy, Inc. Celgene Century 21 Real Estate The Children's Place Chubb Corp. Church and Dwight Coach USA Commerce Bancorp Comodo Group Cooper Chemical Company Curtiss-Wright Cytec Industries DRS Technologies Emerson Radio Foodtown Foster Wheeler Corporation The Great Atlantic and Pacific Tea Company (Farmer Jack, Food Basics USA, The Food Emporium, Sav-A-Center, Super Fresh, Waldbaum's) H. H. Gregg Hartz Mountain Industries The Hertz Corporation Hovnanian Enterprises Hudson City Bancorp IDT Corp. Ingersoll Rand - operational headquarters Jackson Hewitt Jersey Mike's Subs Johnson & Johnson Kenvue Liberty Travel Linens 'n Things Louis Berger Group Maidenform Medarex Medco Health Solutions Merck MTBC New England Motor Freight New Jersey Resources Pathmark Stores Peterson's Pinnacle Foods PNY Technologies Prince Sports Prudential Financial Public Service Electric and Gas Company R. R. Bowker RCI Realogy Reckitt Benckiser North America Schering-Plough Sealed Air Sixth Avenue Electronics Spencer's Gifts TD Bank Toys "R" Us Unigene Laboratories Valley National Bank VoicePulse Vonage Wakefern Food Corporation/ShopRite (Inserra Supermarkets) Weeks Marine Wyeth Wyndham Worldwide New Mexico Current Blake's Lotaburger (Albuquerque) Deep Web Technologies (Santa Fe) Laguna Development Corporation (Albuquerque) PNM Resources (Albuquerque) Summit Electric Supply (Albuquerque) Former Eclipse Aviation New Mexico Airlines Prediction Company Thornburg Mortgage New York For a more comprehensive list, see List of New York companies. North Carolina For a more comprehensive list, see List of companies in Charlotte. 3C Institute ACN Inc. Advance Auto Parts Albemarle Corporation Alex Lee Inc. AM Racing American Spirit Media American Tire Distributors Atrium Health Baen Books Bahakel Communications Bandwidth Bank of America Belk Bernhardt Design The Biltmore Company Biltmore Farms BioCryst Pharmaceuticals Biscuitville Bojangles' Famous Chicken 'n Biscuits BonWorth Boone Drug Brighthouse Financial Burt's Bees Butterball Capitol Broadcasting Company CaptiveAire Systems Carlie C's Carolina Academic Press Carolina Beverage Corporation (maker of Cheerwine) Carolina Biological Supply Company Carolina Foods Carquest Carr Amplifiers Cary Audio Design Cato Corporation Cedar Fair (executive offices) CenterEdge Software Champion ChannelAdvisor Charles & Colvard Coastal Studios Coca-Cola Bottling Co. Consolidated Collins Aerospace Columbia Forest Products CommScope Consonus Cook Out Crescent Communities Crowder Construction Company Curtis Media Group Curtiss-Wright D.H. Griffin Companies Deere-Hitachi Construction Machinery Deltec Homes Dentsply Sirona Dole plc (US headquarters) Duke Energy Earth Fare Enpro Industries Environmental Performance Vehicles Epic Games ESPNU Extended Stay America Family Dollar Firefly Balloons First Bancorp First Citizens BancShares Food Lion The Fresh Market Front Row Motorsports Furnitureland South Fusion3 Fuzzy Logix G1 Therapeutics Geoff Bodine Racing Ginn Racing Glen Raven, Inc. Golden Corral Graco Graphik Dimensions, Ltd. Growler Manufacturing and Engineering Haas F1 Team Hanesbrands Harris Teeter HDG International Group Hendrick Motorsports HomeTrust Bancshares Honda Aero Honda Aircraft Company Honeywell HSM Hwy 55 Burgers Shakes & Fries The Iconfactory Ingersoll Rand Ingles IntelliScanner Corporation ITG Brands Jaggaer Jeld-Wen Jennifer Jo Cobb Racing Jerry's Artarama Jimmy Means Racing Joe Gibbs Racing JR Motorsports JTG Daugherty Racing K&W Cafeterias Kayser-Roth Kidde Kontoor Brands Koury Corporation Krispy Kreme LabCorp Lance Inc. LendingTree Lichty Guitars Liggett Group Limited Run Games Little Diversified Architectural Consulting Live Oak Bank Lenovo (operational headquarters) Locus Biosciences Lolly Wolly Doodle Lord Corporation Lowe's Lowes Foods Ludwig Drums MAACO Mack Trucks Martin Marietta Materials McFarland & Company McKinney Mechanics and Farmers Bank Meineke Car Care Centers Melon Bicycles Merge Records Microsoft (East Coast headquarters) Microtech Knives Mistral Group Moog Music MotorAve Mt. Olive Pickle Company Mountain Air Cargo Nantahala Outdoor Center NASCAR Nascent Republic Records National Gypsum Nautilus Productions nCino NEMCO Motorsports North Carolina Mutual Life Insurance Company Novant Health Nucor Odell Associates Old Dominion Freight Line Pamlico Capital The Pantry (Cary) Petty GMS Motorsports Piedmont Natural Gas Plant Delights Nursery PrecisionHawk PredictifyMe Premier, Inc. Progress Energy Inc Purolator Filters Putt-Putt Fun Center Qorvo Rack Room Shoes Red Hat Red Oak Brewery Red Storm Entertainment Redeye Distribution Reeds Jewelers Replacements, Ltd. Reynolds American RFK Racing Rick Ware Racing Richard Childress Racing Roses Stores RSC Brands Saint Benedict Press Salsarita's Fresh Mexican Grill SAS Institute Sealed Air Sealy Corporation Shearline Boatworks Shoe Show Showmars Shurtape Technologies Smithfield's Chicken 'N Bar-B-Q Snyder's-Lance Social Blade Sonic Automotive Southern Bank Southern Express Speed Speedball Speedway Motorsports Spire Sports + Entertainment SplendidCRM Spoonflower SPX Corporation SS-Green Light Racing Stewart-Haas Racing Syneos Health Tanger Factory Outlet Centers Team Penske Tengion Thomas Built Buses Thorlo Inc. TigerSwan Tommy Baldwin Racing Triad Racing Technologies Truist Financial TW Garner Food Company US Legend Cars Valencell Virtual Heroes Vontier Wells Fargo (Wells Fargo Securities) Wheatstone Corporation Wolfspeed Wood Brothers Racing WORX (North American headquarters) Wyndham Capital Mortgage Yep Roc Records Zaloni North Dakota For a more comprehensive list, see List of North Dakota companies. Ohio See also: List of companies in Greater Cincinnati Abercrombie & Fitch ABX Air Acme Fresh Market Aeronca Aircraft AirNet Express Airstream AK Steel Holding Aleris International, Inc. Alien Workshop American Electric Power American Financial Group American Greetings AmTrust Bank Applied Industrial Technologies Argus Armored Trunk Manufacturing Company Babcock & Wilcox Bath & Body Works Battelle Memorial Institute Big Lots bigg's Bob Evans Restaurants Caliber System Cardinal Health CareSource Castle Aviation Cedar Fair Charley's Grilled Subs Charter One Bank Chiquita Brands International Cincinnati Financial Cintas Cleveland-Cliffs Codeworks Commerce National Bank Convergys Cooper Tire & Rubber Company Cor-Bon/Glaser Crown Equipment Corporation Dana Holding Corporation Diebold Donatos Pizza Dorothy Lane Market DPL Inc. E.W. Scripps Company Eaton Corporation Elder-Beerman ERC Esther Price Candies Euclid-Hitachi Heavy Equipment Ltd. Evenflo Company Federated Department Stores Ferro Corporation Fifth Third Bank FirstEnergy Forest City Enterprises GE Aerospace Gojo Industries Gold Star Chili Goodyear Grand Aire Express Grismer Heinen's Fine Foods Hexion Specialty Chemicals, Inc. Hi-Point Firearms/Beemiller Hitachi Medical Systems America Inc. Hobart Corporation Hollister Co. Holtkamp Organ Company Huffy Human Race Theatre Company Huntington Bancshares Inc. Industramark Invacare The J.M. Smucker Co. Jo Ann Stores Kettering Health Network Key Bank Kroger Lane Bryant Inc. LensCrafters LexisNexis Limited Brands Lincoln Electric Lubrizol Malley's Chocolates Manor Care, Inc. Marathon Petroleum Company Marc's Matco Tools Mayfran International Max & Erma's Medical Mutual of Ohio Mike-sell's Moen Motoman NACCO Industries National City Corporation Nationwide Insurance NCR Corporation Nestlé USA - Prepared Foods Division NewPage Corporation Owens Corning Owens-Illinois Park National Bank (FBOP) Park National Bank (Ohio) Parker Hannifin Pearle Opticians PolyOne Corporation Premier Health Partners Procter & Gamble Progressive Corporation PSA Airlines Rax Restaurants Retail Ventures, operates DSW, Inc. and Value City The Reynolds and Reynolds Company RIDGID Tool Company RPM International Scailex Corporation Scotts Miracle-Gro Company Sherwin-Williams Company Skybus Airlines Skyline Chili Speedway SuperAmerica Steak Escape Sunglass Hut International Sunny Delight Beverages Teradata Thor Industries Timken Company Trans States Airlines, operates as AmericanConnection TransDigm Group TravelCenters of America Tween Brands United States Playing Card Company Vertiv Victoria's Secret The Wendy's Company Western & Southern Financial Group Westfield Insurance White Castle Worthington Industries YRC Regional Transportation Oklahoma For a more comprehensive list, see List of companies based in Oklahoma City and List of companies based in Tulsa, Oklahoma. Beaujon Aircraft (Ardmore) Groendyke Transport (Enid) Homeland (Oklahoma City) LegalShield (Ada) Reasor's (Tulsa) Zivko Aeronautics (Guthrie) Oregon For a more comprehensive list, see List of companies based in Oregon. Pennsylvania See also: List of companies based in the Harrisburg area, List of companies based in the Philadelphia area, and List of corporations in Pittsburgh Airgas (Allentown) Alcoa Allen Organ Company (Macungie) Armstrong World Industries (Lancaster) Associated Wholesalers (Robesonia) Blair Corporation (Warren) The Bon-Ton Stores (York) Boscov's (Reading) Bruster's Ice Cream (Bridgewater) Burpee Seeds (Warminster) Cephalon (Frazer) Charming Shoppes (Bensalem) Conestoga Wood Specialties (East Earl) Crayola LLC (Easton), also makers of Silly Putty David's Bridal (Conshohocken) Dentsply International (York) Dick's Sporting Goods (Coraopolis) Eat'n Park (Homestead) Eclat Chocolate Equitable Resources Erie Insurance Group FMC Corp. Frankford Candy & Chocolate Company GE Transportation Systems General Nutrition Centers Genesis HealthCare Giant Food of Carlisle, Pennsylvania Gilson Snow H. J. Heinz Company Harsco Corporation Hatfield Quality Meats Hershey Foods Corporation Ikon Office Solutions JLG Industries Jones Apparel Group Just Born Kenexa Corporation Kennametal Knoll Lincoln National Corporation Loud Brothers MAACO Mack Trucks Majestic Athletic Meadows Frozen Custard Mellon Financial Natrona Bottling Company NCO Group New Era Tickets New Penn (trucking) Penn National Gaming Pep Boys Manny Moe & Jack (auto) PNC Financial Services PPG Industries PPL QVC Respironics, Inc. Rite Aid Corporation Rodale, Inc. Rohm and Haas Select Medical Corporation Sovereign Bank Spring Garden National Bank, dissolved 1891 STV Group SunGard Sunoco Teleflex, Inc. Toll Brothers TransDigm Group Triumph Group UGI Corporation, holding company of AmeriGas Partners, L.P. Unisys Universal Health Services Urban Outfitters U.S. Steel USA 3000 Airlines USF Glen Moore USX The Vanguard Group ViroPharma Vishay Intertechnology VWR International Weis Markets WESCO International Wilbur Chocolate Company Woolrich Zippo Rhode Island For a more comprehensive list, see List of Rhode Island companies. South Carolina AgFirst (Columbia) Denny's (Spartanburg) Park Seed Company (Greenwood) Sonoco (Hartsville) Struthers-Dunn (Timmonsville) South Dakota Current Avera Health (Sioux Falls) Black Hills Ammunition (Rapid City) Black Hills Corporation (Rapid City) Black Hills Institute of Geological Research (Hill City) Dakota Style (Clark) Daktronics (Brookings) First National Bank South Dakota (Yankton) First Premier Bank (Sioux Falls) The HomeSlice Group (Sturgis) Lewis Drug (Sioux Falls) Midco (Sioux Falls) NorthWestern Energy (Sioux Falls) Pathward (Sioux Falls) Pheasant Restaurant and Lounge (Brookings) Pizza Cheeks (Sioux Falls) POET (Sioux Falls) Rainbow Play Systems (Brookings) Raven Industries (Sioux Falls) Sonifi Solutions (Sioux Falls) Wall Drug (Wall) Western Surety Company (Sioux Falls) Former A-Square Amiga, Inc. Great Western Bank Home Federal Bank Iowa, Chicago and Eastern Railroad VeraSun Energy Tennessee See also: List of companies based in Nashville Current AC Entertainment (Knoxville) American Residential Services (Memphis), also known as ARS/Rescue Rooter AutoZone (Memphis) Averitt Express (Cookeville) Boss Hoss Cycles (Dyersburg) Bush Brothers and Company (Knoxville) Centriworks (Knoxville) Chattem (Chattanooga) Community Health Systems (Franklin) Covenant Logistics (Chattanooga) Cracker Barrel (Lebanon) CTSI-Global (Memphis) Dollar General (Goodlettsville) Double Cola Company (Chattanooga) Eastman Chemical Company (Kingsport) EdFinancial Services (Knoxville) Elvis Presley Enterprises (Memphis) FedEx (Memphis) First Horizon Bank (Memphis) Fred's (Memphis) Hardee's (Franklin) IdleAir (Knoxville) International Paper (Memphis) Jack Daniel's Distillery (Lynchburg) Jiffy Steamer (Union City) King Pharmaceuticals (Bristol) Lennys Grill & Subs (Memphis) Lodge (South Pittsburg) Malco Theatres (Memphis) Malibu Boats (Loudon) MasterCraft (Vonore) McKee Foods (Collegedale) Memphis Light, Gas and Water (Memphis) The Metadata Company (Brentwood) Nissan USA (Smyrna) Old Time Pottery (Murfreesboro) Oreck Corporation (Cookeville) Pal's (Kingsport) Petro's Chili & Chips (Knoxville) Pilot Flying J (Knoxville) PooPrints (Knoxville) Regal Cinemas (Knoxville) Ruby Tuesday (Maryville) Servpro (Gallatin) Singer Corporation (La Vergne) STR, Inc (Hendersonville) Tennessee Valley Authority (Knoxville) Tractor Supply Company (Brentwood) Unum (Chattanooga) Varsity Brands (Memphis) Weigel's (Powell) Former Memphis Furniture - ceased operation in 1983 Olan Mills - acquired by Lifetouch in 2011 Texas For a more comprehensive list, see List of Texas companies. Utah For a more comprehensive list, see List of Utah companies. Vermont Current Ben & Jerry's (South Burlington) Bruegger's (Burlington) Burton Snowboards (Burlington) National Life Group (Montpelier) Orvis (Sunderland) Tuttle Publishing (North Clarendon) Former AirNow Virginia See also: List of companies headquartered in Northern Virginia and List of space companies and facilities in Virginia Current American Woodmark (Winchester) Amerigroup (Virginia Beach) Boeing Defense, Space & Security (Arlington County) Bowlero Corporation (Mechanicsville) Brink's (Richmond) CACI (Reston) Capital One (McLean) CarMax (Richmond) Dollar Tree (Chesapeake) Dominion Energy (Richmond) Estes Express Lines (Richmond) Ferguson Enterprises (Newport News) Five Guys (Alexandria) Food City (Abingdon) Freddie Mac (Tysons) Gannett (Tysons) GE Automation & Controls (Charlottesville) General Dynamics (Reston) Genworth Financial (Richmond) Interstate Van Lines (Springfield) L-3 Flight International Aviation (Newport News) Landmark Media Enterprises (Norfolk) Liberty Tax Markel Group (Richmond) Mars Inc. (McLean) Medeco (Roanoke County) NVR, Inc. (Reston) Owens & Minor (Mechanicsville) Rolls-Royce North America (Reston) RTX Corporation (Arlington County) Smithfield Foods (Smithfield) Southern Exposure Seed Exchange (Mineral) Touchstone Energy (Arlington County) Trailways Transportation System (Fairfax) Ukrop's Food Group (Richmond) Universal Corporation (Richmond) Velocity Micro (Richmond) Former Circuit City - defunct in 2009 Colgan Air - ceased operations in 2012 Compass Airlines DynCorp - defunct in 2021 Farm Fresh Food & Pharmacy LandAmerica Financial Group Massey Energy - acquired by Alpha Natural Resources MAXjet Airways - filed for Chapter 11 Bankruptcy and ceased operations MeadWestvaco - combined with RockTenn to form WestRock Nextel NII Holdings - defunct in 2020 Reynolds Group Holdings - defunct in 2020 SCG International Risk Washington For a more comprehensive list, see List of Washington (state) companies. For a more comprehensive list, see List of Washington D.C. companies. West Virginia Current Champion Industries (Huntington) Country Club Bakery (Fairmont) Gabe's (Morgantown) Gino's Pizza and Spaghetti (Huntington) GoMart (Gassaway) HD Media (Huntington) International Coal Group (Teays Valley) Jackson Kelly (Charleston) The Library Corporation (Inwood) Marquee Cinemas (Beckley) Ogden Newspapers (Wheeling) Service Pump & Supply (Huntington) Tudor's Biscuit World (Huntington) West Virginia MetroNews (Charleston) Woodcraft Supply (Parkersburg) Former Diamond Alkali West Virginia Media Holdings Wheeling-Pittsburgh Steel - acquired then liquidated Wisconsin Current Air Wisconsin (Appleton) Alliant Energy (Madison) American Family Insurance (Madison) Amsoil (Superior) Ashley Furniture Industries (Arcadia) Associated Banc-Corp (Green Bay) Ben Franklin (Mount Pleasant) Blain's Farm & Fleet (Janesville) Cousins Subs (Menomonee Falls) Culver's (Prairie du Sac) Epic Systems (Verona) Fiserv (Milwaukee) Fleet Farm (Appleton) Freight Runners Express (Milwaukee) Harley-Davidson (Milwaukee) Jockey International (Kenosha) Johnsonville Foods (Sheboygan Falls) Kohler Co. (Kohler) Kohl's (Menomonee Falls) Kopp's Frozen Custard (Greenfield) Kwik Trip (La Crosse) Lake Express (Milwaukee) Lands' End (Dodgeville) ManpowerGroup (Milwaukee) Marcus Corporation (Milwaukee) Master Lock (Oak Creek) Menards (Eau Claire) Milio's Sandwiches (Fitchburg) Milwaukee Electric Tool (Milwaukee) Montgomery Ward (Monroe) Omanhene Cocoa Bean Company (Milwaukee) Oshkosh Corporation (Oshkosh) Pacific Cycle (Madison) Renaissance Learning (Wisconsin Rapids) Rockwell Automation (Milwaukee) Roundy's (Milwaukee) S. C. Johnson & Son (Racine) Schneider National (Green Bay) Schreiber Foods (Green Bay) Sentry Foods (Milwaukee) Sentry Insurance (Stevens Point) Snap-on (Kenosha Spot Filmworks (Madison) Sprecher Brewery (Glendale) Trek Bicycle Corporation (Waterloo) WEC Energy Group (Milwaukee) Western States Envelope & Label (Butler) Woodman's Markets (Janesville) Former Bemis Company - acquired by Amcor Johnson Controls - now based in Cork, Ireland Journal Media Group - defunct Marshall & Ilsley - acquired by Bank of Montreal Midwest Airlines - merged with Frontier Airlines Skyway Airlines - ceased operations in 2008. Trane - relocated to Swords, Dublin, Ireland Wyoming For a more comprehensive list, see List of Wyoming companies. References ^ Hitt, Christine (April 27, 2023). "How ABC Stores became Hawaii's ubiquitous chain". SFGate. ^ "Alexander & Baldwin sells its road construction company for $60M". Hawai'i Public Radio. November 16, 2023. ^ Surane, Jennifer; Bradham, Bre (August 16, 2023). "Hawaii Fires Hit Regional Bank Already Rocked by Turmoil". 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American Dream Educational attainment Homelessness Homeownership Household income Income inequality Middle class Personal income Poverty Standard of living Health Aging Healthcare Abortion Birth control Prenatal care Hospice care Immigrant health care Rationing Health care finance Health insurance costs Health care prices Prescription drug prices Disability Health insurance Food safety Physician shortage Poverty and health Race and health Race and maternal health Medical racism Obesity Medical deserts Women's reproductive health Maternal mortality Life expectancy Issues Ages of consent Capital punishment Crime incarceration Criticism of government Discrimination affirmative action antisemitism hair texture intersex rights Islamophobia LGBT rights racism Native American African American same-sex marriage Drug policy Energy policy Environmental issues Environmental movement Climate change Environmental education Gun politics Mass shootings hunger obesity smoking Human rights Immigration illegal International rankings National security Mass surveillance Terrorism Separation of church and state Xenophobia OutlineIndex Category Portal vteList of companies of North AmericaSovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies andother territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands This article includes a companies-related list of lists.
[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of companies of the United States by state"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Alabama companies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Alabama_companies"}],"text":"For a more comprehensive list, see List of Alabama companies.","title":"Alabama"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Alaska companies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Alaska_companies"}],"text":"For a more comprehensive list, see List of Alaska companies.","title":"Alaska"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Arizona companies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Arizona_companies"}],"text":"For a more comprehensive list, see List of Arizona companies.","title":"Arizona"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Arkansas companies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Arkansas_companies"}],"text":"For a more comprehensive list, see List of Arkansas companies.","title":"Arkansas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of California companies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_California_companies"}],"text":"For a more comprehensive list, see List of California companies.","title":"California"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Colorado companies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Colorado_companies"}],"text":"For a more comprehensive list, see List of Colorado companies.","title":"Colorado"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Connecticut companies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Connecticut_companies"}],"text":"For a more comprehensive list, see List of Connecticut companies.","title":"Connecticut"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Delaware companies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Delaware_companies"}],"text":"For a more comprehensive list, see List of Delaware companies.","title":"Delaware"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Florida companies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Florida_companies"}],"text":"For a more comprehensive list, see List of Florida companies.","title":"Florida"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Georgia (U.S. state) companies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)_companies"}],"text":"For a more comprehensive list, see List of Georgia (U.S. state) companies.","title":"Georgia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Hawaii companies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Hawaii_companies"},{"link_name":"List of airlines of Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airlines_of_Hawaii"},{"link_name":"List of restaurants in Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_restaurants_in_Hawaii"}],"text":"For a more comprehensive list, see List of Hawaii companies.See also: List of airlines of Hawaii and List of restaurants in Hawaii","title":"Hawaii"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ABC Stores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Stores"},{"link_name":"Honolulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Alexander & Baldwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_%26_Baldwin"},{"link_name":"Honolulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Aloha Petroleum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloha_Petroleum"},{"link_name":"Honolulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu"},{"link_name":"American Savings Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Savings_Bank"},{"link_name":"Honolulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Aqua-Aston Hospitality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqua-Aston_Hospitality"},{"link_name":"Honolulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu"},{"link_name":"Bank of Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Hawaii"},{"link_name":"Honolulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu"},{"link_name":"Central Pacific Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Pacific_Bank"},{"link_name":"Honolulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu"},{"link_name":"First Hawaiian Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Hawaiian_Bank"},{"link_name":"Honolulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu"},{"link_name":"Foodland Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foodland_Hawaii"},{"link_name":"Honolulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu"},{"link_name":"Hawaii National Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii_National_Bank"},{"link_name":"Honolulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu"},{"link_name":"Hawaiian Electric Industries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_Electric_Industries"},{"link_name":"Honolulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu"},{"link_name":"Hawaiian Telcom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_Telcom"},{"link_name":"Honolulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu"},{"link_name":"Island Pacific Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_Pacific_Energy"},{"link_name":"Honolulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu"},{"link_name":"Kamakura Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamakura_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Honolulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu"},{"link_name":"Kauaʻi Island Utility Cooperative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaua%CA%BBi_Island_Utility_Cooperative"},{"link_name":"Lihue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lihue,_Hawaii"},{"link_name":"Matson, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matson,_Inc."},{"link_name":"Honolulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu"},{"link_name":"Maui Land & Pineapple Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maui_Land_%26_Pineapple_Company"},{"link_name":"Kapalua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapalua,_Hawaii"},{"link_name":"Mauna Loa Macadamia Nut Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauna_Loa_Macadamia_Nut_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Hilo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilo,_Hawaii"},{"link_name":"Mountain Apple Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_Apple_Company"},{"link_name":"Honolulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu"},{"link_name":"Outrigger Hotels & Resorts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outrigger_Hotels_%26_Resorts"},{"link_name":"Honolulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu"},{"link_name":"Pacific LightNet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_LightNet"},{"link_name":"Honolulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu"},{"link_name":"RevoluSun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RevoluSun"},{"link_name":"Honolulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu"},{"link_name":"Sullivan Family of Companies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sullivan_Family_of_Companies"},{"link_name":"Honolulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu"},{"link_name":"Times Supermarkets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_Supermarkets"},{"link_name":"Honolulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu"},{"link_name":"Tori Richard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tori_Richard"},{"link_name":"Honolulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu"},{"link_name":"Visionary Related Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visionary_Related_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Honolulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu"}],"sub_title":"Current","text":"ABC Stores (Honolulu)[1]\nAlexander & Baldwin (Honolulu)[2]\nAloha Petroleum (Honolulu)\nAmerican Savings Bank (Honolulu)[3]\nAqua-Aston Hospitality (Honolulu)\nBank of Hawaii (Honolulu)\nCentral Pacific Bank (Honolulu)\nFirst Hawaiian Bank (Honolulu)\nFoodland Hawaii (Honolulu)\nHawaii National Bank (Honolulu)\nHawaiian Electric Industries (Honolulu)\nHawaiian Telcom (Honolulu)\nIsland Pacific Energy (Honolulu)\nKamakura Corporation (Honolulu)\nKauaʻi Island Utility Cooperative (Lihue)\nMatson, Inc. (Honolulu)\nMaui Land & Pineapple Company (Kapalua)\nMauna Loa Macadamia Nut Corporation (Hilo)\nMountain Apple Company (Honolulu)\nOutrigger Hotels & Resorts (Honolulu)\nPacific LightNet (Honolulu)\nRevoluSun (Honolulu)\nSullivan Family of Companies (Honolulu)\nTimes Supermarkets (Honolulu)\nTori Richard (Honolulu)\nVisionary Related Entertainment (Honolulu)","title":"Hawaii"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Blue Planet Software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Planet_Software"},{"link_name":"Code Rebel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_Rebel"},{"link_name":"Phase2 International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase2_International"},{"link_name":"Shirokiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirokiya"}],"sub_title":"Former","text":"Blue Planet Software\nCode Rebel\nPhase2 International\nShirokiya","title":"Hawaii"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of companies based in Idaho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_companies_based_in_Idaho"}],"text":"For a more comprehensive list, see List of companies based in Idaho.","title":"Idaho"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Illinois companies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Illinois_companies"}],"text":"For a more comprehensive list, see List of Illinois companies.","title":"Illinois"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Indiana"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1st Source","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Source"},{"link_name":"South Bend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bend,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"AES Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AES_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis"},{"link_name":"Allison Transmission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allison_Transmission"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis"},{"link_name":"AM General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AM_General"},{"link_name":"South Bend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bend,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"American Red Ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Red_Ball"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis"},{"link_name":"Angi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angi"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis"},{"link_name":"Applied Instruments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_Instruments"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis"},{"link_name":"Arni's Restaurant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arni%27s_Restaurant"},{"link_name":"Lafayette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lafayette,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Atlas World Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas_World_Group"},{"link_name":"Evansville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evansville,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Batesville Casket Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batesville_Casket_Company"},{"link_name":"Batesville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batesville,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Berry Global","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berry_Global"},{"link_name":"Evansville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evansville,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Better World Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Better_World_Books"},{"link_name":"Mishawaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mishawaka,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Calumet Specialty Products Partners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calumet_Specialty_Products_Partners"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis"},{"link_name":"Chicago South Shore and South Bend Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_South_Shore_and_South_Bend_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Michigan City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_City,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"CNO Financial Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNO_Financial_Group"},{"link_name":"Carmel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmel,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Cummins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cummins"},{"link_name":"Columbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"DirectBuy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DirectBuy"},{"link_name":"Merrillville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merrillville,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Do It Best","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do_It_Best"},{"link_name":"Fort Wayne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Wayne,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Elevance Health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevance_Health"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis"},{"link_name":"Eli Lilly and Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eli_Lilly_and_Company"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis"},{"link_name":"Elwood Staffing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elwood_Staffing"},{"link_name":"Columbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Emmis Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmis_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis"},{"link_name":"Finish Line, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finish_Line,_Inc."},{"link_name":"Indianapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis"},{"link_name":"First Internet Bancorp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Internet_Bancorp"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis"},{"link_name":"First Merchants Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Merchants_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Muncie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muncie,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"The Ford Meter Box Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ford_Meter_Box_Company"},{"link_name":"Wabash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wabash,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Guidant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guidant"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis"},{"link_name":"Gurney's Seed and Nursery Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurney%27s_Seed_and_Nursery_Company"},{"link_name":"Greendale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greendale,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Haynes International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haynes_International"},{"link_name":"Kokomo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokomo,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Herff Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herff_Jones"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis"},{"link_name":"Hulman & Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulman_%26_Company"},{"link_name":"Terre Haute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terre_Haute,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Indiana Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_Bell"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis"},{"link_name":"ITT Technical Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITT_Technical_Institute"},{"link_name":"Carmel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmel,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"JayC Food Stores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JayC_Food_Stores"},{"link_name":"Seymour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seymour,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Jayco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayco"},{"link_name":"Middlebury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlebury,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Kimball International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimball_International"},{"link_name":"Jasper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasper,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Klipsch Audio Technologies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klipsch_Audio_Technologies"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis"},{"link_name":"Matthews Aurora Funeral Solutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthews_Aurora_Funeral_Solutions"},{"link_name":"Aurora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"MCL Cafeterias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MCL_Cafeterias"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis"},{"link_name":"Midcontinent Independent System Operator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midcontinent_Independent_System_Operator"},{"link_name":"Carmel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmel,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Monarch Beverage, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarch_Beverage,_Inc."},{"link_name":"Indianapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis"},{"link_name":"NiSource","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NiSource"},{"link_name":"Merrillville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merrillville,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Noble Roman's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noble_Roman%27s"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis"},{"link_name":"North American Van Lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Van_Lines"},{"link_name":"Fort Wayne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Wayne,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Old National Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_National_Bank"},{"link_name":"Evansville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evansville,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Paige's Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paige%27s_Music"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis"},{"link_name":"Republic Airways Holdings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_Airways_Holdings"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis"},{"link_name":"Salesforce Marketing Cloud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salesforce_Marketing_Cloud"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis"},{"link_name":"Schurz Communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schurz_Communications"},{"link_name":"South Bend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bend,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Shindigz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shindigz"},{"link_name":"Fort Wayne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Wayne,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Shoe Carnival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoe_Carnival"},{"link_name":"Evansville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evansville,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Simon Property Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Property_Group"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis"},{"link_name":"Steak 'n Shake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steak_%27n_Shake"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis"},{"link_name":"Steel Dynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_Dynamics"},{"link_name":"Fort Wayne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Wayne,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Sweetwater Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweetwater_Sound"},{"link_name":"Fort Wayne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Wayne,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Thor Industries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thor_Industries"},{"link_name":"Elkhart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elkhart,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Three Floyds Brewing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Floyds_Brewing"},{"link_name":"Munster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munster,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Upland Brewing Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upland_Brewing_Company"},{"link_name":"Bloomington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomington,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Vera Bradley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vera_Bradley"},{"link_name":"Fort Wayne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Wayne,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Wabash National","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wabash_National"},{"link_name":"Lafayette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lafayette,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Weaver Popcorn Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weaver_Popcorn_Company"},{"link_name":"Van Buren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Buren,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Wheaton World Wide Moving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheaton_World_Wide_Moving"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis"},{"link_name":"Zimmer Biomet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimmer_Biomet"},{"link_name":"Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw,_Indiana"}],"sub_title":"Current","text":"1st Source (South Bend)\nAES Indiana (Indianapolis)\nAllison Transmission (Indianapolis)\nAM General (South Bend)\nAmerican Red Ball (Indianapolis)\nAngi (Indianapolis)\nApplied Instruments (Indianapolis)\nArni's Restaurant (Lafayette)\nAtlas World Group (Evansville)\nBatesville Casket Company (Batesville)\nBerry Global (Evansville)\nBetter World Books (Mishawaka)\nCalumet Specialty Products Partners (Indianapolis)\nChicago South Shore and South Bend Railroad (Michigan City)\nCNO Financial Group (Carmel)\nCummins (Columbus)\nDirectBuy (Merrillville)\nDo It Best (Fort Wayne)\nElevance Health (Indianapolis)\nEli Lilly and Company (Indianapolis)\nElwood Staffing (Columbus)\nEmmis Corporation (Indianapolis)\nFinish Line, Inc. (Indianapolis)\nFirst Internet Bancorp (Indianapolis)\nFirst Merchants Corporation (Muncie)\nThe Ford Meter Box Company (Wabash)\nGuidant (Indianapolis)\nGurney's Seed and Nursery Company (Greendale)\nHaynes International (Kokomo)\nHerff Jones (Indianapolis)\nHulman & Company (Terre Haute)\nIndiana Bell (Indianapolis)\nITT Technical Institute (Carmel)\nJayC Food Stores (Seymour)\nJayco (Middlebury)\nKimball International (Jasper)\nKlipsch Audio Technologies (Indianapolis)\nMatthews Aurora Funeral Solutions (Aurora)\nMCL Cafeterias (Indianapolis)\nMidcontinent Independent System Operator (Carmel)\nMonarch Beverage, Inc. (Indianapolis)\nNiSource (Merrillville)\nNoble Roman's (Indianapolis)\nNorth American Van Lines (Fort Wayne)\nOld National Bank (Evansville)\nPaige's Music (Indianapolis)\nRepublic Airways Holdings (Indianapolis)\nSalesforce Marketing Cloud (Indianapolis)\nSchurz Communications (South Bend)\nShindigz (Fort Wayne)\nShoe Carnival (Evansville)\nSimon Property Group (Indianapolis)\nSteak 'n Shake (Indianapolis)\nSteel Dynamics (Fort Wayne)\nSweetwater Sound (Fort Wayne)\nThor Industries (Elkhart)\nThree Floyds Brewing (Munster)\nUpland Brewing Company (Bloomington)\nVera Bradley (Fort Wayne)\nWabash National (Lafayette)\nWeaver Popcorn Company (Van Buren)\nWheaton World Wide Moving (Indianapolis)\nZimmer Biomet (Warsaw)","title":"Indiana"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Biomet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomet"},{"link_name":"BrightPoint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BrightPoint"},{"link_name":"Buehler Foods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buehler_Foods"},{"link_name":"Celadon Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celadon_Group"},{"link_name":"Copient Technologies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copient_Technologies"},{"link_name":"Golden Rule Insurance Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Rule_Insurance_Company"},{"link_name":"Harlan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlan_(company)"},{"link_name":"Marsh Supermarkets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsh_Supermarkets"},{"link_name":"Ohio Falls Iron Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_Falls_Iron_Works"},{"link_name":"Owen's Market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen%27s_Market"},{"link_name":"Scott's Food & Pharmacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott%27s_Food_%26_Pharmacy"},{"link_name":"Vectren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vectren"}],"sub_title":"Former","text":"Biomet\nBrightPoint\nBuehler Foods\nCeladon Group\nCopient Technologies\nGolden Rule Insurance Company\nHarlan\nMarsh Supermarkets\nOhio Falls Iron Works\nOwen's Market\nScott's Food & Pharmacy\nVectren","title":"Indiana"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Iowa"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Casey's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casey%27s"},{"link_name":"Ankeny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankeny,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Dubuque Bank and Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubuque_Bank_and_Trust"},{"link_name":"Dubuque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubuque,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Fareway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fareway"},{"link_name":"Boone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boone,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Happy Joe's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happy_Joe%27s"},{"link_name":"Bettendorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bettendorf,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Hartig Drug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartig_Drug"},{"link_name":"Dubuque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubuque,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"HNI Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HNI_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Muscatine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscatine,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Hy-Vee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hy-Vee"},{"link_name":"West Des Moines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Des_Moines,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Kum & Go","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kum_%26_Go"},{"link_name":"Des Moines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Des_Moines,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Lee Enterprises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Enterprises"},{"link_name":"Davenport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davenport,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Maid-Rite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maid-Rite"},{"link_name":"Urbandale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbandale,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"MidAmerican Energy Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MidAmerican_Energy_Company"},{"link_name":"Des Moines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Des_Moines,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Musco Lighting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musco_Lighting"},{"link_name":"Oskaloosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskaloosa,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Norby's Farm Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norby%27s_Farm_Fleet"},{"link_name":"Dubuque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubuque,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Pancheros Mexican Grill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancheros_Mexican_Grill"},{"link_name":"Coralville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coralville,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Pioneer Hi Bred International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Hi_Bred_International"},{"link_name":"Johnston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnston,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Pizza Ranch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pizza_Ranch"},{"link_name":"Orange City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_City,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Principal Financial Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal_Financial_Group"},{"link_name":"Des Moines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Des_Moines,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Radio Dubuque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Dubuque"},{"link_name":"Dubuque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubuque,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Right Stuf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_Stuf"},{"link_name":"Grimes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimes,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Vermeer Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermeer_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Pella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pella,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Von Maur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von_Maur"},{"link_name":"Davenport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davenport,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"West Liberty Foods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Liberty_Foods"},{"link_name":"West Liberty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Liberty,_Iowa"}],"sub_title":"Current","text":"Casey's (Ankeny)\nDubuque Bank and Trust (Dubuque)\nFareway (Boone)\nHappy Joe's (Bettendorf)\nHartig Drug (Dubuque)\nHNI Corporation (Muscatine)\nHy-Vee (West Des Moines)\nKum & Go (Des Moines)\nLee Enterprises (Davenport)\nMaid-Rite (Urbandale)\nMidAmerican Energy Company (Des Moines)\nMusco Lighting (Oskaloosa)\nNorby's Farm Fleet (Dubuque)\nPancheros Mexican Grill (Coralville)\nPioneer Hi Bred International (Johnston)\nPizza Ranch (Orange City)\nPrincipal Financial Group (Des Moines)\nRadio Dubuque (Dubuque)\nRight Stuf (Grimes)\nVermeer Corporation (Pella)\nVon Maur (Davenport)\nWest Liberty Foods (West Liberty)","title":"Iowa"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Agriprocessors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriprocessors"},{"link_name":"iWireless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IWireless"},{"link_name":"McLeodUSA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McLeodUSA"},{"link_name":"Meredith Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meredith_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Rockwell Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockwell_Collins"}],"sub_title":"Former","text":"Agriprocessors\niWireless\nMcLeodUSA\nMeredith Corporation\nRockwell Collins","title":"Iowa"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Kansas companies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Kansas_companies"}],"text":"For a more comprehensive list, see List of Kansas companies.","title":"Kansas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Kentucky companies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Kentucky_companies"}],"text":"For a more comprehensive list, see List of Kentucky companies.","title":"Kentucky"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Louisiana"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"APS Payroll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APS_Payroll"},{"link_name":"Shreveport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shreveport,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Copeland's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copeland%27s"},{"link_name":"New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"Entergy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entergy"},{"link_name":"New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"Hornbeck Offshore Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbeck_Offshore_Services"},{"link_name":"Covington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covington,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Lamar Advertising Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamar_Advertising_Company"},{"link_name":"Baton Rouge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baton_Rouge,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Lumen Technologies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumen_Technologies"},{"link_name":"Monroe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monroe,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"McIlhenny Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabasco_sauce"},{"link_name":"Avery Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avery_Island_(Louisiana)"},{"link_name":"Raising Cane's Chicken Fingers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raising_Cane%27s_Chicken_Fingers"},{"link_name":"Baton Rouge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baton_Rouge,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Taylor Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_Energy"},{"link_name":"New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans"}],"sub_title":"Current","text":"APS Payroll (Shreveport)\nCopeland's (New Orleans)\nEntergy (New Orleans)\nHornbeck Offshore Services (Covington)\nLamar Advertising Company (Baton Rouge)\nLumen Technologies (Monroe)\nMcIlhenny Company (Avery Island)\nRaising Cane's Chicken Fingers (Baton Rouge)\nTaylor Energy (New Orleans)","title":"Louisiana"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hibernia National Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernia_National_Bank"}],"sub_title":"Former","text":"Hibernia National Bank","title":"Louisiana"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Maine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Casco Bay Lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casco_Bay_Lines"},{"link_name":"Portland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Maine"},{"link_name":"L.L.Bean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L.L.Bean"},{"link_name":"Freeport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeport,_Maine"},{"link_name":"Pioneer Telephone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Telephone"},{"link_name":"Portland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Maine"},{"link_name":"Renys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renys"},{"link_name":"Newcastle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle,_Maine"},{"link_name":"Simons Architects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simons_Architects"},{"link_name":"Portland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Maine"},{"link_name":"Smokey's Greater Shows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smokey%27s_Greater_Shows"},{"link_name":"Fryeburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fryeburg,_Maine"}],"sub_title":"Current","text":"Casco Bay Lines (Portland)\nL.L.Bean (Freeport)\nPioneer Telephone (Portland)\nRenys (Newcastle)\nSimons Architects (Portland)\nSmokey's Greater Shows (Fryeburg)","title":"Maine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Freaky Bean Coffee Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Freaky_Bean_Coffee_Company"},{"link_name":"TD Banknorth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TD_Banknorth"}],"sub_title":"Former","text":"The Freaky Bean Coffee Company\nTD Banknorth","title":"Maine"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Maryland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Balducci's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balducci%27s"},{"link_name":"Germantown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germantown,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Black+Decker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black%2BDecker"},{"link_name":"Towson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Towson,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Centrus Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrus_Energy"},{"link_name":"Bethesda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethesda,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Choice Hotels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choice_Hotels"},{"link_name":"Rockville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockville,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Constellation Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation_Energy"},{"link_name":"Baltimore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore"},{"link_name":"GEICO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GEICO"},{"link_name":"Chevy Chase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevy_Chase,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Giant Food","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_Food_(Landover)"},{"link_name":"Landover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landover,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"GlobalStem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GlobalStem"},{"link_name":"Gaithersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaithersburg,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Goodwill Industries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodwill_Industries"},{"link_name":"Derwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derwood,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Herman Born & Sons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Born_%26_Sons"},{"link_name":"Baltimore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore"},{"link_name":"Host Hotels & Resorts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Host_Hotels_%26_Resorts"},{"link_name":"Bethesda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethesda,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Jerry's Subs & Pizza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry%27s_Subs_%26_Pizza"},{"link_name":"Gaithersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaithersburg,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Ledo Pizza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ledo_Pizza"},{"link_name":"Annapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annapolis,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Lockheed Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_Martin"},{"link_name":"Bethesda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethesda,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Marriott International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriott_International"},{"link_name":"Bethesda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethesda,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"McCormick & Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCormick_%26_Company"},{"link_name":"Hunt Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunt_Valley,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Perdue Farms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perdue_Farms"},{"link_name":"Salisbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salisbury,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Piedmont Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piedmont_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Salisbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salisbury,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"PRS Guitars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRS_Guitars"},{"link_name":"Stevensville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevensville,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Roy Rogers Restaurants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Rogers_Restaurants"},{"link_name":"Frederick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Shoppers Food & Pharmacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoppers_Food_%26_Pharmacy"},{"link_name":"Bowie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowie,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"STX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STX_(sports_manufacturer)"},{"link_name":"Baltimore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore"},{"link_name":"Sylvan Learning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvan_Learning"},{"link_name":"Baltimore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore"},{"link_name":"T. Rowe Price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._Rowe_Price"},{"link_name":"Baltimore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore"},{"link_name":"Transamerica Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transamerica_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Baltimore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore"},{"link_name":"Trophogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trophogen"},{"link_name":"Rockville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockville,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Under Armour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Under_Armour"},{"link_name":"Baltimore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore"},{"link_name":"Urban One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_One"},{"link_name":"Silver Spring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Spring,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"W. R. Grace and Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._R._Grace_and_Company"},{"link_name":"Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Westat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westat"},{"link_name":"Rockville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockville,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Xometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xometry"},{"link_name":"North Bethesda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Bethesda,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"ZeniMax Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZeniMax_Media"},{"link_name":"Rockville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockville,_Maryland"}],"sub_title":"Current","text":"Balducci's (Germantown)\nBlack+Decker (Towson)\nCentrus Energy (Bethesda)\nChoice Hotels (Rockville)\nConstellation Energy (Baltimore)\nGEICO (Chevy Chase)\nGiant Food (Landover)\nGlobalStem (Gaithersburg)\nGoodwill Industries (Derwood)\nHerman Born & Sons (Baltimore)\nHost Hotels & Resorts (Bethesda\nJerry's Subs & Pizza (Gaithersburg)\nLedo Pizza (Annapolis)\nLockheed Martin (Bethesda)\nMarriott International (Bethesda)\nMcCormick & Company (Hunt Valley)\nPerdue Farms (Salisbury)\nPiedmont Airlines (Salisbury)\nPRS Guitars (Stevensville)\nRoy Rogers Restaurants (Frederick)\nShoppers Food & Pharmacy (Bowie)\nSTX (Baltimore)\nSylvan Learning (Baltimore)\nT. Rowe Price (Baltimore)\nTransamerica Corporation (Baltimore)\nTrophogen (Rockville)\nUnder Armour (Baltimore)\nUrban One (Silver Spring)\nW. R. Grace and Company (Columbia)\nWestat (Rockville)\nXometry (North Bethesda)\nZeniMax Media (Rockville)","title":"Maryland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BlueHippo Funding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BlueHippo_Funding"},{"link_name":"Coventry Health Care","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coventry_Health_Care"},{"link_name":"Legg Mason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legg_Mason"},{"link_name":"Mars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_(supermarket)"},{"link_name":"MedImmune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MedImmune"}],"sub_title":"Former","text":"BlueHippo Funding\nCoventry Health Care\nLegg Mason\nMars (supermarket)\nMedImmune","title":"Maryland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Massachusetts companies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Massachusetts_companies"}],"text":"For a more comprehensive list, see List of Massachusetts companies.","title":"Massachusetts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Michigan companies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Michigan_companies"}],"text":"For a more comprehensive list, see List of Michigan companies.","title":"Michigan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Minnesota companies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Minnesota_companies"}],"text":"For a more comprehensive list, see List of Minnesota companies.","title":"Minnesota"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Mississippi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ablitech, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ablitech,_Inc."},{"link_name":"Hattiesburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hattiesburg,_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"Ballet Magnificat!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballet_Magnificat!"},{"link_name":"Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson,_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"Bumpers Drive-In","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumpers_Drive-In"},{"link_name":"Brookhaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookhaven,_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"Ergon, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergon,_Inc."},{"link_name":"Flowood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowood,_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"Keesler Federal Credit Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keesler_Federal_Credit_Union"},{"link_name":"Biloxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biloxi,_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"MidSouth Rail Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MidSouth_Rail_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson,_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"Mississippi Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_Power"},{"link_name":"Gulfport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulfport,_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"Mossy Oak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mossy_Oak"},{"link_name":"West Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Point,_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"Peavey Electronics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peavey_Electronics"},{"link_name":"Meridian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meridian,_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"Sanderson Farms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanderson_Farms"},{"link_name":"Laurel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurel,_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"Viking Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_Range"},{"link_name":"Greenwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwood,_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"Ward's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ward%27s_(restaurant)"},{"link_name":"Hattiesburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hattiesburg,_Mississippi"}],"sub_title":"Current","text":"Ablitech, Inc. (Hattiesburg)\nBallet Magnificat! (Jackson)\nBumpers Drive-In (Brookhaven)\nErgon, Inc. (Flowood)\nKeesler Federal Credit Union (Biloxi)\nMidSouth Rail Corporation (Jackson)\nMississippi Power (Gulfport)\nMossy Oak (West Point)\nPeavey Electronics (Meridian)\nSanderson Farms (Laurel)\nViking Range (Greenwood)\nWard's (Hattiesburg)","title":"Mississippi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fred's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred%27s"}],"sub_title":"Former","text":"Fred's","title":"Mississippi"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Missouri"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ameren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameren"},{"link_name":"St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis"},{"link_name":"Andy's Frozen Custard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy%27s_Frozen_Custard"},{"link_name":"Springfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Anheuser-Busch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anheuser-Busch"},{"link_name":"St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis"},{"link_name":"Arch Resources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arch_Resources"},{"link_name":"St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis"},{"link_name":"B&B Theatres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%26B_Theatres"},{"link_name":"Liberty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Baron Aviation Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Aviation_Services"},{"link_name":"Vichy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichy,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Bass Pro Shops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_Pro_Shops"},{"link_name":"Springfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Caleres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caleres"},{"link_name":"Clayton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayton,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Centene Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centene_Corporation"},{"link_name":"St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis"},{"link_name":"Columbia Insurance Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Insurance_Group"},{"link_name":"Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Commerce Bancshares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commerce_Bancshares"},{"link_name":"Kansas City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Dierbergs Markets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dierbergs_Markets"},{"link_name":"Chesterfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesterfield,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Drury Hotels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drury_Hotels"},{"link_name":"Creve Coeur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creve_Coeur,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Edward Jones Investments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Jones_Investments"},{"link_name":"St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis"},{"link_name":"Emerson Electric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerson_Electric"},{"link_name":"Ferguson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferguson,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Energizer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energizer"},{"link_name":"Town and Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_and_Country,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Enterprise Rent-A-Car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_Rent-A-Car"},{"link_name":"Clayton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayton,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Express Scripts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Express_Scripts"},{"link_name":"St. Louis County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_County,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Ferrellgas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrellgas"},{"link_name":"Liberty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"GoJet Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GoJet_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Bridgeton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgeton,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Graybar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graybar"},{"link_name":"Clayton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayton,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"H&R Block","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%26R_Block"},{"link_name":"Kansas City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Hallmark Cards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallmark_Cards"},{"link_name":"Kansas City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Helzberg Diamonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helzberg_Diamonds"},{"link_name":"North Kansas City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Kansas_City,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Kansas City Life Insurance Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City_Life_Insurance_Company"},{"link_name":"Kansas City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Leggett & Platt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leggett_%26_Platt"},{"link_name":"Carthage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carthage,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Mayflower Transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayflower_Transit"},{"link_name":"Fenton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenton,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Metropark Communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropark_Communications"},{"link_name":"St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis"},{"link_name":"MFA Oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MFA_Oil"},{"link_name":"Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Missouri Employers Mutual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_Employers_Mutual"},{"link_name":"Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Olin Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olin_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Clayton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayton,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Oracle Cerner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Cerner"},{"link_name":"Kansas City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"O'Reilly Auto Parts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27Reilly_Auto_Parts"},{"link_name":"Springfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Orscheln Farm & Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orscheln_Farm_%26_Home"},{"link_name":"Moberly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moberly,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Panera Bread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panera_Bread"},{"link_name":"Fenton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenton,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Peabody Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peabody_Energy"},{"link_name":"St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis"},{"link_name":"Populous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populous_(company)"},{"link_name":"Kansas City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Rawlings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawlings_(company)"},{"link_name":"St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis"},{"link_name":"Russell Stover Candies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Stover_Candies"},{"link_name":"Kansas City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Save-A-Lot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Save-A-Lot"},{"link_name":"St. Ann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Ann,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Schnucks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schnucks"},{"link_name":"St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis"},{"link_name":"Shelter Insurance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelter_Insurance"},{"link_name":"Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"United Van Lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Van_Lines"},{"link_name":"Fenton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenton,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Winstead's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winstead%27s"},{"link_name":"Kansas City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri"}],"sub_title":"Current","text":"Ameren (St. Louis)\nAndy's Frozen Custard (Springfield)\nAnheuser-Busch (St. Louis)\nArch Resources (St. Louis)\nB&B Theatres (Liberty)\nBaron Aviation Services (Vichy)\nBass Pro Shops (Springfield)\nCaleres (Clayton)\nCentene Corporation (St. Louis)\nColumbia Insurance Group (Columbia)\nCommerce Bancshares (Kansas City)\nDierbergs Markets (Chesterfield)\nDrury Hotels (Creve Coeur)\nEdward Jones Investments (St. Louis)\nEmerson Electric (Ferguson)\nEnergizer (Town and Country)\nEnterprise Rent-A-Car (Clayton)\nExpress Scripts (St. Louis County)\nFerrellgas (Liberty)\nGoJet Airlines (Bridgeton)\nGraybar (Clayton)\nH&R Block (Kansas City)\nHallmark Cards (Kansas City)\nHelzberg Diamonds (North Kansas City)\nKansas City Life Insurance Company (Kansas City)\nLeggett & Platt (Carthage)\nMayflower Transit (Fenton)\nMetropark Communications (St. Louis)\nMFA Oil (Columbia)\nMissouri Employers Mutual (Columbia)\nOlin Corporation (Clayton)\nOracle Cerner (Kansas City)\nO'Reilly Auto Parts (Springfield)\nOrscheln Farm & Home (Moberly)\nPanera Bread (Fenton)\nPeabody Energy (St. Louis)\nPopulous (Kansas City)\nRawlings (St. Louis)\nRussell Stover Candies (Kansas City)\nSave-A-Lot (St. Ann)\nSchnucks (St. Louis)\nShelter Insurance (Columbia)\nUnited Van Lines (Fenton)\nWinstead's (Kansas City)","title":"Missouri"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A. G. Edwards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._G._Edwards"},{"link_name":"Adam's Mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam%27s_Mark"},{"link_name":"Aquila, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquila,_Inc."},{"link_name":"Farmland Industries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmland_Industries"},{"link_name":"Great Plains Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Plains_Energy"},{"link_name":"International Hat Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Hat_Company"},{"link_name":"Interstate Bakeries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_Bakeries"},{"link_name":"Kansas City Southern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City_Southern_(company)"},{"link_name":"McCabe-Powers Body Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCabe-Powers_Body_Company"},{"link_name":"Monsanto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsanto"},{"link_name":"Ralston Purina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralston_Purina"},{"link_name":"Shop 'n Save","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shop_%27n_Save"},{"link_name":"Smithfield Hog Production Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithfield_Hog_Production_Division"},{"link_name":"Solutia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solutia"},{"link_name":"Suddenlink Communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suddenlink_Communications"},{"link_name":"Trans States Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans_States_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Wehrenberg Theatres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrenberg_Theatres"}],"sub_title":"Former","text":"A. G. Edwards\nAdam's Mark\nAquila, Inc.\nFarmland Industries\nGreat Plains Energy\nInternational Hat Company\nInterstate Bakeries\nKansas City Southern\nMcCabe-Powers Body Company\nMonsanto\nRalston Purina\nShop 'n Save\nSmithfield Hog Production Division\nSolutia\nSuddenlink Communications\nTrans States Airlines\nWehrenberg Theatres","title":"Missouri"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Montana"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Big Sky Brewing Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Sky_Brewing_Company"},{"link_name":"Missoula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missoula,_Montana"},{"link_name":"Bridger Aerospace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridger_Aerospace"},{"link_name":"Belgrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade,_Montana"},{"link_name":"Conlin's Furniture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conlin%27s_Furniture"},{"link_name":"Billings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billings,_Montana"},{"link_name":"Corporate Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_Air"},{"link_name":"Billings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billings,_Montana"},{"link_name":"First Interstate BancSystem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Interstate_BancSystem"},{"link_name":"Billings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billings,_Montana"},{"link_name":"KOA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KOA"},{"link_name":"Billings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billings,_Montana"},{"link_name":"Merlin Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merlin_Airways"},{"link_name":"Billings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billings,_Montana"},{"link_name":"RightNow Technologies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RightNow_Technologies"},{"link_name":"Bozeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bozeman,_Montana"},{"link_name":"Shiloh Rifle Manufacturing Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiloh_Rifle_Manufacturing_Company"},{"link_name":"Big Timber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Timber,_Montana"},{"link_name":"Town Pump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_Pump"},{"link_name":"Butte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butte,_Montana"}],"sub_title":"Current","text":"Big Sky Brewing Company (Missoula)\nBridger Aerospace (Belgrade)\nConlin's Furniture (Billings)\nCorporate Air (Billings)\nFirst Interstate BancSystem (Billings)\nKOA (Billings)\nMerlin Airways (Billings)\nRightNow Technologies (Bozeman)\nShiloh Rifle Manufacturing Company (Big Timber)\nTown Pump (Butte)","title":"Montana"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Big Sky Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Sky_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Semitool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semitool"}],"sub_title":"Former","text":"Big Sky Airlines\nSemitool","title":"Montana"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Nebraska"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Berkshire Hathaway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkshire_Hathaway"},{"link_name":"Omaha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omaha,_Nebraska"},{"link_name":"Buckle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckle_(clothing_retailer)"},{"link_name":"Kearney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kearney,_Nebraska"},{"link_name":"Cabela's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabela%27s"},{"link_name":"Sidney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney,_Nebraska"},{"link_name":"First National Bank of Omaha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_National_Bank_of_Omaha"},{"link_name":"Omaha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omaha,_Nebraska"},{"link_name":"Fort Western Stores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Western_Stores"},{"link_name":"Nebraska City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebraska_City,_Nebraska"},{"link_name":"Godfather's Pizza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godfather%27s_Pizza"},{"link_name":"Omaha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omaha,_Nebraska"},{"link_name":"Gorat's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorat%27s"},{"link_name":"Omaha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omaha,_Nebraska"},{"link_name":"HobbyTown USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HobbyTown_USA"},{"link_name":"Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln,_Nebraska"},{"link_name":"Intrado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrado"},{"link_name":"Omaha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omaha,_Nebraska"},{"link_name":"Kiewit Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiewit_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Omaha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omaha,_Nebraska"},{"link_name":"Mutual of Omaha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual_of_Omaha"},{"link_name":"Omaha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omaha,_Nebraska"},{"link_name":"Nelnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelnet"},{"link_name":"Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln,_Nebraska"},{"link_name":"Omaha Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omaha_Star"},{"link_name":"Omaha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omaha,_Nebraska"},{"link_name":"Omaha Steaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omaha_Steaks"},{"link_name":"Omaha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omaha,_Nebraska"},{"link_name":"Union Pacific Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Pacific_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Omaha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omaha,_Nebraska"},{"link_name":"Werner Enterprises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Enterprises"},{"link_name":"Omaha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omaha,_Nebraska"}],"sub_title":"Current","text":"Berkshire Hathaway (Omaha)\nBuckle (Kearney)\nCabela's (Sidney)\nFirst National Bank of Omaha (Omaha)\nFort Western Stores (Nebraska City)\nGodfather's Pizza (Omaha)\nGorat's (Omaha)\nHobbyTown USA (Lincoln)\nIntrado (Omaha)\nKiewit Corporation (Omaha)\nMutual of Omaha (Omaha)\nNelnet (Lincoln)\nOmaha Star (Omaha)\nOmaha Steaks (Omaha)\nUnion Pacific Railroad (Omaha)\nWerner Enterprises (Omaha)","title":"Nebraska"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Affiliated Foods Midwest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affiliated_Foods_Midwest"},{"link_name":"Douglas Theatre Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Theatre_Company"},{"link_name":"Gordmans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordmans"},{"link_name":"Mister C's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mister_C%27s"}],"sub_title":"Former","text":"Affiliated Foods Midwest\nDouglas Theatre Company\nGordmans\nMister C's","title":"Nebraska"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Allegiant Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegiant_Air"},{"link_name":"Summerlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summerlin,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"Bally Technologies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bally_Technologies"},{"link_name":"Enterprise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"Boyd Gaming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyd_Gaming"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas"},{"link_name":"Bushmaster Firearms International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushmaster_Firearms_International"},{"link_name":"Carson City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carson_City,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"Caesars Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesars_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Reno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reno,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"Diamond Resorts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_Resorts"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas"},{"link_name":"Everi Holdings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everi_Holdings"},{"link_name":"Spring Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_Valley,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"Grand Canyon Scenic Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Canyon_Scenic_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Paradise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradise,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas Sands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Sands"},{"link_name":"Paradise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradise,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"MGM Resorts International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGM_Resorts_International"},{"link_name":"Paradise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradise,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"NV Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NV_Energy"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas"},{"link_name":"Port of Subs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Subs"},{"link_name":"Reno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reno,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"Primaris Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primaris_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Enterprise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"Scolari's Food and Drug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scolari%27s_Food_and_Drug"},{"link_name":"Sparks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparks,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"Shelby American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelby_American"},{"link_name":"Enterprise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"Sierra Nevada Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Sparks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparks,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"Southwest Gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_Gas"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas"},{"link_name":"Station Casinos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Station_Casinos"},{"link_name":"Summerlin South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summerlin_South,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"Terrible Herbst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrible_Herbst"},{"link_name":"Paradise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradise,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"Wynn Resorts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wynn_Resorts"},{"link_name":"Paradise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradise,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"Zappos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zappos"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas"}],"text":"Allegiant Air (Summerlin)\nBally Technologies (Enterprise)\nBoyd Gaming (Las Vegas)\nBushmaster Firearms International (Carson City)\nCaesars Entertainment (Reno)\nDiamond Resorts (Las Vegas)\nEveri Holdings (Spring Valley)\nGrand Canyon Scenic Airlines (Paradise)\nLas Vegas Sands (Paradise)\nMGM Resorts International (Paradise)\nNV Energy (Las Vegas)\nPort of Subs (Reno)\nPrimaris Airlines (Enterprise)\nScolari's Food and Drug (Sparks)\nShelby American (Enterprise)\nSierra Nevada Corporation (Sparks)\nSouthwest Gas (Las Vegas)\nStation Casinos (Summerlin South)\nTerrible Herbst (Paradise)\nWynn Resorts (Paradise)\nZappos (Las Vegas)","title":"Nevada"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nevada Power Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevada_Power_Company"}],"sub_title":"Former","text":"Nevada Power Company","title":"Nevada"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"New Hampshire"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brookstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookstone"},{"link_name":"Merrimack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merrimack,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"C&S Wholesale Grocers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%26S_Wholesale_Grocers"},{"link_name":"Keene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keene,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Cole Haan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cole_Haan"},{"link_name":"Greenland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenland,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"DEKA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DEKA_(company)"},{"link_name":"Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"PC Connection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Connection"},{"link_name":"Merrimack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merrimack,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"State Line Tack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Line_Tack"},{"link_name":"Plaistow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaistow,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Timberland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timberland_(company)"},{"link_name":"Stratham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratham,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Wiggins Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiggins_Airways"},{"link_name":"Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester,_New_Hampshire"}],"sub_title":"Current","text":"Brookstone (Merrimack)\nC&S Wholesale Grocers (Keene)\nCole Haan (Greenland)\nDEKA (Manchester)\nPC Connection (Merrimack)\nState Line Tack (Plaistow)\nTimberland (Stratham)\nWiggins Airways (Manchester)","title":"New Hampshire"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boston-Maine Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston-Maine_Airways"}],"sub_title":"Former","text":"Boston-Maine Airways","title":"New Hampshire"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Standard Companies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Standard_Companies"},{"link_name":"Automatic Data Processing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_Data_Processing"},{"link_name":"Avaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avaya"},{"link_name":"Avis Budget Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avis_Budget_Group"},{"link_name":"B&G Foods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%26G_Foods"},{"link_name":"Becton Dickinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Becton_Dickinson"},{"link_name":"Bed Bath & Beyond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bed_Bath_%26_Beyond_Inc."},{"link_name":"Benjamin Moore & Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Moore_%26_Co."},{"link_name":"Bradco Supply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradco_Supply"},{"link_name":"Burlington Coat Factory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burlington_Coat_Factory"},{"link_name":"Campbell Soup Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campbell_Soup_Company"},{"link_name":"Catalent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalent"},{"link_name":"Ce De Candy, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ce_De_Candy,_Inc."},{"link_name":"Celgene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celgene"},{"link_name":"Century 21 Real Estate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Century_21_Real_Estate"},{"link_name":"The Children's Place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Children%27s_Place"},{"link_name":"Chubb Corp.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chubb_Corp."},{"link_name":"Church and Dwight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_and_Dwight"},{"link_name":"Coach USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coach_USA"},{"link_name":"Commerce Bancorp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commerce_Bancorp"},{"link_name":"Comodo Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comodo_Group"},{"link_name":"Cooper Chemical Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooper_Chemical_Company"},{"link_name":"Curtiss-Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtiss-Wright"},{"link_name":"Cytec Industries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytec_Industries"},{"link_name":"DRS Technologies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DRS_Technologies"},{"link_name":"Emerson Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerson_Radio"},{"link_name":"Foodtown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foodtown_(USA)"},{"link_name":"Foster Wheeler Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foster_Wheeler_Corporation"},{"link_name":"The Great Atlantic and Pacific Tea Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Atlantic_and_Pacific_Tea_Company"},{"link_name":"Farmer Jack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmer_Jack"},{"link_name":"Food Basics USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_Basics_USA"},{"link_name":"The Food Emporium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Food_Emporium"},{"link_name":"Sav-A-Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sav-A-Center"},{"link_name":"Super Fresh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Fresh"},{"link_name":"Waldbaum's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldbaum%27s"},{"link_name":"H. H. Gregg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._H._Gregg"},{"link_name":"Hartz Mountain Industries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartz_Mountain_Industries"},{"link_name":"The Hertz Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hertz_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Hovnanian Enterprises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hovnanian_Enterprises"},{"link_name":"Hudson City Bancorp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_City_Bancorp"},{"link_name":"IDT Corp.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IDT_Corp."},{"link_name":"Ingersoll Rand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingersoll_Rand"},{"link_name":"Jackson Hewitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_Hewitt"},{"link_name":"Jersey Mike's Subs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey_Mike%27s_Subs"},{"link_name":"Johnson & Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_%26_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Kenvue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenvue"},{"link_name":"Liberty Travel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_Travel"},{"link_name":"Linens 'n Things","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linens_%27n_Things"},{"link_name":"Louis Berger Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Berger_Group"},{"link_name":"Maidenform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maidenform"},{"link_name":"Medarex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medarex"},{"link_name":"Medco Health Solutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medco_Health_Solutions"},{"link_name":"Merck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merck_%26_Co."},{"link_name":"MTBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTBC"},{"link_name":"New England Motor Freight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Motor_Freight"},{"link_name":"New Jersey Resources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Resources"},{"link_name":"Pathmark Stores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathmark_Stores"},{"link_name":"Peterson's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peterson%27s"},{"link_name":"Pinnacle Foods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinnacle_Foods"},{"link_name":"PNY Technologies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PNY_Technologies"},{"link_name":"Prince Sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Sports"},{"link_name":"Prudential Financial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prudential_Financial"},{"link_name":"Public Service Electric and Gas Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Service_Electric_and_Gas_Company"},{"link_name":"R. R. Bowker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._R._Bowker"},{"link_name":"RCI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCI_(company)"},{"link_name":"Realogy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realogy"},{"link_name":"Reckitt Benckiser North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reckitt_Benckiser"},{"link_name":"Schering-Plough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schering-Plough"},{"link_name":"Sealed Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sealed_Air"},{"link_name":"Sixth Avenue Electronics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixth_Avenue_Electronics"},{"link_name":"Spencer's Gifts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spencer%27s_Gifts"},{"link_name":"TD Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TD_Bank_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Toys \"R\" Us","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toys_%22R%22_Us"},{"link_name":"Unigene Laboratories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unigene_Laboratories"},{"link_name":"Valley National Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_National_Bank"},{"link_name":"VoicePulse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VoicePulse"},{"link_name":"Vonage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vonage"},{"link_name":"Wakefern Food Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakefern_Food_Corporation"},{"link_name":"ShopRite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ShopRite_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Inserra Supermarkets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inserra_Supermarkets"},{"link_name":"Weeks Marine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weeks_Marine"},{"link_name":"Wyeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyeth"},{"link_name":"Wyndham Worldwide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyndham_Worldwide"}],"text":"American Standard Companies\nAutomatic Data Processing\nAvaya\nAvis Budget Group\nB&G Foods\nBecton Dickinson\nBed Bath & Beyond\nBenjamin Moore & Co.\nBradco Supply\nBurlington Coat Factory\nCampbell Soup Company\nCatalent\nCe De Candy, Inc.\nCelgene\nCentury 21 Real Estate\nThe Children's Place\nChubb Corp.\nChurch and Dwight\nCoach USA\nCommerce Bancorp\nComodo Group\nCooper Chemical Company\nCurtiss-Wright\nCytec Industries\nDRS Technologies\nEmerson Radio\nFoodtown\nFoster Wheeler Corporation\nThe Great Atlantic and Pacific Tea Company (Farmer Jack, Food Basics USA, The Food Emporium, Sav-A-Center, Super Fresh, Waldbaum's)\nH. H. Gregg\nHartz Mountain Industries\nThe Hertz Corporation\nHovnanian Enterprises\nHudson City Bancorp\nIDT Corp.\nIngersoll Rand - operational headquarters\nJackson Hewitt\nJersey Mike's Subs\nJohnson & Johnson\nKenvue\nLiberty Travel\nLinens 'n Things\nLouis Berger Group\nMaidenform\nMedarex\nMedco Health Solutions\nMerck\nMTBC\nNew England Motor Freight\nNew Jersey Resources\nPathmark Stores\nPeterson's\nPinnacle Foods\nPNY Technologies\nPrince Sports\nPrudential Financial\nPublic Service Electric and Gas Company\nR. R. Bowker\nRCI\nRealogy\nReckitt Benckiser North America\nSchering-Plough\nSealed Air\nSixth Avenue Electronics\nSpencer's Gifts\nTD Bank\nToys \"R\" Us\nUnigene Laboratories\nValley National Bank\nVoicePulse\nVonage\nWakefern Food Corporation/ShopRite (Inserra Supermarkets)\nWeeks Marine\nWyeth\nWyndham Worldwide","title":"New Jersey"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"New Mexico"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Blake's Lotaburger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blake%27s_Lotaburger"},{"link_name":"Albuquerque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albuquerque,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Deep Web Technologies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Web_Technologies"},{"link_name":"Santa Fe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Fe,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Laguna Development Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laguna_Pueblo#Economy"},{"link_name":"Albuquerque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albuquerque,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"PNM Resources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PNM_Resources"},{"link_name":"Albuquerque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albuquerque,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Summit Electric Supply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summit_Electric_Supply"},{"link_name":"Albuquerque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albuquerque,_New_Mexico"}],"sub_title":"Current","text":"Blake's Lotaburger (Albuquerque)\nDeep Web Technologies (Santa Fe)\nLaguna Development Corporation (Albuquerque)\nPNM Resources (Albuquerque)\nSummit Electric Supply (Albuquerque)","title":"New Mexico"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eclipse Aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclipse_Aviation"},{"link_name":"New Mexico Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Prediction Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prediction_Company"},{"link_name":"Thornburg Mortgage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thornburg_Mortgage"}],"sub_title":"Former","text":"Eclipse Aviation\nNew Mexico Airlines\nPrediction Company\nThornburg Mortgage","title":"New Mexico"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of New York companies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_New_York_companies"}],"text":"For a more comprehensive list, see List of New York companies.","title":"New York"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of companies in Charlotte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_companies_in_Charlotte"},{"link_name":"3C Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3C_Institute"},{"link_name":"ACN Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACN_Inc."},{"link_name":"Advance Auto Parts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advance_Auto_Parts"},{"link_name":"Albemarle Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albemarle_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Alex Lee Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Lee_Inc."},{"link_name":"AM Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AM_Racing"},{"link_name":"American Spirit Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Spirit_Media"},{"link_name":"American Tire Distributors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Tire_Distributors"},{"link_name":"Atrium Health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrium_Health"},{"link_name":"Baen Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baen_Books"},{"link_name":"Bahakel Communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahakel_Communications"},{"link_name":"Bandwidth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandwidth_(company)"},{"link_name":"Bank of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_America"},{"link_name":"Belk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belk"},{"link_name":"Bernhardt Design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhardt_Design"},{"link_name":"The Biltmore Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Biltmore_Company"},{"link_name":"Biltmore Farms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biltmore_Farms"},{"link_name":"BioCryst Pharmaceuticals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BioCryst_Pharmaceuticals"},{"link_name":"Biscuitville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biscuitville"},{"link_name":"Bojangles' Famous Chicken 'n Biscuits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bojangles%27_Famous_Chicken_%27n_Biscuits"},{"link_name":"BonWorth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BonWorth"},{"link_name":"Boone Drug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boone_Drug"},{"link_name":"Brighthouse Financial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighthouse_Financial"},{"link_name":"Burt's Bees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burt%27s_Bees"},{"link_name":"Butterball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterball"},{"link_name":"Capitol Broadcasting Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitol_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"CaptiveAire Systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CaptiveAire_Systems"},{"link_name":"Carlie C's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlie_C%27s"},{"link_name":"Carolina Academic Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolina_Academic_Press"},{"link_name":"Cheerwine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheerwine"},{"link_name":"Carolina Biological Supply Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolina_Biological_Supply_Company"},{"link_name":"Carolina Foods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolina_Foods"},{"link_name":"Carquest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carquest"},{"link_name":"Carr Amplifiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carr_Amplifiers"},{"link_name":"Cary Audio Design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cary_Audio_Design"},{"link_name":"Cato Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cato_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Cedar Fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedar_Fair"},{"link_name":"CenterEdge Software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CenterEdge_Software"},{"link_name":"Champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champion_(sportswear)"},{"link_name":"ChannelAdvisor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChannelAdvisor"},{"link_name":"Charles & Colvard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_%26_Colvard"},{"link_name":"Coastal Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_Studios"},{"link_name":"Coca-Cola Bottling Co. Consolidated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coca-Cola_Bottling_Co._Consolidated"},{"link_name":"Collins Aerospace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collins_Aerospace"},{"link_name":"Columbia Forest Products","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Forest_Products"},{"link_name":"CommScope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CommScope"},{"link_name":"Consonus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consonus"},{"link_name":"Cook Out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cook_Out_(restaurant)"},{"link_name":"Crescent Communities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crescent_Communities"},{"link_name":"Crowder Construction Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowder_Construction_Company"},{"link_name":"Curtis Media Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtis_Media_Group"},{"link_name":"Curtiss-Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtiss-Wright"},{"link_name":"D.H. Griffin Companies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D.H._Griffin_Companies"},{"link_name":"Deere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deere_%26_Company"},{"link_name":"Hitachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitachi,_Ltd."},{"link_name":"Deltec Homes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deltec_Homes"},{"link_name":"Dentsply Sirona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentsply_Sirona"},{"link_name":"Dole plc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dole_plc"},{"link_name":"Duke Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_Energy"},{"link_name":"Earth Fare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_Fare"},{"link_name":"Enpro Industries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enpro_Industries"},{"link_name":"Environmental Performance Vehicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_Performance_Vehicles"},{"link_name":"Epic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_Games"},{"link_name":"ESPNU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPNU"},{"link_name":"Extended Stay America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_Stay_America"},{"link_name":"Family Dollar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_Dollar"},{"link_name":"Firefly Balloons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firefly_Balloons"},{"link_name":"First Bancorp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Bancorp"},{"link_name":"First Citizens BancShares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Citizens_BancShares"},{"link_name":"Food Lion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_Lion"},{"link_name":"The Fresh Market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fresh_Market"},{"link_name":"Front Row Motorsports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_Row_Motorsports"},{"link_name":"Furnitureland South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furnitureland_South"},{"link_name":"Fusion3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusion3"},{"link_name":"Fuzzy Logix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzzy_Logix"},{"link_name":"G1 Therapeutics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G1_Therapeutics"},{"link_name":"Geoff Bodine Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoff_Bodine_Racing"},{"link_name":"Ginn Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginn_Racing"},{"link_name":"Glen Raven, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen_Raven,_Inc."},{"link_name":"Golden Corral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Corral"},{"link_name":"Graco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graco_(baby_products)"},{"link_name":"Graphik Dimensions, Ltd.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Graphik_Dimensions,_Ltd.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Growler Manufacturing and Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growler_Manufacturing_and_Engineering"},{"link_name":"Haas F1 Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haas_F1_Team"},{"link_name":"Hanesbrands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanesbrands"},{"link_name":"Harris Teeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harris_Teeter"},{"link_name":"HDG International Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDG_International_Group"},{"link_name":"Hendrick Motorsports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrick_Motorsports"},{"link_name":"HomeTrust Bancshares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HomeTrust_Bancshares"},{"link_name":"Honda Aero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda_Aero"},{"link_name":"Honda Aircraft Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda_Aircraft_Company"},{"link_name":"Honeywell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeywell"},{"link_name":"HSM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSM_(company)"},{"link_name":"Hwy 55 Burgers Shakes & Fries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hwy_55_Burgers_Shakes_%26_Fries"},{"link_name":"The Iconfactory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Iconfactory"},{"link_name":"Ingersoll Rand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingersoll_Rand"},{"link_name":"Ingles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingles"},{"link_name":"IntelliScanner Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IntelliScanner_Corporation"},{"link_name":"ITG Brands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITG_Brands"},{"link_name":"Jaggaer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaggaer"},{"link_name":"Jeld-Wen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeld-Wen"},{"link_name":"Jennifer Jo Cobb Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Jo_Cobb_Racing"},{"link_name":"Jerry's Artarama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry%27s_Artarama"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Means Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Means_Racing"},{"link_name":"Joe Gibbs Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Gibbs_Racing"},{"link_name":"JR Motorsports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JR_Motorsports"},{"link_name":"JTG Daugherty Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JTG_Daugherty_Racing"},{"link_name":"K&W Cafeterias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%26W_Cafeterias"},{"link_name":"Kayser-Roth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayser-Roth"},{"link_name":"Kidde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidde"},{"link_name":"Kontoor Brands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontoor_Brands"},{"link_name":"Koury Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koury_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Krispy Kreme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krispy_Kreme"},{"link_name":"LabCorp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LabCorp"},{"link_name":"Lance Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lance_Inc."},{"link_name":"LendingTree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LendingTree"},{"link_name":"Lichty Guitars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichty_Guitars"},{"link_name":"Liggett Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liggett_Group"},{"link_name":"Limited Run Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited_Run_Games"},{"link_name":"Little Diversified Architectural Consulting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Diversified_Architectural_Consulting"},{"link_name":"Live Oak Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_Oak_Bank"},{"link_name":"Lenovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenovo"},{"link_name":"Locus Biosciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locus_Biosciences"},{"link_name":"Lolly Wolly Doodle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lolly_Wolly_Doodle"},{"link_name":"Lord Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Lowe's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowe%27s"},{"link_name":"Lowes Foods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowes_Foods"},{"link_name":"Ludwig Drums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Drums"},{"link_name":"MAACO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAACO"},{"link_name":"Mack Trucks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mack_Trucks"},{"link_name":"Martin Marietta Materials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Marietta_Materials"},{"link_name":"McFarland & Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company"},{"link_name":"McKinney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McKinney_(advertising_agency)"},{"link_name":"Mechanics and Farmers Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanics_and_Farmers_Bank"},{"link_name":"Meineke Car Care Centers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meineke_Car_Care_Centers"},{"link_name":"Melon Bicycles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melon_Bicycles"},{"link_name":"Merge Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merge_Records"},{"link_name":"Microsoft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft"},{"link_name":"Microtech Knives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microtech_Knives"},{"link_name":"Mistral Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mistral_Group"},{"link_name":"Moog Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moog_Music"},{"link_name":"MotorAve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MotorAve"},{"link_name":"Mt. Olive Pickle Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mt._Olive_Pickle_Company"},{"link_name":"Mountain Air Cargo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_Air_Cargo"},{"link_name":"Nantahala Outdoor Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nantahala_Outdoor_Center"},{"link_name":"NASCAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASCAR"},{"link_name":"Nascent Republic Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nascent_Republic_Records"},{"link_name":"National Gypsum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Gypsum"},{"link_name":"Nautilus Productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nautilus_Productions"},{"link_name":"nCino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCino"},{"link_name":"NEMCO Motorsports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEMCO_Motorsports"},{"link_name":"North Carolina Mutual Life Insurance Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_Mutual_Life_Insurance_Company"},{"link_name":"Novant Health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novant_Health"},{"link_name":"Nucor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucor"},{"link_name":"Odell Associates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odell_Associates"},{"link_name":"Old Dominion Freight Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Dominion_Freight_Line"},{"link_name":"Pamlico Capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamlico_Capital"},{"link_name":"The Pantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pantry"},{"link_name":"Cary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cary,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Petty GMS Motorsports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GMS_Racing"},{"link_name":"Piedmont Natural Gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piedmont_Natural_Gas"},{"link_name":"Plant Delights Nursery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_Delights_Nursery"},{"link_name":"PrecisionHawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PrecisionHawk"},{"link_name":"PredictifyMe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PredictifyMe"},{"link_name":"Premier, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier,_Inc."},{"link_name":"Progress Energy Inc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progress_Energy_Inc"},{"link_name":"Purolator Filters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purolator_Filters"},{"link_name":"Putt-Putt Fun Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putt-Putt_Fun_Center"},{"link_name":"Qorvo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qorvo"},{"link_name":"Rack Room Shoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rack_Room_Shoes"},{"link_name":"Red Hat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Hat"},{"link_name":"Red Oak Brewery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Oak_Brewery"},{"link_name":"Red Storm Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Storm_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Redeye Distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redeye_Distribution"},{"link_name":"Reeds Jewelers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reeds_Jewelers"},{"link_name":"Replacements, Ltd.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replacements,_Ltd."},{"link_name":"Reynolds American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reynolds_American"},{"link_name":"RFK Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RFK_Racing"},{"link_name":"Rick Ware Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Ware_Racing"},{"link_name":"Richard Childress Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Childress_Racing"},{"link_name":"Roses Stores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roses_(store)"},{"link_name":"RSC Brands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSC_Brands"},{"link_name":"Saint Benedict Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Benedict_Press"},{"link_name":"Salsarita's Fresh Mexican Grill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salsarita%27s_Fresh_Mexican_Grill"},{"link_name":"SAS Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAS_Institute"},{"link_name":"Sealed Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sealed_Air"},{"link_name":"Sealy Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sealy_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Shearline Boatworks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shearline_Boatworks"},{"link_name":"Shoe Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoe_Show"},{"link_name":"Showmars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Showmars"},{"link_name":"Shurtape Technologies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shurtape_Technologies"},{"link_name":"Smithfield's Chicken 'N Bar-B-Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithfield%27s_Chicken_%27N_Bar-B-Q"},{"link_name":"Snyder's-Lance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snyder%27s-Lance"},{"link_name":"Social Blade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Blade"},{"link_name":"Sonic Automotive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonic_Automotive"},{"link_name":"Southern Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Bank"},{"link_name":"Southern Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Express"},{"link_name":"Speed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_(TV_network)"},{"link_name":"Speedball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speedball_(art_products)"},{"link_name":"Speedway Motorsports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speedway_Motorsports"},{"link_name":"Spire Sports + Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spire_Sports_%2B_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"SplendidCRM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SplendidCRM"},{"link_name":"Spoonflower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoonflower"},{"link_name":"SPX Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPX_Corporation"},{"link_name":"SS-Green Light Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS-Green_Light_Racing"},{"link_name":"Stewart-Haas Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewart-Haas_Racing"},{"link_name":"Syneos Health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syneos_Health"},{"link_name":"Tanger Factory Outlet Centers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanger_Factory_Outlet_Centers"},{"link_name":"Team Penske","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_Penske"},{"link_name":"Tengion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tengion"},{"link_name":"Thomas Built Buses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Built_Buses"},{"link_name":"Thorlo Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorlo_Inc."},{"link_name":"TigerSwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TigerSwan"},{"link_name":"Tommy Baldwin Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Baldwin_Racing"},{"link_name":"Triad Racing Technologies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triad_Racing_Technologies"},{"link_name":"Truist Financial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truist_Financial"},{"link_name":"TW Garner Food Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TW_Garner_Food_Company"},{"link_name":"US Legend Cars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Legend_Cars"},{"link_name":"Valencell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencell"},{"link_name":"Virtual Heroes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_Heroes"},{"link_name":"Vontier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vontier"},{"link_name":"Wells Fargo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wells_Fargo"},{"link_name":"Wheatstone Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheatstone_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Wolfspeed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfspeed"},{"link_name":"Wood Brothers Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_Brothers_Racing"},{"link_name":"WORX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WORX"},{"link_name":"Wyndham Capital Mortgage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyndham_Capital_Mortgage"},{"link_name":"Yep Roc Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yep_Roc_Records"},{"link_name":"Zaloni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaloni"}],"text":"For a more comprehensive list, see List of companies in Charlotte.3C Institute\nACN Inc.\nAdvance Auto Parts\nAlbemarle Corporation\nAlex Lee Inc.\nAM Racing\nAmerican Spirit Media\nAmerican Tire Distributors\nAtrium Health\nBaen Books\nBahakel Communications\nBandwidth\nBank of America\nBelk\nBernhardt Design\nThe Biltmore Company\nBiltmore Farms\nBioCryst Pharmaceuticals\nBiscuitville\nBojangles' Famous Chicken 'n Biscuits\nBonWorth\nBoone Drug\nBrighthouse Financial\nBurt's Bees\nButterball\nCapitol Broadcasting Company\nCaptiveAire Systems\nCarlie C's\nCarolina Academic Press\nCarolina Beverage Corporation (maker of Cheerwine)\nCarolina Biological Supply Company\nCarolina Foods\nCarquest\nCarr Amplifiers\nCary Audio Design\nCato Corporation\nCedar Fair (executive offices)\nCenterEdge Software\nChampion\nChannelAdvisor\nCharles & Colvard\nCoastal Studios\nCoca-Cola Bottling Co. Consolidated\nCollins Aerospace\nColumbia Forest Products\nCommScope\nConsonus\nCook Out\nCrescent Communities\nCrowder Construction Company\nCurtis Media Group\nCurtiss-Wright\nD.H. Griffin Companies\nDeere-Hitachi Construction Machinery\nDeltec Homes\nDentsply Sirona\nDole plc (US headquarters)\nDuke Energy\nEarth Fare\nEnpro Industries\nEnvironmental Performance Vehicles\nEpic Games\nESPNU\nExtended Stay America\nFamily Dollar\nFirefly Balloons\nFirst Bancorp\nFirst Citizens BancShares\nFood Lion\nThe Fresh Market\nFront Row Motorsports\nFurnitureland South\nFusion3\nFuzzy Logix\nG1 Therapeutics\nGeoff Bodine Racing\nGinn Racing\nGlen Raven, Inc.\nGolden Corral\nGraco\nGraphik Dimensions, Ltd.\nGrowler Manufacturing and Engineering\nHaas F1 Team\nHanesbrands\nHarris Teeter\nHDG International Group\nHendrick Motorsports\nHomeTrust Bancshares\nHonda Aero\nHonda Aircraft Company\nHoneywell\nHSM\nHwy 55 Burgers Shakes & Fries\nThe Iconfactory\nIngersoll Rand\nIngles\nIntelliScanner Corporation\nITG Brands\nJaggaer\nJeld-Wen\nJennifer Jo Cobb Racing\nJerry's Artarama\nJimmy Means Racing\nJoe Gibbs Racing\nJR Motorsports\nJTG Daugherty Racing\nK&W Cafeterias\nKayser-Roth\nKidde\nKontoor Brands\nKoury Corporation\nKrispy Kreme\nLabCorp\nLance Inc.\nLendingTree\nLichty Guitars\nLiggett Group\nLimited Run Games\nLittle Diversified Architectural Consulting\nLive Oak Bank\nLenovo (operational headquarters)\nLocus Biosciences\nLolly Wolly Doodle\nLord Corporation\nLowe's\nLowes Foods\nLudwig Drums\nMAACO\nMack Trucks\nMartin Marietta Materials\nMcFarland & Company\nMcKinney\nMechanics and Farmers Bank\nMeineke Car Care Centers\nMelon Bicycles\nMerge Records\nMicrosoft (East Coast headquarters)\nMicrotech Knives\nMistral Group\nMoog Music\nMotorAve\nMt. Olive Pickle Company\nMountain Air Cargo\nNantahala Outdoor Center\nNASCAR\nNascent Republic Records\nNational Gypsum\nNautilus Productions\nnCino\nNEMCO Motorsports\nNorth Carolina Mutual Life Insurance Company\nNovant Health\nNucor\nOdell Associates\nOld Dominion Freight Line\nPamlico Capital\nThe Pantry (Cary)\nPetty GMS Motorsports\nPiedmont Natural Gas\nPlant Delights Nursery\nPrecisionHawk\nPredictifyMe\nPremier, Inc.\nProgress Energy Inc\nPurolator Filters\nPutt-Putt Fun Center\nQorvo\nRack Room Shoes\nRed Hat\nRed Oak Brewery\nRed Storm Entertainment\nRedeye Distribution\nReeds Jewelers\nReplacements, Ltd.\nReynolds American\nRFK Racing\nRick Ware Racing\nRichard Childress Racing\nRoses Stores\nRSC Brands\nSaint Benedict Press\nSalsarita's Fresh Mexican Grill\nSAS Institute\nSealed Air\nSealy Corporation\nShearline Boatworks\nShoe Show\nShowmars\nShurtape Technologies\nSmithfield's Chicken 'N Bar-B-Q\nSnyder's-Lance\nSocial Blade\nSonic Automotive\nSouthern Bank\nSouthern Express\nSpeed\nSpeedball\nSpeedway Motorsports\nSpire Sports + Entertainment\nSplendidCRM\nSpoonflower\nSPX Corporation\nSS-Green Light Racing\nStewart-Haas Racing\nSyneos Health\nTanger Factory Outlet Centers\nTeam Penske\nTengion\nThomas Built Buses\nThorlo Inc.\nTigerSwan\nTommy Baldwin Racing\nTriad Racing Technologies\nTruist Financial\nTW Garner Food Company\nUS Legend Cars\nValencell\nVirtual Heroes\nVontier\nWells Fargo (Wells Fargo Securities)\nWheatstone Corporation\nWolfspeed\nWood Brothers Racing\nWORX (North American headquarters)\nWyndham Capital Mortgage\nYep Roc Records\nZaloni","title":"North Carolina"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of North Dakota companies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_North_Dakota_companies"}],"text":"For a more comprehensive list, see List of North Dakota companies.","title":"North Dakota"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of companies in Greater Cincinnati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_companies_in_Greater_Cincinnati"},{"link_name":"Abercrombie & Fitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abercrombie_%26_Fitch"},{"link_name":"ABX Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABX_Air"},{"link_name":"Acme Fresh Market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acme_Fresh_Market"},{"link_name":"Aeronca Aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeronca_Aircraft"},{"link_name":"AirNet Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AirNet_Express"},{"link_name":"Airstream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airstream"},{"link_name":"AK Steel Holding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AK_Steel_Holding"},{"link_name":"Aleris International, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleris_International,_Inc."},{"link_name":"Alien Workshop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien_Workshop"},{"link_name":"American Electric Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Electric_Power"},{"link_name":"American Financial Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Financial_Group"},{"link_name":"American Greetings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Greetings"},{"link_name":"AmTrust Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmTrust_Bank"},{"link_name":"Applied Industrial Technologies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_Industrial_Technologies"},{"link_name":"Argus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argus_(camera_company)"},{"link_name":"Armored Trunk Manufacturing Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armored_Trunk_Manufacturing_Company"},{"link_name":"Babcock & Wilcox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babcock_%26_Wilcox"},{"link_name":"Bath & Body Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bath_%26_Body_Works"},{"link_name":"Battelle Memorial Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battelle_Memorial_Institute"},{"link_name":"Big Lots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Lots"},{"link_name":"bigg's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigg%27s"},{"link_name":"Bob Evans Restaurants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Evans_Restaurants"},{"link_name":"Caliber System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliber_System"},{"link_name":"Cardinal Health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_Health"},{"link_name":"CareSource","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CareSource"},{"link_name":"Castle Aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_Aviation"},{"link_name":"Cedar Fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedar_Fair"},{"link_name":"Charley's Grilled Subs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charley%27s_Grilled_Subs"},{"link_name":"Charter One Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charter_One_Bank"},{"link_name":"Chiquita Brands International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiquita_Brands_International"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati Financial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati_Financial"},{"link_name":"Cintas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cintas"},{"link_name":"Cleveland-Cliffs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland-Cliffs"},{"link_name":"Codeworks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codeworks"},{"link_name":"Commerce National Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commerce_National_Bank"},{"link_name":"Convergys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convergys"},{"link_name":"Cooper Tire & Rubber Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooper_Tire_%26_Rubber_Company"},{"link_name":"Cor-Bon/Glaser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cor-Bon/Glaser"},{"link_name":"Crown Equipment Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Equipment_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Dana Holding Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dana_Holding_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Diebold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diebold"},{"link_name":"Donatos Pizza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donatos_Pizza"},{"link_name":"Dorothy Lane Market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Lane_Market"},{"link_name":"DPL Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DPL_Inc."},{"link_name":"E.W. Scripps Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E.W._Scripps_Company"},{"link_name":"Eaton Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eaton_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Elder-Beerman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elder-Beerman"},{"link_name":"ERC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ERC_(human_resources_organization)"},{"link_name":"Esther Price Candies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esther_Price_Candies"},{"link_name":"Euclid-Hitachi Heavy Equipment Ltd.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclid_Earthmoving"},{"link_name":"Evenflo Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evenflo_Company"},{"link_name":"Federated Department Stores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federated_Department_Stores"},{"link_name":"Ferro Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferro_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Fifth Third Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Third_Bank"},{"link_name":"FirstEnergy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FirstEnergy"},{"link_name":"Forest City Enterprises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_City_Enterprises"},{"link_name":"GE Aerospace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GE_Aerospace"},{"link_name":"Gojo Industries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gojo_Industries"},{"link_name":"Gold Star Chili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Star_Chili"},{"link_name":"Goodyear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodyear_Tire_and_Rubber_Company"},{"link_name":"Grand Aire Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Aire_Express"},{"link_name":"Grismer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grismer"},{"link_name":"Heinen's Fine Foods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinen%27s_Fine_Foods"},{"link_name":"Hexion Specialty Chemicals, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexion_Specialty_Chemicals,_Inc."},{"link_name":"Hi-Point Firearms/Beemiller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi-Point_Firearms"},{"link_name":"Hitachi Medical Systems America Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitachi,_Ltd."},{"link_name":"Hobart Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobart_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Hollister Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollister_Co."},{"link_name":"Holtkamp Organ Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holtkamp_Organ_Company"},{"link_name":"Huffy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huffy"},{"link_name":"Human Race Theatre Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Race_Theatre_Company"},{"link_name":"Huntington Bancshares Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington_Bancshares_Inc."},{"link_name":"Industramark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industramark"},{"link_name":"Invacare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invacare"},{"link_name":"The J.M. Smucker Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_J.M._Smucker_Co."},{"link_name":"Jo Ann Stores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo_Ann_Stores"},{"link_name":"Kettering Health Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kettering_Health_Network"},{"link_name":"Key Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_Bank"},{"link_name":"Kroger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kroger"},{"link_name":"Lane Bryant Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lane_Bryant"},{"link_name":"LensCrafters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LensCrafters"},{"link_name":"LexisNexis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LexisNexis"},{"link_name":"Limited Brands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited_Brands"},{"link_name":"Lincoln Electric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Electric"},{"link_name":"Lubrizol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubrizol"},{"link_name":"Malley's Chocolates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malley%27s_Chocolates"},{"link_name":"Manor Care, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manor_Care,_Inc."},{"link_name":"Marathon Petroleum Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathon_Petroleum_Company"},{"link_name":"Marc's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc%27s"},{"link_name":"Matco Tools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matco_Tools"},{"link_name":"Mayfran International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayfran_International"},{"link_name":"Max & Erma's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_%26_Erma%27s"},{"link_name":"Medical Mutual of Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_Mutual_of_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Mike-sell's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike-sell%27s"},{"link_name":"Moen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moen_Incorporated"},{"link_name":"Motoman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motoman"},{"link_name":"NACCO Industries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NACCO_Industries"},{"link_name":"National City Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_City_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Nationwide Insurance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationwide_Mutual_Insurance_Company"},{"link_name":"NCR Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCR_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Nestlé USA - Prepared Foods Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nestl%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"NewPage Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NewPage_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Owens Corning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owens_Corning"},{"link_name":"Owens-Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owens-Illinois"},{"link_name":"Park National Bank (FBOP)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_National_Bank_(FBOP)"},{"link_name":"Park National Bank (Ohio)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_National_Bank_(Ohio)"},{"link_name":"Parker Hannifin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parker_Hannifin"},{"link_name":"Pearle Opticians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearle_Opticians"},{"link_name":"PolyOne Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PolyOne_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Premier Health Partners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_Health_Partners"},{"link_name":"Procter & Gamble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procter_%26_Gamble"},{"link_name":"Progressive Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_Corporation"},{"link_name":"PSA Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSA_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Rax Restaurants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rax_Restaurants"},{"link_name":"Retail Ventures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retail_Ventures"},{"link_name":"DSW, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DSW,_Inc."},{"link_name":"Value City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value_City"},{"link_name":"The Reynolds and Reynolds Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Reynolds_and_Reynolds_Company"},{"link_name":"RIDGID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIDGID"},{"link_name":"RPM International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_International"},{"link_name":"Scailex Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scailex_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Scotts Miracle-Gro Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotts_Miracle-Gro_Company"},{"link_name":"Sherwin-Williams Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherwin-Williams_Company"},{"link_name":"Skybus Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skybus_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Skyline Chili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyline_Chili"},{"link_name":"Speedway SuperAmerica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speedway_SuperAmerica"},{"link_name":"Steak Escape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steak_Escape"},{"link_name":"Sunglass Hut International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunglass_Hut_International"},{"link_name":"Sunny Delight Beverages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunny_Delight_Beverages"},{"link_name":"Teradata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teradata"},{"link_name":"Thor Industries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thor_Industries"},{"link_name":"Timken Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timken_Company"},{"link_name":"Trans States Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans_States_Airlines"},{"link_name":"AmericanConnection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmericanConnection"},{"link_name":"TransDigm Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TransDigm_Group"},{"link_name":"TravelCenters of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TravelCenters_of_America"},{"link_name":"Tween Brands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tween_Brands"},{"link_name":"United States Playing Card Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Playing_Card_Company"},{"link_name":"Vertiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertiv"},{"link_name":"Victoria's Secret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret"},{"link_name":"The Wendy's Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wendy%27s_Company"},{"link_name":"Western & Southern Financial Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_%26_Southern_Financial_Group"},{"link_name":"Westfield Insurance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westfield_Insurance"},{"link_name":"White Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Castle_(restaurant)"},{"link_name":"Worthington Industries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worthington_Industries"},{"link_name":"YRC Regional Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YRC_Worldwide_Inc."}],"text":"See also: List of companies in Greater CincinnatiAbercrombie & Fitch\nABX Air\nAcme Fresh Market\nAeronca Aircraft\nAirNet Express\nAirstream\nAK Steel Holding\nAleris International, Inc.\nAlien Workshop\nAmerican Electric Power\nAmerican Financial Group\nAmerican Greetings\nAmTrust Bank\nApplied Industrial Technologies\nArgus\nArmored Trunk Manufacturing Company\nBabcock & Wilcox\nBath & Body Works\nBattelle Memorial Institute\nBig Lots\nbigg's\nBob Evans Restaurants\nCaliber System\nCardinal Health\nCareSource\nCastle Aviation\nCedar Fair\nCharley's Grilled Subs\nCharter One Bank\nChiquita Brands International\nCincinnati Financial\nCintas\nCleveland-Cliffs\nCodeworks\nCommerce National Bank\nConvergys\nCooper Tire & Rubber Company\nCor-Bon/Glaser\nCrown Equipment Corporation\nDana Holding Corporation\nDiebold\nDonatos Pizza\nDorothy Lane Market\nDPL Inc.\nE.W. Scripps Company\nEaton Corporation\nElder-Beerman\nERC\nEsther Price Candies\nEuclid-Hitachi Heavy Equipment Ltd.\nEvenflo Company\nFederated Department Stores\nFerro Corporation\nFifth Third Bank\nFirstEnergy\nForest City Enterprises\nGE Aerospace\nGojo Industries\nGold Star Chili\nGoodyear\nGrand Aire Express\nGrismer\nHeinen's Fine Foods\nHexion Specialty Chemicals, Inc.\nHi-Point Firearms/Beemiller\nHitachi Medical Systems America Inc.\nHobart Corporation\nHollister Co.\nHoltkamp Organ Company\nHuffy\nHuman Race Theatre Company\nHuntington Bancshares Inc.\nIndustramark\nInvacare\nThe J.M. Smucker Co.\nJo Ann Stores\nKettering Health Network\nKey Bank\nKroger\nLane Bryant Inc.\nLensCrafters\nLexisNexis\nLimited Brands\nLincoln Electric\nLubrizol\nMalley's Chocolates\nManor Care, Inc.\nMarathon Petroleum Company\nMarc's\nMatco Tools\nMayfran International\nMax & Erma's\nMedical Mutual of Ohio\nMike-sell's\nMoen\nMotoman\nNACCO Industries\nNational City Corporation\nNationwide Insurance\nNCR Corporation\nNestlé USA - Prepared Foods Division\nNewPage Corporation\nOwens Corning\nOwens-Illinois\nPark National Bank (FBOP)\nPark National Bank (Ohio)\nParker Hannifin\nPearle Opticians\nPolyOne Corporation\nPremier Health Partners\nProcter & Gamble\nProgressive Corporation\nPSA Airlines\nRax Restaurants\nRetail Ventures, operates DSW, Inc. and Value City\nThe Reynolds and Reynolds Company\nRIDGID Tool Company\nRPM International\nScailex Corporation\nScotts Miracle-Gro Company\nSherwin-Williams Company\nSkybus Airlines\nSkyline Chili\nSpeedway SuperAmerica\nSteak Escape\nSunglass Hut International\nSunny Delight Beverages\nTeradata\nThor Industries\nTimken Company\nTrans States Airlines, operates as AmericanConnection\nTransDigm Group\nTravelCenters of America\nTween Brands\nUnited States Playing Card Company\nVertiv\nVictoria's Secret\nThe Wendy's Company\nWestern & Southern Financial Group\nWestfield Insurance\nWhite Castle\nWorthington Industries\nYRC Regional Transportation","title":"Ohio"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of companies based in Oklahoma City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_companies_based_in_Oklahoma_City"},{"link_name":"List of companies based in Tulsa, Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_companies_based_in_Tulsa,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"Beaujon Aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaujon_Aircraft"},{"link_name":"Ardmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardmore,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"Groendyke Transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groendyke_Transport"},{"link_name":"Enid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enid,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"Homeland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeland_(supermarket)"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_City"},{"link_name":"LegalShield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LegalShield"},{"link_name":"Ada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"Reasor's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reasor%27s"},{"link_name":"Tulsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulsa,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"Zivko Aeronautics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zivko_Aeronautics"},{"link_name":"Guthrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guthrie,_Oklahoma"}],"text":"For a more comprehensive list, see List of companies based in Oklahoma City and List of companies based in Tulsa, Oklahoma.Beaujon Aircraft (Ardmore)\nGroendyke Transport (Enid)\nHomeland (Oklahoma City)\nLegalShield (Ada)\nReasor's (Tulsa)\nZivko Aeronautics (Guthrie)","title":"Oklahoma"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of companies based in Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_companies_based_in_Oregon"}],"text":"For a more comprehensive list, see List of companies based in Oregon.","title":"Oregon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of companies based in the Harrisburg area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_companies_based_in_the_Harrisburg_area"},{"link_name":"List of companies based in the Philadelphia area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_companies_based_in_the_Philadelphia_area"},{"link_name":"List of corporations in Pittsburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_corporations_in_Pittsburgh"},{"link_name":"Airgas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airgas"},{"link_name":"Allentown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allentown,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Alcoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoa"},{"link_name":"Allen Organ Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Organ_Company"},{"link_name":"Macungie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macungie,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Armstrong World Industries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armstrong_World_Industries"},{"link_name":"Lancaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancaster,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Associated Wholesalers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Wholesalers"},{"link_name":"Robesonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robesonia,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Blair Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blair_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Warren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"The Bon-Ton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bon-Ton"},{"link_name":"York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Boscov's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boscov%27s"},{"link_name":"Reading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Bruster's Ice Cream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruster%27s_Ice_Cream"},{"link_name":"Bridgewater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgewater,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Burpee Seeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burpee_Seeds"},{"link_name":"Warminster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warminster,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Cephalon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cephalon"},{"link_name":"Frazer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frazer,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Charming Shoppes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charming_Shoppes"},{"link_name":"Bensalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bensalem,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Conestoga Wood Specialties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conestoga_Wood_Specialties"},{"link_name":"East Earl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Earl,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Crayola LLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crayola"},{"link_name":"Easton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easton,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Silly Putty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silly_Putty"},{"link_name":"David's Bridal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%27s_Bridal"},{"link_name":"Conshohocken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conshohocken,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Dentsply International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentsply_International"},{"link_name":"York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Dick's Sporting Goods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick%27s_Sporting_Goods"},{"link_name":"Coraopolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coraopolis,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Eat'n Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eat%27n_Park"},{"link_name":"Homestead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homestead,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Eclat Chocolate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclat_Chocolate"},{"link_name":"Equitable Resources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equitable_Resources"},{"link_name":"Erie Insurance Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erie_Insurance_Group"},{"link_name":"FMC Corp.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FMC_Corp."},{"link_name":"Frankford Candy & Chocolate Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankford_Candy_%26_Chocolate_Company"},{"link_name":"GE Transportation Systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GE_Transportation_Systems"},{"link_name":"General Nutrition Centers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Nutrition_Centers"},{"link_name":"Genesis HealthCare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genesis_HealthCare"},{"link_name":"Giant Food of Carlisle, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_Food_of_Carlisle,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Gilson Snow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilson_Snow"},{"link_name":"H. J. Heinz Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._J._Heinz_Company"},{"link_name":"Harsco Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harsco_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Hatfield Quality Meats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatfield_Quality_Meats"},{"link_name":"Hershey Foods Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hershey_Foods_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Ikon Office Solutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikon_Office_Solutions"},{"link_name":"JLG Industries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JLG_Industries"},{"link_name":"Jones Apparel Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jones_Apparel_Group"},{"link_name":"Just Born","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_Born"},{"link_name":"Kenexa Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenexa_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Kennametal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennametal"},{"link_name":"Knoll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knoll_(company)"},{"link_name":"Lincoln National Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_National_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Loud Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loud_Brothers"},{"link_name":"MAACO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAACO"},{"link_name":"Mack Trucks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mack_Trucks"},{"link_name":"Majestic Athletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majestic_Athletic"},{"link_name":"Meadows Frozen Custard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meadows_Frozen_Custard"},{"link_name":"Mellon Financial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mellon_Financial"},{"link_name":"Natrona Bottling Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natrona_Bottling_Company"},{"link_name":"NCO Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCO_Group"},{"link_name":"New Era Tickets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Era_Tickets"},{"link_name":"New Penn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Penn"},{"link_name":"Penn National Gaming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penn_National_Gaming"},{"link_name":"Pep Boys Manny Moe & Jack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pep_Boys"},{"link_name":"PNC Financial Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PNC_Financial_Services"},{"link_name":"PPG Industries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PPG_Industries"},{"link_name":"PPL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PPL_Corporation"},{"link_name":"QVC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QVC"},{"link_name":"Respironics, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respironics,_Inc."},{"link_name":"Rite Aid Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rite_Aid_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Rodale, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodale,_Inc."},{"link_name":"Rohm and Haas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohm_and_Haas"},{"link_name":"Select Medical Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Select_Medical_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Sovereign Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_Bank"},{"link_name":"Spring Garden National Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_Garden_National_Bank"},{"link_name":"STV Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STV_Group,_Inc."},{"link_name":"SunGard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SunGard"},{"link_name":"Sunoco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunoco"},{"link_name":"Teleflex, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleflex,_Inc."},{"link_name":"Toll Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toll_Brothers"},{"link_name":"TransDigm Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TransDigm_Group"},{"link_name":"Triumph Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triumph_Group"},{"link_name":"UGI Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UGI_Corporation"},{"link_name":"AmeriGas Partners, L.P.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmeriGas_Partners,_L.P."},{"link_name":"Unisys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unisys"},{"link_name":"Universal Health Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Health_Services"},{"link_name":"Urban Outfitters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_Outfitters"},{"link_name":"U.S. Steel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Steel"},{"link_name":"USA 3000 Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_3000_Airlines"},{"link_name":"USF Glen Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USF_Glen_Moore"},{"link_name":"USX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Steel_Corporation"},{"link_name":"The Vanguard Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Vanguard_Group"},{"link_name":"ViroPharma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ViroPharma"},{"link_name":"Vishay Intertechnology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishay_Intertechnology"},{"link_name":"VWR International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VWR_International"},{"link_name":"Weis Markets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weis_Markets"},{"link_name":"WESCO International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WESCO_International"},{"link_name":"Wilbur Chocolate Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilbur_Chocolate_Company"},{"link_name":"Woolrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woolrich"},{"link_name":"Zippo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zippo"}],"text":"See also: List of companies based in the Harrisburg area, List of companies based in the Philadelphia area, and List of corporations in PittsburghAirgas (Allentown)\nAlcoa\nAllen Organ Company (Macungie)\nArmstrong World Industries (Lancaster)\nAssociated Wholesalers (Robesonia)\nBlair Corporation (Warren)\nThe Bon-Ton Stores (York)\nBoscov's (Reading)\nBruster's Ice Cream (Bridgewater)\nBurpee Seeds (Warminster)\nCephalon (Frazer)\nCharming Shoppes (Bensalem)\nConestoga Wood Specialties (East Earl)\nCrayola LLC (Easton), also makers of Silly Putty\nDavid's Bridal (Conshohocken)\nDentsply International (York)\nDick's Sporting Goods (Coraopolis)\nEat'n Park (Homestead)\nEclat Chocolate\nEquitable Resources\nErie Insurance Group\nFMC Corp.\nFrankford Candy & Chocolate Company\nGE Transportation Systems\nGeneral Nutrition Centers\nGenesis HealthCare\nGiant Food of Carlisle, Pennsylvania\nGilson Snow\nH. J. Heinz Company\nHarsco Corporation\nHatfield Quality Meats\nHershey Foods Corporation\nIkon Office Solutions\nJLG Industries\nJones Apparel Group\nJust Born\nKenexa Corporation\nKennametal\nKnoll\nLincoln National Corporation\nLoud Brothers\nMAACO\nMack Trucks\nMajestic Athletic\nMeadows Frozen Custard\nMellon Financial\nNatrona Bottling Company\nNCO Group\nNew Era Tickets\nNew Penn (trucking)\nPenn National Gaming\nPep Boys Manny Moe & Jack (auto)\nPNC Financial Services\nPPG Industries\nPPL\nQVC\nRespironics, Inc.\nRite Aid Corporation\nRodale, Inc.\nRohm and Haas\nSelect Medical Corporation\nSovereign Bank\nSpring Garden National Bank, dissolved 1891\nSTV Group\nSunGard\nSunoco\nTeleflex, Inc.\nToll Brothers\nTransDigm Group\nTriumph Group\nUGI Corporation, holding company of AmeriGas Partners, L.P.\nUnisys\nUniversal Health Services\nUrban Outfitters\nU.S. Steel\nUSA 3000 Airlines\nUSF Glen Moore\nUSX\nThe Vanguard Group\nViroPharma\nVishay Intertechnology\nVWR International\nWeis Markets\nWESCO International\nWilbur Chocolate Company\nWoolrich\nZippo","title":"Pennsylvania"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Rhode Island companies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Rhode_Island_companies"}],"text":"For a more comprehensive list, see List of Rhode Island companies.","title":"Rhode Island"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AgFirst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AgFirst"},{"link_name":"Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Denny's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denny%27s"},{"link_name":"Spartanburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spartanburg,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Park Seed Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Seed_Company"},{"link_name":"Greenwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwood,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Sonoco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonoco"},{"link_name":"Hartsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartsville,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Struthers-Dunn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Struthers-Dunn"},{"link_name":"Timmonsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timmonsville,_South_Carolina"}],"text":"AgFirst (Columbia)\nDenny's (Spartanburg)\nPark Seed Company (Greenwood)\nSonoco (Hartsville)\nStruthers-Dunn (Timmonsville)","title":"South Carolina"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"South Dakota"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Avera Health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avera_Health"},{"link_name":"Sioux Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sioux_Falls,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Black Hills Ammunition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hills_Ammunition"},{"link_name":"Rapid City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_City,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Black Hills Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hills_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Rapid City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_City,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Black Hills Institute of Geological Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hills_Institute_of_Geological_Research"},{"link_name":"Hill City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill_City,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Dakota Style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakota_Style"},{"link_name":"Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Daktronics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daktronics"},{"link_name":"Brookings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookings,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"First National Bank South Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_National_Bank_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Yankton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yankton,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"First Premier Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Premier_Bank"},{"link_name":"Sioux Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sioux_Falls,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"The HomeSlice Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_HomeSlice_Group"},{"link_name":"Sturgis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturgis,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Lewis Drug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Drug"},{"link_name":"Sioux Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sioux_Falls,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Midco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midco"},{"link_name":"Sioux Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sioux_Falls,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"NorthWestern Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NorthWestern_Energy"},{"link_name":"Sioux Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sioux_Falls,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Pathward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathward"},{"link_name":"Sioux Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sioux_Falls,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Pheasant Restaurant and Lounge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pheasant_Restaurant_and_Lounge"},{"link_name":"Brookings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookings,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Pizza Cheeks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pizza_Cheeks"},{"link_name":"Sioux Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sioux_Falls,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"POET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POET"},{"link_name":"Sioux Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sioux_Falls,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Rainbow Play Systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow_Play_Systems"},{"link_name":"Brookings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookings,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Raven Industries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raven_Industries"},{"link_name":"Sioux Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sioux_Falls,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Sonifi Solutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonifi_Solutions"},{"link_name":"Sioux Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sioux_Falls,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Wall Drug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_Drug"},{"link_name":"Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Western Surety Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Surety_Company"},{"link_name":"Sioux Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sioux_Falls,_South_Dakota"}],"sub_title":"Current","text":"Avera Health (Sioux Falls)\nBlack Hills Ammunition (Rapid City)\nBlack Hills Corporation (Rapid City)\nBlack Hills Institute of Geological Research (Hill City)\nDakota Style (Clark)\nDaktronics (Brookings)\nFirst National Bank South Dakota (Yankton)\nFirst Premier Bank (Sioux Falls)\nThe HomeSlice Group (Sturgis)\nLewis Drug (Sioux Falls)\nMidco (Sioux Falls)\nNorthWestern Energy (Sioux Falls)\nPathward (Sioux Falls)\nPheasant Restaurant and Lounge (Brookings)\nPizza Cheeks (Sioux Falls)\nPOET (Sioux Falls)\nRainbow Play Systems (Brookings)\nRaven Industries (Sioux Falls)\nSonifi Solutions (Sioux Falls)\nWall Drug (Wall)\nWestern Surety Company (Sioux Falls)","title":"South Dakota"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A-Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-Square"},{"link_name":"Amiga, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiga,_Inc._(South_Dakota)"},{"link_name":"Great Western Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Western_Bank_(South_Dakota)"},{"link_name":"Home Federal Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Federal_Bank"},{"link_name":"Iowa, Chicago and Eastern Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa,_Chicago_and_Eastern_Railroad"},{"link_name":"VeraSun Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VeraSun_Energy"}],"sub_title":"Former","text":"A-Square\nAmiga, Inc.\nGreat Western Bank\nHome Federal Bank\nIowa, Chicago and Eastern Railroad\nVeraSun Energy","title":"South Dakota"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of companies based in Nashville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_companies_based_in_Nashville"}],"text":"See also: List of companies based in Nashville","title":"Tennessee"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AC Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Knoxville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knoxville,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"American Residential Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Residential_Services"},{"link_name":"Memphis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"AutoZone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AutoZone"},{"link_name":"Memphis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Averitt Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Averitt_Express"},{"link_name":"Cookeville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cookeville,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Boss Hoss Cycles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boss_Hoss_Cycles"},{"link_name":"Dyersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyersburg,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Bush Brothers and Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bush_Brothers_and_Company"},{"link_name":"Knoxville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knoxville,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Centriworks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centriworks"},{"link_name":"Knoxville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knoxville,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Chattem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattem"},{"link_name":"Chattanooga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattanooga,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Community Health Systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Health_Systems"},{"link_name":"Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Covenant Logistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covenant_Logistics"},{"link_name":"Chattanooga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattanooga,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Cracker Barrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cracker_Barrel"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"CTSI-Global","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CTSI-Global"},{"link_name":"Memphis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Dollar General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dollar_General"},{"link_name":"Goodlettsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodlettsville,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Double Cola Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_Cola_Company"},{"link_name":"Chattanooga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattanooga,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Eastman Chemical Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastman_Chemical_Company"},{"link_name":"Kingsport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingsport,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"EdFinancial Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EdFinancial_Services"},{"link_name":"Knoxville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knoxville,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Elvis Presley Enterprises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis_Presley_Enterprises"},{"link_name":"Memphis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"FedEx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FedEx"},{"link_name":"Memphis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"First Horizon Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Horizon_Bank"},{"link_name":"Memphis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Fred's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred%27s"},{"link_name":"Memphis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Hardee's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardee%27s"},{"link_name":"Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"IdleAir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IdleAir"},{"link_name":"Knoxville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knoxville,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"International Paper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Paper"},{"link_name":"Memphis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Jack Daniel's Distillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Daniel%27s"},{"link_name":"Lynchburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynchburg,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Jiffy Steamer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiffy_Steamer"},{"link_name":"Union City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_City,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"King Pharmaceuticals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Pharmaceuticals"},{"link_name":"Bristol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Lennys Grill & Subs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lennys_Grill_%26_Subs"},{"link_name":"Memphis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Lodge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodge_(company)"},{"link_name":"South Pittsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Pittsburg,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Malco Theatres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malco_Theatres"},{"link_name":"Memphis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Malibu Boats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malibu_Boats"},{"link_name":"Loudon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loudon,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"MasterCraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MasterCraft"},{"link_name":"Vonore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vonore,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"McKee Foods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McKee_Foods"},{"link_name":"Collegedale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collegedale,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Memphis Light, Gas and Water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_Light,_Gas_and_Water"},{"link_name":"Memphis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"The Metadata Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Metadata_Company"},{"link_name":"Brentwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brentwood,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Nissan USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_USA"},{"link_name":"Smyrna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smyrna,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Old Time Pottery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Time_Pottery"},{"link_name":"Murfreesboro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murfreesboro,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Oreck Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Oreck#Oreck_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Cookeville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cookeville,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Pal's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pal%27s"},{"link_name":"Kingsport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingsport,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Petro's Chili & Chips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petro%27s_Chili_%26_Chips"},{"link_name":"Knoxville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knoxville,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Pilot Flying J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot_Flying_J"},{"link_name":"Knoxville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knoxville,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"PooPrints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PooPrints"},{"link_name":"Knoxville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knoxville,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Regal Cinemas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regal_Cinemas"},{"link_name":"Knoxville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knoxville,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Ruby Tuesday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_Tuesday_(restaurant)"},{"link_name":"Maryville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryville,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Servpro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servpro"},{"link_name":"Gallatin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallatin,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Singer Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singer_Corporation"},{"link_name":"La Vergne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Vergne,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"STR, Inc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STR,_Inc"},{"link_name":"Hendersonville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendersonville,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Tennessee Valley Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Authority"},{"link_name":"Knoxville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knoxville,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Tractor Supply Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tractor_Supply_Company"},{"link_name":"Brentwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brentwood,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Unum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unum"},{"link_name":"Chattanooga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattanooga,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Varsity Brands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varsity_Brands"},{"link_name":"Memphis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Weigel's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weigel%27s"},{"link_name":"Powell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powell,_Tennessee"}],"sub_title":"Current","text":"AC Entertainment (Knoxville)\nAmerican Residential Services (Memphis), also known as ARS/Rescue Rooter\nAutoZone (Memphis)\nAveritt Express (Cookeville)\nBoss Hoss Cycles (Dyersburg)\nBush Brothers and Company (Knoxville)\nCentriworks (Knoxville)\nChattem (Chattanooga)\nCommunity Health Systems (Franklin)\nCovenant Logistics (Chattanooga)\nCracker Barrel (Lebanon)\nCTSI-Global (Memphis)\nDollar General (Goodlettsville)\nDouble Cola Company (Chattanooga)\nEastman Chemical Company (Kingsport)\nEdFinancial Services (Knoxville)\nElvis Presley Enterprises (Memphis)\nFedEx (Memphis)\nFirst Horizon Bank (Memphis)\nFred's (Memphis)\nHardee's (Franklin)\nIdleAir (Knoxville)\nInternational Paper (Memphis)\nJack Daniel's Distillery (Lynchburg)\nJiffy Steamer (Union City)\nKing Pharmaceuticals (Bristol)\nLennys Grill & Subs (Memphis)\nLodge (South Pittsburg)\nMalco Theatres (Memphis)\nMalibu Boats (Loudon)\nMasterCraft (Vonore)\nMcKee Foods (Collegedale)\nMemphis Light, Gas and Water (Memphis)\nThe Metadata Company (Brentwood)\nNissan USA (Smyrna)\nOld Time Pottery (Murfreesboro)\nOreck Corporation (Cookeville)\nPal's (Kingsport)\nPetro's Chili & Chips (Knoxville)\nPilot Flying J (Knoxville)\nPooPrints (Knoxville)\nRegal Cinemas (Knoxville)\nRuby Tuesday (Maryville)\nServpro (Gallatin)\nSinger Corporation (La Vergne)\nSTR, Inc (Hendersonville)\nTennessee Valley Authority (Knoxville)\nTractor Supply Company (Brentwood)\nUnum (Chattanooga)\nVarsity Brands (Memphis)\nWeigel's (Powell)","title":"Tennessee"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Memphis Furniture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_Furniture"},{"link_name":"Olan Mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olan_Mills"},{"link_name":"Lifetouch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifetouch"}],"sub_title":"Former","text":"Memphis Furniture - ceased operation in 1983\nOlan Mills - acquired by Lifetouch in 2011","title":"Tennessee"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Texas companies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Texas_companies"}],"text":"For a more comprehensive list, see List of Texas companies.","title":"Texas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Utah companies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Utah_companies"}],"text":"For a more comprehensive list, see List of Utah companies.","title":"Utah"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Vermont"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ben & Jerry's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_%26_Jerry%27s"},{"link_name":"South Burlington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Burlington,_Vermont"},{"link_name":"Bruegger's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruegger%27s"},{"link_name":"Burlington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burlington,_Vermont"},{"link_name":"Burton Snowboards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burton_Snowboards"},{"link_name":"Burlington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burlington,_Vermont"},{"link_name":"National Life Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Life_Group"},{"link_name":"Montpelier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montpelier,_Vermont"},{"link_name":"Orvis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orvis"},{"link_name":"Sunderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunderland,_Vermont"},{"link_name":"Tuttle Publishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuttle_Publishing"},{"link_name":"North Clarendon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Clarendon,_Vermont"}],"sub_title":"Current","text":"Ben & Jerry's (South Burlington)\nBruegger's (Burlington)\nBurton Snowboards (Burlington)\nNational Life Group (Montpelier)\nOrvis (Sunderland)\nTuttle Publishing (North Clarendon)","title":"Vermont"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AirNow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AirNow"}],"sub_title":"Former","text":"AirNow","title":"Vermont"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of companies headquartered in Northern Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_companies_headquartered_in_Northern_Virginia"},{"link_name":"List of space companies and facilities in Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_space_companies_and_facilities_in_Virginia"}],"text":"See also: List of companies headquartered in Northern Virginia and List of space companies and facilities in Virginia","title":"Virginia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Woodmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Woodmark"},{"link_name":"Winchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winchester,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Amerigroup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerigroup"},{"link_name":"Virginia Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Beach,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Boeing Defense, Space & Security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_Defense,_Space_%26_Security"},{"link_name":"Arlington County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Bowlero Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowlero_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Mechanicsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanicsville,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Brink's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brink%27s"},{"link_name":"Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"CACI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CACI"},{"link_name":"Reston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reston,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Capital One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_One"},{"link_name":"McLean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McLean,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"CarMax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CarMax"},{"link_name":"Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Dollar Tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dollar_Tree"},{"link_name":"Chesapeake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesapeake,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Dominion Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion_Energy"},{"link_name":"Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Estes Express Lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estes_Express_Lines"},{"link_name":"Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Ferguson Enterprises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferguson_Enterprises"},{"link_name":"Newport News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport_News,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Five Guys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Guys"},{"link_name":"Alexandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Food City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_City_(K-VA-T)"},{"link_name":"Abingdon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abingdon,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Freddie Mac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freddie_Mac"},{"link_name":"Tysons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tysons,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Gannett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gannett"},{"link_name":"Tysons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tysons,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"GE Automation & Controls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GE_Automation_%26_Controls"},{"link_name":"Charlottesville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlottesville,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"General Dynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Dynamics"},{"link_name":"Reston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reston,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Genworth Financial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genworth_Financial"},{"link_name":"Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Interstate Van Lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_Van_Lines"},{"link_name":"Springfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"L-3 Flight International Aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-3_Flight_International_Aviation"},{"link_name":"Newport News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport_News,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Landmark Media Enterprises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landmark_Media_Enterprises"},{"link_name":"Norfolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Liberty Tax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_Tax"},{"link_name":"Markel Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markel_Group"},{"link_name":"Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Mars Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Inc."},{"link_name":"McLean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McLean,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Medeco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medeco"},{"link_name":"Roanoke County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roanoke_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"NVR, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NVR,_Inc."},{"link_name":"Reston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reston,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Owens & Minor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owens_%26_Minor"},{"link_name":"Mechanicsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanicsville,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Rolls-Royce North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolls-Royce_North_America"},{"link_name":"Reston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reston,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"RTX Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RTX_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Arlington County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Smithfield Foods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithfield_Foods"},{"link_name":"Smithfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithfield,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Southern Exposure Seed Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Exposure_Seed_Exchange"},{"link_name":"Mineral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Touchstone Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touchstone_Energy"},{"link_name":"Arlington County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Trailways Transportation System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailways_Transportation_System"},{"link_name":"Fairfax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairfax,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Ukrop's Food Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrop%27s_Food_Group"},{"link_name":"Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Universal Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Velocity Micro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velocity_Micro"},{"link_name":"Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia"}],"sub_title":"Current","text":"American Woodmark (Winchester)\nAmerigroup (Virginia Beach)\nBoeing Defense, Space & Security (Arlington County)\nBowlero Corporation (Mechanicsville)\nBrink's (Richmond)\nCACI (Reston)\nCapital One (McLean)\nCarMax (Richmond)\nDollar Tree (Chesapeake)\nDominion Energy (Richmond)\nEstes Express Lines (Richmond)\nFerguson Enterprises (Newport News)\nFive Guys (Alexandria)\nFood City (Abingdon)\nFreddie Mac (Tysons)\nGannett (Tysons)\nGE Automation & Controls (Charlottesville)\nGeneral Dynamics (Reston)\nGenworth Financial (Richmond)\nInterstate Van Lines (Springfield)\nL-3 Flight International Aviation (Newport News)\nLandmark Media Enterprises (Norfolk)\nLiberty Tax\nMarkel Group (Richmond)\nMars Inc. (McLean)\nMedeco (Roanoke County)\nNVR, Inc. (Reston)\nOwens & Minor (Mechanicsville)\nRolls-Royce North America (Reston)\nRTX Corporation (Arlington County)\nSmithfield Foods (Smithfield)\nSouthern Exposure Seed Exchange (Mineral)\nTouchstone Energy (Arlington County)\nTrailways Transportation System (Fairfax)\nUkrop's Food Group (Richmond)\nUniversal Corporation (Richmond)\nVelocity Micro (Richmond)","title":"Virginia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Circuit City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_City"},{"link_name":"Colgan Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colgan_Air"},{"link_name":"Compass Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compass_Airlines_(North_America)"},{"link_name":"DynCorp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DynCorp"},{"link_name":"Farm Fresh Food & Pharmacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_Fresh_Food_%26_Pharmacy"},{"link_name":"LandAmerica Financial Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LandAmerica_Financial_Group"},{"link_name":"Massey Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massey_Energy"},{"link_name":"Alpha Natural Resources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Natural_Resources"},{"link_name":"MAXjet Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAXjet_Airways"},{"link_name":"Chapter 11 Bankruptcy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapter_11,_Title_11,_United_States_Code"},{"link_name":"MeadWestvaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MeadWestvaco"},{"link_name":"RockTenn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RockTenn"},{"link_name":"WestRock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WestRock"},{"link_name":"Nextel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nextel"},{"link_name":"NII Holdings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NII_Holdings"},{"link_name":"Reynolds Group Holdings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reynolds_Group_Holdings"},{"link_name":"SCG International Risk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCG_International_Risk"}],"sub_title":"Former","text":"Circuit City - defunct in 2009\nColgan Air - ceased operations in 2012\nCompass Airlines\nDynCorp - defunct in 2021\nFarm Fresh Food & Pharmacy\nLandAmerica Financial Group\nMassey Energy - acquired by Alpha Natural Resources\nMAXjet Airways - filed for Chapter 11 Bankruptcy and ceased operations\nMeadWestvaco - combined with RockTenn to form WestRock\nNextel\nNII Holdings - defunct in 2020\nReynolds Group Holdings - defunct in 2020\nSCG International Risk","title":"Virginia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Washington (state) companies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Washington_(state)_companies"},{"link_name":"List of Washington D.C. companies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Washington_D.C._companies"}],"text":"For a more comprehensive list, see List of Washington (state) companies.For a more comprehensive list, see List of Washington D.C. companies.","title":"Washington"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"West Virginia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Champion Industries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champion_Industries"},{"link_name":"Huntington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Country Club Bakery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_Club_Bakery"},{"link_name":"Fairmont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairmont,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Gabe's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabe%27s"},{"link_name":"Morgantown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgantown,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Gino's Pizza and Spaghetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gino%27s_Pizza_and_Spaghetti"},{"link_name":"Huntington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"GoMart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GoMart"},{"link_name":"Gassaway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gassaway,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"HD Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD_Media"},{"link_name":"Huntington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"International Coal Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Coal_Group"},{"link_name":"Teays Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teays_Valley,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Jackson Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_Kelly_(law_firm)"},{"link_name":"Charleston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"The Library Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Library_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Inwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inwood,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Marquee Cinemas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquee_Cinemas"},{"link_name":"Beckley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beckley,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Ogden Newspapers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogden_Newspapers"},{"link_name":"Wheeling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheeling,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Service Pump & Supply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_Pump_%26_Supply"},{"link_name":"Huntington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Tudor's Biscuit World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tudor%27s_Biscuit_World"},{"link_name":"Huntington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"West Virginia MetroNews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia_MetroNews"},{"link_name":"Charleston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Woodcraft Supply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodcraft_Supply"},{"link_name":"Parkersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkersburg,_West_Virginia"}],"sub_title":"Current","text":"Champion Industries (Huntington)\nCountry Club Bakery (Fairmont)\nGabe's (Morgantown)\nGino's Pizza and Spaghetti (Huntington)\nGoMart (Gassaway)\nHD Media (Huntington)\nInternational Coal Group (Teays Valley)\nJackson Kelly (Charleston)\nThe Library Corporation (Inwood)\nMarquee Cinemas (Beckley)\nOgden Newspapers (Wheeling)\nService Pump & Supply (Huntington)\nTudor's Biscuit World (Huntington)\nWest Virginia MetroNews (Charleston)\nWoodcraft Supply (Parkersburg)","title":"West Virginia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Diamond Alkali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_Alkali"},{"link_name":"West Virginia Media Holdings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia_Media_Holdings"},{"link_name":"Wheeling-Pittsburgh Steel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheeling-Pittsburgh_Steel"}],"sub_title":"Former","text":"Diamond Alkali\nWest Virginia Media Holdings\nWheeling-Pittsburgh Steel - acquired then liquidated","title":"West Virginia"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Wisconsin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Air Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Appleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appleton,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Alliant Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliant_Energy"},{"link_name":"Madison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"American Family Insurance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Family_Insurance"},{"link_name":"Madison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Amsoil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsoil"},{"link_name":"Superior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Ashley Furniture Industries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashley_Furniture_Industries"},{"link_name":"Arcadia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcadia,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Associated Banc-Corp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Banc-Corp"},{"link_name":"Green Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Bay,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Ben Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Franklin_(company)"},{"link_name":"Mount Pleasant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Pleasant,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Blain's Farm & Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blain%27s_Farm_%26_Fleet"},{"link_name":"Janesville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janesville,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Cousins Subs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cousins_Subs"},{"link_name":"Menomonee Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menomonee_Falls,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Culver's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culver%27s"},{"link_name":"Prairie du Sac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prairie_du_Sac,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Epic Systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_Systems"},{"link_name":"Verona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verona,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Fiserv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiserv"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee"},{"link_name":"Fleet Farm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleet_Farm"},{"link_name":"Appleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appleton,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Freight Runners Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freight_Runners_Express"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee"},{"link_name":"Harley-Davidson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harley-Davidson"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee"},{"link_name":"Jockey International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jockey_International"},{"link_name":"Kenosha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenosha,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Johnsonville Foods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnsonville_Foods"},{"link_name":"Sheboygan Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheboygan_Falls,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Kohler Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohler_Co."},{"link_name":"Kohler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohler,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Kohl's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohl%27s"},{"link_name":"Menomonee Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menomonee_Falls,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Kopp's Frozen Custard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopp%27s_Frozen_Custard"},{"link_name":"Greenfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenfield,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Kwik Trip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwik_Trip"},{"link_name":"La Crosse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Crosse,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Lake Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Express"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee"},{"link_name":"Lands' End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lands%27_End"},{"link_name":"Dodgeville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodgeville,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"ManpowerGroup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ManpowerGroup"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee"},{"link_name":"Marcus Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee"},{"link_name":"Master Lock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_Lock"},{"link_name":"Oak Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak_Creek,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Menards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menards"},{"link_name":"Eau Claire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eau_Claire,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Milio's Sandwiches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milio%27s_Sandwiches"},{"link_name":"Fitchburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitchburg,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee Electric Tool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee_Electric_Tool"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee"},{"link_name":"Montgomery Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgomery_Ward"},{"link_name":"Monroe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monroe,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Omanhene Cocoa Bean Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omanhene_Cocoa_Bean_Company"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee"},{"link_name":"Oshkosh Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oshkosh_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Oshkosh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oshkosh,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Pacific Cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Cycle"},{"link_name":"Madison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Renaissance Learning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_Learning"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin Rapids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_Rapids,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Rockwell Automation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockwell_Automation"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee"},{"link_name":"Roundy's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roundy%27s"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee"},{"link_name":"S. C. Johnson & Son","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._C._Johnson_%26_Son"},{"link_name":"Racine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racine,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Schneider National","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schneider_National"},{"link_name":"Green Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Bay,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Schreiber Foods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schreiber_Foods"},{"link_name":"Green Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Bay,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Sentry Foods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentry_Foods"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee"},{"link_name":"Sentry Insurance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentry_Insurance"},{"link_name":"Stevens Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevens_Point,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Snap-on","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snap-on"},{"link_name":"Kenosha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenosha,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Spot Filmworks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spot_Filmworks"},{"link_name":"Madison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Sprecher Brewery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprecher_Brewery"},{"link_name":"Glendale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glendale,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Trek Bicycle Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trek_Bicycle_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Waterloo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterloo,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"WEC Energy Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WEC_Energy_Group"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee"},{"link_name":"Western States Envelope & Label","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_States_Envelope_%26_Label"},{"link_name":"Butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butler,_Waukesha_County,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Woodman's Markets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodman%27s_Markets"},{"link_name":"Janesville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janesville,_Wisconsin"}],"sub_title":"Current","text":"Air Wisconsin (Appleton)\nAlliant Energy (Madison)\nAmerican Family Insurance (Madison)\nAmsoil (Superior)\nAshley Furniture Industries (Arcadia)\nAssociated Banc-Corp (Green Bay)\nBen Franklin (Mount Pleasant)\nBlain's Farm & Fleet (Janesville)\nCousins Subs (Menomonee Falls)\nCulver's (Prairie du Sac)\nEpic Systems (Verona)\nFiserv (Milwaukee)\nFleet Farm (Appleton)\nFreight Runners Express (Milwaukee)\nHarley-Davidson (Milwaukee)\nJockey International (Kenosha)\nJohnsonville Foods (Sheboygan Falls)\nKohler Co. (Kohler)\nKohl's (Menomonee Falls)\nKopp's Frozen Custard (Greenfield)\nKwik Trip (La Crosse)\nLake Express (Milwaukee)\nLands' End (Dodgeville)\nManpowerGroup (Milwaukee)\nMarcus Corporation (Milwaukee)\nMaster Lock (Oak Creek)\nMenards (Eau Claire)\nMilio's Sandwiches (Fitchburg)\nMilwaukee Electric Tool (Milwaukee)\nMontgomery Ward (Monroe)\nOmanhene Cocoa Bean Company (Milwaukee)\nOshkosh Corporation (Oshkosh)\nPacific Cycle (Madison)\nRenaissance Learning (Wisconsin Rapids)\nRockwell Automation (Milwaukee)\nRoundy's (Milwaukee)\nS. C. Johnson & Son (Racine)\nSchneider National (Green Bay)\nSchreiber Foods (Green Bay)\nSentry Foods (Milwaukee)\nSentry Insurance (Stevens Point)\nSnap-on (Kenosha\nSpot Filmworks (Madison)\nSprecher Brewery (Glendale)\nTrek Bicycle Corporation (Waterloo)\nWEC Energy Group (Milwaukee)\nWestern States Envelope & Label (Butler)\nWoodman's Markets (Janesville)","title":"Wisconsin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bemis Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bemis_Company"},{"link_name":"Amcor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amcor"},{"link_name":"Johnson Controls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_Controls"},{"link_name":"Cork, Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cork_(city)"},{"link_name":"Journal Media Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_Media_Group"},{"link_name":"Marshall & Ilsley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_%26_Ilsley"},{"link_name":"Bank of Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Montreal"},{"link_name":"Midwest Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwest_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Frontier Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontier_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Skyway Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyway_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Trane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trane"},{"link_name":"Swords, Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swords,_Dublin"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"}],"sub_title":"Former","text":"Bemis Company - acquired by Amcor\nJohnson Controls - now based in Cork, Ireland\nJournal Media Group - defunct\nMarshall & Ilsley - acquired by Bank of Montreal\nMidwest Airlines - merged with Frontier Airlines\nSkyway Airlines - ceased operations in 2008.\nTrane - relocated to Swords, Dublin, Ireland","title":"Wisconsin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Wyoming companies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wyoming_companies"}],"text":"For a more comprehensive list, see List of Wyoming companies.","title":"Wyoming"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Hitt, Christine (April 27, 2023). \"How ABC Stores became Hawaii's ubiquitous chain\". SFGate.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sfgate.com/hawaii/article/abc-stores-hawaii-ubiquitous-chain-17920119.php","url_text":"\"How ABC Stores became Hawaii's ubiquitous chain\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SFGate","url_text":"SFGate"}]},{"reference":"\"Alexander & Baldwin sells its road construction company for $60M\". Hawai'i Public Radio. November 16, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hawaiipublicradio.org/local-news/2023-11-16/alexander-baldwin-sells-its-road-construction-company-for-60m","url_text":"\"Alexander & Baldwin sells its road construction company for $60M\""}]},{"reference":"Surane, Jennifer; Bradham, Bre (August 16, 2023). \"Hawaii Fires Hit Regional Bank Already Rocked by Turmoil\". Bloomberg.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-08-16/hawaiian-electric-woes-include-owning-one-of-maui-s-top-banks","url_text":"\"Hawaii Fires Hit Regional Bank Already Rocked by Turmoil\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.sfgate.com/hawaii/article/abc-stores-hawaii-ubiquitous-chain-17920119.php","external_links_name":"\"How ABC Stores became Hawaii's ubiquitous chain\""},{"Link":"https://www.hawaiipublicradio.org/local-news/2023-11-16/alexander-baldwin-sells-its-road-construction-company-for-60m","external_links_name":"\"Alexander & Baldwin sells its road construction company for $60M\""},{"Link":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-08-16/hawaiian-electric-woes-include-owning-one-of-maui-s-top-banks","external_links_name":"\"Hawaii Fires Hit Regional Bank Already Rocked by Turmoil\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Route_36
Delaware Route 36
["1 Route description","2 History","3 Major intersections","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
Route map: State highway in Sussex County, Delaware, United States Delaware Route 36Route informationMaintained by DelDOTLength23.28 mi (37.47 km)Existed1938–presentTouristroutes Delaware Bayshore BywayMajor junctionsWest end DE 404 in Scotts CornerMajor intersections DE 16 in Greenwood US 13 in Greenwood US 113 in Milford DE 1 Bus. in Milford DE 1 east of Milford East endCedar Creek bridge in Slaughter Beach LocationCountryUnited StatesStateDelawareCountiesSussex Highway system Delaware State Route System List Byways ← DE 34→ DE 37 Delaware Route 36 (DE 36) is a state highway in Sussex County, Delaware. It runs in a generally northeast–southwest direction from DE 404 in Scotts Corner east to Slaughter Beach, a town along the Delaware Bay. The road runs through the northern portion of Sussex County, passing through rural areas along with Greenwood and Milford. The route intersects DE 16 and U.S. Route 13 (US 13) in Greenwood and US 113, DE 1 Business (DE 1 Bus.), and DE 1 in Milford. DE 36 was built as a state highway in stages during the 1920s and 1930s. The road was designated by 1938 from DE 16 east of Greenwood east to Fort Saulsbury (present-day Slaughter Beach) and was extended west to DE 404 by 1994. Route description DE 36 westbound past DE 16 west of Greenwood DE 36 begins at an intersection with DE 404 in Scotts Corner, heading to the northeast on two-lane undivided Scotts Store Road. The road runs through a mix of farmland and woodland with some homes, coming to a junction with DE 16. At this point, DE 16 turns east to become concurrent with DE 36 on Hickman Road. The road enters the town of Greenwood and becomes Market Street, passing several homes along with a few businesses. The highway crosses the Delmarva Central Railroad's Delmarva Subdivision line at-grade before it intersects US 13 on the eastern edge of Greenwood. Past this intersection, DE 16/DE 36 leaves Greenwood and becomes Beach Highway, crossing the Nanticoke River. DE 36 westbound past US 113 in Milford In Saint Johnstown, the road becomes a divided highway and DE 36 splits from DE 16 by turning to the northeast onto two-lane undivided Shawnee Road. The road heads through agricultural areas with some woods and homes, passing through the community of Staytonville. Farther northeast, the road reaches the city of Milford. Upon reaching Milford, the route runs through residential areas and intersects US 113. Past this intersection, DE 36 becomes Lakeview Avenue. The road forms the eastern border of Silver Lake, a lake along the Mispillion River, and crosses the Delmarva Central Railroad's Indian River Subdivision line at-grade northwest of the former Milford station. After this, DE 36 continues to the east on Causey Avenue past homes and businesses. In the downtown area of Milford, the route turns north onto two-lane divided Walnut Street briefly before it heads east on two-lane undivided Southeast Front Street. The route passes through the residential eastern part of Milford where it intersects DE 1 Bus. DE 36 leaves Milford and heads to the northeast on Cedar Beach Road, entering a mix of farmland, woodland, and homes. The road turns to the east, running a short distance to the south of the Mispillion River as it comes to a diamond interchange with the DE 1 bypass of Milford. Past this interchange, the route continues to the northeast. DE 36 winds east through a mix of farmland and marshland and comes to a drawbridge over the Cedar Creek just outside the town of Slaughter Beach. The DE 36 designation ends here, but the road continues past the drawbridge into Slaughter Beach where it becomes Bay Avenue and turns south to run along the Delaware Bay. The section of the route between Maple Avenue in Milford and Slaughter Beach is designated as part of the Delaware Bayshore Byway, a Delaware Byway and National Scenic Byway. DE 36 has an annual average daily traffic count ranging from a high of 9,681 vehicles at the eastern edge of Greenwood to a low of 1,854 vehicles at the eastern border of Milford. History DE 36 westbound past DE 1 in Milford By 1920, a section of present-day DE 36 southwest of Milford was completed as a state highway while a portion leading further northeast into Milford was under contract as one; the remainder of the route existed as an unimproved county road. The section leading into Milford was completed four years later, in addition to the segment of the road through Greenwood. A year later, the state highway was under proposal between Greenwood and southwest of Milford. The state highway between Greenwood and Milford was finished in 1929. All of current DE 36 was completed by 1931 except for the easternmost part of the road. DE 36 was designated to follow its current alignment between DE 16 east of Greenwood and Fort Saulsbury (now Slaughter Beach) by 1938, with the entire route paved except for the part near Fort Saulsbury. The unpaved portion was paved a year later. DE 36 was extended westward to its current terminus at DE 404 by 1994. Major intersections The entire route is in Sussex County. LocationmikmDestinationsNotes Scotts Corner0.000.00 DE 404 (Seashore Highway) – Bridgeville, Denton, Bay BridgeWestern terminus Greenwood3.605.79 DE 16 west (Hickman Road) – Bay BridgeWest end of DE 16 overlap 5.088.18 US 13 (Sussex Highway) – Harrington, Dover, Bridgeville, Seaford Saint Johnstown5.588.98 DE 16 east (Beach Highway) – MiltonEast end of DE 16 overlap Milford15.8525.51 US 113 (Dupont Boulevard) – Dover, Ellendale 17.5628.26 DE 1 Bus. (South Rehoboth Boulevard) – Milton DE 1 (Milford Bypass) – Dover, Wilmington, Lewes, Rehoboth BeachInterchange Slaughter Beach23.2837.47Cedar Creek bridgeEastern terminus 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi      Concurrency terminus See also U.S. Roads portal References ^ a b c Staff (2018). "Traffic Count and Mileage Report: Interstate, Delaware, and US Routes" (PDF). Delaware Department of Transportation. Retrieved March 29, 2020. ^ a b Delaware State Highway Department; The National Survey Co. (1938). Official Road Map of the State of Delaware (PDF) (Map). Dover: Delaware State Highway Department. Retrieved November 24, 2015. ^ a b c Delaware Department of Transportation (2017). Official Travel & Transportation Map (PDF) (Map). Dover: Delaware Department of Transportation. Retrieved August 18, 2019. ^ a b c Google (August 31, 2010). "overview of Delaware Route 36" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved August 31, 2010. ^ "Delaware Bayshore Byway". Delaware Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 30, 2017. ^ "2021 Summary of Designated Byways" (PDF). National Scenic Byways Program. Retrieved April 22, 2021. ^ Delaware State Highway Department (1920). Official Road Map (PDF) (Map). Dover: Delaware State Highway Department. Retrieved November 24, 2015. ^ Delaware State Highway Department (1924). Official Road Map (PDF) (Map). Dover: Delaware State Highway Department. Retrieved November 24, 2015. ^ Delaware State Highway Department (1925). Official Road Map (PDF) (Map). Dover: Delaware State Highway Department. Retrieved November 24, 2015. ^ "Annual Report of the State Highway Department" (PDF) (1929 ed.). Dover, Delaware: Delaware State Highway Department. December 31, 1929: 19. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 23, 2015. Retrieved November 15, 2014. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) ^ Delaware State Highway Department (1931). Official Road Map of the State of Delaware (PDF) (Map). Dover: Delaware State Highway Department. Retrieved November 24, 2015. ^ Delaware State Highway Department (1939). Official Road Map of the State of Delaware (PDF) (Map). Dover: Delaware State Highway Department. Retrieved November 24, 2015. ^ Delaware Department of Transportation Division of Planning Cartographic Information Section (1994). Delaware Official State Map (PDF) (Map). Dover: Delaware Department of Transportation. Retrieved November 24, 2015. External links KML file (edit • help) Template:Attached KML/Delaware Route 36KML is from Wikidata Wikimedia Commons has media related to Delaware Route 36. DE 36 at AARoads.com
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*"},{"link_name":"Sussex County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sussex_County,_Delaware"},{"link_name":"Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware"},{"link_name":"DE 404","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Route_404"},{"link_name":"Scotts Corner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotts_Corner,_Delaware"},{"link_name":"Slaughter Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaughter_Beach,_Delaware"},{"link_name":"Delaware Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Bay"},{"link_name":"Greenwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwood,_Delaware"},{"link_name":"Milford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milford,_Delaware"},{"link_name":"DE 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Route_16"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_13_in_Delaware"},{"link_name":"US 113","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_113"},{"link_name":"DE 1 Business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Route_1_Business"},{"link_name":"DE 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Route_1"},{"link_name":"Fort Saulsbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Saulsbury"}],"text":"State highway in Sussex County, Delaware, United StatesDelaware Route 36 (DE 36) is a state highway in Sussex County, Delaware. It runs in a generally northeast–southwest direction from DE 404 in Scotts Corner east to Slaughter Beach, a town along the Delaware Bay. The road runs through the northern portion of Sussex County, passing through rural areas along with Greenwood and Milford. The route intersects DE 16 and U.S. Route 13 (US 13) in Greenwood and US 113, DE 1 Business (DE 1 Bus.), and DE 1 in Milford. DE 36 was built as a state highway in stages during the 1920s and 1930s. The road was designated by 1938 from DE 16 east of Greenwood east to Fort Saulsbury (present-day Slaughter Beach) and was extended west to DE 404 by 1994.","title":"Delaware Route 36"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2022-07-07_09_40_37_View_west_along_Delaware_State_Route_36_(Scotts_Store_Road)_at_Delaware_State_Route_16_(Hickman_Road)_in_Blanchard,_Sussex_County,_Delaware.jpg"},{"link_name":"DE 404","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Route_404"},{"link_name":"Scotts Corner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotts_Corner,_Delaware"},{"link_name":"DE 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Route_16"},{"link_name":"concurrent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrency_(road)"},{"link_name":"Greenwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwood,_Delaware"},{"link_name":"Delmarva Central Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delmarva_Central_Railroad"},{"link_name":"US 13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_13_in_Delaware"},{"link_name":"Nanticoke River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanticoke_River"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DE_2017_map-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DE_36_WB_past_US_113.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Saint Johnstown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Johnstown,_Delaware"},{"link_name":"divided highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divided_highway"},{"link_name":"Staytonville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staytonville,_Delaware"},{"link_name":"Milford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milford,_Delaware"},{"link_name":"US 113","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_113"},{"link_name":"Silver Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Lake_(Milford,_Delaware)"},{"link_name":"Mispillion River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mispillion_River"},{"link_name":"Milford station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milford_station_(Delaware)"},{"link_name":"DE 1 Bus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Route_1_Business"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DE_2017_map-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google-4"},{"link_name":"diamond interchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_interchange"},{"link_name":"DE 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Route_1"},{"link_name":"drawbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moveable_bridge"},{"link_name":"Cedar Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedar_Creek_(Delaware_Bay_tributary,_Delaware)"},{"link_name":"Slaughter Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaughter_Beach,_Delaware"},{"link_name":"Delaware Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Bay"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DE_2017_map-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google-4"},{"link_name":"Delaware Bayshore Byway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Bayshore_Byway"},{"link_name":"Delaware Byway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Byway"},{"link_name":"National Scenic Byway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Scenic_Byway"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-byway-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nsbp2021-6"},{"link_name":"annual average daily traffic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annual_average_daily_traffic"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DelDOT-1"}],"text":"DE 36 westbound past DE 16 west of GreenwoodDE 36 begins at an intersection with DE 404 in Scotts Corner, heading to the northeast on two-lane undivided Scotts Store Road. The road runs through a mix of farmland and woodland with some homes, coming to a junction with DE 16. At this point, DE 16 turns east to become concurrent with DE 36 on Hickman Road. The road enters the town of Greenwood and becomes Market Street, passing several homes along with a few businesses. The highway crosses the Delmarva Central Railroad's Delmarva Subdivision line at-grade before it intersects US 13 on the eastern edge of Greenwood. Past this intersection, DE 16/DE 36 leaves Greenwood and becomes Beach Highway, crossing the Nanticoke River.[3][4]DE 36 westbound past US 113 in MilfordIn Saint Johnstown, the road becomes a divided highway and DE 36 splits from DE 16 by turning to the northeast onto two-lane undivided Shawnee Road. The road heads through agricultural areas with some woods and homes, passing through the community of Staytonville. Farther northeast, the road reaches the city of Milford. Upon reaching Milford, the route runs through residential areas and intersects US 113. Past this intersection, DE 36 becomes Lakeview Avenue. The road forms the eastern border of Silver Lake, a lake along the Mispillion River, and crosses the Delmarva Central Railroad's Indian River Subdivision line at-grade northwest of the former Milford station. After this, DE 36 continues to the east on Causey Avenue past homes and businesses. In the downtown area of Milford, the route turns north onto two-lane divided Walnut Street briefly before it heads east on two-lane undivided Southeast Front Street. The route passes through the residential eastern part of Milford where it intersects DE 1 Bus.[3][4]DE 36 leaves Milford and heads to the northeast on Cedar Beach Road, entering a mix of farmland, woodland, and homes. The road turns to the east, running a short distance to the south of the Mispillion River as it comes to a diamond interchange with the DE 1 bypass of Milford. Past this interchange, the route continues to the northeast. DE 36 winds east through a mix of farmland and marshland and comes to a drawbridge over the Cedar Creek just outside the town of Slaughter Beach. The DE 36 designation ends here, but the road continues past the drawbridge into Slaughter Beach where it becomes Bay Avenue and turns south to run along the Delaware Bay.[3][4]The section of the route between Maple Avenue in Milford and Slaughter Beach is designated as part of the Delaware Bayshore Byway, a Delaware Byway and National Scenic Byway.[5][6] DE 36 has an annual average daily traffic count ranging from a high of 9,681 vehicles at the eastern edge of Greenwood to a low of 1,854 vehicles at the eastern border of Milford.[1]","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DE_36_WB_past_DE_1.jpeg"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DE_1920_map-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DE_1924_map-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DE_1925_map-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1929_report-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DE_1931_map-11"},{"link_name":"Fort Saulsbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Saulsbury"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DE_1938_map-2"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DE_1939_map-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DE_1994_map-13"}],"text":"DE 36 westbound past DE 1 in MilfordBy 1920, a section of present-day DE 36 southwest of Milford was completed as a state highway while a portion leading further northeast into Milford was under contract as one; the remainder of the route existed as an unimproved county road.[7] The section leading into Milford was completed four years later, in addition to the segment of the road through Greenwood.[8] A year later, the state highway was under proposal between Greenwood and southwest of Milford.[9] The state highway between Greenwood and Milford was finished in 1929.[10] All of current DE 36 was completed by 1931 except for the easternmost part of the road.[11] DE 36 was designated to follow its current alignment between DE 16 east of Greenwood and Fort Saulsbury (now Slaughter Beach) by 1938, with the entire route paved except for the part near Fort Saulsbury.[2] The unpaved portion was paved a year later.[12] DE 36 was extended westward to its current terminus at DE 404 by 1994.[13]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sussex County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sussex_County,_Delaware"}],"text":"The entire route is in Sussex County.","title":"Major intersections"}]
[{"image_text":"DE 36 westbound past DE 16 west of Greenwood","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/2022-07-07_09_40_37_View_west_along_Delaware_State_Route_36_%28Scotts_Store_Road%29_at_Delaware_State_Route_16_%28Hickman_Road%29_in_Blanchard%2C_Sussex_County%2C_Delaware.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg"},{"image_text":"DE 36 westbound past US 113 in Milford","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/DE_36_WB_past_US_113.jpeg/220px-DE_36_WB_past_US_113.jpeg"},{"image_text":"DE 36 westbound past DE 1 in Milford","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/DE_36_WB_past_DE_1.jpeg/220px-DE_36_WB_past_DE_1.jpeg"}]
[{"title":"U.S. Roads portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:U.S._Roads"}]
[{"reference":"Staff (2018). \"Traffic Count and Mileage Report: Interstate, Delaware, and US Routes\" (PDF). Delaware Department of Transportation. Retrieved March 29, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://deldot.gov/Publications/manuals/traffic_counts/pdfs/2018/2018Interstate_USRoutes_DelawareRoutes.pdf?cache=1585496964656","url_text":"\"Traffic Count and Mileage Report: Interstate, Delaware, and US Routes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Delaware Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Delaware State Highway Department; The National Survey Co. (1938). Official Road Map of the State of Delaware (PDF) (Map). Dover: Delaware State Highway Department. Retrieved November 24, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://deldot.gov/environmental/archaeology/historic_pres/historic_highway_maps/pdfs/cd_010.pdf?cache=1596042730366","url_text":"Official Road Map of the State of Delaware"}]},{"reference":"Delaware Department of Transportation (2017). Official Travel & Transportation Map (PDF) (Map). Dover: Delaware Department of Transportation. Retrieved August 18, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://deldot.gov/environmental/archaeology/historic_pres/historic_highway_maps/pdfs/2017%20Official%20Transportation%20Map.pdf?cache=1596043585083","url_text":"Official Travel & Transportation Map"}]},{"reference":"Google (August 31, 2010). \"overview of Delaware Route 36\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved August 31, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://maps.google.com/maps?f=d&source=s_d&saddr=delaware+36+and+delaware+404&daddr=38.8433875,-75.5281871+to:delaware+36+and+marina+lane&geocode=FXy_TwIdIGd9-ymdIltZ34q4iTGu1GEMxy_tYg%3BFfuzUAIdBYh_-ykjjc2eHY64iTFlnAkvy4mWKg%3BFZ0YUgIdsKqC-ymvmDkTZqK4iTEroL7Ry0TGBg&hl=en&mra=dpe&mrcr=0&mrsp=1&sz=11&via=1&sll=38.8586,-75.49519&sspn=0.229917,0.676346&ie=UTF8&t=h&z=11","url_text":"\"overview of Delaware Route 36\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"\"Delaware Bayshore Byway\". Delaware Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 30, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.deldot.gov/Programs/byways/index.shtml?dc=route9","url_text":"\"Delaware Bayshore Byway\""}]},{"reference":"\"2021 Summary of Designated Byways\" (PDF). National Scenic Byways Program. Retrieved April 22, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/hep/scenic_byways/designations/2021_designated_byways.pdf","url_text":"\"2021 Summary of Designated Byways\""}]},{"reference":"Delaware State Highway Department (1920). Official Road Map (PDF) (Map). Dover: Delaware State Highway Department. Retrieved November 24, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://deldot.gov/environmental/archaeology/historic_pres/historic_highway_maps/pdfs/cd_002.pdf?cache=1596042582771","url_text":"Official Road Map"}]},{"reference":"Delaware State Highway Department (1924). Official Road Map (PDF) (Map). Dover: Delaware State Highway Department. Retrieved November 24, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://deldot.gov/environmental/archaeology/historic_pres/historic_highway_maps/pdfs/cd_003.pdf?cache=1596042609818","url_text":"Official Road Map"}]},{"reference":"Delaware State Highway Department (1925). Official Road Map (PDF) (Map). Dover: Delaware State Highway Department. Retrieved November 24, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://deldot.gov/environmental/archaeology/historic_pres/historic_highway_maps/pdfs/cd_004.pdf?cache=1596042629456","url_text":"Official Road Map"}]},{"reference":"\"Annual Report of the State Highway Department\" (PDF) (1929 ed.). Dover, Delaware: Delaware State Highway Department. December 31, 1929: 19. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 23, 2015. Retrieved November 15, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150923213427/http://www.deldot.gov/archaeology/historic_pres/annual_reports/pdf/1929/annual_1929_chief.pdf","url_text":"\"Annual Report of the State Highway Department\""},{"url":"http://www.deldot.gov/archaeology/historic_pres/annual_reports/pdf/1929/annual_1929_chief.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Delaware State Highway Department (1931). Official Road Map of the State of Delaware (PDF) (Map). Dover: Delaware State Highway Department. Retrieved November 24, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://deldot.gov/environmental/archaeology/historic_pres/historic_highway_maps/pdfs/cd_005.pdf?cache=1596042653323","url_text":"Official Road Map of the State of Delaware"}]},{"reference":"Delaware State Highway Department (1939). Official Road Map of the State of Delaware (PDF) (Map). Dover: Delaware State Highway Department. Retrieved November 24, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://deldot.gov/environmental/archaeology/historic_pres/historic_highway_maps/pdfs/cd_012.pdf?cache=1596042754866","url_text":"Official Road Map of the State of Delaware"}]},{"reference":"Delaware Department of Transportation Division of Planning Cartographic Information Section (1994). Delaware Official State Map (PDF) (Map). Dover: Delaware Department of Transportation. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butter_in_a_Lordly_Dish
Butter in a Lordly Dish
["1 History","2 Discovery","3 Plot summary","4 1948 Radio production","5 References"]
Radio play by Agatha Christie This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Butter in a Lordly Dish" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The billing from the Radio Times issue of 11–17 January 1948, illustrating the first broadcast of Butter in a Lordly DishButter in a Lordly Dish is the name of a half-hour radio play written by Agatha Christie and first performed on the BBC Radio Light Programme on Tuesday 13 January 1948 at 9.30pm on Mystery Playhouse presents The Detection Club. It was repeated on Friday 16 January at 4.15pm. History Butter in a Lordly Dish remains one of Christie's least-known works. The title comes from the Bible, at Judges, 5:25 – "He asked water, and she gave him milk; she brought forth butter in a lordly dish", where "he" refers to Sisera, "she" is Jael, and Jael kills Sisera by hammering a nail through his head. The same fate awaits Sir Luke Enderby in Christie's play at the hands of Julia Keene. Jack Malvern, of The Times called it "one of Agatha Christie’s most gruesome murder plots." The play was one of a series of six written by members of the Detection Club to raise funds for the organisation. The other five plays and their first broadcasts (all on Tuesdays at 9.30pm) are as follows: The Murder at Warbeck Hall by Cyril Hare, broadcast on 27 January 1948 A Nice Cup of Tea by Anthony Gilbert, broadcast on 3 February 1948 Sweet Death by Christianna Brand on 10 February 1948 Bubble, Bubble, Toil and Trouble by E. C. R. Lorac on 17 February 1948 Where Do We Go From Here? by Dorothy L Sayers on 24 February 1948 The play received its first production since 1948 as part of the Agatha Christie Theatre Festival in 2001 at the Palace Theatre, Westcliff-on-Sea and has occasionally been performed since as a special event. The play was included in Murder on Air, a special production from 22 April to 3 May 2008 by the Agatha Christie Theatre Company of three of Christie's radio plays (the other two being The Yellow Iris and Personal Call) at the Theatre Royal, Windsor. It was also staged as part of the Agatha Christie’s The BBC Murders, production at the Parker Playhouse in South Florida in 2013. Discovery It was thought that no recording existed. However, it was found, along with two other lost plays, amid uncatalogued material by freelance audio producer Charles Norton and BBC sound archivist Sean Whyton. Recordings of the plays were released on 17 September 2015 as a CD and as a digital download entitled The Lost Plays, published by BBC Audio, part of Penguin Random House, two days after the 125th anniversary of Agatha Christie’s birth. Plot summary In a boarding house off the Pimlico Road run by a Mrs. Petter, one of the guests, Julia Keene, is taking her leave after staying there for a short time. Mrs. Petter's daughter, Florrie, having seen Julia leaving a posh cocktail party in a house in Mayfair, wonders why the lady has been lodging with them. Florrie has elaborate and fanciful suspicions that Julia is involved in a gang of cat burglars and her job is to stake out the territory ahead of the other gang members. Florrie's mother scoffs at her daughter's ideas. The talk turns to other crimes and the latest news in the papers of a trial at the Old Bailey involving a taxi driver where the jury is still out considering its verdict. Florrie is scornful of the judge's summing up but praises the reported prosecution speech by Sir Luke Enderby. He is a well-known King's Counsel who came to public attention for successfully prosecuting a man called Henry Garfield in a serial killer case known as the "Blondes on the Beach". The accused was a good-looking man who attracted women and Mrs. Petter uses this example as an excuse to tell her daughter to be careful of the men that she meets. Their conversation is interrupted by Julia who asks to use their telephone. She is left alone to make the call and she rings up a house in Chishold Gardens where she asks to speak to Sir Luke Enderby... Hayward, the servant, tells Julia over the phone that Sir Luke is not yet back from the Old Bailey. After finishing the phone call, Hayward lets in a visitor to the house – Susan Warren, a society lady. Sir Luke arrives soon afterwards from the trial having won his guilty verdict. Soon afterwards his wife arrives back home after a day out at Christie's and she and Susan soon talk of the nature of juries and the verdicts they reach – particularly when there are a number of women on the jury who might be influenced by their feelings for the accused. Like Mrs. Petter and Florrie they cite the case of Garfield and the "Blondes on the Beach". Sir Luke announces that he is leaving for Liverpool that night on another case to the surprise of Lady Enderby who knew nothing of this plan. He soon goes and Susan sympathises with Lady Enderby on her husband's constant infidelities. Lady Enderby is philosophical – at least he wasn't unfaithful on their honeymoon ten years ago! He is devoted to their boys and kind and considerate to her. She is sure that his flings are just that – meaningless encounters. Arriving at Paddington, Sir Luke meets his latest flame – Julia Keene. They get on the train and travel to a station strangely called ' Warning Halt'. From there they walk across the fields to an isolated cottage that Julia has found for their tryst where she has already brought in food for a meal. After a cheerful fire has been lit she brings in a meal of food rarely seen in the days of rationing including duck, pate and a large dish of butter – "Butter in a Lordly Dish" as Julia names it. After their meal, she pours him coffee and once again the talk turns to the nature of Sir Luke's work. Julia asks him if he is troubled that his eloquence can lead to the execution of man and she also brings up the subject of Henry Garfield. Sir Luke tells her that there was no doubt as to the man's guilt in his view: he had known associations with the victims and he only avoided arrest the first few times due to alibis supplied by his wife. She might also have swayed the trial but for the fact that she was ill in hospital at the time with typhoid. Sir Luke is suddenly troubled with a cramp in his leg and the phrase "Butter in a Lordly Dish" is also concerning him. His cramps get worse and his eyesight also starts to become fuzzy. Nevertheless, he is still able to see somewhat and is puzzled by Julia's actions as she picks up a hammer and nail. She mentions Sisera and Jael and Sir Luke is reminded where the phrase "Butter in a Lordly Dish" comes from. As his condition further deteriorates Julia confesses three things: That she has drugged his coffee; that she is not Julia Keene but Julia Garfield; and that she and not her husband killed all the women with whom Henry Garfield was having affairs. Unlike Lady Enderby, she was not prepared to put up with her husband's infidelities but nevertheless she still loved him. As Sir Luke struggles to move, Julia completes the biblical allusion by hammering a nail into his head... 1948 Radio production Director/Producer: Martyn C. Webster Cast: Richard Williams played Sir Luke Enderby, KC Lydia Sherwood played Lady Enderby Rita Vale played Julia Keene Thea Wells played Susan Warren Dora Gregory played Mrs Petter Jill Nyasa played Florrie Janet Morrison played Hayward David Kossoff played Porter References ^ "First Look at 'Agatha Christies The BBC Murders", Broadway.com, 3 January 2013 ^ Malvern, Jack. Found: Agatha Christie’s most gruesome radio play, The Times, 17 September 2015 ^ Hirshman, Bill. "Zev Buffman Sees No Mystery In Producing Agatha Christie’s The BBC Murders In Florida", Florida Theater On Stage, 15 January 2013 ^ "Christie, Agatha. The Lost Plays, Penguin.UK". Archived from the original on 22 April 2016. Retrieved 13 April 2016. ^ Blumsom, Amy. "Lost Agatha Christie plays released", The Telegraph, 17 September 2015 vteAgatha Christie Bibliography Universe Adaptations Characters Superintendent Battle Tommy and Tuppence Beresford Lady Eileen "Bundle" Brent Sir Henry Clithering Captain Arthur Hastings Chief Inspector James Japp Miss Jane Marple Ariadne Oliver Hercule Poirot Parker Pyne Mr. Harley Quin Raymond West Locations St. Mary Mead Novels The Mysterious Affair at Styles The Secret Adversary The Murder on the Links The Man in the Brown Suit The Secret of Chimneys The Murder of Roger Ackroyd The Big Four The Mystery of the Blue Train The Seven Dials Mystery The Murder at the Vicarage The Sittaford Mystery Peril at End House Lord Edgware Dies Murder on the Orient Express Why Didn't They Ask Evans? Three Act Tragedy Death in the Clouds The A.B.C. Murders Murder in Mesopotamia Cards on the Table Dumb Witness Death on the Nile Appointment with Death Hercule Poirot's Christmas Murder Is Easy And Then There Were None Sad Cypress One, Two, Buckle My Shoe Evil Under the Sun N or M? The Body in the Library Five Little Pigs The Moving Finger Towards Zero Death Comes as the End Sparkling Cyanide The Hollow Taken at the Flood Crooked House A Murder Is Announced They Came to Baghdad Mrs McGinty's Dead They Do It with Mirrors After the Funeral A Pocket Full of Rye Destination Unknown Hickory Dickory Dock Dead Man's Folly 4.50 from Paddington Ordeal by Innocence Cat Among the Pigeons The Pale Horse The Mirror Crack'd from Side to Side The Clocks A Caribbean Mystery At Bertram's Hotel Third Girl Endless Night By the Pricking of My Thumbs Hallowe'en Party Passenger to Frankfurt Nemesis Elephants Can Remember Postern of Fate Curtain Sleeping Murder As Mary Westmacott Giant's Bread Unfinished Portrait Absent in the Spring The Rose and the Yew Tree A Daughter's a Daughter The Burden Short story collections Poirot Investigates Partners in Crime The Mysterious Mr Quin The Thirteen Problems The Hound of Death The Listerdale Mystery Parker Pyne Investigates Murder in the Mews The Regatta Mystery The Labours of Hercules The Witness for the Prosecution and Other Stories Three Blind Mice and Other Stories The Under Dog and Other Stories The Adventure of the Christmas Pudding Double Sin and Other Stories The Golden Ball and Other Stories Poirot's Early Cases Miss Marple's Final Cases and Two Other Stories Problem at Pollensa Bay and Other Stories The Harlequin Tea Set While the Light Lasts and Other Stories Plays Black Coffee And Then There Were None Appointment with Death Murder on the Nile The Hollow The Mousetrap Witness for the Prosecution Spider's Web Towards Zero Verdict The Unexpected Guest Go Back For Murder Fiddlers Three Akhnaton Chimneys Radio and television plays Wasp's Nest The Yellow Iris Three Blind Mice Butter in a Lordly Dish Personal Call Other books The Road of Dreams Come, Tell Me How You Live Star Over Bethlehem Poems An Autobiography The Mousetrap and Other Plays Agatha Christie's Secret Notebooks Depictions Agatha Christie Memorial Agatha (1979 film) Agatha Christie: A Life in Pictures (2004 docudrama) The Unicorn and the Wasp (2008 TV episode) Agatha and the Truth of Murder (2018 film) Agatha and the Curse of Ishtar (2019 film) Agatha and the Midnight Murders (2020 film) See How They Run (2022 film) Related Archie Christie (first husband) Max Mallowan (second husband) Ashfield, Torquay (home) Greenway Estate (home) Agatha Award Agatha Christie Award (Japan) Category
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Radio_Times_billing_for_Christie_play_Butter_in_a_Lordly_Dish.jpg"},{"link_name":"Radio Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Times"},{"link_name":"Agatha Christie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agatha_Christie"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio"},{"link_name":"Light Programme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_Programme"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The billing from the Radio Times issue of 11–17 January 1948, illustrating the first broadcast of Butter in a Lordly DishButter in a Lordly Dish is the name of a half-hour radio play written by Agatha Christie and first performed on the BBC Radio Light Programme on Tuesday 13 January 1948 at 9.30pm on Mystery Playhouse presents The Detection Club.[1] It was repeated on Friday 16 January at 4.15pm.","title":"Butter in a Lordly Dish"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"the Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bible"},{"link_name":"Judges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Judges"},{"link_name":"Sisera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisera"},{"link_name":"Jael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yael"},{"link_name":"The Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Detection Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detection_Club"},{"link_name":"Cyril Hare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_Hare"},{"link_name":"Anthony Gilbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Gilbert_(author)"},{"link_name":"Christianna Brand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianna_Brand"},{"link_name":"E. C. R. Lorac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._C._R._Lorac"},{"link_name":"Dorothy L Sayers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_L_Sayers"},{"link_name":"Palace Theatre, Westcliff-on-Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_Theatre,_Westcliff-on-Sea"},{"link_name":"The Yellow Iris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Yellow_Iris_(radio_play)"},{"link_name":"Personal Call","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_Call"},{"link_name":"Theatre Royal, Windsor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_Royal,_Windsor"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Butter in a Lordly Dish remains one of Christie's least-known works. The title comes from the Bible, at Judges, 5:25 – \"He asked water, and she gave him milk; she brought forth butter in a lordly dish\", where \"he\" refers to Sisera, \"she\" is Jael, and Jael kills Sisera by hammering a nail through his head. The same fate awaits Sir Luke Enderby in Christie's play at the hands of Julia Keene. Jack Malvern, of The Times called it \"one of Agatha Christie’s most gruesome murder plots.\"[2]The play was one of a series of six written by members of the Detection Club to raise funds for the organisation. The other five plays and their first broadcasts (all on Tuesdays at 9.30pm) are as follows:The Murder at Warbeck Hall by Cyril Hare, broadcast on 27 January 1948\nA Nice Cup of Tea by Anthony Gilbert, broadcast on 3 February 1948\nSweet Death by Christianna Brand on 10 February 1948\nBubble, Bubble, Toil and Trouble by E. C. R. Lorac on 17 February 1948\nWhere Do We Go From Here? by Dorothy L Sayers on 24 February 1948The play received its first production since 1948 as part of the Agatha Christie Theatre Festival in 2001 at the Palace Theatre, Westcliff-on-Sea and has occasionally been performed since as a special event. The play was included in Murder on Air, a special production from 22 April to 3 May 2008 by the Agatha Christie Theatre Company of three of Christie's radio plays (the other two being The Yellow Iris and Personal Call) at the Theatre Royal, Windsor. It was also staged as part of the Agatha Christie’s The BBC Murders, production at the Parker Playhouse in South Florida in 2013.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"It was thought that no recording existed. However, it was found, along with two other lost plays, amid uncatalogued material by freelance audio producer Charles Norton and BBC sound archivist Sean Whyton. Recordings of the plays were released on 17 September 2015 as a CD and as a digital download entitled The Lost Plays, published by BBC Audio, part of Penguin Random House,[4] two days after the 125th anniversary of Agatha Christie’s birth.[5]","title":"Discovery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mayfair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayfair"},{"link_name":"Old Bailey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Bailey"},{"link_name":"King's Counsel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Counsel"},{"link_name":"serial killer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_killer"},{"link_name":"Christie's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christie%27s"},{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool"},{"link_name":"Paddington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Paddington_station"},{"link_name":"Sisera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisera"},{"link_name":"Jael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jael"}],"text":"In a boarding house off the Pimlico Road run by a Mrs. Petter, one of the guests, Julia Keene, is taking her leave after staying there for a short time. Mrs. Petter's daughter, Florrie, having seen Julia leaving a posh cocktail party in a house in Mayfair, wonders why the lady has been lodging with them. Florrie has elaborate and fanciful suspicions that Julia is involved in a gang of cat burglars and her job is to stake out the territory ahead of the other gang members. Florrie's mother scoffs at her daughter's ideas.The talk turns to other crimes and the latest news in the papers of a trial at the Old Bailey involving a taxi driver where the jury is still out considering its verdict. Florrie is scornful of the judge's summing up but praises the reported prosecution speech by Sir Luke Enderby. He is a well-known King's Counsel who came to public attention for successfully prosecuting a man called Henry Garfield in a serial killer case known as the \"Blondes on the Beach\". The accused was a good-looking man who attracted women and Mrs. Petter uses this example as an excuse to tell her daughter to be careful of the men that she meets. Their conversation is interrupted by Julia who asks to use their telephone. She is left alone to make the call and she rings up a house in Chishold Gardens where she asks to speak to Sir Luke Enderby...Hayward, the servant, tells Julia over the phone that Sir Luke is not yet back from the Old Bailey. After finishing the phone call, Hayward lets in a visitor to the house – Susan Warren, a society lady. Sir Luke arrives soon afterwards from the trial having won his guilty verdict. Soon afterwards his wife arrives back home after a day out at Christie's and she and Susan soon talk of the nature of juries and the verdicts they reach – particularly when there are a number of women on the jury who might be influenced by their feelings for the accused. Like Mrs. Petter and Florrie they cite the case of Garfield and the \"Blondes on the Beach\".Sir Luke announces that he is leaving for Liverpool that night on another case to the surprise of Lady Enderby who knew nothing of this plan. He soon goes and Susan sympathises with Lady Enderby on her husband's constant infidelities. Lady Enderby is philosophical – at least he wasn't unfaithful on their honeymoon ten years ago! He is devoted to their boys and kind and considerate to her. She is sure that his flings are just that – meaningless encounters.Arriving at Paddington, Sir Luke meets his latest flame – Julia Keene. They get on the train and travel to a station strangely called ' Warning Halt'. From there they walk across the fields to an isolated cottage that Julia has found for their tryst where she has already brought in food for a meal. After a cheerful fire has been lit she brings in a meal of food rarely seen in the days of rationing including duck, pate and a large dish of butter – \"Butter in a Lordly Dish\" as Julia names it.After their meal, she pours him coffee and once again the talk turns to the nature of Sir Luke's work. Julia asks him if he is troubled that his eloquence can lead to the execution of man and she also brings up the subject of Henry Garfield. Sir Luke tells her that there was no doubt as to the man's guilt in his view: he had known associations with the victims and he only avoided arrest the first few times due to alibis supplied by his wife. She might also have swayed the trial but for the fact that she was ill in hospital at the time with typhoid.Sir Luke is suddenly troubled with a cramp in his leg and the phrase \"Butter in a Lordly Dish\" is also concerning him. His cramps get worse and his eyesight also starts to become fuzzy. Nevertheless, he is still able to see somewhat and is puzzled by Julia's actions as she picks up a hammer and nail. She mentions Sisera and Jael and Sir Luke is reminded where the phrase \"Butter in a Lordly Dish\" comes from.As his condition further deteriorates Julia confesses three things: That she has drugged his coffee; that she is not Julia Keene but Julia Garfield; and that she and not her husband killed all the women with whom Henry Garfield was having affairs. Unlike Lady Enderby, she was not prepared to put up with her husband's infidelities but nevertheless she still loved him. As Sir Luke struggles to move, Julia completes the biblical allusion by hammering a nail into his head...","title":"Plot summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lydia Sherwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydia_Sherwood"},{"link_name":"David Kossoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Kossoff"}],"text":"Director/Producer: Martyn C. WebsterCast:\nRichard Williams played Sir Luke Enderby, KC\nLydia Sherwood played Lady Enderby\nRita Vale played Julia Keene\nThea Wells played Susan Warren\nDora Gregory played Mrs Petter\nJill Nyasa played Florrie\nJanet Morrison played Hayward\nDavid Kossoff played Porter","title":"1948 Radio production"}]
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heads_of_Agreement_(1981)
Heads of Agreement (1981)
["1 Background","2 Clauses","3 Reception in Belize","4 Failed negotiations","5 See also","6 References"]
The Heads of Agreement was a 1981 document proposing a solution to the Guatemalan claim to Belizean territory. Created in February and signed on 11 March 1981 in London, the agreement sought to propose future bases for negotiations between the United Kingdom, Belize and Guatemala over the dispute. The document's rejection created a national security crisis in Belize in March and April 1981. Background Main article: Guatemalan claim to Belizean territory Guatemala, Belize's neighbour to the west and south, had held a claim to Belize's territory since 1859. The claim stemmed from a treaty between Guatemala and Great Britain which Guatemala interpreted as a conditional cession treaty, in which it would be given access to the Caribbean coastline by road in exchange for dropping the claim. Guatemala already has Caribbean access, outside of the presently disputed region. Guatemala asserted its claim repeatedly in the period between 1940 and 1981, occasionally threatening to invade, but backing down when faced with UK military reinforcements. Several attempts to mediate the dispute failed. Meanwhile, people of Guatemalan descent were settling in Belize, both legally and illegally. Beginning in 1975, the dispute was discussed at the United Nations. The UN general assembly voted in 1980 to affirm the sovereignty of Belize and called on the UK and Guatemala to reach a compromise and grant Belize independence before the end of the next GA session in 1981. Clauses The United Kingdom and Guatemala shall recognize the independent state of Belize as an integral part of Central America, and respect its sovereignty and territorial integrity in accordance with its existing and traditional frontiers subject, in the case of Guatemala, to the completion of the treaties necessary to give effect to these Heads of Agreement. Guatemala shall be accorded such territorial seas as shall ensure permanent and unimpeded access to the high seas, together with its rights over the seabed thereunder. Guatemala shall have the use and enjoyment of the Ranguana and Sapodilla Cayes, and rights in those areas of the sea adjacent to the Cayes, as may be agreed. Guatemala shall be entitled to free port facilities in Belize City and Punta Gorda. The road from Belize City to the Guatemalan frontier shall be improved; a road from Punta Gorda to the Guatemalan frontier shall be completed. Guatemala shall have freedom of transit on these roads. Belize shall facilitate the construction of oil pipelines between Guatemala and Belize City, Dangriga and Punta Gorda. In areas to be agreed, an agreement shall be concluded between Belize and Guatemala for purposes concerned with the control of pollution, navigation and fishing. There shall be areas of the seabed and the continental shelf to be agreed for the joint exploration and exploitation of minerals and hydrocarbons. Belize and Guatemala shall agree upon certain development projects of mutual benefit. Belize shall be entitled to any free port facilities in Guatemala to match similar facilities provided to Guatemala in Belize. Belize and Guatemala shall sign a treaty of cooperation in matters of security of mutual concern, and neither shall permit its territory to be used to support subversion against the other. Except as foreseen in these Heads of Agreement, nothing in these provisions shall prejudice any rights of interests in Belize or of the Belizean people. The United Kingdom and Guatemala shall enter into agreements designed to reestablish full and normal relations between them. The United Kingdom and Guatemala shall take the necessary action to sponsor the membership of Belize in the United Nations, Organization of American States, Central American organizations and other international organizations. A joint Commission shall be established between Belize, Guatemala and the United Kingdom to work out details to give effect to the above provisions. It will prepare a treaty or treaties for signature by the signatories to these Heads of Agreement. The controversy between the United Kingdom and Guatemala over the territory of Belize shall therefore be honorably and finally ended. Reception in Belize Public reaction in Belize was muted at first, but the Public Service Union promptly denounced the agreement as a giveaway and promised strike action. The Government's pleas that nothing had actually been agreed on fell on deaf ears. Another group responsible for the anti-Heads reaction was the Belize Action Movement, a youth movement featuring young people who saw the need to fight to ensure that Belize did not fall into the hands of Guatemala. The BAM and PSU coordinated a nationwide strike and protest on 20 March. Also central to the movement was the detention of students from the Belize Technical College, led by Socorro Bobadilla. Bobadilla was a key figure in denouncing the plan, and she and six other students were expelled from Technical by its principal. For much of the remainder of March, there were school closings, daily protests and in one case, the death of an individual in Corozal. Another memorable occurrence was the burning down of several buildings in the downtown area of Belize City. During this melee, Policeman and musician Kent Matthews was accidentally shot by a colleague. The Governor declared a state of emergency on 3 April. Subsequent attempts to use the Heads as a blueprint failed, and Belize would become independent on 21 September 1981. Failed negotiations With the subsiding of the March and April riots, negotiations began on 20 May 1981 in New York. Belizean ministers C. L. B. Rogers, V. H. Courtenay and Assad Shoman represented Belize. The opposition United Democratic Party, claiming that they had been ignored and insulted, refused to attend. This first round of negotiations yielded no results. A second round began in early July after the UDP met with British Foreign Secretary Nicholas Ridley. Again there was no clear settlement and the British resolved to grant Belize independence and agree to defend the territory. The proclamation for Belize's independence was signed on 26 July 1981, coming into force on 21 September 1981. See also History of Belize History of Guatemala References ^ a b "HEADS OF AGREEMENT (Hansard, 17 March 1981)". api.parliament.uk. Hansard. Retrieved 20 May 2024. ^ a b c Riding, Alan; Times, Special To the New York (4 April 1981). "BELIZE IS QUIET AFTER RIOTING OVER INDEPENDENCE PACT". The New York Times. Retrieved 20 May 2024. ^ a b c d Merrill, Tim (1993). Guyana and Belize: country studies (2nd ed.). Washington: Government printing office. ISBN 084440778X.
[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Heads of Agreement (1981)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-2"},{"link_name":"Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"cession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cession"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-study-3"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-study-3"}],"text":"Guatemala, Belize's neighbour to the west and south, had held a claim to Belize's territory since 1859.[2] The claim stemmed from a treaty between Guatemala and Great Britain which Guatemala interpreted as a conditional cession treaty, in which it would be given access to the Caribbean coastline by road in exchange for dropping the claim.[3] Guatemala already has Caribbean access, outside of the presently[when?] disputed region.Guatemala asserted its claim repeatedly in the period between 1940 and 1981, occasionally threatening to invade, but backing down when faced with UK military reinforcements. Several attempts to mediate the dispute failed. Meanwhile, people of Guatemalan descent were settling in Belize, both legally and illegally.[citation needed]Beginning in 1975, the dispute was discussed at the United Nations. The UN general assembly voted in 1980 to affirm the sovereignty of Belize and called on the UK and Guatemala to reach a compromise and grant Belize independence before the end of the next GA session in 1981.[3]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Punta Gorda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punta_Gorda,_Belize"},{"link_name":"road from Belize City to the Guatemalan frontier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Highway_(Belize)"},{"link_name":"Dangriga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dangriga"},{"link_name":"hydrocarbons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocarbons"},{"link_name":"Organization of American States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization_of_American_States"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hansard-1"}],"text":"The United Kingdom and Guatemala shall recognize the independent state of Belize as an integral part of Central America, and respect its sovereignty and territorial integrity in accordance with its existing and traditional frontiers subject, in the case of Guatemala, to the completion of the treaties necessary to give effect to these Heads of Agreement.\nGuatemala shall be accorded such territorial seas as shall ensure permanent and unimpeded access to the high seas, together with its rights over the seabed thereunder.\nGuatemala shall have the use and enjoyment of the Ranguana and Sapodilla Cayes, and rights in those areas of the sea adjacent to the Cayes, as may be agreed.\nGuatemala shall be entitled to free port facilities in Belize City and Punta Gorda.\nThe road from Belize City to the Guatemalan frontier shall be improved; a road from Punta Gorda to the Guatemalan frontier shall be completed. Guatemala shall have freedom of transit on these roads.\nBelize shall facilitate the construction of oil pipelines between Guatemala and Belize City, Dangriga and Punta Gorda.\nIn areas to be agreed, an agreement shall be concluded between Belize and Guatemala for purposes concerned with the control of pollution, navigation and fishing.\nThere shall be areas of the seabed and the continental shelf to be agreed for the joint exploration and exploitation of minerals and hydrocarbons.\nBelize and Guatemala shall agree upon certain development projects of mutual benefit.\nBelize shall be entitled to any free port facilities in Guatemala to match similar facilities provided to Guatemala in Belize.\nBelize and Guatemala shall sign a treaty of cooperation in matters of security of mutual concern, and neither shall permit its territory to be used to support subversion against the other.\nExcept as foreseen in these Heads of Agreement, nothing in these provisions shall prejudice any rights of interests in Belize or of the Belizean people.\nThe United Kingdom and Guatemala shall enter into agreements designed to reestablish full and normal relations between them.\nThe United Kingdom and Guatemala shall take the necessary action to sponsor the membership of Belize in the United Nations, Organization of American States, Central American organizations and other international organizations.\nA joint Commission shall be established between Belize, Guatemala and the United Kingdom to work out details to give effect to the above provisions. It will prepare a treaty or treaties for signature by the signatories to these Heads of Agreement.\nThe controversy between the United Kingdom and Guatemala over the territory of Belize shall therefore be honorably and finally ended.[1]","title":"Clauses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Public Service Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Trade_Union_Congress_of_Belize"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Belize Technical College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belize_Technical_College&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-2"}],"text":"Public reaction in Belize was muted at first, but the Public Service Union promptly denounced the agreement as a giveaway and promised strike action. The Government's pleas that nothing had actually been agreed on fell on deaf ears. Another group responsible for the anti-Heads reaction was the Belize Action Movement, a youth movement featuring young people who saw the need to fight to ensure that Belize did not fall into the hands of Guatemala. The BAM and PSU coordinated a nationwide strike and protest on 20 March.[citation needed]Also central to the movement was the detention of students from the Belize Technical College, led by Socorro Bobadilla. Bobadilla was a key figure in denouncing the plan, and she and six other students were expelled from Technical by its principal. For much of the remainder of March, there were school closings, daily protests and in one case, the death of an individual in Corozal. Another memorable occurrence was the burning down of several buildings in the downtown area of Belize City. During this melee, Policeman and musician Kent Matthews was accidentally shot by a colleague.[citation needed]The Governor declared a state of emergency on 3 April.[2] Subsequent attempts to use the Heads as a blueprint failed, and Belize would become independent on 21 September 1981.","title":"Reception in Belize"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"C. L. B. Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._L._B._Rogers"},{"link_name":"Assad Shoman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assad_Shoman"},{"link_name":"United Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Democratic_Party_(Belize)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-study-3"}],"text":"With the subsiding of the March and April riots, negotiations began on 20 May 1981 in New York. Belizean ministers C. L. B. Rogers, V. H. Courtenay and Assad Shoman represented Belize. The opposition United Democratic Party, claiming that they had been ignored and insulted, refused to attend. This first round of negotiations yielded no results.[citation needed]A second round began in early July after the UDP met with British Foreign Secretary Nicholas Ridley. Again there was no clear settlement and the British resolved to grant Belize independence and agree to defend the territory. The proclamation for Belize's independence was signed on 26 July 1981,[citation needed] coming into force on 21 September 1981.[3]","title":"Failed negotiations"}]
[]
[{"title":"History of Belize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Belize"},{"title":"History of Guatemala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Guatemala"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_J%C3%B3nsson
Ray Jónsson
["1 Club career","1.1 International career","2 Coaching career","2.1 Grindavík","2.2 Grindavík (women's)","2.3 Reynir Sandgerði","3 Honors","3.1 Manager","4 Personal life","5 References","6 External links"]
Filipino-Icelandic footballer and manager This is an Icelandic name. The last name is patronymic, not a family name; this person is referred to by the given name Ray Anthony. Ray JónssonPersonal informationFull name Ray Anthony Pepito JónssonDate of birth (1979-02-03) 3 February 1979 (age 45)Place of birth Liloan, Cebu, PhilippinesHeight 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in)Position(s) Full back, wide midfielderYouth career0000–1997 GrindavikSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)1997–2013 Grindavík 202 (5)1997–1998 → GG (loan) ? (?)1999 → Völsungur (loan) ? (?)2013–2014 Keflavík 16 (0)2015 Global 2 (0)2015–2017 Grindavík International career‡2001 Iceland U21 2 (0)2010–2013 Philippines 31 (0)Managerial career2015–2017 Grindavík (player-coach)2017–2020 Grindavík (women)2022– Reynir Sandgerði *Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 28 September 2013‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 14:40, 15 November 2013 (UTC) Ray Anthony Pepito Jónsson (born 3 February 1979) is a Filipino-Icelandic former footballer and current head coach of 3. deild karla club Reynir Sandgerði. He previously played for Úrvalsdeild karla club Keflavík. In January 2015 he was signed by Global to reinforce the team for the upcoming United Football League season. A former Iceland under-21 international, he has since switched allegiance to the Philippines, making his debut in 2010. He plays mainly as a left back but has also played as a winger and even as a forward early in his career. Club career He signed a new three-year contract for Grindavik in March 2010. He has played in 146 Úrvalsdeild matches as of September 2010, and also in some domestic and European Cup matches. In 2015, Ray Anthony played for Global FC of the United Football League in the Philippines and later returned to Iceland to serve as a playing coach for Grindavik. International career His father is Icelandic and his mother is a Filipina making him eligible to represent either country at international level. In 2001, he played two games with the Icelandic under-21 team, but since he has not played for the senior national team, he is eligible to play for the Philippines. This is after FIFA removed the age limit on players changing national teams in June 2009. In September 2010 he was called up to play for the Philippines national team in the 2010 AFF Suzuki Cup qualification. Ray Anthony was initially planning on going to Asia on holiday but was tipped about possibly trying out for the Philippines national team. He eventually got in touch with the people involved with the national team and he was able to join the team in time for the 2010 Long Teng Cup. He then made his full international debut in their final match against Macau on 12 October 2010, playing the full 90 minutes in a 5–0 win. During the Suzuki Cup qualifiers, he played in all three matches and was instrumental in keeping two clean sheets against Timor-Leste and Cambodia. This helped the Philippines stay undefeated with one win and two draws and clinch qualification for the 2010 AFF Suzuki Cup. His good form would continue at the Suzuki Cup with the Philippines conceding only a single goal in the group stage, in the 1–1 draw with Singapore. Thus, the Philippines qualified for the knockout stage of the tournament for the first time ever. They faced Indonesia in the semi-finals and in the first-leg, the Philippines lost 1–0 with the goal coming from a mix up between Ray Anthony and goalkeeper Neil Etheridge. The Philippines eventually lost 2–0 on aggregate. Coaching career Grindavík When Jónsson returned to Iceland in 2015, he became coach for Grindavík, and also briefly simultaneously played for the club in the fourth division. Grindavík (women's) In 2017, Jónsson was appointed as head coach for the women's team of Grindavík. In his third season, he led the club to the 2. deild kvenna title and was promoted to 1. deild kvenna. He left the club in November 2020. Reynir Sandgerði After coaching Grindavík's women's team for three seasons, Jónsson coached the youth teams of Reynir Sandgerði. In October 2022, following the relegation of the club's senior team to 3. deild karla, Jónsson was appointed as head coach. Honors Manager Grindavík (women's) 2. deild kvenna: 2020 Personal life Ray Anthony was born and raised in Liloan, Cebu before moving to Iceland when he was eight years old. His mother hails from Cebu, and Jónsson himself can speak fluent Cebuano. He has a younger brother named Michael, who is also a footballer and a former teammate at Grindavik. Ray Anthony is married and has three children, two daughters and a son, as of November 2016. References ^ "Philippines roster - 2012 AFC Challenge qualification". The-AFC.com. Asian Football Confederation. Retrieved 7 April 2011. ^ "Ray Anthony Jónsson profile". Football Database. Retrieved 8 October 2010. ^ Einarsson, Magnús Már (18 March 2004). "Hin Hliðin - Ray Anthony Jónsson, Grindavík" (in Icelandic). Fótbolti. Retrieved 10 October 2010. ^ a b Einarsson, Magnús Már (8 March 2010). "Ray Anthony Jónsson gerir nýjan samning við Grindavík" (in Icelandic). Fótbolti. Retrieved 6 October 2010. ^ "Ray gerir nýjan samning við Grindavík". VF.is (in Icelandic). Víkurfréttir. 5 March 2010. Retrieved 6 October 2010. ^ a b Jónsson, Óskar Ófeigur (27 September 2010). "Ray Anthony Jónsson valinn í A-landslið Filippseyja". Visir.is (in Icelandic). Dagblaðið Vísir. Retrieved 6 October 2010. ^ a b c Olivares, Rick (29 November 2016). "Catching up with former Azkal Ray Jonsson". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on 30 November 2016. Retrieved 12 December 2016. ^ "Ray Anthony Jónsson - Landsleikir". KSI.is (in Icelandic). Football Association of Iceland. Retrieved 25 March 2011. ^ "Ray valinn í landslið Filipseyja". UMFG.is (in Icelandic). Knattspyrnudeild UMFG. 28 September 2010. Retrieved 6 October 2010. ^ "FIFA removes age limits on players switching nationality". IMScouting. 4 June 2009. Retrieved 10 October 2010. ^ Lomas, Mark (13 October 2010). "Brits Abroad: McMenemy hoping football can thrill the Manilans". ESPNsoccernet. ESPN Inc. Retrieved 26 October 2010. ^ "2010 龍騰盃國際足球賽技術分析表". CTFA.com.tw (in Chinese). Chinese Taipei Football Association. 12 October 2010. Retrieved 26 October 2010. ^ "Ian hattrick seals Filipino rout". AseanFootball.org. ASEAN Football Federation. 22 October 2010. Retrieved 26 October 2010. ^ "Younghusbands propel Philippines to the top". AseanFootball.org. ASEAN Football Federation. 24 October 2010. Retrieved 26 October 2010. ^ "Philippines squeeze through to final round". AseanFootball.org. ASEAN Football Federation. 26 October 2010. Retrieved 26 October 2010. ^ "Fili steal a point from Lions". AseanFootball.org. ASEAN Football Federation. 2 December 2010. Retrieved 25 March 2011. ^ "Indonesia take semi-final advantage". FIFA.com. Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 16 December 2010. Archived from the original on 20 December 2010. Retrieved 25 March 2011. ^ "Christian scores again to lead Indonesia into the final". AseanFootball.org. ASEAN Football Federation. 19 December 2010. Retrieved 25 March 2011. ^ a b Olivares, Rick (19 June 2020). "Former Azkal Ray Jonsson's women's team picked as favorite in Iceland tournament". The Philippine Star. Retrieved 19 June 2020. ^ "Ray Anthony og Nihad Hasecid þjálfa kvennalið Grindavíkur". UMFG Grindavík (in Icelandic). 13 November 2017. Retrieved 7 February 2023. ^ "Ray hættir með kvennalið Grindavíkur". UMFG Grindavík (in Icelandic). 4 November 2020. Retrieved 7 February 2023. ^ "Ray tekur við Reyni". Reynir Sandgerði (in Icelandic). 15 October 2022. Retrieved 30 December 2022. ^ Tupas, Cedelf P. (20 March 2011). "Pressure to deliver high for azkals". Inquirer.net. Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on 12 May 2014. Retrieved 25 March 2011. ^ Jónsson, Hörður Snævar (27 May 2008). "Ray Anthony Jónsson tognaður aftan í læri" (in Icelandic). Fótbolti. Retrieved 10 October 2010. External links Ray Jónsson at the Football Association of Iceland (in Icelandic) Ray Jónsson at National-Football-Teams.com Ray Jónsson – FIFA competition record (archived)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Icelandic name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icelandic_name"},{"link_name":"patronymic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patronymic"},{"link_name":"family name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"Filipino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_people"},{"link_name":"Icelandic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icelanders"},{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"3. deild karla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3._deild_karla"},{"link_name":"Reynir Sandgerði","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reynir_Sandger%C3%B0i"},{"link_name":"Úrvalsdeild karla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Arvalsdeild_karla_(football)"},{"link_name":"Keflavík","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keflav%C3%ADk_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Global","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_F.C."},{"link_name":"United Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_United_Football_League_(Philippines)"},{"link_name":"Iceland under-21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland_national_under-21_football_team"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"left back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defender_(association_football)#Full-back"},{"link_name":"winger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midfielder#Winger"},{"link_name":"forward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"This is an Icelandic name. The last name is patronymic, not a family name; this person is referred to by the given name Ray Anthony.Ray Anthony Pepito Jónsson (born 3 February 1979) is a Filipino-Icelandic former footballer and current head coach of 3. deild karla club Reynir Sandgerði. He previously played for Úrvalsdeild karla club Keflavík. In January 2015 he was signed by Global to reinforce the team for the upcoming United Football League season. A former Iceland under-21 international, he has since switched allegiance to the Philippines, making his debut in 2010. He plays mainly as a left back but has also played as a winger and even as a forward early in his career.[3]","title":"Ray Jónsson"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grindavik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knattspyrnudeild_UMFG"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fotbolti-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Visir-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fotbolti-4"},{"link_name":"Global FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_FC"},{"link_name":"United Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Football_League_(Philippines)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-catching-7"}],"text":"He signed a new three-year contract for Grindavik in March 2010.[4][5] He has played in 146 Úrvalsdeild matches as of September 2010,[6] and also in some domestic and European Cup matches.[4]In 2015, Ray Anthony played for Global FC of the United Football League in the Philippines and later returned to Iceland to serve as a playing coach for Grindavik.[7]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"FIFA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"2010 AFF Suzuki Cup qualification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_AFF_Suzuki_Cup_qualification"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Visir-6"},{"link_name":"Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia"},{"link_name":"2010 Long Teng Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Long_Teng_Cup"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Macau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macau_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Timor-Leste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timor-Leste_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"2010 AFF Suzuki Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_AFF_Suzuki_Cup"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Neil Etheridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Etheridge"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"International career","text":"His father is Icelandic and his mother is a Filipina making him eligible to represent either country at international level. In 2001, he played two games with the Icelandic under-21 team,[8] but since he has not played for the senior national team, he is eligible to play for the Philippines.[9] This is after FIFA removed the age limit on players changing national teams in June 2009.[10] In September 2010 he was called up to play for the Philippines national team in the 2010 AFF Suzuki Cup qualification.[6]Ray Anthony was initially planning on going to Asia on holiday but was tipped about possibly trying out for the Philippines national team. He eventually got in touch with the people involved with the national team and he was able to join the team in time for the 2010 Long Teng Cup.[11] He then made his full international debut in their final match against Macau on 12 October 2010, playing the full 90 minutes in a 5–0 win.[12]During the Suzuki Cup qualifiers, he played in all three matches and was instrumental in keeping two clean sheets against Timor-Leste and Cambodia. This helped the Philippines stay undefeated with one win and two draws and clinch qualification for the 2010 AFF Suzuki Cup.[13][14][15] His good form would continue at the Suzuki Cup with the Philippines conceding only a single goal in the group stage, in the 1–1 draw with Singapore.[16] Thus, the Philippines qualified for the knockout stage of the tournament for the first time ever. They faced Indonesia in the semi-finals and in the first-leg, the Philippines lost 1–0 with the goal coming from a mix up between Ray Anthony and goalkeeper Neil Etheridge.[17] The Philippines eventually lost 2–0 on aggregate.[18]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Coaching career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-former-19"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-catching-7"}],"sub_title":"Grindavík","text":"When Jónsson returned to Iceland in 2015,[19] he became coach for Grindavík, and also briefly simultaneously played for the club in the fourth division.[7]","title":"Coaching career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grindavík","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grindav%C3%ADk_women%27s_football"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"2. deild kvenna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2._deild_kvenna_(football)"},{"link_name":"1. deild kvenna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1._deild_kvenna_(football)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Grindavík (women's)","text":"In 2017, Jónsson was appointed as head coach for the women's team of Grindavík.[20] In his third season, he led the club to the 2. deild kvenna title and was promoted to 1. deild kvenna. He left the club in November 2020.[21]","title":"Coaching career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Reynir Sandgerði","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reynir_Sandger%C3%B0i"},{"link_name":"3. deild karla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3._deild_karla"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"Reynir Sandgerði","text":"After coaching Grindavík's women's team for three seasons, Jónsson coached the youth teams of Reynir Sandgerði.In October 2022, following the relegation of the club's senior team to 3. deild karla, Jónsson was appointed as head coach.[22]","title":"Coaching career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Honors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2. deild kvenna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2._deild_kvenna_(football)"}],"sub_title":"Manager","text":"Grindavík (women's)2. deild kvenna: 2020","title":"Honors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Liloan, Cebu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liloan,_Cebu"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Cebuano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cebuano_language"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-former-19"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-catching-7"}],"text":"Ray Anthony was born and raised in Liloan, Cebu before moving to Iceland when he was eight years old.[23] His mother hails from Cebu, and Jónsson himself can speak fluent Cebuano.[19] He has a younger brother named Michael, who is also a footballer and a former teammate at Grindavik.[24]Ray Anthony is married and has three children, two daughters and a son, as of November 2016.[7]","title":"Personal life"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Philippines roster - 2012 AFC Challenge qualification\". The-AFC.com. Asian Football Confederation. Retrieved 7 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.the-afc.com/en/afc-challenge-cup-2012-schedule-results?view=teamdetails&compID=408&roundID=525&groupID=781&teamID=195&id=0","url_text":"\"Philippines roster - 2012 AFC Challenge qualification\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ray Anthony Jónsson profile\". Football Database. Retrieved 8 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.footballdatabase.eu/en/player/details/120750-ray-jonsson","url_text":"\"Ray Anthony Jónsson profile\""}]},{"reference":"Einarsson, Magnús Már (18 March 2004). \"Hin Hliðin - Ray Anthony Jónsson, Grindavík\" (in Icelandic). Fótbolti. Retrieved 10 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fotbolti.net/fullStory.php?action=viewStory&id=13623","url_text":"\"Hin Hliðin - Ray Anthony Jónsson, Grindavík\""}]},{"reference":"Einarsson, Magnús Már (8 March 2010). \"Ray Anthony Jónsson gerir nýjan samning við Grindavík\" (in Icelandic). Fótbolti. Retrieved 6 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fotbolti.net/fullStory.php?id=88257","url_text":"\"Ray Anthony Jónsson gerir nýjan samning við Grindavík\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ray gerir nýjan samning við Grindavík\". VF.is (in Icelandic). Víkurfréttir. 5 March 2010. Retrieved 6 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vf.is/Ithrottir/43573/default.aspx","url_text":"\"Ray gerir nýjan samning við Grindavík\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADkurfr%C3%A9ttir","url_text":"Víkurfréttir"}]},{"reference":"Jónsson, Óskar Ófeigur (27 September 2010). \"Ray Anthony Jónsson valinn í A-landslið Filippseyja\". Visir.is (in Icelandic). Dagblaðið Vísir. Retrieved 6 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.visir.is/ray-anthony-jonsson-valinn-i-a-landslid-filippseyja/article/2010360313824","url_text":"\"Ray Anthony Jónsson valinn í A-landslið Filippseyja\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspaper","url_text":"Dagblaðið Vísir"}]},{"reference":"Olivares, Rick (29 November 2016). \"Catching up with former Azkal Ray Jonsson\". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on 30 November 2016. Retrieved 12 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161130213255/http://www.philstar.com/sports/2016/11/29/1648624/catching-former-azkal-ray-jonsson","url_text":"\"Catching up with former Azkal Ray Jonsson\""},{"url":"http://www.philstar.com/sports/2016/11/29/1648624/catching-former-azkal-ray-jonsson","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ray Anthony Jónsson - Landsleikir\". KSI.is (in Icelandic). Football Association of Iceland. Retrieved 25 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ksi.is/mot/motalisti/felagsmadur/?pLeikmadurNr=82521&pListi=4","url_text":"\"Ray Anthony Jónsson - Landsleikir\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ray valinn í landslið Filipseyja\". UMFG.is (in Icelandic). Knattspyrnudeild UMFG. 28 September 2010. Retrieved 6 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.umfg.is/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=4238&Itemid=127","url_text":"\"Ray valinn í landslið Filipseyja\""}]},{"reference":"\"FIFA removes age limits on players switching nationality\". IMScouting. 4 June 2009. Retrieved 10 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.imscouting.com/global-news-article/fifa-removes-age-limits-on-players-switching-natio/2205/","url_text":"\"FIFA removes age limits on players switching nationality\""}]},{"reference":"Lomas, Mark (13 October 2010). \"Brits Abroad: McMenemy hoping football can thrill the Manilans\". ESPNsoccernet. ESPN Inc. Retrieved 26 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://soccernet.espn.go.com/columns/story?id=831577&cc=4716","url_text":"\"Brits Abroad: McMenemy hoping football can thrill the Manilans\""}]},{"reference":"\"2010 龍騰盃國際足球賽技術分析表\". CTFA.com.tw (in Chinese). Chinese Taipei Football Association. 12 October 2010. Retrieved 26 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://ctfa.com.tw/upload/zhtw/news_file/ctfa_news_278.htm","url_text":"\"2010 龍騰盃國際足球賽技術分析表\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ian hattrick seals Filipino rout\". AseanFootball.org. ASEAN Football Federation. 22 October 2010. Retrieved 26 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aseanfootball.org/?p=3001","url_text":"\"Ian hattrick seals Filipino rout\""}]},{"reference":"\"Younghusbands propel Philippines to the top\". AseanFootball.org. ASEAN Football Federation. 24 October 2010. Retrieved 26 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aseanfootball.org/?p=2991","url_text":"\"Younghusbands propel Philippines to the top\""}]},{"reference":"\"Philippines squeeze through to final round\". AseanFootball.org. ASEAN Football Federation. 26 October 2010. Retrieved 26 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aseanfootball.org/?p=2987","url_text":"\"Philippines squeeze through to final round\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fili steal a point from Lions\". AseanFootball.org. ASEAN Football Federation. 2 December 2010. Retrieved 25 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aseanfootball.org/?p=2897","url_text":"\"Fili steal a point from Lions\""}]},{"reference":"\"Indonesia take semi-final advantage\". FIFA.com. Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 16 December 2010. Archived from the original on 20 December 2010. Retrieved 25 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101220083833/http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/news/newsid=1352951.html","url_text":"\"Indonesia take semi-final advantage\""},{"url":"https://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/news/newsid=1352951.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Christian scores again to lead Indonesia into the final\". AseanFootball.org. ASEAN Football Federation. 19 December 2010. Retrieved 25 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aseanfootball.org/?p=3686","url_text":"\"Christian scores again to lead Indonesia into the final\""}]},{"reference":"Olivares, Rick (19 June 2020). \"Former Azkal Ray Jonsson's women's team picked as favorite in Iceland tournament\". The Philippine Star. Retrieved 19 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.philstar.com/sports/2020/06/19/2022023/former-azkal-ray-jonssons-womens-team-picked-favorite-iceland-tournament","url_text":"\"Former Azkal Ray Jonsson's women's team picked as favorite in Iceland tournament\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ray Anthony og Nihad Hasecid þjálfa kvennalið Grindavíkur\". UMFG Grindavík (in Icelandic). 13 November 2017. Retrieved 7 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://umfg.is/ithrottafrettir/ray-anthony-og-nihad-hasecid-thjalfa-kvennalid-grindavikur/","url_text":"\"Ray Anthony og Nihad Hasecid þjálfa kvennalið Grindavíkur\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ray hættir með kvennalið Grindavíkur\". UMFG Grindavík (in Icelandic). 4 November 2020. Retrieved 7 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://umfg.is/knattspyrna/ray-haettir-med-kvennalid-grindavikur/","url_text":"\"Ray hættir með kvennalið Grindavíkur\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ray tekur við Reyni\". Reynir Sandgerði (in Icelandic). 15 October 2022. Retrieved 30 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://reynir.is/2022/10/15/ray-tekur-vid-reyni/","url_text":"\"Ray tekur við Reyni\""}]},{"reference":"Tupas, Cedelf P. (20 March 2011). \"Pressure to deliver high for azkals\". Inquirer.net. Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on 12 May 2014. Retrieved 25 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140512221352/http://www.inquirer.net/sports/articles/Pressure-to-deliver-high-for-Azkals.html","url_text":"\"Pressure to deliver high for azkals\""},{"url":"http://www.inquirer.net/sports/articles/Pressure-to-deliver-high-for-Azkals.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Jónsson, Hörður Snævar (27 May 2008). \"Ray Anthony Jónsson tognaður aftan í læri\" (in Icelandic). Fótbolti. Retrieved 10 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fotbolti.net/fullStory.php?id=61945","url_text":"\"Ray Anthony Jónsson tognaður aftan í læri\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Requiem_for_a_Hit
Requiem for a Hit
["1 Critical reception","2 Live performances","3 Track listing","4 Charts","5 References"]
2004 single by Miss Kittin featuring L.A. Williams"Requiem for a Hit"Single by Miss Kittin featuring L.A. Williamsfrom the album I Com ReleasedSeptember 27, 2004 (2004-09-27)GenreElectronica, electroclashLabelNovaMuteSongwriter(s)Caroline Hervé, Thies Mynther, Tobias NeumannProducer(s)Thies Mynther, Tobias NeumannMiss Kittin singles chronology "Professional Distortion" (2004) "Requiem for a Hit" (2004) "Happy Violentine" (2005) "Requiem for a Hit" is a song by French recording artist Miss Kittin featuring L.A. Williams. It is the second single from the Miss Kittin's first solo album I Com. Co-written and co-produced by Thies Mynther, Tobias Neumann, it is composed as an electroclash and electropop song, that is a play on the line "I'll Beat that Bitch with a Bat." The song was later included on her 2005 EP Mixing Me. Critical reception XLR8R said, "From succulent rhymes to seductively sexual appeal, this girl knows well how to live on charts worldwide." Les Inrockuptibles placed "Requiem for a Hit" at #38 on the Best Singles of 2004. Live performances Miss Kittin performed "Requiem for a Hit (2 Many DJ's Remix)" live at the Sónar festival and included it on her album Live at Sónar. Track listing "Requiem For A Hit (Original Requiem)" - 5:12 "Requiem For A Hit (Ge-Gm Mix)" - 6:12 "Requiem For A Hit (Requiem For A Buzz)" - 6:00 "Requiem For A Hit (Abe Duque Remix)" - 6:29 Charts Chart (2004) PeakPosition Belgium Dance (Ultratop) 6 UK Singles (The Official Charts Company) 92 UK Dance (The Official Charts Company) 11 UK Indie (The Official Charts Company) 26 References ^ Miss Kittin - Requiem For A Hit Discogs. Retrieved 2010-05-28. ^ (2004-11-30). Requiem for a Hit XLR8R. Retrieved 2010-07-20. ^ Les Inrockuptibles End of Year Lists Rocklist. Retrieved 2010-07-24. ^ Miss Kittin - Live At Sónar Discogs. Retrieved 2010-07-15. ^ Miss Kittin - Requiem for a Hit Ultratop. Retrieved 2010-05-28. ^ Chart Log UK : M-My Vitriol Zobbel. Retrieved 2010-05-28. ^ Top 40 Dance Singles (10/10/2004) BBC Radio 1. Retrieved 2010-07-21. ^ Top 40 Indie Singles (3/10/2004) BBC Radio 1. Retrieved 2010-06-30. vteMiss Kittin Discography Studio albums First Album Or I Com BatBox Two Calling from the Stars Cosmos Third Mix albums On the Road Radio Caroline Volume 1 A Bugged Out Mix Live albums Live at Sónar Other albums Kittenz and Thee Glitz EPs Champagne Intimités Mixing Me Singles "1982" "Frank Sinatra" "Rippin Kittin" "Stock Exchange" "The Beach" "Professional Distortion" "Requiem for a Hit" "Happy Violentine" "Grace" "1000 Dreams" "Party in My Head" "All You Need" Featured singles "Silver Screen Shower Scene" "What Does It Feel Like?" "Je t'aime... moi non plus" "Madame Hollywood" Labels NovaMute Nobody's Bizzness Related topics Felix da Housecat Golden Boy The Hacker
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Miss Kittin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Kittin"},{"link_name":"I Com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Com"},{"link_name":"electroclash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroclash"},{"link_name":"electropop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electropop"},{"link_name":"EP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_play"},{"link_name":"Mixing Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixing_Me"}],"text":"\"Requiem for a Hit\" is a song by French recording artist Miss Kittin featuring L.A. Williams. It is the second single from the Miss Kittin's first solo album I Com. Co-written and co-produced by Thies Mynther, Tobias Neumann, it is composed as an electroclash and electropop song, that is a play on the line \"I'll Beat that Bitch with a Bat.\" The song was later included on her 2005 EP Mixing Me.","title":"Requiem for a Hit"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"XLR8R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XLR8R"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Les Inrockuptibles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Inrockuptibles"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"XLR8R said, \"From succulent rhymes to seductively sexual appeal, this girl knows well how to live on charts worldwide.\"[2]Les Inrockuptibles placed \"Requiem for a Hit\" at #38 on the Best Singles of 2004.[3]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Miss Kittin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Kittin"},{"link_name":"Sónar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B3nar"},{"link_name":"Live at Sónar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_at_S%C3%B3nar"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Miss Kittin performed \"Requiem for a Hit (2 Many DJ's Remix)\" live at the Sónar festival and included it on her album Live at Sónar.[4]","title":"Live performances"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"\"Requiem For A Hit (Original Requiem)\" - 5:12\n\"Requiem For A Hit (Ge-Gm Mix)\"\t- 6:12\n\"Requiem For A Hit (Requiem For A Buzz)\" - 6:00\n\"Requiem For A Hit (Abe Duque Remix)\" - 6:29","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"}]
[]
null
[]
[{"Link":"http://www.discogs.com/Miss-Kittin-Requiem-For-A-Hit/release/328344","external_links_name":"Miss Kittin - Requiem For A Hit"},{"Link":"http://www.xlr8r.com/reviews/miss-kittin/requiem-hit","external_links_name":"Requiem for a Hit"},{"Link":"http://www.rocklistmusic.co.uk/lesrock_p2.html#2004","external_links_name":"Les Inrockuptibles End of Year Lists"},{"Link":"http://www.discogs.com/Miss-Kittin-Live-At-S%C3%B3nar/release/1154546","external_links_name":"Miss Kittin - Live At Sónar"},{"Link":"https://www.ultratop.be/fr/song/950c/Miss-Kittin-Requiem-For-A-Hit","external_links_name":"Miss Kittin - Requiem for a Hit"},{"Link":"http://www.zobbel.de/cluk/CLUK_M.HTM","external_links_name":"Chart Log UK : M-My Vitriol"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20041010165850/http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio1/chart/top40/dance.shtml","external_links_name":"Top 40 Dance Singles (10/10/2004)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20041009211728/http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio1/chart/top40/indie.shtml","external_links_name":"Top 40 Indie Singles (3/10/2004)"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvedon_railway_station
Kelvedon railway station
["1 History","2 Accidents and incidents","3 Services","4 References","5 External links"]
Coordinates: 51°50′27.29″N 0°42′09.85″E / 51.8409139°N 0.7027361°E / 51.8409139; 0.7027361Railway station in Essex, England KelvedonGeneral informationLocationKelvedon and Feering, District of BraintreeEnglandCoordinates51°50′27.29″N 0°42′09.85″E / 51.8409139°N 0.7027361°E / 51.8409139; 0.7027361Grid referenceTL862192Managed byGreater AngliaPlatforms2Other informationStation codeKELClassificationDfT category C2HistoryOriginal companyEastern Counties RailwayPre-groupingGreat Eastern RailwayPost-groupingLondon and North Eastern RailwayKey dates29 March 1843OpenedPassengers2018/19 0.848 million2019/20 0.798 million2020/21 0.120 million2021/22 0.356 million2022/23 0.482 million NotesPassenger statistics from the Office of Rail and Road Kelvedon railway station is on the Great Eastern Main Line (GEML) in the East of England, serving the villages of Kelvedon and Feering, Essex. It is also the closest station to the settlements of Coggeshall and Tiptree. Kelvedon is 42 miles 18 chains (68.0 km) down the line from London Liverpool Street. It is situated between Witham to the west and Marks Tey and to the east. Its three-letter station code is KEL. The station was opened in 1843 by the Eastern Counties Railway. It is currently operated by Greater Anglia, who also operate all trains serving it, as part of the East Anglia franchise. To the north-east was a separate station called Kelvedon Low Level, which until 1951 was the terminus of the now disused Kelvedon and Tollesbury Light Railway. History The section of the Eastern Counties Railway between Brentwood and Colchester was opened on 29 March 1843, and one of the original stations on that section was Kelvedon. Kelvedon (High Level) station, 1950. In common with most rural stations, Kelvedon handled local goods and a 1923 plan shows sidings with cattle pens on the up-side at the London end, and sidings with a goods shed on the down-side at the London end of the station. There was also a large warehouse which was used by King Seeds for many years on the down-side. The goods yard closed on 7 December 1964. There was a link line to Kelvedon Low Level railway station with a drop of 1 in 50, which joined the main line at the country end of the up line. The station complex was controlled by a signal box at the London end of the up platform which closed on 3 December 1961 when Witham power box became responsible for the section through to Marks Tey. Accidents and incidents On 17 October 1872, one passenger was killed and 16 people were injured in a derailment at Kelvedon. The 09:45 express service from Yarmouth to Bishopsgate left the tracks as it approached Kelvedon at a speed of up to 40 mph. A Board of Trade investigation blamed a suspension defect through lack of maintenance. On 4 October 2005, a team of track maintenance staff was working by a set of points at Kelvedon when the 13:30 passenger train from Norwich to Liverpool Street passed through the station. The team had taken refuge in a place of safety as the train passed, but one of them was injured by a steel threaded plug which flew off the moving locomotive, which was travelling at speed. The worker suffered a fracture to his skull and injury to his hand. Services The following services typically call at Kelvedon: Operator Route Rolling stock Frequency Notes Greater Anglia London Liverpool Street - Stratford - Shenfield - Chelmsford - Hatfield Peverel - Witham - Kelvedon - Marks Tey - Colchester - Manningtree - Ipswich Class 321, Class 720 1x per hour in each direction Also calls at Ingatestone on Sundays Greater Anglia London Liverpool Street - Stratford - Romford - Shenfield - Chelmsford - Witham - Kelvedon - Marks Tey - Colchester - Colchester Town Class 321, Class 720 1x per hour in each direction Not Sundays References ^ Yonge, John (September 2006) . Jacobs, Gerald (ed.). Railway Track Diagrams 2: Eastern (3rd ed.). Bradford on Avon: Trackmaps. map 5C. ISBN 0-9549866-2-8. ^ Allen, Cecil J. (1956) . The Great Eastern Railway (2nd ed.). Hampton Court: Ian Allan. pp. 8, 214. ^ Butt, R.V.J. (1995). The Directory of Railway Stations. Yeovil: Patrick Stephens Ltd. p. 129. ISBN 1-85260-508-1. R508. ^ Mitchell, Victor E. (April 2011). Eastern Main Lines - Shenfield to Ipswich. Midhurst: Middleton Press. Plan VII. ISBN 978-1-906008-96-3. ^ Mitchell 2011, Plate 58 ^ a b c Mitchell 2011, Plate 60 ^ "Accident at Kelvedon on 17th October 1872 :: The Railways Archive". ^ Kelvedon: report and recommendations (PDF) (Report). Rail Safety and Standards Board. 4 October 2005. ^ Table 11 National Rail timetable, May 2016 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kelvedon railway station. Train times and station information for Kelvedon railway station from National Rail Preceding station National Rail Following station WithamGreater AngliaGreat Eastern Main LineMarks Tey Disused railways Interchange with Kelvedon (KTLR) on the Kelvedon and Tollesbury Light Railway vteRailway stations served by Greater AngliaStations listed in italics are request stops.Inter-City Chelmsford Colchester Diss Ipswich London Liverpool Street Manningtree Norwich Stowmarket Stratford Great Eastern Alresford Althorne Battlesbridge Billericay Braintree Braintree Freeport Bures Burnham-on-Crouch Chappel & Wakes Colne Chelmsford Clacton-on-Sea Colchester Colchester Town Cressing Dovercourt Frinton-on-Sea Great Bentley Harwich International Harwich Town Hatfield Peverel Hockley Hythe Ingatestone Ipswich Kelvedon Kirby Cross London Liverpool Street Manningtree Marks Tey Mistley North Fambridge Prittlewell Rayleigh Rochford Shenfield South Woodham Ferrers Southend Airport Southend Victoria Southminster Stratford Sudbury Thorpe-le-Soken Walton-on-the-Naze Weeley White Notley Wickford Witham Wivenhoe Wrabness West Anglia(+ Stansted Express) Audley End Bishop's Stortford Brimsdown Broxbourne Cambridge Cambridge North Cheshunt Elsenham Ely Enfield Lock Great Chesterford Harlow Mill Harlow Town Hertford East Lea Bridge London Liverpool Street Meridian Water Newport Northumberland Park Ponders End Roydon Rye House St Margarets Sawbridgeworth Shelford Stansted Airport (Express only) Stansted Mountfitchet Stratford Tottenham Hale Waltham Cross Ware Waterbeach Whittlesford Parkway Regional Acle Attleborough Audley End Beccles Berney Arms Brampton Brandon Brundall Brundall Gardens Buckenham Bury St Edmunds Cambridge Cambridge North Cantley Cromer Darsham Derby Road Dullingham Eccles Road Elmswell Ely Felixstowe Great Yarmouth Gunton Haddiscoe Halesworth Harling Road Hoveton & Wroxham Ipswich Kennett Lakenheath Lingwood Lowestoft Manea March Melton Needham Market Newmarket North Walsham Oulton Broad North Oulton Broad South Peterborough Reedham Roughton Road Salhouse Saxmundham Sheringham Shippea Hill Soham Somerleyton Spooner Row Stansted Airport Stowmarket Thetford Thurston Trimley Waterbeach West Runton Westerfield Whittlesea Wickham Market Woodbridge Worstead Wymondham Rail transport in the United Kingdom
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Great Eastern Main Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Eastern_Main_Line"},{"link_name":"East of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_of_England"},{"link_name":"Kelvedon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvedon"},{"link_name":"Feering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feering"},{"link_name":"Coggeshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coggeshall"},{"link_name":"Tiptree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiptree"},{"link_name":"London Liverpool Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_Street_station"},{"link_name":"Witham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witham_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Marks Tey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marks_Tey_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Eastern Counties Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Counties_Railway"},{"link_name":"Greater Anglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Anglia_(train_operating_company)"},{"link_name":"East Anglia franchise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Anglia_franchise"},{"link_name":"Kelvedon Low Level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvedon_Low_Level_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Kelvedon and Tollesbury Light Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvedon_and_Tollesbury_Light_Railway"}],"text":"Railway station in Essex, EnglandKelvedon railway station is on the Great Eastern Main Line (GEML) in the East of England, serving the villages of Kelvedon and Feering, Essex. It is also the closest station to the settlements of Coggeshall and Tiptree. Kelvedon is 42 miles 18 chains (68.0 km) down the line from London Liverpool Street. It is situated between Witham to the west and Marks Tey and to the east.[1] Its three-letter station code is KEL.The station was opened in 1843 by the Eastern Counties Railway. It is currently operated by Greater Anglia, who also operate all trains serving it, as part of the East Anglia franchise.To the north-east was a separate station called Kelvedon Low Level, which until 1951 was the terminus of the now disused Kelvedon and Tollesbury Light Railway.","title":"Kelvedon railway station"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eastern Counties Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Counties_Railway"},{"link_name":"Brentwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brentwood_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Colchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colchester_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kelvedon_(High_Level)_station,_1950_(geograph_5128600).jpg"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mitchell60-6"},{"link_name":"Kelvedon Low Level railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvedon_Low_Level_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mitchell60-6"},{"link_name":"signal box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_box"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mitchell60-6"}],"text":"The section of the Eastern Counties Railway between Brentwood and Colchester was opened on 29 March 1843,[2] and one of the original stations on that section was Kelvedon.[3]Kelvedon (High Level) station, 1950.In common with most rural stations, Kelvedon handled local goods and a 1923 plan shows sidings with cattle pens on the up-side at the London end, and sidings with a goods shed on the down-side at the London end of the station.[4] There was also a large warehouse which was used by King Seeds for many years on the down-side.[5] The goods yard closed on 7 December 1964.[6]There was a link line to Kelvedon Low Level railway station with a drop of 1 in 50, which joined the main line at the country end of the up line.[6]The station complex was controlled by a signal box at the London end of the up platform which closed on 3 December 1961 when Witham power box became responsible for the section through to Marks Tey.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"derailment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derailment"},{"link_name":"Yarmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Yarmouth_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Bishopsgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishopsgate_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Board of Trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_of_Trade"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Norwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Liverpool Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_Street_station"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"On 17 October 1872, one passenger was killed and 16 people were injured in a derailment at Kelvedon. The 09:45 express service from Yarmouth to Bishopsgate left the tracks as it approached Kelvedon at a speed of up to 40 mph. A Board of Trade investigation blamed a suspension defect through lack of maintenance.[7]\nOn 4 October 2005, a team of track maintenance staff was working by a set of points at Kelvedon when the 13:30 passenger train from Norwich to Liverpool Street passed through the station. The team had taken refuge in a place of safety as the train passed, but one of them was injured by a steel threaded plug which flew off the moving locomotive, which was travelling at speed. The worker suffered a fracture to his skull and injury to his hand.[8]","title":"Accidents and incidents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The following services typically call at Kelvedon:[9]","title":"Services"}]
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null
[{"reference":"Yonge, John (September 2006) [1994]. Jacobs, Gerald (ed.). Railway Track Diagrams 2: Eastern (3rd ed.). Bradford on Avon: Trackmaps. map 5C. ISBN 0-9549866-2-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9549866-2-8","url_text":"0-9549866-2-8"}]},{"reference":"Allen, Cecil J. (1956) [1955]. The Great Eastern Railway (2nd ed.). Hampton Court: Ian Allan. pp. 8, 214.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_J._Allen","url_text":"Allen, Cecil J."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Allan_Publishing","url_text":"Ian Allan"}]},{"reference":"Butt, R.V.J. (1995). The Directory of Railway Stations. Yeovil: Patrick Stephens Ltd. p. 129. ISBN 1-85260-508-1. R508.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85260-508-1","url_text":"1-85260-508-1"}]},{"reference":"Mitchell, Victor E. (April 2011). Eastern Main Lines - Shenfield to Ipswich. Midhurst: Middleton Press. Plan VII. ISBN 978-1-906008-96-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-906008-96-3","url_text":"978-1-906008-96-3"}]},{"reference":"\"Accident at Kelvedon on 17th October 1872 :: The Railways Archive\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.railwaysarchive.co.uk/eventsummary.php?eventID=3567","url_text":"\"Accident at Kelvedon on 17th October 1872 :: The Railways Archive\""}]},{"reference":"Kelvedon: report and recommendations (PDF) (Report). Rail Safety and Standards Board. 4 October 2005.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.railwaysarchive.co.uk/documents/RSSB_Kelvedon2005.pdf","url_text":"Kelvedon: report and recommendations"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dooly_County
Dooly County, Georgia
["1 Geography","1.1 Major highways","1.2 Adjacent counties","2 Communities","2.1 Cities","2.2 Towns","3 Demographics","4 Economy","5 Education","6 Politics","7 Notable people","8 See also","9 References","10 External links"]
Coordinates: 32°10′N 83°48′W / 32.16°N 83.80°W / 32.16; -83.80County in Georgia, United States County in GeorgiaDooly CountyCountyDooly County Courthouse in ViennaLocation within the U.S. state of GeorgiaGeorgia's location within the U.S.Coordinates: 32°10′N 83°48′W / 32.16°N 83.8°W / 32.16; -83.8Country United StatesState GeorgiaFoundedMay 15, 1821; 203 years ago (1821-05-15)Named forJohn DoolySeatViennaLargest cityViennaArea • Total397 sq mi (1,030 km2) • Land392 sq mi (1,020 km2) • Water5.3 sq mi (14 km2)  1.3%Population (2020) • Total11,208 • Density29/sq mi (11/km2)Time zoneUTC−5 (Eastern) • Summer (DST)UTC−4 (EDT)Congressional district2ndWebsitedoolycountyga.com Dooly County is a county located in the central portion of the U.S. state of Georgia. As of the 2020 census, the population was 11,208. The county seat is Vienna. The county was created by an act of the Georgia General Assembly on May 15, 1821, and named for Colonel John Dooly, a Georgia American Revolutionary War fighter. It was one of the original landlot counties created from land ceded from the Creek Nation. The entire county of Crisp and parts of Macon, Pulaski, Turner, Wilcox and Worth counties were formed from Dooly's original borders. Geography According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 397 square miles (1,030 km2), of which 392 square miles (1,020 km2) is land and 5.3 square miles (14 km2) (1.3%) is water. The county is located in the upper Atlantic coastal plain region of the state. The western two-thirds of Dooly County, from west of Unadilla south to Pinehurst, then to the southeastern corner of the county, is located in the Middle Flint River sub-basin of the ACF River Basin (Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint River Basin). The northeastern and eastern portion of Dooly County is located in the Lower Ocmulgee River sub-basin of the Altamaha River basin. The very southeastern corner of the county is located in the Alapaha River sub-basin of the Suwannee River basin. Major highways Interstate 75 U.S. Route 41 State Route 7 State Route 27 State Route 90 State Route 215 State Route 230 State Route 230 Connector State Route 257 State Route 329 State Route 401 (unsigned designation for I-75) Adjacent counties Houston County - northeast Pulaski County - east Wilcox County - southeast Crisp County - south Sumter County - west Macon County - northwest Communities Cities Lilly Pinehurst Unadilla Vienna (county seat) Towns Byromville Dooling Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 18302,135—18404,427107.4%18508,36188.9%18608,9176.6%18709,7909.8%188012,42026.9%189018,14646.1%190026,56746.4%191020,554−22.6%192020,522−0.2%193018,025−12.2%194016,886−6.3%195014,159−16.1%196011,474−19.0%197010,404−9.3%198010,8264.1%19909,901−8.5%200011,52516.4%201014,91829.4%202011,208−24.9%2023 (est.)10,981−2.0%U.S. Decennial Census1790-1880 1890-1910 1920-1930 1930-1940 1940-1950 1960-1980 1980-2000 2010 Dooly County, Georgia – Demographic Profile (NH = Non-Hispanic)Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race. Race / Ethnicity Pop 2010 Pop 2020 % 2010 % 2020 White alone (NH) 6,461 4,611 43.31% 41.14% Black or African American alone (NH) 7,381 5,540 49.48% 49.43% Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH) 16 17 0.11% 0.15% Asian alone (NH) 93 51 0.62% 0.46% Pacific Islander alone (NH) 3 2 0.02% 0.02% Other race alone (NH) 6 14 0.04% 0.12% Mixed race or Multiracial (NH) 96 176 0.64% 1.57% Hispanic or Latino (any race) 862 797 5.78% 7.11% Total 14,918 11,208 100.00% 100.00% As of the 2020 United States census, there were 11,208 people, 5,020 households, and 3,350 families residing in the county. Economy The Big Pig Jig, Georgia's official State Barbecue Cooking Championship, is held annually in Fall in Dooly County and attracts a national audience. The county is also notable for cotton and peanut production. Education Main article: Vienna, Georgia § Education Politics United States presidential election results for Dooly County, Georgia Year Republican Democratic Third party No.  % No.  % No.  % 2020 2,159 52.58% 1,911 46.54% 36 0.88% 2016 1,951 50.56% 1,872 48.51% 36 0.93% 2012 1,985 46.14% 2,285 53.11% 32 0.74% 2008 1,991 47.85% 2,138 51.38% 32 0.77% 2004 1,853 48.18% 1,973 51.30% 20 0.52% 2000 1,588 45.11% 1,901 54.01% 31 0.88% 1996 990 31.33% 1,951 61.74% 219 6.93% 1992 1,034 30.53% 1,993 58.84% 360 10.63% 1988 1,386 45.88% 1,613 53.39% 22 0.73% 1984 1,435 45.40% 1,726 54.60% 0 0.00% 1980 1,083 30.93% 2,364 67.50% 55 1.57% 1976 655 21.16% 2,441 78.84% 0 0.00% 1972 1,904 76.34% 590 23.66% 0 0.00% 1968 454 14.48% 879 28.03% 1,803 57.49% 1964 1,662 53.05% 1,471 46.95% 0 0.00% 1960 220 11.26% 1,733 88.74% 0 0.00% 1956 174 8.59% 1,851 91.41% 0 0.00% 1952 197 10.05% 1,764 89.95% 0 0.00% 1948 22 3.37% 577 88.50% 53 8.13% 1944 87 9.33% 845 90.67% 0 0.00% 1940 124 9.27% 1,209 90.43% 4 0.30% 1936 41 2.97% 1,339 97.03% 0 0.00% 1932 8 0.70% 1,139 98.96% 4 0.35% 1928 156 17.33% 744 82.67% 0 0.00% 1924 45 7.06% 590 92.62% 2 0.31% 1920 39 6.69% 544 93.31% 0 0.00% 1916 31 4.04% 737 95.96% 0 0.00% 1912 33 5.10% 609 94.13% 5 0.77% Notable people John Dooly after whom the county was named Rooney L. Bowen, Georgia businessman and politician George Busbee, governor of Georgia Walter F. George, U.S. Senator Jody Powell, press secretary and aide to Jimmy Carter Roger Kingdom, Olympic gold medalist in track and field David Ragan, NASCAR driver Keith Mumphery, NFL player Julian Webb, judge on the Georgia Court of Appeals and member of the Georgia State Senate. See also State of Georgia portal National Register of Historic Places listings in Dooly County, Georgia List of counties in Georgia References ^ "Census - Geography Profile: Dooly County, Georgia". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 27, 2022. ^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on May 31, 2011. Retrieved June 7, 2011. ^ Gannett, Henry (1905). The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States. Govt. Print. Off. p. 108. ^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011. ^ "Georgia Soil and Water Conservation Commission Interactive Mapping Experience". Georgia Soil and Water Conservation Commission. Archived from the original on October 3, 2018. Retrieved November 24, 2015. ^ "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Counties: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2023". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 31, 2024. ^ "Decennial Census of Population and Housing by Decades". United States Census Bureau. ^ "1880 Census Population by Counties 1790-1800" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. 1880. ^ "1910 Census of Population - Georgia" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. 1910. ^ "1930 Census of Population - Georgia" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. 1930. ^ "1940 Census of Population - Georgia" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. 1940. ^ "1950 Census of Population - Georgia -" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. 1950. ^ "1980 Census of Population - Number of Inhabitants - Georgia" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. 1980. ^ "2000 Census of Population - Population and Housing Unit Counts - Georgia" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. 2000. ^ "State & County QuickFacts". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on June 7, 2011. Retrieved February 15, 2014. ^ "P2: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Dooly County, Georgia". United States Census Bureau. ^ "P2: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) - Dooly County, Georgia". United States Census Bureau. ^ Leip, David. "Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections". uselectionatlas.org. Retrieved March 19, 2018. External links Georgia.gov Dooly County history Archived March 2, 2016, at the Wayback Machine GeorgiaInfo Dooly County Courthouse info Dooly County historical marker Places adjacent to Dooly County, Georgia Macon County Houston County Sumter County Dooly County, Georgia Pulaski County Crisp County Wilcox County vteMunicipalities and communities of Dooly County, Georgia, United StatesCounty seat: ViennaCities Lilly Pinehurst Unadilla Vienna Map of Georgia highlighting Dooly CountyTowns Byromville Dooling Unincorporated communities Drayton Findlay Richwood Snow Spring Tippettville Georgia portal United States portal vteState of GeorgiaAtlanta (capital)Topics Index Climate change Geology History Congressional delegations Government Law People Mass media newspapers radio TV Music Elections Geography State parks Symbols Transportation Tourist attractions African Americans (Slavery) Society Abortion Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Gun laws LGBT rights Politics Sports Regions Central Georgia Coastal Georgia East Georgia East Central Georgia Golden Isles Lower Coastal Plain Metro Atlanta North Georgia Northeast Georgia Northwest Georgia Sea Islands South Georgia Southern Rivers Southeast Georgia Southwest Georgia West Georgia West Central Georgia Largest cities Albany Atlanta Athens Augusta Columbus Johns Creek Macon Marietta Roswell Sandy Springs Savannah South Fulton Valdosta Warner Robins Counties Appling Atkinson Bacon Baker Baldwin Banks Barrow Bartow Ben Hill Berrien Bibb Bleckley Brantley Brooks Bryan Bulloch Burke Butts Calhoun Camden Candler Carroll Catoosa Charlton Chatham Chattahoochee Chattooga Cherokee Clarke Clay Clayton Clinch Cobb Coffee Colquitt Columbia Cook Coweta Crawford Crisp Dade Dawson Decatur DeKalb Dodge Dooly Dougherty Douglas Early Echols Effingham Elbert Emanuel Evans Fannin Fayette Floyd Forsyth Franklin Fulton Gilmer Glascock Glynn Gordon Grady Greene Gwinnett Habersham Hall Hancock Haralson Harris Hart Heard Henry Houston Irwin Jackson Jasper Jeff Davis Jefferson Jenkins Johnson Jones Lamar Lanier Laurens Lee Liberty Lincoln Long Lowndes Lumpkin Macon Madison Marion McDuffie McIntosh Meriwether Miller Mitchell Monroe Montgomery Morgan Murray Muscogee Newton Oconee Oglethorpe Paulding Peach Pickens Pierce Pike Polk Pulaski Putnam Quitman Rabun Randolph Richmond Rockdale Schley Screven Seminole Spalding Stephens Stewart Sumter Talbot Taliaferro Tattnall Taylor Telfair Terrell Thomas Tift Toombs Towns Treutlen Troup Turner Twiggs Union Upson Walker Walton Ware Warren Washington Wayne Webster Wheeler White Whitfield Wilcox Wilkes Wilkinson Worth (Campbell) (Milton) Georgia (U.S. state) portal Category WikiProject Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Israel United States Other NARA 32°10′N 83°48′W / 32.16°N 83.80°W / 32.16; -83.80
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"county","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"central portion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Georgia"},{"link_name":"U.S. state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)"},{"link_name":"2020 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"county seat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_seat"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR6-2"},{"link_name":"Georgia General Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_General_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Colonel John Dooly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dooly"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)"},{"link_name":"American Revolutionary War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War"},{"link_name":"ceded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cession"},{"link_name":"Creek Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creek_people"},{"link_name":"Crisp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisp_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Macon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macon_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Pulaski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulaski_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turner_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Wilcox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilcox_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Worth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worth_County,_Georgia"}],"text":"County in Georgia, United StatesCounty in GeorgiaDooly County is a county located in the central portion of the U.S. state of Georgia. As of the 2020 census, the population was 11,208.[1] The county seat is Vienna.[2] The county was created by an act of the Georgia General Assembly on May 15, 1821, and named for Colonel John Dooly,[3] a Georgia American Revolutionary War fighter. It was one of the original landlot counties created from land ceded from the Creek Nation.The entire county of Crisp and parts of Macon, Pulaski, Turner, Wilcox and Worth counties were formed from Dooly's original borders.","title":"Dooly County, Georgia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR1-4"},{"link_name":"Atlantic coastal plain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_coastal_plain"},{"link_name":"Unadilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unadilla,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Pinehurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinehurst,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Flint River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flint_River_(Georgia)"},{"link_name":"ACF River Basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACF_River_Basin"},{"link_name":"Ocmulgee River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocmulgee_River"},{"link_name":"Altamaha River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altamaha_River"},{"link_name":"Alapaha River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alapaha_River"},{"link_name":"Suwannee River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suwannee_River"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 397 square miles (1,030 km2), of which 392 square miles (1,020 km2) is land and 5.3 square miles (14 km2) (1.3%) is water.[4] The county is located in the upper Atlantic coastal plain region of the state.The western two-thirds of Dooly County, from west of Unadilla south to Pinehurst, then to the southeastern corner of the county, is located in the Middle Flint River sub-basin of the ACF River Basin (Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint River Basin). The northeastern and eastern portion of Dooly County is located in the Lower Ocmulgee River sub-basin of the Altamaha River basin. The very southeastern corner of the county is located in the Alapaha River sub-basin of the Suwannee River basin.[5]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:I-75.svg"},{"link_name":"Interstate 75","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_75_in_Georgia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_41.svg"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 41","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_41_in_Georgia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Georgia_7.svg"},{"link_name":"State Route 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Georgia_27.svg"},{"link_name":"State Route 27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_27"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Georgia_90.svg"},{"link_name":"State Route 90","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_90"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Georgia_215.svg"},{"link_name":"State Route 215","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_215"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Georgia_230.svg"},{"link_name":"State Route 230","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_230"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Georgia_230_Connector.svg"},{"link_name":"State Route 230 Connector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georgia_State_Route_230_Connector_(Byromville)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Georgia_257.svg"},{"link_name":"State Route 257","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_257"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Georgia_329.svg"},{"link_name":"State Route 329","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_329"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Georgia_401.svg"},{"link_name":"State Route 401","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_401"}],"sub_title":"Major highways","text":"Interstate 75\n U.S. Route 41\n State Route 7\n State Route 27\n State Route 90\n State Route 215\n State Route 230\n State Route 230 Connector\n State Route 257\n State Route 329\n State Route 401 (unsigned designation for I-75)","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Houston County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Pulaski County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulaski_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Wilcox County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilcox_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Crisp County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisp_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Sumter County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumter_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Macon County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macon_County,_Georgia"}],"sub_title":"Adjacent counties","text":"Houston County - northeast\nPulaski County - east\nWilcox County - southeast\nCrisp County - south\nSumter County - west\nMacon County - northwest","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Communities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilly,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Pinehurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinehurst,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Unadilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unadilla,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna,_Georgia"}],"sub_title":"Cities","text":"Lilly\nPinehurst\nUnadilla\nVienna (county seat)","title":"Communities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Byromville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byromville,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Dooling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dooling,_Georgia"}],"sub_title":"Towns","text":"Byromville\nDooling","title":"Communities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2020 United States census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_census"}],"text":"As of the 2020 United States census, there were 11,208 people, 5,020 households, and 3,350 families residing in the county.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Big Pig Jig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Pig_Jig"},{"link_name":"Barbecue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbecue"}],"text":"The Big Pig Jig, Georgia's official State Barbecue Cooking Championship, is held annually in Fall in Dooly County and attracts a national audience. The county is also notable for cotton and peanut production.","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Dooly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dooly"},{"link_name":"Rooney L. Bowen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooney_L._Bowen"},{"link_name":"George Busbee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Busbee"},{"link_name":"Walter F. George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_F._George"},{"link_name":"Jody Powell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jody_Powell"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carter"},{"link_name":"Roger Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"David Ragan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ragan"},{"link_name":"Keith Mumphery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Mumphery"},{"link_name":"Julian Webb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Webb"}],"text":"John Dooly after whom the county was named\nRooney L. Bowen, Georgia businessman and politician\nGeorge Busbee, governor of Georgia\nWalter F. George, U.S. Senator\nJody Powell, press secretary and aide to Jimmy Carter\nRoger Kingdom, Olympic gold medalist in track and field\nDavid Ragan, NASCAR driver\nKeith Mumphery, NFL player\nJulian Webb, judge on the Georgia Court of Appeals and member of the Georgia State Senate.","title":"Notable people"}]
[{"image_text":"Map of Georgia highlighting Dooly County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Map_of_Georgia_highlighting_Dooly_County.svg/86px-Map_of_Georgia_highlighting_Dooly_County.svg.png"}]
[{"title":"State of Georgia portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:State_of_Georgia"},{"title":"National Register of Historic Places listings in Dooly County, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Dooly_County,_Georgia"},{"title":"List of counties in Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Georgia"}]
[{"reference":"\"Census - Geography Profile: Dooly County, Georgia\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/profile/Dooly_County,_Georgia?g=0500000US13093","url_text":"\"Census - Geography Profile: Dooly County, Georgia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Find a County\". National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on May 31, 2011. Retrieved June 7, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110531210815/http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx","url_text":"\"Find a County\""},{"url":"http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gannett, Henry (1905). The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States. Govt. Print. Off. p. 108.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9V1IAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA108","url_text":"The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States"}]},{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Georgia Soil and Water Conservation Commission Interactive Mapping Experience\". Georgia Soil and Water Conservation Commission. Archived from the original on October 3, 2018. Retrieved November 24, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181003004639/http://www.gaswcc.org/maps/","url_text":"\"Georgia Soil and Water Conservation Commission Interactive Mapping Experience\""},{"url":"http://www.gaswcc.org/maps/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Counties: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2023\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 31, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.html","url_text":"\"Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Counties: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2023\""}]},{"reference":"\"Decennial Census of Population and Housing by Decades\". United States Census Bureau.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census/decade.html","url_text":"\"Decennial Census of Population and Housing by Decades\""}]},{"reference":"\"1880 Census Population by Counties 1790-1800\" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. 1880.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1880/vol-01-population/1880_v1-08.pdf","url_text":"\"1880 Census Population by Counties 1790-1800\""}]},{"reference":"\"1910 Census of Population - Georgia\" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. 1910.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1910/abstract/supplement-ga.pdf","url_text":"\"1910 Census of Population - Georgia\""}]},{"reference":"\"1930 Census of Population - Georgia\" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. 1930.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/03815512v1ch04.pdf","url_text":"\"1930 Census of Population - Georgia\""}]},{"reference":"\"1940 Census of Population - Georgia\" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. 1940.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1940/population-volume-1/33973538v1ch04.pdf","url_text":"\"1940 Census of Population - Georgia\""}]},{"reference":"\"1950 Census of Population - Georgia -\" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. 1950.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1950/population-volume-2/37779083v2p11ch2.pdf","url_text":"\"1950 Census of Population - Georgia -\""}]},{"reference":"\"1980 Census of Population - Number of Inhabitants - Georgia\" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. 1980.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/1980a_gaABC-01.pdf","url_text":"\"1980 Census of Population - Number of Inhabitants - Georgia\""}]},{"reference":"\"2000 Census of Population - Population and Housing Unit Counts - Georgia\" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. 2000.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/2003/dec/phc-3-12.pdf","url_text":"\"2000 Census of Population - Population and Housing Unit Counts - Georgia\""}]},{"reference":"\"State & County QuickFacts\". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on June 7, 2011. Retrieved February 15, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110607123250/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/13/13093.html","url_text":"\"State & County QuickFacts\""},{"url":"https://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/13/13093.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"P2: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Dooly County, Georgia\". United States Census Bureau.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/table?q=p2&g=050XX00US13093&tid=DECENNIALPL2010.P2","url_text":"\"P2: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Dooly County, Georgia\""}]},{"reference":"\"P2: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) - Dooly County, Georgia\". United States Census Bureau.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=p2&g=050XX00US13093&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2","url_text":"\"P2: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) - Dooly County, Georgia\""}]},{"reference":"Leip, David. \"Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections\". uselectionatlas.org. Retrieved March 19, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS","url_text":"\"Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gowro_language
Gowro language
["1 References"]
Indo-Aryan language of Pakistan GowroNative toPakistanRegionKohistan, Khyber PakhtunkhwaNative speakers1,000 (2003)Language familyIndo-European Indo-IranianIndo-AryanDardicKohistaniGowroLanguage codesISO 639-3gwfGlottologgowr1239ELPGowro Gowro, also known as Gabaro, is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in Kohistan District, Pakistan. References ^ Gowro at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) ^ Gowro language at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) vteIndo-Aryan languagesDardicKashmiri Kashmiri Kishtwari Shina Shina Brokskat Kundal Shahi Kalkoti Ushoji Palula Sawi Pashayi Pashayi Kunar Dameli Gawar-Bati Nangalami Shumashti Wotapuri-Katarqalai Chitral Kalasha Khowar Hazara Division Indus Kohistani Bateri Chilisso Gowro Kalami Tirahi Mankiyali NorthernEastern Doteli Jumli Nepali Central Garhwali Kumaoni Western Dogri Kangri Bhadarwahi Churahi Bhateali Bilaspuri Chambeali Gaddi Pangwali Mandeali Mahasu Pahari Jaunsari Kullui Pahari Kinnauri Hinduri Sirmauri Sarazi NorthwesternPunjabiEastern Punjabi dialects Sansi Lahnda Hindko Inku Khetrani Pahari-Pothwari Saraiki Sindhi Jadgali Kholosi Kutchi Luwati Memoni Sindhi WesternGujarati Aer Gujarati Jandavra Koli Kachi Parkari Wadiyara Lisan ud-Dawat Parkari Koli Saurashtra Vaghri Rajasthani Bagri Goaria Loarki Gujari Dhundari Harauti Malvi Marwari Mewati Mewari Shekhawati Dhatki Od Nimadi Bhil Bhili Bhilali Chodri Dhodia–Kukna Dhanki Dubli Bauria Bhilori Mawchi Magari Palya Bareli Pauri Bareli Rathwi Bareli Pardhi Gamit Kalto Vasavi Wagdi Vaagri Booli Others Khandeshi Lambadi Dawoodi Domari Romani list of languages CentralWestern Braj Bhasha Bundeli Haryanvi Hindustani Kauravi Hindi Hinglish/Urdish Urdu Deccani Judeo-Urdu Hyderabadi Urdu Rekhta Kannauji Sansi Sadhukkadi Eastern Awadhi Bagheli Chhattisgarhi Fiji Hindi Others Parya EasternBihariBhojpuric Bhojpuri Caribbean Hindustani Magahi Magahi Khortha Maithili Maithili Angika Bajjika Sadanic Sadri Kurmali Tharuic Tharu Kochila Buksa Majhi Musasa Others Kumhali Kuswaric Bote-Darai Danwar Gauda–KamarupaBengali Bengali dialects Bishnupriya Manipuri Hajong Kharia Thar Kurmukar Mal Paharia Noakhailla Sylheti Tanchangya Kamarupic Assamese Kamrupi Goalpariya Rajbanshi (Nepal) Rangpuri Surjapuri Chittagonian Chittagonian Chakma Rohingya Odia Odia Sambalpuri Desia Bhatri Bodo Parja Reli Kupia Halbic Halbi Kamar Bhunjia Nahari SouthernMarathi–KonkaniMarathic Marathi Varhadi Andh Berar Deccan Varli Phudagi Katkari Kadodi Konkanic Konkani Maharashtrian Konkani Canarese Konkani Insular Maldivian Sinhala Old Sanskrit Vedic Classical Mitanni superstrate MiddleEarly Ashokan Prakrit Pāli Early Ardhamagadhi Middle (Prakrit) Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Dramatic Prakrits Ardhamagadhi Magadhi Maharashtri Shauraseni Gāndhārī Paishachi Late (Apabhraṃśa) Abahattha Apabhraṃśa Elu Kamarupi Khasa Prakrit Proto-languages Proto-Indo-Iranian Proto-Indo-Aryan Unclassified Bazigar Chinali–Lahul Chinali Lahul Lohar Sheikhgal Pidginsand creoles Andaman Creole Hindi Bombay Hindi Haflong Hindi Nagamese Nefamese Vedda See also Indo-Iranian languages Nuristani languages Iranian languages vteLanguages of PakistanOfficial languages Urdu (national) English Other languages(by administrative unit)Azad Kashmir Dogri Gujari Kashmiri Kundal Shahi Pahari-Pothwari Balochistan Balochi Brahui Dehwari Hazaragi Jadgali Khetrani Pashto Wanetsi Gilgit-Baltistan Balti Burushaski Dawoodi Khowar Purgi Shina Wakhi Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Burushaski Badeshi Bateri Chilisso Dameli Gawar-Bati Gowro Hindko Indus Kohistani Kalami Kalasha-mun Kalkoti Kamviri Khowar Kohistani Shina Mankiyali Munji Ormuri Palula Pashto Sawi Shekhani Torwali Ushoji Wazir Yidgha Punjab Bagri Dogri Hindko Kabutra Marwari Mewari Pothwari Punjabi Punjabi dialects Saraiki Rajasthani Rangri Sindh Aer Bagri Bengali Bhaya Dhatki Goaria Gujarati Jandavra Jogi Koli Kachi Parkari Wadiyara Kutchi Loarki Marwari Memoni Mewari Od Rajasthani Rangri Sindhi Urdu Vaghri Related topics Indo-Aryan languages Dardic languages Iranic languages Pakistani Sign Language Arabic Persian Pakistani Hindi (Hindi) Chagatai vteLanguages of Hindu KushNorthern PakistanIndo-Aryan (excluding Dardic) Badeshi ? Dogri Gujari Hindko Pahari-Pothwari Dardic Bateri Brokskat Chilisso Dameli Domaaki Gawar-Bati Gowro Indus Kohistani Kalami Kalasha-mun Kalkoti Kashmiri Khowar Kohistani Shina Kundal Shahi Mankiyali Palula Pashayi Sawi Shina Torwali Ushoji Iranian Dari Hazaragi Ishkashimi Madaklashti Munji Ormuri Pashto Sarikoli Shughni Tajik Wakhi Waziri Yidgha Nuristani Kamkata-vari Kamviri Kata-vari Shekhani Waigali Tibetic Balti Ladakhi Purgi Spiti Zangskari Turkic Kyrgyz Turkmen Uyghur Uzbek Other Arabic (Central Asia) Burushaski Eastern AfghanistanIranian (excluding Pamiri) Dari Hazaragi Ormuri Parachi Pashto Tajik Waziristani Pamiri Ishkashimi Munji Rushani Sanglechi Sarikoli Shughni Wakhi Yidgha Nuristani Askunu Kamkata-vari Kamviri Kata-vari Mumviri Tregami Waigali Vasi-vari Zemiaki Dardic Gawar-Bati Khowar Nangalami Pashayi Sawi Shina Shumashti Tirahi Turkic Kyrgyz Uyghur Other Arabic (Central Asia) Gorno-BadakhshanIranian (excluding Pamiri) Pashto Tajik Bukhori Pamiri Bartangi Ishkashimi Khufi Oroshori Rushani Sanglechi Shughni Wakhi Yazgulyam Turkic Kyrgyz Uyghur Other Khowar Russian Taxkorgan CountyPamiri Sarikoli Shughni Wakhi Turkic Kazakh Kyrgyz Uyghur Other Mandarin This article about Indo-Aryan languages is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indo-Aryan language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages"},{"link_name":"Kohistan District, Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohistan_District,_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Gowro, also known as Gabaro, is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in Kohistan District, Pakistan.[2]","title":"Gowro language"}]
[]
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[{"Link":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/gowr1239","external_links_name":"gowr1239"},{"Link":"http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/4255","external_links_name":"Gowro"},{"Link":"https://www.ethnologue.com/25/language/gwf","external_links_name":"Gowro"},{"Link":"https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/gwf/","external_links_name":"Gowro language"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gowro_language&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scolopocryptopidae
Scolopocryptopidae
["1 Description","2 Phylogeny","3 Genera","4 References","5 External links"]
Family of centipedes Scolopocryptopidae Tidops nisargani Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Subphylum: Myriapoda Class: Chilopoda Order: Scolopendromorpha Family: ScolopocryptopidaePocock, 1896 Scolopocryptopidae is a family of blind centipedes in the order Scolopendromorpha. This family includes more than 90 species. Centipedes in this family are found mainly in the Americas and East Asia but have also been recorded in West Africa, New Guinea, and Fiji. Description The number of leg-bearing segments is fixed at 23 for species in this family, which distinguishes the species in this family from all other centipede species. Species in this family are eyeless. They have a pectinate second maxillary claw and a forcipular coxosternite without prominent serrate tooth-plates, featuring at most a few shallow teeth. Species in this family feature a distinctive gizzard. Gizzards in the families Scolopocryptopidae, Cryptopidae, and Plutoniumidae are characterized by a sieve formed by multiple transverse rows of elongate projections along the inside of the gizzard. These projections taper with their tips pointing forward toward the anterior end of the gizzard. In the family Scolopocryptopidae, these stiff projections are pineapple-shaped and kinked in the middle. This kink separates the proximal and distal halves of these projections, with the distal half pointing more directly forward. These projections contrast with those found in other families, which feature projections that curve evenly without any kink. Phylogeny Phylogenetic studies using molecular data indicate that the three eyeless families Scolopocryptopidae, Cryptopidae, and Plutoniumidae are each monophyletic and together form a clade. This blind clade also features sieve projections in the gizzard as a shared characteristic. These results imply a single shift from 21 to 23 pairs of legs leading to the last common ancestor of the family Scolopocryptopidae, with kinked sieve projections in the gizzard as an unreversed autapomorphy. Genera Dinocryptops Ectonocryptoides Ectonocryptops Kartops Kethops Newportia Scolopocryptops Thalkethops Tidops Scolopocryptos troglocaudatus Newportia stoevi Scolopocryptops sexspinosus Newportia spelaea References ^ a b Vahtera, Varpu; Edgecombe, Gregory D.; Giribet, Gonzalo (2012). "Evolution of blindness in scolopendromorph centipedes (Chilopoda: Scolopendromorpha): insight from an expanded sampling of molecular data". Cladistics. 28 (1): 4–20. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2011.00361.x. ISSN 1096-0031. PMID 34856735. S2CID 84329980. ^ "ITIS - Report: Scolopocryptopidae". www.itis.gov. Retrieved 2024-03-09. ^ a b c d Bonato, Lucio; Edgecombe, Gregory D.; Zapparoli, Marzio (2011). "Chilopoda – Taxonomic overview". In Minelli, Alessandro (ed.). The Myriapoda. Volume 1. Leiden: Brill. pp. 363–443. ISBN 978-90-04-18826-6. OCLC 812207443.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) ^ Edgecombe, Gregory D.; Giribet, Gonzalo (2007). "Evolutionary Biology of Centipedes (Myriapoda: Chilopoda)". Annual Review of Entomology. 52: 151–170. doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.52.110405.091326. PMID 16872257. ^ a b c Koch, Markus; Pärschke, Stefan; Edgecombe, Gregory D. (2009). "Phylogenetic implications of gizzard morphology in scolopendromorph centipedes (Chilopoda)". Zoologica Scripta. 38 (3): 269–288. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2008.00372.x. ISSN 0300-3256. ^ Jiang, Chao; Bai, Yunjun; Shi, Mengxuan; Liu, Juan (2020-12-05). "Rediscovery and phylogenetic relationships of the scolopendromorph centipede Mimops orientalis Kraepelin, 1903 (Chilopoda): a monotypic species of Mimopidae endemic to China, for more than one century". ZooKeys (932): 75–91. doi:10.3897/zookeys.932.51461. ISSN 1313-2970. PMC 7239954. PMID 32476974. ^ a b Benavides, Ligia R.; Jiang, Chao; Giribet, Gonzalo (2021-09-01). "Mimopidae is the sister group to all other scolopendromorph centipedes (Chilopoda, Scolopendromorpha): a phylotranscriptomic approach". Organisms Diversity & Evolution. 21 (3): 591–598. doi:10.1007/s13127-021-00502-2. ISSN 1618-1077. S2CID 239688370. External links Encyclopedia of Life entry Taxon identifiersScolopocryptopidae Wikidata: Q4049163 Wikispecies: Scolopocryptopidae BOLD: 532980 BugGuide: 92685 CoL: G53 EoL: 6371 GBIF: 4086 iNaturalist: 123664 IRMNG: 119063 ITIS: 913863 NCBI: 863639 Open Tree of Life: 689336 Paleobiology Database: 294409 Plazi: DB7CA438-FFDA-FF9A-057F-FCACFB19BFD5 This myriapoda-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)"},{"link_name":"centipedes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centipede"},{"link_name":"Scolopendromorpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scolopendromorpha"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Americas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americas"},{"link_name":"East Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asia"},{"link_name":"West Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Africa"},{"link_name":"New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Guinea"},{"link_name":"Fiji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiji"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"}],"text":"Scolopocryptopidae is a family of blind centipedes in the order Scolopendromorpha.[1] This family includes more than 90 species.[2] Centipedes in this family are found mainly in the Americas and East Asia but have also been recorded in West Africa, New Guinea, and Fiji.[3]","title":"Scolopocryptopidae"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-4"},{"link_name":"forcipular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forcipule"},{"link_name":"serrate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serration"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"gizzard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gizzard"},{"link_name":"Cryptopidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptopidae"},{"link_name":"Plutoniumidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutoniumidae"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"}],"text":"The number of leg-bearing segments is fixed at 23 for species in this family, which distinguishes the species in this family from all other centipede species.[3][4] Species in this family are eyeless. They have a pectinate second maxillary claw and a forcipular coxosternite without prominent serrate tooth-plates, featuring at most a few shallow teeth.[3]Species in this family feature a distinctive gizzard. Gizzards in the families Scolopocryptopidae, Cryptopidae, and Plutoniumidae are characterized by a sieve formed by multiple transverse rows of elongate projections along the inside of the gizzard. These projections taper with their tips pointing forward toward the anterior end of the gizzard.[5] In the family Scolopocryptopidae, these stiff projections are pineapple-shaped and kinked in the middle.[3] This kink separates the proximal and distal halves of these projections, with the distal half pointing more directly forward. These projections contrast with those found in other families, which feature projections that curve evenly without any kink.[5]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Phylogenetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetics"},{"link_name":"monophyletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monophyly"},{"link_name":"clade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clade"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"},{"link_name":"autapomorphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autapomorphy"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-7"}],"text":"Phylogenetic studies using molecular data indicate that the three eyeless families Scolopocryptopidae, Cryptopidae, and Plutoniumidae are each monophyletic and together form a clade.[1][6][7] This blind clade also features sieve projections in the gizzard as a shared characteristic.[5] These results imply a single shift from 21 to 23 pairs of legs leading to the last common ancestor of the family Scolopocryptopidae, with kinked sieve projections in the gizzard as an unreversed autapomorphy.[7]","title":"Phylogeny"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dinocryptops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dinocryptops&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ectonocryptoides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ectonocryptoides&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ectonocryptops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ectonocryptops&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kartops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kartops&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kethops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kethops&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Newportia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newportia"},{"link_name":"Scolopocryptops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scolopocryptops"},{"link_name":"Thalkethops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thalkethops&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tidops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tidops&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scolopocryptops_troglocaudatus_Gruna_do_Cantinho_Cave.jpg"},{"link_name":"Scolopocryptos troglocaudatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scolopocryptos_troglocaudatus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Newportia_stoevi_2012_1-4.jpg"},{"link_name":"Newportia stoevi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Newportia_stoevi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scolopocryptops_sexspinosus_-_inat_65004327.jpg"},{"link_name":"Scolopocryptops sexspinosus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scolopocryptops_sexspinosus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Newportia_spelaea_(10.3897-subtbiol.19.8207)_Figure_3_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Newportia spelaea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Newportia_spelaea&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Dinocryptops\nEctonocryptoides\nEctonocryptops\nKartops\nKethops\nNewportia\nScolopocryptops\nThalkethops\nTidopsScolopocryptos troglocaudatus\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNewportia stoevi\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tScolopocryptops sexspinosus\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNewportia spelaea","title":"Genera"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Vahtera, Varpu; Edgecombe, Gregory D.; Giribet, Gonzalo (2012). \"Evolution of blindness in scolopendromorph centipedes (Chilopoda: Scolopendromorpha): insight from an expanded sampling of molecular data\". Cladistics. 28 (1): 4–20. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2011.00361.x. ISSN 1096-0031. PMID 34856735. S2CID 84329980.","urls":[{"url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1096-0031.2011.00361.x","url_text":"\"Evolution of blindness in scolopendromorph centipedes (Chilopoda: Scolopendromorpha): insight from an expanded sampling of molecular data\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1096-0031.2011.00361.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1096-0031.2011.00361.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1096-0031","url_text":"1096-0031"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34856735","url_text":"34856735"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:84329980","url_text":"84329980"}]},{"reference":"\"ITIS - Report: Scolopocryptopidae\". www.itis.gov. Retrieved 2024-03-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=913863#null","url_text":"\"ITIS - Report: Scolopocryptopidae\""}]},{"reference":"Bonato, Lucio; Edgecombe, Gregory D.; Zapparoli, Marzio (2011). \"Chilopoda – Taxonomic overview\". In Minelli, Alessandro (ed.). The Myriapoda. Volume 1. Leiden: Brill. pp. 363–443. ISBN 978-90-04-18826-6. OCLC 812207443.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/812207443","url_text":"The Myriapoda. Volume 1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18826-6","url_text":"978-90-04-18826-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/812207443","url_text":"812207443"}]},{"reference":"Edgecombe, Gregory D.; Giribet, Gonzalo (2007). \"Evolutionary Biology of Centipedes (Myriapoda: Chilopoda)\". Annual Review of Entomology. 52: 151–170. doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.52.110405.091326. PMID 16872257.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev.ento.52.110405.091326","url_text":"\"Evolutionary Biology of Centipedes (Myriapoda: Chilopoda)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.ento.52.110405.091326","url_text":"10.1146/annurev.ento.52.110405.091326"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16872257","url_text":"16872257"}]},{"reference":"Koch, Markus; Pärschke, Stefan; Edgecombe, Gregory D. (2009). \"Phylogenetic implications of gizzard morphology in scolopendromorph centipedes (Chilopoda)\". Zoologica Scripta. 38 (3): 269–288. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2008.00372.x. ISSN 0300-3256.","urls":[{"url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1463-6409.2008.00372.x","url_text":"\"Phylogenetic implications of gizzard morphology in scolopendromorph centipedes (Chilopoda)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1463-6409.2008.00372.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1463-6409.2008.00372.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0300-3256","url_text":"0300-3256"}]},{"reference":"Jiang, Chao; Bai, Yunjun; Shi, Mengxuan; Liu, Juan (2020-12-05). \"Rediscovery and phylogenetic relationships of the scolopendromorph centipede Mimops orientalis Kraepelin, 1903 (Chilopoda): a monotypic species of Mimopidae endemic to China, for more than one century\". ZooKeys (932): 75–91. doi:10.3897/zookeys.932.51461. ISSN 1313-2970. PMC 7239954. PMID 32476974.","urls":[{"url":"https://zookeys.pensoft.net/article/51461/","url_text":"\"Rediscovery and phylogenetic relationships of the scolopendromorph centipede Mimops orientalis Kraepelin, 1903 (Chilopoda): a monotypic species of Mimopidae endemic to China, for more than one century\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3897%2Fzookeys.932.51461","url_text":"10.3897/zookeys.932.51461"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1313-2970","url_text":"1313-2970"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7239954","url_text":"7239954"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32476974","url_text":"32476974"}]},{"reference":"Benavides, Ligia R.; Jiang, Chao; Giribet, Gonzalo (2021-09-01). \"Mimopidae is the sister group to all other scolopendromorph centipedes (Chilopoda, Scolopendromorpha): a phylotranscriptomic approach\". Organisms Diversity & Evolution. 21 (3): 591–598. doi:10.1007/s13127-021-00502-2. ISSN 1618-1077. S2CID 239688370.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-021-00502-2","url_text":"\"Mimopidae is the sister group to all other scolopendromorph centipedes (Chilopoda, Scolopendromorpha): a phylotranscriptomic approach\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs13127-021-00502-2","url_text":"10.1007/s13127-021-00502-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1618-1077","url_text":"1618-1077"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:239688370","url_text":"239688370"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juncus_macrophyllus
Juncus macrophyllus
["1 Description","2 References","3 External links"]
Species of flowering plant Juncus macrophyllus flowers in bloom Conservation status Apparently Secure  (NatureServe) Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Monocots Clade: Commelinids Order: Poales Family: Juncaceae Genus: Juncus Species: J. macrophyllus Binomial name Juncus macrophyllusCoville Juncus macrophyllus is a species of rush known by the common name longleaf rush. It is native to the southwestern United States and Baja California, where it grows in wet spots in several types of local habitat, such as chaparral. Description Juncus macrophyllus is a rhizomatous perennial herb forming tufts of stems up to one meter tall. The sheaths on the basal leaves are between 1.5 to 3.4 millimeters long. The blade has a flat side towards the stem. The stem is between 1.5 to 3 millimeters wide. There are 1 to 2 thick cauline leaves. The inflorescence is an open array of many clusters of a few flowers each. The flower has several segments each about 5 millimeters long. There are a range of 8 to 30 flower clusters. The petals are bigger than the sepals. The midveins generally have red streaks. The fruit is obovoid and shiny brown. The elevation it can be found in ranges from 700 to 2600 meters. The bloom period is between the months of July to October. References ^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 1 June 2023. ^ "Juncus macrophyllus". ucjeps.berkeley.edu. Retrieved 2024-03-02. ^ Palms, Mailing Address: 74485 National Park Drive Twentynine; Us, CA 92277-3597 Phone: 760 367-5500 Contact. "Juncus macrophyllus Coville - Joshua Tree National Park (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2024-03-02.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) External links Calflora Database: Juncus macrophyllus (long leaved rush) Jepson Manual eFlora (TJM2) treatment of Juncus macrophyllus UC Photos gallery — Juncus macrophyllus Taxon identifiersJuncus macrophyllus Wikidata: Q6311873 Wikispecies: Juncus macrophyllus BOLD: 673076 Calflora: 4478 CoL: 3QTW5 EoL: 414103 FNA: 222000152 GBIF: 2701920 iNaturalist: 77582 IPNI: 132195-2 IRMNG: 10722469 ITIS: 39288 NatureServe: 2.150755 Open Tree of Life: 3964904 Plant List: kew-315406 PLANTS: JUMA3 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:132195-2 Tropicos: 16900155 WFO: wfo-0000776841 This Poales-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juncus"},{"link_name":"Baja California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baja_California"},{"link_name":"chaparral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaparral"}],"text":"Juncus macrophyllus is a species of rush known by the common name longleaf rush.It is native to the southwestern United States and Baja California, where it grows in wet spots in several types of local habitat, such as chaparral.","title":"Juncus macrophyllus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rhizomatous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhizome"},{"link_name":"inflorescence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflorescence"},{"link_name":"midveins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_botanical_terms"},{"link_name":"obovoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oval"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Juncus macrophyllus is a rhizomatous perennial herb forming tufts of stems up to one meter tall. The sheaths on the basal leaves are between 1.5 to 3.4 millimeters long. The blade has a flat side towards the stem. The stem is between 1.5 to 3 millimeters wide. There are 1 to 2 thick cauline leaves. The inflorescence is an open array of many clusters of a few flowers each. The flower has several segments each about 5 millimeters long. There are a range of 8 to 30 flower clusters. The petals are bigger than the sepals. The midveins generally have red streaks. The fruit is obovoid and shiny brown.[2] The elevation it can be found in ranges from 700 to 2600 meters. The bloom period is between the months of July to October.[3]","title":"Description"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Cynog
Book of Cynog
["1 References"]
The Book of Cynog (Medieval Latin: Liber Knauc; Middle Welsh: Llyfr Kynawc; Welsh: Llyfr Cynog) was a text of medieval Welsh law. It is quoted extensively by surviving sources but does not appear to have survived intact. However, the first 75 folios of Peniarth MS. 35 seem to be a medieval attempt to reconstruct the earlier book. References ^ Wade-Evans, Arthur. Welsh Medieval Law, p. 343. ^ Wiliam, Aled Rhys. "Restoration of the Book of Cynog". National Library of Wales Journal, Vol. 25, No. 3 (1988), p. 245–256. Accessed 27 Feb 2013.   This article related to the history of Wales is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Book of Cynog"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond_Station_(California)
Richmond station (California)
["1 Station design and services","2 History","2.1 Southern Pacific Railroad","2.2 BART station","2.3 Amtrak station","2.4 Renovations","3 References","4 External links"]
Coordinates: 37°56′12″N 122°21′11″W / 37.9368°N 122.3531°W / 37.9368; -122.3531Railway station in Richmond, California, US Richmond The main entrance to Richmond station in April 2018General informationLocation1700 Nevin AvenueRichmond, CaliforniaUnited StatesCoordinates37°56′12″N 122°21′11″W / 37.9368°N 122.3531°W / 37.9368; -122.3531Owned byBay Area Rapid TransitUnion Pacific Railroad (Amtrak platform)Line(s)UP Martinez SubdivisionBART R-LinePlatforms1 island platform (Amtrak)1 island platform (BART)Tracks3 (Amtrak)2 (BART)Connections AC Transit: 70, 71, 72M, 74, 76, 376, 800 FlixbusConstructionParking768 spacesBicycle facilitiesRacks and 32 lockersAccessibleYesArchitectMaher & MartensOther informationStation codeAmtrak: RICHistoryOpenedJanuary 29, 1973 (1973-01-29) (BART)October 30, 1977 (Amtrak)RebuiltOctober 18, 2007Passengers20242,332 (weekday average) (BART)FY 2022114,929 (Amtrak) Services Preceding station Amtrak Following station EmeryvilleTerminus California Zephyr Martineztoward Chicago Berkeleytoward San Jose Capitol Corridor Martineztoward Auburn Emeryvilletoward Oakland San Joaquins Martineztoward Bakersfield      Coast Starlight does not stop here Preceding station Bay Area Rapid Transit Following station El Cerrito del Nortetoward Berryessa/​North San José Orange Line Terminus El Cerrito del Nortetoward Millbrae Red Line Former services Preceding station Amtrak Following station Emeryvilletoward Los Angeles Coast Starlight1978–1996, 2013–2020 Martineztoward Seattle Oakland-16th Streettoward Los Angeles Spirit of California1981–1983 Martineztoward Sacramento Preceding station Southern Pacific Railroad Following station Stegetoward Oakland Pier Overland Route San Pablotoward Ogden Shasta Route San Pablotoward Portland Track layout Legend Amtrakto Auburn, Bakersfield, Chicago to Richmond Yards pedestriantunnel parking garage BARTto Berryessa/​North San José, Millbrae Amtrakto Emeryville, San Jose, Oakland This diagram: viewtalkedit Location Richmond station (officially the Richmond Transit Center) is an Amtrak intercity rail and Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) station located in downtown Richmond, California. Richmond is the north terminus of BART service on the Orange Line and Red Line; it is a stop for Amtrak's Capitol Corridor, San Joaquins, and California Zephyr routes. The accessible station has one island platform for the two BART tracks, with a second island platform serving two of the three tracks of the Union Pacific Railroad Martinez Subdivision for Amtrak trains. It is one of two transfer points between BART and Amtrak, along with Oakland Coliseum station. The Southern Pacific (SP)-controlled Northern Railway opened through what is now Richmond in 1878. A flag stop at Barrett's Station was established by the mid-1880s; it was renamed Richmond in 1902 during the town's rapid growth. The SP constructed a new station at Richmond in 1904 and again in 1914–15. The SP station was demolished around 1968, though passenger continued until the formation of Amtrak in 1971. The modern station opened on January 29, 1973, as the northern terminal of BART service. Controversies during planning included the station location and the design of the concourse. Amtrak service to the station began on October 30, 1977. A new Amtrak platform was built in 2001, followed by a renovation of the whole station completed in 2007. A parking garage replaced the surface parking lot in 2013. Station design and services The under-track concourse in 2021 Richmond station is located in Downtown Richmond in a large block bounded by Macdonald Avenue, Marina Way, Barrett Avenue, and 19th Street. The rail right-of-way runs diagonally (northwest–southeast) through the block at street level, with bridges over lowered sections of Macdonald Avenue and Barrett Avenue at the ends of the station. The BART platform – a single island platform with two tracks – is located on the east side of the station complex. Richmond is the north terminus of BART service on the Orange Line and Red Line. The Amtrak platform – an island platform served by two of the three tracks of the Union Pacific Railroad Martinez Subdivision – is located to its west. It is served by the Capitol Corridor, San Joaquins, and California Zephyr routes. A pedestrian concourse aligned with Nevin Avenue runs east–west under the tracks and platforms. Entrances from street level are located at both ends of the concourse. A semicircular "industrial post-modern" metal canopy covers the west entrance and a small retail building. A parking garage, a curved busway, and a kiss and ride lane are located on the southwest side of the station. Metro Walk, a mixed-use transit-oriented development, occupies the northwest corner of the block. The station is fully accessible, with elevators to both platforms and at both entrances. Mosaic relief by William Mitchell The BART station was one of five designed by local firm Maher & Martens. Three pieces of public art are located around the station complex. A mosaic relief of marine life by William Mitchell, made of seashells and fiberglass, is in the BART paid area of the concourse. Architecture critic Dave Weinstein describes it as "rather disquieting" and "the strangest work at any BART station". On the Right Track, a 2007 series of tile murals by Jos Sances and Daniel Galvez, is located in the west entrance plaza. Moving Richmond by Mildred Howard consists of two bent weathering steel plates with poetry by Ishmael Reed on the side of the parking garage. Although Richmond is a terminal station for BART, most connecting regional bus services instead run to El Cerrito del Norte station, which is much closer to I-80. Richmond station is served by several AC Transit bus services — local routes 70, 71, 72M, 74, 76, 376; several school routes; and all-night route 800 — all of which use the station busway. Flixbus intercity buses and local shuttles also use the busway. A Golden Gate Transit route over the Richmond–San Rafael Bridge connecting Richmond to the agency's main service area in North Bay ran until 2015, when it was combined with a route that terminates at El Cerrito del Norte station. History Southern Pacific Railroad The Southern Pacific (SP)-controlled Northern Railway opened through the then-uninhabited swamplands near Point Richmond on January 8, 1878. Stops were soon established at San Pablo, north of what is now Richmond, and Stege in what is now the southeast corner of Richmond. By the mid-1880s, the SP established a flag stop at Barrett's station at modern-day Barrett Avenue. It was named for George H. Barrett, a local landowner whose house was nearby. By the turn of the century, Barrett's station was a three-sided shelter at which passengers could hail several daily trains. Postcard view of the Macdonald Avenue underpass, with the 1904-built SP station at right In 1902, Barrett's station was renamed Richmond to match the rapidly growing town. The SP built a new Richmond station on the north side of Macdonald Avenue in 1904. The old "shed" was demolished on August 18, 1904, with the new station — a single-story structure with an attached freight house — opened soon after. The SP began work on a new station, estimated to cost $11,000 (equivalent to $240,000 in 2023), in August 1914. It opened in September 1915, with the old station relocated west for use as a freight house. The new station was a larger wooden structure with porticos at both ends. The East Shore and Suburban Railway (later a Key System subsidiary) opened from the Standard Oil refinery to the SP station on July 7, 1904.: 7  An extension eastwards along Macdonald Avenue opened in October 1905, crossing the SP tracks at grade. A city ordinance disallowed streetcars from crossing the SP tracks with passengers aboard, forcing passengers to cross the tracks on foot.: 9  A $35,000 contract (equivalent to $840,000 in 2023) was issued on September 1, 1907, for construction of an underpass to take Macdonald Avenue and the streetcars under the SP tracks.: 11  The underpass opened on May 10, 1908.: 13  Streetcars were replaced with Key System buses — later part of AC Transit — in 1933.: 28  Even as intercity rail service began to decline, Richmond was served by SP trains on the Shasta Route, Overland Route, and Central Valley routes, plus Santa Fe service to the Central Valley at its Richmond station. The SP station building was closed on August 30, 1968, and demolished shortly afterward for BART construction, leaving passengers with only a platform. SP service to Richmond on the San Joaquin Daylight continued until May 1, 1971, when Amtrak took over intercity passenger service. BART station The BART station in the 1970s As early as 1957, Richmond was identified as a likely terminus for a line of a proposed regional rapid transit system.: 42  The Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) system was approved by voters in November 1962. The BART Board approved the name "Richmond" in December 1965. The station was originally to be located at 6th Street and Macdonald Avenue west of downtown, but this was changed to 16th Street and Nevin Avenue (along the SP line) to allow construction of a rail yard north of the station and permit future extension. After tension between the Bay Area Rapid Transit District and the city, an agreement to use the latter site was reached in May 1967. The chosen BART alignment followed an ATSF branch line from North Berkeley to 23rd Street in Richmond, then curved north onto the SP alignment for the final one-half mile (0.8 km) into Richmond station.: 106  The tracks continued past the station to the rail yard; the grade crossing of Barrett Avenue — which was ranked the fifth-highest priority for elimination on a 1965 state list — was replaced with a road underpass. By August 1967, with about 57 miles (92 km) of the initial 75-mile (121 km) system under construction, a budget shortfall led to the possibility of portions being deferred. Among the potential cuts was Richmond station, as construction had not begun past the Alameda/Contra Costa county line at El Cerrito del Norte. Not until March 1969, when the state approved a temporary sales tax to cover the shortfall, could work begin on the contracts for the remaining stations including Richmond. In June 1968, the original design for an elevated concourse was replaced with an underground concourse in response to objections from city officials. The station was built by Rothschild & Raffin, which also constructed the Richmond Yard and several other BART stations, at a cost of $2.3 million (equivalent to $13 million in 2023). The construction of Richmond station was credited by local officials as the key piece of downtown redevelopment efforts. BART service to Richmond began on January 29, 1973; it has remained a terminus since. (An extension to Crockett was considered in 1991 but not pursued.) BART service to Richmond was initially only on the Richmond–Fremont line (now the Orange Line). Some direct service to San Francisco (today’s Red Line) began in April 1976; all-day service began on July 7, 1980, after BART was able to reduce train spacing through the Transbay Tube. Amtrak station The San Francisco Zephyr at Richmond, 1980 Unlike other large cities, the Bay Area did not have a convenient transfer location between Amtrak intercity service and local rapid transit; 16th Street station in Oakland was not located near a BART station. The introduction of the San Joaquin service in 1974 added a third round trip to the SP mainline north of Oakland. A $667,000 Amtrak station adjacent to the BART station opened for use by the San Joaquin plus the long-distance San Francisco Zephyr and Coast Starlight on October 30, 1977. It included two 18-car-long platforms, with stairs and an elevator from a small station building to the under-track passage. Amtrak service gradually expanded; a second San Joaquin was added in 1980, and the Capitols (now Capitol Corridor) service began in 1991. Richmond was also served by the Spirit of California, which ran from 1981 to 1983. Disagreements between Caltrans and Amtrak over funding delayed the addition of a station agent until September 1982. The Coast Starlight ceased to stop at Richmond in April 1996, followed by the California Zephyr (successor to the San Francisco Zephyr) in October 1998. Richmond was the only transfer point between Amtrak and BART until the Amtrak platform at Oakland Coliseum station (which is served only by the Capitol Corridor) opened in 2005. Renovations A Capitol Corridor train at the station in 2018, with the former shelter at right The Amtrak station building was closed on December 1, 1997, though trains continued to stop. On April 12, 2000, BART and the city broke ground on a "transit village", a mixed-use transit-oriented development (TOD) project adjacent to the station. In July 2001, the aging Amtrak facility was replaced with a modern island platform with better access to the BART pedestrian tunnel. The $1.9 million project, funded by the state, was intended to improve the station as preparation for the transit village. The developer for the transit village was chosen in 2002. A 2004 BART plan indicated that additional faregates and expansion of the paid area would be needed by 2025. The first phase of the transit village, completed in 2004, included 132 residential units and 15,000 square feet (1,400 m2) of retail space on the west side of the station. A $6.4 million renovation of the station was undertaken as part of the transit village project. The project included expanded entrances to the concourse, with a canopy over the west entrance. Richmond station was officially named the Richmond Transit Center at a dedication ceremony on October 18, 2007. A BART ticket window opened at the station in August 2008, joining seven other major stations in the system. The 750-space parking garage opened on May 30, 2013, with the surface lot on the east side of the station closed at that time. The two long-distance trains began stopping at Richmond again on November 8, 2010. However, the Coast Starlight stop was again discontinued on January 14, 2013 because the train was scheduled to arrive at night – if it was several hours late, passengers would be unable to exit through the concourse, which is locked outside of BART service hours. In 2018, BART and CCJPA installed a "courtesy light" on the Amtrak platform, which instructs northbound Capitol Corridor trains to hold for two minutes if a BART train is arriving to allow passengers to make their connection. Reconstruction of the Amtrak platform and stairs for accessibility began in FY 2023 and is planned for completion in FY 2025. As of 2024, a second phase of the transit village is planned with 520 residential units on the east side of the station. BART indicates "significant market, local support, and/or implementation barriers" that must be overcome to allow TOD over the busway. That third phase of development would not begin until at least the mid-2030s. References ^ a b c d e "Richmond, CA (RIC)". Great American Stations. Amtrak. Retrieved February 18, 2022. ^ a b SMA Rail Consulting (April 2016). "California Passenger Rail Network Schematics" (PDF). California Department of Transportation. p. 3. ^ Cerny, Susan Dinkelspiel (2007). An Architectural Guidebook to San Francisco and the Bay Area (1st ed.). Layton, Utah: Gibbs Smith. pp. 501–502. ISBN 978-1-58685-432-4. OCLC 85623396. ^ a b c d e f g "BART Chronology January 1947 – March 2009" (PDF). San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District. March 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 13, 2013. ^ "Monthly Ridership Reports". San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District. February 2024. ^ "Amtrak Fact Sheet, Fiscal Year 2022: State of California" (PDF). Amtrak. June 2023. Retrieved August 30, 2023. ^ a b c d e f "Transit Stops: Richmond Station" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Commission. August 5, 2020. Retrieved February 23, 2022. ^ Gruen Associates (December 1977). "IV: Design and Construction". A Description of BART: Its Facilities, Service and Surroundings. United States Department of Transportation. p. 6 – via Internet Archive. ^ a b "The Coming of BART: Richmond, Oakland West". Oakland Tribune. June 28, 1972. p. 36 – via Newspapers.com. ^ Weinstein, Dave. "How BART got ART". CA-Modern. Eichler Network. p. 2. ^ Sullivan, Denise (January 27, 2019). "Oakland muralist committed to painting people and their places". CurrentSF. Archived from the original on March 1, 2021. ^ "Art at BART: 15 years after its installation, a mural at Richmond Station continues to inspire" (Press release). Bay Area Rapid Transit District. July 12, 2022. ^ "BART Art Collection Inventory" (PDF). San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District. June 2019. p. 3. ^ "Howard Artwork". Proto-inc. Retrieved February 15, 2022. ^ "Transit Information: El Cerrito del Norte Station" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Commission. February 8, 2021. Retrieved February 23, 2022. ^ "GGT Routes 40 & 42 Merging – Service to Richmond BART Station Discontinued" (Press release). Golden Gate Bridge, Highway and Transportation District. November 10, 2015. Archived from the original on July 4, 2017. ^ Board of Railroad Commissioners of the State of California (1889). Annual Report of the Board of Railroad Commissioners of the State of California. p. 10 – via Internet Archive. ^ "Map of California and Nevada". A.L. Bancroft & Co. 1882 – via David Rumsey Historical Map Collection. ^ "(California and Nevada)". Rand McNally and Company. 1879 – via David Rumsey Historical Map Collection. ^ "A Rumored Explosion". Oakland Tribune. December 22, 1882. p. 3 – via Newspapers.com. ^ a b Munro-Fraser, J. P. (1926). History of Contra Costa County, California. Historic Record Company. pp. 126–127. ^ "Railroad Accidents". Oakland Tribune. October 25, 1883. p. 3 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Spite: Train Wreckers are About". Oakland Tribune. July 26, 1894. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "King's Appeal". Oakland Tribune. October 11, 1887. p. 4 – via Newspapers.com. ^ Time Table for the Western Division (PDF). Southern Pacific Railroad. March 1, 1901. ^ "Contra Costa a Center for Many Manufacturing Industries". Oakland Tribune. December 27, 1902. p. 14 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Hourly Train to Richmond". The Berkeley Gazette. August 18, 1904. p. 8 – via Newspapers.com. ^ Sanborn Fire Insurance Map from Richmond, Contra Costa County, California. Sanborn Map Company. May 1909. p. 16. ^ a b "Order S.P. To Complete New Depot July 20". Richmond Daily Independent. March 12, 1915. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "SP Starts Work on New Local Depot". Richmond Daily Independent. August 27, 1914. p. 6 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "News Flashes". Richmond Daily Independent. August 26, 1915. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com. ^ Sanborn Fire Insurance Map from Richmond, Contra Costa County, California. Sanborn Map Company. June 1916. p. 22. ^ Bastin, Donald (2003). Images of America: Richmond. Arcadia Publishing. p. 52. ISBN 9780738528588. ^ a b c d e "East Shore & Suburban Railway & other El Cerrito Railroad Chronology" (PDF). El Cerrito Historical Society. November 2012. ^ a b c d e Hanson, Erle C. (March 1961). "East Shore & Suburban Railway". Pacific Railway Journal. Vol. 2, no. 12. LCCN 56-12943. ^ The Friendly Southern Pacific Time Tables. Southern Pacific Railroad. January 15, 1954 – via Wikimedia Commons. ^ a b Manor, Robert (February 8, 1981). "Funds fight delaying Richmond train depot". The Berkeley Gazette. p. 5 – via Newspapers.com. ^ a b c d Healy, Michael C. (2016). BART: The Dramatic History of the Bay Area Rapid Transit System. Heyday. pp. 42, 90–92, 105–107. ISBN 9781597143707. ^ "Names Approved for 38 Rapid Transit Stations Around Bay". Oakland Tribune. December 10, 1965. p. 10 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Over $150 Million In BART Bids Due". Oakland Tribune. July 18, 1967. p. 17 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Priority on 2 Eastbay Crossings". Oakland Tribune. December 22, 1965. p. 16 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Stations May Be Dropped From System". Oakland Tribune. August 8, 1967. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "10-Mile North Link of BART Takes Shape". Oakland Tribune. January 1, 1968. p. 65 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "79 BART Contracts Await Funds". Oakland Tribune. January 13, 1969. p. 2 – via Newspapers.com. ^ Demoro, Harre (June 4, 1972). "Delays in Opening BART". Oakland Tribune. p. 21 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Richmond Station Foulup?". Oakland Tribune. January 16, 1968. p. 18 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Underground Plan For Concourse". Oakland Tribune. June 11, 1968. p. 17 – via Newspapers.com. ^ Arthur, Lindsay (December 15, 1969). "Executive Profile: A Bid in the Bidding Game". Oakland Tribune. p. 67 – via Newspapers.com. ^ a b Demoro, Harre W. (January 29, 1973). "BART Line To Richmond Opened". Oakland Tribune. pp. 1, 12 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "ATK-74-l0 202–484-7220" (PDF) (Press release). Amtrak. March 5, 1974. Regular revenue service begins in both directions between Oakland and Bakersfield on Thursday, March 6. ^ "Intermodal Passenger Station Dedicated At Richmond, California". Amtrak News. Vol. 4, no. 21. Amtrak. November 15, 1977. p. 3. ^ "New station will permit Amtrak tie to BART". Modesto Bee. October 26, 1977. p. 32 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "'San Joaquin' trains catching on". Merced Sun-Star. July 30, 1982. Archived from the original on January 24, 2013. ^ "New LA-Northern California train service set". Lodi News-Sentinel. October 22, 1981. Retrieved February 18, 2022. ^ Dempster, Doug (May 10, 1982). "6 Amtrak Routes Link Bay Area Capital". The Sacramento Bee. p. 14 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Modesto concours draws 250 antique classic cars". The Fresno Bee. September 26, 1982. p. 49 – via Newspapers.com. ^ a b c Cox, Jeremiah (2016). "Richmond, CA". The Subway Nut. ^ a b Vurek, Matthew Gerald (2016). Images of Modern America: California’s Capitol Corridor. Arcadia Publishing. pp. 40, 53. ISBN 9781467124171. ^ Cabanatuan, Michael (July 20, 2001). "New station eases passengers from BART to Amtrak / Covered platform in Richmond is secure and comfortable". San Francisco Chronicle. ^ Richmond Comprehensive Station Plan (PDF). June 2004. p. 53. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 21, 2016. ^ a b "Completed TOD projects". San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District. Archived from the original on April 30, 2024. ^ a b BART Transit-Oriented Development Program Work Plan: 2024 Update (PDF). San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District. March 2024. pp. 7, 17. ^ "Ticket Exchange Window Opens at Richmond BART Station" (Press release). San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District. August 4, 2008. ^ "New parking garage at Richmond Station to open May 30; $1 daily fee" (Press release). San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District. May 14, 2013. ^ "Capitol Corridor and BART unveil "courtesy light" at Richmond for easier transfer" (Press release). San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District. January 31, 2018. ^ "Amtrak Fact Sheet Fiscal Year 2023 State of California" (PDF). Amtrak. March 2024. p. 7. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Richmond station (California). Richmond, CA – Amtrak Richmond, CA – Station history at Great American Stations (Amtrak) Richmond – BART Richmond – Capitol Corridor vteBay Area Rapid Transit (BART)Current linesRapid transit  B  Blue Line  G  Green Line  O  Orange Line  R  Red Line  Y  Yellow Line Light rail  Y  Yellow Line (eBART) Automated guideway transit  OAK  Oakland Airport Connector StationsAlameda CountyOakland 12th Street Oakland City Center 19th Street Oakland Coliseum Fruitvale Lake Merritt MacArthur Oakland International Airport Rockridge West Oakland Ashby Bay Fair Castro Valley Downtown Berkeley Dublin/​Pleasanton Fremont Hayward North Berkeley San Leandro South Hayward Union City Warm Springs/​South Fremont West Dublin/​Pleasanton Planned (2031) Irvington Contra Costa County Antioch Concord El Cerrito del Norte El Cerrito Plaza Lafayette North Concord/​Martinez Orinda Pittsburg/​Bay Point Pittsburg Center Pleasant Hill/​Contra Costa Centre Richmond Walnut Creek San Francisco 16th Street Mission 24th Street Mission Balboa Park Civic Center/​UN Plaza Embarcadero Glen Park Montgomery Street Powell Street San Mateo County Colma Daly City Millbrae San Bruno San Francisco International Airport South San Francisco Santa Clara County Berryessa/​North San José Milpitas Planned (2029–30) 28th Street/​Little Portugal Diridon Downtown San José Santa Clara Infrastructure Berkeley Hills Tunnel Doolittle Maintenance and Storage Facility Market Street subway Oakland Wye Ohlone Greenway Transbay Tube History Planned expansion Silicon Valley extension      Purple Line General managers B. R. Stokes (1963–1974) Larry Dahms (Acting) Frank Herringer Keith Bernard Frank Wilson (1989–1994) Richard A. White (1994–1996) Thomas Margro (1996–2007) Dorothy Dugger (2007–2011) Grace Crunican (2011–2019) Bob Powers (2019–present) Other Rolling stock BART Police Killing of Oscar Grant Bay Area Rapid Transit District Clipper card Library-A-Go-Go Valley Link Category for related articles vteAmtrak stations in CaliforniaActive stations Allensworth State Park Anaheim Antioch–Pittsburg Auburn Bakersfield Barstow Berkeley Burbank Airport–South Camarillo Carpinteria Chatsworth Chico Colfax Corcoran Davis Dunsmuir Emeryville Fairfield–Vacaville Fremont Fullerton Fresno Glendale Goleta Grover Beach Guadalupe Hanford Hayward Irvine Lodi Lompoc–Surf Los Angeles Madera Martinez Merced Modesto Moorpark Needles Oakland Coliseum Oakland–Jack London Square Oceanside Ontario Oxnard Palm Springs Paso Robles Pomona Redding Richmond Riverside Rocklin Roseville Sacramento Salinas San Bernardino San Clemente Pier San Diego–Old Town San Diego–Santa Fe Depot San Jose Diridon San Juan Capistrano San Luis Obispo Santa Ana Santa Barbara Santa Clara–Great America Santa Clara–University Simi Valley Solana Beach Stockton–Cabral Stockton–San Joaquin Street Suisun–Fairfield Truckee Turlock–Denair Van Nuys Ventura Victorville Wasco Former stations Alhambra Anaheim–Stadium Bakersfield (ATSF) Carlsbad Poinsettia Carlsbad Village Commerce Del Mar Encinitas Gerber Indio Madera–Storey Laguna Niguel/Mission Viejo Marysville Oakland–16th Street Orange Orland Pasadena Pomona–North Riverbank San Francisco Sorrento Valley Future stations Hercules Oakley vteRichmond, CaliforniaNeighborhoods Atchison Village Brickyard Cove Carriage Hills Campus Bay Chevron Richmond Refinery Downtown Richmond El Sobrante Hills Hilltop Hilltop Green Iron Triangle Marina Bay North & East Parchester Village Point Isabel Point Richmond Pullman Richmond Annex Richmond Heights Parks Brooks Island McLaughlin Eastshore State Park Kennedy Grove Miller / Knox Point Isabel Point Pinole Point Molate Beach Park Potrero Ridge Red Rock Cove Richmond Greenway Rosie the Riveter World War II Home Front National Historical Park San Pablo Peninsula Sobrante Ridge Wildcat Canyon Pointsof interest Brother Islands Castro Rocks East Brother Island Lighthouse Ford Richmond Plant Golden State Model Railroad Museum East Bay Science and Technology Center Macdonald 80 Shopping Center Masquers Playhouse Mechanics Bank Pacific East Mall The Plunge Point Molate Naval Fuel Depot Red Rock Island SS Red Oak Victory Ship Museum Richmond Country Club Richmond Medical Center Richmond Shipyards Richmond Transit Village (Metro Walk) West County Detention Center Winehaven Education Contra Costa College West Contra Costa Unified School District De Anza High School John F. Kennedy High School Richmond High School Salesian College Preparatory TransportationPublictransit AC Transit Richmond Ferry Terminal San Francisco Bay Ferry Richmond Parkway Transit Center Richmond station BART California Zephyr Capitol Corridor San Joaquins Roads 23rd Street Cutting Boulevard I-580 Richmond–San Rafael Bridge I-80 Macdonald Avenue Richmond Parkway San Pablo Avenue (SR 123) Port of Richmond Richmond Pacific Railroad Richmond–San Rafael Ferry Company Shipyard RailwayPolitics 2006 Richmond, California city election 2014 Richmond, California city election City Council Richmond Globe Richmond Post Richmond Progressive Alliance vteActive and planned passenger rail stations in the San Francisco Bay AreaPassenger rail stations in Alameda CountyACE Fremont Livermore Pleasanton Vasco Road Amtrak Berkeley Oakland Coliseum Emeryville Fremont Hayward Oakland – Jack London Square Planned Ardenwood BART 12th Street Oakland City Center 19th Street Oakland Ashby Bay Fair Castro Valley Downtown Berkeley Dublin/​Pleasanton Fremont Fruitvale Hayward Lake Merritt MacArthur North Berkeley Coliseum Oakland International Airport Rockridge San Leandro South Hayward Union City Warm Springs/​South Fremont West Dublin/​Pleasanton West Oakland Planned Irvington (2031) Valley Link Planned Dublin/​Pleasanton Isabel Southfront Road Mountain House Community Passenger rail stations in Contra Costa CountyAmtrak Antioch–Pittsburg Martinez Richmond Under construction Oakley (2024) Proposed Hercules BART Antioch Concord El Cerrito del Norte El Cerrito Plaza Lafayette North Concord/​Martinez Orinda Pittsburg/​Bay Point Pittsburg Center Pleasant Hill/​Contra Costa Centre Richmond Walnut Creek Passenger rail stations in Marin CountySMART Larkspur Landing Marin Civic Center Novato Downtown Novato Hamilton Novato San Marin San Rafael Passenger rail stations in San Mateo CountyBART Colma Daly City Millbrae San Bruno San Francisco International Airport South San Francisco Caltrain Belmont Broadway Burlingame Hayward Park Hillsdale Menlo Park Millbrae Redwood City San Bruno San Carlos San Mateo South San Francisco Passenger rail stations in Santa Clara CountyACE &Amtrak Great America San Jose Diridon Santa Clara BART Berryessa/​North San José Milpitas Planned 28th Street/​Little Portugal Diridon Downtown San José Santa Clara Caltrain Blossom Hill California Avenue Capitol College Park Gilroy Lawrence Morgan Hill Mountain View Palo Alto San Antonio Morgan Hill San Jose Diridon Santa Clara Sunnyvale Tamien VTA Alder Alum Rock Bascom Baypointe Bayshore/NASA Berryessa Blossom Hill Bonaventura Borregas Branham Capitol Champion Children's Discovery Museum Cisco Way Civic Center Component Convention Center Cottle Cropley Crossman Curtner Downtown Campbell Downtown Mountain View Fair Oaks Fruitdale Gish Great America Great Mall/Main Hamilton Hostetter Japantown/Ayer Karina Lick Mill Lockheed Martin McKee Metro/Airport Middlefield Milpitas Moffett Park Ohlone/Chynoweth Old Ironsides Orchard Paseo de San Antonio Penitencia Creek Race Reamwood River Oaks Saint James Diridon San Fernando Santa Clara Santa Teresa Snell Tamien Tasman Vienna Virginia Whisman Winchester Planned Eastridge Transit Center Story Passenger rail stations in San FranciscoBART 16th Street Mission 24th Street Mission Balboa Park Civic Center/​UN Plaza Embarcadero Glen Park Montgomery Street Powell Street Caltrain 22nd Street San Francisco 4th and King Street Proposed Oakdale Transbay MuniSubway Castro Chinatown Church Civic Center Embarcadero Forest Hill Montgomery Powell Union Square/​Market Street Van Ness West Portal Yerba Buena/​Moscone Surface 4th and Brannan 20th Street 23rd Street 2nd & King 4th & King Arleta Balboa Park Brannan Carroll Evans Folsom Gilman/Paul Hudson/Innes Kirkwood/La Salle Le Conte Marin Street Mariposa Mission Rock Oakdale/Palou Revere/Shafter San Francisco State University Stonestown Sunnydale UCSF/Chase Center Williams Shortplatform 46th Avenue & Wawona Broad & Plymouth Carl & Cole Church & 18th Street Church & 24th Street Church & 29th Street Duboce & Church Duboce & Noe Irving & 2nd Avenue Judah & 9th Avenue Judah & 19th Avenue Judah & 28th Avenue Judah & La Playa Judah & Sunset Junipero Serra & Ocean Ocean & Jules Ocean & Lee Ocean & Phelan Randolph & Arch San Jose & Randall St. Francis Circle Taraval & 22nd Avenue Taraval & Sunset Heritagestreetcar 1st / Battery 3rd / Kearny 6th / Taylor 9th / Larkin Bay Beach & Mason Beach & Stockton Broadway Chestnut Dolores / Buchanan Don Chee Way & Steuart Ferry Building Gough Green Greenwich Guerrero / Laguna Pier 39 Jefferson & Powell Jefferson & Taylor Jones & Beach Noe Sanchez Washington Passenger rail stations in Solano CountyAmtrak Fairfield–Vacaville Suisun–Fairfield Passenger rail stations in Sonoma CountySMART Cotati Petaluma Downtown Rohnert Park Santa Rosa North Santa Rosa Downtown Sonoma County Airport Planned Cloverdale Healdsburg Petaluma North Windsor (2025)
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*"},{"link_name":"Amtrak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtrak"},{"link_name":"Bay Area Rapid Transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_Area_Rapid_Transit"},{"link_name":"Richmond, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond,_California"},{"link_name":"Orange Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_Line_(BART)"},{"link_name":"Red Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Line_(BART)"},{"link_name":"Capitol Corridor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitol_Corridor"},{"link_name":"San Joaquins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Joaquin_(train)"},{"link_name":"California Zephyr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Zephyr"},{"link_name":"accessible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accessible"},{"link_name":"island platform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_platform"},{"link_name":"Union Pacific Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Pacific_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Martinez Subdivision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinez_Subdivision"},{"link_name":"Oakland Coliseum station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_Coliseum_station"},{"link_name":"Southern Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Pacific_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Northern Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Railway_(California)"},{"link_name":"flag stop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_stop"},{"link_name":"Amtrak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtrak"}],"text":"Railway station in Richmond, California, USRichmond station (officially the Richmond Transit Center) is an Amtrak intercity rail and Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) station located in downtown Richmond, California. Richmond is the north terminus of BART service on the Orange Line and Red Line; it is a stop for Amtrak's Capitol Corridor, San Joaquins, and California Zephyr routes. The accessible station has one island platform for the two BART tracks, with a second island platform serving two of the three tracks of the Union Pacific Railroad Martinez Subdivision for Amtrak trains. It is one of two transfer points between BART and Amtrak, along with Oakland Coliseum station.The Southern Pacific (SP)-controlled Northern Railway opened through what is now Richmond in 1878. A flag stop at Barrett's Station was established by the mid-1880s; it was renamed Richmond in 1902 during the town's rapid growth. The SP constructed a new station at Richmond in 1904 and again in 1914–15. The SP station was demolished around 1968, though passenger continued until the formation of Amtrak in 1971.The modern station opened on January 29, 1973, as the northern terminal of BART service. Controversies during planning included the station location and the design of the concourse. Amtrak service to the station began on October 30, 1977. A new Amtrak platform was built in 2001, followed by a renovation of the whole station completed in 2007. A parking garage replaced the surface parking lot in 2013.","title":"Richmond station (California)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Concourse_at_Richmond_station,_March_2021.jpg"},{"link_name":"Downtown Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Richmond,_Richmond,_California"},{"link_name":"large block","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superblock_(urban_planning)"},{"link_name":"island platform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_platform"},{"link_name":"Orange Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_Line_(BART)"},{"link_name":"Red Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Line_(BART)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-map-7"},{"link_name":"Union Pacific Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Pacific_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Martinez Subdivision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinez_Subdivision"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-schematics-2"},{"link_name":"Capitol Corridor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitol_Corridor"},{"link_name":"San Joaquins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Joaquin_(train)"},{"link_name":"California Zephyr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Zephyr"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-map-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-map-7"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-greatamerican-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-map-7"},{"link_name":"kiss and ride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiss_and_ride"},{"link_name":"mixed-use","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed-use_development"},{"link_name":"transit-oriented development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transit-oriented_development"},{"link_name":"accessible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accessible"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-map-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:William_Mitchell_artwork_at_Richmond_station,_March_2021.jpg"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"public art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_art"},{"link_name":"William Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Mitchell_(sculptor)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-coming-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bartart-10"},{"link_name":"Jos Sances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos_Sances"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Mildred Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mildred_Howard"},{"link_name":"weathering steel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weathering_steel"},{"link_name":"Ishmael Reed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishmael_Reed"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"El Cerrito del Norte station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Cerrito_del_Norte_station"},{"link_name":"I-80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_80_in_California"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"AC Transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_Transit"},{"link_name":"all-night route","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Nighter_(bus_service)"},{"link_name":"Flixbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flixbus"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-map-7"},{"link_name":"Golden Gate Transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Gate_Transit"},{"link_name":"Richmond–San Rafael Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond%E2%80%93San_Rafael_Bridge"},{"link_name":"North Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Bay_(San_Francisco_Bay_Area)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"The under-track concourse in 2021Richmond station is located in Downtown Richmond in a large block bounded by Macdonald Avenue, Marina Way, Barrett Avenue, and 19th Street. The rail right-of-way runs diagonally (northwest–southeast) through the block at street level, with bridges over lowered sections of Macdonald Avenue and Barrett Avenue at the ends of the station. The BART platform – a single island platform with two tracks – is located on the east side of the station complex. Richmond is the north terminus of BART service on the Orange Line and Red Line.[7] The Amtrak platform – an island platform served by two of the three tracks of the Union Pacific Railroad Martinez Subdivision – is located to its west.[2] It is served by the Capitol Corridor, San Joaquins, and California Zephyr routes.[7]A pedestrian concourse aligned with Nevin Avenue runs east–west under the tracks and platforms. Entrances from street level are located at both ends of the concourse.[7] A semicircular \"industrial post-modern\" metal canopy covers the west entrance and a small retail building.[1][7] A parking garage, a curved busway, and a kiss and ride lane are located on the southwest side of the station. Metro Walk, a mixed-use transit-oriented development, occupies the northwest corner of the block. The station is fully accessible, with elevators to both platforms and at both entrances.[7]Mosaic relief by William MitchellThe BART station was one of five designed by local firm Maher & Martens.[8] Three pieces of public art are located around the station complex. A mosaic relief of marine life by William Mitchell, made of seashells and fiberglass, is in the BART paid area of the concourse. Architecture critic Dave Weinstein describes it as \"rather disquieting\" and \"the strangest work at any BART station\".[9][10] On the Right Track, a 2007 series of tile murals by Jos Sances and Daniel Galvez, is located in the west entrance plaza.[11][12] Moving Richmond by Mildred Howard consists of two bent weathering steel plates with poetry by Ishmael Reed on the side of the parking garage.[13][14]Although Richmond is a terminal station for BART, most connecting regional bus services instead run to El Cerrito del Norte station, which is much closer to I-80.[15] Richmond station is served by several AC Transit bus services — local routes 70, 71, 72M, 74, 76, 376; several school routes; and all-night route 800 — all of which use the station busway. Flixbus intercity buses and local shuttles also use the busway.[7] A Golden Gate Transit route over the Richmond–San Rafael Bridge connecting Richmond to the agency's main service area in North Bay ran until 2015, when it was combined with a route that terminates at El Cerrito del Norte station.[16]","title":"Station design and services"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Southern Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Pacific_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Northern Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Railway_(California)"},{"link_name":"Point Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_Richmond"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"San Pablo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Pablo,_California"},{"link_name":"Stege","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stege,_California"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"flag stop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_stop"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-munro-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-munro-21"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Richmond_station_and_Macdonald_Avenue_subway_postcard.jpg"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-march12-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-march12-29"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"East Shore and Suburban Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Shore_and_Suburban_Railway"},{"link_name":"Key System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_System"},{"link_name":"Standard Oil refinery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevron_Richmond_Refinery"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elcerrito-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-esr-35"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elcerrito-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-esr-35"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elcerrito-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-esr-35"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elcerrito-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-esr-35"},{"link_name":"AC Transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_Transit"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elcerrito-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-esr-35"},{"link_name":"Shasta Route","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natron_Cutoff"},{"link_name":"Overland Route","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overland_Route_(Union_Pacific_Railroad)"},{"link_name":"its Richmond station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond_station_(Atchison,_Topeka_and_Santa_Fe_Railway)"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-manor-37"},{"link_name":"San Joaquin Daylight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Joaquin_Daylight"},{"link_name":"Amtrak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtrak"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-greatamerican-1"}],"sub_title":"Southern Pacific Railroad","text":"The Southern Pacific (SP)-controlled Northern Railway opened through the then-uninhabited swamplands near Point Richmond on January 8, 1878.[17] Stops were soon established at San Pablo, north of what is now Richmond, and Stege in what is now the southeast corner of Richmond.[18][19][20] By the mid-1880s, the SP established a flag stop at Barrett's station at modern-day Barrett Avenue. It was named for George H. Barrett, a local landowner whose house was nearby.[21][22][23][24] By the turn of the century, Barrett's station was a three-sided shelter at which passengers could hail several daily trains.[21][25]Postcard view of the Macdonald Avenue underpass, with the 1904-built SP station at rightIn 1902, Barrett's station was renamed Richmond to match the rapidly growing town.[26] The SP built a new Richmond station on the north side of Macdonald Avenue in 1904. The old \"shed\" was demolished on August 18, 1904, with the new station — a single-story structure with an attached freight house — opened soon after.[27][28] The SP began work on a new station, estimated to cost $11,000 (equivalent to $240,000 in 2023), in August 1914.[29][30] It opened in September 1915, with the old station relocated west for use as a freight house.[29][31] The new station was a larger wooden structure with porticos at both ends.[32][33]The East Shore and Suburban Railway (later a Key System subsidiary) opened from the Standard Oil refinery to the SP station on July 7, 1904.[34][35]: 7  An extension eastwards along Macdonald Avenue opened in October 1905, crossing the SP tracks at grade. A city ordinance disallowed streetcars from crossing the SP tracks with passengers aboard, forcing passengers to cross the tracks on foot.[34][35]: 9  A $35,000 contract (equivalent to $840,000 in 2023) was issued on September 1, 1907, for construction of an underpass to take Macdonald Avenue and the streetcars under the SP tracks.[34][35]: 11  The underpass opened on May 10, 1908.[34][35]: 13  Streetcars were replaced with Key System buses — later part of AC Transit — in 1933.[34][35]: 28Even as intercity rail service began to decline, Richmond was served by SP trains on the Shasta Route, Overland Route, and Central Valley routes, plus Santa Fe service to the Central Valley at its Richmond station.[36] The SP station building was closed on August 30, 1968, and demolished shortly afterward for BART construction, leaving passengers with only a platform.[37] SP service to Richmond on the San Joaquin Daylight continued until May 1, 1971, when Amtrak took over intercity passenger service.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BART_train_at_Richmond_station_postcard.jpg"},{"link_name":"proposed regional rapid transit system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Bay_Area_Rapid_Transit#Origins_and_planning"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-healy-38"},{"link_name":"Bay Area Rapid Transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_Area_Rapid_Transit"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hist-4"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"an ATSF branch line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_and_Nevada_Railroad"},{"link_name":"North Berkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Berkeley_station"},{"link_name":"23rd Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/23rd_Street_(Richmond,_California)"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-healy-38"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Alameda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alameda_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Contra Costa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contra_Costa_County,_California"},{"link_name":"El Cerrito del Norte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Cerrito_del_Norte_station"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-healy-38"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-healy-38"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-coming-9"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-opening-49"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hist-4"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-opening-49"},{"link_name":"Crockett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crockett,_California"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hist-4"},{"link_name":"Orange Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_Line_(BART)"},{"link_name":"Red Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Line_(BART)"},{"link_name":"Transbay Tube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transbay_Tube"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hist-4"}],"sub_title":"BART station","text":"The BART station in the 1970sAs early as 1957, Richmond was identified as a likely terminus for a line of a proposed regional rapid transit system.[38]: 42  The Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) system was approved by voters in November 1962.[4] The BART Board approved the name \"Richmond\" in December 1965.[39] The station was originally to be located at 6th Street and Macdonald Avenue west of downtown, but this was changed to 16th Street and Nevin Avenue (along the SP line) to allow construction of a rail yard north of the station and permit future extension. After tension between the Bay Area Rapid Transit District and the city, an agreement to use the latter site was reached in May 1967. The chosen BART alignment followed an ATSF branch line from North Berkeley to 23rd Street in Richmond, then curved north onto the SP alignment for the final one-half mile (0.8 km) into Richmond station.[38]: 106  The tracks continued past the station to the rail yard; the grade crossing of Barrett Avenue — which was ranked the fifth-highest priority for elimination on a 1965 state list — was replaced with a road underpass.[40][41]By August 1967, with about 57 miles (92 km) of the initial 75-mile (121 km) system under construction, a budget shortfall led to the possibility of portions being deferred. Among the potential cuts was Richmond station, as construction had not begun past the Alameda/Contra Costa county line at El Cerrito del Norte.[38][42][43] Not until March 1969, when the state approved a temporary sales tax to cover the shortfall, could work begin on the contracts for the remaining stations including Richmond.[38][44][45] In June 1968, the original design for an elevated concourse was replaced with an underground concourse in response to objections from city officials.[46][47]The station was built by Rothschild & Raffin, which also constructed the Richmond Yard and several other BART stations, at a cost of $2.3 million (equivalent to $13 million in 2023).[9][48] The construction of Richmond station was credited by local officials as the key piece of downtown redevelopment efforts.[49] BART service to Richmond began on January 29, 1973; it has remained a terminus since.[4][49] (An extension to Crockett was considered in 1991 but not pursued.)[4] BART service to Richmond was initially only on the Richmond–Fremont line (now the Orange Line). Some direct service to San Francisco (today’s Red Line) began in April 1976; all-day service began on July 7, 1980, after BART was able to reduce train spacing through the Transbay Tube.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amtrak_train_at_Richmond,_California,_July_10,_1980.jpg"},{"link_name":"16th Street station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16th_Street_station_(Oakland)"},{"link_name":"San Joaquin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Joaquin_(train)"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Zephyr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Zephyr"},{"link_name":"Coast Starlight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coast_Starlight"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Capitols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitols_(Amtrak)"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Spirit of California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirit_of_California"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lns19811022-54"},{"link_name":"Caltrans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caltrans"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-manor-37"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-subwaynut-57"},{"link_name":"Oakland Coliseum station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_Coliseum_station"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-capitol-58"}],"sub_title":"Amtrak station","text":"The San Francisco Zephyr at Richmond, 1980Unlike other large cities, the Bay Area did not have a convenient transfer location between Amtrak intercity service and local rapid transit; 16th Street station in Oakland was not located near a BART station. The introduction of the San Joaquin service in 1974 added a third round trip to the SP mainline north of Oakland.[50] A $667,000 Amtrak station adjacent to the BART station opened for use by the San Joaquin plus the long-distance San Francisco Zephyr and Coast Starlight on October 30, 1977. It included two 18-car-long platforms, with stairs and an elevator from a small station building to the under-track passage.[51][52]Amtrak service gradually expanded; a second San Joaquin was added in 1980, and the Capitols (now Capitol Corridor) service began in 1991.[53] Richmond was also served by the Spirit of California, which ran from 1981 to 1983.[54] Disagreements between Caltrans and Amtrak over funding delayed the addition of a station agent until September 1982.[37][55][56]The Coast Starlight ceased to stop at Richmond in April 1996, followed by the California Zephyr (successor to the San Francisco Zephyr) in October 1998.[57] Richmond was the only transfer point between Amtrak and BART until the Amtrak platform at Oakland Coliseum station (which is served only by the Capitol Corridor) opened in 2005.[58]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Northbound_Capitol_Corridor_train_at_Richmond_station,_April_2018.JPG"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-capitol-58"},{"link_name":"transit-oriented development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transit-oriented_development"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hist-4"},{"link_name":"island platform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_platform"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-subwaynut-57"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hist-4"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-completedtod-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2024tod-62"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-greatamerican-1"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-store-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-subwaynut-57"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"accessibility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accessibility"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richmond_station_(California)&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2024tod-62"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-completedtod-61"}],"sub_title":"Renovations","text":"A Capitol Corridor train at the station in 2018, with the former shelter at rightThe Amtrak station building was closed on December 1, 1997, though trains continued to stop.[58] On April 12, 2000, BART and the city broke ground on a \"transit village\", a mixed-use transit-oriented development (TOD) project adjacent to the station.[4] In July 2001, the aging Amtrak facility was replaced with a modern island platform with better access to the BART pedestrian tunnel. The $1.9 million project, funded by the state, was intended to improve the station as preparation for the transit village.[57][59] The developer for the transit village was chosen in 2002.[4] A 2004 BART plan indicated that additional faregates and expansion of the paid area would be needed by 2025.[60]The first phase of the transit village, completed in 2004, included 132 residential units and 15,000 square feet (1,400 m2) of retail space on the west side of the station.[61][62] A $6.4 million renovation of the station was undertaken as part of the transit village project. The project included expanded entrances to the concourse, with a canopy over the west entrance. Richmond station was officially named the Richmond Transit Center at a dedication ceremony on October 18, 2007.[1] A BART ticket window opened at the station in August 2008, joining seven other major stations in the system.[63] The 750-space parking garage opened on May 30, 2013, with the surface lot on the east side of the station closed at that time.[64]The two long-distance trains began stopping at Richmond again on November 8, 2010. However, the Coast Starlight stop was again discontinued on January 14, 2013 because the train was scheduled to arrive at night – if it was several hours late, passengers would be unable to exit through the concourse, which is locked outside of BART service hours.[57] In 2018, BART and CCJPA installed a \"courtesy light\" on the Amtrak platform, which instructs northbound Capitol Corridor trains to hold for two minutes if a BART train is arriving to allow passengers to make their connection.[65] Reconstruction of the Amtrak platform and stairs for accessibility began in FY 2023 and is planned for completion in FY 2025.[66]As of 2024[update], a second phase of the transit village is planned with 520 residential units on the east side of the station. BART indicates \"significant market, local support, and/or implementation barriers\" that must be overcome to allow TOD over the busway. That third phase of development would not begin until at least the mid-2030s.[62][61]","title":"History"}]
[{"image_text":"The under-track concourse in 2021","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Concourse_at_Richmond_station%2C_March_2021.jpg/220px-Concourse_at_Richmond_station%2C_March_2021.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mosaic relief by William Mitchell","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/William_Mitchell_artwork_at_Richmond_station%2C_March_2021.jpg/220px-William_Mitchell_artwork_at_Richmond_station%2C_March_2021.jpg"},{"image_text":"Postcard view of the Macdonald Avenue underpass, with the 1904-built SP station at right","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Richmond_station_and_Macdonald_Avenue_subway_postcard.jpg/220px-Richmond_station_and_Macdonald_Avenue_subway_postcard.jpg"},{"image_text":"The BART station in the 1970s","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/BART_train_at_Richmond_station_postcard.jpg/220px-BART_train_at_Richmond_station_postcard.jpg"},{"image_text":"The San Francisco Zephyr at Richmond, 1980","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Amtrak_train_at_Richmond%2C_California%2C_July_10%2C_1980.jpg/220px-Amtrak_train_at_Richmond%2C_California%2C_July_10%2C_1980.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Capitol Corridor train at the station in 2018, with the former shelter at right","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Northbound_Capitol_Corridor_train_at_Richmond_station%2C_April_2018.JPG/220px-Northbound_Capitol_Corridor_train_at_Richmond_station%2C_April_2018.JPG"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Richmond, CA (RIC)\". Great American Stations. Amtrak. Retrieved February 18, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.greatamericanstations.com/stations/richmond-ca-ric/","url_text":"\"Richmond, CA (RIC)\""}]},{"reference":"SMA Rail Consulting (April 2016). \"California Passenger Rail Network Schematics\" (PDF). California Department of Transportation. p. 3.","urls":[{"url":"https://dot.ca.gov/-/media/dot-media/programs/rail-mass-transportation/documents/f0009927-ca-rail-schematics-a11y.pdf","url_text":"\"California Passenger Rail Network Schematics\""}]},{"reference":"Cerny, Susan Dinkelspiel (2007). An Architectural Guidebook to San Francisco and the Bay Area (1st ed.). Layton, Utah: Gibbs Smith. pp. 501–502. ISBN 978-1-58685-432-4. OCLC 85623396.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58685-432-4","url_text":"978-1-58685-432-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/85623396","url_text":"85623396"}]},{"reference":"\"BART Chronology January 1947 – March 2009\" (PDF). San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District. March 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 13, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131013054420/http://www.bart.gov/docs/BARThistory.pdf","url_text":"\"BART Chronology January 1947 – March 2009\""},{"url":"http://www.bart.gov/docs/BARThistory.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Monthly Ridership Reports\". San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District. February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bart.gov/about/reports/ridership","url_text":"\"Monthly Ridership Reports\""}]},{"reference":"\"Amtrak Fact Sheet, Fiscal Year 2022: State of California\" (PDF). Amtrak. June 2023. Retrieved August 30, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amtrak.com/content/dam/projects/dotcom/english/public/documents/corporate/statefactsheets/CALIFORNIA22.pdf","url_text":"\"Amtrak Fact Sheet, Fiscal Year 2022: State of California\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtrak","url_text":"Amtrak"}]},{"reference":"\"Transit Stops: Richmond Station\" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Commission. August 5, 2020. Retrieved February 23, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.actransit.org/wp-content/uploads/HSP_RD-stops.pdf","url_text":"\"Transit Stops: Richmond Station\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Transportation_Commission_(San_Francisco_Bay_Area)","url_text":"Metropolitan Transportation Commission"}]},{"reference":"Gruen Associates (December 1977). \"IV: Design and Construction\". A Description of BART: Its Facilities, Service and Surroundings. United States Department of Transportation. p. 6 – via Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/descriptionofbar1977grue/page/26/mode/2up","url_text":"\"IV: Design and Construction\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Coming of BART: Richmond, Oakland West\". Oakland Tribune. June 28, 1972. p. 36 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/96225200/the-san-francisco-examiner/","url_text":"\"The Coming of BART: Richmond, Oakland West\""}]},{"reference":"Weinstein, Dave. \"How BART got ART\". CA-Modern. Eichler Network. p. 2.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eichlernetwork.com/article/how-bart-got-art","url_text":"\"How BART got ART\""}]},{"reference":"Sullivan, Denise (January 27, 2019). \"Oakland muralist committed to painting people and their places\". CurrentSF. Archived from the original on March 1, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210301060646/https://currentsf.com/oakland-muralist-daniel-galvez/","url_text":"\"Oakland muralist committed to painting people and their places\""},{"url":"https://currentsf.com/oakland-muralist-daniel-galvez/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Art at BART: 15 years after its installation, a mural at Richmond Station continues to inspire\" (Press release). Bay Area Rapid Transit District. July 12, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bart.gov/news/articles/2022/news20220712","url_text":"\"Art at BART: 15 years after its installation, a mural at Richmond Station continues to inspire\""}]},{"reference":"\"BART Art Collection Inventory\" (PDF). San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District. June 2019. p. 3.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bart.gov/sites/default/files/docs/inventory%20for%20posting.pdf","url_text":"\"BART Art Collection Inventory\""}]},{"reference":"\"Howard Artwork\". Proto-inc. Retrieved February 15, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.proto-inc.com/moving-richmond/","url_text":"\"Howard Artwork\""}]},{"reference":"\"Transit Information: El Cerrito del Norte Station\" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Commission. February 8, 2021. Retrieved February 23, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.actransit.org/sites/default/files/2021-03/HSP_ECN-routes.pdf","url_text":"\"Transit Information: El Cerrito del Norte Station\""}]},{"reference":"\"GGT Routes 40 & 42 Merging – Service to Richmond BART Station Discontinued\" (Press release). Golden Gate Bridge, Highway and Transportation District. November 10, 2015. Archived from the original on July 4, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170704194716/http://goldengate.org/news/transit/route-42-elimination-travel-alternatives.php","url_text":"\"GGT Routes 40 & 42 Merging – Service to Richmond BART Station Discontinued\""},{"url":"http://goldengate.org/news/transit/route-42-elimination-travel-alternatives.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Board of Railroad Commissioners of the State of California (1889). Annual Report of the Board of Railroad Commissioners of the State of California. p. 10 – via Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/annualreportboa05unkngoog","url_text":"Annual Report of the Board of Railroad Commissioners of the State of California"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/annualreportboa05unkngoog/page/n331","url_text":"10"}]},{"reference":"\"Map of California and Nevada\". A.L. Bancroft & Co. 1882 – via David Rumsey Historical Map Collection.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/s/ofgki4","url_text":"\"Map of California and Nevada\""}]},{"reference":"\"(California and Nevada)\". Rand McNally and Company. 1879 – via David Rumsey Historical Map Collection.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/s/1xuoqw","url_text":"\"(California and Nevada)\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Rumored Explosion\". Oakland Tribune. December 22, 1882. p. 3 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/95431512/oakland-tribune/","url_text":"\"A Rumored Explosion\""}]},{"reference":"Munro-Fraser, J. P. (1926). History of Contra Costa County, California. Historic Record Company. pp. 126–127.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dlIdIoZ51mYC&pg=PA126","url_text":"History of Contra Costa County, California"}]},{"reference":"\"Railroad Accidents\". Oakland Tribune. October 25, 1883. p. 3 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/95444484/oakland-tribune/","url_text":"\"Railroad Accidents\""}]},{"reference":"\"Spite: Train Wreckers are About\". Oakland Tribune. July 26, 1894. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/95444545/oakland-tribune/","url_text":"\"Spite: Train Wreckers are About\""}]},{"reference":"\"King's Appeal\". Oakland Tribune. October 11, 1887. p. 4 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/95444601/oakland-tribune/","url_text":"\"King's Appeal\""}]},{"reference":"Time Table for the Western Division (PDF). Southern Pacific Railroad. March 1, 1901.","urls":[{"url":"http://wx4.org/to/foam/sp/maps/zukasETT/1901-03-01Western70-TimZukas.pdf","url_text":"Time Table for the Western Division"}]},{"reference":"\"Contra Costa a Center for Many Manufacturing Industries\". Oakland Tribune. December 27, 1902. p. 14 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/95449473/oakland-tribune/","url_text":"\"Contra Costa a Center for Many Manufacturing Industries\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hourly Train to Richmond\". The Berkeley Gazette. August 18, 1904. p. 8 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/95449881/the-berkeley-gazette/","url_text":"\"Hourly Train to Richmond\""}]},{"reference":"Sanborn Fire Insurance Map from Richmond, Contra Costa County, California. Sanborn Map Company. May 1909. p. 16.","urls":[{"url":"http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gmd/g4364rm.g4364rm_g007871909","url_text":"Sanborn Fire Insurance Map from Richmond, Contra Costa County, California"}]},{"reference":"\"Order S.P. To Complete New Depot July 20\". Richmond Daily Independent. March 12, 1915. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/95453160/richmond-daily-independent/","url_text":"\"Order S.P. To Complete New Depot July 20\""}]},{"reference":"\"SP Starts Work on New Local Depot\". Richmond Daily Independent. August 27, 1914. p. 6 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/95453172/richmond-daily-independent/","url_text":"\"SP Starts Work on New Local Depot\""}]},{"reference":"\"News Flashes\". Richmond Daily Independent. August 26, 1915. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/95453153/richmond-daily-independent/","url_text":"\"News Flashes\""}]},{"reference":"Sanborn Fire Insurance Map from Richmond, Contra Costa County, California. Sanborn Map Company. June 1916. p. 22.","urls":[{"url":"http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gmd/g4364rm.g4364rm_g007871916","url_text":"Sanborn Fire Insurance Map from Richmond, Contra Costa County, California"}]},{"reference":"Bastin, Donald (2003). Images of America: Richmond. Arcadia Publishing. p. 52. ISBN 9780738528588.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WsyCwShqXtgC&pg=PA52","url_text":"Images of America: Richmond"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780738528588","url_text":"9780738528588"}]},{"reference":"\"East Shore & Suburban Railway & other El Cerrito Railroad Chronology\" (PDF). El Cerrito Historical Society. November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.elcerritohistoricalsociety.org/ecprintfiles/railchron.pdf","url_text":"\"East Shore & Suburban Railway & other El Cerrito Railroad Chronology\""}]},{"reference":"Hanson, Erle C. (March 1961). \"East Shore & Suburban Railway\". Pacific Railway Journal. Vol. 2, no. 12. LCCN 56-12943.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/56-12943","url_text":"56-12943"}]},{"reference":"The Friendly Southern Pacific Time Tables. Southern Pacific Railroad. January 15, 1954 – via Wikimedia Commons.","urls":[{"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Southern_Pacific_Railroad_1954_timetable.pdf","url_text":"The Friendly Southern Pacific Time Tables"}]},{"reference":"Manor, Robert (February 8, 1981). \"Funds fight delaying Richmond train depot\". The Berkeley Gazette. p. 5 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/95113507/the-berkeley-gazette/","url_text":"\"Funds fight delaying Richmond train depot\""}]},{"reference":"Healy, Michael C. (2016). BART: The Dramatic History of the Bay Area Rapid Transit System. Heyday. pp. 42, 90–92, 105–107. ISBN 9781597143707.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781597143707","url_text":"9781597143707"}]},{"reference":"\"Names Approved for 38 Rapid Transit Stations Around Bay\". Oakland Tribune. December 10, 1965. p. 10 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/oakland-tribune/144328970/","url_text":"\"Names Approved for 38 Rapid Transit Stations Around Bay\""}]},{"reference":"\"Over $150 Million In BART Bids Due\". Oakland Tribune. July 18, 1967. p. 17 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/96224850/oakland-tribune/","url_text":"\"Over $150 Million In BART Bids Due\""}]},{"reference":"\"Priority on 2 Eastbay Crossings\". Oakland Tribune. December 22, 1965. p. 16 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/96224946/oakland-tribune/","url_text":"\"Priority on 2 Eastbay Crossings\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stations May Be Dropped From System\". Oakland Tribune. August 8, 1967. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/96221396/oakland-tribune/","url_text":"\"Stations May Be Dropped From System\""}]},{"reference":"\"10-Mile North Link of BART Takes Shape\". Oakland Tribune. January 1, 1968. p. 65 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/96221466/oakland-tribune/","url_text":"\"10-Mile North Link of BART Takes Shape\""}]},{"reference":"\"79 BART Contracts Await Funds\". Oakland Tribune. January 13, 1969. p. 2 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/96222306/oakland-tribune/","url_text":"\"79 BART Contracts Await Funds\""}]},{"reference":"Demoro, Harre (June 4, 1972). \"Delays in Opening BART\". Oakland Tribune. p. 21 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/96222367/oakland-tribune/","url_text":"\"Delays in Opening BART\""}]},{"reference":"\"Richmond Station Foulup?\". Oakland Tribune. January 16, 1968. p. 18 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/96223936/oakland-tribune/","url_text":"\"Richmond Station Foulup?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Underground Plan For Concourse\". Oakland Tribune. June 11, 1968. p. 17 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/96224043/oakland-tribune/","url_text":"\"Underground Plan For Concourse\""}]},{"reference":"Arthur, Lindsay (December 15, 1969). \"Executive Profile: A Bid in the Bidding Game\". Oakland Tribune. p. 67 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/96225290/the-san-francisco-examiner/","url_text":"\"Executive Profile: A Bid in the Bidding Game\""}]},{"reference":"Demoro, Harre W. (January 29, 1973). \"BART Line To Richmond Opened\". Oakland Tribune. pp. 1, 12 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/96222531/oakland-tribune/","url_text":"\"BART Line To Richmond Opened\""},{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/96222579/oakland-tribune/","url_text":"12"}]},{"reference":"\"ATK-74-l0 202–484-7220\" (PDF) (Press release). Amtrak. March 5, 1974. Regular revenue service begins in both directions between Oakland and Bakersfield on Thursday, March 6.","urls":[{"url":"https://history.amtrak.com/archives/press-release-announcing-launch-of-the-i-san-joaquin-i-1974/@@download/item/Press%20Release_%20March%205%201974_San%20Joaquin%20Service_VonNordeck%20Collection%20WM.pdf","url_text":"\"ATK-74-l0 202–484-7220\""}]},{"reference":"\"Intermodal Passenger Station Dedicated At Richmond, California\". Amtrak News. Vol. 4, no. 21. Amtrak. November 15, 1977. p. 3.","urls":[{"url":"https://history.amtrak.com/archives/i-amtrak-news-i-november-15-1977","url_text":"\"Intermodal Passenger Station Dedicated At Richmond, California\""}]},{"reference":"\"New station will permit Amtrak tie to BART\". Modesto Bee. October 26, 1977. p. 32 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64442582/the-modesto-bee/","url_text":"\"New station will permit Amtrak tie to BART\""}]},{"reference":"\"'San Joaquin' trains catching on\". Merced Sun-Star. July 30, 1982. Archived from the original on January 24, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130124184813/http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=TblcAAAAIBAJ&sjid=zFgNAAAAIBAJ&pg=6488,4314341","url_text":"\"'San Joaquin' trains catching on\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merced_Sun-Star","url_text":"Merced Sun-Star"},{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=TblcAAAAIBAJ&sjid=zFgNAAAAIBAJ&pg=6488,4314341","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"New LA-Northern California train service set\". Lodi News-Sentinel. October 22, 1981. Retrieved February 18, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=jWczAAAAIBAJ&pg=7038%2C6076790","url_text":"\"New LA-Northern California train service set\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodi_News-Sentinel","url_text":"Lodi News-Sentinel"}]},{"reference":"Dempster, Doug (May 10, 1982). \"6 Amtrak Routes Link Bay Area Capital\". The Sacramento Bee. p. 14 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/95402154/the-sacramento-bee/","url_text":"\"6 Amtrak Routes Link Bay Area Capital\""}]},{"reference":"\"Modesto concours draws 250 antique classic cars\". The Fresno Bee. September 26, 1982. p. 49 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/95409282/the-fresno-bee/","url_text":"\"Modesto concours draws 250 antique classic cars\""}]},{"reference":"Cox, Jeremiah (2016). \"Richmond, CA\". The Subway Nut.","urls":[{"url":"http://subwaynut.com/california/amtrak/richmond/index.php","url_text":"\"Richmond, CA\""}]},{"reference":"Vurek, Matthew Gerald (2016). Images of Modern America: California’s Capitol Corridor. Arcadia Publishing. pp. 40, 53. ISBN 9781467124171.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PgMZDQAAQBAJ","url_text":"Images of Modern America: California’s Capitol Corridor"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781467124171","url_text":"9781467124171"}]},{"reference":"Cabanatuan, Michael (July 20, 2001). \"New station eases passengers from BART to Amtrak / Covered platform in Richmond is secure and comfortable\". San Francisco Chronicle.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/New-station-eases-passengers-from-BART-to-Amtrak-2896788.php","url_text":"\"New station eases passengers from BART to Amtrak / Covered platform in Richmond is secure and comfortable\""}]},{"reference":"Richmond Comprehensive Station Plan (PDF). June 2004. p. 53. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 21, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161221032126/https://www.bart.gov/sites/default/files/docs/RichmondCSP.pdf","url_text":"Richmond Comprehensive Station Plan"},{"url":"https://www.bart.gov/sites/default/files/docs/RichmondCSP.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Completed TOD projects\". San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District. Archived from the original on April 30, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240430010340/https://www.bart.gov/about/business/tod/completed","url_text":"\"Completed TOD projects\""},{"url":"https://www.bart.gov/about/business/tod/completed","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"BART Transit-Oriented Development Program Work Plan: 2024 Update (PDF). San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District. March 2024. pp. 7, 17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bart.gov/sites/default/files/2024-03/2024%20BART%20TOD%20Work%20Plan%20Update_Public%20Draft.pdf","url_text":"BART Transit-Oriented Development Program Work Plan: 2024 Update"}]},{"reference":"\"Ticket Exchange Window Opens at Richmond BART Station\" (Press release). San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District. August 4, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://bart.gov/news/articles/2008/news20080804.aspx","url_text":"\"Ticket Exchange Window Opens at Richmond BART Station\""}]},{"reference":"\"New parking garage at Richmond Station to open May 30; $1 daily fee\" (Press release). San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District. May 14, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bart.gov/news/articles/2013/news20130514","url_text":"\"New parking garage at Richmond Station to open May 30; $1 daily fee\""}]},{"reference":"\"Capitol Corridor and BART unveil \"courtesy light\" at Richmond for easier transfer\" (Press release). San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District. January 31, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bart.gov/news/articles/2018/news20180131","url_text":"\"Capitol Corridor and BART unveil \"courtesy light\" at Richmond for easier transfer\""}]},{"reference":"\"Amtrak Fact Sheet Fiscal Year 2023 State of California\" (PDF). Amtrak. March 2024. p. 7.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amtrak.com/content/dam/projects/dotcom/english/public/documents/corporate/statefactsheets/CALIFORNIA23.pdf","url_text":"\"Amtrak Fact Sheet Fiscal Year 2023 State of California\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certified_arborist
Certified Arborist
["1 References","2 External links"]
Professional credential James Kinder, an ISA Certified Municipal Arborist, examining a Japanese hemlock at Hoyt Arboretum A Hinoki cypress receiving some corrective pruning by a certified arborist in Oregon The Certified Arborist credential identifies professional arborists who have a minimum of three years' full-time experience working in the professional tree care industry and who have passed an examination covering facets of arboriculture. The Western Chapter of the International Society of Arboriculture (ISA) started the certification program in the 1980s, with the ISA initiating it in 1992. References ^ "ISA Certified Arborist". International Society of Arboriculture. Retrieved 26 August 2022. ^ Konijnendijk, Cecil C.; Randrup, Thomas B. (2005). "Urban forestry education". In Konijnendijk, Cecil C.; Nilsson, Kjell; Randrup, Thomas B.; Schipperijn, Jasper (eds.). Urban Forests and Trees: A Reference Book. Berlin: Springer. p. 470. ISBN 9783540276845. ^ Koeser, Andrew K.; Hauer, Richard J.; Miesbauer, Jason W.; Peterson, Ward (2016). "Municipal tree risk assessment in the United States: Findings from a comprehensive survey of urban forest management". Arboricultural Journal. 38 (4): 218–229. doi:10.1080/03071375.2016.1221178. External links International Society of Arboriculture
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[{"image_text":"James Kinder, an ISA Certified Municipal Arborist, examining a Japanese hemlock at Hoyt Arboretum","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/ISA_Certified_Municipal_Arborist%2C_James_Kinder.jpg/200px-ISA_Certified_Municipal_Arborist%2C_James_Kinder.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Hinoki cypress receiving some corrective pruning by a certified arborist in Oregon","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Arborist_M_D_Vaden.jpg/200px-Arborist_M_D_Vaden.jpg"}]
null
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[{"Link":"https://www.isa-arbor.com/Credentials/Types-of-Credentials/ISA-Certified-Arborist","external_links_name":"\"ISA Certified Arborist\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jnOX7JPdnBYC","external_links_name":"Urban Forests and Trees: A Reference Book"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03071375.2016.1221178","external_links_name":"10.1080/03071375.2016.1221178"},{"Link":"http://www.isa-arbor.com/","external_links_name":"International Society of Arboriculture"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederikssund_Municipality
Frederikssund Municipality
["1 Locations","2 Politics","2.1 Municipal council","3 Recent developments","4 Twin towns – sister cities","5 Gallery","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
Coordinates: 55°50′13″N 12°03′55″E / 55.8369°N 12.0653°E / 55.8369; 12.0653 Municipality in Hovedstaden, DenmarkFrederikssund Municipality Frederikssund Kommune (Danish)Municipality Coat of armsCoordinates: 55°50′13″N 12°03′55″E / 55.8369°N 12.0653°E / 55.8369; 12.0653CountryDenmarkRegionHovedstadenEstablished1 January 2007SeatFrederikssundGovernment • MayorJohn Schmidt Andersen (1 January 2014-) (V)Area • Total250.61 km2 (96.76 sq mi)Population (1. January 2024) • Total46,358 • Density180/km2 (480/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Municipal code250Websitewww.frederikssund.dk Frederikssund Kommune (Danish pronunciation: ) is a municipality (Danish: kommune) on the shores of Roskilde Fjord in the northern part of the island of Zealand (Sjælland) in eastern Denmark. On 1 January 2007, the municipality was enlarged to include the old Jægerspris, Slangerup, and Skibby municipalities. It now covers an area of 250 km2 and has a population of 46,358 (1. January 2024). As of 1 January 2014 its mayor is John Schmidt Andersen, a member of the agrarian liberal Venstre political party. Frederikssund municipality belongs to Region Hovedstaden (Capital Region). The seat of its municipal council is the town of Frederikssund with a population of 15,283 (1 January 2009). The town is connected to the Hornsherred peninsula by the Kronprins Frederik bridge. The former municipalities of Jægerspris and Skibby are located on this peninsula. Locations The ten largest locations in the municipality are: Nr (#) City Population (2011) 1 Frederikssund 15,468 2 Slangerup 6,822 3 Jægerspris 4,065 4 Skibby 3,185 5 Græse Bakkeby 2,368 6 Kulhuse 912 7 Skuldelev 905 8 Gerlev 783 9 Store Rørbæk 570 10 Over Dråby Strand 442 Politics Municipal council Frederikssund's municipal council consists of 23 members, elected every four years. Below are the municipal councils elected since the Municipal Reform of 2007. Election Party Totalseats Turnout Electedmayor A B C E F O V Ø 2005 13 1 3 1 1 8 27 72.2% Ole Find Jensen (A) 2009 10 3 3 2 5 23 67.1% 2013 8 1 1 1 3 8 1 73.4% John S. Andersen (V) 2017 8 1 1 1 2 9 1 72.6% Data from Kmdvalg.dk 2005, 2009, 2013 and 2017 Recent developments The new harbour square provides the finishing touches to the harbour developments which began in the 1990s. There are also ambitious plans to build a new residential development to the south of Frederikssund in Vinge north of Store Rørbæk. Vinge Station on the C line of the S-train was opened 14 December 2020. Twin towns – sister cities See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Denmark Frederikssund is twinned with: Aurskog-Høland, Norway Catoira, Spain Kowary, Poland Kumla, Sweden Ramsgate, England, United Kingdom Sipoo, Finland Somerset, England, United Kingdom Gallery Frederikssund's main pedestrian street Jægerspris Castle Kulhuse See also Frederikssund railway station References ^ BY2: Population 1. January by municipalities The Mobile Statbank from Statistics Denmark ^ "BEF44: Population 1st January, by urban areas" database from Statistics Denmark ^ New Town in the Øresund Region - housing potential in the new town next to Frederikssund Archived 16 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine - Paper presented at the ENHR conference, Ljubljana July 2006 Retrieved 9 January 2007. ^ "Internationale samarbejder". frederikssund.dk (in Danish). Frederikssund Kommune. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 14 April 2021. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Frederikssund Kommune. Municipal statistics: NetBorger Kommunefakta, delivered from KMD aka Kommunedata (Municipal Data) Municipal mergers and neighbors: Eniro new municipalities map Road map from Google maps The new Frederikssund municipality's official website (Danish only) Frederikssund / Hornsherred Tourist Bureau Frederikssund Gymnasium Archived 20 August 2005 at the Wayback Machine Center Bowl Frederikssund Golf Club Archived 9 March 2005 at the Wayback Machine Photos The local public library (in Danish) Frederikssund marina (in Danish) Places adjacent to Frederikssund Municipality Halsnæs Hillerød Odsherred (Sjælland) / Ise Fjord Frederikssund Allerød Holbæk (Sjælland) / Ise Fjord Lejre (Sjælland), Roskilde (Sjælland) Egedal vteMunicipalities of DenmarkListHovedstaden Albertslund Allerød Ballerup Bornholm Brøndby Copenhagen Dragør Egedal Fredensborg Frederiksberg Frederikssund Furesø Gentofte Gladsaxe Glostrup Gribskov Halsnæs Helsingør Herlev Hillerød Hvidovre Høje-Taastrup Hørsholm Ishøj Lyngby-Taarbæk Rudersdal Rødovre Tårnby Vallensbæk Midtjylland Aarhus Favrskov Hedensted Herning Holstebro Horsens Ikast-Brande Lemvig Norddjurs Odder Randers Ringkøbing-Skjern Samsø Silkeborg Skanderborg Skive Struer Syddjurs Viborg Nordjylland Aalborg Brønderslev Frederikshavn Hjørring Jammerbugt Læsø Mariagerfjord Morsø Rebild Thisted Vesthimmerland Sjælland Faxe Greve Guldborgsund Holbæk Kalundborg Køge Lejre Lolland Næstved Odsherred Ringsted Roskilde Slagelse Solrød Sorø Stevns Vordingborg Syddanmark Aabenraa Assens Billund Esbjerg Faaborg-Midtfyn Fanø Fredericia Haderslev Kerteminde Kolding Langeland Middelfart Nordfyn Nyborg Odense Svendborg Sønderborg Tønder Varde Vejen Vejle Ærø Authority control databases ISNI
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[fʁeðʁekˈsɔnˀ kʰoˈmuːnə]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Danish"},{"link_name":"Danish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_language"},{"link_name":"kommune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commune_(subnational_entity)"},{"link_name":"Roskilde Fjord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roskilde_Fjord"},{"link_name":"Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zealand_(Denmark)"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Jægerspris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A6gerspris"},{"link_name":"Slangerup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slangerup"},{"link_name":"Skibby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skibby"},{"link_name":"John Schmidt Andersen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Schmidt_Andersen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Venstre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venstre_(Denmark)"},{"link_name":"political party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"Region Hovedstaden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Region_Hovedstaden"},{"link_name":"Frederikssund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederikssund"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Hornsherred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornsherred"}],"text":"Municipality in Hovedstaden, DenmarkFrederikssund Kommune (Danish pronunciation: [fʁeðʁekˈsɔnˀ kʰoˈmuːnə]) is a municipality (Danish: kommune) on the shores of Roskilde Fjord in the northern part of the island of Zealand (Sjælland) in eastern Denmark. On 1 January 2007, the municipality was enlarged to include the old Jægerspris, Slangerup, and Skibby municipalities. It now covers an area of 250 km2 and has a population of 46,358 (1. January 2024). As of 1 January 2014 its mayor is John Schmidt Andersen, a member of the agrarian liberal Venstre political party. Frederikssund municipality belongs to Region Hovedstaden (Capital Region).The seat of its municipal council is the town of Frederikssund with a population of 15,283 (1 January 2009).[2] The town is connected to the Hornsherred peninsula by the Kronprins Frederik bridge. The former municipalities of Jægerspris and Skibby are located on this peninsula.","title":"Frederikssund Municipality"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The ten largest locations in the municipality are:","title":"Locations"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Municipal Reform of 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Denmark#Municipal_Reform_2007"}],"sub_title":"Municipal council","text":"Frederikssund's municipal council consists of 23 members, elected every four years.Below are the municipal councils elected since the Municipal Reform of 2007.","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"new harbour square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20061014154610/http://www.sla.dk/byrum/fredsugb.htm"},{"link_name":"S-train","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-train_(Copenhagen)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The new harbour square provides the finishing touches to the harbour developments which began in the 1990s. There are also ambitious plans to build a new residential development to the south of Frederikssund in Vinge north of Store Rørbæk. Vinge Station on the C line of the S-train was opened 14 December 2020.[3]","title":"Recent developments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of twin towns and sister cities in Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Denmark"},{"link_name":"twinned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_city"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Aurskog-Høland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurskog-H%C3%B8land"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Catoira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catoira"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Kowary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kowary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Kumla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumla_Municipality"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Ramsgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsgate"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"Sipoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sipoo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Somerset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerset"}],"text":"See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in DenmarkFrederikssund is twinned with:[4]Aurskog-Høland, Norway\n Catoira, Spain\n Kowary, Poland\n Kumla, Sweden\n Ramsgate, England, United Kingdom\n Sipoo, Finland\n Somerset, England, United Kingdom","title":"Twin towns – sister cities"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Minolta-65-02_filtered.jpg"},{"link_name":"Frederikssund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederikssund"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:J%C3%A6gerspris_slot.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jægerspris Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A6gerspris_Castle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Danish_sailboats.jpg"}],"text":"Frederikssund's main pedestrian street\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJægerspris Castle\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKulhuse","title":"Gallery"}]
[]
[{"title":"Frederikssund railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederikssund_railway_station"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Critton
Patrick Critton
["1 Background","2 Capture and aftermath","3 References"]
Skyjacker (born 1947) Patrick Dolan Critton (born 1947) is a former teacher from Mount Vernon, New York and the first successful aircraft hijacker in Canada. Background On December 26, 1971, Critton boarded Air Canada Flight 932, a DC-9, in Thunder Bay, Ontario bound for Toronto. Armed with a handgun and a grenade, he demanded the plane to fly to Havana, Cuba. At the time of the incident, Critton mistakenly thought he was a fugitive in New York City for a series of crimes, including bank robbery. He had fled to Canada, where he continued a life of crime. He released all passengers in Toronto on his way to Havana and after he deplaned in Havana, the plane returned to Toronto safely with the crew members onboard. No injuries or casualties were caused during the hijacking. Canada did not have an extradition agreement with Cuba regarding hijacking at the time. After arriving in Cuba, Critton served an 8-month prison sentence. Following his sentence, he first worked in the sugar cane industry in Cuba. Two years later, he moved to Tanzania, where he became a teacher. He later married and had two children before returning to the United States in 1994, feeling safe from the time passed since the hijacking. Critton remained a fugitive until 2001, when he was found by a Canadian detective through a Google search, which at that time produced a single hit with his name that revealed the location where he was teaching. The one hit was a March 2001 article describing his mentoring of black youth in New York City. Capture and aftermath Critton was arrested on September 10, 2001 after nearly 30 years. Fingerprints on a ginger ale can be found on the plane linked Critton to the hijacking. Canadian prosecutors, in order to avoid prejudicing the jury, based on the views of the recent September 11 attacks, which had happened the day after Critton was arrested, portrayed Critton to jurors not as a terrorist, but as a kidnapper and robber whose motivation was to gain the flight to Cuba. Critton received a five-year prison sentence for the crimes. He was released in June 2003 after 1 year and 10 months and deported to the United States. References ^ Chivers, C. J. (11 September 2001). "Traced on Internet, Teacher is Charged in '71 Jet Hijacking". The New York Times. ^ "Hijacker sentenced to five years | CBC News". ^ "Interesting Stories - Northwestern Ontario Aviation Heritage Centre". ^ Traced on Internet, Teacher Is Charged In '71 Jet Hijacking - New York Times ^ "Interesting Stories - Northwestern Ontario Aviation Heritage Centre". ^ Traced on Internet, Teacher Is Charged In '71 Jet Hijacking - New York Times ^ Hijacker sentenced to three years
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_May_River
Left May River
["1 See also","2 References"]
Coordinates: 4°20′10″S 141°39′25″E / 4.33616°S 141.65705°E / -4.33616; 141.65705River in Papua New Guinea Not to be confused with Arai River. Left May RiverAraiLocation within Papua New GuineaLocationCountry Papua New GuineaRegionEast Sepik ProvincePhysical characteristicsSource  • locationPapua New Guinea Mouth  • coordinates4°20′10″S 141°39′25″E / 4.33616°S 141.65705°E / -4.33616; 141.65705 The Left May or Arai River is a river in northern Papua New Guinea. See also List of rivers of Papua New Guinea Left May languages References ^ Left May River in Geonames.org (cc-by); post updated 2011-07-09; database downloaded 2015-06-22 ^ "HOTOSM Papua New Guinea Waterways (OpenStreetMap Export)". Humanitarian Data Exchange. 1.31.9. Retrieved 5 June 2019. vteRivers of Papua New GuineaMajor rivers Sepik Fly Strickland Ramu Kikori Purari Turama Markham Mainland New Guinea Abede Afai Aitape Ajova Arafundi Arai Aramia Aroa Asaro Atara Ateltem Atob Awung Bae'e Bamu Bapi Bensbach Bigei Birim Bitoi Boiken Bumi Busu Chimbu Dimir Elevala Evapia Frieda Gama Genga Gilagil Girua Gogol Guabe Guam Guga Gum Hongorai Jaba Jimi Kabenau Kaugel Kaukombar Keram Kokun Kumil Kumusi Lamari Left May Leonard Schultze Malas Mambare Mape Masaweng Mindjim Moam Morehead Musa Numagen Nuru Ok Tedi Omati Omosa Oriomo Pahoturi Piore Piva Pual Samaia Segero Senu Siki Sogeram Song Tabali Timper Tomul Torokina Tua Vanapa Veimauri Wanang Waria Wassi Kussa Watut Wawoi Wogamush Yaganon Yellow Yuat New Britain Aemoi Apmi Balima Johanna Warangoi New Ireland Aparam Lossuk Lumis This article related to a river in Papua New Guinea is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turtle_Power:_The_Definitive_History_of_the_Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles
Turtle Power: The Definitive History of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles
["1 Cast","2 Development","3 Release","4 Reception","5 Sequel","6 References","7 External links"]
2014 American filmTurtle Power: The Definitive History of the Teenage Mutant Ninja TurtlesFilm posterDirected byRandall LobbWritten byRandall LobbProduced byRandall LobbStarring Peter Laird Kevin Eastman Productioncompanies FauxPop Media iProductions Distributed byParamount Home Media DistributionRelease date August 12, 2014 (2014-08-12) Running time98 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish Turtle Power: The Definitive History of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles is a 2014 documentary about the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles franchise directed by Randall Lobb. Cast Peter Laird Kevin Eastman Mark Askwith Richard Rosenbaum Ryan Brown Michael Dooney Steve Lavigne Jim Lawson Mark Freedman John Handy Karl Aaronian Fred Wolf David Wise Steve Varner Barry Gordon Cam Clarke Renae Jacobs Townsend Coleman James Avery Pat Fraley Peter Renaday Thomas K. Gray Bobby Herbeck Steve Barron Brian Henson Michelan Sisti Judith Hoag Rob Paulsen Michael Turney Kevin Clash Ernie Reyes Jr. Austin Gibson Charles Knauf Michele Ivey Stephen Reese Cindy Torres Michael Ian Black Development The film was made to celebrate the 30th anniversary of the franchise. It began development in 2009, with production lasting for five years. Over one-hundred hours of interviews were examined by the filmmakers to determine whether they could be used. The trailer was released on June 11, 2014. Release It was released on DVD in the United States on August 12, 2014. It was released four days after the 2014 film in the franchise. Reception Flickering Myth awarded the film a score of two out of five stars, saying "not a definitive look, it just about scrapes the surface and that's why it's hard to recommend. It's worth watching because what it does show is great, but it will just leave you wanting more and 99 minutes just isn't enough time to cover a thirty year history." Panels and Pixels awarded it 3.5 out of 5, saying "It's an uneven package and certainly not definitive, but there's enough in there to make it worth watching." Sequel Director Randall Lobb confirmed that a sequel is in development. References ^ "Mark Freedman". IMDb. ^ "Turtle Power documentary offers look at Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles history". HitFix. 25 August 2023. ^ Turtle Power - Official Trailer (HD). YouTube. 11 June 2014. ^ "Amazon.com: Turtle Power: Definitive History of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Artist Not Provided: Movies & TV". amazon.com. 12 August 2014. ^ "EXCLUSIVE: "Turtle Power" Documentary Trailer, Box Art Revealed". Comic Book Resources. 10 June 2014. ^ Luke Owen (17 October 2014). "Movie Review – Turtle Power: The Definitive History of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2014)". Flickering Myth. ^ "Review: Turtle Power: Definitive History of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles". panelsandpixels.com. ^ "The Technodrome Forums - View Single Post - Turtle Power II: The Documentary". External links Turtle Power: The Definitive History of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles at IMDb vteTeenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Kevin Eastman Peter Laird CharactersMain Leonardo Raphael Donatello Michelangelo Supporting Splinter April O'Neil Casey Jones Mighty Mutanimals Leatherhead Venus Jennika Antagonists Shredder Foot Clan Karai Bebop and Rocksteady Krang Rat King Comics Mirage comic series Tales of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Archie comic series Daily comic strip Dreamwave comic series IDW comic series Batman/Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures Usagi Yojimbo The Last Ronin Turtles of Grayskull Television series 1987 series Mutant Turtles: Superman Legend Ninja Turtles: The Next Mutation 2003 series 2012 series Rise of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Tales of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles FilmsTheatrical Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1990) The Secret of the Ooze (1991) Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles III (1993) TMNT (2007) Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2014) Out of the Shadows (2016) Mutant Mayhem (2023) Non-theatrical Turtles Forever (2009) Batman vs. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2019) Rise of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: The Movie (2022) Toys and games Action figures Lego List of video games Role-playing game Adventures Truckin' Turtles Turtles Go Hollywood Transdimensional After the Bomb Road Hogs Guide to the Universe Trading card game Rides TMNT Shellraiser Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Shell Shock Other Usagi Yojimbo Miyamoto Usagi Cartoon All-Stars to the Rescue Turtle Power: The Definitive History of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Samurai Rabbit: The Usagi Chronicles Ninjemys Category
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Episcopal_Conference_of_Saints_Cyril_and_Methodius
International Bishops' Conference of Saints Cyril and Methodius
["1 Chairmen","2 Members","3 References","4 External links"]
Assembly of Catholic bishops in Southeast Europe This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (October 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The International Bishops' Conference of Saints Cyril and Methodius is the Catholic episcopal conference that includes Serbia, Kosovo, Montenegro and North Macedonia together in a cross-border conference. Permanent members are the Catholic bishops and archbishops from the four countries. Two bishops are authorized (Apostolic Exarchate) for jurisdictional districts of the Byzantine rite. As of 2016, the Chairman of the Conference is the bishop of Zrenjanin László Német. The conference is a member of the Council of European Bishops' Conferences. Chairmen Stanislav Hočevar (2004–2011) Zef Gashi (2011–2016) László Német (2016–present) Members Serbia: Archbishop Stanislav Hočevar - Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Belgrade Bishop Ferenc Fazekas - Roman Catholic Diocese of Subotica Bishop emeritus János Pénzes Bishop László Német - Roman Catholic Diocese of Zrenjanin Bishop Fabijan Svalina - Roman Catholic Diocese of Srijem ° Bishop emeritus Đuro Gašparović Bishop Đura Džudžar - Greek Catholic Eparchy of Ruski Krstur Kosovo: Bishop Dodë Gjergji - Roman Catholic Diocese of Prizren-Pristina (elevated from an Apostolic Administration in 2018) Montenegro: Archbishop Rrok Gjonlleshaj - Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bar Archbishop emeritus Zef Gashi Vacant - Roman Catholic Diocese of Kotor Bishop emeritus Ilija Janjić North Macedonia: Bishop Kiro Stojanov - Roman Catholic Diocese of Skopje and the Greek Catholic Eparchy of Strumica-Skopje References External links http://www.ceicem.org/ http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/conference/028.htm vteEpiscopal conferences in Europe Albania Austria Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic England and Wales France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Russia Saints Cyril and Methodius Nordic Scotland Slovakia Slovenia Spain Switzerland Ukraine Catholicism portal
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Two bishops are authorized (Apostolic Exarchate) for jurisdictional districts of the Byzantine rite.As of 2016[update], the Chairman of the Conference is the bishop of Zrenjanin László Német.The conference is a member of the Council of European Bishops' Conferences.","title":"International Bishops' Conference of Saints Cyril and Methodius"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stanislav Hočevar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanislav_Ho%C4%8Devar"},{"link_name":"Zef Gashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zef_Gashi"},{"link_name":"László Német","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_N%C3%A9met"}],"text":"Stanislav Hočevar (2004–2011)\nZef Gashi (2011–2016)\nLászló Német (2016–present)","title":"Chairmen"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Stanislav Hočevar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanislav_Ho%C4%8Devar"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Belgrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Belgrade"},{"link_name":"Ferenc Fazekas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferenc_Fazekas"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Diocese of Subotica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Subotica"},{"link_name":"János Pénzes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_P%C3%A9nzes"},{"link_name":"László Német","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_N%C3%A9met"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Diocese of Zrenjanin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Zrenjanin"},{"link_name":"Fabijan Svalina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabijan_Svalina"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Diocese of Srijem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Srijem"},{"link_name":"Đuro Gašparović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90uro_Ga%C5%A1parovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Đura Džudžar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90ura_D%C5%BEud%C5%BEar"},{"link_name":"Greek Catholic Eparchy of Ruski Krstur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Ruski_Krstur"},{"link_name":"Kosovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo"},{"link_name":"Dodë Gjergji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dod%C3%AB_Gjergji"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Diocese of Prizren-Pristina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Prizren-Pristina"},{"link_name":"Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Rrok Gjonlleshaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rrok_Gjonlleshaj"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Bar"},{"link_name":"Zef Gashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zef_Gashi"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Diocese of Kotor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Kotor"},{"link_name":"Ilija Janjić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilija_Janji%C4%87"},{"link_name":"North Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Kiro Stojanov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiro_Stojanov"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Diocese of Skopje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Skopje"},{"link_name":"Greek Catholic Eparchy of Strumica-Skopje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_Catholic_Eparchy_of_the_Assumption_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary_in_Strumica-Skopje"}],"text":"Serbia:Archbishop Stanislav Hočevar - Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Belgrade\nBishop Ferenc Fazekas - Roman Catholic Diocese of Subotica\nBishop emeritus János Pénzes\nBishop László Német - Roman Catholic Diocese of Zrenjanin\nBishop Fabijan Svalina - Roman Catholic Diocese of Srijem\n° Bishop emeritus Đuro Gašparović\nBishop Đura Džudžar - Greek Catholic Eparchy of Ruski KrsturKosovo:Bishop Dodë Gjergji - Roman Catholic Diocese of Prizren-Pristina (elevated from an Apostolic Administration in 2018)Montenegro:Archbishop Rrok Gjonlleshaj - Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bar\nArchbishop emeritus Zef Gashi\nVacant - Roman Catholic Diocese of Kotor\nBishop emeritus Ilija JanjićNorth Macedonia:Bishop Kiro Stojanov - Roman Catholic Diocese of Skopje and the Greek Catholic Eparchy of Strumica-Skopje","title":"Members"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corneille_Heymans
Corneille Heymans
["1 Early life and education","2 Research","3 Personal life","4 Honours and awards","5 References","6 External links"]
Belgian physiologist and Nobel laureate (1892–1968) Corneille HeymansBorn(1892-03-28)28 March 1892Ghent, Flanders, BelgiumDied18 July 1968(1968-07-18) (aged 76)Knokke, Flanders, BelgiumNationalityBelgianAlma materGhent UniversityKnown forVascular Presso- and Chemo-Receptors in Respiratory Control (blood pressure)AwardsNobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine (1938)Scientific careerFieldsPhysiologyInstitutionsGhent UniversityNotable studentsPaul Janssen Corneille Jean François Heymans (28 March 1892 – 18 July 1968) was a Belgian physiologist. He studied at the Jesuit College of Saint Barbara and then at Ghent University, where he obtained a doctor's degree in 1920. Heymans won the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1938 for showing how blood pressure and the oxygen content of the blood are measured by the body and transmitted to the brain. Early life and education After graduation Heymans worked at the Collège de France (under Prof. E. Gley), the University of Lausanne (under Prof. M. Arthus), the University of Vienna (under Prof. H. H. Meyer), University College London (under Prof. E. H. Starling) and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine (under Prof. C. F. Wiggers). In 1922 Heymans became lecturer in Pharmacodynamics at Ghent University, and in 1930 succeeded his father, Jean-François Heymans, as Professor of Pharmacology, as well as being appointed Head of the Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacodynamics, and Toxicology; and Director of the J. F. Heymans Institute. Research Heymans was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1938 for showing how blood pressure and the oxygen content of the blood are measured in the body and transmitted to the brain via the nerves and not by the blood itself. Heymans accomplished this by vivisection of two dogs, the head of one connected to its body only by nerves, and the second one's body was used to cross-perfuse (supply blood) to the first dog's head. Heymans found that the first dog's upward and downward cardiovascular reflex arc traffic were carried by its own vagus nerves, but agents introduced to the second dog's blood, which served the first dog's brain, had no effect. He used a similar experiment to demonstrate the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in respiratory regulation, for which he received his Nobel Prize. He was the Editor-in-Chief of Archives Internationales de Pharmacodynamie et de Thérapie for many years. His memberships included the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, the Académie des Sciences, and the Royal Society of Arts. The group of physiopharmacologists working under Heymans at Ghent University were looking for the anatomical basis of the respiratory reflex at the carotid sinus. It was necessary that the Spanish neurohistologist Fernando de Castro Rodríguez (1898–1967) described in detail the innervation of the aorta-carotid region, circumscribing the presence of baroreceptors to the carotid sinus, but that of chemoreceptors to the carotid body, for the Belgian group to move their focus from the first to the very small second structure to physiologically demonstrate the nature and function of the first blood chemoreceptors. The contribution of the young De Castro, maybe the last direct disciple of Santiago Ramón y Cajal (1852–1934; awarded the 1906 Nobel prize in Physiology or Medicine) was overlooked at the time, but it was later recognized that he deserved to share the Nobel Prize with Heymans, his colleague and friend. Personal life Heymans married Berthe May (1892–1974), an ophthalmologist, in 1929 and had five children. He died in Knokke from a stroke. Honours and awards Heymans (crater) on the Moon Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine (1938) Member, American Philosophical Society (1962) References ^ a b c "Corneille Jean François Heymans – Biography". Nobel Media. Retrieved 2 May 2011. ^ Boron, Walter F. and Emile L. Boulpaep. Medical Physiology. Saunders, 2012, p. 555. ^ Chen, K. K. (ed.) (1969) The first sixty years 1908–1969, p.145 Archived 8 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine, The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics . ^ de Castro, F. (2009) Towards the sensory nature of the carotid body: Hering, De Castro and Heymans. Front. Neuroanat. 3: 23 (1-11) (doi:10.3389/neuro.05.023.2009). ^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 18 November 2022. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Corneille Heymans. Corneille Heymans on Nobelprize.org including the Nobel Lecture on 12 December 1945 The Part Played by Vascular Presso- and Chemo-Receptors in Respiratory Control Corneille Heymans, (1892–1968), Nobel Prize Winner in Physiology and Medicine 1938 The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics: The First Sixty Years – 1908–1969 p.145 Dead Scientist of the Week Karl Grandin, ed. (1938). "Corneille Heymans Biography". Les Prix Nobel. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 24 July 2008. vteLaureates of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine1901–1925 1901: Emil Behring 1902: Ronald Ross 1903: Niels Finsen 1904: Ivan Pavlov 1905: Robert Koch 1906: Camillo Golgi / Santiago Ramón y Cajal 1907: Alphonse Laveran 1908: Élie Metchnikoff / Paul Ehrlich 1909: Emil Kocher 1910: Albrecht Kossel 1911: Allvar Gullstrand 1912: Alexis Carrel 1913: Charles Richet 1914: Róbert Bárány 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919: Jules Bordet 1920: August Krogh 1921 1922: Archibald Hill / Otto Meyerhof 1923: Frederick Banting / John Macleod 1924: Willem Einthoven 1925 1926–1950 1926: Johannes Fibiger 1927: Julius Wagner-Jauregg 1928: Charles Nicolle 1929: Christiaan Eijkman / Frederick Gowland Hopkins 1930: Karl Landsteiner 1931: Otto Warburg 1932: Charles Scott Sherrington / Edgar Adrian 1933: Thomas Morgan 1934: George Whipple / George Minot / William Murphy 1935: Hans Spemann 1936: Henry Dale / Otto Loewi 1937: Albert Szent-Györgyi 1938: Corneille Heymans 1939: Gerhard Domagk 1940 1941 1942 1943: Henrik Dam / Edward Doisy 1944: Joseph Erlanger / Herbert Gasser 1945: Alexander Fleming / Ernst Chain / Howard Florey 1946: Hermann Muller 1947: Carl Cori / Gerty Cori / Bernardo Houssay 1948: Paul Müller 1949: Walter Hess / António Egas Moniz 1950: Edward Kendall / Tadeusz Reichstein / Philip Hench 1951–1975 1951: Max Theiler 1952: Selman Waksman 1953: Hans Krebs / Fritz Lipmann 1954: John Enders / Thomas Weller / Frederick Robbins 1955: Hugo Theorell 1956: André Cournand / Werner Forssmann / Dickinson W. Richards 1957: Daniel Bovet 1958: George Beadle / Edward Tatum / Joshua Lederberg 1959: Severo Ochoa / Arthur Kornberg 1960: Frank Burnet / Peter Medawar 1961: Georg von Békésy 1962: Francis Crick / James Watson / Maurice Wilkins 1963: John Eccles / Alan Hodgkin / Andrew Huxley 1964: Konrad Bloch / Feodor Lynen 1965: François Jacob / André Lwoff / Jacques Monod 1966: Francis Rous / Charles B. Huggins 1967: Ragnar Granit / Haldan Hartline / George Wald 1968: Robert W. Holley / Har Khorana / Marshall Nirenberg 1969: Max Delbrück / Alfred Hershey / Salvador Luria 1970: Bernard Katz / Ulf von Euler / Julius Axelrod 1971: Earl Sutherland Jr. 1972: Gerald Edelman / Rodney Porter 1973: Karl von Frisch / Konrad Lorenz / Nikolaas Tinbergen 1974: Albert Claude / Christian de Duve / George Palade 1975: David Baltimore / Renato Dulbecco / Howard Temin 1976–2000 1976: Baruch Blumberg / Daniel Gajdusek 1977: Roger Guillemin / Andrew Schally / Rosalyn Yalow 1978: Werner Arber / Daniel Nathans / Hamilton O. Smith 1979: Allan Cormack / Godfrey Hounsfield 1980: Baruj Benacerraf / Jean Dausset / George Snell 1981: Roger Sperry / David H. Hubel / Torsten Wiesel 1982: Sune Bergström / Bengt I. Samuelsson / John Vane 1983: Barbara McClintock 1984: Niels Jerne / Georges Köhler / César Milstein 1985: Michael Brown / Joseph L. Goldstein 1986: Stanley Cohen / Rita Levi-Montalcini 1987: Susumu Tonegawa 1988: James W. Black / Gertrude B. Elion / George H. Hitchings 1989: J. Michael Bishop / Harold E. Varmus 1990: Joseph Murray / E. Donnall Thomas 1991: Erwin Neher / Bert Sakmann 1992: Edmond Fischer / Edwin G. Krebs 1993: Richard J. Roberts / Phillip Sharp 1994: Alfred G. Gilman / Martin Rodbell 1995: Edward B. Lewis / Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard / Eric F. Wieschaus 1996: Peter C. Doherty / Rolf M. Zinkernagel 1997: Stanley B. Prusiner 1998: Robert F. Furchgott / Louis Ignarro / Ferid Murad 1999: Günter Blobel 2000: Arvid Carlsson / Paul Greengard / Eric Kandel 2001–present 2001: Leland H. Hartwell / Tim Hunt / Paul Nurse 2002: Sydney Brenner / H. Robert Horvitz / John E. Sulston 2003: Paul Lauterbur / Peter Mansfield 2004: Richard Axel / Linda B. Buck 2005: Barry Marshall / Robin Warren 2006: Andrew Fire / Craig Mello 2007: Mario Capecchi / Martin Evans / Oliver Smithies 2008: Harald zur Hausen / Luc Montagnier / Françoise Barré-Sinoussi 2009: Elizabeth Blackburn / Carol W. Greider / Jack W. Szostak 2010: Robert G. Edwards 2011: Bruce Beutler / Jules A. Hoffmann / Ralph M. Steinman (posthumously) 2012: John Gurdon / Shinya Yamanaka 2013: James Rothman / Randy Schekman / Thomas C. Südhof 2014: John O'Keefe / May-Britt Moser / Edvard Moser 2015: William C. Campbell / Satoshi Ōmura / Tu Youyou 2016: Yoshinori Ohsumi 2017: Jeffrey C. Hall / Michael Rosbash / Michael W. Young 2018: James P. Allison / Tasuku Honjo 2019: Gregg L. Semenza / Peter J. Ratcliffe / William Kaelin Jr. 2020: Harvey J. Alter / Michael Houghton / Charles M. Rice 2021: David Julius / Ardem Patapoutian 2022: Svante Pääbo 2023: Katalin Karikó / Drew Weissman vte1938 Nobel Prize laureatesChemistry Richard Kuhn (Germany) Literature (1938) Pearl S. Buck (United States) Peace Nansen International Office for Refugees (Switzerland) Physics Enrico Fermi (Italy) Physiology or Medicine Corneille Heymans (Belgium) Nobel Prize recipients 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Germany Israel Belgium United States Czech Republic Australia Netherlands Vatican People Netherlands Deutsche Biographie Trove Other SNAC IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Belgian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_people"},{"link_name":"physiologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiology"},{"link_name":"College of Saint Barbara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint-Barbaracollege"},{"link_name":"Ghent University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghent_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nobelbiog-1"},{"link_name":"Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_for_Physiology_or_Medicine"},{"link_name":"blood pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_pressure"},{"link_name":"oxygen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen"},{"link_name":"blood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood"},{"link_name":"brain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain"}],"text":"Corneille Jean François Heymans (28 March 1892 – 18 July 1968) was a Belgian physiologist. He studied at the Jesuit College of Saint Barbara and then at Ghent University, where he obtained a doctor's degree in 1920.[1]Heymans won the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1938 for showing how blood pressure and the oxygen content of the blood are measured by the body and transmitted to the brain.","title":"Corneille Heymans"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Collège de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_de_France"},{"link_name":"University of Lausanne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Lausanne"},{"link_name":"University of Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Vienna"},{"link_name":"University College London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College_London"},{"link_name":"Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_University_School_of_Medicine"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nobelbiog-1"},{"link_name":"Ghent University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghent_University"},{"link_name":"Jean-François Heymans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Heymans"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nobelbiog-1"}],"text":"After graduation Heymans worked at the Collège de France (under Prof. E. Gley), the University of Lausanne (under Prof. M. Arthus), the University of Vienna (under Prof. H. H. Meyer), University College London (under Prof. E. H. Starling) and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine (under Prof. C. F. Wiggers).[1] In 1922 Heymans became lecturer in Pharmacodynamics at Ghent University, and in 1930 succeeded his father, Jean-François Heymans, as Professor of Pharmacology, as well as being appointed Head of the Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacodynamics, and Toxicology; and Director of the J. F. Heymans Institute.[1]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_for_Physiology_or_Medicine"},{"link_name":"blood pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_pressure"},{"link_name":"oxygen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen"},{"link_name":"blood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood"},{"link_name":"brain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain"},{"link_name":"vivisection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivisection"},{"link_name":"vagus nerves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagus_nerve"},{"link_name":"peripheral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_nervous_system"},{"link_name":"chemoreceptors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemoreceptors"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Archives Internationales de Pharmacodynamie et de Thérapie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Archives_Internationales_de_Pharmacodynamie_et_de_Th%C3%A9rapie&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pontifical Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontifical_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Académie des Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_des_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Royal Society of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"carotid sinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carotid_sinus"},{"link_name":"neurohistologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neurohistology&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fernando de Castro Rodríguez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fernando_de_Castro_Rodr%C3%ADguez&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Santiago Ramón y Cajal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Heymans was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1938 for showing how blood pressure and the oxygen content of the blood are measured in the body and transmitted to the brain via the nerves and not by the blood itself.Heymans accomplished this by vivisection of two dogs, the head of one connected to its body only by nerves, and the second one's body was used to cross-perfuse (supply blood) to the first dog's head. Heymans found that the first dog's upward and downward cardiovascular reflex arc traffic were carried by its own vagus nerves, but agents introduced to the second dog's blood, which served the first dog's brain, had no effect. He used a similar experiment to demonstrate the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in respiratory regulation, for which he received his Nobel Prize.[2]He was the Editor-in-Chief of Archives Internationales de Pharmacodynamie et de Thérapie for many years. His memberships included the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, the Académie des Sciences, and the Royal Society of Arts.[3]The group of physiopharmacologists working under Heymans at Ghent University were looking for the anatomical basis of the respiratory reflex at the carotid sinus. It was necessary that the Spanish neurohistologist Fernando de Castro Rodríguez (1898–1967) described in detail the innervation of the aorta-carotid region, circumscribing the presence of baroreceptors to the carotid sinus, but that of chemoreceptors to the carotid body, for the Belgian group to move their focus from the first to the very small second structure to physiologically demonstrate the nature and function of the first blood chemoreceptors.[4] The contribution of the young De Castro, maybe the last direct disciple of Santiago Ramón y Cajal (1852–1934; awarded the 1906 Nobel prize in Physiology or Medicine) was overlooked at the time, but it was later recognized[citation needed] that he deserved to share the Nobel Prize with Heymans, his colleague and friend.","title":"Research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Knokke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knokke"}],"text":"Heymans married Berthe May (1892–1974), an ophthalmologist, in 1929 and had five children. He died in Knokke from a stroke.","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Heymans (crater)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heymans_(crater)"},{"link_name":"Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_for_Physiology_or_Medicine"},{"link_name":"American Philosophical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Heymans (crater) on the Moon\nNobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine (1938)\nMember, American Philosophical Society (1962)[5]","title":"Honours and awards"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Corneille Jean François Heymans – Biography\". Nobel Media. Retrieved 2 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1938/heymans-bio.html","url_text":"\"Corneille Jean François Heymans – Biography\""}]},{"reference":"\"APS Member History\". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 18 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Corneille+Heymans&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced","url_text":"\"APS Member History\""}]},{"reference":"Karl Grandin, ed. (1938). \"Corneille Heymans Biography\". Les Prix Nobel. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 24 July 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://nobelprize.org/medicine/laureates/1938/heymans-bio.html","url_text":"\"Corneille Heymans Biography\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1938/heymans-bio.html","external_links_name":"\"Corneille Jean François Heymans – Biography\""},{"Link":"http://www.aspet.org/uploadedfiles/about_aspet/the%20first%20sixty%20years.pdf","external_links_name":"p.145"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140108002016/http://www.aspet.org/uploadedfiles/about_aspet/the%20first%20sixty%20years.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Corneille+Heymans&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced","external_links_name":"\"APS Member History\""},{"Link":"https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/333","external_links_name":"Corneille Heymans"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050411154221/http://www.belgium.be/eportal/application?languageParameter=en&pageid=contentPage&docId=24907","external_links_name":"Corneille Heymans, (1892–1968), Nobel Prize Winner in Physiology and Medicine 1938"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140108002016/http://www.aspet.org/uploadedfiles/about_aspet/the%20first%20sixty%20years.pdf","external_links_name":"The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics: The First Sixty Years – 1908–1969 p.145"},{"Link":"http://deadscientistoftheweek.blogspot.co.uk/2010_03_01_archive.html","external_links_name":"Dead Scientist of the Week"},{"Link":"http://nobelprize.org/medicine/laureates/1938/heymans-bio.html","external_links_name":"\"Corneille Heymans Biography\""},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/462744/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000063065099","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/9997167","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjmVVF3d6MPHq6XcGGbVC","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/98021641","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb134785799","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb134785799","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/116792906","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007315237605171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/13991334","external_links_name":"Belgium"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2001036733","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=nlk20000079396&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35192551","external_links_name":"Australia"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p067585795","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/177272","external_links_name":"Vatican"},{"Link":"http://www.biografischportaal.nl/en/persoon/53810739","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd116792906.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/859131","external_links_name":"Trove"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6k36pk9","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/090212657","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Alagna
Roberto Alagna
["1 Early years","2 Career","3 Personal life","4 Opera roles","5 Discography","5.1 Albums","5.2 Singles","6 Videography","7 References","8 External links"]
French tenor Roberto AlagnaRoberto Alagna in 2004Born (1963-06-07) 7 June 1963 (age 61)Clichy-sous-Bois, Seine-Saint-Denis, FranceCitizenshipItalianFrenchOccupationOpera singer (tenor)Years active1988–presentSpouses Florence Lancien ​(died 1994)​ Angela Gheorghiu ​ ​(m. 1996; div. 2013)​ Aleksandra Kurzak ​(m. 2015)​ Roberto Alagna (Italian pronunciation: ; born 7 June 1963) is a French operatic tenor. He obtained French citizenship in 1981, while also retaining his previous Italian citizenship. Early years Alagna was born in Clichy-sous-Bois, outside the city of Paris, in 1963 to a family of Sicilian immigrants. As a teenager, the young Alagna began busking and singing pop in Parisian cabarets, mostly for tips. Influenced primarily by the films of Mario Lanza and learning from recordings of many historic tenors, he then switched to opera, but remained largely self-taught. He was discovered by Gabriel Dussurget, the co-founder of the Aix-en-Provence Festival. Career After winning the Luciano Pavarotti International Voice Competition, an initiative backed by the Italian Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Activities, that started in Modena in 1988, Alagna made his professional debut as Alfredo Germont in La traviata with the Glyndebourne touring company. This led to many engagements throughout the smaller cities in France and Italy, mainly again as Alfredo, a role he would eventually sing over 150 times. His reputation grew and he was soon invited to sing at major theatres such as La Scala in 1990, Covent Garden in 1992 and the Metropolitan Opera as Rodolfo in 1996. His performances of Roméo in Roméo et Juliette by Charles Gounod at Covent Garden in 1994 (opposite Leontina Vaduva) catapulted him to international stardom. Alagna opened the 2006/07 season at La Scala on 7 December 2006 in the new production of Aida by Franco Zeffirelli. During the second performance on 10 December, Alagna, whose opening performance was considered ill-at-ease, was booed and whistled from the loggione (the least expensive seats at the very back of La Scala), and he walked off the stage. The tenor's reaction to his public criticism was denounced as immature and unprofessional by La Scala management and Zeffirelli, who said, "A professional should never behave in this way. Alagna is too sensitive, it is too easy to hurt his feelings. He does not know how to act like a true star." The role of Radames was taken over successfully for the rest of the performance by his understudy Antonello Palombi, who entered on stage wearing jeans and a black shirt. In 2007 while at the Metropolitan Opera singing the role of Pinkerton in Madama Butterfly, Alagna replaced the indisposed tenor Rolando Villazón as Romeo in Roméo et Juliette opposite soprano Anna Netrebko for two performances in September and two performances in December. Alagna was also engaged by the Metropolitan Opera at the last minute to cover for the indisposed Marco Berti in a 16 October 2007 performance of Aida. After the performance, the audience gave him a standing ovation. The 15 December performance of Roméo et Juliette starring Alagna and Netrebko was broadcast by the Met into 447 theatres worldwide in high definition and seen by about 97,000 people. In recent years, Alagna has been an advocate of restoring to prominence neglected French operas – Alfano's Cyrano de Bergerac, Massenet's Le jongleur de Notre-Dame, Lalo's Fiesque, and new works – Vladimir Cosma's Marius et Fanny and his brother David Alagna's Le dernier jour d'un condamné. He has also recorded light music with an homage album to Luis Mariano, Sicilien, and Pasión. Alagna was scheduled to make his debut at the Bayreuth Festival on opening day, 25 July 2018, in the title role of a new production of Richard Wagner's Lohengrin. Alagna withdrew from the festival on 29 June 2018 citing failure to learn the role in time. Personal life Alagna's first wife, Florence Lancien, died of a brain tumour in 1994; they had one daughter, Ornella, who was born in 1992. In 1996, he married Romanian soprano Angela Gheorghiu. The couple announced a divorce in 2009, but had reunited by 2011. However, in January 2013, the couple mutually agreed on a formal divorce. Alagna and Polish soprano Aleksandra Kurzak had begun a relationship, and their daughter, Malena, was born on 29 January 2014. Alagna and Kurzak married in 2015. Alagna has worked together on several projects with his brothers Frédérico Alagna and the stage director and composer David Alagna. The three brothers recorded an album of light music, Serenades, and worked together on the younger brother David's opera based on Hugo's Last Day of a Condemned Man. Alagna has often sung Alfano's Cyrano opposite his sister-in-law Nathalie Manfrino as Roxane. The government of France named Alagna Chevalier of the Légion d'honneur in 2008. Opera roles Alfredo, La traviata (Verdi) Manrico, Il trovatore (Verdi) Don José, Carmen (Bizet) Rodolfo, La bohème (Puccini) Roméo, Roméo et Juliette (Gounod) Edgardo, Lucia di Lammermoor (Donizetti) Edgar, Lucie de Lammermoor (French adaptation) (Donizetti) Fritz, L'amico Fritz (Mascagni) Hoffmann, Les Contes d'Hoffmann (Offenbach) Mario Cavaradossi, Tosca (Puccini) Macduff, Macbeth (Verdi) Nemorino, L'elisir d'amore (Donizetti) Paolo, Francesca da Rimini (Zandonai) Roberto, Roberto Devereux (Donizetti) Cyrano, Cyrano de Bergerac (Alfano) Don Carlos, Don Carlos (Verdi) Don Carlo, Don Carlo (Italian adaptation) (Verdi) Werther, Werther (Massenet) Le Chevalier des Grieux, Manon (Massenet) Jean, Le jongleur de Notre-Dame (Massenet) Faust, Faust (Gounod) Ruggero, La rondine (Puccini) Orphée, Orphée et Eurydice (Gluck) Pinkerton, Madama Butterfly (Puccini) Turiddu, Cavalleria rusticana (Mascagni) Canio, Pagliacci (Leoncavallo) Duke of Mantua, Rigoletto (Verdi) Fiesque, Fiesque (Lalo) Marius, Marius et Fanny (Cosma) Radamès, Aida (Verdi) Rodrigue, Le Cid (Massenet) Ulysse, Pénélope (Fauré) Enée, Les Troyens (Berlioz) Nadir, Les pêcheurs de perles (Bizet) Riccardo, Un ballo in maschera (Verdi) Calaf, Turandot (Puccini) Chevalier des Grieux, Manon Lescaut (Puccini) Samson, Samson et Dalila (Saint-Saëns) Otello, Otello (Verdi) Discography Albums Year Album Credits Charts BEL(Wa) FRA SPA SWI MEX 1996 Chants sacrés — 19 — — — 2001 Puccini: Tosca Angela Gheorghiu, Roberto Alagna and Ruggero Raimondi — 89 — — — 2002 Donizetti: Lucie de Lammermoor Natalie Dessay, Roberto Alagna, Ludovic Tézier and Evelino Pidò — 150 — — — 2003 Bizet: Carmen Gheorghiu & Alagna — 59 — — — 2005 Chante Luis Mariano 14 4 — 89 — 2006 Tenor 86 40 — — — Viva Opéra! 29 43 — — — 2007 Credo – Airs sacrés 56 18 — — — 2008 Sicilien 4 2 — 71 — 2009 Le jongleur de Notre-Dame — 198 — — 94 Sicilien – Live 72 56 — — — 2010 Hommage à Luis Mariano – C'est magnifique! 53 27 — — — Les stars du classique — 191 — — — 2011 Pasión 5 4 34 100 — 2012 Pasión Live — 80 — — — 2013 Robertissimo 24 11 — — — 2014 Little Italy — 71 — — — Ma vie est un opéra 50 33 — — — 2016 Malèna Yvan Cassar, London Orchestra & Roberto Alagna — 47 — — — 2018 Puccini in Love Roberto Alagna / Aleksandra Kurzak 160 — — — — 2019 Caruso 1873 Roberto Alagna — 40 — — — 2020 Robert Alagna: Essentials Roberto Alagna — — — — 2020 Le Chanteur Roberto Alagna — — — — Singles Year Album Charts FR 2003 "Petit Papa Noël" 91 Videography James Levine's 25th Anniversary Metropolitan Opera Gala (1996), Deutsche Grammophon DVD, B0004602-09 References ^ "Roberto Alagna" by Amanda E. Fuller, Encyclopædia Britannica ^ R. Alagna, Je ne suis pas le fruit du hasard, Paris, Grasset, 2007, Chapter "Canonnier Alagna !", ISBN 978-2246685418. ^ Clare Colvin (11 November 2012). "Roberto Alagna: I want to sing everything but there is no time". Daily Express. Retrieved 6 July 2015. ^ "Current Biography – Roberto Alagna". H.W. Wilson Company. 1997: 8. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) ^ "Matinee Idol". The Metropolitan Opera News. Retrieved 3 July 2008. ^ Duffy, Martha; Denbigh, Dorrie (29 April 1996). "So Happy Together". Time. pp. 83–84. Archived from the original on 22 April 2008. Retrieved 3 July 2008. ^ Aix-en-Provence Historical Society: Gabriel Dussurget ^ Cummings, David M. (2003). International Who's Who In Classical Music 2003. London, England: Europa Publications. p. 9. ISBN 1-85743-174-X. ^ Waleson, Heidi (18 November 1995). "Alagna Slated For Tenor Stardom". Billboard. pp. 1–2. Retrieved 3 July 2008. ^ Owen, Richard (12 December 2006). "Tenor who stormed off La Scala stage vows he will return". The Times. UK. Retrieved 3 July 2008. ^ "Booed tenor quits La Scala's Aida". BBC News. 11 December 2006. Retrieved 3 July 2008. ^ Deseret Morning News, 21 October 2007, page E9, Associated Press/Verena Dobnik, "Once-booed tenor wows the Met" ^ "Metropolitan Opera's broadcast is a digital gift", Newport News Daily Press, 23 December 2007 ^ Brug, Manuel (30 June 2018). "Star-Tenor sagt "Lohengrin" ab – Text nicht gelernt". Die Welt (in German). Retrieved 3 July 2018. ^ Fuller, Amanda E. "Alagna, Roberto, and Gheorghiu, Angela". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 3 July 2008. ^ Harriet Alexander (2 July 2013). "Opera's most famous couple divorce: Angela Gheorghiu accuses Roberto Alagna of violence". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 6 July 2015. ^ Judith Hecht (20 September 2014). "Roberto Alagna: "Es ist schlecht, über jemanden zu urteilen"". Die Presse. Retrieved 6 July 2015. ^ Merrin Lazyan (14 February 2018). "A Powerful Elixir". wqxr blog. Retrieved 10 January 2019. ^ "Décret du 21 mars 2008 portant promotion et nomination". Légifrance (Press release). 23 March 2008. ^ Robert Alagna Discographie ^ "Top Albums (Week 47, 2019)" (in French). Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique. Retrieved 25 November 2019. External links Roberto Alagna at universalmusic.fr (French) Roberto Alagna on Facebook Roberto Alagna at IMDb Reviews, articles, photos and future schedules from The Opera Critic Discography at SonyBMG Masterworks Concert photos Metropolitan Opera, Alagna, Roberto (Tenor), performance record from MetOpera database Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Germany Italy Israel Finland Belgium United States Sweden Latvia Czech Republic Netherlands Poland Academics CiNii Artists Grammy Awards MusicBrainz People BMLO Deutsche Biographie Other SNAC IdRef
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He obtained French citizenship in 1981, while also retaining his previous Italian citizenship.[2]","title":"Roberto Alagna"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clichy-sous-Bois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clichy-sous-Bois"},{"link_name":"Sicilian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicily"},{"link_name":"cabarets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabaret"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Mario Lanza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Lanza"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Gabriel Dussurget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Dussurget"},{"link_name":"Aix-en-Provence Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aix-en-Provence_Festival"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Alagna was born in Clichy-sous-Bois, outside the city of Paris, in 1963 to a family of Sicilian immigrants. As a teenager, the young Alagna began busking and singing pop in Parisian cabarets,[3] mostly for tips.[4] Influenced primarily by the films of Mario Lanza and learning from recordings of many historic tenors, he then switched to opera, but remained largely self-taught.[5][6] He was discovered by Gabriel Dussurget, the co-founder of the Aix-en-Provence Festival.[7]","title":"Early years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Luciano Pavarotti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luciano_Pavarotti"},{"link_name":"Modena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modena"},{"link_name":"La traviata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_traviata"},{"link_name":"Glyndebourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glyndebourne_Festival_Opera"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-who-8"},{"link_name":"La Scala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Scala"},{"link_name":"Covent Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Opera_House"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera"},{"link_name":"Rodolfo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_boh%C3%A8me"},{"link_name":"Roméo et Juliette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom%C3%A9o_et_Juliette"},{"link_name":"Charles Gounod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Gounod"},{"link_name":"Leontina Vaduva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leontina_Vaduva"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Aida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aida"},{"link_name":"Franco Zeffirelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco_Zeffirelli"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"understudy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Understudy"},{"link_name":"Antonello Palombi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonello_Palombi"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Madama Butterfly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madama_Butterfly"},{"link_name":"Rolando Villazón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolando_Villaz%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Anna Netrebko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Netrebko"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Alfano's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco_Alfano"},{"link_name":"Cyrano de Bergerac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrano_de_Bergerac_(Alfano)"},{"link_name":"Massenet's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Massenet"},{"link_name":"Le jongleur de Notre-Dame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_jongleur_de_Notre-Dame"},{"link_name":"Lalo's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Lalo"},{"link_name":"Fiesque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiesque"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Cosma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Cosma"},{"link_name":"Marius et Fanny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marius_et_Fanny"},{"link_name":"David Alagna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Alagna"},{"link_name":"Luis Mariano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Mariano"},{"link_name":"Bayreuth Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayreuth_Festival"},{"link_name":"Richard Wagner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner"},{"link_name":"Lohengrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lohengrin_(opera)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"After winning the Luciano Pavarotti International Voice Competition, an initiative backed by the Italian Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Activities, that started in Modena in 1988, Alagna made his professional debut as Alfredo Germont in La traviata with the Glyndebourne touring company.[8] This led to many engagements throughout the smaller cities in France and Italy, mainly again as Alfredo, a role he would eventually sing over 150 times. His reputation grew and he was soon invited to sing at major theatres such as La Scala in 1990, Covent Garden in 1992 and the Metropolitan Opera as Rodolfo in 1996. His performances of Roméo in Roméo et Juliette by Charles Gounod at Covent Garden in 1994 (opposite Leontina Vaduva) catapulted him to international stardom.[9]Alagna opened the 2006/07 season at La Scala on 7 December 2006 in the new production of Aida by Franco Zeffirelli. During the second performance on 10 December, Alagna, whose opening performance was considered ill-at-ease, was booed and whistled from the loggione (the least expensive seats at the very back of La Scala), and he walked off the stage. The tenor's reaction to his public criticism was denounced as immature and unprofessional by La Scala management and Zeffirelli, who said, \"A professional should never behave in this way. Alagna is too sensitive, it is too easy to hurt his feelings. He does not know how to act like a true star.\"[10] The role of Radames was taken over successfully for the rest of the performance by his understudy Antonello Palombi, who entered on stage wearing jeans and a black shirt.[11]In 2007 while at the Metropolitan Opera singing the role of Pinkerton in Madama Butterfly, Alagna replaced the indisposed tenor Rolando Villazón as Romeo in Roméo et Juliette opposite soprano Anna Netrebko for two performances in September and two performances in December. Alagna was also engaged by the Metropolitan Opera at the last minute to cover for the indisposed Marco Berti in a 16 October 2007 performance of Aida. After the performance, the audience gave him a standing ovation.[12] The 15 December performance of Roméo et Juliette starring Alagna and Netrebko was broadcast by the Met into 447 theatres worldwide in high definition and seen by about 97,000 people.[13]In recent years, Alagna has been an advocate of restoring to prominence neglected French operas – Alfano's Cyrano de Bergerac, Massenet's Le jongleur de Notre-Dame, Lalo's Fiesque, and new works – Vladimir Cosma's Marius et Fanny and his brother David Alagna's Le dernier jour d'un condamné. He has also recorded light music with an homage album to Luis Mariano, Sicilien, and Pasión.Alagna was scheduled to make his debut at the Bayreuth Festival on opening day, 25 July 2018, in the title role of a new production of Richard Wagner's Lohengrin. Alagna withdrew from the festival on 29 June 2018 citing failure to learn the role in time.[14]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"soprano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soprano"},{"link_name":"Angela Gheorghiu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Gheorghiu"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Aleksandra Kurzak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandra_Kurzak"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"David Alagna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Alagna"},{"link_name":"Hugo's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo"},{"link_name":"Nathalie Manfrino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathalie_Manfrino"},{"link_name":"Légion d'honneur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Alagna's first wife, Florence Lancien, died of a brain tumour in 1994; they had one daughter, Ornella, who was born in 1992. In 1996, he married Romanian soprano Angela Gheorghiu.[15] The couple announced a divorce in 2009, but had reunited by 2011. However, in January 2013, the couple mutually agreed on a formal divorce.[16] Alagna and Polish soprano Aleksandra Kurzak had begun a relationship, and their daughter, Malena, was born on 29 January 2014.[17] Alagna and Kurzak married in 2015.[18]Alagna has worked together on several projects with his brothers Frédérico Alagna and the stage director and composer David Alagna. The three brothers recorded an album of light music, Serenades, and worked together on the younger brother David's opera based on Hugo's Last Day of a Condemned Man. Alagna has often sung Alfano's Cyrano opposite his sister-in-law Nathalie Manfrino as Roxane.The government of France named Alagna Chevalier of the Légion d'honneur in 2008.[19]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"La traviata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_traviata"},{"link_name":"Il trovatore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_trovatore"},{"link_name":"Carmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen"},{"link_name":"La bohème","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_boh%C3%A8me"},{"link_name":"Roméo et Juliette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom%C3%A9o_et_Juliette"},{"link_name":"Lucia di Lammermoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucia_di_Lammermoor"},{"link_name":"Lucie de Lammermoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucie_de_Lammermoor"},{"link_name":"L'amico Fritz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27amico_Fritz"},{"link_name":"Les Contes d'Hoffmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Contes_d%27Hoffmann"},{"link_name":"Tosca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tosca"},{"link_name":"Macbeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macbeth_(Verdi)"},{"link_name":"L'elisir d'amore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27elisir_d%27amore"},{"link_name":"Francesca da Rimini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesca_da_Rimini_(Zandonai)"},{"link_name":"Roberto Devereux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Devereux"},{"link_name":"Cyrano de Bergerac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrano_de_Bergerac_(Alfano)"},{"link_name":"Don Carlos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Carlos"},{"link_name":"Werther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werther"},{"link_name":"Manon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manon"},{"link_name":"Le jongleur de Notre-Dame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_jongleur_de_Notre-Dame"},{"link_name":"Faust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faust_(opera)"},{"link_name":"La rondine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_rondine"},{"link_name":"Orphée et Eurydice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orfeo_ed_Euridice"},{"link_name":"Madama Butterfly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madama_Butterfly"},{"link_name":"Cavalleria rusticana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalleria_rusticana"},{"link_name":"Pagliacci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagliacci"},{"link_name":"Rigoletto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigoletto"},{"link_name":"Fiesque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiesque"},{"link_name":"Marius et Fanny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marius_et_Fanny"},{"link_name":"Aida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aida"},{"link_name":"Le Cid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Cid_(opera)"},{"link_name":"Pénélope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9n%C3%A9lope"},{"link_name":"Les Troyens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Troyens"},{"link_name":"Les pêcheurs de perles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_p%C3%AAcheurs_de_perles"},{"link_name":"Un ballo in maschera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Un_ballo_in_maschera"},{"link_name":"Turandot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turandot"},{"link_name":"Manon Lescaut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manon_Lescaut_(Puccini)"},{"link_name":"Samson et Dalila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samson_et_Dalila"},{"link_name":"Otello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otello"}],"text":"Alfredo, La traviata (Verdi)\nManrico, Il trovatore (Verdi)\nDon José, Carmen (Bizet)\nRodolfo, La bohème (Puccini)\nRoméo, Roméo et Juliette (Gounod)\nEdgardo, Lucia di Lammermoor (Donizetti)\nEdgar, Lucie de Lammermoor (French adaptation) (Donizetti)\nFritz, L'amico Fritz (Mascagni)\nHoffmann, Les Contes d'Hoffmann (Offenbach)\nMario Cavaradossi, Tosca (Puccini)\nMacduff, Macbeth (Verdi)\nNemorino, L'elisir d'amore (Donizetti)\nPaolo, Francesca da Rimini (Zandonai)\nRoberto, Roberto Devereux (Donizetti)\nCyrano, Cyrano de Bergerac (Alfano)\nDon Carlos, Don Carlos (Verdi)\nDon Carlo, Don Carlo (Italian adaptation) (Verdi)\nWerther, Werther (Massenet)\nLe Chevalier des Grieux, Manon (Massenet)\nJean, Le jongleur de Notre-Dame (Massenet)\nFaust, Faust (Gounod)\nRuggero, La rondine (Puccini)\nOrphée, Orphée et Eurydice (Gluck)\nPinkerton, Madama Butterfly (Puccini)\nTuriddu, Cavalleria rusticana (Mascagni)\nCanio, Pagliacci (Leoncavallo)\nDuke of Mantua, Rigoletto (Verdi)\nFiesque, Fiesque (Lalo)\nMarius, Marius et Fanny (Cosma)\nRadamès, Aida (Verdi)\nRodrigue, Le Cid (Massenet)\nUlysse, Pénélope (Fauré)\nEnée, Les Troyens (Berlioz)\nNadir, Les pêcheurs de perles (Bizet)\nRiccardo, Un ballo in maschera (Verdi)\nCalaf, Turandot (Puccini)\nChevalier des Grieux, Manon Lescaut (Puccini)\nSamson, Samson et Dalila (Saint-Saëns)\nOtello, Otello (Verdi)","title":"Opera roles"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Albums","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Singles","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James Levine's 25th Anniversary Metropolitan Opera Gala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Levine%27s_25th_Anniversary_Metropolitan_Opera_Gala"}],"text":"James Levine's 25th Anniversary Metropolitan Opera Gala (1996), Deutsche Grammophon DVD, B0004602-09","title":"Videography"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Clare Colvin (11 November 2012). \"Roberto Alagna: I want to sing everything but there is no time\". Daily Express. Retrieved 6 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.express.co.uk/entertainment/theatre/357549/Roberto-Alagna-I-want-to-sing-everything-but-there-is-no-time","url_text":"\"Roberto Alagna: I want to sing everything but there is no time\""}]},{"reference":"\"Current Biography – Roberto Alagna\". H.W. Wilson Company. 1997: 8.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Matinee Idol\". The Metropolitan Opera News. Retrieved 3 July 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.metoperafamily.org/metopera/news/interviews/detail.aspx?id=3110","url_text":"\"Matinee Idol\""}]},{"reference":"Duffy, Martha; Denbigh, Dorrie (29 April 1996). \"So Happy Together\". Time. pp. 83–84. Archived from the original on 22 April 2008. Retrieved 3 July 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080422063527/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,984477-1,00.html","url_text":"\"So Happy Together\""},{"url":"http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,984477-1,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Cummings, David M. (2003). International Who's Who In Classical Music 2003. London, England: Europa Publications. p. 9. ISBN 1-85743-174-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=48V3kmpJEEgC&q=International+who%27s+who+in+classical+music+2003","url_text":"International Who's Who In Classical Music 2003"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85743-174-X","url_text":"1-85743-174-X"}]},{"reference":"Waleson, Heidi (18 November 1995). \"Alagna Slated For Tenor Stardom\". Billboard. pp. 1–2. Retrieved 3 July 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ebscohost.com/","url_text":"\"Alagna Slated For Tenor Stardom\""}]},{"reference":"Owen, Richard (12 December 2006). \"Tenor who stormed off La Scala stage vows he will return\". The Times. UK. Retrieved 3 July 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/football/european_football/article751154.ece","url_text":"\"Tenor who stormed off La Scala stage vows he will return\""}]},{"reference":"\"Booed tenor quits La Scala's Aida\". BBC News. 11 December 2006. Retrieved 3 July 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6169177.stm","url_text":"\"Booed tenor quits La Scala's Aida\""}]},{"reference":"Brug, Manuel (30 June 2018). \"Star-Tenor sagt \"Lohengrin\" ab – Text nicht gelernt\". Die Welt (in German). Retrieved 3 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.welt.de/kultur/article178526060/Festspiel-Skandal-Roberto-Alagna-sagt-Bayreuth-ab-Text-nicht-gelernt.html","url_text":"\"Star-Tenor sagt \"Lohengrin\" ab – Text nicht gelernt\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welt_(German_TV_channel)","url_text":"Die Welt"}]},{"reference":"Fuller, Amanda E. \"Alagna, Roberto, and Gheorghiu, Angela\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 3 July 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/232665/Angela-Gheorghiu","url_text":"\"Alagna, Roberto, and Gheorghiu, Angela\""}]},{"reference":"Harriet Alexander (2 July 2013). \"Opera's most famous couple divorce: Angela Gheorghiu accuses Roberto Alagna of violence\". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 6 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/opera/10154635/Operas-most-famous-couple-divorce-Angela-Gheorghiu-accuses-Roberto-Alagna-of-violence.html","url_text":"\"Opera's most famous couple divorce: Angela Gheorghiu accuses Roberto Alagna of violence\""}]},{"reference":"Judith Hecht (20 September 2014). \"Roberto Alagna: \"Es ist schlecht, über jemanden zu urteilen\"\". Die Presse. Retrieved 6 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://diepresse.com/home/leben/mensch/3873115/Alagna_Es-ist-schlecht-uber-jemanden-zu-urteilen","url_text":"\"Roberto Alagna: \"Es ist schlecht, über jemanden zu urteilen\"\""}]},{"reference":"Merrin Lazyan (14 February 2018). \"A Powerful Elixir\". wqxr blog. Retrieved 10 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wqxr.org/story/powerful-elixir-roberto-alagna-and-aleksandra-kurzak-classical-valentines-day/","url_text":"\"A Powerful Elixir\""}]},{"reference":"\"Décret du 21 mars 2008 portant promotion et nomination\". Légifrance (Press release). 23 March 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/id/JORFTEXT000018392898","url_text":"\"Décret du 21 mars 2008 portant promotion et nomination\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top Albums (Week 47, 2019)\" (in French). Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique. Retrieved 25 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://snepmusique.com/les-tops/le-top-de-la-semaine/top-albums/?semaine=47?&annee=2019&categorie=Top%20Albums","url_text":"\"Top Albums (Week 47, 2019)\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agreement_Between_Great_Britain_and_Sweden_Relating_to_the_Suppression_of_the_Capitulations_in_Egypt_(1921)
Agreement Between Great Britain and Sweden Relating to the Suppression of the Capitulations in Egypt (1921)
["1 Background","2 Terms of the agreement","3 See also","4 Notes","5 External links"]
1921 treaty between the United Kingdom and Sweden An agreement concluded between the British and Swedish governments in Stockholm on 8 July 1921, in order to regulate legal relations between Swedish citizens and the court system in Egypt. Ratifications were not exchanged for this agreement, since that was not required by its provisions, and the agreement went into effect. It was registered in the League of Nations Treaty Series on 19 July 1921. Background The Capitulations system has been introduced into the legal system of the Ottoman Empire and some other Middle Eastern countries as a result of western pressure. This system provides that in case a foreign citizen was charged with a crime, he or she shall not be tried by the local legal system, but be tried by a special court to consist of foreign judges, in accordance with his country's laws. The Capitulations system also prevailed in Egypt, which was under actual British rule from 1882 onward. Following the First World War, pressure was mounting on the British authorities in Egypt to grant greater freedom of action to the Egyptian government in matters of control over its own legal system. As a result, the British government agreed to modify some legal arrangements. Terms of the agreement In article 1, the Swedish government renounced all privileges to its citizens in Egypt in exchange for their protection under the British system. Article 2 stipulated for the abolition of Swedish consular courts throughout Egypt. Article 3 stipulated that Swedish citizens in Egypt shall enjoy the same privileges as British citizens. Article 4 stipulated that Swedish consular agents shall retain their diplomatic privileges as before. Article 5 determined which Anglo-Swedish treaties shall remain valid under the new arrangements. See also Agreement between Great Britain and Greece Relating to the Suppression of the Capitulations in Egypt (1920) Agreement between Great Britain and Norway Relating to the Suppression of the Capitulations in Egypt (1921) Agreement between Great Britain and Denmark Relating to the Suppression of the Capitulations in Egypt (1921) Montreux Convention Regarding the Abolition of the Capitulations in Egypt Notes ^ League of Nations Treaty Series, vol. 5, pp. 330-333. External links text of the agreement vteWorld War I treatiesDuring the war Sykes–Picot St.-Jean-de-Maurienne Damascus London Bucharest 1916 1918 Act of 5th November Acroma Buftea Brest-Litovsk Russia Ukraine Berlin Vienna Batum Paris Peace Conference Versailles Saint-Germain-en-Laye Neuilly-sur-Seine Trianon Sèvres Aftermath Rapallo (1920) Tartu (1920) Warsaw Riga (1920) Suwałki Alexandropol Moscow Riga (1921) Tartu (1921) Cilicia Angora Kars Lausanne Rapallo (1922) Austro-Hungarian reparation payments Italian reparation payments Sino-German Peace Treaty U.S.–German Peace Treaty Montreux Regime of the Straits Abolition of the Capitulations in Egypt Egypt Denmark Greece Norway Sweden Portugal See also: Fourteen Points Partition of the Ottoman Empire
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm"},{"link_name":"court system in Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_system_in_Egypt"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"An agreement concluded between the British and Swedish governments in Stockholm on 8 July 1921, in order to regulate legal relations between Swedish citizens and the court system in Egypt. Ratifications were not exchanged for this agreement, since that was not required by its provisions, and the agreement went into effect. It was registered in the League of Nations Treaty Series on 19 July 1921.[1]","title":"Agreement Between Great Britain and Sweden Relating to the Suppression of the Capitulations in Egypt (1921)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Capitulations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitulations_of_the_Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War"}],"text":"The Capitulations system has been introduced into the legal system of the Ottoman Empire and some other Middle Eastern countries as a result of western pressure. This system provides that in case a foreign citizen was charged with a crime, he or she shall not be tried by the local legal system, but be tried by a special court to consist of foreign judges, in accordance with his country's laws.The Capitulations system also prevailed in Egypt, which was under actual British rule from 1882 onward. Following the First World War, pressure was mounting on the British authorities in Egypt to grant greater freedom of action to the Egyptian government in matters of control over its own legal system. As a result, the British government agreed to modify some legal arrangements.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"In article 1, the Swedish government renounced all privileges to its citizens in Egypt in exchange for their protection under the British system. Article 2 stipulated for the abolition of Swedish consular courts throughout Egypt. Article 3 stipulated that Swedish citizens in Egypt shall enjoy the same privileges as British citizens. Article 4 stipulated that Swedish consular agents shall retain their diplomatic privileges as before. Article 5 determined which Anglo-Swedish treaties shall remain valid under the new arrangements.","title":"Terms of the agreement"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"}],"text":"^ League of Nations Treaty Series, vol. 5, pp. 330-333.","title":"Notes"}]
[]
[{"title":"Agreement between Great Britain and Greece Relating to the Suppression of the Capitulations in Egypt (1920)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agreement_between_Great_Britain_and_Greece_Relating_to_the_Suppression_of_the_Capitulations_in_Egypt_(1920)"},{"title":"Agreement between Great Britain and Norway Relating to the Suppression of the Capitulations in Egypt (1921)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agreement_between_Great_Britain_and_Norway_Relating_to_the_Suppression_of_the_Capitulations_in_Egypt_(1921)"},{"title":"Agreement between Great Britain and Denmark Relating to the Suppression of the Capitulations in Egypt (1921)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agreement_between_Great_Britain_and_Denmark_Relating_to_the_Suppression_of_the_Capitulations_in_Egypt_(1921)"},{"title":"Montreux Convention Regarding the Abolition of the Capitulations in Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreux_Convention_Regarding_the_Abolition_of_the_Capitulations_in_Egypt"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lang_(composer)
David Lang (composer)
["1 Early life and education","2 Stage productions","2.1 Collaborative works","2.2 The Difficulty of Crossing a Field","2.3 Battle Hymns","2.4 The Little Match Girl Passion","2.5 Death Speaks","2.6 The Whisper Opera","2.7 Crowd Out","2.8 The National Anthems","2.9 anatomy theater","2.10 The Loser","2.11 Symphony for a Broken Orchestra","2.12 Prisoner of the State","3 Awards","4 Film music","5 Recorded works","6 Recordings","6.1 Film","6.2 Ballets","7 References","8 Further reading","9 External links"]
American composer This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "David Lang" composer – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) David LangBorn (1957-01-08) January 8, 1957 (age 67)Los Angeles, California, United StatesEraContemporaryKnown forBang on a Can The Little Match Girl Passion David Lang (born January 8, 1957) is an American composer living in New York City. Co-founder of the musical collective Bang on a Can, he was awarded the 2008 Pulitzer Prize for Music for The Little Match Girl Passion, which went on to win a 2010 Grammy Award for Best Small Ensemble Performance by Paul Hillier and Theatre of Voices. Lang was nominated for an Academy Award for "Simple Song #3" from the film Youth. Early life and education Lang was born in Los Angeles, California. Lang is of Jewish descent. In his youth he played trombone. After completing his undergraduate degree at Stanford University, he went to the University of Iowa; he says, "There was a teacher in composition at the University of Iowa named Martin Jenni, and he had come to Stanford as a leave replacement to teach for a semester. And I just thought he was amazing. He knew a lot of stuff that I'd never heard of before. So when I thought about grad school, I went to Iowa. I was happy I did. It was really a kind of golden age. I really loved it." Lang went on to earn a Doctorate of Musical Arts at Yale University in 1989. In addition to Jenni, his teachers have included Henri Lazarof, Lou Harrison, Richard Hervig, Jacob Druckman, Hans Werner Henze, and Martin Bresnick. Together with Julia Wolfe and Michael Gordon, Lang co-founded Bang on a Can in 1987. In 2008 he joined the Yale School of Music composition faculty. In 2016 he was welcomed to the Institute for Advanced Study as the Institute's Artist in Residence, a position he holds to this day. Stage productions Collaborative works In 1999 he collaborated with composers Julia Wolfe and Michael Gordon and librettist/illustrator Ben Katchor on the composition of the "comic strip opera" The Carbon Copy Building. The production won an Obie Award for Best New American Production. Lang, Wolfe and Gordon subsequently collaborated with librettist Deborah Artman on the 'oratorio' Lost Objects, the recording of which was released in summer 2001 (Teldec New Line). Their next collaborative project was Shelter, a multi-media work also with librettist Deborah Artman, for the Scandinavian vocal group Trio Mediaeval and the German ensemble musikFabrik, which was performed in Germany and the U.S. in 2005. In 2017 Chinese singer Gong Linna premiered Cloud River Mountain, written by the three Bang on a Can composers in addition to Lao Luo. They also premiere Road Trip, a celebration of Bang on a Can's 30-year journey, together at the Brooklyn Academy of Music in October 2017. The Difficulty of Crossing a Field Also in 1999, Lang and playwright Mac Wellman based their opera The Difficulty of Crossing a Field on a short story by Ambrose Bierce, about an Alabama planter named Williamson who purportedly vanished while walking across a field in 1854. (Bierce's story reoccurs in urban-legend form, in which, coincidentally, the vanished man is often given the name David Lang.) Battle Hymns A piece with multiple choruses and dance, battle hymns was first performed in Philadelphia in 2009 by the Mendelssohn Club and the Leah Stein Dance Company. Its U.S. west coast premiere was directed by Robert Geary and performed by the San Francisco Choral Society, Volti, the Piedmont Children's Choir, and the Leah Stein Dance Company in April 2013 at the Kezar Pavilion. In May 2014, the Collegiate Chorale and the Manhattan Girls Chorus performed battle hymns at the Intrepid Sea, Air & Space Museum. In 2015, the Shenandoah Chorus (Shenandoah University) performed 'battle hymns' at an on-campus concert. The Little Match Girl Passion Lang was awarded the 2008 Pulitzer Prize in music for his piece The Little Match Girl Passion, composed in 2007 for Paul Hillier and his Theatre of Voices. The piece, based on Hans Christian Andersen's fable "The Little Match Girl" and inspired by Bach's St. Matthew Passion, was co-commissioned by the Carnegie Hall Corporation and the Perth Theatre and Concert Hall and premiered on October 25, 2007, in Zankel Hall in New York City. Tim Page of The Washington Post wrote that "I don't think that I've ever been so moved by a new...composition as I was by David Lang's The Little Match Girl Passion, which is unlike any music I know." For the 2017 Metropolitan Museum of Art's annual holiday concert, which has included the little match girl passion for five years, Lang has written a new version called the little match girl (observed), in which the audience is the congregation and participates with interstitial hymns. The recording by Theatre of Voices and Paul Hillier of The Little Match Girl Passion on Harmonia Mundi received a 2010 Grammy Award for Best Small Ensemble Performance. The Little Match Girl Passion has been described as "a 21st century classic". Death Speaks Lang composed this song cycle – a commission from Carnegie Hall and Stanford Lively Arts, premiered at both in late January, 2012 – as a companion piece to the little match girl passion. In that work, death was an implied character; in this follow-up song cycle, death is personified. For the texts sung by the character "Death," Lang turned to the songs of Franz Schubert, from which he made his own translations into English. The part of Death was sung by Shara Worden of My Brightest Diamond; the instrumentalists included Bryce Dessner of The National (band) on guitar, Nico Muhly on piano, and Owen Pallett on violin and voice. National Public Radio chose the commercial recording as one of its ten favorite classical albums of 2013. The Whisper Opera Lang wrote the libretto by typing short, personal phrases into a search engine and writing down the results. The opera includes these anonymous confessions, which are whispered by soprano Tony Arnold, while four instrumentalists from the International Contemporary Ensemble never play above a hush. No audience member can hear the entire opera and it cannot be recorded, so it can only be experienced live. Crowd Out Inspired by the powerful singing he heard from the crowd at an Arsenal F.C. football match, Lang came up with the idea of composing a song for over 1,000 people to sing. The first performance was 9 June 2014 at Birmingham's Millennium Point. Singers were split into groups arranged on the steps of the atrium, each one with a leader with a megaphone. The conductor was Simon Halsey. The lyrics came from Lang doing internet searches for the phrase "When I am in a crowd I …" Lang then organised the results into thematic groups. The National Anthems The composer surveyed all of the national anthems of the world, drew ideas and phrases from them, and translated them into English. Musically, it is very similar to The Little Match Girl Passion made up primarily of short, arpeggiated phrases. It is scored for chorus and string quartet. It was premiered on June 7, 2014 at Walt Disney Concert Hall by the Los Angeles Master Chorale, and the recording of the world premiere came out on Cantaloupe Music in the spring of 2016. The Winnipeg Symphony Orchestra, where Lang was Composer-in-Residence in 2015-16, performed the Canadian premiere of the national anthems, Trinity Choir Wall Street performed the New York premiere as part of their Twelfth Night Festival, and the London Symphony Chorus performed the UK premiere. anatomy theater Inspired by the 18th-century practice of public dissections of criminals, anatomy theater, with music by Lang and libretto by Lang and visual artist Mark Dion, premiered at Los Angeles Opera in 2016. It begins with the confession and execution of an English murderess and follows the quest of the anatomist, searching for signs of evil within her body, including an aria for the corpse. The audience was served food and drink and placed in the balcony, to put it in the position of the 18th-century witnesses to the dissection. When the work premiered at LA Opera this June, critics called it a fascinating, grisly, and profound exploration of the nature of evil. The original cast recording was released on Cantaloupe Music with Marc Kudisch, Peabody Southwell, Robert Osborne, Timur, International Contemporary Ensemble, and conducted by Christopher Rountree. The Loser Lang's one-act chamber opera for solo baritone is based on Thomas Bernhard's novel, The Loser. Lang first read Bernhard's novel in 1998 and immediately sensed it was something he wanted to set to music. Lang served as composer, librettist and director of the loser. Produced by Bang on a Can, the loser opened the 2016 BAM Next Wave Festival. Its unusual staging placed the singer Rod Gilfry on a platform above the orchestra seating and at eye level with the theater's balcony. The only other person visible was pianist Conrad Tao, on a platform far behind Gilfry. A small ensemble was heard offstage. The orchestra seating was removed for the production. Lang and the loser were awarded the 2016 Richard B. Fisher Next Wave Award. Symphony for a Broken Orchestra More than 1,000 musical instruments owned by the School District of Philadelphia cannot be played because they are broken. As part of an ongoing project to repair the broken instruments, in collaboration with Temple Contemporary, the Philadelphia Orchestra, the Boyer College of Music and Dance, the Curtis Institute of Music, and the school district, Lang wrote a symphony specifically for the sounds that the instruments make in their broken state. Professional musicians and community members played in the orchestra or adopted an instrument. After the performance the instruments were fixed and returned to the public schools. Prisoner of the State This opera with the New York Philharmonic received its premiere on June 6, 2019. It is based on Fidelio by Beethoven and directed by Elkhanah Pulitzer. Awards Lang has received several awards, including: Rome Prize, 1991 Bessie Award, 1999 Obie Award, 2000 Pulitzer Prize in Music, 2008 Grammy Award for Best Small Ensemble Performance, 2009 Musical America Composer of the Year, 2013 Royal Philharmonic Society Music Award, 2017 Film music He wrote the arrangements for the Kronos Quartet in Requiem for a Dream, scored the documentary The Woodmans, and wrote the soundtrack for (Untitled). In (Untitled), Lang wrote the score and the music for the main character, a classical composer played by Adam Goldberg. In Lang's 2015 film score, Youth for Italian director Paolo Sorrentino, he also provided the music for the protagonist, a composer and conductor played by Michael Caine. "Simple Song #3", an original song from Youth, was nominated for the 2016 Academy Award, Golden Globe Award and Critics Choice Award for best original song. In Italy, the Youth score and "Simple Song #3" won the David di Donatello awards for Best Score and Best Original Song. The Youth movie soundtrack also featured Lang's choral song "Just (After Song of Songs)," a composition that was originally commissioned by the Louth Contemporary Music Society. Most recently, he is scoring Paul Dano's film Wildlife. Recorded works Lang's music has been released on the Argo/Decca, BMG, Cantaloupe Music, Chandos, CRI, Naxos Records, Point Music, and Sony Classical labels. His solo albums for Cantaloupe include The Passing Measures (2001) with the Birmingham Contemporary Music Group, Child (2003) played by Sentieri Selvaggi, and Elevated (2005) featuring performances by Audrey Riley, A Change of Light, and Lisa Moore. His music has also been represented on recordings by Icebreaker, So Percussion, Bang on a Can All-Stars and Evan Ziporyn. A version of "Wed" (1996) for string quartet is featured on ETHEL's 2012 album Heavy. His scores are published by Red Poppy Music. Recordings Are You Experienced (1989) The Passing Measures (2001) Child (2003) Elevated (2005) Pierced (2008) The Little Match Girl Passion (2009) (Untitled), music from the film (2009) This Was Written By Hand (2011) The Woodmans, music from the film (2011) Death Speaks (2013) Love Fail (2014) The Difficulty of Crossing a Field (2015) The National Anthems (2016) Thorn (2017) The Day (2018) Writing on Water (2018) Mystery Sonatas (2018) performed by Augustin Hadelich Anatomy Theater (2019) with libretto by Mark Dion The Loser (2020) Prisoner of the State (2020) The Village Detective (2021) David Lang: The Writings (Pentatone) (2022) Film Featured in New York Composers: Searching for a New Music (1997). Directed by Michael Blackwood. Arrangements for Requiem for a Dream (2000) Score for Amelia (film by Édouard Lock) (2002) Score for (Untitled) (2009) Score for The Woodmans (2012) His music is featured in Paolo Sorrentino's film La grande bellezza (2014) Score for Paolo Sorrentino's film Youth (2015) Score for Paul Dano's film Wildlife (2017) Ballets Plainspoken, choreographed by Benjamin Millepied References ^ Heinz-Dietrich Fischer, ed. (2010). The Pulitzer Prize Winners for Music: Composer Biographies, Premiere Programs and Jury Reports. Peter Lang. p. 270. ISBN 978-3631596081. 2010 Award The Little Match Girl Passion by ... David Lang (born on January 8, 1957, in Los Angeles, Ca.) holds degrees from Stanford University and the University of Iowa, receiving his doctorate from the Yale School of Music in ... ^ "Simple Song #3 nominated for a 2016 Academy Award". Red Poppy Music. January 9, 2014. Retrieved September 21, 2016. ^ Bloom, Nate (February 25, 2016). "The tribe at the Oscars, 2016". Times of Israel. ^ a b "How One Composer Is Using Broken Instruments to Make Underfunded Music Programs Heard". Departures. Retrieved August 2, 2020. ^ "A UI homecoming for prize-winning composer". Iowa Now. October 4, 2012. Retrieved October 14, 2019. ^ a b "David Lang". Yale School of Music. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved March 18, 2010. ^ "David Lang - Scholars | Institute for Advanced Study". www.ias.edu. December 9, 2019. Retrieved July 6, 2022. ^ "Road Trip". BAM. Retrieved August 3, 2017. ^ Review of The difficulty of Crossing a field Archived 2007-12-19 at the Wayback Machine in Andante magazine ^ Corina da Fonseca-Wollheimmay, Within a Ship's Walls, Songs of War in High Voices, New York Times, 16 May 2014. ^ Pulitzer Prizes in The New York Times, 7 April 2008 Archived February 13, 2015, at the Wayback Machine ^ "David Lang". G. Schirmer Inc. Retrieved January 14, 2011. ^ "The Metropolitan Museum of Art Announces the 2017–2018 Season of MetLiveArts". Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved August 3, 2017. ^ Ruhe, Pierre. "Review: Kinnara chamber choir debuts new work focused on civil rights". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. ISSN 1539-7459. Retrieved February 15, 2022. ^ "Death speaks". ^ "David Lang: Death Speaks". Pitchfork. Retrieved October 14, 2019. ^ "NPR Classical's 10 Favorite Albums Of 2013". NPR.org. Retrieved October 14, 2019. ^ Robin, William (August 2, 2013). "Secrets Found Online, Shared Softly: David Lang's whisper opera Mines Truths From the Web". The New York Times. Retrieved August 20, 2015. ^ Andrew Clements, Crowd Out review – David Lang's song for 1,000 voices comes together, The Guardian, 9 June 2014. ^ Swed, Mark (June 9, 2014). "L.A. Master Chorale caps its 50th season with three new works". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 20, 2015. ^ Swed, Mark (June 15, 2016). "The lying body doesn't lie: David Lang's remarkable opera 'anatomy theater' asks hard questions about the nature of evil". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 15, 2016. ^ "Anatomy Theater". davidlangmusic.com. June 1, 2016. Retrieved March 3, 2024. ^ Prose, Francine. "The Music of Blighted Dreams", New York Review of Books, September 13, 2016; and Jorden, James. "Cold, Ironic Opera The loser Hovers Over Brooklyn Academy of Music", Observer.com, September 8, 2016 ^ "About". Symphony for a Broken Orchestra. Retrieved August 3, 2017. ^ "What to See in New York City This Spring". The New York Times. February 22, 2019. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 13, 2019. ^ Goodman, Peter (January 22, 1991). "A Little Monkey Business With His Music". Newsday. New York. p. 57. Retrieved June 7, 2024 – via Newspapers.com. ^ Anderson, Jack (September 30, 1999). Written at New York. "'Bessies' awarded for dance and performance achievement". The Berkshire Eagle. Pittsfield, Massachusetts. New York Times News Service. p. 21. Retrieved June 7, 2024 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "2000s". Obie Awards. Retrieved June 13, 2024. ^ "The Little Match Girl Passion by David Lang", The Pulitzer Prizes, Retrieved 10 December 2018. ^ "Best Chamber Music/Small Ensemble Performance (With or Without Music)", The Grammy Awards, Retrieved 10 December 2018. ^ Reid, Robert (December 17, 2013). "Fairy tale gets modern makeover". Waterloo Region Record. p. 19. Retrieved June 7, 2024 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "The orchestra that won a top classical music award - for raving". BBC News. May 9, 2017. Retrieved June 13, 2024. ^ Newman, Melinda (January 14, 2016). "David Lang on His Best Original Song Oscar Nom: 'I Spilled Coffee All Over Myself'". Billboard. Retrieved January 14, 2016. ^ "Golden Globes 2016: Complete list of nominees". Los Angeles Times. December 10, 2015. Retrieved December 10, 2015. ^ "Critics' Choice Movie Awards". Critics' Choice Awards. Archived from the original on November 23, 2012. Retrieved December 15, 2015. ^ Tapley, Kristopher (August 24, 2015). "2015-2016 Oscar Predictions". Variety. Retrieved December 3, 2015. ^ "David Lang receives two David di Donatello Awards". Yale School of Music. Retrieved May 6, 2016. ^ Clarke, Donald (April 12, 2015). "Music in Youth trailer commissioned by the Louth Contemporary Music Society". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on June 9, 2020. Retrieved June 14, 2020. ^ "HEAVY | Innova Recordings". www.innova.mu. Retrieved October 14, 2019. ^ "Anatomy Theater". Cantaloupe Music. October 25, 2019. Retrieved March 3, 2024. ^ "The Great Beauty (2013) - IMDb". Retrieved October 14, 2019 – via www.imdb.com. Further reading Ross, Alex (February 29, 2016). "Fish out of water". The Talk of the Town. The Pictures. The New Yorker. Vol. 92, no. 3. pp. 18–19. External links David Lang's website David Lang oral histories at Oral History of American Music vteDavid di Donatello Award for Best Score1975–2000 Piero Piccioni (1975) Franco Mannino (1976) Nino Rota (1977) Armando Trovajoli (1978) Fiorenzo Carpi (1981) Lucio Dalla and Fabio Liberatori (1982) Angelo Branduardi (1983) Armando Trovajoli and Vladimir Cosma (1984) Carlo Savina (1985) Riz Ortolani / Nicola Piovani (1986) Ennio Morricone (1988) Ennio Morricone (1989) Claudio Mattone (1990) Ennio Morricone (1991) Franco Piersanti (1992) Ennio Morricone (1993) Nicola Piovani (1994) Franco Piersanti (1995) Manuel De Sica (1996) Paolo Conte (1997) Nino D'Angelo (1998) Ennio Morricone (1999) Ennio Morricone (2000) 2001–present Nicola Piovani (2001) Fabio Vacchi (2002) Andrea Guerra (2003) Banda Osiris (2004) Riz Ortolani (2005) Franco Piersanti (2006) Ennio Morricone (2007) Paolo Buonvino (2008) Teho Teardo (2009) Ennio Morricone (2010) Rita Marcotulli and Rocco Papaleo (2011) David Byrne (2012) Ennio Morricone (2013) Pivio and Aldo De Scalzi (2014) Giuliano Taviani (2015) David Lang (2016) Enzo Avitabile (2017) Pivio and Aldo De Scalzi (2018) Sascha Ring and Philipp Thimm (2019) Orchestra di Piazza Vittorio (2020) Gatto Ciliegia contro il Grande Freddo and Downtown Boys (2021) Nicola Piovani (2022) Stefano Bollani (2023) Subsonica (2024) vtePulitzer Prize for Music (2001–2010) John Corigliano ('01): Symphony No. 2 Henry Brant ('02): Ice Field John Adams ('03): On the Transmigration of Souls Paul Moravec ('04): Tempest Fantasy Steven Stucky ('05): Second Concerto for Orchestra Yehudi Wyner ('06): Chiavi in Mano Ornette Coleman ('07): Sound Grammar David Lang ('08): The Little Match Girl Passion Steve Reich ('09): Double Sextet Jennifer Higdon ('10): Violin Concerto Complete list (1943–1950) (1951–1960) (1961–1970) (1971–1980) (1981–1990) (1991–2000) (2001–2010) (2011–2020) (Citations) Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Germany Israel United States Japan Czech Republic Netherlands Poland Academics CiNii Artists BRAHMS MusicBrainz Other SNAC IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Bang on a Can","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bang_on_a_Can"},{"link_name":"Pulitzer Prize for Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_Music"},{"link_name":"The Little Match Girl Passion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Little_Match_Girl_Passion"},{"link_name":"Grammy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award"},{"link_name":"Paul Hillier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Hillier"},{"link_name":"Theatre of Voices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_of_Voices"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Academy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Simple Song #3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Song_Number_3"},{"link_name":"Youth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youth_(2015_film)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"David Lang (born January 8, 1957) is an American composer living in New York City. Co-founder of the musical collective Bang on a Can, he was awarded the 2008 Pulitzer Prize for Music for The Little Match Girl Passion, which went on to win a 2010 Grammy Award for Best Small Ensemble Performance by Paul Hillier and Theatre of Voices.[1] Lang was nominated for an Academy Award for \"Simple Song #3\" from the film Youth.[2]","title":"David Lang (composer)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Jews"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"Stanford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University"},{"link_name":"University of Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Martin Jenni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Martin_Jenni"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Doctorate of Musical Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctorate_of_Musical_Arts"},{"link_name":"Yale University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University"},{"link_name":"Henri Lazarof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Lazarof"},{"link_name":"Lou Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Harrison"},{"link_name":"Jacob Druckman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Druckman"},{"link_name":"Hans Werner Henze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Werner_Henze"},{"link_name":"Martin Bresnick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Bresnick"},{"link_name":"Julia Wolfe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Wolfe"},{"link_name":"Michael Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Gordon_(composer)"},{"link_name":"Bang on a Can","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bang_on_a_Can"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yale-6"},{"link_name":"Yale School of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_School_of_Music"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yale-6"},{"link_name":"Institute for Advanced Study","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Advanced_Study"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Lang was born in Los Angeles, California. Lang is of Jewish descent.[3] In his youth he played trombone.[4] After completing his undergraduate degree at Stanford University, he went to the University of Iowa; he says, \"There was a teacher in composition at the University of Iowa named Martin Jenni, and he had come to Stanford as a leave replacement to teach for a semester. And I just thought he was amazing. He knew a lot of stuff that I'd never heard of before. So when I thought about grad school, I went to Iowa. I was happy I did. It was really a kind of golden age. I really loved it.\"[5]Lang went on to earn a Doctorate of Musical Arts at Yale University in 1989. In addition to Jenni, his teachers have included Henri Lazarof, Lou Harrison, Richard Hervig, Jacob Druckman, Hans Werner Henze, and Martin Bresnick. Together with Julia Wolfe and Michael Gordon, Lang co-founded Bang on a Can in 1987.[6] In 2008 he joined the Yale School of Music composition faculty.[6] In 2016 he was welcomed to the Institute for Advanced Study as the Institute's Artist in Residence, a position he holds to this day.[7]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Stage productions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Julia Wolfe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Wolfe"},{"link_name":"Michael Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Gordon_(composer)"},{"link_name":"Ben Katchor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Katchor"},{"link_name":"Obie Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obie_Award"},{"link_name":"Trio Mediaeval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trio_Mediaeval"},{"link_name":"musikFabrik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MusikFabrik"},{"link_name":"Gong Linna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gong_Linna"},{"link_name":"Lao Luo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Zollitsch_(composer)"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn Academy of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Academy_of_Music"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Collaborative works","text":"In 1999 he collaborated with composers Julia Wolfe and Michael Gordon and librettist/illustrator Ben Katchor on the composition of the \"comic strip opera\" The Carbon Copy Building. The production won an Obie Award for Best New American Production. Lang, Wolfe and Gordon subsequently collaborated with librettist Deborah Artman on the 'oratorio' Lost Objects, the recording of which was released in summer 2001 (Teldec New Line). Their next collaborative project was Shelter, a multi-media work also with librettist Deborah Artman, for the Scandinavian vocal group Trio Mediaeval and the German ensemble musikFabrik, which was performed in Germany and the U.S. in 2005. In 2017 Chinese singer Gong Linna premiered Cloud River Mountain, written by the three Bang on a Can composers in addition to Lao Luo. They also premiere Road Trip, a celebration of Bang on a Can's 30-year journey, together at the Brooklyn Academy of Music in October 2017.[8]","title":"Stage productions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mac Wellman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_Wellman"},{"link_name":"Ambrose Bierce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrose_Bierce"},{"link_name":"planter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planter_(American_South)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"urban-legend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_legend"},{"link_name":"David Lang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unexplained_disappearances#David_Lang_and_Oliver_Larch"}],"sub_title":"The Difficulty of Crossing a Field","text":"Also in 1999, Lang and playwright Mac Wellman based their opera The Difficulty of Crossing a Field on a short story by Ambrose Bierce, about an Alabama planter named Williamson who purportedly vanished while walking across a field in 1854.[9] (Bierce's story reoccurs in urban-legend form, in which, coincidentally, the vanished man is often given the name David Lang.)","title":"Stage productions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Battle Hymns","text":"A piece with multiple choruses and dance, battle hymns was first performed in Philadelphia in 2009 by the Mendelssohn Club and the Leah Stein Dance Company. Its U.S. west coast premiere was directed by Robert Geary and performed by the San Francisco Choral Society, Volti, the Piedmont Children's Choir, and the Leah Stein Dance Company in April 2013 at the Kezar Pavilion. In May 2014, the Collegiate Chorale and the Manhattan Girls Chorus performed battle hymns at the Intrepid Sea, Air & Space Museum.[10] In 2015, the Shenandoah Chorus (Shenandoah University) performed 'battle hymns' at an on-campus concert.","title":"Stage productions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Hans Christian Andersen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Christian_Andersen"},{"link_name":"The Little Match Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Little_Match_Girl"},{"link_name":"Bach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach"},{"link_name":"St. Matthew Passion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Matthew_Passion"},{"link_name":"Carnegie Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Hall"},{"link_name":"Concert Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_Concert_Hall_(Western_Australia)"},{"link_name":"Zankel Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zankel_Hall"},{"link_name":"Tim Page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Page_(music_critic)"},{"link_name":"The Washington Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Grammy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"The Little Match Girl Passion","text":"Lang was awarded the 2008 Pulitzer Prize in music for his piece The Little Match Girl Passion, composed in 2007 for Paul Hillier and his Theatre of Voices.[11] The piece, based on Hans Christian Andersen's fable \"The Little Match Girl\" and inspired by Bach's St. Matthew Passion, was co-commissioned by the Carnegie Hall Corporation and the Perth Theatre and Concert Hall and premiered on October 25, 2007, in Zankel Hall in New York City. Tim Page of The Washington Post wrote that \"I don't think that I've ever been so moved by a new...composition as I was by David Lang's The Little Match Girl Passion, which is unlike any music I know.\"[12] For the 2017 Metropolitan Museum of Art's annual holiday concert, which has included the little match girl passion for five years, Lang has written a new version called the little match girl (observed), in which the audience is the congregation and participates with interstitial hymns.[13]The recording by Theatre of Voices and Paul Hillier of The Little Match Girl Passion on Harmonia Mundi received a 2010 Grammy Award for Best Small Ensemble Performance. The Little Match Girl Passion has been described as \"a 21st century classic\".[14]","title":"Stage productions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carnegie Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Hall"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Franz Schubert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Schubert"},{"link_name":"Shara Worden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shara_Worden"},{"link_name":"My Brightest Diamond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Brightest_Diamond"},{"link_name":"Bryce Dessner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryce_Dessner"},{"link_name":"The National (band)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_National_(band)"},{"link_name":"Nico Muhly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nico_Muhly"},{"link_name":"Owen Pallett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen_Pallett"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Death Speaks","text":"Lang composed this song cycle – a commission from Carnegie Hall and Stanford Lively Arts, premiered at both in late January, 2012[15] – as a companion piece to the little match girl passion. In that work, death was an implied character; in this follow-up song cycle, death is personified. For the texts sung by the character \"Death,\" Lang turned to the songs of Franz Schubert, from which he made his own translations into English. The part of Death was sung by Shara Worden of My Brightest Diamond; the instrumentalists included Bryce Dessner of The National (band) on guitar, Nico Muhly on piano, and Owen Pallett on violin and voice.[16] National Public Radio chose the commercial recording as one of its ten favorite classical albums of 2013.[17]","title":"Stage productions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"International Contemporary Ensemble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Contemporary_Ensemble"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"The Whisper Opera","text":"Lang wrote the libretto by typing short, personal phrases into a search engine and writing down the results. The opera includes these anonymous confessions, which are whispered by soprano Tony Arnold, while four instrumentalists from the International Contemporary Ensemble never play above a hush. No audience member can hear the entire opera and it cannot be recorded, so it can only be experienced live.[18]","title":"Stage productions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arsenal F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenal_F.C."},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Crowd Out","text":"Inspired by the powerful singing he heard from the crowd at an Arsenal F.C. football match, Lang came up with the idea of composing a song for over 1,000 people to sing. The first performance was 9 June 2014 at Birmingham's Millennium Point. Singers were split into groups arranged on the steps of the atrium, each one with a leader with a megaphone. The conductor was Simon Halsey. The lyrics came from Lang doing internet searches for the phrase \"When I am in a crowd I …\" Lang then organised the results into thematic groups.[19]","title":"Stage productions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cantaloupe Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantaloupe_Music"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Winnipeg Symphony Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg_Symphony_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"London Symphony Chorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Symphony_Chorus"}],"sub_title":"The National Anthems","text":"The composer surveyed all of the national anthems of the world, drew ideas and phrases from them, and translated them into English. Musically, it is very similar to The Little Match Girl Passion made up primarily of short, arpeggiated phrases. It is scored for chorus and string quartet. It was premiered on June 7, 2014 at Walt Disney Concert Hall by the Los Angeles Master Chorale, and the recording of the world premiere came out on Cantaloupe Music in the spring of 2016.[20] The Winnipeg Symphony Orchestra, where Lang was Composer-in-Residence in 2015-16, performed the Canadian premiere of the national anthems, Trinity Choir Wall Street performed the New York premiere as part of their Twelfth Night Festival, and the London Symphony Chorus performed the UK premiere.","title":"Stage productions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mark Dion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Dion"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Opera"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Cantaloupe Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantaloupe_Music"},{"link_name":"International Contemporary Ensemble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Contemporary_Ensemble"},{"link_name":"Christopher Rountree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Rountree"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"anatomy theater","text":"Inspired by the 18th-century practice of public dissections of criminals, anatomy theater, with music by Lang and libretto by Lang and visual artist Mark Dion, premiered at Los Angeles Opera in 2016. It begins with the confession and execution of an English murderess and follows the quest of the anatomist, searching for signs of evil within her body, including an aria for the corpse. The audience was served food and drink and placed in the balcony, to put it in the position of the 18th-century witnesses to the dissection. When the work premiered at LA Opera this June, critics called it a fascinating, grisly, and profound exploration of the nature of evil.[21] The original cast recording was released on Cantaloupe Music with Marc Kudisch, Peabody Southwell, Robert Osborne, Timur, International Contemporary Ensemble, and conducted by Christopher Rountree. [22]","title":"Stage productions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Loser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Loser"},{"link_name":"Rod Gilfry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod_Gilfry"},{"link_name":"Conrad Tao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrad_Tao"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"The Loser","text":"Lang's one-act chamber opera for solo baritone is based on Thomas Bernhard's novel, The Loser. Lang first read Bernhard's novel in 1998 and immediately sensed it was something he wanted to set to music. Lang served as composer, librettist and director of the loser. Produced by Bang on a Can, the loser opened the 2016 BAM Next Wave Festival. Its unusual staging placed the singer Rod Gilfry on a platform above the orchestra seating and at eye level with the theater's balcony. The only other person visible was pianist Conrad Tao, on a platform far behind Gilfry. A small ensemble was heard offstage. The orchestra seating was removed for the production.[23] Lang and the loser were awarded the 2016 Richard B. Fisher Next Wave Award.","title":"Stage productions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"School District of Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_District_of_Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"Boyer College of Music and Dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyer_College_of_Music_and_Dance"},{"link_name":"Curtis Institute of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtis_Institute_of_Music"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"}],"sub_title":"Symphony for a Broken Orchestra","text":"More than 1,000 musical instruments owned by the School District of Philadelphia cannot be played because they are broken. As part of an ongoing project to repair the broken instruments, in collaboration with Temple Contemporary, the Philadelphia Orchestra, the Boyer College of Music and Dance, the Curtis Institute of Music, and the school district, Lang wrote a symphony specifically for the sounds that the instruments make in their broken state. Professional musicians and community members played in the orchestra or adopted an instrument. After the performance the instruments were fixed and returned to the public schools.[24][4]","title":"Stage productions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York Philharmonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Philharmonic"},{"link_name":"Fidelio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidelio"},{"link_name":"Beethoven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven"},{"link_name":"Elkhanah Pulitzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elkhanah_Pulitzer"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"Prisoner of the State","text":"This opera with the New York Philharmonic received its premiere on June 6, 2019. It is based on Fidelio by Beethoven and directed by Elkhanah Pulitzer.[25]","title":"Stage productions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rome Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome_Prize"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Bessie Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bessie_Awards"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Obie Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obie_Award"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Pulitzer Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Grammy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Musical America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_America"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Royal Philharmonic Society Music Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Philharmonic_Society_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"text":"Lang has received several awards, including:Rome Prize, 1991[26]\nBessie Award, 1999[27]\nObie Award, 2000[28]\nPulitzer Prize in Music, 2008[29]\nGrammy Award for Best Small Ensemble Performance, 2009[30]\nMusical America Composer of the Year, 2013[31]\nRoyal Philharmonic Society Music Award, 2017[32]","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kronos Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kronos_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Requiem for a Dream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Requiem_for_a_Dream"},{"link_name":"(Untitled)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(Untitled)_(2009_film)"},{"link_name":"Adam Goldberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Goldberg"},{"link_name":"Youth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youth_(2015_film)"},{"link_name":"Paolo Sorrentino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paolo_Sorrentino"},{"link_name":"Michael Caine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Caine"},{"link_name":"Simple Song #3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Song_Number_3"},{"link_name":"Academy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/88th_Academy_Awards"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Golden Globe Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Critics Choice Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critics_Choice_Award"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"David di Donatello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_di_Donatello"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Just (After Song of Songs)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_(After_Song_of_Songs)"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Paul Dano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Dano"},{"link_name":"Wildlife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_(film)"}],"text":"He wrote the arrangements for the Kronos Quartet in Requiem for a Dream, scored the documentary The Woodmans, and wrote the soundtrack for (Untitled). In (Untitled), Lang wrote the score and the music for the main character, a classical composer played by Adam Goldberg. In Lang's 2015 film score, Youth for Italian director Paolo Sorrentino, he also provided the music for the protagonist, a composer and conductor played by Michael Caine. \"Simple Song #3\", an original song from Youth, was nominated for the 2016 Academy Award,[33] Golden Globe Award[34] and Critics Choice Award[35] for best original song.[36]In Italy, the Youth score and \"Simple Song #3\" won the David di Donatello awards for Best Score and Best Original Song.[37] The Youth movie soundtrack also featured Lang's choral song \"Just (After Song of Songs),\" a composition that was originally commissioned by the Louth Contemporary Music Society.[38] Most recently, he is scoring Paul Dano's film Wildlife.","title":"Film music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Argo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argo_Records_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Decca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decca_Records"},{"link_name":"BMG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertelsmann_Music_Group"},{"link_name":"Cantaloupe Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantaloupe_Music"},{"link_name":"Chandos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandos_Records"},{"link_name":"CRI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composers_Recordings,_Inc."},{"link_name":"Naxos Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naxos_Records"},{"link_name":"Point Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_Music"},{"link_name":"Sony Classical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Classical"},{"link_name":"Birmingham Contemporary Music Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_Contemporary_Music_Group"},{"link_name":"Sentieri Selvaggi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentieri_Selvaggi"},{"link_name":"Audrey Riley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audrey_Riley"},{"link_name":"Lisa Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Moore_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Icebreaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icebreaker_(band)"},{"link_name":"So Percussion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So_Percussion"},{"link_name":"Bang on a Can All-Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bang_on_a_Can_All-Stars"},{"link_name":"Evan Ziporyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evan_Ziporyn"},{"link_name":"ETHEL's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethel_(string_quartet)"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"text":"Lang's music has been released on the Argo/Decca, BMG, Cantaloupe Music, Chandos, CRI, Naxos Records, Point Music, and Sony Classical labels. His solo albums for Cantaloupe include The Passing Measures (2001) with the Birmingham Contemporary Music Group, Child (2003) played by Sentieri Selvaggi, and Elevated (2005) featuring performances by Audrey Riley, A Change of Light, and Lisa Moore. His music has also been represented on recordings by Icebreaker, So Percussion, Bang on a Can All-Stars and Evan Ziporyn. A version of \"Wed\" (1996) for string quartet is featured on ETHEL's 2012 album Heavy.[39] His scores are published by Red Poppy Music.","title":"Recorded works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Little Match Girl Passion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Little_Match_Girl_Passion"},{"link_name":"Augustin Hadelich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustin_Hadelich"},{"link_name":"Mark Dion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Dion"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"David Lang: The Writings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.pentatonemusic.com/product/david-lang-the-writings/"},{"link_name":"Pentatone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentatone_(record_label)"}],"text":"Are You Experienced (1989)\nThe Passing Measures (2001)\nChild (2003)\nElevated (2005)\nPierced (2008)\nThe Little Match Girl Passion (2009)\n(Untitled), music from the film (2009)\nThis Was Written By Hand (2011)\nThe Woodmans, music from the film (2011)\nDeath Speaks (2013)\nLove Fail (2014)\nThe Difficulty of Crossing a Field (2015)\nThe National Anthems (2016)\nThorn (2017)\nThe Day (2018)\nWriting on Water (2018)\nMystery Sonatas (2018) performed by Augustin Hadelich\nAnatomy Theater (2019) with libretto by Mark Dion[40]\nThe Loser (2020)\nPrisoner of the State (2020)\nThe Village Detective (2021)\nDavid Lang: The Writings (Pentatone) (2022)","title":"Recordings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michael Blackwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Blackwood_(filmmaker)"},{"link_name":"Requiem for a Dream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Requiem_for_a_Dream"},{"link_name":"Édouard Lock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Lock"},{"link_name":"(Untitled)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(Untitled)_(2009_film)"},{"link_name":"Paolo Sorrentino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paolo_Sorrentino"},{"link_name":"La grande bellezza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_grande_bellezza"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Paolo Sorrentino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paolo_Sorrentino"},{"link_name":"Youth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youth_(2015_film)"},{"link_name":"Paul Dano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Dano"},{"link_name":"Wildlife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_(film)"}],"sub_title":"Film","text":"Featured in New York Composers: Searching for a New Music (1997). Directed by Michael Blackwood.\nArrangements for Requiem for a Dream (2000)\nScore for Amelia (film by Édouard Lock) (2002)\nScore for (Untitled) (2009)\nScore for The Woodmans (2012)\nHis music is featured in Paolo Sorrentino's film La grande bellezza (2014)[41]\nScore for Paolo Sorrentino's film Youth (2015)\nScore for Paul Dano's film Wildlife (2017)","title":"Recordings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Plainspoken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plainspoken"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Millepied","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Millepied"}],"sub_title":"Ballets","text":"Plainspoken, choreographed by Benjamin Millepied","title":"Recordings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ross, Alex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Ross_(music_critic)"},{"link_name":"\"Fish out of water\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/02/29/david-lang-hollywood-adventure"}],"text":"Ross, Alex (February 29, 2016). \"Fish out of water\". The Talk of the Town. The Pictures. The New Yorker. Vol. 92, no. 3. pp. 18–19.","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Heinz-Dietrich Fischer, ed. (2010). The Pulitzer Prize Winners for Music: Composer Biographies, Premiere Programs and Jury Reports. Peter Lang. p. 270. ISBN 978-3631596081. 2010 Award The Little Match Girl Passion by ... David Lang (born on January 8, 1957, in Los Angeles, Ca.) holds degrees from Stanford University and the University of Iowa, receiving his doctorate from the Yale School of Music in ...","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3631596081","url_text":"978-3631596081"}]},{"reference":"\"Simple Song #3 nominated for a 2016 Academy Award\". Red Poppy Music. January 9, 2014. Retrieved September 21, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://davidlangmusic.com/news/simple-song-3-nominated-for-2016-academy-award","url_text":"\"Simple Song #3 nominated for a 2016 Academy Award\""}]},{"reference":"Bloom, Nate (February 25, 2016). \"The tribe at the Oscars, 2016\". Times of Israel.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nate_Bloom","url_text":"Bloom, Nate"},{"url":"https://jewishstandard.timesofisrael.com/the-tribe-at-the-oscars-2016/","url_text":"\"The tribe at the Oscars, 2016\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_of_Israel","url_text":"Times of Israel"}]},{"reference":"\"How One Composer Is Using Broken Instruments to Make Underfunded Music Programs Heard\". Departures. Retrieved August 2, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.departures.com/art-culture/david-lang-symphony-broken-orchestra","url_text":"\"How One Composer Is Using Broken Instruments to Make Underfunded Music Programs Heard\""}]},{"reference":"\"A UI homecoming for prize-winning composer\". Iowa Now. October 4, 2012. Retrieved October 14, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://now.uiowa.edu/2012/10/ui-homecoming-prize-winning-composer","url_text":"\"A UI homecoming for prize-winning composer\""}]},{"reference":"\"David Lang\". Yale School of Music. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved March 18, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141006081849/http://music.yale.edu/faculty/lang/","url_text":"\"David Lang\""},{"url":"http://music.yale.edu/faculty/lang/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"David Lang - Scholars | Institute for Advanced Study\". www.ias.edu. December 9, 2019. Retrieved July 6, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ias.edu/scholars/david-lang","url_text":"\"David Lang - Scholars | Institute for Advanced Study\""}]},{"reference":"\"Road Trip\". BAM. Retrieved August 3, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bam.org/music/2017/road-trip","url_text":"\"Road Trip\""}]},{"reference":"\"David Lang\". G. Schirmer Inc. Retrieved January 14, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.schirmer.com/default.aspx?TabId=2419&State_2872=2&composerId_2872=882","url_text":"\"David Lang\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Metropolitan Museum of Art Announces the 2017–2018 Season of MetLiveArts\". Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved August 3, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.metmuseum.org/press/news/2017/metlivearts-2017-season","url_text":"\"The Metropolitan Museum of Art Announces the 2017–2018 Season of MetLiveArts\""}]},{"reference":"Ruhe, Pierre. \"Review: Kinnara chamber choir debuts new work focused on civil rights\". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. ISSN 1539-7459. Retrieved February 15, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ajc.com/things-to-do/review-kinnara-chamber-choir-debuts-new-work-focused-on-civil-rights/XCSE5MYGANDLXBD6RMU356L2FI/","url_text":"\"Review: Kinnara chamber choir debuts new work focused on civil rights\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1539-7459","url_text":"1539-7459"}]},{"reference":"\"Death speaks\".","urls":[{"url":"http://davidlangmusic.com/music/death-speaks","url_text":"\"Death speaks\""}]},{"reference":"\"David Lang: Death Speaks\". Pitchfork. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium(III)_sulphide
Gallium(III) sulfide
["1 Structure","2 Preparation and chemical properties","3 References"]
Gallium(III) sulfide Names Other names gallium sesquisulfide Identifiers CAS Number 12024-22-5 3D model (JSmol) Interactive image ECHA InfoCard 100.031.526 EC Number 234-688-0 PubChem CID 165983 CompTox Dashboard (EPA) DTXSID70904021 InChI InChI=1S/2Ga.3S/q2*+3;3*-2Key: BVSHTEBQPBBCFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N SMILES .... Properties Chemical formula Ga2S3 Molar mass 235.644 g/mol Appearance yellow (α-) Density 3.77 g/cm3 Melting point 1,090 °C (1,990 °F; 1,360 K) Solubility in water Reacts Magnetic susceptibility (χ) −-80·10−6 cm3/mol Related compounds Related compounds Gallium(II) sulfide Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C , 100 kPa). Infobox references Chemical compound Gallium(III) sulfide, Ga2S3, is a compound of sulfur and gallium, that is a semiconductor that has applications in electronics and photonics. Structure There are four polymorphs, α (hexagonal), α' (monoclinic), β(hexagonal) and γ(cubic). The alpha form is yellow. The crystal structures are related to those of ZnS with gallium in tetrahedral positions. The alpha and beta forms are isostructural with their aluminium analogues. The similarity in crystal form of gamma- with sphalerite (zinc blende), ZnS is believed to explain the enrichment of gallium in sphalerite ores. Preparation and chemical properties Ga2S3 can prepared by reacting the elements at high temperature or as a white solid by heating Ga in a stream of H2S at high temperature (950 °C). It may also prepared by a solid state reaction of GaCl3 and Na2S. The method of production can determine the polymorphic form produced, the reaction of Ga(OH)3 with H2S at different temperatures is reported to produce a different polymorph depending on the temperature, α- 1020 K, β- 820 K and γ- above 873 K Ga2S3 decomposes at high temperature forming the non-stoichiometric sulfide, Ga4Sx (4.8 < x < 5.2). Ga2S3 dissolves in aqueous acids and decomposes slowly in moist air forming H2S. Ga2S3 dissolves in aqueous solutions of potassium sulfide, K2S to form K8Ga4S10 containing the (Ga4S10)8− anion which has an adamantane, molecular P4O10 structure. Ternary sulfides MIGaS2, MIIGa2S4 and MIIIGaS3 respectively have been of interest due to their unusual electrical properties and some of these can be prepared by reactions of Ga2S3 with metal sulfides e.g. CdGa2S4:- Ga2S3 + CdS → CdGa2S4 Although by itself Ga2S3 is not a glass former it can be reacted with rare earth sulfides to form glasses e.g. the reaction with lanthanum sulfide, La2S3, forms gallium lanthanum sulfide glass which has interesting optical properties and is a semiconductor. References ^ a b Handbook of Inorganic Compounds, Dale L. Perry, Taylor & Francis, 2011, ISBN 978-1-4398-1461-1 ^ a b c d The Chemistry of Aluminium, Gallium, Indium and Thallium, Anthony John Downs, 1993, ISBN 075140103X , ISBN 978-0751401035 ^ Pardo, M.P.; Guittard, M.; Chilouet, A.; Tomas, A. (1993). "Diagramme de phases gallium-soufre et études structurales des phases solides". Journal of Solid State Chemistry. 102 (2): 423–433. Bibcode:1993JSSCh.102..423P. doi:10.1006/jssc.1993.1054. ISSN 0022-4596. ^ Peter Atkins; T.L. Overton; J.P. Rourke; M.T. Weller; F.A. Armstrong (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (Fifth ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman and Company. p. 346. ISBN 978-1429218207. ^ a b c d e f Barron, Andrew R.; MacInnes, Andrew N. (1994). "Gallium: Inorganic chemistry". In King, R. Bruce (ed.). Encyclopedia of Inorganic Chemistry. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 100–110. ISBN 0-471-93620-0. ^ Semiconductors: Data Handbook 3d Ed., Otfried Madelung, Springer, 2004, ISBN 978-3540404880 ^ Semiconducting Chalcogenide Glass III: Applications of Chalcogenide Glasses, Robert Fairman, Boris Ushkov, Elsevier, 2004, (ebook), ISBN 9780080541068 vteGallium compoundsGallium(-V) Mg5Ga2 Gallium(I) Ga2O GaCl GaBr GaI Gallium(II) GaS GaSe GaTe Gallium(I,III) GaCl2 Gallium(III) GaAs GaH3 Ga2H6 GaBr3 GaCl3 GaF3 GaI3 GaN Ga(OH)3 Ga(CN)3 Ga(NO3)3 Ga2(SO4)3 GaPO4 GaP GaSb Ga2O3 Ga2S3 Ga2Se3 Ga(CH3COO)3 Ga2Te3Organogallium(III) compounds Ga(C5H7O2)3 Ga(CH3)3 Ga(C2H5)3 vteSulfides (S2−) H2S He Li2S BeS B2S3+BO3 CS2COS (NH4)SH O F Ne Na2S MgS Al2S3 SiSSiS2-Si PxSy-P -S2−2 Cl Ar K2S CaS ScSSc2S3 TiSTiS2Ti2S3TiS3 VSVS2V2S3 CrSCr2S3 MnSMnS2 FeSFe3S4 CoS NiS Cu2SCuS ZnS GaSGa2S3 GeSGeS2-Ge As2S3As4S3-As SeS2+Se Br Kr Rb2S SrS Y2S3 ZrS2 NbS2 MoS2MoS3 Tc Ru Rh2S3 PdS Ag2S CdS In2S3 SnSSnS2-Sn Sb2S3Sb2S5-Sb TeS2 I Xe Cs2S BaS * LuSLu2S3 HfS2 TaS2 WS2WS3 ReS2Re2S7 OsS4 Ir2S3IrS2 PtSPtS2 Au2SAu2S3 HgS Tl2S PbSPbS2 Bi2S3 PoS At Rn Fr Ra ** Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og   * LaSLa2S3 CeSCe2S3 PrSPr2S3 NdSNd2S3 Pm2S3 SmSSm2S3 EuSEu2S3 GdSGd2S3 TbSTb2S3 DySDy2S3 HoSHo2S3 ErSEr2S3 TmSTm2S3 YbSYb2S3 ** Ac2S3 ThS2 Pa USUS2 Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sulfur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur"},{"link_name":"gallium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium"},{"link_name":"electronics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics"},{"link_name":"photonics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photonics"}],"text":"Chemical compoundGallium(III) sulfide, Ga2S3, is a compound of sulfur and gallium, that is a semiconductor that has applications in electronics and photonics.","title":"Gallium(III) sulfide"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"polymorphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymorphism_(materials_science)"},{"link_name":"ZnS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc_sulfide"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PardoGuittard1993-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Downs1993-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Encyclo-5"},{"link_name":"sphalerite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphalerite"},{"link_name":"ZnS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc_sulfide"},{"link_name":"sphalerite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphalerite"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Encyclo-5"}],"text":"There are four polymorphs, α (hexagonal), α' (monoclinic), β(hexagonal) and γ(cubic). The alpha form is yellow. The crystal structures are related to those of ZnS with gallium in tetrahedral positions.[3][2][4] The alpha and beta forms are isostructural with their aluminium analogues.[5] The similarity in crystal form of gamma- with sphalerite (zinc blende), ZnS is believed to explain the enrichment of gallium in sphalerite ores.[5]","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"H2S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Downs1993-2"},{"link_name":"GaCl3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium_trichloride"},{"link_name":"Na2S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_sulfide"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Encyclo-5"},{"link_name":"Ga(OH)3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium_hydroxide"},{"link_name":"H2S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"non-stoichiometric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-stoichiometric_compound"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Encyclo-5"},{"link_name":"H2S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Downs1993-2"},{"link_name":"potassium sulfide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_sulfide"},{"link_name":"adamantane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adamantane"},{"link_name":"molecular P4O10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorus_pentoxide"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Encyclo-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Encyclo-5"},{"link_name":"CdS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_sulfide"},{"link_name":"gallium lanthanum sulfide glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium_lanthanum_sulfide_glass"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Ga2S3 can prepared by reacting the elements at high temperature or as a white solid by heating Ga in a stream of H2S at high temperature (950 °C).[2]It may also prepared by a solid state reaction of GaCl3 and Na2S.[5]The method of production can determine the polymorphic form produced, the reaction of Ga(OH)3 with H2S at different temperatures is reported to produce a different polymorph depending on the temperature, α- 1020 K, β- 820 K and γ- above 873 K [6]Ga2S3 decomposes at high temperature forming the non-stoichiometric sulfide, Ga4Sx (4.8 < x < 5.2).[5]\nGa2S3 dissolves in aqueous acids and decomposes slowly in moist air forming H2S.[2]Ga2S3 dissolves in aqueous solutions of potassium sulfide, K2S to form K8Ga4S10 containing the (Ga4S10)8− anion which has an adamantane, molecular P4O10 structure.[5]Ternary sulfides MIGaS2, MIIGa2S4 and MIIIGaS3 respectively have been of interest due to their unusual electrical properties and some of these can be prepared by reactions of Ga2S3 with metal sulfides e.g. CdGa2S4:-[5]Ga2S3 + CdS → CdGa2S4Although by itself Ga2S3 is not a glass former it can be reacted with rare earth sulfides to form glasses e.g. the reaction with lanthanum sulfide, La2S3, forms gallium lanthanum sulfide glass which has interesting optical properties and is a semiconductor.[7]","title":"Preparation and chemical properties"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15th_Texas_Cavalry_Regiment
15th Texas Cavalry Regiment
["1 History","1.1 Formation","1.2 1862–1863","1.3 1863–1865","2 See also","3 Notes","4 References"]
This article is about Sweet's 15th Texas Cavalry Regiment. For Andrews's 15th Texas Cavalry Regiment, see 32nd Texas Cavalry Regiment. 15th Texas Cavalry RegimentFlag of the Consolidated 6th Texas Infantry and 15th Texas Dismounted Cavalry RegimentActive10 March 1862 – 26 April 1865Country Confederate States of AmericaAllegiance Confederate States of America,  TexasBranch Confederate States ArmyTypeCavalry, later dismounted as InfantrySizeRegimentEquipmentRifled musketEngagements American Civil War Batesville Skirmish (1862) Battle of Arkansas Post (1863) Battle of Chickamauga (1863) Battle of Missionary Ridge (1863) Battle of Ringgold Gap (1863) Atlanta Campaign (1864) Battle of Franklin (1864) Battle of Nashville (1864) Battle of Averasborough (1865) Battle of Bentonville (1865) CommandersNotablecommandersGeorge H. SweetMilitary unit Texas Cavalry Regiments (Confederate) Previous Next 14th Texas Cavalry 16th Texas Cavalry The 15th Texas Cavalry Regiment was a unit of cavalry volunteers mustered into the Confederate States Army in March 1862 and fought during the American Civil War. In July 1862 the unit was dismounted and served the remainder of the war as infantry. The regiment was captured at Arkansas Post in January 1863. After being exchanged three months later, the much-reduced 15th Texas was consolidated with two other regiments and assigned to Patrick Cleburne's division in the Army of Tennessee. The consolidated regiment fought at Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, and Ringgold Gap in 1863. After a re-consolidation, the regiment fought in the Atlanta Campaign, and at Franklin and Nashville in 1864. After a final consolidation the troops fought at Averasborough and Bentonville in 1865. The regiment's 43 surviving soldiers surrendered to Federal forces on 26 April 1865. History Formation George H. Sweet briefly served as a private in the Texas Brigade in the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War. A newspaperman from San Antonio, Sweet obtained an officer's commission and authority to raise his own regiment before returning to Texas. Starting in January 1862, he had little trouble raising ten companies of soldiers. The volunteers equipped themselves with their own horses and gear. As they drilled on courthouse squares, the recruits presented a rather motley appearance. On 10 March 1862, the 15th Texas Cavalry Regiment was accepted into Confederate service at McKinney, Texas. One volunteer recalled that many of the soldiers were middle aged men and boys. By mid-September 1862, the regiment enrolled 1,000 soldiers with Sweet in command. Approximate Company Organization of the 15th Texas Cavalry Regiment Company Recruitment Area A Bexar County B Wise County C Dallas County D Johnson County E Tarrant County F Limestone County G Denton County H Red River County I Van Zandt County K Johnson County 1862–1863 After the regiment moved into Arkansas, it became subject to the First Conscription Act and was reorganized on 20 May 1862. Due to the Act, about 100 soldiers were discharged for being too young or too old. The Act also specified that the soldiers could elect their own officers. Sweet was reelected colonel, George Bibb Pickett became lieutenant colonel, and William Henry Cathey became major. Soon afterward, Pickett of Wise County was sent home to Decatur, Texas to recruit. On 8 July 1862, the regiment was involved in a skirmish with Federal forces at Batesville, Arkansas in which eight men were killed and seven wounded. Sweet commended Captain Valerius P. Sanders of A Company for "coolness and bravery" under fire. A Union force under Samuel Ryan Curtis numbering 6,000 infantry, 3,000 cavalry, and 1,000 artillerymen occupied Batesville by 1 June. Hoping to cut off Curtis's troops from supplies, Thomas C. Hindman ordered Sweet's regiment to cross the White River above Batesville. Hindman claimed 200 Union troops were captured and a number of wagons were captured before Cadwallader C. Washburn's Union cavalry brigade compelled the Texans to retreat. Soon after, on 24 July, the regiment was dismounted and the men's horses sent home. The soldiers were never remounted and served through the rest of the war as infantry. Cathey resigned for health reasons on 21 October 1862 and was replaced as major by Sanders. Map shows the Battle of Arkansas Post. The 15th Texas Cavalry was ordered to garrison Arkansas Post in the late fall of 1862. The place proved to be a very unhealthy campsite and over 100 men from the regiment died from disease while others were sent home as unfit for duty. About this time, Colonel Sweet left the regiment on detached duty and ended the war as superintendent of Camp Ford, a prisoner-of-war camp. The 15th Texas Cavalry under Major Sanders was assigned to James Deshler's brigade along with the 10th Texas Infantry, and the 17th and 18th Texas Cavalry Regiments, fighting dismounted. In the Battle of Arkansas Post, 30,000 Federal troops led by John Alexander McClernand and 13 gunboats under David Dixon Porter attacked the 5,000 Confederate defenders under Thomas James Churchill. The Union expedition steamed up the Arkansas River in 50 transports and on 9 January 1863 landed the soldiers downstream from the post. The next day, the Federal troops began to envelop the Confederate defenses. That night Churchill received orders to hold Arkansas Post at all costs. On 11 January 1863, a joint land and naval assault silenced Fort Hindman's guns and overwhelmed the defenders, forcing 4,791 Confederates to surrender. Federal casualties numbered 1,061. In the 15th Texas Cavalry 27 officers and 436 rank and file became prisoners of war. The regiment's number of killed and wounded is unknown, but Assistant Surgeon Nathan Wyncoope was fatally wounded during the fighting. The officers were sent to Camp Chase in Ohio, while the enlisted men traveled to Camp Douglas in Chicago. About 700 of the captured Texans died in only two months of captivity, including approximately 100 men from the 15th Texas Cavalry. The death toll was made worse because a number of the men caught pneumonia and other illnesses on the trip up the river and because few of the men had blankets. On 3 April 1863, the surviving rank and file were sent to City Point, Virginia for prisoner exchange and on 29 April the officers were sent to Fort Delaware. The ordeal of the enlisted men was worse than that of the officers. Many of the survivors were so ill that they subsequently died or were discharged sick. Because this resulted in a surplus of officers, about two-thirds of the officers were sent back to Texas. The remaining soldiers of the 15th Texas Cavalry were consolidated into a single regiment together with the 6th Texas and 10th Texas Infantry. Major Sanders stayed with the new formation. 1863–1865 Confederates attack at Chickamauga, Alfred Waud. Patrick Cleburne decided that the Texans were, "a fine body of men out of which good soldiers are made", and accepted them into his division. The consolidated 6th-10th-15th Texas was sent to Wartrace, Tennessee for training. During the Battle of Chickamauga on 19–20 September 1863, the consolidated regiment was led by Colonel Roger Q. Mills and the brigade was led by Deshler. Brigade losses were 52 killed and 366 wounded, a total of 418 casualties. Deshler was killed, so Mills assumed command of the brigade and Lieutenant Colonel T. Scott Anderson took command of the 6th-10th-15th Texas. The other units in the brigade were the 19th and 24th Consolidated Arkansas Infantry Regiment and the 17th-18th-24th-25th Consolidated Texas Cavalry Regiment (dismounted). Deshler's brigade was ordered to advance at nightfall on the first day of Chickamauga. The brigade's skirmish line, moving ahead of the battle line, stumbled into one of Richard W. Johnson's Union brigades in the dark woods and most of the skirmishers were captured. In very confused fighting, Deshler's brigade drifted to the left of its intended track. However, one of its regiments helped capture the colonel and 82 men of the 77th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment. Some of the captured skirmishers escaped in a highly fluid situation. On the second day, Cleburne ordered Deshler's brigade forward to cover the retreat of two brigades that had been driven off. As the brigade reached the crest of a rise, it was struck by a blast of Federal bullets. Cleburne sent orders to Deshler to hold out as long as possible, so the soldiers dropped to the ground and returned fire. For two hours and 30 minutes, Deshler's men held the line, but they suffered hundreds of casualties. Deshler was struck in the chest by an artillery projectile and killed instantly. At 2:00 pm Mills ordered most of the brigade to pull back 20 yd (18 m) and assigned a few sharpshooters to hold the crest. At Chickamauga, the 15th Texas lost five killed, 16 wounded, and 14 captured or missing. The 6th-10th-15th Texas fought with distinction at the Battle of Missionary Ridge on 24–25 November 1863. The regiment formed part of a brigade under James Argyle Smith together with the 17th-18th-24th-25th Texas Cavalry (dismounted) and the 7th Texas Infantry Regiment. Early on 24 November, William T. Sherman's Union troops crossed the Tennessee River and advanced toward the northern end of Missionary Ridge. The commander of the Confederate Army of Tennessee, Braxton Bragg reacted slowly, but he finally ordered Cleburne to halt Sherman's forces. In the late afternoon, Cleburne deployed Smith's brigade on Tunnel Hill just in time to block Union soldiers from occupying it. Following some skirmishing, Sherman sent John M. Corse's brigade to attack Smith's Texans about 10:30 am on 25 November. A brief counterattack threw the Union troops back, but Smith and Colonel Mills were seriously wounded and Hiram B. Granbury of the 7th Texas took command of the Texas brigade. After Mills fell, Captain John R. Kennard assumed command of the 6th-10th-15th Texas. Major Sanders was shot and had to have his right arm amputated. The initial fighting was followed by uncoordinated and unsuccessful assaults by several Federal brigades. Confederate reinforcements soon arrived, but, as related by another Southern soldier, the Texans were reluctant to give up their position in the front line because, "it was the first time they ever had a chance to fight the Yankees from behind breastworks and that they were rather enjoying it". At 4:00 pm, Cleburne launched a major counterattack by striking the Federals' foothold with Alfred Cumming's brigade in front and the 6th-10th-15th Texas on the right flank. The effort proved entirely successful and chased the Union troops off Tunnel Hill, capturing many prisoners. The 15th Texas sustained losses of one killed, seven wounded, and two missing. Battle of Ringgold Gap, by Alfred Waud The 6th-10th-15th Texas fought at the Battle of Ringgold Gap on 27 November 1863. Cleburne deployed Granbury's brigade just to the north of the gap. Attacked by Charles R. Woods's Federal brigade, the Texans opened fire and routed the three leading Missouri regiments. At Ringgold Gap, the 15th Texas lost four men wounded and one captured. During the Atlanta Campaign in 1864, the 15th Texas Cavalry remained consolidated with the 6th Texas Infantry, but the 10th Texas became an independent regiment again. At different times during the campaign, the 6th-15th Texas was commanded by Captains R. Fisher, Matthew M. Houston, J. W. Terrill, R. B. Tyus, S. E. Rice, and Lieutenant T. L. Flint. The Texas brigade, which consisted of the 7th and 10th Infantry, and the 17th-18th and 24th-25th Dismounted Cavalry, was led by Smith, Granbury, and Robert B. Young at various times. The 6th-15th Texas fought at the Battle of Rocky Face Ridge, the Battle of Resaca, the Battle of Pickett's Mill, the Battle of Dallas, the Battle of Kennesaw Mountain, the Battle of Peachtree Creek, the Battle of Atlanta, and the Battle of Jonesborough. In these actions, the 15th Texas lost 13 killed, 58 wounded, and three captured. After the fall of Atlanta, John Bell Hood mounted an invasion of Tennessee in the Franklin–Nashville Campaign. On 30 November, Hood launched a 3:30 pm assault with 38,000 men against 32,000 entrenched Federals under John Schofield. In the Battle of Franklin, the divisions of Cleburne and John C. Brown overran the Union rearguard and broke into the enemy position but were finally driven out by reserve formations. Nevertheless, repeated assaults continued until 9:00 pm when Hood called a halt. The Confederates suffered 6,252 casualties while Union losses were 2,326 of whom half were prisoners. Cleburne, Granbury, and three other Confederate generals were killed. Granbury's brigade started the battle with 1,100 soldiers but ended it with only 450. The 15th Texas lost seven killed including Captain Houston, 10 wounded, and 13 missing. At the Battle of Nashville on 15–16 December, the division was led by Smith while the Granbury's former brigade was led by Captain E. T. Broughton and the 6th-15th Texas was commanded by Captain Tyus. In the Campaign of the Carolinas, the survivors of the Texas brigade were consolidated into a single unit, the 1st Texas under Lieutenant Colonel W. A. Ryan. The 1st Texas was part of Daniel Govan's brigade in Brown's division. Sherman's 60,000 Federal troops marched from Savannah, Georgia, through South Carolina, and into North Carolina before encountering significant resistance from 21,000 Confederate troops at the Battle of Averasborough on 16 March 1865 and the Battle of Bentonville on 19–21 March. Confederate army commander Joseph E. Johnston surrendered to Sherman on 26 April 1865. At the surrender, the 15th Texas Cavalry counted three officers, eight non-commissioned officers, 30 enlisted men, and two teamsters. Altogether, 1,200 men served in the regiment during the war. The last survivor of the 15th Cavalry, Thomas Jasper Franks died in 1939. See also List of Texas Civil War Confederate units Notes ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Bell 2011. ^ Oates 1994, p. 44. ^ Minor 2011. ^ Dimitry & Harrell 1899, p. 108. ^ Dimitry & Harrell 1899, p. 112. ^ Derbes 2011. ^ Battles & Leaders 1987a, p. 460. ^ Boatner 1959, pp. 24–25. ^ Battles & Leaders 1987a, p. 674. ^ Cozzens 1996, pp. 275–279. ^ Cozzens 1996, pp. 348–349. ^ Cozzens 1994, p. 153. ^ a b Battles & Leaders 1987a, p. 730. ^ Cozzens 1994, p. 411. ^ Cozzens 1994, pp. 148–154. ^ Cozzens 1994, pp. 206–212. ^ Cozzens 1994, pp. 214–233. ^ Cozzens 1994, pp. 234–240. ^ Cozzens 1994, pp. 374–379. ^ Battles & Leaders 1987b, p. 290. ^ Boatner 1959, pp. 304–305. ^ Battles & Leaders 1987b, p. 474. ^ Battles & Leaders 1987b, p. 699. ^ Boatner 1959, pp. 123–127. References Battles and Leaders of the Civil War. Vol. 3. Secaucus, N.J.: Castle. 1987a . ISBN 0-89009-571-X. Battles and Leaders of the Civil War. Vol. 4. Secaucus, N.J.: Castle. 1987b . ISBN 0-89009-572-8. Boatner, Mark M. III (1959). The Civil War Dictionary. New York, N.Y.: David McKay Company Inc. ISBN 0-679-50013-8. Bell, Tim: Fifteenth Texas Cavalry from the Handbook of Texas Online (April 6, 2011). Retrieved September 1, 2019. Cozzens, Peter (1994). The Shipwreck of their Hopes: The Battles for Chattanooga. Urbana, Ill.: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-01922-9. Cozzens, Peter (1996). This Terrible Sound: The Battle of Chickamauga. Urbana, Ill.: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-06594-8. Derbes, Brett J.: Cathey, William Henry from the Handbook of Texas Online (April 11, 2011). Retrieved September 4, 2019. Dimitry, John; Harrell, John M. (1899). Confederate Military History: Louisiana and Arkansas. Vol. 10. Atlanta, Ga.: Blue & Gray Press. Minor, David: Pickett, George Bibb from the Handbook of Texas Online (March 8, 2011). Retrieved September 4, 2019. Oates, Stephen B. (1994) . Confederate Cavalry West of the River. Austin, Tex.: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-71152-2. vteTexas Confederate unitsInfantry 1st Texas Infantry Regiment 2nd Texas Infantry Regiment 3rd Texas Infantry Regiment 4th Texas Infantry Regiment 5th Texas Infantry Regiment 6th Texas Infantry Regiment 7th Texas Infantry Regiment 8th Texas Infantry Regiment 9th Texas Infantry Regiment 10th Texas Infantry Regiment 11th Texas Infantry Regiment 12th Texas Infantry Regiment 13th Texas Infantry Regiment 14th Texas Infantry Regiment 15th Texas Infantry Regiment 16th Texas Infantry Regiment 17th Texas Infantry Regiment 18th Texas Infantry Regiment 19th Texas Infantry Regiment 20th Texas Infantry Regiment 21st Texas Infantry Regiment 22nd Texas Infantry Regiment Cavalry 1st Texas Cavalry Regiment 2nd Texas Cavalry Regiment 3rd Texas Cavalry Regiment 4th Texas Cavalry Regiment 5th Texas Cavalry Regiment 6th Texas Cavalry Regiment 7th Texas Cavalry Regiment 8th Texas Cavalry Regiment (Terry's Rangers) 9th Texas Cavalry Regiment 10th Texas Cavalry Regiment 11th Texas Cavalry Regiment 12th Texas Cavalry Regiment 13th Texas Cavalry Regiment 14th Texas Cavalry Regiment 15th Texas Cavalry Regiment 16th Texas Cavalry Regiment 19th Texas Cavalry Regiment 20th Texas Cavalry Regiment 21st Texas Cavalry Regiment 22nd Texas Cavalry Regiment 23rd Texas Cavalry Regiment 24th and 25th Consolidated Texas Cavalry Regiment 26th Texas Cavalry Regiment 27th Texas Cavalry Regiment 28th Texas Cavalry Regiment 29th Texas Cavalry Regiment 30th Texas Cavalry Regiment 31st Texas Cavalry Regiment 32nd Texas Cavalry Regiment 33rd Texas Cavalry Regiment 34th Texas Cavalry Regiment 35th (Brown's) Texas Cavalry Regiment 35th (Likens') Texas Cavalry Regiment 36th Texas Cavalry Regiment 1st Texas Partisan Rangers 2nd Texas Partisan Rangers 1st Texas Cavalry Regiment (Arizona Brigade) 2nd Texas Cavalry Regiment (Arizona Brigade) 3rd Texas Cavalry Regiment (Arizona Brigade) San Elizario Spy Company Artillery 1st Texas Field Battery 10th Texas Field Battery 11th Texas Field Battery Douglas's Texas Battery Val Verde Texas Battery Other Brush Battalion Texas Brigade Walker's Greyhounds Waul's Legion
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"32nd Texas Cavalry Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/32nd_Texas_Cavalry_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Confederate States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_Army"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Arkansas Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Arkansas_Post_(1863)"},{"link_name":"Patrick Cleburne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Cleburne"},{"link_name":"Army of Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Chickamauga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Chickamauga"},{"link_name":"Missionary Ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Missionary_Ridge"},{"link_name":"Ringgold Gap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ringgold_Gap"},{"link_name":"Atlanta Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Campaign"},{"link_name":"Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Franklin_(1864)"},{"link_name":"Nashville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Nashville"},{"link_name":"Averasborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Averasborough"},{"link_name":"Bentonville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bentonville"}],"text":"This article is about Sweet's 15th Texas Cavalry Regiment. For Andrews's 15th Texas Cavalry Regiment, see 32nd Texas Cavalry Regiment.Military unitThe 15th Texas Cavalry Regiment was a unit of cavalry volunteers mustered into the Confederate States Army in March 1862 and fought during the American Civil War. In July 1862 the unit was dismounted and served the remainder of the war as infantry. The regiment was captured at Arkansas Post in January 1863. After being exchanged three months later, the much-reduced 15th Texas was consolidated with two other regiments and assigned to Patrick Cleburne's division in the Army of Tennessee. The consolidated regiment fought at Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, and Ringgold Gap in 1863. After a re-consolidation, the regiment fought in the Atlanta Campaign, and at Franklin and Nashville in 1864. After a final consolidation the troops fought at Averasborough and Bentonville in 1865. The regiment's 43 surviving soldiers surrendered to Federal forces on 26 April 1865.","title":"15th Texas Cavalry Regiment"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"private","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_(rank)"},{"link_name":"Texas Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Brigade"},{"link_name":"Eastern Theater of the American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Theater_of_the_American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"San Antonio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Antonio"},{"link_name":"McKinney, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McKinney,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell2011-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates199444-2"}],"sub_title":"Formation","text":"George H. Sweet briefly served as a private in the Texas Brigade in the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War. A newspaperman from San Antonio, Sweet obtained an officer's commission and authority to raise his own regiment before returning to Texas. Starting in January 1862, he had little trouble raising ten companies of soldiers. The volunteers equipped themselves with their own horses and gear. As they drilled on courthouse squares, the recruits presented a rather motley appearance. On 10 March 1862, the 15th Texas Cavalry Regiment was accepted into Confederate service at McKinney, Texas. One volunteer recalled that many of the soldiers were middle aged men and boys.[1] By mid-September 1862, the regiment enrolled 1,000 soldiers with Sweet in command.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"First Conscription Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America#Conscription"},{"link_name":"colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel"},{"link_name":"lieutenant colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel"},{"link_name":"major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_(rank)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell2011-1"},{"link_name":"Decatur, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decatur,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinor2011-3"},{"link_name":"Batesville, Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batesville,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell2011-1"},{"link_name":"Samuel Ryan Curtis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Ryan_Curtis"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDimitryHarrell1899108-4"},{"link_name":"Thomas C. Hindman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_C._Hindman"},{"link_name":"White River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_River_(Arkansas%E2%80%93Missouri)"},{"link_name":"Cadwallader C. Washburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadwallader_C._Washburn"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDimitryHarrell1899112-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell2011-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDerbes2011-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Battle_of_Arkansas_Post_map.jpg"},{"link_name":"Arkansas Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas_Post"},{"link_name":"Camp Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Ford"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell2011-1"},{"link_name":"James Deshler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Deshler"},{"link_name":"10th Texas Infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_Texas_Infantry_Regiment"},{"link_name":"17th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=17th_Texas_Cavalry_Regiment&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"18th Texas Cavalry Regiments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=18th_Texas_Cavalry_Regiment&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBattles_&_Leaders1987a460-7"},{"link_name":"Battle of Arkansas Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Arkansas_Post_(1863)"},{"link_name":"John Alexander McClernand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Alexander_McClernand"},{"link_name":"David Dixon Porter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Dixon_Porter"},{"link_name":"Thomas James Churchill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_James_Churchill"},{"link_name":"Arkansas River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas_River"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoatner195924%E2%80%9325-8"},{"link_name":"Camp Chase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Chase"},{"link_name":"Camp Douglas in Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Douglas_(Chicago)"},{"link_name":"pneumonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonia"},{"link_name":"City Point, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Point,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Fort Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Delaware"},{"link_name":"6th Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_Texas_Infantry_Regiment"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell2011-1"}],"sub_title":"1862–1863","text":"After the regiment moved into Arkansas, it became subject to the First Conscription Act and was reorganized on 20 May 1862. Due to the Act, about 100 soldiers were discharged for being too young or too old. The Act also specified that the soldiers could elect their own officers. Sweet was reelected colonel, George Bibb Pickett became lieutenant colonel, and William Henry Cathey became major.[1] Soon afterward, Pickett of Wise County was sent home to Decatur, Texas to recruit.[3] On 8 July 1862, the regiment was involved in a skirmish with Federal forces at Batesville, Arkansas in which eight men were killed and seven wounded. Sweet commended Captain Valerius P. Sanders of A Company for \"coolness and bravery\" under fire.[1] A Union force under Samuel Ryan Curtis numbering 6,000 infantry, 3,000 cavalry, and 1,000 artillerymen occupied Batesville by 1 June.[4] Hoping to cut off Curtis's troops from supplies, Thomas C. Hindman ordered Sweet's regiment to cross the White River above Batesville. Hindman claimed 200 Union troops were captured and a number of wagons were captured before Cadwallader C. Washburn's Union cavalry brigade compelled the Texans to retreat.[5] Soon after, on 24 July, the regiment was dismounted and the men's horses sent home. The soldiers were never remounted and served through the rest of the war as infantry.[1] Cathey resigned for health reasons on 21 October 1862 and was replaced as major by Sanders.[6]Map shows the Battle of Arkansas Post.The 15th Texas Cavalry was ordered to garrison Arkansas Post in the late fall of 1862. The place proved to be a very unhealthy campsite and over 100 men from the regiment died from disease while others were sent home as unfit for duty. About this time, Colonel Sweet left the regiment on detached duty and ended the war as superintendent of Camp Ford, a prisoner-of-war camp.[1] The 15th Texas Cavalry under Major Sanders was assigned to James Deshler's brigade along with the 10th Texas Infantry, and the 17th and 18th Texas Cavalry Regiments, fighting dismounted.[7] In the Battle of Arkansas Post, 30,000 Federal troops led by John Alexander McClernand and 13 gunboats under David Dixon Porter attacked the 5,000 Confederate defenders under Thomas James Churchill. The Union expedition steamed up the Arkansas River in 50 transports and on 9 January 1863 landed the soldiers downstream from the post. The next day, the Federal troops began to envelop the Confederate defenses. That night Churchill received orders to hold Arkansas Post at all costs. On 11 January 1863, a joint land and naval assault silenced Fort Hindman's guns and overwhelmed the defenders, forcing 4,791 Confederates to surrender. Federal casualties numbered 1,061.[8]In the 15th Texas Cavalry 27 officers and 436 rank and file became prisoners of war. The regiment's number of killed and wounded is unknown, but Assistant Surgeon Nathan Wyncoope was fatally wounded during the fighting. The officers were sent to Camp Chase in Ohio, while the enlisted men traveled to Camp Douglas in Chicago. About 700 of the captured Texans died in only two months of captivity, including approximately 100 men from the 15th Texas Cavalry. The death toll was made worse because a number of the men caught pneumonia and other illnesses on the trip up the river and because few of the men had blankets. On 3 April 1863, the surviving rank and file were sent to City Point, Virginia for prisoner exchange and on 29 April the officers were sent to Fort Delaware. The ordeal of the enlisted men was worse than that of the officers. Many of the survivors were so ill that they subsequently died or were discharged sick. Because this resulted in a surplus of officers, about two-thirds of the officers were sent back to Texas. The remaining soldiers of the 15th Texas Cavalry were consolidated into a single regiment together with the 6th Texas and 10th Texas Infantry. Major Sanders stayed with the new formation.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Waud_Chickamauga.jpg"},{"link_name":"Alfred Waud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Waud"},{"link_name":"Patrick Cleburne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Cleburne"},{"link_name":"Wartrace, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wartrace,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell2011-1"},{"link_name":"Battle of Chickamauga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Chickamauga"},{"link_name":"Roger Q. Mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Q._Mills"},{"link_name":"19th and 24th Consolidated Arkansas Infantry Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_and_24th_Consolidated_Arkansas_Infantry_Regiment"},{"link_name":"24th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/24th_Texas_Cavalry_Regiment"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBattles_&_Leaders1987a674-9"},{"link_name":"Richard W. Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_W._Johnson"},{"link_name":"77th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/77th_Pennsylvania_Infantry_Regiment"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECozzens1996275%E2%80%93279-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECozzens1996348%E2%80%93349-11"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell2011-1"},{"link_name":"Battle of Missionary Ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Missionary_Ridge"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell2011-1"},{"link_name":"James Argyle Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Argyle_Smith"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECozzens1994153-12"},{"link_name":"7th Texas Infantry Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7th_Texas_Infantry_Regiment"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBattles_&_Leaders1987a730-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECozzens1994411-14"},{"link_name":"William T. Sherman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_T._Sherman"},{"link_name":"Tennessee River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_River"},{"link_name":"Army of Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Braxton Bragg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braxton_Bragg"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECozzens1994148%E2%80%93154-15"},{"link_name":"John M. Corse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_M._Corse"},{"link_name":"Hiram B. Granbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiram_B._Granbury"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECozzens1994206%E2%80%93212-16"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBattles_&_Leaders1987a730-13"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECozzens1994214%E2%80%93233-17"},{"link_name":"Alfred Cumming's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Cumming_(general)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECozzens1994234%E2%80%93240-18"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell2011-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Battle_Ringgold_Gap_Drawing.jpg"},{"link_name":"Battle of Ringgold Gap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ringgold_Gap"},{"link_name":"Charles R. Woods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_R._Woods"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECozzens1994374%E2%80%93379-19"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell2011-1"},{"link_name":"Atlanta Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Campaign"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBattles_&_Leaders1987b290-20"},{"link_name":"Battle of Rocky Face Ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Rocky_Face_Ridge"},{"link_name":"Battle of Resaca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Resaca"},{"link_name":"Battle of Pickett's Mill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Pickett%27s_Mill"},{"link_name":"Battle of Dallas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dallas"},{"link_name":"Battle of Kennesaw Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kennesaw_Mountain"},{"link_name":"Battle of Peachtree Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Peachtree_Creek"},{"link_name":"Battle of Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Atlanta"},{"link_name":"Battle of Jonesborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Jonesborough"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell2011-1"},{"link_name":"Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta"},{"link_name":"John Bell Hood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bell_Hood"},{"link_name":"Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Franklin–Nashville Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin%E2%80%93Nashville_Campaign"},{"link_name":"John Schofield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Schofield"},{"link_name":"Battle of Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Franklin_(1864)"},{"link_name":"John C. Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Brown"},{"link_name":"rearguard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rearguard"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoatner1959304%E2%80%93305-21"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell2011-1"},{"link_name":"Battle of Nashville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Nashville"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBattles_&_Leaders1987b474-22"},{"link_name":"Campaign of the Carolinas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaign_of_the_Carolinas"},{"link_name":"Daniel Govan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Govan"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBattles_&_Leaders1987b699-23"},{"link_name":"Savannah, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savannah,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Battle of Averasborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Averasborough"},{"link_name":"Battle of Bentonville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bentonville"},{"link_name":"Joseph E. Johnston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_E._Johnston"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoatner1959123%E2%80%93127-24"},{"link_name":"non-commissioned officers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-commissioned_officer"}],"sub_title":"1863–1865","text":"Confederates attack at Chickamauga, Alfred Waud.Patrick Cleburne decided that the Texans were, \"a fine body of men out of which good soldiers are made\", and accepted them into his division. The consolidated 6th-10th-15th Texas was sent to Wartrace, Tennessee for training.[1] During the Battle of Chickamauga on 19–20 September 1863, the consolidated regiment was led by Colonel Roger Q. Mills and the brigade was led by Deshler. Brigade losses were 52 killed and 366 wounded, a total of 418 casualties. Deshler was killed, so Mills assumed command of the brigade and Lieutenant Colonel T. Scott Anderson took command of the 6th-10th-15th Texas. The other units in the brigade were the 19th and 24th Consolidated Arkansas Infantry Regiment and the 17th-18th-24th-25th Consolidated Texas Cavalry Regiment (dismounted).[9]Deshler's brigade was ordered to advance at nightfall on the first day of Chickamauga. The brigade's skirmish line, moving ahead of the battle line, stumbled into one of Richard W. Johnson's Union brigades in the dark woods and most of the skirmishers were captured. In very confused fighting, Deshler's brigade drifted to the left of its intended track. However, one of its regiments helped capture the colonel and 82 men of the 77th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment. Some of the captured skirmishers escaped in a highly fluid situation.[10] On the second day, Cleburne ordered Deshler's brigade forward to cover the retreat of two brigades that had been driven off. As the brigade reached the crest of a rise, it was struck by a blast of Federal bullets. Cleburne sent orders to Deshler to hold out as long as possible, so the soldiers dropped to the ground and returned fire. For two hours and 30 minutes, Deshler's men held the line, but they suffered hundreds of casualties. Deshler was struck in the chest by an artillery projectile and killed instantly. At 2:00 pm Mills ordered most of the brigade to pull back 20 yd (18 m) and assigned a few sharpshooters to hold the crest.[11] At Chickamauga, the 15th Texas lost five killed, 16 wounded, and 14 captured or missing.[1]The 6th-10th-15th Texas fought with distinction at the Battle of Missionary Ridge on 24–25 November 1863.[1] The regiment formed part of a brigade under James Argyle Smith[12] together with the 17th-18th-24th-25th Texas Cavalry (dismounted) and the 7th Texas Infantry Regiment.[13][14] Early on 24 November, William T. Sherman's Union troops crossed the Tennessee River and advanced toward the northern end of Missionary Ridge. The commander of the Confederate Army of Tennessee, Braxton Bragg reacted slowly, but he finally ordered Cleburne to halt Sherman's forces. In the late afternoon, Cleburne deployed Smith's brigade on Tunnel Hill just in time to block Union soldiers from occupying it.[15] Following some skirmishing, Sherman sent John M. Corse's brigade to attack Smith's Texans about 10:30 am on 25 November. A brief counterattack threw the Union troops back, but Smith and Colonel Mills were seriously wounded and Hiram B. Granbury of the 7th Texas took command of the Texas brigade.[16] After Mills fell, Captain John R. Kennard assumed command of the 6th-10th-15th Texas. Major Sanders was shot and had to have his right arm amputated.[13] The initial fighting was followed by uncoordinated and unsuccessful assaults by several Federal brigades. Confederate reinforcements soon arrived, but, as related by another Southern soldier, the Texans were reluctant to give up their position in the front line because, \"it was the first time they ever had a chance to fight the Yankees from behind breastworks and that they were rather enjoying it\".[17] At 4:00 pm, Cleburne launched a major counterattack by striking the Federals' foothold with Alfred Cumming's brigade in front and the 6th-10th-15th Texas on the right flank. The effort proved entirely successful and chased the Union troops off Tunnel Hill, capturing many prisoners.[18] The 15th Texas sustained losses of one killed, seven wounded, and two missing.[1]Battle of Ringgold Gap, by Alfred WaudThe 6th-10th-15th Texas fought at the Battle of Ringgold Gap on 27 November 1863. Cleburne deployed Granbury's brigade just to the north of the gap. Attacked by Charles R. Woods's Federal brigade, the Texans opened fire and routed the three leading Missouri regiments.[19] At Ringgold Gap, the 15th Texas lost four men wounded and one captured.[1] During the Atlanta Campaign in 1864, the 15th Texas Cavalry remained consolidated with the 6th Texas Infantry, but the 10th Texas became an independent regiment again. At different times during the campaign, the 6th-15th Texas was commanded by Captains R. Fisher, Matthew M. Houston, J. W. Terrill, R. B. Tyus, S. E. Rice, and Lieutenant T. L. Flint. The Texas brigade, which consisted of the 7th and 10th Infantry, and the 17th-18th and 24th-25th Dismounted Cavalry, was led by Smith, Granbury, and Robert B. Young at various times.[20] The 6th-15th Texas fought at the Battle of Rocky Face Ridge, the Battle of Resaca, the Battle of Pickett's Mill, the Battle of Dallas, the Battle of Kennesaw Mountain, the Battle of Peachtree Creek, the Battle of Atlanta, and the Battle of Jonesborough. In these actions, the 15th Texas lost 13 killed, 58 wounded, and three captured.[1]After the fall of Atlanta, John Bell Hood mounted an invasion of Tennessee in the Franklin–Nashville Campaign. On 30 November, Hood launched a 3:30 pm assault with 38,000 men against 32,000 entrenched Federals under John Schofield. In the Battle of Franklin, the divisions of Cleburne and John C. Brown overran the Union rearguard and broke into the enemy position but were finally driven out by reserve formations. Nevertheless, repeated assaults continued until 9:00 pm when Hood called a halt. The Confederates suffered 6,252 casualties while Union losses were 2,326 of whom half were prisoners. Cleburne, Granbury, and three other Confederate generals were killed.[21] Granbury's brigade started the battle with 1,100 soldiers but ended it with only 450. The 15th Texas lost seven killed including Captain Houston, 10 wounded, and 13 missing.[1] At the Battle of Nashville on 15–16 December, the division was led by Smith while the Granbury's former brigade was led by Captain E. T. Broughton and the 6th-15th Texas was commanded by Captain Tyus.[22]In the Campaign of the Carolinas, the survivors of the Texas brigade were consolidated into a single unit, the 1st Texas under Lieutenant Colonel W. A. Ryan. The 1st Texas was part of Daniel Govan's brigade in Brown's division.[23] Sherman's 60,000 Federal troops marched from Savannah, Georgia, through South Carolina, and into North Carolina before encountering significant resistance from 21,000 Confederate troops at the Battle of Averasborough on 16 March 1865 and the Battle of Bentonville on 19–21 March. Confederate army commander Joseph E. Johnston surrendered to Sherman on 26 April 1865.[24] At the surrender, the 15th Texas Cavalry counted three officers, eight non-commissioned officers, 30 enlisted men, and two teamsters. Altogether, 1,200 men served in the regiment during the war. The last survivor of the 15th Cavalry, Thomas Jasper Franks died in 1939.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBell2011_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBell2011_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBell2011_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBell2011_1-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBell2011_1-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBell2011_1-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBell2011_1-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBell2011_1-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBell2011_1-8"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBell2011_1-9"},{"link_name":"k","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBell2011_1-10"},{"link_name":"l","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBell2011_1-11"},{"link_name":"m","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBell2011_1-12"},{"link_name":"n","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBell2011_1-13"},{"link_name":"Bell 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBell2011"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOates199444_2-0"},{"link_name":"Oates 1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFOates1994"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinor2011_3-0"},{"link_name":"Minor 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMinor2011"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDimitryHarrell1899108_4-0"},{"link_name":"Dimitry & Harrell 1899","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFDimitryHarrell1899"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDimitryHarrell1899112_5-0"},{"link_name":"Dimitry & Harrell 1899","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFDimitryHarrell1899"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDerbes2011_6-0"},{"link_name":"Derbes 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFDerbes2011"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBattles_&_Leaders1987a460_7-0"},{"link_name":"Battles & Leaders 1987a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBattles_&_Leaders1987a"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoatner195924%E2%80%9325_8-0"},{"link_name":"Boatner 1959","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBoatner1959"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBattles_&_Leaders1987a674_9-0"},{"link_name":"Battles & Leaders 1987a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBattles_&_Leaders1987a"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECozzens1996275%E2%80%93279_10-0"},{"link_name":"Cozzens 1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCozzens1996"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECozzens1996348%E2%80%93349_11-0"},{"link_name":"Cozzens 1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCozzens1996"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECozzens1994153_12-0"},{"link_name":"Cozzens 1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCozzens1994"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBattles_&_Leaders1987a730_13-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBattles_&_Leaders1987a730_13-1"},{"link_name":"Battles & Leaders 1987a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBattles_&_Leaders1987a"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECozzens1994411_14-0"},{"link_name":"Cozzens 1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCozzens1994"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECozzens1994148%E2%80%93154_15-0"},{"link_name":"Cozzens 1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCozzens1994"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECozzens1994206%E2%80%93212_16-0"},{"link_name":"Cozzens 1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCozzens1994"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECozzens1994214%E2%80%93233_17-0"},{"link_name":"Cozzens 1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCozzens1994"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECozzens1994234%E2%80%93240_18-0"},{"link_name":"Cozzens 1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCozzens1994"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECozzens1994374%E2%80%93379_19-0"},{"link_name":"Cozzens 1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCozzens1994"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBattles_&_Leaders1987b290_20-0"},{"link_name":"Battles & Leaders 1987b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBattles_&_Leaders1987b"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoatner1959304%E2%80%93305_21-0"},{"link_name":"Boatner 1959","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBoatner1959"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBattles_&_Leaders1987b474_22-0"},{"link_name":"Battles & Leaders 1987b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBattles_&_Leaders1987b"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBattles_&_Leaders1987b699_23-0"},{"link_name":"Battles & Leaders 1987b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBattles_&_Leaders1987b"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoatner1959123%E2%80%93127_24-0"},{"link_name":"Boatner 1959","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBoatner1959"}],"text":"^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Bell 2011.\n\n^ Oates 1994, p. 44.\n\n^ Minor 2011.\n\n^ Dimitry & Harrell 1899, p. 108.\n\n^ Dimitry & Harrell 1899, p. 112.\n\n^ Derbes 2011.\n\n^ Battles & Leaders 1987a, p. 460.\n\n^ Boatner 1959, pp. 24–25.\n\n^ Battles & Leaders 1987a, p. 674.\n\n^ Cozzens 1996, pp. 275–279.\n\n^ Cozzens 1996, pp. 348–349.\n\n^ Cozzens 1994, p. 153.\n\n^ a b Battles & Leaders 1987a, p. 730.\n\n^ Cozzens 1994, p. 411.\n\n^ Cozzens 1994, pp. 148–154.\n\n^ Cozzens 1994, pp. 206–212.\n\n^ Cozzens 1994, pp. 214–233.\n\n^ Cozzens 1994, pp. 234–240.\n\n^ Cozzens 1994, pp. 374–379.\n\n^ Battles & Leaders 1987b, p. 290.\n\n^ Boatner 1959, pp. 304–305.\n\n^ Battles & Leaders 1987b, p. 474.\n\n^ Battles & Leaders 1987b, p. 699.\n\n^ Boatner 1959, pp. 123–127.","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Map shows the Battle of Arkansas Post.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Battle_of_Arkansas_Post_map.jpg/310px-Battle_of_Arkansas_Post_map.jpg"},{"image_text":"Confederates attack at Chickamauga, Alfred Waud.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Waud_Chickamauga.jpg/310px-Waud_Chickamauga.jpg"},{"image_text":"Battle of Ringgold Gap, by Alfred Waud","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Battle_Ringgold_Gap_Drawing.jpg/310px-Battle_Ringgold_Gap_Drawing.jpg"}]
[{"title":"List of Texas Civil War Confederate units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Texas_Civil_War_Confederate_units"}]
[{"reference":"Battles and Leaders of the Civil War. Vol. 3. Secaucus, N.J.: Castle. 1987a [1883]. ISBN 0-89009-571-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89009-571-X","url_text":"0-89009-571-X"}]},{"reference":"Battles and Leaders of the Civil War. Vol. 4. Secaucus, N.J.: Castle. 1987b [1883]. ISBN 0-89009-572-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89009-572-8","url_text":"0-89009-572-8"}]},{"reference":"Boatner, Mark M. III (1959). The Civil War Dictionary. New York, N.Y.: David McKay Company Inc. ISBN 0-679-50013-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_M._Boatner_III","url_text":"Boatner, Mark M. III"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-50013-8","url_text":"0-679-50013-8"}]},{"reference":"Bell, Tim: Fifteenth Texas Cavalry from the Handbook of Texas Online (April 6, 2011). Retrieved September 1, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/qkf08","url_text":"Fifteenth Texas Cavalry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handbook_of_Texas","url_text":"Handbook of Texas"}]},{"reference":"Cozzens, Peter (1994). The Shipwreck of their Hopes: The Battles for Chattanooga. Urbana, Ill.: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-01922-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Cozzens","url_text":"Cozzens, Peter"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780252019227","url_text":"The Shipwreck of their Hopes: The Battles for Chattanooga"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-01922-9","url_text":"0-252-01922-9"}]},{"reference":"Cozzens, Peter (1996). This Terrible Sound: The Battle of Chickamauga. Urbana, Ill.: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-06594-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Cozzens","url_text":"Cozzens, Peter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-06594-8","url_text":"0-252-06594-8"}]},{"reference":"Derbes, Brett J.: Cathey, William Henry from the Handbook of Texas Online (April 11, 2011). Retrieved September 4, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fcafl","url_text":"Cathey, William Henry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handbook_of_Texas","url_text":"Handbook of Texas"}]},{"reference":"Dimitry, John; Harrell, John M. (1899). Confederate Military History: Louisiana and Arkansas. Vol. 10. Atlanta, Ga.: Blue & Gray Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Minor, David: Pickett, George Bibb from the Handbook of Texas Online (March 8, 2011). Retrieved September 4, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fpi06","url_text":"Pickett, George Bibb"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handbook_of_Texas","url_text":"Handbook of Texas"}]},{"reference":"Oates, Stephen B. (1994) [1961]. Confederate Cavalry West of the River. Austin, Tex.: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-71152-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_B._Oates","url_text":"Oates, Stephen B."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-292-71152-2","url_text":"0-292-71152-2"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_El_Salvador_national_football_team_season
2010 El Salvador national football team season
["1 Record","2 Statistics","2.1 Goal scorers","2.2 Goal Assists","2.3 Bookings","3 Match results","3.1 Friendly matches","4 References","5 External links"]
The El Salvador national football team season 2010 was the 89th season of the El Salvador national football team, their 72nd season in FIFA and 48th season in CONCACAF. The team was managed by José Luis Rugamas from January 2010. Rubén Israel took over as manager in April 2011. The following are fixtures and results in 2010. Stats are up to date as of October 12, 2010. Record Type MP W T L GF GA Friendly Matches 6 0 1 5 5 10 Unofficial Games 1 0 0 1 0 1 Total 7 0 1 6 5 11 Statistics Goal scorers Rank Player Goals 1 Rodolfo Zelaya 2 2 Rafael Burgos 1 Rudis Corrales 1 Eliseo Quintanilla 1 Goal Assists Rank Player Assists 1 Shawn Martin 1 Deris Umanzor 1 Bookings Rank Player 1 Jaime Alas 2 0 Manuel Salazar 2 0 Ramón Sánchez 2 0 2 Dennis Alas 1 0 Rudis Corrales 1 0 Marvin González 1 0 Reynaldo Hernández 1 0 José Henríquez 1 0 Shawn Martin 1 0 Eliseo Quintanilla 1 0 Match results   Win   Draw   Loss Friendly matches United States  v  El Salvador 24 February 2010 United States  2–1  El Salvador Tampa, United States Ching 74'Kljestan 90' Corrales 59' Stadium: Raymond James StadiumAttendance: 21,737Referee: Silviu Petrescu (Canada) El Salvador  v  Guatemala 3 March 2010 El Salvador  1–2  Guatemala Los Angeles, United States Quintanilla 89' Pappa 45' Jonny Brown 84' Stadium: Los Angeles Memorial ColiseumAttendance: 10,000Referee: Ricardo Salazar (United States) D.C. United v  El Salvador 19 June 2010 Unofficial friendly D.C. United 1–0  El Salvador Washington, D.C., United States Cristman 51' Stadium: RFK Stadium, Washington, D.C. Honduras  v  El Salvador 4 September 2010 Copa Independencia Honduras  2–2 (4–3 p)  El Salvador Los Angeles, United States20:00 DST Ó. García 58'Rojas 88' Report Zelaya 41', 90' (pen.) Stadium: Los Angeles Memorial ColiseumAttendance: 15,000Referee: Sorin Stoica (United States)Penalties Mendoza J. García Ó. García Rojas Claros Zelaya Castillo Alas Martin Corrales Guatemala  v  El Salvador 7 September 2010 Guatemala  2–0  El Salvador Washington, D.C., United States Thompson 45' Montepeque 81' Stadium: RFK Stadium, Washington, D.C.Attendance: 12,246Referee: Jair Marrufo (United States) Panama  v  El Salvador 8 October 2010 Panama  1–0  El Salvador Panama City, Panama Pérez 61' Stadium: Estadio Rommel FernándezAttendance: 15,000Referee: Óscar Ruiz (Colombia) Costa Rica  v  El Salvador 12 October 2010 Costa Rica  2–1  El Salvador Ciudad Quesada, Costa Rica Sánchez 10' Martínez 88' Burgos 53' Stadium: Estadio Carlos Ugalde ÁlvarezAttendance: 4,000 References ^ "United States vs. El Salvador - 25 February 2010 - Soccerway". ^ "Honduras se queda con la Copa Independencia". ^ "Honduras vs. El Salvador - 5 September 2010 - Soccerway". ^ "Guatemala vs. El Salvador - 8 September 2010 - Soccerway". ^ "Costa Rica vs. El Salvador - 13 October 2010 - Soccerway". External links El Salvador: Fixtures and Results vte Football in El SalvadorSalvadoran Football FederationNational teamsMen National team Olympic (U-23) U-21 U-20 U-17 Beach soccer Women National team U-23 U-20 U-17 League systemMen Primera (Reserves) Segunda Tercera ADFA Women Primera División Femenina Domestic cupsMen Copa Presidente Awards Footballer of the Year Top scorers Lists All-time Table Champions Clubs International footballers Foreign players Venues Men's clubs Women's clubs Men's players Women's players Expatriate players Managers Referees Venues Seasons Records vteMen's national football team results (CONCACAF) Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados 2000–2019 2020–present Belize Bonaire British Virgin Islands Canada 1924–1977 1980–1999 2000–2019 2020–present Costa Rica 2000–2009 2010–2019 2020–present Cuba 2020–present Curaçao Dominica El Salvador 1921–1949 1950–1969 1970–1989 1990–1999 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2020–2029 Guatemala Honduras 1920–1959 1960–1979 1980–1989 1990–1999 2000–2009 2010–2019 2020–present Jamaica Mexico 2000–2019 2020–present Montserrat Panama 2020–present Puerto Rico Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Sint Maarten Suriname Turks and Caicos Islands United States 1916–1949 1950–1969 1970–1989 1990–1999 2000–2009 2010–2019 2020–present U.S. Virgin Islands This article about a CONCACAF/North, Central American and Caribbean association football competition is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The following are fixtures and results in 2010. Stats are up to date as of October 12, 2010.","title":"2010 El Salvador national football team season"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Record"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2010_El_Salvador_national_football_team_season&action=edit&section=3"},{"link_name":"Rodolfo Zelaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodolfo_Zelaya"},{"link_name":"Rafael Burgos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Burgos_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Rudis Corrales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudis_Corrales"},{"link_name":"Eliseo Quintanilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliseo_Quintanilla"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2010_El_Salvador_national_football_team_season&action=edit&section=4"},{"link_name":"Shawn Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawn_Martin"},{"link_name":"Deris Umanzor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deris_Umanzor"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2010_El_Salvador_national_football_team_season&action=edit&section=5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yellow_card.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Red_card.svg"},{"link_name":"Jaime Alas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaime_Alas"},{"link_name":"Manuel Salazar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Salazar_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Ramón Sánchez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_S%C3%A1nchez"},{"link_name":"Dennis Alas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Alas"},{"link_name":"Rudis Corrales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudis_Corrales"},{"link_name":"Marvin González","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvin_Gonz%C3%A1lez"},{"link_name":"Reynaldo Hernández","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reynaldo_Antonio_Hern%C3%A1ndez"},{"link_name":"José Henríquez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mardoqueo_Henr%C3%ADquez"},{"link_name":"Shawn Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawn_Martin"},{"link_name":"Eliseo Quintanilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliseo_Quintanilla"}],"text":"Goal scorers[edit]\n\n\n\nRank\n\nPlayer\n\nGoals\n\n\n1\n\nRodolfo Zelaya\n\n2\n\n\n2\n\nRafael Burgos\n\n1\n\n\nRudis Corrales\n\n1\n\n\nEliseo Quintanilla\n\n1\n\n\nGoal Assists[edit]\n\n\n\nRank\n\nPlayer\n\nAssists\n\n\n1\n\nShawn Martin\n\n1\n\n\nDeris Umanzor\n\n1\n\n\n\nBookings[edit]\n\n\n\nRank\n\nPlayer\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1\n\nJaime Alas\n\n2\n\n0\n\n\nManuel Salazar\n\n2\n\n0\n\n\nRamón Sánchez\n\n2\n\n0\n\n\n2\n\nDennis Alas\n\n1\n\n0\n\n\nRudis Corrales\n\n1\n\n0\n\n\nMarvin González\n\n1\n\n0\n\n\nReynaldo Hernández\n\n1\n\n0\n\n\nJosé Henríquez\n\n1\n\n0\n\n\nShawn Martin\n\n1\n\n0\n\n\nEliseo Quintanilla\n\n1\n\n0","title":"Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Win\n  Draw\n  Loss","title":"Match results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_men%27s_national_soccer_team"},{"link_name":"El Salvador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Salvador_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_men%27s_national_soccer_team"},{"link_name":"El Salvador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Salvador_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Tampa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Ching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Ching"},{"link_name":"Kljestan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacha_Kljestan"},{"link_name":"Corrales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudis_Corrales"},{"link_name":"Raymond James Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_James_Stadium"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Silviu Petrescu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silviu_Petrescu"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Soccer_Association"},{"link_name":"El Salvador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Salvador_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Guatemala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"El Salvador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Salvador_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Guatemala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California"},{"link_name":"Quintanilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliseo_Quintanilla"},{"link_name":"Pappa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Pappa"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Memorial_Coliseum"},{"link_name":"Ricardo Salazar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo_Salazar"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Soccer_Federation"},{"link_name":"D.C. United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D.C._United"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"El Salvador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Salvador_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"D.C. United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D.C._United"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"El Salvador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Salvador_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Cristman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Cristman"},{"link_name":"RFK Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Memorial_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Honduras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honduras_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"El Salvador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Salvador_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Honduras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honduras_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"p","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_shoot-out_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"El Salvador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Salvador_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"DST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daylight_saving_time"},{"link_name":"Ó. García","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93scar_Boniek_Garc%C3%ADa"},{"link_name":"Rojas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Rojas_(footballer,_born_1990)"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.laprensa.hn/Deportes/Ediciones/2010/09/05/Noticias/Cuate-inicia-ganando-una-copa-con-Honduras"},{"link_name":"Zelaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodolfo_Zelaya"},{"link_name":"pen.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_kick_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Memorial_Coliseum"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Sorin Stoica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorin_Stoica"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Soccer_Federation"},{"link_name":"Penalties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_shoot-out_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Mendoza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Mendoza"},{"link_name":"J. García","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Carlos_Garc%C3%ADa_(Honduran_footballer)"},{"link_name":"Ó. García","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93scar_Boniek_Garc%C3%ADa"},{"link_name":"Rojas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Rojas_(footballer,_born_1990)"},{"link_name":"Claros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Claros"},{"link_name":"Zelaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodolfo_Zelaya"},{"link_name":"Castillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristian_Castillo"},{"link_name":"Alas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Alas"},{"link_name":"Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawn_Martin"},{"link_name":"Corrales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudis_Corrales"},{"link_name":"Guatemala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"El Salvador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Salvador_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Guatemala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"El Salvador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Salvador_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredy_Thompson"},{"link_name":"Montepeque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%A1nsito_Montepeque"},{"link_name":"RFK Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Memorial_Stadium"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Jair Marrufo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jair_Marrufo"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Soccer_Federation"},{"link_name":"Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"El Salvador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Salvador_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"El Salvador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Salvador_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Panama City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_City"},{"link_name":"Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama"},{"link_name":"Pérez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blas_P%C3%A9rez"},{"link_name":"Estadio Rommel Fernández","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estadio_Rommel_Fern%C3%A1ndez"},{"link_name":"Óscar Ruiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93scar_Ruiz_(referee)"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombian_Football_Federation"},{"link_name":"Costa Rica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Rica_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"El Salvador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Salvador_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Costa Rica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Rica_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"El Salvador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Salvador_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Ciudad Quesada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciudad_Quesada"},{"link_name":"Costa Rica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Rica"},{"link_name":"Sánchez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_S%C3%A1nchez_(footballer,_born_1987)"},{"link_name":"Martínez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josu%C3%A9_Mart%C3%ADnez_(footballer,_born_1990)"},{"link_name":"Burgos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Burgos_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Estadio Carlos Ugalde Álvarez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estadio_Carlos_Ugalde_%C3%81lvarez"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Friendly matches","text":"United States  v  El Salvador\n24 February 2010 United States  2–1  El Salvador Tampa, United States\nChing 74'Kljestan 90'\n\nCorrales 59'\nStadium: Raymond James StadiumAttendance: 21,737[1]Referee: Silviu Petrescu (Canada)El Salvador  v  Guatemala\n3 March 2010 El Salvador  1–2  Guatemala Los Angeles, United States\nQuintanilla 89'\n\nPappa 45' Jonny Brown 84'\nStadium: Los Angeles Memorial ColiseumAttendance: 10,000Referee: Ricardo Salazar (United States)D.C. United v  El Salvador\n19 June 2010 Unofficial friendly D.C. United 1–0  El Salvador Washington, D.C., United States\nCristman 51'\n\n\nStadium: RFK Stadium, Washington, D.C.Honduras  v  El Salvador\n4 September 2010 Copa Independencia[2] Honduras  2–2 (4–3 p)  El Salvador Los Angeles, United States20:00 DST\nÓ. García 58'Rojas 88'\nReport\nZelaya 41', 90' (pen.)\nStadium: Los Angeles Memorial ColiseumAttendance: 15,000[3]Referee: Sorin Stoica (United States)Penalties\nMendoza J. García Ó. García Rojas Claros \n\nZelaya Castillo Alas Martin CorralesGuatemala  v  El Salvador\n7 September 2010 Guatemala  2–0  El Salvador Washington, D.C., United States\nThompson 45' Montepeque 81'\n\n\nStadium: RFK Stadium, Washington, D.C.Attendance: 12,246[4]Referee: Jair Marrufo (United States)Panama  v  El Salvador\n8 October 2010 Panama  1–0  El Salvador Panama City, Panama\nPérez 61'\n\n\nStadium: Estadio Rommel FernándezAttendance: 15,000Referee: Óscar Ruiz (Colombia)Costa Rica  v  El Salvador\n12 October 2010 Costa Rica  2–1  El Salvador Ciudad Quesada, Costa Rica\nSánchez 10' Martínez 88'\n\nBurgos 53'\nStadium: Estadio Carlos Ugalde ÁlvarezAttendance: 4,000[5]","title":"Match results"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Confessions_of_Frannie_Langton_(TV_series)
The Confessions of Frannie Langton (TV series)
["1 Cast","1.1 Main","1.2 Supporting","2 Production","2.1 Development","2.2 Casting","2.3 Filming","3 Reception","4 References","5 External links"]
British television series The Confessions of Frannie LangtonBased onThe Confessions of Frannie Langtonby Sara CollinsWritten bySara CollinsDirected byAndrea HarkinCountry of originUnited KingdomOriginal languageEnglishNo. of series1No. of episodes4ProductionExecutive producers Greg Brenman Rebecca de Souza Sara Collins ProducerCarol HardingProduction companyDrama RepublicOriginal releaseNetworkITVRelease8 December 2022 (2022-12-08) The Confessions of Frannie Langton is a four-part British period drama television series based on the novel by Sara Collins, adapted by Collins herself and produced by Drama Republic for ITV. It premiered on 8 December 2022 as part of the inaugural slate of dramas on the new ITVX streaming service. In the US, the series premiered on BritBox US on 8 March 2023. Cast Main Karla-Simone Spence as Frannie Langton Keira Chansa as Teen Frannie Caelan Best as Young Frannie Sophie Cookson as Madame Marguerite Benham Stephen Campbell Moore as George Benham Patrick Martins as Olaudah "Laddie" Cambridge Pooky Quesnel as Linux Amarah-Jae St. Aubyn as Sal Henry Pettigrew as William Pettigrew Jodhi May as Hephzibah "Hep" Elliot Steven Mackintosh as John Langton Supporting Lydia Page as Pru Mina Andala as Phibba James Alexandrou as Constable Meek Lou Broadbent as Miss Bella Langton Lauren Conroy as Martha T'Shan Williams as Calliope Martin Fisher as Sir Percy Benham Production Development It was announced in August 2020 that ITV had commissioned an adaptation of Collins' novel, marking ITV's first commission from Drama Republic. Collins herself would adapt and executive produce the work alongside Greg Brenman and Rebecca de Souza also executive producing and Carol Harding producing. Andrea Harkin would direct the drama. Casting In August 2021, it was announced Karla-Simone Spence, Sophie Cookson, and Patrick Martins would star in the series with Spence taking the titular role. Stephen Campbell Moore, Steven Mackintosh, and Henry Pettigrew had also joined the cast. Filming Receiving support from Screen Yorkshire and Production Intelligence, filming began in August 2021 and wrapped in November. Markéta Korinkova designed the sets for the series. Principal photography took place across Yorkshire at locations such as the former post office on Lendal in York, Duncombe Park, Dewsbury Town Hall, South Parade, Wakefield, Dalton Mills, Hull Old Town, Kingston upon Hull, Temple Newsam, Versa Studios in Leeds, York Mansion House, Bramham Park and Sledmere House. Reception The series received positive reviews. Karina Adelgaard of Womentainment opined that despite having LGBTQ characters dying – known as the "bury your gays" trope – the "unapologetic" love story, paired with staying true to the time period, makes it work. References ^ "ITV commissions adaptation of The Confessions of Frannie Langton novel". ITV Press Centre. 27 August 2020. Retrieved 16 December 2020. ^ White, Peter (11 August 2021). "'The Confessions of Frannie Langton': Karla-Simone Spence, Sophie Cookson & Patrick Martins To Star In ITV Period Drama". Deadline. Retrieved 29 November 2021. ^ Meek, Natasha (27 September 2021). "Why film and TV crews were outside Mansion House in York". The Press. Retrieved 30 November 2021. ^ Hall, Deborah (21 October 2021). "The Confessions of Frannie Langton filming finishes at Sledmere House". Hull Live. Retrieved 30 November 2021. ^ "The Confessions of Frannie Langton". ^ "Rotten Tomatoes – Fresh rating at 100%". Rotten Tomatoes. ^ Karina H., Adelgaard (8 March 2023). "The Confessions of Frannie Langton – Review – BritBox US". Womentainment.com. External links The Confessions of Frannie Langton at IMDb
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sara Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara_Collins"},{"link_name":"Drama Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama_Republic"},{"link_name":"ITV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)"},{"link_name":"ITVX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITVX"},{"link_name":"BritBox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BritBox"}],"text":"The Confessions of Frannie Langton is a four-part British period drama television series based on the novel by Sara Collins, adapted by Collins herself and produced by Drama Republic for ITV. It premiered on 8 December 2022 as part of the inaugural slate of dramas on the new ITVX streaming service. In the US, the series premiered on BritBox US on 8 March 2023.","title":"The Confessions of Frannie Langton (TV series)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Karla-Simone Spence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karla-Simone_Spence"},{"link_name":"Sophie Cookson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_Cookson"},{"link_name":"Stephen Campbell Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Campbell_Moore"},{"link_name":"Patrick Martins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Martins"},{"link_name":"Pooky Quesnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pooky_Quesnel"},{"link_name":"Amarah-Jae St. Aubyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarah-Jae_St._Aubyn"},{"link_name":"Jodhi May","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jodhi_May"},{"link_name":"Steven Mackintosh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Mackintosh"}],"sub_title":"Main","text":"Karla-Simone Spence as Frannie Langton\nKeira Chansa as Teen Frannie\nCaelan Best as Young Frannie\nSophie Cookson as Madame Marguerite Benham\nStephen Campbell Moore as George Benham\nPatrick Martins as Olaudah \"Laddie\" Cambridge\nPooky Quesnel as Linux\nAmarah-Jae St. Aubyn as Sal\nHenry Pettigrew as William Pettigrew\nJodhi May as Hephzibah \"Hep\" Elliot\nSteven Mackintosh as John Langton","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James Alexandrou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Alexandrou"}],"sub_title":"Supporting","text":"Lydia Page as Pru\nMina Andala as Phibba\nJames Alexandrou as Constable Meek\nLou Broadbent as Miss Bella Langton\nLauren Conroy as Martha\nT'Shan Williams as Calliope\nMartin Fisher as Sir Percy Benham","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ITV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)"},{"link_name":"Drama Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama_Republic"},{"link_name":"Greg Brenman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Brenman"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"sub_title":"Development","text":"It was announced in August 2020 that ITV had commissioned an adaptation of Collins' novel, marking ITV's first commission from Drama Republic. Collins herself would adapt and executive produce the work alongside Greg Brenman and Rebecca de Souza also executive producing and Carol Harding producing. Andrea Harkin would direct the drama.[1]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Karla-Simone Spence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karla-Simone_Spence"},{"link_name":"Sophie Cookson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_Cookson"},{"link_name":"Patrick Martins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Martins"},{"link_name":"Stephen Campbell Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Campbell_Moore"},{"link_name":"Steven Mackintosh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Mackintosh"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"Casting","text":"In August 2021, it was announced Karla-Simone Spence, Sophie Cookson, and Patrick Martins would star in the series with Spence taking the titular role. Stephen Campbell Moore, Steven Mackintosh, and Henry Pettigrew had also joined the cast.[2]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Screen Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"Lendal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lendal"},{"link_name":"York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Duncombe Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duncombe_Park"},{"link_name":"Dewsbury Town Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewsbury_Town_Hall"},{"link_name":"Wakefield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakefield"},{"link_name":"Dalton Mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalton_Mills"},{"link_name":"Kingston upon Hull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull"},{"link_name":"Temple Newsam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_Newsam"},{"link_name":"Leeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds"},{"link_name":"York Mansion House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York_Mansion_House"},{"link_name":"Bramham Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bramham_Park"},{"link_name":"Sledmere House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sledmere_House"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Filming","text":"Receiving support from Screen Yorkshire and Production Intelligence, filming began in August 2021 and wrapped in November. Markéta Korinkova designed the sets for the series.Principal photography took place across Yorkshire at locations such as the former post office on Lendal in York,[3] Duncombe Park, Dewsbury Town Hall, South Parade, Wakefield, Dalton Mills, Hull Old Town, Kingston upon Hull, Temple Newsam, Versa Studios in Leeds, York Mansion House, Bramham Park and Sledmere House.[4][5]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"bury your gays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bury_your_gays"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The series received positive reviews.[6] Karina Adelgaard of Womentainment opined that despite having LGBTQ characters dying – known as the \"bury your gays\" trope – the \"unapologetic\" love story, paired with staying true to the time period, makes it work.[7]","title":"Reception"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodney_King
Rodney King
["1 Early life","2 Marriage and family","3 1991 police assault in Los Angeles","3.1 Beating","3.2 Holliday's video","4 Post-arrest events","4.1 Aftermath","4.2 Charges against police officers and trial","4.3 Christopher Commission","5 Los Angeles riots and the aftermath","6 Federal civil rights trial of officers","7 Later life","8 Memoir","9 Death","10 Legacy","11 In popular culture","11.1 Films","11.2 Television","11.3 Music","11.4 Theatre","11.5 Literature","11.6 Other","12 See also","13 References","14 Further reading","15 External links"]
African American victim of police brutality (1965–2012) For the film, see Rodney King (film). Rodney KingKing in April 2012BornRodney Glen King(1965-04-02)April 2, 1965Sacramento, California, U.S.DiedJune 17, 2012(2012-06-17) (aged 47)Rialto, California, U.S.Resting placeForest Lawn Memorial Park, Hollywood HillsKnown forVictim of a police brutality case that led to public protests, riots, and police reformNotable workThe Riot Within: My Journey from Rebellion to RedemptionSpouses Daneta Lyles ​ ​(m. 1985; div. 1988)​ Crystal Waters ​ ​(m. 1989; div. 1996)​ Partner(s)Cynthia Kelley(2010–2012; his death)Children3 Rodney Glen King (April 2, 1965 – June 17, 2012) was an African-American man who was a victim of police brutality. On March 3, 1991, he was severely beaten by officers of the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) during his arrest after a high speed pursuit for driving while intoxicated on the I-210. An uninvolved resident, George Holliday, saw and filmed the incident from his nearby balcony and sent the footage, which showed Mr. King on the ground being beaten after initially evading arrest, to local news station KTLA. The incident was covered by news media around the world and caused a public uproar. At a press conference, Los Angeles police chief Daryl Gates announced that the four officers involved would be disciplined for use of excessive force and that three would face criminal charges. The LAPD initially charged King with "felony evading", but later dropped the charge. On his release, King spoke to reporters from his wheelchair, with his injuries evident: a broken right leg in a cast, his face badly cut and swollen, bruises on his body, and a burn area to his chest where he had been jolted with a stun gun. King described how he had knelt, spread his hands out, then slowly tried to move so as not to make any "stupid moves", being hit across the face by a billy club, and shocked. He said he was scared for his life as they drew guns on him. Four officers were eventually tried on charges of use of excessive force. Of these, three were acquitted; the jury failed to reach a verdict on one charge for the fourth. Within hours of the acquittals, the 1992 Los Angeles riots started, sparked by outrage among racial minorities over the trial's verdict and related, longstanding social issues, overlaid with tensions between the African American and Korean American communities. The rioting lasted six days and killed 63 people, with 2,383 more injured; it ended only after the California Army National Guard, the Army, and the Marine Corps provided reinforcements to re-establish control. King advocated for a peaceful end to the conflict. The federal government prosecuted a separate civil rights case, obtaining grand jury indictments of the four officers for violations of King's civil rights. Their trial in a federal district court ended in April 1993, with two of the officers being found guilty and sentenced to serve prison terms. The other two were acquitted of the charges. In a separate civil lawsuit in 1994, a jury found the City of Los Angeles liable and awarded King $3.8 million in damages. Early life King was born in Sacramento, California, in 1965, the son of Ronald and Odessa King. He and his four siblings grew up in Altadena, California. King attended John Muir High School and often talked about being inspired by his social science teacher, Robert E. Jones. King's father died in 1984 at the age of 42. Marriage and family King had a daughter with his girlfriend, Carmen Simpson. He later married Denetta Lyles (cousin to hate crime victim James Byrd Jr. and also cousin to rapper Mack 10) and had a daughter. King and Lyles eventually divorced. He later remarried and had a daughter with Crystal Waters. This marriage also ended in divorce. 1991 police assault in Los Angeles Beating of Rodney KingScreenshot of King being beaten by LAPD officersLocationLos Angeles, California, U.S.Coordinates34°16′23″N 118°23′37″W / 34.273182°N 118.393596°W / 34.273182; -118.393596DateMarch 3, 1991; 33 years ago (1991-03-03) c. 12:45 a.m. (PST)Attack typeBeating, police brutalityVictimRodney Glen KingConvicted Stacey Cornell Koon Laurence M. Powell VerdictFederal charges: Koon and Powell guilty Briseño and Wind not guilty State charges: Briseño, Koon, and Wind not guilty on all counts Powell not guilty of excessive force and filing a false report, hung jury on count of assault; Assault charge dismissed once federal charges filed ChargesFederal charges: Briseño, Powell, Wind: Willfully and intentionally using unreasonable force Koon: Willfully permitting and failing to take action to stop an unlawful assault State charges: Assault with a deadly weapon Excessive use of force Filing a false incident report (Koon and Powell)SentenceKoon and Powell:2+1⁄2 years in federal prison Early in the morning of Sunday, March 3, 1991, King, with his friends Bryant Allen and Freddie Helms, were driving a 1987 Hyundai Excel west on the Foothill Freeway (Interstate 210) in the San Fernando Valley of Los Angeles. The three had spent the night watching basketball and drinking at a friend's house in Los Angeles. At 12:30 a.m., officers Tim and Melanie Singer, husband and wife members of the California Highway Patrol, noticed King's car speeding on the freeway. They pursued King with lights and sirens, and the pursuit reached 117 mph (188 km/h), while King refused to pull over. King would later say he fled the police hoping to avoid a driving under the influence charge and the parole violation that could follow. King left the freeway near the Hansen Dam Recreation Area and the pursuit continued through residential streets at speeds ranging from 55 to 80 miles per hour (90 to 130 km/h), and through at least one red light. By this point, several police cars and a police helicopter had joined in the pursuit. After approximately 8 miles (13 km), officers cornered King in his car. The first five Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) officers to arrive were Stacey Koon, Laurence Powell, Timothy Wind, Theodore Briseno and Rolando Solano. Beating Officer Tim Singer ordered King and his two passengers to exit the vehicle and to lie face down on the ground. Allen claims that he was manhandled, kicked, stomped, taunted and threatened. Helms was hit on the head while lying on the ground; he was treated for a laceration on the top of his head. His bloody baseball cap was turned over to police. King remained in the car. When he emerged, King was reported to have giggled, to have patted the ground and waved to the police helicopter overhead. King grabbed his buttocks, which Officer Melanie Singer took to mean King was reaching for a weapon, though he was later found to be unarmed. She drew her pistol and pointed it at King, ordering him to lie on the ground. Singer approached, gun drawn, preparing to arrest him. At this point, Koon, the ranking officer at the scene, told Singer that the LAPD was taking command and ordered all officers to holster their weapons. According to the official report, LAPD Sergeant Koon ordered the four other LAPD officers at the scene—Briseno, Powell, Solano and Wind—to subdue and handcuff King using a technique called a "swarm", where multiple officers grab a suspect with empty hands, to overcome potential resistance quickly. The four officers claim King resisted attempts to restrain him when he stood up to remove Officers Powell and Briseno from his back. Both King and witnesses dispute that claim. The officers would also testify later that they believed King was under the influence of phencyclidine (PCP), although King's toxicology tested negative for the drug. At this point, Holliday's video recording shows King on the ground after being tasered by Koon. He rises and rushes toward Powell—as argued in court, either to attack Powell or to flee—and King and Powell collided in a rush.: 6  Taser wire can be seen on King's body. Officer Powell strikes King with his baton, and King is knocked to the ground. Powell strikes King several more times with his baton. Briseno moves in, attempting to stop Powell from striking again, and Powell stands back. Koon reportedly said, "Stop! Stop! That's enough! That's enough!" King rises again, to his knees; Powell and Wind are seen hitting King with their batons. Koon acknowledged ordering the continued use of batons, directing Powell and Wind to strike King with "power strokes". According to Koon, Powell and Wind used "bursts of power strokes, then backed off". The officers beat King. In the videotape, King continues to try to stand again. Koon orders the officers to "hit his joints, hit the wrists, hit his elbows, hit his knees, hit his ankles". Officers Wind, Briseno, and Powell attempted numerous baton strikes on King, resulting in some misses but with 33 blows hitting King, plus seven kicks. The officers again "swarm" King, but this time a total of eight officers are involved in the swarm. King is placed in handcuffs and cord cuffs, restraining his arms and legs. King is dragged on his abdomen to the side of the road to await the arrival of emergency medical rescue. Holliday's video Screenshots of King lying down and being beaten by LAPD officers Plumbing salesman and amateur videographer George Holliday's videotape of the beating was shot on his camcorder from his apartment near the intersection of Foothill Boulevard and Osborne Street in Lake View Terrace. Two days later (March 5), Holliday called LAPD headquarters at Parker Center to let the police department know that he had a videotape of the incident. Still, he could not find anyone interested in seeing the video. He went to KTLA television with his recording. Holliday, whose video camera was in another part of his residence, was unable to retrieve it until the officers were already in the act of beating King. The footage as a whole became an instant media sensation. Portions were aired numerous times, and it "turned what would otherwise have been a violent, but soon forgotten, encounter between the Los Angeles police and an uncooperative suspect into one of the most widely watched and discussed incidents of its kind". Several "copwatch" organizations subsequently were started throughout the United States to safeguard against police abuse, including an umbrella group, October 22 Coalition to Stop Police Brutality. In 1992, these clips were added in the opening credits of Malcolm X. Post-arrest events Aftermath King was taken to Pacifica Hospital after his arrest, where he was found to have suffered a fractured facial bone, a broken right ankle, and multiple bruises and lacerations. In a negligence claim filed with the city, King alleged he had suffered "11 skull fractures, permanent brain damage, broken , kidney failure emotional and physical trauma.": 8  Blood and urine samples were taken from King five hours after his arrest. At this time, King's blood alcohol content was measured to be 0.075%. This indicated that King was intoxicated during the initial arrest as defined by California law, but with the samples taken after a five hour delay, were then below the legal limit of 0.08%.: 8  The tests also showed traces of marijuana (26 ng/ml).: 8  Pacifica Hospital nurses reported that the officers who accompanied King (including Wind) openly joked and bragged about the number of times they had hit King.: 15  Officers obtained King's identification from his clothes pockets at that time. King later sued the city for damages, and a jury awarded him $3.8 million, as well as $1.7 million in attorney's fees. The city did not pursue charges against King for driving while intoxicated and evading arrest. District Attorney Ira Reiner believed there was insufficient evidence for prosecution. His successor Gil Garcetti thought that by December 1992, too much time had passed to charge King with evading arrest; he also noted that the statute of limitations on drunk driving had passed. Charges against police officers and trial At a press conference, announcing the four officers involved would be disciplined, and three would face criminal charges, Los Angeles police chief Daryl Gates said: "We believe the officers used excessive force taking him into custody. In our review, we find that officers struck him with batons between fifty-three and fifty-six times." The LAPD initially charged King with "felony evading", but later dropped the charge. The Los Angeles County District Attorney subsequently charged four police officers, including one sergeant, with assault and use of excessive force. Due to the extensive media coverage of the arrest, the trial received a change of venue from Los Angeles County to Simi Valley in neighboring Ventura County. The jury was composed of ten white jurors, one biracial male, one Latino, and one Asian American. The prosecutor, Terry L. White, was black. Mr. White was a Deputy District Attorney for Los Angeles County with 8 years of experience. The District Attorney's office denied that race was taken into account when selecting the prosecutor, and multiple trial attorneys from Los Angeles agreed that race likely played no role. On April 29, 1992, the seventh day of jury deliberations, the jury acquitted all four officers of assault and acquitted three of the four of using excessive force. The jury could not agree on a verdict for the fourth officer charged with using excessive force. The verdicts were based in part on the first three seconds of a blurry, 13-second segment of the videotape that, according to journalist Lou Cannon, had not been aired by television news stations in their broadcasts. The first two seconds of videotape, contrary to the claims made by the accused officers, show King attempting to flee past Laurence Powell. During the next one minute and 19 seconds, King is beaten continuously by the officers. The officers testified that they tried to physically restrain King before the starting point of the videotape, but King was able to throw them off physically. Afterward, the prosecution suggested that the jurors may have acquitted the officers because of becoming desensitized to the violence of the beating, as the defense played the videotape repeatedly in slow motion, breaking it down until its emotional impact was lost. Outside the Simi Valley courthouse where the acquittals were delivered, county sheriff's deputies protected Stacey Koon from angry protesters on the way to his car. Movie director John Singleton, who was in the crowd at the courthouse, predicted, "By having this verdict, what these people did, they lit the fuse to a bomb." Following a hung jury in Officer Laurence Powell's initial state court trial for assault, a retrial was postponed by Superior Court Judge Stanley Weisberg, pending the federal grand jury trial of Powell for violating King's civil rights. Judge Weisberg stated "I don't think that's in anyone's best interest, to have three trials on the same subject matter involving the same defendant." Subsequent to his trial by the federal grand jury, the assault charge against Officer Laurence Powell was dismissed in state court. Christopher Commission Los Angeles Mayor Tom Bradley created the Independent Commission on the Los Angeles Police Department, also known as the Christopher Commission, in April 1991. Led by attorney Warren Christopher, it was created to conduct "a full and fair examination of the structure and operation of the LAPD", including its recruitment and training practices, internal disciplinary system, and citizen complaint system. Los Angeles riots and the aftermath Main article: 1992 Los Angeles riots Though few people at first considered race an essential factor in the case, including Rodney King's attorney, Steven Lerman, the Holliday videotape was at the time stirring deep resentment among black people in Los Angeles and other major cities in the United States, where they had often complained of police abuse against their communities. The officers' jury consisted of Ventura County residents: ten white, one Latino, one Asian. Lead prosecutor Terry White was black. On April 29, 1992, the jury acquitted three of the officers but could not agree on one of the charges against Powell. Los Angeles Mayor Tom Bradley said, "The jury's verdict will not blind us to what we saw on that videotape. The men who beat Rodney King do not deserve to wear the uniform of the LAPD." President George H. W. Bush said, "Viewed from outside the trial, it was hard to understand how the verdict could possibly square with the video. Those civil rights leaders with whom I met were stunned. And so was I, and so was Barbara, and so were my kids." Within hours of the acquittals, the 1992 Los Angeles riots began, lasting six days. African-Americans were outraged by the verdicts and began rioting in the streets along with the Latino communities. By the time law enforcement, the California Army National Guard, the United States Army, and the United States Marine Corps restored order, the riots had resulted in 63 deaths, 2,383 injuries, more than 7,000 fires, damage to 3,100 businesses, and nearly $1 billion in financial losses. Smaller riots occurred in other U.S. cities such as San Francisco, Las Vegas, Seattle, and as far east as Atlanta and New York City. A civil disturbance occurred on Yonge Street in Toronto, Canada when Canadians gathered to protest the acquittal in Los Angeles as well as a local police killing of a Black man in Toronto two days prior. During the riots, on May 1, 1992, King made a television appearance pleading for an end to the riots: I just want to say – you know – can we, can we all get along? Can we, can we get along? Can we stop making it horrible for the older people and the kids? And ... I mean we've got enough smog in Los Angeles let alone to deal with setting these fires and things ... It's just not right. It's not right, and it's not going to change anything. We'll get our justice. They've won the battle, but they haven't won the war. We'll get our day in court, and that's all we want. And, just, uh, I love – I'm neutral. I love every – I love people of color. I'm not like they're making me out to be. We've got to quit. We've got to quit; I mean, after all, I could understand the first – upset for the first two hours after the verdict, but to go on, to keep going on like this and to see the security guard shot on the ground – it's just not right. It's just not right, because those people will never go home to their families again. And uh, I mean, please, we can, we can get along here. We all can get along. We just gotta. We gotta. I mean, we're all stuck here for a while. Let's, you know, let's try to work it out. Let's try to beat it, you know. Let's try to work it out. The widely quoted line has been often paraphrased as, "Can we all just get along?" or "Can't we all just get along?" Federal civil rights trial of officers After the acquittals and the riots, the United States Department of Justice (DOJ) sought indictments of the police officers for violations of King's civil rights. On May 7, federal prosecutors began presenting evidence to the federal grand jury in Los Angeles. On August 4, the grand jury returned indictments against the three officers for "willfully and intentionally using unreasonable force" and against Sergeant Koon for "willfully permitting and failing to take action to stop the unlawful assault" on King. Based on these indictments, a trial of the four officers in the United States District Court for the Central District of California began on February 25, 1993. The federal trial focused more on the incident. On March 9 of the 1993 trial, King took the witness stand and described to the jury the events as he remembered them. The jury found Officer Laurence Powell and Sergeant Stacey Koon guilty, and they were subsequently sentenced to 30 months in prison. Timothy Wind and Theodore Briseno were acquitted of all charges, but both were soon dismissed by the LAPD for their roles in the beating. During the three-hour sentencing hearing, US District Judge John G. Davies accepted much of the defense version of the beating. He strongly criticized King, who, he said, provoked the officers' initial actions. Davies said that only the final six or so baton blows by Powell were unlawful. The first 55 seconds of the videotaped portion of the incident, during which the vast majority of the blows were delivered, was within the law because the officers were attempting to subdue a suspect who was resisting efforts to take him into custody. Davies found that King's provocative behavior began with his "remarkable consumption of alcoholic beverage" and continued through a high-speed chase, refusal to submit to police orders and an aggressive charge toward Powell. Davies made several findings in support of the officers' version of events. He concluded that Officer Powell never intentionally struck King in the head, and "Powell's baton blow that broke King's leg was not illegal because King was still resisting and rolling around on the ground, and breaking bones in resistant suspects is permissible under police policy." Mitigation cited by the judge in determining the length of the prison sentence included the suffering the officers had undergone because of the extensive publicity their case had received, high legal bills that were still unpaid, the impending loss of their careers as police officers, their higher risks of abuse while in prison, and their undergoing two trials. The judge acknowledged that the two trials did not legally constitute double jeopardy, but raised "the specter of unfairness". These mitigations were critical to the validity of the sentences imposed because federal sentencing guidelines called for much longer prison terms in the range of 70 to 87 months. The low sentences were controversial and were appealed by the prosecution. In a 1994 ruling, the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit rejected all the grounds cited by Judge Davies and extended the terms. The defense appealed the case to the US Supreme Court. Both Koon and Powell were released from prison while they appealed to the Ninth Circuit's ruling, having served their original 30-month sentences with time off for good behavior. On June 14, 1996, the high court partially reversed the lower court in a ruling, unanimous in its most important aspects, which gave a strong endorsement to judicial discretion, even under sentencing guidelines intended to produce uniformity. Later life King with fiancée Cynthia Kelley a few months before his death. Kelley was one of the jurors in King's civil suit against the city of Los Angeles when he was awarded $3.8 million. Los Angeles Mayor Tom Bradley offered King $200,000 and a four-year college education funded by the city of Los Angeles. King refused and sued the city, and was subsequently awarded $3.8 million. Bryant Allen, one of the passengers in King's car on the night of the incident, received $35,000 in his lawsuit against the city of Los Angeles. The estate of Freddie Helms, the other passenger, settled for $20,000; Helms died in a car crash on June 29, 1991, age 20, in Pasadena. King invested a portion of his settlement in a record label, Straight Alta-Pazz Records, hoping to employ minority employees, but it went out of business. With help from a ghostwriter, he later wrote and published a memoir. King was subject to further arrests and convictions for driving violations after the 1991 incident, as he struggled with alcoholism and drug addiction. In May 1991, King was arrested on suspicion of having tried to run down an undercover vice officer in Hollywood, but no charges were filed. In 1992, he was arrested for injuring his wife, Crystal King. Crystal ultimately declined to file a complaint. On August 21, 1993, King crashed his car into a block wall in downtown Los Angeles. He was convicted of driving under the influence of alcohol, fined, and entered a rehabilitation program, after which he was placed on probation. In July 1995, King was arrested by Alhambra police after hitting Crystal with his car and knocking her to the ground during a fight. King had previously been arrested twice on suspicion of abusing her. He was sentenced to 90 days in jail after being convicted of hit and run. On August 27, 2003, King was arrested again for speeding and running a red light while under the influence of alcohol. He failed to yield to police officers and slammed his vehicle into a house, breaking his pelvis. On November 29, 2007, while riding home on his bicycle, King was shot in the face, arms, and back with pellets from a shotgun. He reported that the attackers were a man and a woman who demanded his bicycle and shot King when he rode away. Police described the wounds as looking as if they came from birdshot. In May 2008, King checked into the Pasadena Recovery Center in Pasadena, California, where he filmed as a cast member of Season 2 of Celebrity Rehab with Dr. Drew, which premiered in October 2008. Dr. Drew Pinsky, who runs the facility, showed concern for King's life and said he would die unless his addictions were treated. King also appeared on Sober House, a Celebrity Rehab spin-off focusing on a sober living environment. During his time on Celebrity Rehab and Sober House, King worked on his addiction and what he said was lingering trauma of the beating. King and Pinsky physically retraced King's path from the night of his beating, eventually reaching the spot where it happened, the site of the Children's Museum of Los Angeles, which is now Discovery Cube Los Angeles. In 2009, King and other Celebrity Rehab alumni appeared as panel speakers to a new group of addicts at the Pasadena Recovery Center, marking 11 months of sobriety for him. His appearance was aired in the third-season episode "Triggers." King won a celebrity boxing match against Chester, Pennsylvania, police officer Simon Aouad on September 11, 2009, at the Ramada Philadelphia Airport in Essington. On September 9, 2010, it was confirmed that King was going to marry Cynthia Kelley, who had been a juror in the civil suit he brought against the City of Los Angeles. On March 3, 2011, the 20th anniversary of the beating, the LAPD stopped King for driving erratically and issued him a citation for driving with an expired license. This arrest led to a February 2012 misdemeanor conviction for reckless driving. The BBC quoted King commenting on his legacy. "Some people feel like I'm some kind of hero. Others hate me. They say I deserved it. Other people, I can hear them mocking me for when I called for an end to the destruction like I'm a fool for believing in peace." Memoir In April 2012, King published his memoir, The Riot Within: My Journey from Rebellion to Redemption. Co-authored by Lawrence J. Spagnola, the book describes King's turbulent youth as well as his personal account of the arrest, the trials, and the aftermath. Death On Father's Day, June 17, 2012, King's partner, Cynthia Kelley, found him dead underwater at the bottom of his swimming pool. King died 28 years to the day after his father, Ronald King, was found dead in his bathtub in 1984. Police in Rialto received a 911 call from Kelley at about 5:25 a.m. PDT. Responding officers removed King from the pool and performed CPR on him. Still pulseless, King was then transferred to an advanced life support ambulance where paramedics attempted to revive him. King was transported to Arrowhead Regional Medical Center in Colton, California, and was pronounced dead on arrival at 6:11 a.m. at the age of 47. The Rialto Police Department began a standard drowning investigation and said there did not appear to be any foul play. On August 23, 2012, King's autopsy results were released, stating that he died of accidental drowning. The combination of alcohol, cocaine, and PCP found in his system were contributing factors, as were cardiomegaly and focal myocardial fibrosis. The conclusion of the report stated: "The effects of the drugs and alcohol, combined with the subject's heart condition, probably precipitated a cardiac arrhythmia, and the subject, incapacitated in the water, was unable to save himself." Al Sharpton delivered the eulogy at King's funeral. King is interred at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in the Hollywood Hills neighborhood of Los Angeles, California. Legacy King has become a symbol of police brutality, but his family remembers him as a "human, not a symbol." King never advocated for hatred or violence against the police, pleading, "Can we all get along?" Since his death, his daughter, Lora King, has worked with the LAPD to build bridges between the police and the black community. She also started a nonprofit, the Rodney King Foundation, on behalf of her father. In popular culture Films The 1992 film Malcolm X includes a snippet of the Rodney King video. The 1993 film Psycho Cop 2 parodies the King incident, in which the antagonist Joe Vickers is beaten down by bar patrons as a bystander videotapes the scene from his apartment balcony. The 1994 film Natural Born Killers has a media montage that contains footage of King's plea to get along. The 1996 film Don't Be a Menace to South Central While Drinking Your Juice in the Hood depicts a parody, which shows police officers playing a "Beat Rodney King" arcade game in the police station. The 1997 film Riot dissects the aftermath of the Rodney King verdict and the ensuing riots through four narratives. An extended discussion on the subject led by Edward Norton is part of the 1998 film American History X. The 1999 documentary film The Rodney King Incident: Race and Justice in America, produced and directed by Michael Pack, features an interview with Rodney King. The 2003 American crime thriller Dark Blue starring Kurt Russell opens with footage of the assault on King. The beating of King and the riots that followed were also mentioned in the 2015 film Straight Outta Compton, a biopic about the rap group NWA. The 2017 film Rodney King, a one-man show produced by Spike Lee, alternately takes and opposes King's side. The 2017 film Kings takes place in South Los Angeles during the riots. The 2017 film LA 92 is a documentary film about the 1992 Los Angeles riots. Television Doogie Howser, M.D. Season 4, Episode 1 titled "There's a Riot Going On" takes place during the aftermath of the riots. The episode was released September 23, 1992. Boston Legal Season 1, episode 15, titled "Tortured Souls", features footage of King and discussion of the trials of the officers that followed. It aired in February 2005. Roseanne Season 9, episode 9, titled "Roseambo", features King in a guest appearance in the tag scene. The scene can be found on the DVD's but has been edited out of syndication prints. The People v. O. J. Simpson: American Crime Story opens with footage of the beating and subsequent riots in Los Angeles. The beating was also depicted in Season 3, Episode 7 of the TV show 9-1-1. Music In 1991, Ice Cube's album; Death Certificate (album) featured a song titled "Alive On Arrival", in which Ice Cube mentions not wanting to go out like Rodney King. In 1992, Dr. Dre released "The Day The Niggaz Took Over" on The Chronic, a song that refers to the looting, rioting, and anger that occurred after the police who had beaten King were found not guilty of most charges. In 1992 again, Lucky People Center released 'Rodney King', a single featuring sampled dialogue & with the video including the footage of the incident. Once again in 1992, Showbiz & A.G. released a song titled 'Represent' on their debut studio album; Runaway Slave, which included a line by Big L referencing the beating of Rodney King. The Billy Idol song "Shock to the System" refers to what happened to Rodney King. It was featured in his 1993 album Cyberpunk. In 1994, Dog Eat Dog released their album All Boro Kings which includes the song "Who's the King" that refers to Rodney King, his "Why can't we all get along" motto, and the police violence. In 1996, Michael Jackson released as a second music video for his single "They Don't Care About Us". The music video features several references to human right violations, and contains real footage of police attacking African Americans including footage of King's assault. The 1996 Sublime song "April 29, 1992" was written about the riots resulting from the King incident. The 1997 song "Walkin' on the Sun" by Smash Mouth was written about the riots that followed King's assault. The 1999 album The Battle of Los Angeles by Rage Against the Machine also refers to the riot which followed King's assault. The 2004 song "Playboy" by Lloyd Banks on his debut album The Hunger For More mentions Rodney King. The 2008 song "Mrs. Officer" by Lil Wayne on his sixth studio album, Tha Carter III mentions Rodney King. The 2012 song "New God Flow" by Pusha T and Kanye West references him. The 2012 song "A Wake" by Macklemore also refers to the King trial and subsequent riots. The 2017 song "Send Me To War" by Dumbfoundead also refers to the riots and police brutality. In 2018, Fever 333's song "Burn It" also mentions about Rodney King and the fights surrounding the assault. In 2023, Fall Out Boy covered Billy Joel's 1989 hit song "We Didn't Start the Fire". Rodney King and the riots are mentioned in the cover. Theatre Twilight: Los Angeles, 1992 is a one-woman play written and originally performed by Anna Deavere Smith about the riots following the Rodney King verdict. The 2014 one-man play Rodney King by Roger Guenveur Smith is about King. Literature The 2020 novel Heal the Hood by Adaeze Nkechi Nwosu is about Rodney King's beating and the subsequent riots. The 2020 short story "The Last Days of Rodney" by Tracey Rose Peyton takes on King's final days and his death. Other Neighbor Nahshon Dion Anderson, an award-winning writer, and a family friend observed the aftermath of the beating and recounted the details in an unpublished and untitled memoir. See also History of African Americans in Los Angeles Killing of Tyre Nichols Killing of Kelly Thomas Murder of George Floyd Isaac Woodard Portals: Los Angeles United States 1990s Biography Literature California References ^ a b "Rodney King to marry juror from LA police beating case". BBC News. September 9, 2010. ^ Lester, Paul Martin (2018). Visual Ethics: A Guide for Photographers, Journalists, and Filmmakers. Routledge. p. 85. ASIN B07955S7GR. ^ a b Stevenson, Brenda E. (2015). The Contested Murder of Latasha Harlins: Justice, Gender, and the Origins of the LA Riots. 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Retrieved September 13, 2014. ^ "Rodney King Laid To Rest At Forest Lawn". CBS Los Angeles. CBS. June 30, 2012. Retrieved September 13, 2014. ^ "Rodney King honored at his funeral". Newsday. June 30, 2014. Retrieved September 13, 2014. ^ Jennings, Angel (March 3, 2016). "Rodney King's daughter remembers a human being, not a symbol". Retrieved November 26, 2016. ^ Kiner, Deb (May 1, 2019). "On this day in 1992 Rodney King asked, 'Can't we all just get along?'". Penn Live. Retrieved March 26, 2021. ^ "Rodney King's Daughter Stands With LAPD 25 Years After Dad's Beating". Huffington Post. September 19, 2016. Retrieved November 26, 2016. ^ "About Us". Rodney King Foundation. Archived from the original on March 9, 2021. Retrieved March 20, 2021. ^ Blacula. "Psycho Cop Returns (AKA Psycho Cop 2) (1993)". Black Horror Movies. Retrieved February 21, 2022. ^ Travers, Ben (April 24, 2017). "How Kurt Russell Redefined Heroism in 'Dark Blue,' an LA Riots Story 15 Years Ahead of Its Time". IndieWire. Retrieved October 21, 2020. ^ "Ice Cube: 'Police Have Become Our Worst Bullies'". Billboard. ^ Henderson, Odie (April 27, 2018). "Kings movie review & film summary". RogerEbert.com. Retrieved October 21, 2020. ^ Henderson, Danielle (February 2, 2016). "'The People v. O.J. Simpson' Premiere: The 'Trial of the Century' Retold (Published 2016)". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 21, 2020. ^ "Smash Mouth – Walkin' on the Sun" – via genius.com. ^ Wren, Celia (July 11, 2014). "In Roger Guenveur Smith's 'Rodney King,' a whispered evocation of the L.A. riots". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved November 26, 2016. ^ "Springboard for the Arts welcomes writer to residency – The Fergus Falls Daily Journal". The Fergus Falls Daily Journal. February 8, 2019. Archived from the original on August 17, 2019. Retrieved June 11, 2019. ^ "Biography". Nahshon Dion Anderson. Retrieved January 28, 2023. ^ "The Eventuality of Justice: Thoughts on the Arrest of Tupac's Alleged Killer". Further reading King, Rodney; Lawrence J. Spagnola (2012). The Riot Within: My Journey from Rebellion to Redemption. New York: HarperOne. ISBN 9780062194435. OCLC 761856270. King's autobiography. Koon, Stacey C.; Robert Deitz (1992). Presumed Guilty: The Tragedy of the Rodney King Affair. Washington, D.C.: Regnery Gateway. ISBN 9780895265074. OCLC 26553041. Cannon, Lou (1999). Official Negligence: How Rodney King and the Riots Changed Los Angeles and the LAPD. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press. ISBN 9780813337258. OCLC 42852365. External links Rodney King at Wikipedia's sister projects Media from CommonsQuotations from WikiquoteData from Wikidata Rodney King: Video of Arrest (March 3, 1991) and FBI Case Files in the Rodney King Archive at FBI Records: The Vault (Freedom of Information Act/Privacy Act Archive) Rodney King collected news and commentary at The New York Times Rodney King collected news and commentary at The Guardian Rodney King's Arrest Record Rodney King: 17 Years After the Riots", Laist.com Kavanagh, Jim. "Rodney King, 20 years later". CNN. March 3, 2011. Rodney King at IMDb Rodney King at Find a Grave Appearances on C-SPAN Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany United States Poland Artists MusicBrainz Other NARA SNAC IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rodney King (film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodney_King_(film)"},{"link_name":"police brutality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_brutality"},{"link_name":"officers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_officer"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Police Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Police_Department"},{"link_name":"I-210","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foothill_Freeway"},{"link_name":"KTLA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KTLA"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Daryl Gates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daryl_Gates"},{"link_name":"excessive force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force_(law)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stevenson2015-3"},{"link_name":"stun gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroshock_weapon"},{"link_name":"billy club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baton_(law_enforcement)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"1992 Los Angeles riots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Los_Angeles_riots"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American"},{"link_name":"Korean American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_American"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ParviniKim2017-5"},{"link_name":"California Army National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Army_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"Marine Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps"}],"text":"For the film, see Rodney King (film).Rodney Glen King (April 2, 1965 – June 17, 2012) was an African-American man who was a victim of police brutality. On March 3, 1991, he was severely beaten by officers of the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) during his arrest after a high speed pursuit for driving while intoxicated on the I-210. An uninvolved resident, George Holliday, saw and filmed the incident from his nearby balcony and sent the footage, which showed Mr. King on the ground being beaten after initially evading arrest, to local news station KTLA.[2] The incident was covered by news media around the world and caused a public uproar.At a press conference, Los Angeles police chief Daryl Gates announced that the four officers involved would be disciplined for use of excessive force and that three would face criminal charges. The LAPD initially charged King with \"felony evading\", but later dropped the charge.[3] On his release, King spoke to reporters from his wheelchair, with his injuries evident: a broken right leg in a cast, his face badly cut and swollen, bruises on his body, and a burn area to his chest where he had been jolted with a stun gun. King described how he had knelt, spread his hands out, then slowly tried to move so as not to make any \"stupid moves\", being hit across the face by a billy club, and shocked. He said he was scared for his life as they drew guns on him.[4]Four officers were eventually tried on charges of use of excessive force. Of these, three were acquitted; the jury failed to reach a verdict on one charge for the fourth. Within hours of the acquittals, the 1992 Los Angeles riots started, sparked by outrage among racial minorities over the trial's verdict and related, longstanding social issues, overlaid with tensions between the African American and Korean American communities.[5] The rioting lasted six days and killed 63 people, with 2,383 more injured; it ended only after the California Army National Guard, the Army, and the Marine Corps provided reinforcements to re-establish control. King advocated for a peaceful end to the conflict.The federal government prosecuted a separate civil rights case, obtaining grand jury indictments of the four officers for violations of King's civil rights. Their trial in a federal district court ended in April 1993, with two of the officers being found guilty and sentenced to serve prison terms. The other two were acquitted of the charges. In a separate civil lawsuit in 1994, a jury found the City of Los Angeles liable and awarded King $3.8 million in damages.","title":"Rodney King"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sacramento, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramento,_California"},{"link_name":"Altadena, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altadena,_California"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Indy-7"},{"link_name":"John Muir High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Muir_High_School"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tel_o-9"}],"text":"King was born in Sacramento, California, in 1965, the son of Ronald and Odessa King. He and his four siblings grew up in Altadena, California.[6][7] King attended John Muir High School and often talked about being inspired by his social science teacher, Robert E. Jones.[8] King's father died in 1984[9] at the age of 42.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James Byrd Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Byrd_Jr."},{"link_name":"Mack 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mack_10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tel_o-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"King had a daughter with his girlfriend, Carmen Simpson. He later married Denetta Lyles (cousin to hate crime victim James Byrd Jr. and also cousin to rapper Mack 10) and had a daughter. King and Lyles eventually divorced. He later remarried and had a daughter with Crystal Waters. This marriage also ended in divorce.[9][10]","title":"Marriage and family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hyundai Excel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyundai_Excel"},{"link_name":"Foothill Freeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foothill_Freeway"},{"link_name":"San Fernando Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Fernando_Valley"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jurist.law.pitt.edu-11"},{"link_name":"California Highway Patrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Highway_Patrol"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-law.umkc.edu-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SC_Decision-13"},{"link_name":"driving under the influence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driving_under_the_influence"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Hansen Dam Recreation Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansen_Dam#Hansen_Dam_Recreation_Area"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usnews.com-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Police Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Police_Department"},{"link_name":"Stacey Koon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stacey_Koon"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usnews.com-16"}],"text":"Early in the morning of Sunday, March 3, 1991, King, with his friends Bryant Allen and Freddie Helms, were driving a 1987 Hyundai Excel west on the Foothill Freeway (Interstate 210) in the San Fernando Valley of Los Angeles. The three had spent the night watching basketball and drinking at a friend's house in Los Angeles.[11] At 12:30 a.m., officers Tim and Melanie Singer, husband and wife members of the California Highway Patrol, noticed King's car speeding on the freeway. They pursued King with lights and sirens, and the pursuit reached 117 mph (188 km/h), while King refused to pull over.[12][13] King would later say he fled the police hoping to avoid a driving under the influence charge and the parole violation that could follow.[14]King left the freeway near the Hansen Dam Recreation Area and the pursuit continued through residential streets at speeds ranging from 55 to 80 miles per hour (90 to 130 km/h), and through at least one red light.[15][16][17] By this point, several police cars and a police helicopter had joined in the pursuit. After approximately 8 miles (13 km), officers cornered King in his car. The first five Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) officers to arrive were Stacey Koon, Laurence Powell, Timothy Wind, Theodore Briseno and Rolando Solano.[16]","title":"1991 police assault in Los Angeles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usnews.com-16"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"phencyclidine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phencyclidine"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-report_91-25"},{"link_name":"baton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baton_(law_enforcement)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"Beating","text":"Officer Tim Singer ordered King and his two passengers to exit the vehicle and to lie face down on the ground. Allen claims that he was manhandled, kicked, stomped, taunted and threatened.[18] Helms was hit on the head while lying on the ground; he was treated for a laceration on the top of his head.[19] His bloody baseball cap was turned over to police. King remained in the car. When he emerged, King was reported to have giggled, to have patted the ground and waved to the police helicopter overhead.[16] King grabbed his buttocks, which Officer Melanie Singer took to mean King was reaching for a weapon,[20] though he was later found to be unarmed.[21] She drew her pistol and pointed it at King, ordering him to lie on the ground. Singer approached, gun drawn, preparing to arrest him. At this point, Koon, the ranking officer at the scene, told Singer that the LAPD was taking command and ordered all officers to holster their weapons.[22]According to the official report, LAPD Sergeant Koon ordered the four other LAPD officers at the scene—Briseno, Powell, Solano and Wind—to subdue and handcuff King using a technique called a \"swarm\", where multiple officers grab a suspect with empty hands, to overcome potential resistance quickly. The four officers claim King resisted attempts to restrain him when he stood up to remove Officers Powell and Briseno from his back. Both King and witnesses dispute that claim. The officers would also testify later that they believed King was under the influence of phencyclidine (PCP),[23] although King's toxicology tested negative for the drug.[24]At this point, Holliday's video recording shows King on the ground after being tasered by Koon. He rises and rushes toward Powell—as argued in court, either to attack Powell or to flee—and King and Powell collided in a rush.[25]: 6  Taser wire can be seen on King's body. Officer Powell strikes King with his baton, and King is knocked to the ground. Powell strikes King several more times with his baton. Briseno moves in, attempting to stop Powell from striking again, and Powell stands back. Koon reportedly said, \"Stop! Stop! That's enough! That's enough!\" King rises again, to his knees; Powell and Wind are seen hitting King with their batons.[26]Koon acknowledged ordering the continued use of batons, directing Powell and Wind to strike King with \"power strokes\". According to Koon, Powell and Wind used \"bursts of power strokes, then backed off\". The officers beat King. In the videotape, King continues to try to stand again. Koon orders the officers to \"hit his joints, hit the wrists, hit his elbows, hit his knees, hit his ankles\". Officers Wind, Briseno, and Powell attempted numerous baton strikes on King, resulting in some misses but with 33 blows hitting King, plus seven[27] kicks. The officers again \"swarm\" King, but this time a total of eight officers are involved in the swarm. King is placed in handcuffs and cord cuffs, restraining his arms and legs. King is dragged on his abdomen to the side of the road to await the arrival of emergency medical rescue.[28][29]","title":"1991 police assault in Los Angeles"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kingbeating.jpg"},{"link_name":"LAPD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Police_Department"},{"link_name":"Lake View Terrace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_View_Terrace"},{"link_name":"KTLA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KTLA"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"copwatch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copwatch"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Malcolm X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_X_(1992_film)"}],"sub_title":"Holliday's video","text":"Screenshots of King lying down and being beaten by LAPD officersPlumbing salesman and amateur videographer George Holliday's videotape of the beating was shot on his camcorder from his apartment near the intersection of Foothill Boulevard and Osborne Street in Lake View Terrace. Two days later (March 5), Holliday called LAPD headquarters at Parker Center to let the police department know that he had a videotape of the incident. Still, he could not find anyone interested in seeing the video. He went to KTLA television with his recording. Holliday, whose video camera was in another part of his residence, was unable to retrieve it until the officers were already in the act of beating King.[30] The footage as a whole became an instant media sensation. Portions were aired numerous times, and it \"turned what would otherwise have been a violent, but soon forgotten, encounter between the Los Angeles police and an uncooperative suspect into one of the most widely watched and discussed incidents of its kind\".[31]Several \"copwatch\" organizations subsequently were started throughout the United States to safeguard against police abuse, including an umbrella group, October 22 Coalition to Stop Police Brutality.[32]In 1992, these clips were added in the opening credits of Malcolm X.","title":"1991 police assault in Los Angeles"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Post-arrest events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"facial bone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygomatic_arch"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cannon._p._205-33"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-report_91-25"},{"link_name":"blood alcohol content","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_alcohol_content"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-report_91-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-report_91-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-report_91-25"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cannon._p._205-33"},{"link_name":"Gil Garcetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gil_Garcetti"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"sub_title":"Aftermath","text":"King was taken to Pacifica Hospital after his arrest, where he was found to have suffered a fractured facial bone, a broken right ankle, and multiple bruises and lacerations.[33] In a negligence claim filed with the city, King alleged he had suffered \"11 skull fractures, permanent brain damage, broken [bones and teeth], kidney failure [and] emotional and physical trauma.\"[25]: 8  Blood and urine samples were taken from King five hours after his arrest. At this time, King's blood alcohol content was measured to be 0.075%. This indicated that King was intoxicated during the initial arrest as defined by California law, but with the samples taken after a five hour delay, were then below the legal limit of 0.08%.[25]: 8  The tests also showed traces of marijuana (26 ng/ml).[25]: 8  Pacifica Hospital nurses reported that the officers who accompanied King (including Wind) openly joked and bragged about the number of times they had hit King.[25]: 15  Officers obtained King's identification from his clothes pockets at that time. King later sued the city for damages, and a jury awarded him $3.8 million, as well as $1.7 million in attorney's fees.[34] The city did not pursue charges against King for driving while intoxicated and evading arrest. District Attorney Ira Reiner believed there was insufficient evidence for prosecution.[33] His successor Gil Garcetti thought that by December 1992, too much time had passed to charge King with evading arrest; he also noted that the statute of limitations on drunk driving had passed.[35]","title":"Post-arrest events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stevenson2015-3"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT_19920306-36"},{"link_name":"change of venue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Change_of_venue"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_County"},{"link_name":"Simi Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simi_Valley"},{"link_name":"Ventura County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventura_County,_California"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-laist_20120428-38"},{"link_name":"Asian American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_American"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT_19920506-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"could not agree on a verdict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hung_jury"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT_19920506-39"},{"link_name":"Lou Cannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Cannon"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"John Singleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Singleton"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"}],"sub_title":"Charges against police officers and trial","text":"At a press conference, announcing the four officers involved would be disciplined, and three would face criminal charges, Los Angeles police chief Daryl Gates said: \"We believe the officers used excessive force taking him into custody. In our review, we find that officers struck him with batons between fifty-three and fifty-six times.\" The LAPD initially charged King with \"felony evading\", but later dropped the charge.[3]The Los Angeles County District Attorney subsequently charged four police officers, including one sergeant, with assault and use of excessive force.[36] Due to the extensive media coverage of the arrest, the trial received a change of venue from Los Angeles County to Simi Valley in neighboring Ventura County.[37] The jury was composed of ten white jurors, one biracial male,[38] one Latino, and one Asian American.[39] The prosecutor, Terry L. White, was black.[40][41] Mr. White was a Deputy District Attorney for Los Angeles County with 8 years of experience. The District Attorney's office denied that race was taken into account when selecting the prosecutor, and multiple trial attorneys from Los Angeles agreed that race likely played no role.[42]On April 29, 1992, the seventh day of jury deliberations, the jury acquitted all four officers of assault and acquitted three of the four of using excessive force. The jury could not agree on a verdict for the fourth officer charged with using excessive force.[39] The verdicts were based in part on the first three seconds of a blurry, 13-second segment of the videotape that, according to journalist Lou Cannon, had not been aired by television news stations in their broadcasts.[43][44]The first two seconds of videotape,[45] contrary to the claims made by the accused officers, show King attempting to flee past Laurence Powell. During the next one minute and 19 seconds, King is beaten continuously by the officers. The officers testified that they tried to physically restrain King before the starting point of the videotape, but King was able to throw them off physically.[46]Afterward, the prosecution suggested that the jurors may have acquitted the officers because of becoming desensitized to the violence of the beating, as the defense played the videotape repeatedly in slow motion, breaking it down until its emotional impact was lost.[47]Outside the Simi Valley courthouse where the acquittals were delivered, county sheriff's deputies protected Stacey Koon from angry protesters on the way to his car. Movie director John Singleton, who was in the crowd at the courthouse, predicted, \"By having this verdict, what these people did, they lit the fuse to a bomb.\"[48]Following a hung jury in Officer Laurence Powell's initial state court trial for assault, a retrial was postponed by Superior Court Judge Stanley Weisberg, pending the federal grand jury trial of Powell for violating King's civil rights. Judge Weisberg stated \"I don't think that's in anyone's best interest, to have three trials on the same subject matter involving the same defendant.\"[49] Subsequent to his trial by the federal grand jury, the assault charge against Officer Laurence Powell was dismissed in state court.[50]","title":"Post-arrest events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tom Bradley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Bradley_(American_politician)"},{"link_name":"Christopher Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Commission"},{"link_name":"Warren Christopher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Christopher"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"}],"sub_title":"Christopher Commission","text":"Los Angeles Mayor Tom Bradley created the Independent Commission on the Los Angeles Police Department, also known as the Christopher Commission, in April 1991. Led by attorney Warren Christopher, it was created to conduct \"a full and fair examination of the structure and operation of the LAPD\", including its recruitment and training practices, internal disciplinary system, and citizen complaint system.[51]","title":"Post-arrest events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jurist.law.pitt.edu-11"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Mayor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Tom Bradley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Bradley_(American_politician)"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"George H. W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush"},{"link_name":"Barbara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Bush"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"1992 Los Angeles riots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Los_Angeles_riots"},{"link_name":"California Army National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Army_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"United States Marine Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Las_Vegas_riots"},{"link_name":"civil disturbance occurred on Yonge Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yonge_Street_riot"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-57"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-57"}],"text":"Though few people at first considered race an essential factor in the case, including Rodney King's attorney, Steven Lerman,[52] the Holliday videotape was at the time stirring deep resentment among black people in Los Angeles and other major cities in the United States, where they had often complained of police abuse against their communities. The officers' jury consisted of Ventura County residents: ten white, one Latino, one Asian. Lead prosecutor Terry White was black. On April 29, 1992, the jury acquitted three of the officers but could not agree on one of the charges against Powell.[11]Los Angeles Mayor Tom Bradley said, \"The jury's verdict will not blind us to what we saw on that videotape. The men who beat Rodney King do not deserve to wear the uniform of the LAPD.\"[53] President George H. W. Bush said, \"Viewed from outside the trial, it was hard to understand how the verdict could possibly square with the video. Those civil rights leaders with whom I met were stunned. And so was I, and so was Barbara, and so were my kids.\"[54]Within hours of the acquittals, the 1992 Los Angeles riots began, lasting six days. African-Americans were outraged by the verdicts and began rioting in the streets along with the Latino communities. By the time law enforcement, the California Army National Guard, the United States Army, and the United States Marine Corps restored order, the riots had resulted in 63 deaths, 2,383 injuries, more than 7,000 fires, damage to 3,100 businesses, and nearly $1 billion in financial losses. Smaller riots occurred in other U.S. cities such as San Francisco, Las Vegas, Seattle, and as far east as Atlanta and New York City. A civil disturbance occurred on Yonge Street in Toronto, Canada when Canadians gathered to protest the acquittal in Los Angeles as well as a local police killing of a Black man in Toronto two days prior.[55][56]During the riots, on May 1, 1992,[57] King made a television appearance pleading for an end to the riots:I just want to say – you know – can we, can we all get along? Can we, can we get along? Can we stop making it horrible for the older people and the kids? And ... I mean we've got enough smog in Los Angeles let alone to deal with setting these fires and things ... It's just not right. It's not right, and it's not going to change anything. We'll get our justice. They've won the battle, but they haven't won the war. We'll get our day in court, and that's all we want. And, just, uh, I love – I'm neutral. I love every – I love people of color. I'm not like they're making me out to be. We've got to quit. We've got to quit; I mean, after all, I could understand the first – upset for the first two hours after the verdict, but to go on, to keep going on like this and to see the security guard shot on the ground – it's just not right. It's just not right, because those people will never go home to their families again. And uh, I mean, please, we can, we can get along here. We all can get along. We just gotta. We gotta. I mean, we're all stuck here for a while. Let's, you know, let's try to work it out. Let's try to beat it, you know. Let's try to work it out.[57]The widely quoted line has been often paraphrased as, \"Can we all just get along?\" or \"Can't we all just get along?\"","title":"Los Angeles riots and the aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Department of Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice"},{"link_name":"United States District Court for the Central District of California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Central_District_of_California"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-March9-59"},{"link_name":"Stacey Koon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stacey_Koon"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jurist.law.pitt.edu-11"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"John G. Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_G._Davies"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LAT19930805-62"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LAT19930805-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LAT19930805-62"},{"link_name":"federal sentencing guidelines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_sentencing_guidelines"},{"link_name":"United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Ninth_Circuit"},{"link_name":"US Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"}],"text":"After the acquittals and the riots, the United States Department of Justice (DOJ) sought indictments of the police officers for violations of King's civil rights. On May 7, federal prosecutors began presenting evidence to the federal grand jury in Los Angeles. On August 4, the grand jury returned indictments against the three officers for \"willfully and intentionally using unreasonable force\" and against Sergeant Koon for \"willfully permitting and failing to take action to stop the unlawful assault\" on King. Based on these indictments, a trial of the four officers in the United States District Court for the Central District of California began on February 25, 1993.[58]The federal trial focused more on the incident.[clarification needed] On March 9 of the 1993 trial, King took the witness stand and described to the jury the events as he remembered them.[59] The jury found Officer Laurence Powell and Sergeant Stacey Koon guilty, and they were subsequently sentenced to 30 months in prison. Timothy Wind and Theodore Briseno were acquitted of all charges,[11][60] but both were soon dismissed by the LAPD for their roles in the beating.[61]During the three-hour sentencing hearing, US District Judge John G. Davies accepted much of the defense version of the beating. He strongly criticized King, who, he said, provoked the officers' initial actions. Davies said that only the final six or so baton blows by Powell were unlawful. The first 55 seconds of the videotaped portion of the incident, during which the vast majority of the blows were delivered, was within the law because the officers were attempting to subdue a suspect who was resisting efforts to take him into custody.[62]Davies found that King's provocative behavior began with his \"remarkable consumption of alcoholic beverage\" and continued through a high-speed chase, refusal to submit to police orders and an aggressive charge toward Powell. Davies made several findings in support of the officers' version of events.[62] He concluded that Officer Powell never intentionally struck King in the head, and \"Powell's baton blow that broke King's leg was not illegal because King was still resisting and rolling around on the ground, and breaking bones in resistant suspects is permissible under police policy.\"[63]Mitigation cited by the judge in determining the length of the prison sentence included the suffering the officers had undergone because of the extensive publicity their case had received, high legal bills that were still unpaid, the impending loss of their careers as police officers, their higher risks of abuse while in prison, and their undergoing two trials. The judge acknowledged that the two trials did not legally constitute double jeopardy, but raised \"the specter of unfairness\".[62]These mitigations were critical to the validity of the sentences imposed because federal sentencing guidelines called for much longer prison terms in the range of 70 to 87 months. The low sentences were controversial and were appealed by the prosecution. In a 1994 ruling, the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit rejected all the grounds cited by Judge Davies and extended the terms. The defense appealed the case to the US Supreme Court. Both Koon and Powell were released from prison while they appealed to the Ninth Circuit's ruling, having served their original 30-month sentences with time off for good behavior. On June 14, 1996, the high court partially reversed the lower court in a ruling, unanimous in its most important aspects, which gave a strong endorsement to judicial discretion, even under sentencing guidelines intended to produce uniformity.[64]","title":"Federal civil rights trial of officers"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CynthiaKelleyRodneyKingApr2012.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tom Bradley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Bradley_(American_politician)"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"Pasadena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasadena"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"alcoholism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholism"},{"link_name":"drug addiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_addiction"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-latimes1995-70"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-latimes1995-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-latimes2-71"},{"link_name":"Alhambra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alhambra,_California"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-latimes2-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-me-king30-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-65"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-me-king30-72"},{"link_name":"birdshot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdshot"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"Pasadena, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasadena,_California"},{"link_name":"Celebrity Rehab with Dr. Drew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celebrity_Rehab_with_Dr._Drew"},{"link_name":"Drew Pinsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drew_Pinsky"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"Sober House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celebrity_Rehab_Presents_Sober_House"},{"link_name":"sober living environment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sober_living_environment"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Celebrity_Rehab-76"},{"link_name":"Children's Museum of Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_Museum_of_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Triggers-78"},{"link_name":"Chester, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Essington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinicum_Township,_Delaware_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"City of Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbct-1"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stanwilson-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"}],"text":"King with fiancée Cynthia Kelley a few months before his death. Kelley was one of the jurors in King's civil suit against the city of Los Angeles when he was awarded $3.8 million.Los Angeles Mayor Tom Bradley offered King $200,000 and a four-year college education funded by the city of Los Angeles.[65] King refused and sued the city, and was subsequently awarded $3.8 million. Bryant Allen, one of the passengers in King's car on the night of the incident, received $35,000 in his lawsuit against the city of Los Angeles.[66] The estate of Freddie Helms, the other passenger, settled for $20,000; Helms died in a car crash on June 29, 1991, age 20, in Pasadena.[67] King invested a portion of his settlement in a record label, Straight Alta-Pazz Records, hoping to employ minority employees, but it went out of business.[68] With help from a ghostwriter, he later wrote and published a memoir.[69]King was subject to further arrests and convictions for driving violations after the 1991 incident, as he struggled with alcoholism and drug addiction. In May 1991, King was arrested on suspicion of having tried to run down an undercover vice officer in Hollywood, but no charges were filed.[70] In 1992, he was arrested for injuring his wife, Crystal King. Crystal ultimately declined to file a complaint.[70] On August 21, 1993, King crashed his car into a block wall in downtown Los Angeles.[71] He was convicted of driving under the influence of alcohol, fined, and entered a rehabilitation program, after which he was placed on probation. In July 1995, King was arrested by Alhambra police after hitting Crystal with his car and knocking her to the ground during a fight. King had previously been arrested twice on suspicion of abusing her.[71] He was sentenced to 90 days in jail after being convicted of hit and run.[72]On August 27, 2003, King was arrested again for speeding and running a red light while under the influence of alcohol. He failed to yield to police officers and slammed his vehicle into a house, breaking his pelvis.[73] On November 29, 2007, while riding home on his bicycle,[65] King was shot in the face, arms, and back with pellets from a shotgun. He reported that the attackers were a man and a woman who demanded his bicycle and shot King when he rode away.[72] Police described the wounds as looking as if they came from birdshot.[74]In May 2008, King checked into the Pasadena Recovery Center in Pasadena, California, where he filmed as a cast member of Season 2 of Celebrity Rehab with Dr. Drew, which premiered in October 2008. Dr. Drew Pinsky, who runs the facility, showed concern for King's life and said he would die unless his addictions were treated.[75] King also appeared on Sober House, a Celebrity Rehab spin-off focusing on a sober living environment.[76] During his time on Celebrity Rehab and Sober House, King worked on his addiction and what he said was lingering trauma of the beating. King and Pinsky physically retraced King's path from the night of his beating, eventually reaching the spot where it happened, the site of the Children's Museum of Los Angeles, which is now Discovery Cube Los Angeles.[77]In 2009, King and other Celebrity Rehab alumni appeared as panel speakers to a new group of addicts at the Pasadena Recovery Center, marking 11 months of sobriety for him. His appearance was aired in the third-season episode \"Triggers.\"[78] King won a celebrity boxing match against Chester, Pennsylvania, police officer Simon Aouad on September 11, 2009, at the Ramada Philadelphia Airport in Essington.[79]On September 9, 2010, it was confirmed that King was going to marry Cynthia Kelley, who had been a juror in the civil suit he brought against the City of Los Angeles.[1] On March 3, 2011, the 20th anniversary of the beating, the LAPD stopped King for driving erratically and issued him a citation for driving with an expired license.[80][81] This arrest led to a February 2012 misdemeanor conviction for reckless driving.[82]The BBC quoted King commenting on his legacy. \"Some people feel like I'm some kind of hero. Others hate me. They say I deserved it. Other people, I can hear them mocking me for when I called for an end to the destruction like I'm a fool for believing in peace.\"[83]","title":"Later life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Riot Within: My Journey from Rebellion to Redemption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Riot_Within:_My_Journey_from_Rebellion_to_Redemption"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"}],"text":"In April 2012, King published his memoir, The Riot Within: My Journey from Rebellion to Redemption.[84] Co-authored by Lawrence J. Spagnola, the book describes King's turbulent youth as well as his personal account of the arrest, the trials, and the aftermath.[85]","title":"Memoir"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"swimming pool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_pool"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNN-86"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cbsnews-87"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"Rialto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rialto,_California"},{"link_name":"PDT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Time_Zone"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-911_call-89"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"Arrowhead Regional Medical Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrowhead_Regional_Medical_Center"},{"link_name":"Colton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colton,_California"},{"link_name":"dead on arrival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_on_arrival"},{"link_name":"Rialto Police Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rialto_Police_Department"},{"link_name":"PCP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phencyclidine"},{"link_name":"cardiomegaly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiomegaly"},{"link_name":"focal myocardial fibrosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_fibrosis"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"cardiac arrhythmia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_arrhythmia"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"Al Sharpton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Sharpton"},{"link_name":"Forest Lawn Memorial Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_Lawn_Memorial_Park_(Hollywood_Hills)"},{"link_name":"Hollywood Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_Hills"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"}],"text":"On Father's Day, June 17, 2012, King's partner, Cynthia Kelley, found him dead underwater at the bottom of his swimming pool.[86][87] King died 28 years to the day after his father, Ronald King, was found dead in his bathtub in 1984.[88]Police in Rialto received a 911 call from Kelley at about 5:25 a.m. PDT.[89][90] Responding officers removed King from the pool and performed CPR on him. Still pulseless, King was then transferred to an advanced life support ambulance where paramedics attempted to revive him. King was transported to Arrowhead Regional Medical Center in Colton, California, and was pronounced dead on arrival at 6:11 a.m. at the age of 47. The Rialto Police Department began a standard drowning investigation and said there did not appear to be any foul play.On August 23, 2012, King's autopsy results were released, stating that he died of accidental drowning. The combination of alcohol, cocaine, and PCP found in his system were contributing factors, as were cardiomegaly and focal myocardial fibrosis.[91] The conclusion of the report stated: \"The effects of the drugs and alcohol, combined with the subject's heart condition, probably precipitated a cardiac arrhythmia, and the subject, incapacitated in the water, was unable to save himself.\"[92]Al Sharpton delivered the eulogy at King's funeral. King is interred at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in the Hollywood Hills neighborhood of Los Angeles, California.[93][94][95]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cbsnews-87"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"}],"text":"King has become a symbol of police brutality, but his family remembers him as a \"human, not a symbol.\"[96] King never advocated for hatred or violence against the police, pleading, \"Can we all get along?\"[87][97] Since his death, his daughter, Lora King, has worked with the LAPD to build bridges between the police and the black community.[98] She also started a nonprofit, the Rodney King Foundation, on behalf of her father.[99]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Malcolm X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_X_(1992_film)"},{"link_name":"Psycho Cop 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psycho_Cop_2"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"Natural Born Killers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_Born_Killers"},{"link_name":"Don't Be a Menace to South Central While Drinking Your Juice in the Hood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Be_a_Menace_to_South_Central_While_Drinking_Your_Juice_in_the_Hood"},{"link_name":"Riot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riot_(1997_film)"},{"link_name":"Edward Norton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Norton"},{"link_name":"American History X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_History_X"},{"link_name":"Michael Pack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Pack"},{"link_name":"Dark Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Blue_(film)"},{"link_name":"Kurt Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Russell"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"Straight Outta Compton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight_Outta_Compton_(film)"},{"link_name":"NWA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N.W.A"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"Rodney King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodney_King_(film)"},{"link_name":"Spike Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spike_Lee"},{"link_name":"Kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_(2017_film)"},{"link_name":"South Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"LA 92","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LA_92_(film)"},{"link_name":"documentary film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documentary_film"},{"link_name":"1992 Los Angeles riots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Los_Angeles_riots"}],"sub_title":"Films","text":"The 1992 film Malcolm X includes a snippet of the Rodney King video.\nThe 1993 film Psycho Cop 2 parodies the King incident, in which the antagonist Joe Vickers is beaten down by bar patrons as a bystander videotapes the scene from his apartment balcony.[100]\nThe 1994 film Natural Born Killers has a media montage that contains footage of King's plea to get along.\nThe 1996 film Don't Be a Menace to South Central While Drinking Your Juice in the Hood depicts a parody, which shows police officers playing a \"Beat Rodney King\" arcade game in the police station.\nThe 1997 film Riot dissects the aftermath of the Rodney King verdict and the ensuing riots through four narratives.\nAn extended discussion on the subject led by Edward Norton is part of the 1998 film American History X.\nThe 1999 documentary film The Rodney King Incident: Race and Justice in America, produced and directed by Michael Pack, features an interview with Rodney King.\nThe 2003 American crime thriller Dark Blue starring Kurt Russell opens with footage of the assault on King.[101]\nThe beating of King and the riots that followed were also mentioned in the 2015 film Straight Outta Compton, a biopic about the rap group NWA.[102]\nThe 2017 film Rodney King, a one-man show produced by Spike Lee, alternately takes and opposes King's side.\nThe 2017 film Kings takes place in South Los Angeles during the riots.[103]\nThe 2017 film LA 92 is a documentary film about the 1992 Los Angeles riots.","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Doogie Howser, M.D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doogie_Howser,_M.D."},{"link_name":"Boston Legal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Legal"},{"link_name":"Roseanne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roseanne"},{"link_name":"The People v. O. J. Simpson: American Crime Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_People_v._O._J._Simpson:_American_Crime_Story"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"9-1-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9-1-1_(TV_series)"}],"sub_title":"Television","text":"Doogie Howser, M.D. Season 4, Episode 1 titled \"There's a Riot Going On\" takes place during the aftermath of the riots. The episode was released September 23, 1992.\nBoston Legal Season 1, episode 15, titled \"Tortured Souls\", features footage of King and discussion of the trials of the officers that followed. It aired in February 2005.\nRoseanne Season 9, episode 9, titled \"Roseambo\", features King in a guest appearance in the tag scene. The scene can be found on the DVD's but has been edited out of syndication prints.\nThe People v. O. J. Simpson: American Crime Story opens with footage of the beating and subsequent riots in Los Angeles.[104]\nThe beating was also depicted in Season 3, Episode 7 of the TV show 9-1-1.","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ice Cube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_Cube"},{"link_name":"Death Certificate (album)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_Certificate_(album)"},{"link_name":"Dr. Dre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Dre"},{"link_name":"The Chronic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chronic"},{"link_name":"Lucky People Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucky_People_Center"},{"link_name":"Showbiz & A.G.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Showbiz_%26_A.G."},{"link_name":"Runaway Slave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runaway_Slave"},{"link_name":"Big L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_L"},{"link_name":"Billy Idol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Idol"},{"link_name":"Shock to the System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shock_to_the_System_(Billy_Idol_song)"},{"link_name":"Cyberpunk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberpunk_(album)"},{"link_name":"Dog Eat Dog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog_Eat_Dog_(band)"},{"link_name":"Michael Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson"},{"link_name":"They Don't Care About Us","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/They_Don%27t_Care_About_Us"},{"link_name":"Sublime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublime_(band)"},{"link_name":"April 29, 1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_29,_1992_(Miami)"},{"link_name":"Walkin' on the Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walkin%27_on_the_Sun"},{"link_name":"Smash Mouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smash_Mouth"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"The Battle of Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Battle_of_Los_Angeles_(album)"},{"link_name":"Rage Against the Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rage_Against_the_Machine"},{"link_name":"Lloyd Banks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_Banks"},{"link_name":"The Hunger For More","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hunger_For_More"},{"link_name":"studio album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_album"},{"link_name":"Tha Carter III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tha_Carter_III"},{"link_name":"New God Flow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_God_Flow"},{"link_name":"Pusha T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pusha_T"},{"link_name":"Kanye West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanye_West"},{"link_name":"Macklemore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macklemore"},{"link_name":"Dumbfoundead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumbfoundead"},{"link_name":"Fever 333","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fever_333"},{"link_name":"Fall Out Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_Out_Boy"},{"link_name":"covered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Didn%27t_Start_the_Fire_(Fall_Out_Boy_song)"},{"link_name":"Billy Joel's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Joel"},{"link_name":"We Didn't Start the Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Didn%27t_Start_the_Fire"}],"sub_title":"Music","text":"In 1991, Ice Cube's album; Death Certificate (album) featured a song titled \"Alive On Arrival\", in which Ice Cube mentions not wanting to go out like Rodney King.\nIn 1992, Dr. Dre released \"The Day The Niggaz Took Over\" on The Chronic, a song that refers to the looting, rioting, and anger that occurred after the police who had beaten King were found not guilty of most charges.\nIn 1992 again, Lucky People Center released 'Rodney King', a single featuring sampled dialogue & with the video including the footage of the incident.\nOnce again in 1992, Showbiz & A.G. released a song titled 'Represent' on their debut studio album; Runaway Slave, which included a line by Big L referencing the beating of Rodney King.\nThe Billy Idol song \"Shock to the System\" refers to what happened to Rodney King. It was featured in his 1993 album Cyberpunk.\nIn 1994, Dog Eat Dog released their album All Boro Kings which includes the song \"Who's the King\" that refers to Rodney King, his \"Why can't we all get along\" motto, and the police violence.\nIn 1996, Michael Jackson released as a second music video for his single \"They Don't Care About Us\". The music video features several references to human right violations, and contains real footage of police attacking African Americans including footage of King's assault.\nThe 1996 Sublime song \"April 29, 1992\" was written about the riots resulting from the King incident.\nThe 1997 song \"Walkin' on the Sun\" by Smash Mouth was written about the riots that followed King's assault.[105]\nThe 1999 album The Battle of Los Angeles by Rage Against the Machine also refers to the riot which followed King's assault.\nThe 2004 song \"Playboy\" by Lloyd Banks on his debut album The Hunger For More mentions Rodney King.\nThe 2008 song \"Mrs. Officer\" by Lil Wayne on his sixth studio album, Tha Carter III mentions Rodney King.\nThe 2012 song \"New God Flow\" by Pusha T and Kanye West references him.\nThe 2012 song \"A Wake\" by Macklemore also refers to the King trial and subsequent riots.\nThe 2017 song \"Send Me To War\" by Dumbfoundead also refers to the riots and police brutality.\nIn 2018, Fever 333's song \"Burn It\" also mentions about Rodney King and the fights surrounding the assault.\nIn 2023, Fall Out Boy covered Billy Joel's 1989 hit song \"We Didn't Start the Fire\". Rodney King and the riots are mentioned in the cover.","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"one-woman play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-person_show"},{"link_name":"Anna Deavere Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Deavere_Smith"},{"link_name":"Roger Guenveur Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Guenveur_Smith"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"}],"sub_title":"Theatre","text":"Twilight: Los Angeles, 1992 is a one-woman play written and originally performed by Anna Deavere Smith about the riots following the Rodney King verdict.\nThe 2014 one-man play Rodney King by Roger Guenveur Smith is about King.[106]","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Literature","text":"The 2020 novel Heal the Hood by Adaeze Nkechi Nwosu is about Rodney King's beating and the subsequent riots.\nThe 2020 short story \"The Last Days of Rodney\" by Tracey Rose Peyton takes on King's final days and his death.","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"}],"sub_title":"Other","text":"Neighbor Nahshon Dion Anderson, an award-winning writer, and a family friend observed the aftermath of the beating and recounted the details in an unpublished and untitled memoir.[107][108][109]","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Riot Within: My Journey from Rebellion to Redemption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/riotwithinmyjour0000king"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780062194435","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780062194435"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"761856270","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/761856270"},{"link_name":"Koon, Stacey C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stacey_Koon"},{"link_name":"Presumed Guilty: The Tragedy of the Rodney King Affair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/presumedguiltytr00koon"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780895265074","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780895265074"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"26553041","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/26553041"},{"link_name":"Official Negligence: How Rodney King and the Riots Changed Los Angeles and the LAPD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=C0tWztU6f0sC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780813337258","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813337258"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"42852365","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/42852365"}],"text":"King, Rodney; Lawrence J. Spagnola (2012). The Riot Within: My Journey from Rebellion to Redemption. New York: HarperOne. ISBN 9780062194435. OCLC 761856270. King's autobiography.\nKoon, Stacey C.; Robert Deitz (1992). Presumed Guilty: The Tragedy of the Rodney King Affair. Washington, D.C.: Regnery Gateway. ISBN 9780895265074. OCLC 26553041.\nCannon, Lou (1999). Official Negligence: How Rodney King and the Riots Changed Los Angeles and the LAPD. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press. ISBN 9780813337258. OCLC 42852365.","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Screenshots of King lying down and being beaten by LAPD officers","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e1/Kingbeating.jpg/197px-Kingbeating.jpg"},{"image_text":"King with fiancée Cynthia Kelley a few months before his death. Kelley was one of the jurors in King's civil suit against the city of Los Angeles when he was awarded $3.8 million.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/CynthiaKelleyRodneyKingApr2012.jpg/220px-CynthiaKelleyRodneyKingApr2012.jpg"}]
[{"title":"History of African Americans in Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Los_Angeles"},{"title":"Killing of Tyre Nichols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Tyre_Nichols"},{"title":"Killing of Kelly Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Kelly_Thomas"},{"title":"Murder of George Floyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_George_Floyd"},{"title":"Isaac Woodard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Woodard"},{"title":"Portals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals"},{"title":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Los_Angeles"},{"title":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EC1835_C_cut.jpg"},{"title":"1990s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:1990s"},{"title":"Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biography"},{"title":"Literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Literature"},{"title":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:California"}]
[{"reference":"\"Rodney King to marry juror from LA police beating case\". BBC News. September 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-11245542","url_text":"\"Rodney King to marry juror from LA police beating case\""}]},{"reference":"Lester, Paul Martin (2018). Visual Ethics: A Guide for Photographers, Journalists, and Filmmakers. Routledge. p. 85. ASIN B07955S7GR.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)","url_text":"ASIN"},{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/dp/B07955S7GR","url_text":"B07955S7GR"}]},{"reference":"Stevenson, Brenda E. (2015). The Contested Murder of Latasha Harlins: Justice, Gender, and the Origins of the LA Riots. Oxford University Press. p. 284.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Parvini, Sarah; Kim, Victoria (April 29, 2017). \"25 years after racial tensions erupted, black and Korean communities reflect on L.A. riots\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 28, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-la-riots-unity-meeting-20170429-story.html","url_text":"\"25 years after racial tensions erupted, black and Korean communities reflect on L.A. riots\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"Post, Washington (June 18, 2012). \"Rodney King, L.A. police beating victim, dies\". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved June 25, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2012/06/17/MN9T1P3FSA.DTL","url_text":"\"Rodney King, L.A. police beating victim, dies\""}]},{"reference":"Phil Reeves (February 21, 1993). \"Profile: An icon, anxious and shy: Rodney King – As he awaits a new trial of the police who beat him, Rodney King has become a hero, a demon, and a gold mine\". The Independent. London. Retrieved July 1, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/profile-an-icon-anxious-and-shy-rodney-king--as-he-awaits-a-new-trial-of-the-police-who-beat-him-rodney-king-has-become-a-hero-a-demon-and-a-gold-mine-phil-reeves-reports-1474406.html","url_text":"\"Profile: An icon, anxious and shy: Rodney King – As he awaits a new trial of the police who beat him, Rodney King has become a hero, a demon, and a gold mine\""}]},{"reference":"King, Rodney (2012). The Riot Within: My Journey From Rebellion to Redemption. Harper One. pp. 12–15.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Obits, Rodney King\". The Telegraph. United Kingdom. June 17, 2012. Archived from the original on January 11, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/9337577/Rodney-King.html","url_text":"\"Obits, Rodney King\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/9337577/Rodney-King.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Rodney King\". BuddyTV.com. Retrieved June 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.buddytv.com/info/rodney-king-info.aspx","url_text":"\"Rodney King\""}]},{"reference":"Linder, D. (December 2001). \"The Rodney King Beating Trials\". Jurist. Archived from the original on December 3, 2009. Retrieved December 1, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Linder","url_text":"Linder, D."},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091203041211/http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/trials24.htm","url_text":"\"The Rodney King Beating Trials\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurist","url_text":"Jurist"},{"url":"http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/trials24.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Linder, D. (2001). \"The Trials of Los Angeles Police Officers' in Connection with the Beating of Rodney King\". University of Missouri–Kansas City. Retrieved March 2, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/lapd/lapdaccount.html","url_text":"\"The Trials of Los Angeles Police Officers' in Connection with the Beating of Rodney King\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Missouri%E2%80%93Kansas_City","url_text":"University of Missouri–Kansas City"}]},{"reference":"\"Stacey C. Koon, Petitioner 94-1664 v. United States\". University of Missouri–Kansas City. June 13, 1996. Retrieved March 2, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/lapd/koonvunitedstates.html","url_text":"\"Stacey C. Koon, Petitioner 94-1664 v. United States\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Missouri%E2%80%93Kansas_City","url_text":"University of Missouri–Kansas City"}]},{"reference":"Mydans, Seth; Stevenson, Richard W.; Egan, Timothy (March 18, 1991). \"Seven Minutes in Los Angeles – A special report; Videotaped Beating by Officers Puts Full Glare on Brutality Issue\". The New York Times. Retrieved March 2, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1991/03/18/us/seven-minutes-los-angeles-special-report-videotaped-beating-officers-puts-full.html","url_text":"\"Seven Minutes in Los Angeles – A special report; Videotaped Beating by Officers Puts Full Glare on Brutality Issue\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Whitman, David (May 23, 1993). \"The Untold Story of the LA Riot\". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved March 2, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/1993/05/23/the-untold-story-of-the-la-riot","url_text":"\"The Untold Story of the LA Riot\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report","url_text":"U.S. News & World Report"}]},{"reference":"\"An Account of the Los Angeles Police Officers' Trials (The Rodney King Beating Case)\". law2.umkc.edu. Retrieved February 2, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/lapd/lapdaccount.html","url_text":"\"An Account of the Los Angeles Police Officers' Trials (The Rodney King Beating Case)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Passenger Describes L.A. Police Beating Of Driver, Calls It Racial\". The New York Times. March 21, 1991. Archived from the original on November 11, 2014. Retrieved November 10, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141111070629/http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1991-03-21/news/9101140811_1_police-officers-bryant-allen-three-men","url_text":"\"Passenger Describes L.A. Police Beating Of Driver, Calls It Racial\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1991-03-21/news/9101140811_1_police-officers-bryant-allen-three-men","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Newton, Jim (March 6, 1993). \"Prosecutor Says Officers Hit Passenger in King's Car\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved November 10, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/1993-03-06/local/me-157_1_king-beating","url_text":"\"Prosecutor Says Officers Hit Passenger in King's Car\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"Matiash, Chelsea; Rothman, Lily (March 3, 2016). \"Rodney King Beating at 25: What Happened in Los Angeles\". Time. Retrieved July 20, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://time.com/4245175/rodney-king-la-riots-anniversary/","url_text":"\"Rodney King Beating at 25: What Happened in Los Angeles\""}]},{"reference":"Serrano, Richard A. (March 18, 1992). \"Bid for Officers' Acquittal Fails: King case: The judge, in rejecting the defense motion, rules that there is sufficient evidence to support a conviction of each defendant in the beating of the motorist\". Los Angeles Times. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved November 21, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/1992-03-18/local/me-3983_1_sufficient-evidence","url_text":"\"Bid for Officers' Acquittal Fails: King case: The judge, in rejecting the defense motion, rules that there is sufficient evidence to support a conviction of each defendant in the beating of the motorist\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0458-3035","url_text":"0458-3035"}]},{"reference":"The Independent Commission on the Los Angeles Police Department (1991). Report of the Independent Commission on the Los Angeles Police Department (Christopher Commission Report).","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/ChristopherCommissionLAPD","url_text":"Report of the Independent Commission on the Los Angeles Police Department (Christopher Commission Report)"}]},{"reference":"Serrano, Richard A. (March 7, 1992). \"CHP Officer Describes Chase, Beating of King : LAPD: One defendant tried to stop another's baton blows to motorist's head, she says\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 21, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-03-07-mn-3544-story.html","url_text":"\"CHP Officer Describes Chase, Beating of King : LAPD: One defendant tried to stop another's baton blows to motorist's head, she says\""}]},{"reference":"\"Video: March 7, 1991: Video of Rodney King Beaten by Police Released\". ABC News.","urls":[{"url":"https://abcnews.go.com/Archives/video/march-1991-rodney-king-videotape-9758031","url_text":"\"Video: March 7, 1991: Video of Rodney King Beaten by Police Released\""}]},{"reference":"Curry, George E. (June 23, 2012). \"Rodney King symbolized police brutality\". Milwaukee Courier Online. 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Simpson' Premiere: The 'Trial of the Century' Retold (Published 2016)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"\"Smash Mouth – Walkin' on the Sun\" – via genius.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://genius.com/Smash-mouth-walkin-on-the-sun-lyrics","url_text":"\"Smash Mouth – Walkin' on the Sun\""}]},{"reference":"Wren, Celia (July 11, 2014). \"In Roger Guenveur Smith's 'Rodney King,' a whispered evocation of the L.A. riots\". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. 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Bradley Calls It Senseless: Trial: Ventura County jury rejects charges of excessive force in episode captured on videotape. A mistrial is declared on one count against Officer Powell\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0458-3035","external_links_name":"0458-3035"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100823001955/http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/lapd/kingvideo.html","external_links_name":"\"videotape\""},{"Link":"http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/lapd/kingvideo.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1992/08/08/us/judge-delays-officer-s-retrial-in-los-angeles-taped-beating.html","external_links_name":"https://www.nytimes.com/1992/08/08/us/judge-delays-officer-s-retrial-in-los-angeles-taped-beating.html"},{"Link":"https://www.upi.com/Archives/1993/04/28/Judge-dismisses-remaining-King-beating-charge/5362735969600/","external_links_name":"https://www.upi.com/Archives/1993/04/28/Judge-dismisses-remaining-King-beating-charge/5362735969600/"},{"Link":"https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports98/police/uspo73.htm","external_links_name":"\"Shielded from Justice: Los Angeles: The Christopher Commission Report\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1991/03/17/us/beating-case-unfolds-as-does-debate-on-lawyer.html","external_links_name":"\"Beating Case Unfolds, as Does Debate on Lawyer\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/books/98/02/08/home/rodney-verdict.html","external_links_name":"The Police Verdict; Los Angeles Policemen Acquitted in Taped Beating"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160422065501/http://www.nytimes.com/books/98/02/08/home/rodney-verdict.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5mmFCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT188","external_links_name":"188"},{"Link":"https://www.cbc.ca/arts/history-called-it-a-riot-but-this-doc-argues-it-was-actually-an-uprising-one-that-continues-today-1.4112456","external_links_name":"\"History called it a riot, but this doc argues it was actually an uprising – one that continues today\""},{"Link":"https://www.thestar.com/yourtoronto/once-upon-a-city-archives/2017/05/04/once-upon-a-city-the-1992-riot-that-served-as-a-wake-up-call-for-police.html","external_links_name":"\"Once Upon A City: The 1992 riot that served as a wake-up call for police\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1sONfxPCTU0","external_links_name":"Video of Rodney King's Plea during the 1992 Los Angeles Riots"},{"Link":"http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/lapd/lapdaccount.html","external_links_name":"\"The Trials of Los Angeles Police Officers' in Connection with the Beating of Rodney King\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1993/03/10/us/rodney-king-testifies-on-beating-i-was-just-trying-to-stay-alive.html","external_links_name":"\"Rodney King Testifies on Beating: 'I Was Just Trying to Stay Alive'\""},{"Link":"https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/94-1664.ZS.html#FN1","external_links_name":"\"Koon v. United States, 518 U.S. 81 (1996)\""},{"Link":"https://apnews.com/article/7f715b1715c345a7a6100567bf43fdf4","external_links_name":"\"A look at prominent figures in 1992 riot, where are they now\""},{"Link":"http://www.latimes.com/local/california/la-me-koon-powell-get-two-and-half-years-in-prison-19930805-story.html","external_links_name":"\"Koon, Powell get two and half years in prison\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180302164038/https://www.policeone.com/less-lethal/articles/3419781-Rodney-King-20-years-later/","external_links_name":"\"Rodney King, 20 years later\""},{"Link":"https://www.policeone.com/less-lethal/articles/3419781-Rodney-King-20-years-later/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1996/06/14/us/the-supreme-court-sentencing-court-upholds-sentence-in-king-case.html","external_links_name":"\"The Supreme Court: Sentencing; Court Upholds Sentence in King Case\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1994-02-08-me-20439-story.html","external_links_name":"\"LOS ANGELES : 2 Passengers in King's Car Settle Suits for $55,000\""},{"Link":"https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-06-30-me-2497-story.html","external_links_name":"\"Passenger With King on Night of Beating Is Killed in Car Crash\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070429034439/http://www.time.com/time/specials/2007/la_riot/article/0,28804,1614117_1614084_1614831,00.html","external_links_name":"\"The L.A. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agatha_and_the_Truth_of_Murder
Agatha and the Truth of Murder
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","4 Sequels","5 Release","5.1 Broadcast","5.2 Home media","6 References","7 External links"]
British TV series or programme Agatha and the Truth of MurderPosterGenre Crime Mystery Written byTom DaltonDirected byTerry LoaneStarring Ruth Bradley Pippa Haywood Ralph Ineson Tim McInnerny Blake Harrison Samantha Spiro Joshua Silver Luke Pierre Theme music composerAndrew Simon McAllisterCountry of originUnited KingdomOriginal languageEnglishProductionExecutive producers Emily Dalton Tom Dalton Chamoun Issa ProducerBrett WilsonProduction locationNorthern IrelandCinematographyDamien ElliottEditors Claire Pringle Zsófi Tálas Running time93 MinutesProduction companyDarlow Smithson ProductionsOriginal releaseNetworkChannel 5Release23 December 2018 (2018-12-23) Agatha and the Truth of Murder is a 2018 British alternative history drama film about crime writer Agatha Christie becoming embroiled in a real-life murder case during her 11-day disappearance in 1926. Written by Tom Dalton, it depicts Christie investigating the murder of Florence Nightingale's goddaughter, Florence Nightingale Shore, which is based on real people and events, and how her involvement in this case influenced her subsequent writing. The film premiered on Channel 5 in the United Kingdom on 23 December 2018; becoming the network's most popular programme of the Christmas period and the second-highest rated fictional programme of the year. Plot In 1926, Agatha Christie finds herself in a difficult place when her writing is thwarted by predictable plot lines and her unfaithful husband pushes her for a divorce she does not want. As she searches for a way to revive her novel development, she is approached by Mabel Rogers, who is seeking help in solving the murder in 1920 of her partner, Florence Nightingale Shore, who had been bludgeoned to death on a train. Though initially reluctant to undertake a private investigation, Christie goes undercover while the nation searches for her whereabouts. Calling herself Mary Westmacott (an early Christie pseudonym), she gathers all the suspects in the attack in a country house under the pretext of determining their share of a large inheritance from a fictitious American businessman, with herself as the representative of a law firm and Mabel acting as housekeeper and cook. The suspects include Daphne Miller, a young woman whose nursing career Florence could have ruined if she had lived; Randolph, Florence's cousin who inherited her money; Zaki Hanachi, a French soldier of Algerian ancestry whom she helped recover after the war and who may have been asking her for money; Travis Pickford, a boxer and black marketer who was interviewed by the police; and Mrs. Pamela Rose, the woman Florence was travelling to see. Daphne is accompanied by her abusive father Wade, and Mrs. Rose by her son Franklin, a former chaplain. Mabel is able to search the guests' bags, and finds that Wade Miller may have a pistol with him. To try and force a reaction from the others, Christie announces after the first interview that Daphne will get the biggest share of the inheritance. Events take a turn when Daphne's father is shot dead. Detective Inspector Dicks arrives with a single constable, complaining that he is shorthanded because of the hunt for Agatha Christie, and that because of this he must conduct the investigation at the house instead of the police station. It is quickly discovered that they have been gathered together under false pretenses, and Christie changes her story to suit. Mabel is found in possession of the murder weapon and arrested. Dicks reveals to Christie that he knows who she is. He also knows that Daphne shot her father. Christie, having found a vital detail in Florence's diary, tells him she knows who attacked Florence and asks for his help. They spring a trap to get Pamela Rose and her son to admit their involvement. Even after Dicks and others overhear the conversation, the evidence is too thin to convict them, despite there being proof that they wrote a note blackmailing Daphne into planting the gun in Mabel's room. Instead, the others conspire to frame Florence's killers for the murder of Daphne's father. Inspector Dicks helps Christie set up the cover story for her disappearance and inadvertently helps her get the idea for a new book. She is shown later completing a manuscript which appears to be Death on the Nile. Cast Closing credits in alphabetical order. Dean Andrews as Wade Miller Ruth Bradley as Agatha Christie Bebe Cave as Daphne Miller Amelia Rose Dell as Rosalind Richard Doubleday as Postmaster Wilson Derek Halligan as Mr Todd, caretaker at the country house Blake Harrison as Travis Pickford Pippa Haywood as Mabel Rogers Stacha Hicks as Florence Nightingale Shore Ralph Ineson as Detective Inspector Dicks Brian McCardie as Sir Hugh Persimmion Michael McElhatton as Sir Arthur Conan Doyle Tim McInnerny as Randolph Clare McMahon as Carlo, Christie's secretary. Liam McMahon as Archibald Christie Seamus O'Hara as PC Spencer Luke Pierre as Zaki Hanachi Joshua Silver as Franklin Rose Samantha Spiro as Pamela Rose Production Filming took place from 2 October to 22 October 2018 in Northern Ireland. Locations included Grey Abbey House in Greyabbey, Royal Belfast Golf Course, and Ulster Folk and Transport Museum. The train scenes were shot at the Downpatrick and County Down Railway, using both Downpatrick station and the Loop Platform, the latter of which was dressed as Polegate Junction. Agatha and the Truth of Murder was produced by Brett Wilson and directed by Terry Loane, and stars Ruth Bradley in the eponymous role of Agatha Christie. Bradley admitted to feeling pressure playing Christie and used the biography by Laura Thompson (Agatha Christie: An English Mystery, 2007) "like a bible". Sequels Dalton has written two further follow-up films Agatha and the Curse of Ishtar and Agatha and the Midnight Murders. Release Broadcast Agatha and the Truth of Murder premiered in the UK on Channel 5, on 23 December 2018, at 9 pm. Home media The film was released in Canada and the United States as VOD on Netflix on 31 January 2019. References ^ Jackson, Lorne (29 December 2018). "TV review: Agatha & the Truth of Murder". The Herald. Retrieved 6 February 2019. ^ Cook, Rosemary (7 October 2015). The Nightingale Shore Murder. Troubador. ISBN 9781784624040. ^ Bhavnani, Sanjeev (January 2, 2019). "Channel 5 delivers best ever ABC1 ratings in 2018". Advanced Television. Retrieved 6 February 2019. ^ a b "The Truth of Murder". Northern Ireland Screen. 2018. Retrieved 6 February 2019. ^ "Grey Abbey House: Northern Ireland stately home with starring role in Agatha Christie drama". Belfast Telegraph. 17 December 2018. Retrieved 6 February 2019. ^ "Stars of silver screen roll in to railway for Agatha Christie film". Down Recorder. 19 December 2018. Retrieved 6 February 2019. ^ "Agatha & The Truth of Murder". Radio Times. December 2018. Archived from the original on 2019-04-10. Retrieved 2018-12-27. ^ "Ruth Bradley felt 'huge pressure' playing Agatha Christie in new drama". Belfast Telegraph. 22 December 2018. ^ Munn, Patrick (4 December 2018). "Channel 5 Sets Premiere Date For 'Agatha & The Truth Of Murder'". TV Wise. ^ "Agatha and the Truth of Murder (2018)". NewOnNetflix.Ca. January 2019. Archived from the original on 7 February 2019. Retrieved 6 February 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) 7 February 2019 ^ "Agatha and the Truth of Murder". New On Netflix–USA–. January 2019. Retrieved 6 February 2019. External links Official website Agatha and the Truth of Murder Archived 2019-02-07 at the Wayback Machine at Kew Media Group Agatha and the Truth of Murder at Darlow Smithson Productions Agatha and the Truth of Murder at IMDb vteAgatha Christie Bibliography Universe Adaptations Characters Superintendent Battle Tommy and Tuppence Beresford Lady Eileen "Bundle" Brent Sir Henry Clithering Captain Arthur Hastings Chief Inspector James Japp Miss Jane Marple Ariadne Oliver Hercule Poirot Parker Pyne Mr. Harley Quin Raymond West Locations St. Mary Mead Novels The Mysterious Affair at Styles The Secret Adversary The Murder on the Links The Man in the Brown Suit The Secret of Chimneys The Murder of Roger Ackroyd The Big Four The Mystery of the Blue Train The Seven Dials Mystery The Murder at the Vicarage The Sittaford Mystery Peril at End House Lord Edgware Dies Murder on the Orient Express Why Didn't They Ask Evans? Three Act Tragedy Death in the Clouds The A.B.C. Murders Murder in Mesopotamia Cards on the Table Dumb Witness Death on the Nile Appointment with Death Hercule Poirot's Christmas Murder Is Easy And Then There Were None Sad Cypress One, Two, Buckle My Shoe Evil Under the Sun N or M? The Body in the Library Five Little Pigs The Moving Finger Towards Zero Death Comes as the End Sparkling Cyanide The Hollow Taken at the Flood Crooked House A Murder Is Announced They Came to Baghdad Mrs McGinty's Dead They Do It with Mirrors After the Funeral A Pocket Full of Rye Destination Unknown Hickory Dickory Dock Dead Man's Folly 4.50 from Paddington Ordeal by Innocence Cat Among the Pigeons The Pale Horse The Mirror Crack'd from Side to Side The Clocks A Caribbean Mystery At Bertram's Hotel Third Girl Endless Night By the Pricking of My Thumbs Hallowe'en Party Passenger to Frankfurt Nemesis Elephants Can Remember Postern of Fate Curtain Sleeping Murder As Mary Westmacott Giant's Bread Unfinished Portrait Absent in the Spring The Rose and the Yew Tree A Daughter's a Daughter The Burden Short story collections Poirot Investigates Partners in Crime The Mysterious Mr Quin The Thirteen Problems The Hound of Death The Listerdale Mystery Parker Pyne Investigates Murder in the Mews The Regatta Mystery The Labours of Hercules The Witness for the Prosecution and Other Stories Three Blind Mice and Other Stories The Under Dog and Other Stories The Adventure of the Christmas Pudding Double Sin and Other Stories The Golden Ball and Other Stories Poirot's Early Cases Miss Marple's Final Cases and Two Other Stories Problem at Pollensa Bay and Other Stories The Harlequin Tea Set While the Light Lasts and Other Stories Plays Black Coffee And Then There Were None Appointment with Death Murder on the Nile The Hollow The Mousetrap Witness for the Prosecution Spider's Web Towards Zero Verdict The Unexpected Guest Go Back For Murder Fiddlers Three Akhnaton Chimneys Radio and television plays Wasp's Nest The Yellow Iris Three Blind Mice Butter in a Lordly Dish Personal Call Other books The Road of Dreams Come, Tell Me How You Live Star Over Bethlehem Poems An Autobiography The Mousetrap and Other Plays Agatha Christie's Secret Notebooks Depictions Agatha Christie Memorial Agatha (1979 film) Agatha Christie: A Life in Pictures (2004 docudrama) The Unicorn and the Wasp (2008 TV episode) Agatha and the Truth of Murder (2018 film) Agatha and the Curse of Ishtar (2019 film) Agatha and the Midnight Murders (2020 film) See How They Run (2022 film) Related Archie Christie (first husband) Max Mallowan (second husband) Ashfield, Torquay (home) Greenway Estate (home) Agatha Award Agatha Christie Award (Japan) Category
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As she searches for a way to revive her novel development, she is approached by Mabel Rogers, who is seeking help in solving the murder in 1920 of her partner, Florence Nightingale Shore, who had been bludgeoned to death on a train. Though initially reluctant to undertake a private investigation, Christie goes undercover while the nation searches for her whereabouts.Calling herself Mary Westmacott (an early Christie pseudonym), she gathers all the suspects in the attack in a country house under the pretext of determining their share of a large inheritance from a fictitious American businessman, with herself as the representative of a law firm and Mabel acting as housekeeper and cook. The suspects include Daphne Miller, a young woman whose nursing career Florence could have ruined if she had lived; Randolph, Florence's cousin who inherited her money; Zaki Hanachi, a French soldier of Algerian ancestry whom she helped recover after the war and who may have been asking her for money; Travis Pickford, a boxer and black marketer who was interviewed by the police; and Mrs. Pamela Rose, the woman Florence was travelling to see. Daphne is accompanied by her abusive father Wade, and Mrs. Rose by her son Franklin, a former chaplain. Mabel is able to search the guests' bags, and finds that Wade Miller may have a pistol with him. To try and force a reaction from the others, Christie announces after the first interview that Daphne will get the biggest share of the inheritance.Events take a turn when Daphne's father is shot dead. Detective Inspector Dicks arrives with a single constable, complaining that he is shorthanded because of the hunt for Agatha Christie, and that because of this he must conduct the investigation at the house instead of the police station. It is quickly discovered that they have been gathered together under false pretenses, and Christie changes her story to suit. Mabel is found in possession of the murder weapon and arrested. Dicks reveals to Christie that he knows who she is. He also knows that Daphne shot her father. Christie, having found a vital detail in Florence's diary, tells him she knows who attacked Florence and asks for his help. They spring a trap to get Pamela Rose and her son to admit their involvement. Even after Dicks and others overhear the conversation, the evidence is too thin to convict them, despite there being proof that they wrote a note blackmailing Daphne into planting the gun in Mabel's room. Instead, the others conspire to frame Florence's killers for the murder of Daphne's father.Inspector Dicks helps Christie set up the cover story for her disappearance and inadvertently helps her get the idea for a new book. She is shown later completing a manuscript which appears to be Death on the Nile.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dean Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Andrews"},{"link_name":"Ruth Bradley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Bradley"},{"link_name":"Agatha Christie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agatha_Christie"},{"link_name":"Bebe Cave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bebe_Cave"},{"link_name":"Blake Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blake_Harrison"},{"link_name":"Pippa Haywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pippa_Haywood"},{"link_name":"Ralph Ineson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Ineson"},{"link_name":"Brian McCardie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_McCardie"},{"link_name":"Michael McElhatton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_McElhatton"},{"link_name":"Sir Arthur Conan Doyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Arthur_Conan_Doyle"},{"link_name":"Tim McInnerny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_McInnerny"},{"link_name":"Seamus O'Hara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seamus_O%27Hara_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Samantha Spiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samantha_Spiro"}],"text":"Closing credits in alphabetical order.Dean Andrews as Wade Miller\nRuth Bradley as Agatha Christie\nBebe Cave as Daphne Miller\nAmelia Rose Dell as Rosalind\nRichard Doubleday as Postmaster Wilson\nDerek Halligan as Mr Todd, caretaker at the country house\nBlake Harrison as Travis Pickford\nPippa Haywood as Mabel Rogers\nStacha Hicks as Florence Nightingale Shore\nRalph Ineson as Detective Inspector Dicks\nBrian McCardie as Sir Hugh Persimmion\nMichael McElhatton as Sir Arthur Conan Doyle\nTim McInnerny as Randolph\nClare McMahon as Carlo, Christie's secretary.\nLiam McMahon as Archibald Christie\nSeamus O'Hara as PC Spencer\nLuke Pierre as Zaki Hanachi\nJoshua Silver as Franklin Rose\nSamantha Spiro as Pamela Rose","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NIS-4"},{"link_name":"Greyabbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greyabbey"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grey-5"},{"link_name":"Royal Belfast Golf Course","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Belfast_Golf_Club"},{"link_name":"Ulster Folk and Transport Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Folk_and_Transport_Museum"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NIS-4"},{"link_name":"Downpatrick and County Down Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downpatrick_and_County_Down_Railway"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Downpatrick station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downpatrick_railway_station"},{"link_name":"the Loop Platform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downpatrick_Loop_Platform_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Polegate Junction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polegate_railway_station"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Ruth Bradley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Bradley"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RadioT-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BelfastT-8"}],"text":"Filming took place from 2 October to 22 October 2018 in Northern Ireland.[4] Locations included Grey Abbey House in Greyabbey,[5] Royal Belfast Golf Course, and Ulster Folk and Transport Museum.[4] The train scenes were shot at the Downpatrick and County Down Railway,[6] using both Downpatrick station and the Loop Platform, the latter of which was dressed as Polegate Junction.[citation needed]Agatha and the Truth of Murder was produced by Brett Wilson and directed by Terry Loane, and stars Ruth Bradley in the eponymous role of Agatha Christie.[7] Bradley admitted to feeling pressure playing Christie and used the biography by Laura Thompson (Agatha Christie: An English Mystery, 2007) \"like a bible\".[8]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Agatha and the Curse of Ishtar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agatha_and_the_Curse_of_Ishtar"},{"link_name":"Agatha and the Midnight Murders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agatha_and_the_Midnight_Murders"}],"text":"Dalton has written two further follow-up films Agatha and the Curse of Ishtar and Agatha and the Midnight Murders.","title":"Sequels"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Munn-9"}],"sub_title":"Broadcast","text":"Agatha and the Truth of Murder premiered in the UK on Channel 5, on 23 December 2018, at 9 pm.[9]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"VOD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_on_demand"},{"link_name":"Netflix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Home media","text":"The film was released in Canada and the United States as VOD on Netflix on 31 January 2019.[10][11]","title":"Release"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"Jackson, Lorne (29 December 2018). \"TV review: Agatha & the Truth of Murder\". The Herald. Retrieved 6 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.heraldscotland.com/arts_ents/17319116.tv-review-agatha-the-truth-of-murder/","url_text":"\"TV review: Agatha & the Truth of Murder\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Herald_(Glasgow)","url_text":"The Herald"}]},{"reference":"Cook, Rosemary (7 October 2015). The Nightingale Shore Murder. Troubador. ISBN 9781784624040.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781784624040","url_text":"9781784624040"}]},{"reference":"Bhavnani, Sanjeev (January 2, 2019). \"Channel 5 delivers best ever ABC1 ratings in 2018\". Advanced Television. Retrieved 6 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://advanced-television.com/2019/01/02/channel-5-delivers-best-ever-abc1-ratings-in-2018/","url_text":"\"Channel 5 delivers best ever ABC1 ratings in 2018\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Truth of Murder\". Northern Ireland Screen. 2018. Retrieved 6 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.northernirelandscreen.co.uk/production-catalogue/the-truth-of-murder/#readmore","url_text":"\"The Truth of Murder\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Screen","url_text":"Northern Ireland Screen"}]},{"reference":"\"Grey Abbey House: Northern Ireland stately home with starring role in Agatha Christie drama\". Belfast Telegraph. 17 December 2018. Retrieved 6 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/life/features/grey-abbey-house-northern-ireland-stately-home-with-starring-role-in-agatha-christie-drama-37627631.html","url_text":"\"Grey Abbey House: Northern Ireland stately home with starring role in Agatha Christie drama\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast_Telegraph","url_text":"Belfast Telegraph"}]},{"reference":"\"Stars of silver screen roll in to railway for Agatha Christie film\". Down Recorder. 19 December 2018. Retrieved 6 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thedownrecorder.co.uk/pages/index.asp?title=Stars_of_silver_screen_roll_in_to_railway_for_Agatha_Christie_film","url_text":"\"Stars of silver screen roll in to railway for Agatha Christie film\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Down_Recorder","url_text":"Down Recorder"}]},{"reference":"\"Agatha & The Truth of Murder\". Radio Times. December 2018. Archived from the original on 2019-04-10. Retrieved 2018-12-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190410125239/https://www.radiotimes.com/tv-programme/e/hf7v8t/agatha--the-truth-of-murder/","url_text":"\"Agatha & The Truth of Murder\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Times","url_text":"Radio Times"},{"url":"https://www.radiotimes.com/tv-programme/e/hf7v8t/agatha--the-truth-of-murder/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ruth Bradley felt 'huge pressure' playing Agatha Christie in new drama\". Belfast Telegraph. 22 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/entertainment/film-tv/news/ruth-bradley-felt-huge-pressure-playing-agatha-christie-in-new-drama-37652627.html","url_text":"\"Ruth Bradley felt 'huge pressure' playing Agatha Christie in new drama\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast_Telegraph","url_text":"Belfast Telegraph"}]},{"reference":"Munn, Patrick (4 December 2018). \"Channel 5 Sets Premiere Date For 'Agatha & The Truth Of Murder'\". TV Wise.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tvwise.co.uk/2018/12/channel-5-sets-premiere-date-for-agatha-the-truth-of-murder/","url_text":"\"Channel 5 Sets Premiere Date For 'Agatha & The Truth Of Murder'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Agatha and the Truth of Murder (2018)\". NewOnNetflix.Ca. January 2019. Archived from the original on 7 February 2019. Retrieved 6 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190207072233/https://www.newonnetflix.ca/agatha-and-the-truth-of-murder-2018/","url_text":"\"Agatha and the Truth of Murder (2018)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Agatha and the Truth of Murder\". New On Netflix–USA–. January 2019. Retrieved 6 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://usa.newonnetflix.info/info/81047683/s","url_text":"\"Agatha and the Truth of Murder\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michoacan
Michoacán
["1 History","2 Geography","2.1 Flora","2.2 Fauna","2.3 Protected areas","3 Economy","3.1 Agriculture","3.2 Forestry","3.3 Fishing","3.4 Mining and minerals","3.5 Manufacturing","4 Infrastructure","4.1 Transport","4.2 Media","5 Education","6 Tourism","7 Crime","7.1 War on drugs","7.2 Killings","7.3 Kidnappings and Ransoms","7.4 Drug Cartels","7.5 Police and Militia","7.6 Crime during COVID-19","8 Demographics","8.1 Largest cities","9 Municipalities","9.1 Major communities","10 See also","11 References","12 External links"]
Coordinates: 19°13′N 101°55′W / 19.21°N 101.91°W / 19.21; -101.91State of Mexico "Michoacán de Ocampo" redirects here. For the town in Mexicali, Baja California, see Michoacán de Ocampo, Baja California. State in Morelia, MexicoMichoacánStateFree and Sovereign State of Michoacán de OcampoEstado Libre y Soberano de Michoacán de Ocampo (Spanish) Coat of armsMottoes: Heredamos Libertad, Legaremos Justicia Social (Spanish: We Inherited Freedom, We Will Bequeath Social Justice) El alma de Mexico (Spanish: The soul of Mexico)State of Michoacán within MexicoCoordinates: 19°13′N 101°55′W / 19.21°N 101.91°W / 19.21; -101.91CountryMexicoCapital and largest cityMoreliaMunicipalities113AdmissionDecember 22, 1823Order5thGovernment • Governor Alfredo Ramírez Bedolla • SenatorsCristóbal Arias Solís Blanca Estela Piña Gudiño Antonio García Conejo  • Deputies Federal Deputies • 14• 3• 2• 1• 1 Area • Total58,599 km2 (22,625 sq mi) Ranked 16thHighest elevation3,840 m (12,600 ft)Population (2020) • Total4,748,846 • Rank9th • Density81/km2 (210/sq mi)  • Rank13thDemonymMichoacano (a)GDP • TotalMXN 700 billion(US$34.8 billion) (2022) • Per capita(US$7,066) (2022)Time zoneUTC−6 (CST)Postal code58–61Area code Area codes • 1• 2• 3 ISO 3166 codeMX-MICHDI 0.724 high Ranked 27th of 32WebsiteOfficial Web Site Michoacán, formally Michoacán de Ocampo (Spanish pronunciation: ⓘ; Purépecha: P'uɽempo), officially the Estado Libre y Soberano de Michoacán de Ocampo (English: Free and Sovereign State of Michoacán de Ocampo), is one of the 31 states which, together with Mexico City, comprise the Federal Entities of Mexico. The state is divided into 113 municipalities and its capital city is Morelia (formerly called Valladolid). The city was named after José María Morelos, a native of the city and one of the main heroes of the Mexican War of Independence. Michoacán is located in western Mexico, and has a stretch of coastline on the Pacific Ocean to the southwest. It is bordered by the states of Colima and Jalisco to the west and northwest, Guanajuato to the north, Querétaro to the northeast, the State of México to the east, and Guerrero to the southeast. The name Michoacán is from Nahuatl: Michhuahcān from michhuah ("possessor of fish") and -cān (place of) and means "place of the fishermen" referring to those who fish on Lake Pátzcuaro. In pre-Hispanic times, the area was the home of the Purépecha Empire, which rivaled the Aztec Empire at the time of Spanish encounter. After the Spanish conquest, the empire became a separate province which became smaller over the colonial period. The state and its residents played a major role in the Mexican War of Independence. Today, the state is still home to a sizable population of Purépecha people as well as minor populations of Otomi and Nahua. The economy is based on agriculture, ranching, fishing, mining, and the arts. The major tourism draw for the state is the Lake Pátzcuaro–Tzintzuntzan–Quiroga area, which was the center of the Purépecha Empire; as well as the location of the Tzintzuntzan yácata pyramids. The national and state parks which include the winter grounds of the monarch butterflies (Mariposas Monarca) are located here. Michoacán is known for its Spanish colonial towns. In 1991, Morelia was declared an UNESCO World Heritage Site for its well-preserved colonial buildings, pink stone cathedral, historic center, and aqueduct. Michoacán has eight Pueblos Mágicos; such as the towns of Tlalpujahua and Santa Clara del Cobre. Day of the Dead celebrations in some parts of Michoacán, such as the towns of Janitzio and Pátzcuaro, are often considered to be the most elaborate and famous in all of Mexico. The famous Paricutín volcano, which is one of the Seven Natural Wonders of the World, is located near the city of Uruapan. The state is known as "the soul of Mexico". Catholic priest and insurgent leader José María Morelos History Yacata pyramids of Tzintzuntzan According to archaeological evidence, there has been human habitation within the territory of the Mexican state of Michoacán for at least 10,000 years. In the pre-Hispanic period, there were waves of migration into the area, including the Pirinda, Nahua, Huetamo, Colima, Purépecha and other peoples. There are sites of formal settlements from all Mesoamerican periods. Important sites include El Opeño and those in Curutarán, Tepalcatepec, Apatzingán, Zinapécuaro and Coalcomán. The territory has been inhabited by the Nahua, Otomi, Matlatzinca, Pirinda and Teco peoples as well as the Purépecha. Spanish-Tlaxcalan conquest of Michoacan under conquistador Nuño de Guzmán The main pre-Hispanic civilization of the state is that of the Purépecha, which was centered in the Lake Pátzcuaro area. Before the 13th century, both Nahua and Purépecha peoples were here, sustaining themselves by agriculture and fishing. The Purépecha are descendants of a late arrival of Chichimeca who came from the north. At Lake Patzcuaro, they came upon people with similar cultures to their own but who were more technological and socially advanced. The formation of the Purépechan state in the 13th century, when these people started their own dominion at Uayameo, today Santa Fé de la Laguna, and becoming dominant over the entire Lake Patzcuaro area by the 15th century. Conquest of neighboring tribes and territories occurred between 1401 and 1450, as they absorbed peoples with different cultures and languages into the empire. By the late 15th century, this state rivaled that of the Aztecs, having expanded their territory over much of what is now Michoacán and into part of Colima, Nayarit, Querétaro, Guanajuato, Guerrero and Jalisco. The Aztecs attempted to invade the Purépecha but were repelled. Because of this attack, the Purépecha later denied the Aztecs aid in their defense of Tenochtitlan against the Spanish and the Tlaxcala. The Purépechas are noted by historians to be one of the few rare instances in the Americas were the indigenous people had some experience with metallurgy prior to the arrival of the Europeans, especially coppersmithing and other metal ores located in their empire. Their descendants are still widely regarded for this today. Purépecha coyote statue Prior to the arrival of any Spaniard in the territory, then-ruler Zuanga died of smallpox, presumably carried by one of the Aztec delegations seeking military aid. He was succeeded by Tanganxoan II. The first Spaniard to the area was Cristóbal de Olid. The Spanish destruction of Tenochtitlan and their promise to allow him to remain ruler convinced Tanganxoan II to submit to Spanish rule. But, Nuño de Guzmán reneged on this agreement and killed Tanganxoan II in 1530, a crime for which he was tried and exiled to Spain where he would die in prison. Basilica of Nuestra Señora de la Salud in Patzcuaro During the first years of the Conquest, Michoacán was part of the "kingdom of Mexico" which included the current states of Mexico, Querétaro, Hidalgo, Tlaxcala, Oaxaca, Morelos, Guerrero, Veracruz, Tabasco, Michoacán, Guanajuato and parts of San Luis Potosí, Jalisco and Colima. These lands were divided into encomiendas among the conquistadors. The provinces with the largest populations were called Alcaldias Mayores, with Michoacán being one of these, with its capital initially at Tzintzuntzan. Soon after, it was moved to Patzcuaro and eventually settled in what is now Morelia. The provincial and later state capital was founded by viceroy Antonio de Mendoza in 1541. It became the political and ecclesiastical center of the province after the death of Vasco de Quiroga in 1565. Soon after the Spanish Conquest, evangelists from the Franciscan, Augustinian, Carmelite and other orders established monasteries all over the territory. Some of the best-known are Juan de Moya, Martín de la Coruña and Jacob the Dacian. As first governor, Nuño de Guzmán disrupted and devastated the social and economic order of the area. Vasco de Quiroga succeeded Guzman, bringing Franciscan and Augustinian friars to both evangelize and repair the area's broken economy and social institutions. Quiroga founded the Spanish city of Patzcuaro in 1538, calling it the Ciudad de Mechuacán. For his efforts, Quiroga is still referred to in the Patzcuaro area as "Tata (grandfather) Vasco". The diocese of Michoacán was established in 1536 by Pope Paul III, and its boundaries coincide with the old Purépecha kingdom. Its first bishop was Vasco de Quiroga. The Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo began as the Colegio de San Nicolas Obispo, founded by Vasco de Quiroga in Patzcuaro in 1540. It was originally a seminary for the training of evangelists. It was granted a royal seal in 1543 to become the Real Colegio de San Nicolás Obispo. The school was moved to Morelia in 1580 and was fused with the Colegio de San Miguel Guayangareo. In 1590, its name was changed to the Seminario Tridentino, afterwards to Seminario Conciliar in 1601. By the end of the 17th century, the name returned to Colegio de San Nicolás but its structure was profoundly changed, adding studies such as philosophy, civil law, and others. At the end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th centuries, a number of figures associated with the Mexican War of Independence, such as Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, José María Morelos and others were associated with this school. By the mid-19th century, the school had been secularized and renamed the Primitivo y Nacional Colegio de San Nicolás de Hidalgo adding studies such as chemistry, physics and other sciences. The current name and organization was adopted after the Mexican Revolution in 1917. La Calavera Catrina figure bought in Pátzcuaro From the 16th to the 18th centuries, Augustinian, Franciscan and Carmelite missions were constructed in the territory as well as civil constructions, especially in the city now known as Morelia. Mining in areas such as Angangueo, Tlalpujahua and Inguaran had begun, as well as the establishment of agricultural and livestock haciendas. The first school of higher education, called the Primera Casa de Altos Estudios en América, was founded by Alonso de la Veracruz in Tiripetío. Michoacán was made a separate province from "Mexico" in 1602. By the mid-17th century, the indigenous population had declined by half. In 1776, the territory of Michoacán was reduced to the area in which the modern states of Michoacán and Colima are now. Soon after, Colima split to join with the province of Guadalajara, leaving Michoacán roughly with the territory it has today. During the entire colonial period, the economy was concentrated in the hands of the Spanish-born, who held vast lands and haciendas. They also held the rights over minerals mined in places such as Tlalpujahua, Angangueo and Huetamo. Indigenous peoples were exploited for their work, and slavery was not uncommon. Education was restricted for only those born in Spain and their descendants and was controlled by the Church. The main educational institutions were the Colegio de San Nicolas, founded in the 16th century; and the Seminary of San Pedro and San Pablo, founded in the 18th century. These schools produced a number of distinguished men, but the best-known is Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla. At the end of the 18th century, ideas from Europe began to infiltrate the upper classes of the state, especially in Valladolid (Morelia) and Zamora. These would eventually lead to the Mexican War of Independence in the early 18th century. This war was foreshadowed by the 1809 conspiracy in Valladolid. One of the early and main protagonists of the war, Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, was educated as a priest in the state and began to disseminate Enlightenment ideas here. Soon after Hidalgo performed the Grito de Dolores in Dolores (now Dolores Hidalgo), Guanajuato, a number of people influenced by his thought took up arms against the colonial government. These included Manuel de la Torre Lloreda, Gertrudis Bocanegra, José María Garcia Obeso and Ignacio López Rayón. During his campaign, Hidalgo returned to Valladolid, issuing a decree eliminating slavery. After Hidalgo's death, much of the insurgency and spies against the Spanish viceroy were located in Michoacán, with documents such as the "Primera Constitución o Decreto Constitucional para la Libertad de la América Mexicana" (First Constitution or Constitutional Decree for the Liberty of the Mexican America) and "Sentimentos de la Nacion", both of which would shape constitutions and governments in the years to come. The first Mexican Supreme Court was also founded here. The Mexican War of Independence was culminated by the army of Agustín de Iturbide, also a Michoacán native, who took Morelia in May 1821. After the war ended in 1821, the territory of Michoacán became the "Free and Sovereign State of Michoacán on January 31, 1824. This state was initially divided into 4 departments and 22 portions (partidos) under the Ley Territorial of 1825, with the first constitution ratified in the same year. The name of the capital was changed from Valladolid to Morelia at the same time. In 1831, the state was reorganized into 61 municipals and 207 locales (tenencias). Due to the struggle between centralists and federalists in Mexico in the 19th century, Michoacán's rights as an entity would change depending on who was in control. The state was declared a department in 1836 but became a more independent state again in 1846. Colima broke off from Michoacán to form its own state in this year. In 1849, the municipality of Coyuca was separated to form the state of Guerrero. In 1853, the state became a department again, regaining state status in 1856. In 1857, Contepec was separated from the state of Guanajuato and attached to Michoacán. In 1863, the diocese of Michoacán was reduced in size, but its status was also elevated to archdiocese. During the French Intervention in Mexico, Morelia was taken by French forces in 1863. Since resistance to the French was particularly strong here, punitive acts were undertaken by the French in places like Zitácuaro, where much of the city was burned. One of the first victories against the French during the Intervention occurred in Zamora. Parícutin in 1997 Monarch butterfly sanctuary near the pueblo of Angangueo Laguna Larga in Los Azufres Green sea turtle swimming in the Mexican Pacific In 1907, Michoacán's boundaries changed again with the addition of the communities of Pungarabato and Zirandaro added from Guerrero state to make the Balsas River a natural border. The Mexican Revolution came to Michoacán in 1911, when those loyal to Francisco I. Madero proclaimed Santa Clara del Cobre as their territory, then went on to take towns around Lake Patzcuaro under the leadership of Salvador Escalante. The governor of the state, Aristeo Mendoza, resigned. Fighting among various factions would continue in parts of the state for the rest of the war. The state's current constitution was ratified in 1918. In 1920, the Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo was founded. Soon after the end of the Revolution, the Cristero War would affect the state, which affected agricultural production and distribution. In 1926, hostilities closed the seminaries in Morelia and Zamora. Near the end of the war, Lázaro Cárdenas was elected governor of the state and served until 1932; he became president of Mexico in 1934. Michoacán has been badly affected by the Mexican Drug War, due to its methamphetamine and marijuana production. That resulted in the start of an anti-drug trafficking campaign in 2006, an anti-narcotics operation since 2006, grenade attacks in 2008, a shootout in 2015 as well as a massacre and clashes in 2019. Geography View of Lake Patzcuaro from Tzintzuntzan The state is located in the center west of the Mexican Republic, on the extreme southwest of the central highlands. It borders the states of Mexico, Querétaro, Guerrero, Guanajuato, Jalisco and Colima, with a 217 km (135 mi) coastline on the Pacific Ocean. The state has a territory of 58,836.95 km2 (22,717.07 sq mi), making it the sixteenth-largest in Mexico (exactly at the midpoint among Mexican states in area). It also has 1,490 km2 (580 sq mi) of marine territory off its Pacific coast. The state is crossed by the Sierra Madre del Sur, the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt and the Inter-mountain Valleys region. The Sierra Madre del Sur crosses the state northwest to southeast for approximately 200 km (120 mi) in the southwest between the municipalities of Chinicuila and Arteaga along the Pacific Coast. It is considered to be a continuation of the Sierra Madre Occidental. Peaks in this range average about 2,900 m (9,500 ft) above sea level, with the largest being the Cerro de las Canoas. The Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt crosses the state from west to east toward the Toluca Valley and Valley of Mexico. This mountain range is marked by appearance of many volcanoes, active, dormant, and extinct alike. This system is subdivided into regions such as the Sierra de Tancítaro, Sierra de Periban, Sierra de San Angel and others. The best-known volcano in this region is the Paricutín volcano. Parícutin 1943 eruption at night The state has a large number of lakes, waterfalls, lagoons, hot springs, and a natural system of waterways, including parts of two of the country's largest rivers, the Lerma and the Balsas. These waterways are divided into three regions, called the North, Central and South. The North region includes the Lerma Basin. On the Lerma River is the Tepuxtepec Dam which has a capacity of 371 million m3. Rivers that empty into the Lerma in Michoacán include the Tlalpuhahua, Cachivi and Duero. Another river basin here is that of Lake Cuitzeo, which extends over an area of 3,618 m2 (38,940 sq ft). The two main rivers that feed this lake are the Grande de Morelia and Queréndaro. Sierra Madre del Sur along the Michoacán seacoast The Central region is represented by lakes Pátzcuaro and Zirahuén. Lake Pátzcuaro has a surface area of 1,525 km2. This lake is fed by a number of surface and subterranean water flows with the principal rivers leading here including the San Gregorio and Chapultepec. This lake has five islands within it called Janitzio, Yunuén, La Pacanda, Tecuén, Jarácuaro, Urandén and Carián. Lake Zirahuén has an area of 615 km2 (237 sq mi) and is fed by streams such as Manzanilla and Zinamba. These two lakes are considered to be the main tourist attraction of the state. Most of the state's rivers and streams are located in the south region of the state, with the Balsas River being the most important. The most important tributaries of this river include the Cutzamala, Carácuaro and Tepalcatepec rivers. Within this region is the coastal watershed, which is the area between the Sierra Madre del Sur and the coastline. This area includes small rivers such as the Coahuayana, Aquila, Ostula, Motín del Oro, Coire, Cachán and Nexpa which flow directly into the Pacific. Much of the climate of the state is determined by altitude and other geographical features. Average temperatures vary from 13 °C (55 °F) to 29 °C (84 °F). Lower temperatures correspond with the highland areas in the north and east while the lower south and west, called La Costa (the coast) or Tierra Caliente (hot land) register higher temperatures. In the hotter lowlands, high temperatures regularly exceed 30 °C (86 °F) and have been known to reach over 40 °C (104 °F) in the summer. The lowest temperatures are registered in highland areas such as the Sierra de Coalcomán and the Sierra del Centro located near the border with the State of Mexico. Except for the Tierra Caliente, most of the state can experience freezing temperatures in the winter. Rainfall is also dependent on altitude with the lowlands receiving less rain than the mountain areas. There is a well-defined rainy season which extends from June to October over the entire state. Flora Ecosystems vary by altitude. Between 2,600 and 3,500 m (8,500 and 11,500 ft) above sea level, most of the vegetation are conifer forests. Between 1,000 and 2,600 m (3,300 and 8,500 ft), there are mixed forests and below this are broadleaf or tropical forests. Tree species include oak, cedar, and pine. Mango trees can be found in the eastern and western regions. Fauna Animal types vary from region to region but among mammals these can be found: skunks, raccoons, cacomistle, coyotes, lynxes, rabbits, bats, deer, armadillos, mountain lions, foxes, and jaguars. The latter is an important symbol in Purépecha culture. Numerous bird species can be found including water fowl such as ducks, storks and seabirds along the coast. Eagles, parrots, and hawks are found in the tropical and mountainous regions. Both owls and hummingbirds are important cultural symbols to the Purépecha. It is also one of three Mexican states where the tarantula species Brachypelma hamorii is found, the other two being Jalisco and Colima. Tiger sharks, thresher sharks, and porpoises can be found in coastal waters. Reptiles including crocodiles, sea turtles, iguanas, snakes, and caimans can be found in the waterways and along the coastal regions. Michoacán includes critical over-wintering habitat for most of the monarch butterflies from eastern North America. To the Purépechas, the monarch butterfly symbolizes the spirits of the dead as they journey from the afterlife. Flora and fauna of Michoacán Aquila chrysaetos Ctenosaura pectinata Monarch butterfly Jaguar Brachypelma auratum Galeocerdo cuvier Ghost owl Hummingbird White-nosed coati Caiman Tagetes Taxodium mucronatum Dahlia coccinea Abies religiosa Sabal pumos Protected areas Protected areas in Michoacán include Barranca del Cupatitzio, Bosencheve, Cerro de Garnica, Insurgente José María Morelos, Lago de Camécuaro, and Rayón national parks, Monarch Butterfly and Zicuirán-Infiernillo biosphere reserves, and Pico de Tancítaro Flora and Fauna Protection Area. Lake Pátzcuaro and Zacapu Lagoon are Ramsar Sites, designated wetlands of international importance. Economy Famed guitar town of Paracho The economy of the state is based on agriculture, ranching, forest products, fishing and crafts. Most of the population is employed in three sectors: agriculture (34%), mining and manufacturing (23%), and commerce (37%). Agriculture Agriculture occupies over a million hectares of land in the state or 20% of the land area. Three-fifths of this agriculture occurs only during the rainy season. Irrigation farming is restricted to areas such as the Apatzingán Valley, the Bajío area of Michoacán, the Zamora Valley and some others. Principal crops include corn, sorghum, avocados, strawberries, peaches, wheat, limes, sugar cane and mangos. While corn accounts for 43% of the crops harvested, Michoacán is the largest producer of avocados in Mexico and in the world. Forty three percent of farmland in the territory is dedicated to the raising of livestock, including cattle, domestic fowl, sheep, goats and pigs. In 2007, the state's production of meat, dairy and eggs was valued at over four billion pesos. Forestry Sixty percent of the state is covered in forest, with the most economically important of these located in the higher elevations at the eastern side. These forests mostly produce lumber and resin. These areas are estimated at 2,160,000 hectares, over half of which is pine forest. The most productive forests are located in the central and eastern portions of the state. Rainforest areas are estimated at 460,500 hectares. One problem facing the forested areas of the state is unsustainable logging. In addition to exploitable forest, there are also ecological reserves with tourist importance, especially the various monarch butterfly sanctuaries in the extreme east of the state. Fishing Fishermen in Lake Pátzcuaro Michoacán's lakes, rivers and coastline make it an important producer of fish and seafood, both caught in the wild and farmed. The most important commercial fishing is for tilapia and carp. Mining and minerals Mining is an important economic activity in the state, which is mostly concentrated on the eastern side near the Mexico State border. However, iron is mined in the Lázaro Cárdenas area near the coast. Both metallic and non-metallic minerals are mined in the state. These include silver, gold, zinc, cadmium, lead, iron, copper, fill dirt, sand, gravel, lime, limestone, marble, and others. There are thirteen principal mining areas: Tlalpujahua, Angangueo, Los Azufres, Real de Otzumatlán, Tzitzio, Tiámaro, El Bastán, San Diego Curucupacéo, Inguarán, Las Truchas, and La Minita de Coalcomán. Michoacán is the second-largest producer of coke and third-largest producer of iron, which are essential to the steel industry, in Mexico. While there remains significant metallic deposits, their mining only contributes 1.64% to the economy. Manufacturing Most industrial activity is concentrated in the central region of the state, near the capital, where a number of industrial parks are located, such as Ciudad Industrial Morelia. However. there are other areas with industry, such as Apatzingán, Zamora, Jiquilpan and Sahuayo, as well as in the Lázaro Cárdenas area. Major production areas are iron and steel (34.27%), bottling (10.43%) and paper products (8.36%). Most people in the state are employed in service and commerce, and this sector contributes 19.07% to the overall economy. Most sales are in foodstuffs, drinks and tobacco. Infrastructure Statue of José María Morelos in Janitzio Transport The state contains more than 12,804 km (7,956 mi) of federal, state and local roads. Major highways in the state include Federal Highway 15 and the Morelia-Patzcuaro highway. Intercity and interstate buses provide connections to places within the state and the rest of Mexico. About 91% of these bus lines are second class while just under nine percent are first class. Most rail lines are limited to the north and center of the state, providing freight service to Mexico City and Guadalajara. The state's main port is the city of Lázaro Cárdenas which contains 2,926 m (9,600 ft) of dock space. The dock is used mostly for the shipping of minerals and grains. There are two major international airports, Morelia International Airport and Uruapan International Airport. Smaller facilities exist in Zamora and Lázaro Cárdenas. The state has abundant hydroelectrical production due to dams on the Balsas River, the Lerma River and the Tepalcatepec River. Media One notable actress from Santa Elena, Michoacán is Elpidia Carrillo. She is best known for starring in the 1987 science fiction horror film Predator alongside Arnold Schwarzenegger. As of 1995, the state had eight television stations, with seven out of operation. There is a system of educational television with 528 broadcast antennas. Newspapers and news sites of Michoacán de Ocampo include: La Opinión de Apatzingán, a. m. de La Piedad, Diario ABC de Michoacán, El Diario Grande de Michoacán Provincia, El Sol de Morelia, El Sol de Zamora, Frecuencia Informativa Escrita , La Jornada Michoacán, La Opinión de Michoacán, La Voz de Michoacán. Education The state provides public education from preschool level to high school. "Formal preschool" is offered in communities which have twenty five or more qualified students. Less formal preschools are operated in smaller communities. As of 1996, there were 5,433 primary schools serving 705,694 students with 25,485 teachers. There is a failure rate from grade to grade of about 9.7% with just under five percent leaving school permanently before finishing primary studies. The most common reason for departure is poverty. At the secondary level there are 174,354 students, which represent 22% of these eligible to attend. High school level studies are mostly geared to vocational studies and many attend via distance education. There are 24 public and private institutions of higher learning offering 49 different majors. Eight are technical colleges, four for teachers, the Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, the Instituto Michoacano de Ciencias de la Educación and ten private institutions. The Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo is located in Morelia. Its historical predecessor was founded in 1540, making it one of the oldest institutions of higher education in the Americas. Tourism Danza de los Viejitos (Traditional folk dance of the Purépecha) Carnitas are originally from Michoacán. Other traditional foods include cotija cheese, guacamole, morisqueta, tamales, pozole, enchiladas, mole sauce, and various sweets such as pan de muerto and chocolate champurrado (during the Day of the Dead celebrations), ice cream, churros, and ate, a kind of Mexican jelly made of many typical fruits. The state ministry of tourism has divided the state into regions, mostly based on the major cities of Morelia, Uruapan, Lázaro Cárdenas, Patzcuaro, Zamora and Zitácuaro. The state contains a large number of potential attractions, most of which are classified as suitable for ecotourism. However, only 6.2% of these sites are visited by international tourists. Most visitors to sites are from within the state. The Morelia region stresses its cultural and artistic heritage, especially its colonial architecture . The most important colonial structures are in Morelia and built in the 18th century. These include the cathedral, finished in 1744 and the main aqueduct finished at the end of the century. This architecture has made the city a World Heritage Site. In addition to the state capital, the region includes towns such as Charo, Capula, Tiripetio, Cuitzeo and Huandacareo, which contain archaeological sites, water parks and traditional cuisine. The rural areas of this zone contain more than 400 thermal springs, many of which have been turned into recreational areas and parks. These include Reino de Atzimba, Cointzio, Huandacareo and El Ejido. Morelia holds the annual Festival Internacional de Música de Morelia. The festival consists of more than forty concerts with over 500 artists from Michoacán and from around the world. Other festivals include the popular SalsaMich that features a 3-day Salsa dance competition. The Festival Internacional de Cine de Morelia is celebrated annually that is dedicated to Mexican cinema. The Plaza Monumental de Morelia was established in 1951, which was destined exclusively for bullfights. Nowadays, the ring also hosts concerts, lucha libre, and weddings. The Uruapan region stresses its cultural and natural heritage. The city is one of the oldest settlements in the state, which was initially settled by the Meseta Purépecha. This city contains a number of attractions such as La Huatápera, colonial era hospital founded by Vasco de Quiroga, the Temple of San Francisco and the Eduardo Ruiz Municipal Museum. One other attraction is the narrowest house in the world as documented by the Guinness Book of World Records. Other important cities in the region are Apatzingán and Caracha. Uruapan is surrounded by hundreds of hectares of forests and by fertile fields growing fruits and flowers, many of which only grow here. Some of the natural attractions of the zone include the Santa Catarina Dam and the La Tzaráacua and La Tzararacuita waterfalls. Smaller towns and villages in this region are known for their religious and popular festivals, many of which occur in the summer. Examples of these are the feasts of Señor del Calvario in Quinceo, of San Mateo Ahuiran in Paracho and the National Guitar Festival in Paracho. The best-known town in the region is San Juan Nuevo Parangaricutiro, which was founded due to the destruction of its original namesake by the eruption of the Paricutín volcano. The pre-Hispanic sites of Tingambato and Taretan are in this zone as well, which were important Purépecha cities. The town of Paracho is well known throughout both Mexico and elsewhere in the world as a hub of lutherie. This is because the town's craftsmen are reputed to making the best sounding guitars and vihuelas in all of Mexico. The town is full of music shops that sell ten-string mandolins, armadillo-backed guitars (concheras), acoustic bass guitars; as well as regular classical guitars and mandolins, bajo sextos, vihuelas, guitarrones and many others. Many of the stores and workshops allow visitors to watch the guitar-making process directly. Noche de Muertos decorations The Cathedral of Our Lady of Guadalupe in Zamora de Hidalgo The Lázaro Cárdenas region is named after Michoacán's largest port and oceanside city. Here the state stresses the kilometres of beaches and other natural areas in which to practice ecotourism and extreme sports. Beaches include Maruata, Faro de Bucerías, the Pichi Estuary, La Laguna de Mezcala, La Ticla and Nexpa, with the last two popular for surfing, with their regular two-three-meter waves. A number of these beaches are protected areas, due to being a breeding ground for sea turtles. The Patzcuaro region is extremely important to the state due to its history of having been the center of the Purépecha Empire as well as the first capital of the colonial province of Michoacán. Its pre-Hispanic heritage is evident by the Tzintzuntzan and Ihuatizo sites as well as the large number of people who still speak the Purépecha language and maintain pre-Hispanic customs. Vasco de Quiroga established the first capital at Patzcuaro and was instrumental to building the colonial era economy of the Lake Patzcuaro area. The lake is surrounded by mountains and forests as well as the towns of Cuanajo, Tupátaro, Eronguícuaro and Quiroga. These towns are noted for their crafts and popular religious festivals such as the feast of the Señor del Rescate in Tzintzuntzan, Holy Week, and especially Noche de Muertos or Night of the Dead. This area is the most important to the state with the most visited town, Patzcuaro with its basilica and museums. Jardin de las Rosas Garden and Park in Morelia Street and Cathedral of Morelia Traditional charro outfit One of the largest tourist events in the state is Noche de Muertos or Night of the Dead. This is celebrated on the dates around November 2. Essentially, these are Day of the Dead celebrations, which are celebrated all over Mexico, but with unique variations. The events of these days show a blending of both pre-Hispanic and Catholic beliefs and traditions. Noche de Muertos is celebrated most strongly in the towns and villages around Lake Patzcuaro such as Tzintzuntzan, Ihuatzio, Janitzio, as well as Patzcuaro itself, which was the center of the Purépecha Empire. As in other parts of Mexico, altars to the dead, both in homes and on graves are erected and covered with offerings such as bread, fruit and other items. One aspect which is unique to the event here is the lighting and floating of hundreds of small candles and flowers on Lake Patzcuaro on the night between November 1 and 2. It is also believed that on this night the ghosts of Mintzita, the daughter of Purépecha king Tzintzicha, and Itzihuapa arise. Their story is similar to that of Romeo and Juliet as they were never able to marry due to the Spanish invasion of their lands. Today, it is said that the two rise up and head toward a specific cemetery to receive visitors. There are a number of other rituals performed on these days such as the Terescuan y Campaneri, a kind of treasure hunt for hidden harvest items. Gertrudis Bocanegra Plaza and the San Agustin Library in Zitacuaro Cascada Parque Nacional in Uruapan The Zamora region is center of the city of the same name in an area known as the Purépecha Mesa. Pre-Hispanic language and customs are preserved here as well as a large number of crafts such as the pottery of Ptamban and the embroidery of Tarecuato. The region is part of an area of Mexico known as the Bajío and has extensive agriculture, livestock and some industry. Regional dishes such as pigs' feet, breads baked in wood fired ovens, tamales, pozole and dishes made with avocados and corn are promoted here. Important towns outside of Zamora include Camécuaro, Orandiro, La Estancia and La Alberca. The city of Zamora is home to one of the oldest cultures in the west of Mexico which dates to about 1750 BCE, known as the Opeño. The Spanish city was founded as a military garrison. The Zitacuaro region contains approximately a half million hectares of conifer forests, but is best known as being part of the wintering grounds of the monarch butterfly. The area is filled with old mining towns as well as an important archaeological site. The region is home to the Mazahua and Otomi peoples, many of whom produce crafts such as blankets, rebozos and ceramics. The city of Zitacuaro is the site of an important battle during the French Intervention in Mexico, which gives it the title of "Heroic City". Other important communities include Añgangueo, San Matias and Ciudad Hidalgo. The most important places to see monarch butterflies in the winter are in municipalities of Angangeo and Ocampo. The butterfly sanctuaries are called El Rosario, Cerro Campanario, Sierra Chincua and El Llanno de las Papas. In 2008, UNESCO declared this region part of a Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve. Crime After the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) fell from power in 2000, the surge in criminal violence was unexpected. From homicides and kidnappings to organized crime, the violence that began to emerge while in a position of political change had posed a significant threat to the nation’s stability. Even though criminal groups and the state are on two ends of the spectrum, they are seen working together. Some criminal groups have an upper hand when it comes to the state and the sharing of information between the two happens as a mutually beneficial concept. In Michoacán, the criminal groups are more equipped with weapons than the state institutions themselves, which means they simply overpower the government. With the heavy influence of criminal violence, even avocado producers had to step in and combat this violence. Michoacán is the second largest avocado producer in the entire world, and with that territory comes criminal groups demanding money from the avocado producers. Tancítaro has assembled the CUSEPT, civilian gunmen funded by local avocado growers, to protect against organized crime. Such non-governmental police groups have been formed because local police are sometimes seen as unhelpful or complicit. Turf disputes happen too. War on drugs When President Felipe Calderón was in office in 2006 he sent troops into Michoacán to regain power over the state and to fight the current cartels that had power. His efforts ended up creating more violence, and the number of homicides skyrocketed. The state of Michoacán has some of the highest murder rates throughout Mexico. In 2013, the criminal group, the Knights Templar Cartel, had essentially run the state. While they eventually lost the control they once had, excessive criminal violence persisted, and many civilians were in between feuds if they happened to be on enemy territory. The dispute is different criminal groups going to war on each other over drugs, money, and land but no authority is stepping in to end the disputes because these criminal groups are simply too powerful and are much more equipped than the State officials. Killings Homicide happens frequently in Michoacán. On 26–28 October 2019, 9 people and 4 police were killed in a firefight from a search warrant. 9 people, 3 of whom were children, were killed in a video game arcade on February 3, 2020. Kidnappings and Ransoms There have been aggressive disputes in the area, such as those over avocados. Drug Cartels The region the Tierra Caliente covers. The rise of drug cartels in Michoacan as the state was going through a political change was pivotal. The cartels are able to pay state officials to do their dirty work for them in exchange for keeping their criminal group up and successful. Adding on to the fluidity of criminal groups and government officials working together, the hope for Mexico to strengthen its powers back into a non-corrupt state is not high. La Familia Michoacana, Jalisco New Generation Cartel, Los Zetas, Beltrán-Leyva Organization, the Knights Templar Cartel and Cárteles Unidos are some groups that operate in Michoacán. These groups are a threat to the government's security because Michoacán is now the center for drug production in the world. The reason drug cartels seem to thrive in Michoacán is due to what is called the Tierra Caliente in the southern part of the State. This region is far from the bustling atmosphere and with roads that are pretty inaccessible, it makes for an ideal place to do criminal activities. Police and Militia Operation Michoacán takes place in Michoacán. There are militias in Michoacán. Crime during COVID-19 Due to crime, the United States Bureau of Consular Affairs advises not to travel to Michoacán (April 2021). During the COVID-19 pandemic, while the Mexican government was occupied, cartels took advantage as an opportunity to gain more power. In Michoacán, La Familia Michoacana cartel decided to give out food to the local community. This was an effort to further embed themselves in a position to control power and to show civilians that they need criminal groups like La Familia Michoacana. Demographics Largest cities    Largest cities or towns in MichoacánSource: Rank Municipality Municipal pop. Morelia Uruapan del Progreso 1 Morelia Morelia 743,275 Zamora de HidalgoApatzingán de la Constitución 2 Uruapan del Progreso Uruapan 299,253 3 Zamora de Hidalgo Zamora 154,546 4 Apatzingán de la Constitución Apatzingán 102,362 5 La Piedad de Cabadas La Piedad 87,042 6 Zitácuaro Zitácuaro 86,901 7 Ciudad Lázaro Cárdenas Lázaro Cárdenas 83,637 8 Ciudad Hidalgo Hidalgo 71,528 9 Sahuayo de Morelos Sahuayo 70,042 10 Jacona de Plancarte Jacona 61,510 Historical populationYearPop.±%1895 898,809—    1900 935,808+4.1%1910 991,880+6.0%1921 939,849−5.2%1930 1,048,381+11.5%1940 1,182,003+12.7%1950 1,422,717+20.4%1960 1,851,876+30.2%1970 2,324,226+25.5%1980 2,868,824+23.4%1990 3,548,199+23.7%1995 3,870,604+9.1%2000 3,985,667+3.0%2005 3,966,073−0.5%2010 4,351,037+9.7%2015 4,584,471+5.4%2020 4,748,846+3.6% Michoacán is the seventh most populated state in Mexico and the average resident has a life expectancy of 73.3 years. It is estimated that each year about 40,000 people immigrate to the state while 78,000 leave, leading to population loss. Of those who leave, about one third go to other places in Mexico and the rest to other countries, principally the United States. The cities with the densest populations are Morelia, Uruapan and Zamora. The majority of the population are mestizos; meaning that they are part indigenous, part European (mainly from Spain), and some African. Michoacán is one of the most Catholic regions in Mexico. Charreada is an important sport in the state. It celebrates the mestizo culture and heritage of Michoacán; in which the Spaniards employed the indigenous people as vaqueros or ranchers to herd cattle. During the Mexican Revolution, both sides used charros as soldiers. They were also used to maintain order against bandits. The typical Michoacán charro outfit consists of tight, embroidered pants and jacket, dress shirt, chaps, a cloak-like sarape, and a sombrero. Michoacán has a history of European immigrants including: Italians, Spaniards, and the French. There are small Italian communities found throughout the state including the cities of Nueva Italia, Michoacán and Lombardia in Michoacán, both founded by Dante Cusi from Gambar in Brescia. During the Spanish Civil War, 456 children from Spain arrived in Morelia as refugees. Most of them stayed even after the war concluded. The indigenous population is estimated at just over seven percent of the total, with most living in 29 municipalities. Many are Purépecha, which are located in the Meseta-Cañada, Patzcuaro Lake, Zirahuén Lake, and Zacapu regions. In the east of the state, in the municipalities of Ocampo, Anguangueo, Tuxpan, Hidalgo, Maravatío and Zitácuaro, there is a mix of Mazahua, Otomi and Purépecha. On the coast can be found the Aquila, Chinicuila and Coahuayana peoples. The Purépecha are seen as Michoacán's most devoted Catholics; as well as mixing traditional indigenous elements such as Noche de Muertos. According to the 2020 Census, 1.55% of Michoacán's population identified as Black, Afro-Mexican, or of African descent. Municipalities Main article: Municipalities of Michoacán Michoacán, as all states of Mexico, is divided into municipalities (municipios), creating 113 municipalities of Michoacán. Major communities The inclusion or exclusion of items from this list or length of this list is disputed. Please discuss this issue on the talk page. Apatzingán Churumuco Ciudad Hidalgo Coalcomán Cotija El Rodeo de San Antonio Irimbo Jacona de Plancarte Jiquilpan Jungapeo La Huacana La Piedad de Cavadas Lázaro Cárdenas Los Reyes Maravatio Morelia Nueva Italia Pátzcuaro Puruandiro Quiroga Sahuayo de Morelos Santa Ana Maya Santa Ines Tacámbaro Tangancícuaro Tepalcatepec Uruapan Venustiano Carranza Villa Madero Villamar Yurécuaro Zacapu Zamora de Hidalgo Zináparo Zinapécuaro Zitácuaro See also Mexico portalLatin America portalGeography portalNorth America portal Index: Natural history of Michoacán Ghosts in Mexican culture Tarascan state La Familia Michoacana Agriculture in Michoacán References ^ "Las Diputaciones Provinciales" (PDF) (in Spanish). p. 15. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 28, 2016. Retrieved March 28, 2011. ^ "Senadores por Michoacán LXI Legislatura". Senado de la Republica. Archived from the original on December 25, 2018. Retrieved March 24, 2010. ^ "Listado de Diputados por Grupo Parlamentario del Estado de Michoacán". Camara de Diputados. Archived from the original on July 20, 2018. Retrieved March 28, 2010. ^ "Resumen". Cuentame INEGI. Archived from the original on July 23, 2011. Retrieved February 12, 2013. ^ "Relieve". Cuentame INEGI. Archived from the original on September 30, 2011. Retrieved March 28, 2011. ^ a b "México en cifras". January 2016. Archived from the original on July 18, 2021. Retrieved January 25, 2021. ^ Citibanamex (June 13, 2023). "Indicadores Regionales de Actividad Económica 2023" (PDF) (in Spanish). Retrieved August 13, 2023. ^ a b c d "El Estado de Michoacán Introduccion" (in Spanish). Morelia, Michoacán: UMSNH. Archived from the original on July 19, 2011. Retrieved June 16, 2010. ^ Cartwright, Mark. "Tarascan Civilization". World History Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on May 13, 2021. 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Archived (PDF) from the original on April 12, 2019. Retrieved May 3, 2018. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Medio Fisico" . Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México Michoacán (in Spanish). Mexico: Instituto Nacional para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal. 2009. Archived from the original on May 17, 2011. Retrieved June 16, 2010. ^ "Mexico: Michoacan exported a total of 88,700 tons of mango in 2019". freshplaza.com. Archived from the original on August 4, 2020. Retrieved April 15, 2020. ^ Bueno, Isabel (October 16, 2018). "Jaguars were the divine felines of the ancient Americas". History Magazine. Archived from the original on August 4, 2020. Retrieved April 16, 2020. ^ Boyd, Mildred (April 2002). "Where The Hummingbirds Were". chapala.com. Archived from the original on August 4, 2020. Retrieved April 16, 2020. ^ Saldaña-Ruiz, Luz Erandi; García-Rodríguez, Emiliano; Pérez-Jiménez, Juan Carlos; Tovar-Ávila, Javier; Rivera-Téllez, Emmanuel (2019). "Chapter Two - Biodiversity and conservation of sharks in Pacific Mexico". Sharks in Mexico : Research and Conservation. Academic Press. pp. 11–60. ISBN 9780081029169. Archived from the original on December 8, 2020. Retrieved April 16, 2020. ^ Duellman, William E. (December 20, 1961). The Amphibians and Reptiles of Michoacán, México. University of Kansas Publications Museum of Natural History. Archived from the original on May 27, 2021. Retrieved April 16, 2020. ^ a b "Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. UNESCO. Archived from the original on November 26, 2018. Retrieved November 13, 2018. ^ Society, National Geographic (October 30, 2010). "Monarch Migration Mystery". National Geographic Society. Archived from the original on November 13, 2018. Retrieved November 13, 2018. ^ a b c d e "Actividad Economica" . Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México Michoacán (in Spanish). Mexico: Instituto Nacional para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal. 2009. Archived from the original on May 17, 2011. Retrieved June 16, 2010. ^ a b c "Infraestructura Social y de Comunicaciones" . Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México Michoacán (in Spanish). Mexico: Instituto Nacional para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal. 2009. Archived from the original on May 17, 2011. Retrieved June 16, 2010. ^ "El Estado de Michoacán Comunicaciones" (in Spanish). Morelia, Michoacán: UMSNH. Archived from the original on November 29, 2011. Retrieved June 16, 2010. ^ Phillips, Patrick (March 14, 2021). "Whatever Happened To Anna From Predator?". Looper.com. Archived from the original on May 21, 2021. Retrieved May 21, 2021. ^ "Publicaciones periódicas en Michoacán". Sistema de Información Cultural (in Spanish). Gobierno de Mexico. Archived from the original on August 4, 2020. Retrieved March 7, 2020. ^ "Latin American & Mexican Online News". Research Guides. US: University of Texas at San Antonio Libraries. Archived from the original on March 7, 2020. ^ "Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo". umich.mx. Archived from the original on December 24, 2016. Retrieved January 25, 2017. ^ "Traditional Food from Michoacán". FICM. April 27, 2015. Archived from the original on August 4, 2020. Retrieved April 16, 2020. ^ "Regiones Turisticas" (in Spanish). Michoacán: State of Michoacán. Archived from the original on June 13, 2010. Retrieved June 16, 2010. ^ "Region Morelis" (in Spanish). Michoacán: State of Michoacán. Archived from the original on July 27, 2010. Retrieved June 16, 2010. ^ "Morelia Music Festival 2019". Mexatua. October 29, 2019. Archived from the original on August 4, 2020. Retrieved April 16, 2020. ^ "SalsaMich Salsa Festival" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on April 19, 2011. Retrieved April 16, 2020. ^ Michoacán, Secretaría de Turismo de. "Bullring Monumental de Morelia · Places". michoacan.travel. Archived from the original on August 4, 2020. Retrieved April 16, 2020. ^ a b c "Region Uruapan" (in Spanish). Michoacán: State of Michoacán. Archived from the original on May 5, 2012. Retrieved June 16, 2010. ^ "The guitar-making hub of the world is a small Mexican town where handmade instruments can cost more than $5,500". Business Insider. September 3, 2020. Archived from the original on April 26, 2021. Retrieved September 27, 2020. ^ "Region Lázaro Cárdenas" (in Spanish). Michoacán: State of Michoacán. Archived from the original on January 11, 2010. Retrieved June 16, 2010. ^ "Region Pátzcuaro" (in Spanish). Michoacán: State of Michoacán. Archived from the original on July 27, 2010. Retrieved June 16, 2010. ^ "Noche de Muertes in Michoacán" (in Spanish). Morelia, Michoacán: UMSNH. Archived from the original on March 23, 2010. Retrieved June 16, 2010. ^ "Region Zamora" (in Spanish). Michoacán: State of Michoacán. Archived from the original on July 27, 2010. Retrieved June 16, 2010. ^ "Region Zitácuaro" (in Spanish). Michoacán: State of Michoacán. Archived from the original on July 27, 2010. Retrieved June 16, 2010. ^ a b Aranda, Salvador Maldonado (2013). "Stories of Drug Trafficking in Rural Mexico: Territories, Drugs and Cartels in Michoacán". Revista Europea de Estudios Latinoamericanos y del Caribe / European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies (94): 43–66. doi:10.18352/erlacs.8393. ISSN 0924-0608. JSTOR 23408421. ^ a b c Group, International Crisis (2021). Crime and Elections: The Case of Michoacán (Report). International Crisis Group. pp. Page 10–Page 18. ^ Mexico, Nathaniel Parish Flannery in Tancítaro (May 18, 2017). "Mexico's avocado army: how one city stood up to the drug cartels". The Guardian. Archived from the original on April 25, 2021. Retrieved April 24, 2021. ^ Ewbank, Anne (November 28, 2017). "A Mexican Town Created an Avocado Protection Force". Atlas Obscura. Archived from the original on April 27, 2021. Retrieved April 24, 2021. ^ a b Fisher, Max; Taub, Amanda; Martínez, Dalia (January 7, 2018). "Losing Faith in the State, Some Mexican Towns Quietly Break Away". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 24, 2021. Retrieved April 24, 2021. ^ a b "More than a dozen police killed in ambush in violent Mexican state". Reuters. October 15, 2019. Archived from the original on April 24, 2021. Retrieved April 24, 2021. ^ a b "In the heart of Mexico's violence, disillusion grows". AP NEWS. February 10, 2020. Archived from the original on April 24, 2021. Retrieved April 24, 2021. ^ a b c d e "Violence Hotspots in Michoacán: Who Is Behind the High Murder Rate in the State". Intelyse. March 2, 2020. Archived from the original on September 25, 2021. Retrieved April 24, 2021. ^ "Violent weekend leaves 13 dead in Michoacan". The Yucatan Times. October 28, 2019. Archived from the original on April 24, 2021. Retrieved April 24, 2021. ^ "9 killed, including 3 kids, at video game arcade in Mexico". AP NEWS. February 4, 2020. Archived from the original on April 24, 2021. Retrieved April 24, 2021. ^ "Mayor in Mexico's Michoacan state accused of kidnapping, extortion". Los Angeles Times. April 28, 2014. Archived from the original on December 3, 2020. Retrieved December 27, 2020. ^ "Mexico's Kidnapping Hotspots: The High-Risk States". InSight Crime. March 27, 2017. Archived from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved December 27, 2020. ^ "Kidnap victim freed in Michoacán after 10-million-peso ransom demand". Mexico News Daily. August 10, 2018. Archived from the original on February 25, 2021. Retrieved December 27, 2020. ^ "Mexican criminal groups see Covid-19 crisis as opportunity to gain more power". The Guardian. April 20, 2020. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved December 27, 2020. ^ Wells, Nicholas. "Mexico's Cartel Wars: Living in a War Zone". www.occrp.org. Archived from the original on April 24, 2021. Retrieved April 24, 2021. ^ "Inside the bloody cartel war for Mexico's multibillion-dollar avocado industry". Los Angeles Times. November 20, 2019. Archived from the original on April 25, 2021. Retrieved April 24, 2021. ^ a b Bonner, Robert C. (2010). "The New Cocaine Cowboys: How to Defeat Mexico's Drug Cartels". Foreign Affairs. 89 (4): 35–47. ISSN 0015-7120. JSTOR 25680978. ^ a b "Violence escalates in Michoacán: clash between cartels leaves 6 dead". Mexico News Daily. December 4, 2020. Archived from the original on April 24, 2021. Retrieved April 24, 2021. ^ "Mexico's Security Dilemma: The Rise of Michoacan's Militias". InSight Crime. March 27, 2017. Archived from the original on January 27, 2021. Retrieved December 27, 2020. ^ "Militias in Mexico: Citizens' Security or Further Conflict Escalation?". InSight Crime. March 27, 2017. Archived from the original on January 22, 2021. Retrieved December 27, 2020. ^ "Mexican criminal groups see Covid-19 crisis as opportunity to gain more power". The Guardian. April 20, 2020. Archived from the original on April 25, 2021. Retrieved April 24, 2021. ^ Jorgic, Drazen; Sanchez, Uriel (June 18, 2020). "As Mexico focuses on coronavirus, drug gang violence rises". Reuters. Archived from the original on April 24, 2021. Retrieved April 24, 2021. ^ Project, Armed Conflict Location & Event Data (2020). Central America and COVID-19: The Pandemic's Impact on Gang Violence (Report). Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project. ^ "Censo Michoacán 2020". ^ "Mexico: extended population list". GeoHive. Archived from the original on March 11, 2012. Retrieved July 29, 2011. ^ a b "Perfil Sociodemografico" . Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México Michoacán (in Spanish). Mexico: Instituto Nacional para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal. 2009. Archived from the original on May 17, 2011. Retrieved June 16, 2010. ^ Schwartz-Marín, Ernesto; Silva-Zolezzi, Irma (2010). ""The Map of the Mexican's Genome": Overlapping national identity, and population genomics". Identity in the Information Society. 3 (3): 489–514. doi:10.1007/s12394-010-0074-7. hdl:10871/33766. S2CID 144786737. ^ "Charreada Archivos". La Voz de Michoacán (in Spanish). Archived from the original on August 3, 2020. Retrieved April 16, 2020. ^ Alvarado-Sizzo, Ilia; Urquijo Torres, Pedro (2018). "La 'Espantosa Odisea' italiana en la Hacienda Lombardía. Una fuente documental sobre las Haciendas Cusi en Tierra Caliente de Michoacán (1914)". Tzintzun: 274–303. Retrieved April 15, 2020. ^ Valera, Payá (October 1, 2002). Los niños españoles de Morelia : el exilio infantil en México (4. ed.). Editorial Milenio. pp. 133–137. ISBN 8497430409. Archived from the original on August 1, 2020. Retrieved April 15, 2020. ^ "Panorama sociodemográfico de México". www.inegi.org.mx. Archived from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved October 10, 2021. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Michoacán. "Michoacán" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). 1911. Geographic data related to Michoacán at OpenStreetMap Michoacán state government (Adobe Flash) Michoacán, The Soul of Mexico Archived March 19, 2009, at the Wayback Machine Municipalities of Michoacán site (Adobe Flash) vte State of MichoacánMorelia (capital)Municipalitiesand(municipal seats) Acuitzio (Acuitzio del Canje) Aguililla (Aguililla) Álvaro Obregón (Álvaro Obregón) Angamacutiro (Angamacutiro de la Unión) Angangueo Apatzingán (Apatzingán de la Constitución) Aporo, Michoacán Aquila (Aquila) Ario (Ario de Rosales) Arteaga (Arteaga) Briseñas (Briseñas de Matamoros) Buenavista (Buenavista Tomatlán) Carácuaro (Carácuaro de Morelos) Charapan (Charapan) Charo (Charo) Chavinda (Chavinda) Cherán (Cherán) Chilchota (Chilchota) Chinicuila (Villa Victoria) Chucándiro (Chucándiro) Churintzio (Churintzio) Churumuco (Churumuco de Morelos) Ciudad Hidalgo Coahuayana (Coahuayana de Hidalgo) Coalcomán de Vázquez Pallares (Coalcomán de Vázquez Pallares) Coeneo (Coeneo de la Libertad) Cojumatlán de Régules (Cojumatlán de Régules) Contepec (Contepec) Copándaro (Copándaro de Galeana) Cotija (Cotija de la Paz) Cuitzeo (Cuitzeo del Porvenir) Ecuandureo (Ecuandureo) Epitacio Huerta (Epitacio Huerta) Erongarícuaro (Erongarícuaro) Gabriel Zamora (Lombardía) La Huacana (La Huacana) Huandacareo (Huandacareo) Huaniqueo (Huaniqueo de Morales) Huetamo (Huetamo de Núñez) Huiramba (Huiramba) Indaparapeo (Indaparapeo) Irimbo (Irimbo) Ixtlán (Ixtlán de los Hervores) Jacona (Jacona de Plancarte) Jiménez (Villa Jiménez) Jiquilpan (Jiquilpan de Juárez) José Sixto Verduzco (Pastor Ortiz) Juárez (Benito Juárez) Jungapeo (Jungapeo de Juárez) Lagunillas (Lagunillas) La Piedad (La Piedad) Lázaro Cárdenas (Lázaro Cárdenas) Los Reyes (Los Reyes de Salgado) Madero (Villa Madero) Maravatío (Maravatío de Ocampo) Marcos Castellanos (San José de Gracia) Morelia (Morelia) Morelos (Villa Morelos) Múgica (Nueva Italia) Nahuatzen (Nahuatzen) Nocupétaro (Nocupétaro de Morelos) Nuevo Parangaricutiro (Nuevo San Juan Parangaricutiro) Nuevo Urecho (Nuevo Urecho) Numarán (Numarán) Ocampo (Ocampo) Pajacuarán (Pajacuarán) Panindícuaro (Panindícuaro) Paracho (Paracho de Verduzco) Parácuaro (Parácuaro) Pátzcuaro Penjamillo (Penjamillo de Degollado) Peribán (Peribán de Ramos) Purépero (Purépero de Echaíz) Puruándiro (Puruándiro) Queréndaro (Queréndaro) Quiroga (Quiroga) Sahuayo (Sahuayo de Morelos) San Lucas (San Lucas) Santa Ana Maya (Santa Ana Maya) Santa Clara del Cobre Senguio (Senguio) Susupuato (Susupuato de Guerrero) Tacámbaro (Tacámbaro de Codallos) Tancítaro (Tancítaro) Tangamandapio (Santiago Tangamandapio) Tangancícuaro (Tangancícuaro de Arista) Tanhuato (Tanhuato de Guerrero) Taretan (Taretan) Tarímbaro (Tarímbaro) Tepalcatepec (Tepalcatepec) Tingambato (Tingambato) Tingüindín (Tingüindín) Tiquicheo de Nicolas Romero (Tiquicheo) Tlalpujahua Tlazazalca (Tlazazalca) Tocumbo (Tocumbo) Tumbiscatío (Tumbiscatío de Ruiz) Turicato (Turicato) Tuxpan (Tuxpan) Tuzantla (Tuzantla) Tzintzuntzan Tzitzio (Tzitzio) Uruapan (Uruapan) Venustiano Carranza (Venustiano Carranza) Villamar (Villamar) Vista Hermosa (Vista Hermosa de Negrete) Yurécuaro (Yurécuaro) Zacapu (Zacapu) Zamora (Zamora de Hidalgo) Zináparo (Zináparo) Zinapécuaro (Zinapécuaro de Figueroa) Ziracuaretiro (Ziracuaretiro) Zitácuaro (Heroica Zitácuaro) Protected areas Alberca de los Espinos Barranca del Cupatitzio Bosencheve Cerro de Garnica Insurgente José María Morelos y Pavón Lago de Camécuaro Monarch Butterfly Pico de Tancítaro Zacapu Lagoon Zicuirán-Infiernillo vteStates of Mexico Aguascalientes Baja California Baja California Sur Campeche Chiapas Chihuahua Coahuila Colima Durango Guanajuato Guerrero Hidalgo Jalisco México Mexico City Michoacán Morelos Nayarit Nuevo León Oaxaca Puebla Querétaro Quintana Roo San Luis Potosí Sinaloa Sonora Tabasco Tamaulipas Tlaxcala Veracruz Yucatán Zacatecas Authority control databases International VIAF National France BnF data Germany Israel Czech Republic Geographic MusicBrainz area
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michoacán de Ocampo, Baja California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michoac%C3%A1n_de_Ocampo,_Baja_California"},{"link_name":"[mitʃoaˈkan de oˈkampo]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5b/ES-pe_-_Michoac%C3%A1n_de_Ocampo.ogg/ES-pe_-_Michoac%C3%A1n_de_Ocampo.ogg.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ES-pe_-_Michoac%C3%A1n_de_Ocampo.ogg"},{"link_name":"Purépecha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_language"},{"link_name":"Mexico City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_City"},{"link_name":"Federal Entities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_divisions_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"municipalities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Michoac%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Morelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morelia"},{"link_name":"José María Morelos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Morelos"},{"link_name":"Mexican War of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_War_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"Pacific Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Colima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colima"},{"link_name":"Jalisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalisco"},{"link_name":"Guanajuato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanajuato"},{"link_name":"Querétaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quer%C3%A9taro"},{"link_name":"the State of México","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Guerrero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerrero"},{"link_name":"Nahuatl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahuatl"},{"link_name":"[mit͡ʃˈwaʔkaːn]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Nahuatl"},{"link_name":"[ˈmit͡ʃwaʔ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Nahuatl"},{"link_name":"[kaːn]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Nahuatl"},{"link_name":"Lake Pátzcuaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_P%C3%A1tzcuaro"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-introduccion-8"},{"link_name":"Purépecha Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_Empire"},{"link_name":"Aztec Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aztec_Empire"},{"link_name":"Spanish conquest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire"},{"link_name":"Mexican War of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_War_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"Purépecha people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_people"},{"link_name":"Otomi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otomi_people"},{"link_name":"Nahua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahua_peoples"},{"link_name":"Lake Pátzcuaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_P%C3%A1tzcuaro"},{"link_name":"Purépecha Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarascan_state"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Mariposas Monarca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarch_Butterfly_Biosphere_Reserve"},{"link_name":"UNESCO World Heritage Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-encmuc-10"},{"link_name":"Pueblos Mágicos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblos_M%C3%A1gicos"},{"link_name":"Tlalpujahua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlalpujahua"},{"link_name":"Santa Clara del Cobre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Clara_del_Cobre"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Day of the Dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day_of_the_Dead"},{"link_name":"Janitzio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janitzio"},{"link_name":"Pátzcuaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1tzcuaro"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Paricutín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paricut%C3%ADn"},{"link_name":"Seven Natural Wonders of the World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_the_World"},{"link_name":"Uruapan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruapan"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Retrato_de_Morelos,_1813.png"},{"link_name":"insurgent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurgent"}],"text":"State of Mexico\"Michoacán de Ocampo\" redirects here. For the town in Mexicali, Baja California, see Michoacán de Ocampo, Baja California.State in Morelia, MexicoMichoacán, formally Michoacán de Ocampo (Spanish pronunciation: [mitʃoaˈkan de oˈkampo] ⓘ; Purépecha: P'uɽempo), officially the Estado Libre y Soberano de Michoacán de Ocampo (English: Free and Sovereign State of Michoacán de Ocampo), is one of the 31 states which, together with Mexico City, comprise the Federal Entities of Mexico. The state is divided into 113 municipalities and its capital city is Morelia (formerly called Valladolid). The city was named after José María Morelos, a native of the city and one of the main heroes of the Mexican War of Independence.Michoacán is located in western Mexico, and has a stretch of coastline on the Pacific Ocean to the southwest. It is bordered by the states of Colima and Jalisco to the west and northwest, Guanajuato to the north, Querétaro to the northeast, the State of México to the east, and Guerrero to the southeast.The name Michoacán is from Nahuatl: Michhuahcān [mit͡ʃˈwaʔkaːn] from michhuah [ˈmit͡ʃwaʔ] (\"possessor of fish\") and -cān [kaːn] (place of) and means \"place of the fishermen\" referring to those who fish on Lake Pátzcuaro.[8] In pre-Hispanic times, the area was the home of the Purépecha Empire, which rivaled the Aztec Empire at the time of Spanish encounter. After the Spanish conquest, the empire became a separate province which became smaller over the colonial period. The state and its residents played a major role in the Mexican War of Independence.Today, the state is still home to a sizable population of Purépecha people as well as minor populations of Otomi and Nahua. \nThe economy is based on agriculture, ranching, fishing, mining, and the arts. The major tourism draw for the state is the Lake Pátzcuaro–Tzintzuntzan–Quiroga area, which was the center of the Purépecha Empire; as well as the location of the Tzintzuntzan yácata pyramids.[9] The national and state parks which include the winter grounds of the monarch butterflies (Mariposas Monarca) are located here. Michoacán is known for its Spanish colonial towns. In 1991, Morelia was declared an UNESCO World Heritage Site for its well-preserved colonial buildings, pink stone cathedral, historic center, and aqueduct.[10] Michoacán has eight Pueblos Mágicos; such as the towns of Tlalpujahua and Santa Clara del Cobre.[11]Day of the Dead celebrations in some parts of Michoacán, such as the towns of Janitzio and Pátzcuaro, are often considered to be the most elaborate and famous in all of Mexico.[12] The famous Paricutín volcano, which is one of the Seven Natural Wonders of the World, is located near the city of Uruapan. The state is known as \"the soul of Mexico\".[13]Catholic priest and insurgent leader José María Morelos","title":"Michoacán"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:4thYacatatztztz.JPG"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elochis-14"},{"link_name":"Nahua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahua_peoples"},{"link_name":"Purépecha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_people"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-prehis-15"},{"link_name":"El Opeño","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Ope%C3%B1o"},{"link_name":"Curutarán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Curutar%C3%A1n&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tepalcatepec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepalcatepec"},{"link_name":"Apatzingán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apatzing%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Zinapécuaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinap%C3%A9cuaro"},{"link_name":"Coalcomán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalcom%C3%A1n_de_V%C3%A1zquez_Pallares"},{"link_name":"Otomi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otomi_people"},{"link_name":"Matlatzinca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matlatzinca_people"},{"link_name":"Pirinda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pirinda_people&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elochis-14"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aztec_Indians_Mexico_Tlaxcalan_Cortez.jpg"},{"link_name":"conquistador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquistador"},{"link_name":"Nuño de Guzmán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nu%C3%B1o_de_Guzm%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elochis-14"},{"link_name":"Chichimeca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chichimeca"},{"link_name":"Santa Fé de la 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II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tanganxoan_II&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cristóbal de Olid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crist%C3%B3bal_de_Olid"},{"link_name":"Nuño de 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Potosí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Luis_Potos%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"encomiendas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encomienda"},{"link_name":"conquistadors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquistador"},{"link_name":"Tzintzuntzan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tzintzuntzan,_Michoac%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"viceroy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viceroy"},{"link_name":"Antonio de Mendoza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_de_Mendoza"},{"link_name":"Vasco de Quiroga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_de_Quiroga"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elochis-14"},{"link_name":"Franciscan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscan"},{"link_name":"Augustinian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustinians"},{"link_name":"Carmelite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmelite"},{"link_name":"Juan de Moya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan_de_Moya&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Martín de la Coruña","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mart%C3%ADn_de_la_Coru%C3%B1a&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jacob the Dacian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_the_Dacian"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elochis-14"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hiscolonial-16"},{"link_name":"Pope Paul III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Paul_III"},{"link_name":"Purépecha kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_kingdom"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cathenc-17"},{"link_name":"Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidad_Michoacana_de_San_Nicol%C3%A1s_de_Hidalgo"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-umich-18"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Catrina-sculpture.jpg"},{"link_name":"La Calavera Catrina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Calavera_Catrina"},{"link_name":"Angangueo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angangueo"},{"link_name":"Tlalpujahua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlalpujahua"},{"link_name":"Inguaran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inguaran&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"haciendas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haciendas"},{"link_name":"Tiripetío","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tiripet%C3%ADo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hiscolonial-16"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elochis-14"},{"link_name":"Huetamo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huetamo"},{"link_name":"slavery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery"},{"link_name":"Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Hidalgo_y_Costilla"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elochis-14"},{"link_name":"Zamora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamora,_Michoac%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Mexican War of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_War_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-historiaind-19"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elochis-14"},{"link_name":"Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Hidalgo_y_Costilla"},{"link_name":"Grito de Dolores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grito_de_Dolores"},{"link_name":"Dolores Hidalgo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolores_Hidalgo"},{"link_name":"Manuel de la Torre Lloreda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manuel_de_la_Torre_Lloreda&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gertrudis Bocanegra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gertrudis_Bocanegra"},{"link_name":"José María Garcia Obeso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Garcia_Obeso&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ignacio López Rayón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignacio_L%C3%B3pez_Ray%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-historiaind-19"},{"link_name":"spies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espionage"},{"link_name":"Mexican Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Justice_of_the_Nation"},{"link_name":"Agustín de Iturbide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_de_Iturbide"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elochis-14"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-historiaind-19"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elochis-14"},{"link_name":"Contepec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contepec"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cathenc-17"},{"link_name":"French Intervention in Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_French_intervention_in_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Zitácuaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zit%C3%A1cuaro"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elochis-14"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paricut%C3%ADn_volcano.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ButterfliesChincua11.JPG"},{"link_name":"Angangueo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angangueo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Laguna_Larga_en_Los_Azufres.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Karettschildkroete_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pungarabato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pungarabato"},{"link_name":"Zirandaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirandaro"},{"link_name":"Balsas River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balsas_River"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elochis-14"},{"link_name":"Mexican Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Francisco I. Madero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_I._Madero"},{"link_name":"Santa Clara del Cobre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Clara_del_Cobre"},{"link_name":"Salvador Escalante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvador_Escalante"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elochis-14"},{"link_name":"Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidad_Michoacana_de_San_Nicol%C3%A1s_de_Hidalgo"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elochis-14"},{"link_name":"Cristero War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristero_War"},{"link_name":"Lázaro Cárdenas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1zaro_C%C3%A1rdenas"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elochis-14"},{"link_name":"Mexican Drug War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Drug_War"},{"link_name":"methamphetamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methamphetamine"},{"link_name":"marijuana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marijuana"},{"link_name":"anti-drug trafficking campaign in 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_drug_war"},{"link_name":"since 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Michoac%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"grenade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenade"},{"link_name":"in 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morelia_grenade_attacks"},{"link_name":"shootout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shootout"},{"link_name":"in 2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Tanhuato%E2%80%93Ecuandureo_shootout"},{"link_name":"a massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruapan_massacre"},{"link_name":"clashes in 2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Western_Michoac%C3%A1n_clashes"}],"text":"Yacata pyramids of TzintzuntzanAccording to archaeological evidence, there has been human habitation within the territory of the Mexican state of Michoacán for at least 10,000 years.[14] In the pre-Hispanic period, there were waves of migration into the area, including the Pirinda, Nahua, Huetamo, Colima, Purépecha and other peoples.[15] There are sites of formal settlements from all Mesoamerican periods. Important sites include El Opeño and those in Curutarán, Tepalcatepec, Apatzingán, Zinapécuaro and Coalcomán. The territory has been inhabited by the Nahua, Otomi, Matlatzinca, Pirinda and Teco peoples as well as the Purépecha.[14]Spanish-Tlaxcalan conquest of Michoacan under conquistador Nuño de GuzmánThe main pre-Hispanic civilization of the state is that of the Purépecha, which was centered in the Lake Pátzcuaro area.[14] Before the 13th century, both Nahua and Purépecha peoples were here, sustaining themselves by agriculture and fishing. The Purépecha are descendants of a late arrival of Chichimeca who came from the north. At Lake Patzcuaro, they came upon people with similar cultures to their own but who were more technological and socially advanced. The formation of the Purépechan state in the 13th century, when these people started their own dominion at Uayameo, today Santa Fé de la Laguna, and becoming dominant over the entire Lake Patzcuaro area by the 15th century. Conquest of neighboring tribes and territories occurred between 1401 and 1450, as they absorbed peoples with different cultures and languages into the empire. By the late 15th century, this state rivaled that of the Aztecs, having expanded their territory over much of what is now Michoacán and into part of Colima, Nayarit, Querétaro, Guanajuato, Guerrero and Jalisco. The Aztecs attempted to invade the Purépecha but were repelled. Because of this attack, the Purépecha later denied the Aztecs aid in their defense of Tenochtitlan against the Spanish and the Tlaxcala. The Purépechas are noted by historians to be one of the few rare instances in the Americas were the indigenous people had some experience with metallurgy prior to the arrival of the Europeans, especially coppersmithing and other metal ores located in their empire. Their descendants are still widely regarded for this today.[14][15]Purépecha coyote statuePrior to the arrival of any Spaniard in the territory, then-ruler Zuanga died of smallpox, presumably carried by one of the Aztec delegations seeking military aid. He was succeeded by Tanganxoan II. The first Spaniard to the area was Cristóbal de Olid. The Spanish destruction of Tenochtitlan and their promise to allow him to remain ruler convinced Tanganxoan II to submit to Spanish rule. But, Nuño de Guzmán reneged on this agreement and killed Tanganxoan II in 1530, a crime for which he was tried and exiled to Spain where he would die in prison.[14][16]Basilica of Nuestra Señora de la Salud in PatzcuaroDuring the first years of the Conquest, Michoacán was part of the \"kingdom of Mexico\" which included the current states of Mexico, Querétaro, Hidalgo, Tlaxcala, Oaxaca, Morelos, Guerrero, Veracruz, Tabasco, Michoacán, Guanajuato and parts of San Luis Potosí, Jalisco and Colima. These lands were divided into encomiendas among the conquistadors. The provinces with the largest populations were called Alcaldias Mayores, with Michoacán being one of these, with its capital initially at Tzintzuntzan. Soon after, it was moved to Patzcuaro and eventually settled in what is now Morelia. The provincial and later state capital was founded by viceroy Antonio de Mendoza in 1541. It became the political and ecclesiastical center of the province after the death of Vasco de Quiroga in 1565.[14]Soon after the Spanish Conquest, evangelists from the Franciscan, Augustinian, Carmelite and other orders established monasteries all over the territory. Some of the best-known are Juan de Moya, Martín de la Coruña and Jacob the Dacian. As first governor, Nuño de Guzmán disrupted and devastated the social and economic order of the area. Vasco de Quiroga succeeded Guzman, bringing Franciscan and Augustinian friars to both evangelize and repair the area's broken economy and social institutions. Quiroga founded the Spanish city of Patzcuaro in 1538, calling it the Ciudad de Mechuacán.[14] For his efforts, Quiroga is still referred to in the Patzcuaro area as \"Tata (grandfather) Vasco\".[16] The diocese of Michoacán was established in 1536 by Pope Paul III, and its boundaries coincide with the old Purépecha kingdom. Its first bishop was Vasco de Quiroga.[17]The Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo began as the Colegio de San Nicolas Obispo, founded by Vasco de Quiroga in Patzcuaro in 1540. It was originally a seminary for the training of evangelists. It was granted a royal seal in 1543 to become the Real Colegio de San Nicolás Obispo. The school was moved to Morelia in 1580 and was fused with the Colegio de San Miguel Guayangareo. In 1590, its name was changed to the Seminario Tridentino, afterwards to Seminario Conciliar in 1601. By the end of the 17th century, the name returned to Colegio de San Nicolás but its structure was profoundly changed, adding studies such as philosophy, civil law, and others. At the end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th centuries, a number of figures associated with the Mexican War of Independence, such as Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, José María Morelos and others were associated with this school. By the mid-19th century, the school had been secularized and renamed the Primitivo y Nacional Colegio de San Nicolás de Hidalgo adding studies such as chemistry, physics and other sciences. The current name and organization was adopted after the Mexican Revolution in 1917.[18]La Calavera Catrina figure bought in PátzcuaroFrom the 16th to the 18th centuries, Augustinian, Franciscan and Carmelite missions were constructed in the territory as well as civil constructions, especially in the city now known as Morelia. Mining in areas such as Angangueo, Tlalpujahua and Inguaran had begun, as well as the establishment of agricultural and livestock haciendas. The first school of higher education, called the Primera Casa de Altos Estudios en América, was founded by Alonso de la Veracruz in Tiripetío.[16] Michoacán was made a separate province from \"Mexico\" in 1602. By the mid-17th century, the indigenous population had declined by half. In 1776, the territory of Michoacán was reduced to the area in which the modern states of Michoacán and Colima are now. Soon after, Colima split to join with the province of Guadalajara, leaving Michoacán roughly with the territory it has today.[14]During the entire colonial period, the economy was concentrated in the hands of the Spanish-born, who held vast lands and haciendas. They also held the rights over minerals mined in places such as Tlalpujahua, Angangueo and Huetamo. Indigenous peoples were exploited for their work, and slavery was not uncommon. Education was restricted for only those born in Spain and their descendants and was controlled by the Church. The main educational institutions were the Colegio de San Nicolas, founded in the 16th century; and the Seminary of San Pedro and San Pablo, founded in the 18th century. These schools produced a number of distinguished men, but the best-known is Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla.[14]\nAt the end of the 18th century, ideas from Europe began to infiltrate the upper classes of the state, especially in Valladolid (Morelia) and Zamora. These would eventually lead to the Mexican War of Independence in the early 18th century.[19] This war was foreshadowed by the 1809 conspiracy in Valladolid.[14]One of the early and main protagonists of the war, Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, was educated as a priest in the state and began to disseminate Enlightenment ideas here. Soon after Hidalgo performed the Grito de Dolores in Dolores (now Dolores Hidalgo), Guanajuato, a number of people influenced by his thought took up arms against the colonial government. These included Manuel de la Torre Lloreda, Gertrudis Bocanegra, José María Garcia Obeso and Ignacio López Rayón. During his campaign, Hidalgo returned to Valladolid, issuing a decree eliminating slavery.[19]After Hidalgo's death, much of the insurgency and spies against the Spanish viceroy were located in Michoacán, with documents such as the \"Primera Constitución o Decreto Constitucional para la Libertad de la América Mexicana\" (First Constitution or Constitutional Decree for the Liberty of the Mexican America) and \"Sentimentos de la Nacion\", both of which would shape constitutions and governments in the years to come. The first Mexican Supreme Court was also founded here. The Mexican War of Independence was culminated by the army of Agustín de Iturbide, also a Michoacán native, who took Morelia in May 1821.[14]After the war ended in 1821, the territory of Michoacán became the \"Free and Sovereign State of Michoacán on January 31, 1824.[19] This state was initially divided into 4 departments and 22 portions (partidos) under the Ley Territorial of 1825, with the first constitution ratified in the same year. The name of the capital was changed from Valladolid to Morelia at the same time.[14]In 1831, the state was reorganized into 61 municipals and 207 locales (tenencias). Due to the struggle between centralists and federalists in Mexico in the 19th century, Michoacán's rights as an entity would change depending on who was in control. The state was declared a department in 1836 but became a more independent state again in 1846. Colima broke off from Michoacán to form its own state in this year. In 1849, the municipality of Coyuca was separated to form the state of Guerrero. In 1853, the state became a department again, regaining state status in 1856. In 1857, Contepec was separated from the state of Guanajuato and attached to Michoacán.[20] In 1863, the diocese of Michoacán was reduced in size, but its status was also elevated to archdiocese.[17]During the French Intervention in Mexico, Morelia was taken by French forces in 1863. Since resistance to the French was particularly strong here, punitive acts were undertaken by the French in places like Zitácuaro, where much of the city was burned. One of the first victories against the French during the Intervention occurred in Zamora.[14]Parícutin in 1997Monarch butterfly sanctuary near the pueblo of AngangueoLaguna Larga in Los AzufresGreen sea turtle swimming in the Mexican PacificIn 1907, Michoacán's boundaries changed again with the addition of the communities of Pungarabato and Zirandaro added from Guerrero state to make the Balsas River a natural border.[14] The Mexican Revolution came to Michoacán in 1911, when those loyal to Francisco I. Madero proclaimed Santa Clara del Cobre as their territory, then went on to take towns around Lake Patzcuaro under the leadership of Salvador Escalante. The governor of the state, Aristeo Mendoza, resigned. Fighting among various factions would continue in parts of the state for the rest of the war. The state's current constitution was ratified in 1918.[14] In 1920, the Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo was founded.[14]Soon after the end of the Revolution, the Cristero War would affect the state, which affected agricultural production and distribution. In 1926, hostilities closed the seminaries in Morelia and Zamora. Near the end of the war, Lázaro Cárdenas was elected governor of the state and served until 1932; he became president of Mexico in 1934.[14]Michoacán has been badly affected by the Mexican Drug War, due to its methamphetamine and marijuana production. That resulted in the start of an anti-drug trafficking campaign in 2006, an anti-narcotics operation since 2006, grenade attacks in 2008, a shootout in 2015 as well as a massacre and clashes in 2019.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LakePatztztztz.JPG"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-introduccion-8"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mediofisico-21"},{"link_name":"Sierra Madre del Sur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Madre_del_Sur"},{"link_name":"Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Mexican_Volcanic_Belt"},{"link_name":"Chinicuila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinicuila"},{"link_name":"Arteaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arteaga,_Michoac%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Sierra Madre Occidental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Madre_Occidental"},{"link_name":"Toluca Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toluca_Valley"},{"link_name":"Valley of Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Paricutín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paricut%C3%ADn"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mediofisico-21"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paricutin_30_613.jpg"},{"link_name":"waterfalls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterfalls"},{"link_name":"lagoons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagoons"},{"link_name":"hot springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_spring"},{"link_name":"Lerma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lerma_River"},{"link_name":"Lake Cuitzeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Cuitzeo"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mediofisico-21"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sierra-madre-del-sur.JPG"},{"link_name":"Pátzcuaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_P%C3%A1tzcuaro"},{"link_name":"Zirahuén","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Zirahu%C3%A9n"},{"link_name":"Janitzio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janitzio"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mediofisico-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mediofisico-21"},{"link_name":"Tierra Caliente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierra_Caliente_(Mexico)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mediofisico-21"}],"text":"View of Lake Patzcuaro from TzintzuntzanThe state is located in the center west of the Mexican Republic, on the extreme southwest of the central highlands. It borders the states of Mexico, Querétaro, Guerrero, Guanajuato, Jalisco and Colima, with a 217 km (135 mi) coastline on the Pacific Ocean. The state has a territory of 58,836.95 km2 (22,717.07 sq mi), making it the sixteenth-largest in Mexico (exactly at the midpoint among Mexican states in area). It also has 1,490 km2 (580 sq mi) of marine territory off its Pacific coast.[8][21]The state is crossed by the Sierra Madre del Sur, the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt and the Inter-mountain Valleys region. The Sierra Madre del Sur crosses the state northwest to southeast for approximately 200 km (120 mi) in the southwest between the municipalities of Chinicuila and Arteaga along the Pacific Coast. It is considered to be a continuation of the Sierra Madre Occidental. Peaks in this range average about 2,900 m (9,500 ft) above sea level, with the largest being the Cerro de las Canoas. The Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt crosses the state from west to east toward the Toluca Valley and Valley of Mexico. This mountain range is marked by appearance of many volcanoes, active, dormant, and extinct alike. This system is subdivided into regions such as the Sierra de Tancítaro, Sierra de Periban, Sierra de San Angel and others. The best-known volcano in this region is the Paricutín volcano.[21]Parícutin 1943 eruption at nightThe state has a large number of lakes, waterfalls, lagoons, hot springs, and a natural system of waterways, including parts of two of the country's largest rivers, the Lerma and the Balsas. These waterways are divided into three regions, called the North, Central and South. The North region includes the Lerma Basin. On the Lerma River is the Tepuxtepec Dam which has a capacity of 371 million m3. Rivers that empty into the Lerma in Michoacán include the Tlalpuhahua, Cachivi and Duero. Another river basin here is that of Lake Cuitzeo, which extends over an area of 3,618 m2 (38,940 sq ft). The two main rivers that feed this lake are the Grande de Morelia and Queréndaro.[21]Sierra Madre del Sur along the Michoacán seacoastThe Central region is represented by lakes Pátzcuaro and Zirahuén. Lake Pátzcuaro has a surface area of 1,525 km2. This lake is fed by a number of surface and subterranean water flows with the principal rivers leading here including the San Gregorio and Chapultepec. This lake has five islands within it called Janitzio, Yunuén, La Pacanda, Tecuén, Jarácuaro, Urandén and Carián. Lake Zirahuén has an area of 615 km2 (237 sq mi) and is fed by streams such as Manzanilla and Zinamba. These two lakes are considered to be the main tourist attraction of the state.[21]Most of the state's rivers and streams are located in the south region of the state, with the Balsas River being the most important. The most important tributaries of this river include the Cutzamala, Carácuaro and Tepalcatepec rivers. Within this region is the coastal watershed, which is the area between the Sierra Madre del Sur and the coastline. This area includes small rivers such as the Coahuayana, Aquila, Ostula, Motín del Oro, Coire, Cachán and Nexpa which flow directly into the Pacific.[21]Much of the climate of the state is determined by altitude and other geographical features. Average temperatures vary from 13 °C (55 °F) to 29 °C (84 °F). Lower temperatures correspond with the highland areas in the north and east while the lower south and west, called La Costa (the coast) or Tierra Caliente (hot land) register higher temperatures. In the hotter lowlands, high temperatures regularly exceed 30 °C (86 °F) and have been known to reach over 40 °C (104 °F) in the summer. The lowest temperatures are registered in highland areas such as the Sierra de Coalcomán and the Sierra del Centro located near the border with the State of Mexico. Except for the Tierra Caliente, most of the state can experience freezing temperatures in the winter. Rainfall is also dependent on altitude with the lowlands receiving less rain than the mountain areas. There is a well-defined rainy season which extends from June to October over the entire state.[21]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mango trees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango_trees"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"Flora","text":"Ecosystems vary by altitude. Between 2,600 and 3,500 m (8,500 and 11,500 ft) above sea level, most of the vegetation are conifer forests. Between 1,000 and 2,600 m (3,300 and 8,500 ft), there are mixed forests and below this are broadleaf or tropical forests. Tree species include oak, cedar, and pine. Mango trees can be found in the eastern and western regions.[22]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"skunks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skunks"},{"link_name":"raccoons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raccoon"},{"link_name":"cacomistle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cacomistle"},{"link_name":"coyotes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coyote"},{"link_name":"lynxes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynxes"},{"link_name":"bats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bats"},{"link_name":"deer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deer"},{"link_name":"armadillos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armadillo"},{"link_name":"mountain lions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_lion"},{"link_name":"jaguars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaguar"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"storks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stork"},{"link_name":"Eagles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle"},{"link_name":"hawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawks"},{"link_name":"hummingbirds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hummingbirds"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"tarantula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarantula"},{"link_name":"Brachypelma hamorii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachypelma_hamorii"},{"link_name":"Jalisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalisco"},{"link_name":"Colima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colima"},{"link_name":"Tiger sharks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger_sharks"},{"link_name":"thresher sharks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thresher_sharks"},{"link_name":"porpoises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porpoises"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"sea turtles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_turtles"},{"link_name":"iguanas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iguanas"},{"link_name":"caimans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caimans"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mediofisico-21"},{"link_name":"monarch butterflies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarch_butterfly"},{"link_name":"afterlife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afterlife"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Centre-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aquila_chrysaetos_Flickr.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ctenosaura_pectinata_at_the_Denver_Zoo-2012_03_12_0685.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Monarc_Butterfly_Reserve11,_Michoacan,_Mexico.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Panthera_onca_at_the_Toronto_Zoo_2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brachypelma_auratum_kiel.png"},{"link_name":"Aquila chrysaetos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquila_chrysaetos"},{"link_name":"Ctenosaura pectinata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ctenosaura_pectinata"},{"link_name":"Monarch butterfly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarch_butterfly"},{"link_name":"Jaguar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaguar"},{"link_name":"Brachypelma auratum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachypelma_auratum"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tiger_shark.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BARN_OWL_FLIGHT.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Purple-throated_carib_hummingbird_feeding.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nasua_narica_2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caiman_yacare.jpg"},{"link_name":"Galeocerdo cuvier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galeocerdo_cuvier"},{"link_name":"Ghost owl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_owl"},{"link_name":"Hummingbird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hummingbird"},{"link_name":"White-nosed coati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-nosed_coati"},{"link_name":"Caiman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caiman"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Urbana_Illinois_park_20070928_img_2120-crop.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lago_de_Camecuaro.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dahlia_coccinea,_the_Red_Dahlia_(9450014546).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abies_religiosa_El_Rosario_6.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sabal_pumos_(Scott_Zona)_001.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tagetes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagetes"},{"link_name":"Taxodium mucronatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxodium_mucronatum"},{"link_name":"Dahlia coccinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahlia_coccinea"},{"link_name":"Abies religiosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abies_religiosa"},{"link_name":"Sabal pumos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabal_pumos"}],"sub_title":"Fauna","text":"Animal types vary from region to region but among mammals these can be found: skunks, raccoons, cacomistle, coyotes, lynxes, rabbits, bats, deer, armadillos, mountain lions, foxes, and jaguars. The latter is an important symbol in Purépecha culture.[23] Numerous bird species can be found including water fowl such as ducks, storks and seabirds along the coast. Eagles, parrots, and hawks are found in the tropical and mountainous regions. Both owls and hummingbirds are important cultural symbols to the Purépecha.[24] It is also one of three Mexican states where the tarantula species Brachypelma hamorii is found, the other two being Jalisco and Colima.\nTiger sharks, thresher sharks, and porpoises can be found in coastal waters.[25] Reptiles including crocodiles, sea turtles, iguanas, snakes, and caimans can be found in the waterways and along the coastal regions.[26][21] Michoacán includes critical over-wintering habitat for most of the monarch butterflies from eastern North America. To the Purépechas, the monarch butterfly symbolizes the spirits of the dead as they journey from the afterlife.[27][28]Flora and fauna of Michoacán\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAquila chrysaetos\n\nCtenosaura pectinata\n\nMonarch butterfly\n\nJaguar\n\nBrachypelma auratum\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nGaleocerdo cuvier\n\nGhost owl\n\nHummingbird\n\nWhite-nosed coati\n\nCaiman\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTagetes\n\nTaxodium mucronatum\n\nDahlia coccinea\n\nAbies religiosa\n\nSabal pumos","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Barranca del Cupatitzio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barranca_del_Cupatitzio_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Bosencheve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosencheve_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Cerro de Garnica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerro_de_Garnica_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Insurgente José María Morelos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurgente_Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Morelos_y_Pav%C3%B3n_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Lago de Camécuaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lago_de_Cam%C3%A9cuaro_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Rayón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ray%C3%B3n_National_Park&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"national parks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_parks_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Monarch Butterfly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarch_Butterfly_Biosphere_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Zicuirán-Infiernillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zicuir%C3%A1n-Infiernillo_Biosphere_Reserve"},{"link_name":"biosphere reserves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosphere_reserves_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Pico de Tancítaro Flora and Fauna Protection Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pico_de_Tanc%C3%ADtaro"},{"link_name":"Lake Pátzcuaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_P%C3%A1tzcuaro"},{"link_name":"Zacapu Lagoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zacapu_Lagoon"},{"link_name":"Ramsar Sites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsar_Site"}],"sub_title":"Protected areas","text":"Protected areas in Michoacán include Barranca del Cupatitzio, \nBosencheve, Cerro de Garnica, Insurgente José María Morelos, Lago de Camécuaro, and Rayón national parks, Monarch Butterfly and Zicuirán-Infiernillo biosphere reserves, and Pico de Tancítaro Flora and Fauna Protection Area. Lake Pátzcuaro and Zacapu Lagoon are Ramsar Sites, designated wetlands of international importance.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ParachoMainstreet.jpg"},{"link_name":"Paracho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracho"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-introduccion-8"}],"text":"Famed guitar town of ParachoThe economy of the state is based on agriculture, ranching, forest products, fishing and crafts.[8] Most of the population is employed in three sectors: agriculture (34%), mining and manufacturing (23%), and commerce (37%).","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Irrigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigation"},{"link_name":"Apatzingán Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apatzing%C3%A1n_Valley&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bajío","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baj%C3%ADo"},{"link_name":"Zamora Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zamora_Valley&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"sorghum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorghum"},{"link_name":"avocados","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado"},{"link_name":"strawberries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strawberries"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-economia-29"}],"sub_title":"Agriculture","text":"Agriculture occupies over a million hectares of land in the state or 20% of the land area. Three-fifths of this agriculture occurs only during the rainy season. Irrigation farming is restricted to areas such as the Apatzingán Valley, the Bajío area of Michoacán, the Zamora Valley and some others. Principal crops include corn, sorghum, avocados, strawberries, peaches, wheat, limes, sugar cane and mangos. While corn accounts for 43% of the crops harvested, Michoacán is the largest producer of avocados in Mexico and in the world. Forty three percent of farmland in the territory is dedicated to the raising of livestock, including cattle, domestic fowl, sheep, goats and pigs. In 2007, the state's production of meat, dairy and eggs was valued at over four billion pesos.[29]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mediofisico-21"}],"sub_title":"Forestry","text":"Sixty percent of the state is covered in forest, with the most economically important of these located in the higher elevations at the eastern side. These forests mostly produce lumber and resin. These areas are estimated at 2,160,000 hectares, over half of which is pine forest. The most productive forests are located in the central and eastern portions of the state. Rainforest areas are estimated at 460,500 hectares. One problem facing the forested areas of the state is unsustainable logging. In addition to exploitable forest, there are also ecological reserves with tourist importance, especially the various monarch butterfly sanctuaries in the extreme east of the state.[21]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P%C3%A1tzcuaro-Trad-Fishing-3.jpg"},{"link_name":"tilapia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilapia"},{"link_name":"carp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carp"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-economia-29"}],"sub_title":"Fishing","text":"Fishermen in Lake PátzcuaroMichoacán's lakes, rivers and coastline make it an important producer of fish and seafood, both caught in the wild and farmed. The most important commercial fishing is for tilapia and carp.[29]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"zinc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc"},{"link_name":"cadmium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium"},{"link_name":"fill dirt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fill_dirt"},{"link_name":"sand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sand"},{"link_name":"gravel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravel"},{"link_name":"lime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lime_(material)"},{"link_name":"limestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone"},{"link_name":"marble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marble"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mediofisico-21"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-economia-29"}],"sub_title":"Mining and minerals","text":"Mining is an important economic activity in the state, which is mostly concentrated on the eastern side near the Mexico State border. However, iron is mined in the Lázaro Cárdenas area near the coast. Both metallic and non-metallic minerals are mined in the state. These include silver, gold, zinc, cadmium, lead, iron, copper, fill dirt, sand, gravel, lime, limestone, marble, and others. There are thirteen principal mining areas: Tlalpujahua, Angangueo, Los Azufres, Real de Otzumatlán, Tzitzio, Tiámaro, El Bastán, San Diego Curucupacéo, Inguarán, Las Truchas, and La Minita de Coalcomán. Michoacán is the second-largest producer of coke and third-largest producer of iron, which are essential to the steel industry, in Mexico. While there remains significant metallic deposits, their mining only contributes 1.64% to the economy.[21][29]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jiquilpan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiquilpan,_Michoac%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Sahuayo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahuayo"},{"link_name":"Lázaro Cárdenas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1zaro_C%C3%A1rdenas,_Michoac%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-economia-29"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Manufacturing","text":"Most industrial activity is concentrated in the central region of the state, near the capital, where a number of industrial parks are located, such as Ciudad Industrial Morelia. However. there are other areas with industry, such as Apatzingán, Zamora, Jiquilpan and Sahuayo, as well as in the Lázaro Cárdenas area. Major production areas are iron and steel (34.27%), bottling (10.43%) and paper products (8.36%).[29]\nMost people in the state are employed in service and commerce, and this sector contributes 19.07% to the overall economy. Most sales are in foodstuffs, drinks and tobacco.[citation needed]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Janitziobig.jpeg"},{"link_name":"José María Morelos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Morelos"},{"link_name":"Janitzio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janitzio"}],"text":"Statue of José María Morelos in Janitzio","title":"Infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-educacion-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-comunicaciones-31"},{"link_name":"Morelia International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morelia_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Uruapan International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruapan_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-introduccion-8"}],"sub_title":"Transport","text":"The state contains more than 12,804 km (7,956 mi) of federal, state and local roads. Major highways in the state include Federal Highway 15 and the Morelia-Patzcuaro highway. Intercity and interstate buses provide connections to places within the state and the rest of Mexico. About 91% of these bus lines are second class while just under nine percent are first class. Most rail lines are limited to the north and center of the state, providing freight service to Mexico City and Guadalajara. The state's main port is the city of Lázaro Cárdenas which contains 2,926 m (9,600 ft) of dock space. The dock is used mostly for the shipping of minerals and grains.[30][31] There are two major international airports, Morelia International Airport and Uruapan International Airport. Smaller facilities exist in Zamora and Lázaro Cárdenas. The state has abundant hydroelectrical production due to dams on the Balsas River, the Lerma River and the Tepalcatepec River.[8]","title":"Infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Santa Elena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Par%C3%A1cuaro"},{"link_name":"Elpidia Carrillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elpidia_Carrillo"},{"link_name":"horror film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horror_film"},{"link_name":"Predator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predator_(film)"},{"link_name":"Arnold Schwarzenegger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Schwarzenegger"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-educacion-30"},{"link_name":"Newspapers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Mexico"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SIC-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"sub_title":"Media","text":"One notable actress from Santa Elena, Michoacán is Elpidia Carrillo. She is best known for starring in the 1987 science fiction horror film Predator alongside Arnold Schwarzenegger.[32]As of 1995, the state had eight television stations, with seven out of operation. There is a system of educational television with 528 broadcast antennas.[30]Newspapers and news sites of Michoacán de Ocampo include: La Opinión de Apatzingán, a. m. de La Piedad, Diario ABC de Michoacán, El Diario Grande de Michoacán Provincia, El Sol de Morelia, El Sol de Zamora, Frecuencia Informativa Escrita , La Jornada Michoacán, La Opinión de Michoacán, La Voz de Michoacán.[33][34]","title":"Infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-educacion-30"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-umich-18"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"text":"The state provides public education from preschool level to high school. \"Formal preschool\" is offered in communities which have twenty five or more qualified students. Less formal preschools are operated in smaller communities. As of 1996, there were 5,433 primary schools serving 705,694 students with 25,485 teachers. There is a failure rate from grade to grade of about 9.7% with just under five percent leaving school permanently before finishing primary studies. The most common reason for departure is poverty. At the secondary level there are 174,354 students, which represent 22% of these eligible to attend. High school level studies are mostly geared to vocational studies and many attend via distance education. There are 24 public and private institutions of higher learning offering 49 different majors. Eight are technical colleges, four for teachers, the Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, the Instituto Michoacano de Ciencias de la Educación and ten private institutions.[30]The Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo is located in Morelia.[18] Its historical predecessor was founded in 1540, making it one of the oldest institutions of higher education in the Americas.[35]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Michoac%C3%A1n_Viejitos_(4111653140).jpg"},{"link_name":"Danza de los Viejitos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danza_de_los_Viejitos"},{"link_name":"Carnitas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnitas"},{"link_name":"cotija cheese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotija_cheese"},{"link_name":"guacamole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guacamole"},{"link_name":"morisqueta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morisqueta"},{"link_name":"tamales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamales"},{"link_name":"pozole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozole"},{"link_name":"enchiladas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enchiladas"},{"link_name":"mole sauce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mole_sauce"},{"link_name":"pan de muerto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_de_muerto"},{"link_name":"champurrado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champurrado"},{"link_name":"churros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churros"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-regionestur-37"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-economia-29"},{"link_name":"Cuitzeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuitzeo"},{"link_name":"Huandacareo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huandacareo"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-regionmor-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SalsaMich-40"},{"link_name":"Mexican cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_cinema"},{"link_name":"Plaza Monumental de Morelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaza_Monumental_de_Morelia"},{"link_name":"bullfights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullfights"},{"link_name":"lucha libre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucha_libre"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Meseta Purépecha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meseta_Pur%C3%A9pecha&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Guinness Book of World Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_Book_of_World_Records"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-regionuru-42"},{"link_name":"San Juan Nuevo Parangaricutiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuevo_San_Juan_Parangaricutiro"},{"link_name":"Paricutín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paricut%C3%ADn"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-regionuru-42"},{"link_name":"Tingambato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tingambato"},{"link_name":"Taretan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taretan"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-regionuru-42"},{"link_name":"lutherie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutherie"},{"link_name":"guitars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar"},{"link_name":"vihuelas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vihuela"},{"link_name":"mandolins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandolin"},{"link_name":"armadillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armadillo"},{"link_name":"concheras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concheras"},{"link_name":"bajo sextos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajo_sexto"},{"link_name":"guitarrones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitarron"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Catrina_3.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fachada_Santuario_Guadalupano.JPG"},{"link_name":"Cathedral of Our Lady of Guadalupe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_of_Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe,_Zamora"},{"link_name":"Zamora de Hidalgo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamora_de_Hidalgo"},{"link_name":"surfing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surfing"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-regionlc-44"},{"link_name":"Purépecha Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_Empire"},{"link_name":"Purépecha language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_language"},{"link_name":"Cuanajo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cuanajo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tupátaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tup%C3%A1taro&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Eronguícuaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erongu%C3%ADcuaro&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Quiroga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quiroga,_Michoac%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Tzintzuntzan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tzintzuntzan,_Michoac%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Holy Week","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Week"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-regionpatz-45"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jardin_de_las_rosas.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Calle_del_centro_de_morelia.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morelia_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Morelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morelia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mexican_charro_forefooting_on_horseback.jpg"},{"link_name":"Day of the Dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day_of_the_Dead"},{"link_name":"ghosts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghosts"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-muertos-46"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SanAgustinPatz.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cascada_Parque_Nacional.jpg"},{"link_name":"Purépecha Mesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pur%C3%A9pecha_Mesa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"tamales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamale"},{"link_name":"pozole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozole"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-regionzam-47"},{"link_name":"monarch butterfly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarch_butterfly"},{"link_name":"Mazahua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazahua_people"},{"link_name":"rebozos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebozo"},{"link_name":"Ciudad Hidalgo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciudad_Hidalgo,_Michoac%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-regionzit-48"},{"link_name":"Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarch_Butterfly_Biosphere_Reserve"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Centre-27"}],"text":"Danza de los Viejitos (Traditional folk dance of the Purépecha)Carnitas are originally from Michoacán. Other traditional foods include cotija cheese, guacamole, morisqueta, tamales, pozole, enchiladas, mole sauce, and various sweets such as pan de muerto and chocolate champurrado (during the Day of the Dead celebrations), ice cream, churros, and ate, a kind of Mexican jelly made of many typical fruits.[36]The state ministry of tourism has divided the state into regions, mostly based on the major cities of Morelia, Uruapan, Lázaro Cárdenas, Patzcuaro, Zamora and Zitácuaro.[37] The state contains a large number of potential attractions, most of which are classified as suitable for ecotourism. However, only 6.2% of these sites are visited by international tourists. Most visitors to sites are from within the state.[29]The Morelia region stresses its cultural and artistic heritage, especially its colonial architecture . The most important colonial structures are in Morelia and built in the 18th century. These include the cathedral, finished in 1744 and the main aqueduct finished at the end of the century. This architecture has made the city a World Heritage Site. In addition to the state capital, the region includes towns such as Charo, Capula, Tiripetio, Cuitzeo and Huandacareo, which contain archaeological sites, water parks and traditional cuisine. The rural areas of this zone contain more than 400 thermal springs, many of which have been turned into recreational areas and parks. These include Reino de Atzimba, Cointzio, Huandacareo and El Ejido.[38] Morelia holds the annual Festival Internacional de Música de Morelia. The festival consists of more than forty concerts with over 500 artists from Michoacán and from around the world.[39] Other festivals include the popular SalsaMich that features a 3-day Salsa dance competition.[40] The Festival Internacional de Cine de Morelia is celebrated annually that is dedicated to Mexican cinema. The Plaza Monumental de Morelia was established in 1951, which was destined exclusively for bullfights. Nowadays, the ring also hosts concerts, lucha libre, and weddings.[41]The Uruapan region stresses its cultural and natural heritage. The city is one of the oldest settlements in the state, which was initially settled by the Meseta Purépecha. This city contains a number of attractions such as La Huatápera, colonial era hospital founded by Vasco de Quiroga, the Temple of San Francisco and the Eduardo Ruiz Municipal Museum. One other attraction is the narrowest house in the world as documented by the Guinness Book of World Records. Other important cities in the region are Apatzingán and Caracha.[42]\nUruapan is surrounded by hundreds of hectares of forests and by fertile fields growing fruits and flowers, many of which only grow here. Some of the natural attractions of the zone include the Santa Catarina Dam and the La Tzaráacua and La Tzararacuita waterfalls. Smaller towns and villages in this region are known for their religious and popular festivals, many of which occur in the summer. Examples of these are the feasts of Señor del Calvario in Quinceo, of San Mateo Ahuiran in Paracho and the National Guitar Festival in Paracho. The best-known town in the region is San Juan Nuevo Parangaricutiro, which was founded due to the destruction of its original namesake by the eruption of the Paricutín volcano.[42] The pre-Hispanic sites of Tingambato and Taretan are in this zone as well, which were important Purépecha cities.[42]The town of Paracho is well known throughout both Mexico and elsewhere in the world as a hub of lutherie. This is because the town's craftsmen are reputed to making the best sounding guitars and vihuelas in all of Mexico. The town is full of music shops that sell ten-string mandolins, armadillo-backed guitars (concheras), acoustic bass guitars; as well as regular classical guitars and mandolins, bajo sextos, vihuelas, guitarrones and many others. Many of the stores and workshops allow visitors to watch the guitar-making process directly.[43]Noche de Muertos decorationsThe Cathedral of Our Lady of Guadalupe in Zamora de HidalgoThe Lázaro Cárdenas region is named after Michoacán's largest port and oceanside city. Here the state stresses the kilometres of beaches and other natural areas in which to practice ecotourism and extreme sports. Beaches include Maruata, Faro de Bucerías, the Pichi Estuary, La Laguna de Mezcala, La Ticla and Nexpa, with the last two popular for surfing, with their regular two-three-meter waves. A number of these beaches are protected areas, due to being a breeding ground for sea turtles.[44]The Patzcuaro region is extremely important to the state due to its history of having been the center of the Purépecha Empire as well as the first capital of the colonial province of Michoacán. Its pre-Hispanic heritage is evident by the Tzintzuntzan and Ihuatizo sites as well as the large number of people who still speak the Purépecha language and maintain pre-Hispanic customs. Vasco de Quiroga established the first capital at Patzcuaro and was instrumental to building the colonial era economy of the Lake Patzcuaro area. The lake is surrounded by mountains and forests as well as the towns of Cuanajo, Tupátaro, Eronguícuaro and Quiroga. These towns are noted for their crafts and popular religious festivals such as the feast of the Señor del Rescate in Tzintzuntzan, Holy Week, and especially Noche de Muertos or Night of the Dead. This area is the most important to the state with the most visited town, Patzcuaro with its basilica and museums.[45]Jardin de las Rosas Garden and Park in MoreliaStreet and Cathedral of MoreliaTraditional charro outfitOne of the largest tourist events in the state is Noche de Muertos or Night of the Dead. This is celebrated on the dates around November 2. Essentially, these are Day of the Dead celebrations, which are celebrated all over Mexico, but with unique variations. The events of these days show a blending of both pre-Hispanic and Catholic beliefs and traditions. Noche de Muertos is celebrated most strongly in the towns and villages around Lake Patzcuaro such as Tzintzuntzan, Ihuatzio, Janitzio, as well as Patzcuaro itself, which was the center of the Purépecha Empire. As in other parts of Mexico, altars to the dead, both in homes and on graves are erected and covered with offerings such as bread, fruit and other items. One aspect which is unique to the event here is the lighting and floating of hundreds of small candles and flowers on Lake Patzcuaro on the night between November 1 and 2. It is also believed that on this night the ghosts of Mintzita, the daughter of Purépecha king Tzintzicha, and Itzihuapa arise. Their story is similar to that of Romeo and Juliet as they were never able to marry due to the Spanish invasion of their lands. Today, it is said that the two rise up and head toward a specific cemetery to receive visitors. There are a number of other rituals performed on these days such as the Terescuan y Campaneri, a kind of treasure hunt for hidden harvest items.[46]Gertrudis Bocanegra Plaza and the San Agustin Library in ZitacuaroCascada Parque Nacional in UruapanThe Zamora region is center of the city of the same name in an area known as the Purépecha Mesa. Pre-Hispanic language and customs are preserved here as well as a large number of crafts such as the pottery of Ptamban and the embroidery of Tarecuato. The region is part of an area of Mexico known as the Bajío and has extensive agriculture, livestock and some industry. Regional dishes such as pigs' feet, breads baked in wood fired ovens, tamales, pozole and dishes made with avocados and corn are promoted here. Important towns outside of Zamora include Camécuaro, Orandiro, La Estancia and La Alberca. The city of Zamora is home to one of the oldest cultures in the west of Mexico which dates to about 1750 BCE, known as the Opeño. The Spanish city was founded as a military garrison.[47]The Zitacuaro region contains approximately a half million hectares of conifer forests, but is best known as being part of the wintering grounds of the monarch butterfly. The area is filled with old mining towns as well as an important archaeological site. The region is home to the Mazahua and Otomi peoples, many of whom produce crafts such as blankets, rebozos and ceramics. The city of Zitacuaro is the site of an important battle during the French Intervention in Mexico, which gives it the title of \"Heroic City\". Other important communities include Añgangueo, San Matias and Ciudad Hidalgo. The most important places to see monarch butterflies in the winter are in municipalities of Angangeo and Ocampo. The butterfly sanctuaries are called El Rosario, Cerro Campanario, Sierra Chincua and El Llanno de las Papas.[48] In 2008, UNESCO declared this region part of a Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve.[27]","title":"Tourism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aranda_2013_43%E2%80%9366-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-50"},{"link_name":"Tancítaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanc%C3%ADtaro"},{"link_name":"CUSEPT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tancitaro_Public_Security_Force&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytbreakaway-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Staff-54"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytbreakaway-53"},{"link_name":"Turf disputes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gang"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-apgeneral-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-intelysegeneral-56"}],"text":"After the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) fell from power in 2000, the surge in criminal violence was unexpected. From homicides and kidnappings to organized crime, the violence that began to emerge while in a position of political change had posed a significant threat to the nation’s stability.[49] Even though criminal groups and the state are on two ends of the spectrum, they are seen working together. Some criminal groups have an upper hand when it comes to the state and the sharing of information between the two happens as a mutually beneficial concept.[50]In Michoacán, the criminal groups are more equipped with weapons than the state institutions themselves, which means they simply overpower the government. With the heavy influence of criminal violence, even avocado producers had to step in and combat this violence. Michoacán is the second largest avocado producer in the entire world, and with that territory comes criminal groups demanding money from the avocado producers. Tancítaro has assembled the CUSEPT, civilian gunmen funded by local avocado growers, to protect against organized crime.[51][52][53] Such non-governmental police groups have been formed because local police are sometimes seen as unhelpful or complicit.[54][53] Turf disputes happen too.[55][56]","title":"Crime"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-50"},{"link_name":"Knights Templar Cartel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_Templar_Cartel"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-50"}],"sub_title":"War on drugs","text":"When President Felipe Calderón was in office in 2006 he sent troops into Michoacán to regain power over the state and to fight the current cartels that had power. His efforts ended up creating more violence, and the number of homicides skyrocketed.[50] The state of Michoacán has some of the highest murder rates throughout Mexico. In 2013, the criminal group, the Knights Templar Cartel, had essentially run the state. While they eventually lost the control they once had, excessive criminal violence persisted, and many civilians were in between feuds if they happened to be on enemy territory. The dispute is different criminal groups going to war on each other over drugs, money, and land but no authority is stepping in to end the disputes because these criminal groups are simply too powerful and are much more equipped than the State officials.[50]","title":"Crime"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-intelysegeneral-56"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-apgeneral-55"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Staff-54"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"}],"sub_title":"Killings","text":"Homicide happens frequently in Michoacán.[56][55][54]\nOn 26–28 October 2019, 9 people and 4 police were killed in a firefight from a search warrant.[57]\n9 people, 3 of whom were children, were killed in a video game arcade on February 3, 2020.[58]","title":"Crime"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"avocados","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado_production_in_Mexico"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"}],"sub_title":"Kidnappings and Ransoms","text":"There have been aggressive disputes in the area,[59][60][61][62][63] such as those over avocados.[64]","title":"Crime"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tierra_caliente_map.png"},{"link_name":"Tierra Caliente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierra_Caliente_(Mexico)"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-65"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-65"},{"link_name":"La Familia Michoacana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Familia_Michoacana"},{"link_name":"Jalisco New Generation Cartel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalisco_New_Generation_Cartel"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cjng-cu-66"},{"link_name":"Los Zetas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Zetas"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-intelysegeneral-56"},{"link_name":"Beltrán-Leyva Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beltr%C3%A1n-Leyva_Organization"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-intelysegeneral-56"},{"link_name":"Knights Templar Cartel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_Templar_Cartel"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-intelysegeneral-56"},{"link_name":"Cárteles Unidos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Resistencia_(gang)"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cjng-cu-66"},{"link_name":"Tierra Caliente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierra_Caliente_(Mexico)"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aranda_2013_43%E2%80%9366-49"}],"sub_title":"Drug Cartels","text":"The region the Tierra Caliente covers.The rise of drug cartels in Michoacan as the state was going through a political change was pivotal. The cartels are able to pay state officials to do their dirty work for them in exchange for keeping their criminal group up and successful.[65] Adding on to the fluidity of criminal groups and government officials working together, the hope for Mexico to strengthen its powers back into a non-corrupt state is not high.[65] La Familia Michoacana, Jalisco New Generation Cartel,[66] Los Zetas,[56] Beltrán-Leyva Organization,[56] the Knights Templar Cartel[56] and Cárteles Unidos[66] are some groups that operate in Michoacán. These groups are a threat to the government's security because Michoacán is now the center for drug production in the world. The reason drug cartels seem to thrive in Michoacán is due to what is called the Tierra Caliente in the southern part of the State. This region is far from the bustling atmosphere and with roads that are pretty inaccessible, it makes for an ideal place to do criminal activities.[49]","title":"Crime"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Operation Michoacán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Michoac%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"}],"sub_title":"Police and Militia","text":"Operation Michoacán takes place in Michoacán. There are militias in Michoacán.[67][68]","title":"Crime"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Bureau of Consular Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Consular_Affairs"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mexico"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"La Familia Michoacana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Familia_Michoacana"},{"link_name":"La Familia Michoacana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Familia_Michoacana"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"}],"sub_title":"Crime during COVID-19","text":"Due to crime, the United States Bureau of Consular Affairs advises not to travel to Michoacán (April 2021). During the COVID-19 pandemic, while the Mexican government was occupied, cartels took advantage as an opportunity to gain more power.[69][70] In Michoacán, La Familia Michoacana cartel decided to give out food to the local community. This was an effort to further embed themselves in a position to control power and to show civilians that they need criminal groups like La Familia Michoacana.[71]","title":"Crime"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MICHOACANINEGI-72"},{"link_name":"Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Michoac%C3%A1n"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Catedral_of_morelia.JPG"},{"link_name":"Morelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morelia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Uruapan-plaza.jpg"},{"link_name":"Uruapan del Progreso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruapan"},{"link_name":"Morelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morelia"},{"link_name":"Morelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morelia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plaza_de_armas_y_catedral_de_Zamora.jpg"},{"link_name":"Zamora de Hidalgo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamora_de_Hidalgo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Catedral_de_Apatzingan.jpg"},{"link_name":"Apatzingán de la Constitución","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apatzing%C3%A1n_de_la_Constituci%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Uruapan del Progreso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruapan"},{"link_name":"Uruapan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruapan"},{"link_name":"Zamora de Hidalgo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamora_de_Hidalgo"},{"link_name":"Zamora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamora_de_Hidalgo"},{"link_name":"Apatzingán de la Constitución","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apatzing%C3%A1n_de_la_Constituci%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Apatzingán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apatzing%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"La Piedad de Cabadas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Piedad_de_Cabadas"},{"link_name":"La Piedad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Piedad"},{"link_name":"Zitácuaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zit%C3%A1cuaro"},{"link_name":"Zitácuaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zit%C3%A1cuaro"},{"link_name":"Ciudad Lázaro Cárdenas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1zaro_C%C3%A1rdenas,_Michoac%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Lázaro Cárdenas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1zaro_C%C3%A1rdenas,_Michoac%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Ciudad Hidalgo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciudad_Hidalgo,_Michoac%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Hidalgo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciudad_Hidalgo,_Michoac%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Sahuayo de Morelos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahuayo_de_Morelos"},{"link_name":"Sahuayo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahuayo"},{"link_name":"Jacona de Plancarte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacona_de_Plancarte"},{"link_name":"Jacona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacona_de_Plancarte"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-demogr-74"},{"link_name":"mestizos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mestizos"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"Charreada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charreada"},{"link_name":"vaqueros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaqueros"},{"link_name":"Mexican Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Revolution"},{"link_name":"charros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charros"},{"link_name":"charro outfit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charro_outfit"},{"link_name":"sarape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarape"},{"link_name":"sombrero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sombrero"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"Spaniards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaniards"},{"link_name":"Nueva Italia, Michoacán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nueva_Italia,_Michoac%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Lombardia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardia"},{"link_name":"Brescia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brescia"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"Spanish Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"Purépecha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_people"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-demogr-74"},{"link_name":"Catholics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholics"},{"link_name":"Afro-Mexican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro-Mexican"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"}],"sub_title":"Largest cities","text":"Largest cities or towns in MichoacánSource:[72]\n\n\n\nRank\n\n\n\nMunicipality\n\nMunicipal pop.\n\n\n\n\nMorelia Uruapan del Progreso\n\n1\nMorelia\nMorelia\n743,275\n\nZamora de HidalgoApatzingán de la Constitución\n\n\n2\n Uruapan del Progreso\nUruapan\n299,253\n\n\n3\nZamora de Hidalgo\n Zamora\n154,546\n\n\n4\nApatzingán de la Constitución\nApatzingán\n102,362\n\n\n5\nLa Piedad de Cabadas\nLa Piedad\n87,042\n\n\n6\nZitácuaro\nZitácuaro\n86,901\n\n\n7\nCiudad Lázaro Cárdenas\nLázaro Cárdenas\n83,637\n\n\n8\nCiudad Hidalgo\n Hidalgo\n71,528\n\n\n9\nSahuayo de Morelos\nSahuayo\n70,042\n\n\n10\nJacona de Plancarte\n Jacona\n61,510Michoacán is the seventh most populated state in Mexico and the average resident has a life expectancy of 73.3 years. It is estimated that each year about 40,000 people immigrate to the state while 78,000 leave, leading to population loss. Of those who leave, about one third go to other places in Mexico and the rest to other countries, principally the United States. The cities with the densest populations are Morelia, Uruapan and Zamora.[74] The majority of the population are mestizos; meaning that they are part indigenous, part European (mainly from Spain), and some African.[75] Michoacán is one of the most Catholic regions in Mexico.Charreada is an important sport in the state. It celebrates the mestizo culture and heritage of Michoacán; in which the Spaniards employed the indigenous people as vaqueros or ranchers to herd cattle. During the Mexican Revolution, both sides used charros as soldiers. They were also used to maintain order against bandits. The typical Michoacán charro outfit consists of tight, embroidered pants and jacket, dress shirt, chaps, a cloak-like sarape, and a sombrero.[76]Michoacán has a history of European immigrants including: Italians, Spaniards, and the French. There are small Italian communities found throughout the state including the cities of Nueva Italia, Michoacán and Lombardia in Michoacán, both founded by Dante Cusi from Gambar in Brescia.[77]\nDuring the Spanish Civil War, 456 children from Spain arrived in Morelia as refugees. Most of them stayed even after the war concluded.[78]The indigenous population is estimated at just over seven percent of the total, with most living in 29 municipalities. Many are Purépecha, which are located in the Meseta-Cañada, Patzcuaro Lake, Zirahuén Lake, and Zacapu regions. In the east of the state, in the municipalities of Ocampo, Anguangueo, Tuxpan, Hidalgo, Maravatío and Zitácuaro, there is a mix of Mazahua, Otomi and Purépecha. On the coast can be found the Aquila, Chinicuila and Coahuayana peoples.[74] The Purépecha are seen as Michoacán's most devoted Catholics; as well as mixing traditional indigenous elements such as Noche de Muertos.According to the 2020 Census, 1.55% of Michoacán's population identified as Black, Afro-Mexican, or of African descent.[79]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"municipalities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"municipalities of Michoacán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Michoac%C3%A1n"}],"text":"Michoacán, as all states of Mexico, is divided into municipalities (municipios), creating 113 municipalities of Michoacán.","title":"Municipalities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Apatzingán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apatzing%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Churumuco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churumuco"},{"link_name":"Ciudad Hidalgo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciudad_Hidalgo,_Michoac%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Coalcomán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalcom%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Cotija","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotija"},{"link_name":"El Rodeo de San Antonio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Rodeo_de_San_Antonio,_Micho%C3%A1can"},{"link_name":"Irimbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irimbo"},{"link_name":"Jacona de Plancarte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacona_de_Plancarte"},{"link_name":"Jiquilpan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiquilpan"},{"link_name":"Jungapeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungapeo"},{"link_name":"La Huacana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Huacana_Municipality"},{"link_name":"La Piedad de Cavadas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Piedad,_Michoac%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Lázaro Cárdenas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1zaro_C%C3%A1rdenas,_Michoac%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Los Reyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Reyes,_Michoac%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Maravatio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maravatio"},{"link_name":"Morelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morelia"},{"link_name":"Nueva Italia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nueva_Italia,_Michoac%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Pátzcuaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1tzcuaro"},{"link_name":"Puruandiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puruandiro"},{"link_name":"Quiroga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quiroga,_Michoac%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Sahuayo de Morelos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahuayo_de_Morelos"},{"link_name":"Santa Ana Maya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Ana_Maya"},{"link_name":"Santa Ines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Santa_Ines,_Michoac%C3%A1n&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tacámbaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tac%C3%A1mbaro"},{"link_name":"Tangancícuaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanganc%C3%ADcuaro"},{"link_name":"Tepalcatepec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepalcatepec"},{"link_name":"Uruapan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruapan"},{"link_name":"Venustiano Carranza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venustiano_Carranza,_Michoac%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Villa Madero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Madero"},{"link_name":"Villamar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Villamar_(municipio)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Yurécuaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yur%C3%A9cuaro"},{"link_name":"Zacapu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zacapu"},{"link_name":"Zamora de Hidalgo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamora,_Michoac%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Zináparo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zin%C3%A1paro"},{"link_name":"Zinapécuaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinap%C3%A9cuaro"},{"link_name":"Zitácuaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zit%C3%A1cuaro"}],"sub_title":"Major communities","text":"Apatzingán\nChurumuco\nCiudad Hidalgo\nCoalcomán\nCotija\nEl Rodeo de San Antonio\nIrimbo\nJacona de Plancarte\nJiquilpan\nJungapeo\nLa Huacana\nLa Piedad de Cavadas\nLázaro Cárdenas\nLos Reyes\nMaravatio\nMorelia\nNueva Italia\nPátzcuaro\nPuruandiro\nQuiroga\nSahuayo de Morelos\nSanta Ana Maya\nSanta Ines\nTacámbaro\nTangancícuaro\nTepalcatepec\nUruapan\nVenustiano Carranza\nVilla Madero\nVillamar\nYurécuaro\nZacapu\nZamora de Hidalgo\nZináparo\nZinapécuaro\nZitácuaro","title":"Municipalities"}]
[{"image_text":"Catholic priest and insurgent leader José María Morelos","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Retrato_de_Morelos%2C_1813.png/220px-Retrato_de_Morelos%2C_1813.png"},{"image_text":"Yacata pyramids of Tzintzuntzan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/4thYacatatztztz.JPG/220px-4thYacatatztztz.JPG"},{"image_text":"Spanish-Tlaxcalan conquest of Michoacan under conquistador Nuño de Guzmán","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Aztec_Indians_Mexico_Tlaxcalan_Cortez.jpg/220px-Aztec_Indians_Mexico_Tlaxcalan_Cortez.jpg"},{"image_text":"Purépecha coyote statue","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Tarascan_Coyote_Statuette.jpg/220px-Tarascan_Coyote_Statuette.jpg"},{"image_text":"Basilica of Nuestra Señora de la Salud in Patzcuaro","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/FacSaludPatzcuaro.JPG/220px-FacSaludPatzcuaro.JPG"},{"image_text":"La Calavera Catrina figure bought in Pátzcuaro","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Catrina-sculpture.jpg/220px-Catrina-sculpture.jpg"},{"image_text":"Parícutin in 1997","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Paricut%C3%ADn_volcano.jpg/220px-Paricut%C3%ADn_volcano.jpg"},{"image_text":"Monarch butterfly sanctuary near the pueblo of Angangueo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/ButterfliesChincua11.JPG/220px-ButterfliesChincua11.JPG"},{"image_text":"Laguna Larga in Los Azufres","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Laguna_Larga_en_Los_Azufres.jpg/220px-Laguna_Larga_en_Los_Azufres.jpg"},{"image_text":"Green sea turtle swimming in the Mexican Pacific","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Karettschildkroete_01.jpg/220px-Karettschildkroete_01.jpg"},{"image_text":"View of Lake Patzcuaro from Tzintzuntzan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/LakePatztztztz.JPG/220px-LakePatztztztz.JPG"},{"image_text":"Parícutin 1943 eruption at night","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Paricutin_30_613.jpg/220px-Paricutin_30_613.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sierra Madre del Sur along the Michoacán seacoast","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Sierra-madre-del-sur.JPG/220px-Sierra-madre-del-sur.JPG"},{"image_text":"Famed guitar town of Paracho","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/ParachoMainstreet.jpg/220px-ParachoMainstreet.jpg"},{"image_text":"Fishermen in Lake Pátzcuaro","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/P%C3%A1tzcuaro-Trad-Fishing-3.jpg/220px-P%C3%A1tzcuaro-Trad-Fishing-3.jpg"},{"image_text":"Statue of José María Morelos in Janitzio","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Janitziobig.jpeg/220px-Janitziobig.jpeg"},{"image_text":"Danza de los Viejitos (Traditional folk dance of the Purépecha)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Michoac%C3%A1n_Viejitos_%284111653140%29.jpg/220px-Michoac%C3%A1n_Viejitos_%284111653140%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Noche de Muertos decorations","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Catrina_3.jpg/220px-Catrina_3.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Cathedral of Our Lady of Guadalupe in Zamora de Hidalgo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Fachada_Santuario_Guadalupano.JPG/220px-Fachada_Santuario_Guadalupano.JPG"},{"image_text":"Jardin de las Rosas Garden and Park in Morelia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Jardin_de_las_rosas.JPG/220px-Jardin_de_las_rosas.JPG"},{"image_text":"Street and Cathedral of Morelia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Calle_del_centro_de_morelia.jpg/220px-Calle_del_centro_de_morelia.jpg"},{"image_text":"Traditional charro outfit","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Mexican_charro_forefooting_on_horseback.jpg/220px-Mexican_charro_forefooting_on_horseback.jpg"},{"image_text":"Gertrudis Bocanegra Plaza and the San Agustin Library in Zitacuaro","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/SanAgustinPatz.JPG/220px-SanAgustinPatz.JPG"},{"image_text":"Cascada Parque Nacional in Uruapan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Cascada_Parque_Nacional.jpg/220px-Cascada_Parque_Nacional.jpg"},{"image_text":"The region the Tierra Caliente covers.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Tierra_caliente_map.png/220px-Tierra_caliente_map.png"}]
[{"title":"Mexico portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Mexico"},{"title":"Latin America portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Latin_America"},{"title":"Geography portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Geography"},{"title":"North America portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:North_America"},{"title":"Index: Natural history of Michoacán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Natural_history_of_Michoac%C3%A1n"},{"title":"Ghosts in Mexican culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghosts_in_Mexican_culture"},{"title":"Tarascan state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarascan_state"},{"title":"La Familia Michoacana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Familia_Michoacana"},{"title":"Agriculture in Michoacán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Michoac%C3%A1n"}]
[{"reference":"\"Las Diputaciones Provinciales\" (PDF) (in Spanish). p. 15. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 28, 2016. Retrieved March 28, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://biblio.juridicas.unam.mx/libros/6/2920/11.pdf","url_text":"\"Las Diputaciones Provinciales\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160528111641/http://biblio.juridicas.unam.mx/libros/6/2920/11.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Senadores por Michoacán LXI Legislatura\". Senado de la Republica. Archived from the original on December 25, 2018. Retrieved March 24, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.senado.gob.mx/index.php?ver=int&mn=4&sm=4&id=15","url_text":"\"Senadores por Michoacán LXI Legislatura\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181225102800/http://www.senado.gob.mx/index.php?ver=int&mn=4&sm=4&id=15%20","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Listado de Diputados por Grupo Parlamentario del Estado de Michoacán\". Camara de Diputados. Archived from the original on July 20, 2018. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_(Bee_Gees_song)
World (Bee Gees song)
["1 Recording and composition","2 Release","3 Personnel","4 Chart performance","4.1 Peak positions","4.2 Year-end charts","5 References"]
For another Bee Gees song that have the same title, see My World. 1967 single by the Bee Gees"World"Single by the Bee Geesfrom the album Horizontal B-side"Sir Geoffrey Saved the World"ReleasedDecember 1967Recorded3, 28 October 1967StudioIBC (London)GenrePsychedelic popLength3:20LabelPolydor (United Kingdom)Songwriter(s) Barry Gibb Robin Gibb Maurice Gibb Producer(s) Robert Stigwood Bee Gees The Bee Gees UK singles chronology "Massachusetts" (1967) "World" (1967) "Words" (1968) Audio sample"World"filehelp "World" is a song by the Bee Gees, released in 1967 as a single in the United Kingdom and Europe and then included on their album Horizontal the following year. Though it was a big hit in Europe, Atco Records did not issue it as a single in the United States, having just issued a third single from Bee Gees' 1st, "Holiday". Recording and composition The song's first recording session was on 3 October 1967 along with "With the Sun in My Eyes" and "Words". The song's last recording session was on 28 October 1967. "World" was originally planned as having no orchestra, so was recorded on four tracks, including some piano played by Maurice and organ played by Robin. When it was decided to add an orchestra, the four tracks containing the band were mixed to one track and the orchestra was added to the other track. The stereo mix suffered since the second tape had to play as mono until the end when the orchestra comes in on one side. Barry adds: "'World' is one of those things we came up with in the studio, Everyone just having fun and saying, 'Let's just do something!' you know". Vince Melouney recalls: "I had this idea to play the melody right up in the top register of the guitar behind the chorus". The song's lyrics question the singer's purpose in life. Release In 1990, Bill Inglot synched up the two tape reels and made a new stereo mix for the Tales from the Brothers Gibb box set. Two mixes of the record were played to journalists at a press conference before its release. The released version is mainly the unorchestrated version but the orchestrated version is used from 2:39. The track features Robin on organ and Maurice on double-tracked piano. The vocals are mostly by Barry but Robin sings the chorus a few times prior to the fadeout. Allmusic's Donald A. Guarisco described this song as "a thoroughly psychedelic ballad worthy of the Moody Blues' finest similar efforts". The original promotional video for "World" is black and white. Personnel Barry Gibb – lead vocals, rhythm guitar Robin Gibb – Hammond organ, lead vocals on closing choruses Maurice Gibb – bass, piano Vince Melouney – lead guitar Colin Petersen – drums Bill Shepherd – orchestral arrangement Chart performance Peak positions Chart (1968) Peakposition Australia (Kent Music Report) 6 Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40) 5 Belgium (Ultratop 50) 3 Denmark 4 Finland (Soumen Virallinen) 10 France (SNEP) 20 Germany (Media Control Charts) 1 Italy (FIMI) 10 Japan (Oricon) 24 Netherlands (Dutch Top 40) 1 New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ) 2 Norway (VG-lista) 6 Singapore 1 Spain (AFE) 10 Sweden 3 Switzerland (Swiss Hitparade) 2 UK Singles (Official Charts Company) 9 Year-end charts Chart (1968) Position Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40) 5 Netherlands (Dutch Top 40) 18 Norway (VG-lista) 8 Switzerland (Swiss Hitparade) 9 References ^ Sandoval, Andrew. "Bee Gees - Horizontal". Archived from the original on 31 October 2013. Retrieved 22 May 2013. ^ a b Guarisco, Donald. "Bee Gees - World review". Allmusic. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved 21 January 2015. ^ Joseph Brennan. "Gibb Songs: 1967". Columbia.edu. ^ "Bee Gees - World". YouTube. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2015. ^ a b c d e f g "Songs Written by the Gibb Family on the International Charts - Part 1" (PDF). Brothersgibb.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 21 January 2015. ^ a b "Bee Gees - World". Austriancharts.at. Retrieved 21 January 2015. ^ "Bee Gees - World". Ultratop.be. Retrieved 21 January 2015. ^ Nyman, Jake (2005). Suomi soi 4: Suuri suomalainen listakirja (in Finnish) (1st ed.). Helsinki: Tammi. p. 97. ISBN 951-31-2503-3. ^ "Bee Gees - World". Officialcharts.de. Archived from the original on 8 August 2014. Retrieved 21 January 2015. ^ a b "Bee Gees - World". Dutch Charts. Retrieved 21 January 2015. ^ a b "Bee Gees - World". Norwegiancharts.com. Retrieved 21 January 2015. ^ "Billboard: Hits of the World". Billboard. 4 May 1968. p. 53. Retrieved 22 January 2015. ^ "Swedish Singles Chart 1967-1969" (PDF). Hitsallertijden.nl. Retrieved 31 May 2019. ^ a b "Bee Gees - World". Hitparade.ch. Retrieved 21 January 2015. ^ "Bee Gees Chart History". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 21 January 2015. vteHorizontalSongsSide one "World" "And the Sun Will Shine" "Lemons Never Forget" "Really and Sincerely" "Birdie Told Me" "With the Sun in My Eyes" Side two "Massachusetts" "Harry Braff" "Daytime Girl" "The Earnest of Being George" "The Change Is Made" "Horizontal" 2007 bonus tracks "Out of Line" "Ring My Bell" "Barker of the UFO" "Words" "Sir Geoffrey Saved the World" "Sinking Ships" "Mrs. Gillespie's Refrigerator" "Deeply, Deeply Me" "All My Christmases Came at Once" "Thank You for Christmas" "Silent Night" (medley) "Hark! The Herald Angels Sing" (medley) Related articles Bee Gees Bee Gees discography vteBee Gees Barry Gibb Robin Gibb Maurice Gibb Colin Petersen Vince Melouney Alan Kendall Dennis Bryon Blue Weaver Studio albums The Bee Gees Sing and Play 14 Barry Gibb Songs Spicks and Specks Bee Gees' 1st Horizontal Idea Odessa Cucumber Castle 2 Years On Trafalgar To Whom It May Concern Life in a Tin Can Mr. Natural Main Course Children of the World Spirits Having Flown Living Eyes E.S.P. One High Civilization Size Isn't Everything Still Waters This Is Where I Came In Extended plays The Bee Gees New York Mining Disaster 1941 Soundtracks Melody Saturday Night Fever Staying Alive Live albums Here at Last... Bee Gees... Live One Night Only Compilation albums Turn Around, Look at Us Rare, Precious and Beautiful Rare, Precious and Beautiful, Volume 2 Best of Bee Gees Inception/Nostalgia Best of Bee Gees, Volume 2 Bee Gees Gold Bee Gees Greatest Tales from the Brothers Gibb The Very Best of the Bee Gees Their Greatest Hits: The Record Number Ones Love Songs The Ultimate Bee Gees Mythology Timeless: The All-Time Greatest Hits Videography Idea Cucumber Castle The Bee Gees Special One for All Tour One Night Only The Ultimate Bee Gees In Our Own Time The Bee Gees: How Can You Mend a Broken Heart Tours The Bee Gees' concerts in 1967 and 1968 Spirits Having Flown Tour One for All World Tour Related Discography List of songs recorded List of unreleased material A Kick in the Head Is Worth Eight in the Pants "The Barry Gibb Talk Show" The Rattlesnakes Humpy Bong The Fut The Bloomfields Tin Tin The Groove Billy Thorpe and the Aztecs Toe Fat Amen Corner One World Project Robert Stigwood Hugh Gibb Andy Gibb Steve Gibb Spencer Gibb Statue of Bee Gees Douglas, Isle of Man Redcliffe, Queensland Category vteBee Gees singlesDiscography1960s1963 "The Battle of the Blue and the Grey" / "The Three Kisses of Love" "Timber!" / "Take Hold of That Star" 1964 "Peace of Mind" / "Don't Say Goodbye" "Turn Around, Look at Me" / "(Theme From) The Travels of Jamie McPheeters" 1965 "Everyday I Have to Cry" / "You Wouldn't Know" "Wine and Women" / "Follow the Wind" "I Was a Lover, a Leader of Men" / "And the Children Laughing" 1966 "I Want Home" / "Cherry Red" "Monday's Rain" / "All of My Life" "Spicks and Specks" / "I Am the World" 1967 "Born a Man" / "Big Chance" "New York Mining Disaster 1941" / "I Can't See Nobody" "To Love Somebody" / "Close Another Door" "Holiday" / "Every Christian Lion Hearted Man Will Show You" "Massachusetts" / "Barker of the UFO" "World" / "Sir Geoffrey Saved the World" 1968 "Words" / "Sinking Ships" "Jumbo" / "The Singer Sang His Song" "I've Gotta Get a Message to You" / "Kitty Can" "I Started a Joke" / "Kilburn Towers" 1969 "First of May" / "Lamplight" "Tomorrow Tomorrow" / "Sun in My Morning" "Don't Forget to Remember" / "The Lord" 1970s1970 "If Only I Had My Mind on Something Else" / "Sweetheart" (US) "I.O.I.O." / "Sweetheart" "Lonely Days" / "Man for All Seasons" 1971 "How Can You Mend a Broken Heart" / "Country Woman" "Don't Wanna Live Inside Myself" / "Walking Back to Waterloo" 1972 "My World" / "On Time" "Run to Me" / "Road to Alaska" "Alive" / Paper Mache, Cabbages and Kings" 1973 "Saw a New Morning" / "My Life Has Been a Song" "Wouldn't I Be Someone" / "Elisa" 1974 "Mr. Natural" / "It Doesn't Matter Much to Me" "Charade" / "Heavy Breathing" 1975 "Jive Talkin'" / "Wind of Change" "Nights on Broadway" / "Edge of the Universe" 1976 "Fanny (Be Tender with My Love)" / "Country Lanes" "You Should Be Dancing" / "Subway" "Love So Right" / "You Stepped into My Life" 1977 "Boogie Child" / "Lovers" "Edge of the Universe (live)" / "Words (live)" "How Deep Is Your Love" / "Can't Keep a Good Man Down" (live) "Stayin' Alive" / "If I Can't Have You" 1978 "Night Fever" / "Down the Road (live)" "Too Much Heaven" / "Rest Your Love on Me" 1979 "Tragedy" / "Until" "Love You Inside Out" / "I'm Satisfied" 1980s1981 "He's a Liar" "Living Eyes" / "I Still Love You" 1983 "The Woman in You" / "Stayin' Alive" "Someone Belonging to Someone" / "I Love You Too Much" (instrumental) 1987 "You Win Again" / "Backtafunk" "E.S.P." / "Overnight" 1989 "Ordinary Lives" / "Wing and a Prayer" "One" / "Flesh and Blood" 1990s1990 "Bodyguard" / "Will You Ever Let Me" 1991 "Secret Love" / "Party with No Name" "When He's Gone" / "True Confessions" "The Only Love" / "You Win Again" (live) 1993 "Paying the Price of Love" / "My Destiny" "For Whom the Bell Tolls" / "Decadance" 1994 "How to Fall in Love, Part 1" / "Fallen Angel" 1997 "Alone" / "Rings Around the Moon" "I Could Not Love You More" / "Love Never Dies" (EUR) "Still Waters (Run Deep)" / "Love Never Dies" 2000s2001 "This Is Where I Came In" / "Just in Case" Other countries1968 "And the Sun Will Shine" / "Really and Sincerely" (France) 1970 "Let There Be Love" / "Really and Sincerely" (Netherlands) 1971 "When the Swallows Fly" / "Give Your Best" (Netherlands) "Morning of My Life" / "To Love Somebody" 1972 "Israel" / "Dearest" (Netherlands) 1988 "Crazy for Your Love" / "You Win Again (Remix)" "Angela" / "You Win Again (Remix)" (Germany, Netherlands) Authority control databases MusicBrainz work
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When it was decided to add an orchestra, the four tracks containing the band were mixed to one track and the orchestra was added to the other track. The stereo mix suffered since the second tape had to play as mono until the end when the orchestra comes in on one side. Barry adds: \"'World' is one of those things we came up with in the studio, Everyone just having fun and saying, 'Let's just do something!' you know\". Vince Melouney recalls: \"I had this idea to play the melody right up in the top register of the guitar behind the chorus\".[1] The song's lyrics question the singer's purpose in life.[2]","title":"Recording and composition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bill Inglot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Inglot"},{"link_name":"Tales from the Brothers Gibb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tales_from_the_Brothers_Gibb"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"fadeout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fade_(audio_engineering)"},{"link_name":"Allmusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allmusic"},{"link_name":"psychedelic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychedelic_music"},{"link_name":"ballad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballad"},{"link_name":"the Moody Blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Moody_Blues"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-everyday-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"In 1990, Bill Inglot synched up the two tape reels and made a new stereo mix for the Tales from the Brothers Gibb box set. Two mixes of the record were played to journalists at a press conference before its release. The released version is mainly the unorchestrated version but the orchestrated version is used from 2:39.[3] The track features Robin on organ and Maurice on double-tracked piano. The vocals are mostly by Barry but Robin sings the chorus a few times prior to the fadeout.Allmusic's Donald A. Guarisco described this song as \"a thoroughly psychedelic ballad worthy of the Moody Blues' finest similar efforts\".[2] The original promotional video for \"World\" is black and white.[4]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Barry Gibb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Gibb"},{"link_name":"lead vocals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_vocalist"},{"link_name":"rhythm guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_guitar"},{"link_name":"Robin Gibb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Gibb"},{"link_name":"Hammond organ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammond_organ"},{"link_name":"Maurice Gibb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Gibb"},{"link_name":"bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_guitar"},{"link_name":"piano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano"},{"link_name":"Vince Melouney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vince_Melouney"},{"link_name":"lead guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_guitar"},{"link_name":"Colin Petersen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Petersen"},{"link_name":"drums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_kit"},{"link_name":"orchestral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchestra"},{"link_name":"arrangement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrangement"}],"text":"Barry Gibb – lead vocals, rhythm guitar\nRobin Gibb – Hammond organ, lead vocals on closing choruses\nMaurice Gibb – bass, piano\nVince Melouney – lead guitar\nColin Petersen – drums\nBill Shepherd – orchestral arrangement","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_(Bee_Gees_song)&action=edit&section=5"},{"link_name":"Kent Music Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_Music_Report"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kent-5"},{"link_name":"Ö3 Austria Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%963_Austria_Top_40"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-top-6"},{"link_name":"Ultratop 50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratop_50"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kent-5"},{"link_name":"Soumen Virallinen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Official_Finnish_Charts"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"SNEP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNEP"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kent-5"},{"link_name":"Media Control Charts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_Control_Charts"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"FIMI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIMI"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kent-5"},{"link_name":"Oricon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oricon"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kent-5"},{"link_name":"Dutch Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Top_40"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dutch-10"},{"link_name":"Recorded Music NZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorded_Music_NZ"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kent-5"},{"link_name":"VG-lista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VG-lista"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lista-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"AFE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Productores_de_M%C3%BAsica_de_Espa%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kent-5"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Swiss Hitparade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Hitparade"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hitparade-14"},{"link_name":"Official Charts Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_(Bee_Gees_song)&action=edit&section=6"},{"link_name":"Ö3 Austria Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%963_Austria_Top_40"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-top-6"},{"link_name":"Dutch Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Top_40"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dutch-10"},{"link_name":"VG-lista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VG-lista"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lista-11"},{"link_name":"Swiss Hitparade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Hitparade"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hitparade-14"}],"text":"Peak positions[edit]\n\n\nChart (1968)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nAustralia (Kent Music Report)[5]\n\n6\n\n\nAustria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[6]\n\n5\n\n\nBelgium (Ultratop 50)[7]\n\n3\n\n\nDenmark[5]\n\n4\n\n\nFinland (Soumen Virallinen)[8]\n\n10\n\n\nFrance (SNEP)[5]\n\n20\n\n\nGermany (Media Control Charts)[9]\n\n1\n\n\nItaly (FIMI)[5]\n\n10\n\n\nJapan (Oricon)[5]\n\n24\n\n\nNetherlands (Dutch Top 40)[10]\n\n1\n\n\nNew Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[5]\n\n2\n\n\nNorway (VG-lista)[11]\n\n6\n\n\nSingapore[12]\n\n1\n\n\nSpain (AFE)[5]\n\n10\n\n\nSweden[13]\n\n3\n\n\nSwitzerland (Swiss Hitparade)[14]\n\n2\n\n\nUK Singles (Official Charts Company)[15]\n\n9\n\n\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\n\nChart (1968)\n\nPosition\n\n\nAustria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[6]\n\n5\n\n\nNetherlands (Dutch Top 40)[10]\n\n18\n\n\nNorway (VG-lista)[11]\n\n8\n\n\nSwitzerland (Swiss Hitparade)[14]\n\n9","title":"Chart performance"}]
[{}]
null
[{"reference":"Sandoval, Andrew. \"Bee Gees - Horizontal\". Archived from the original on 31 October 2013. Retrieved 22 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131031015001/http://aln2.albumlinernotes.com/Horizontal__1967_.html","url_text":"\"Bee Gees - Horizontal\""},{"url":"http://aln2.albumlinernotes.com/Horizontal__1967_.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Guarisco, Donald. \"Bee Gees - World review\". Allmusic. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved 21 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/song/world-mt0040413866","url_text":"\"Bee Gees - World review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allmusic","url_text":"Allmusic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rovi_Corporation","url_text":"Rovi Corporation"}]},{"reference":"Joseph Brennan. \"Gibb Songs: 1967\". Columbia.edu.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.columbia.edu/~brennan/beegees/67.html","url_text":"\"Gibb Songs: 1967\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bee Gees - World\". YouTube. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wc2hq3vbO7w","url_text":"\"Bee Gees - World\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/Wc2hq3vbO7w","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Songs Written by the Gibb Family on the International Charts - Part 1\" (PDF). Brothersgibb.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 21 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150923194739/http://www.brothersgibb.org/download/page-1.pdf","url_text":"\"Songs Written by the Gibb Family on the International Charts - Part 1\""},{"url":"http://www.brothersgibb.org/download/page-1.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bee Gees - World\". Austriancharts.at. Retrieved 21 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://austriancharts.at/showitem.asp?interpret=Bee+Gees&titel=World&cat=s","url_text":"\"Bee Gees - World\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bee Gees - World\". Ultratop.be. Retrieved 21 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ultratop.be/nl/song/b/Bee-Gees-World","url_text":"\"Bee Gees - World\""}]},{"reference":"Nyman, Jake (2005). Suomi soi 4: Suuri suomalainen listakirja (in Finnish) (1st ed.). Helsinki: Tammi. p. 97. ISBN 951-31-2503-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/951-31-2503-3","url_text":"951-31-2503-3"}]},{"reference":"\"Bee Gees - World\". Officialcharts.de. Archived from the original on 8 August 2014. Retrieved 21 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140808214144/http://www.officialcharts.de/song.asp?artist=Bee+Gees&title=World&country=de","url_text":"\"Bee Gees - World\""},{"url":"http://www.officialcharts.de/song.asp?artist=Bee+Gees&title=World&country=de","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bee Gees - World\". Dutch Charts. Retrieved 21 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Bee+Gees&titel=World&cat=s","url_text":"\"Bee Gees - World\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bee Gees - World\". Norwegiancharts.com. Retrieved 21 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://norwegiancharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Bee+Gees&titel=World&cat=s","url_text":"\"Bee Gees - World\""}]},{"reference":"\"Billboard: Hits of the World\". Billboard. 4 May 1968. p. 53. Retrieved 22 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qggEAAAAMBAJ&q=the+singer+sang+his+song+bee+gees&pg=RA1-PA53","url_text":"\"Billboard: Hits of the World\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Swedish Singles Chart 1967-1969\" (PDF). Hitsallertijden.nl. Retrieved 31 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hitsallertijden.nl/charts/swedish%20charts/SwedishCharts%200366-0969.pdf","url_text":"\"Swedish Singles Chart 1967-1969\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bee Gees - World\". Hitparade.ch. Retrieved 21 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://hitparade.ch/song/Bee-Gees/World-11","url_text":"\"Bee Gees - World\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bee Gees Chart History\". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 21 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/_/bee%20gees/","url_text":"\"Bee Gees Chart History\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company","url_text":"Official Charts Company"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_exchange
Trade exchange
["1 See also","2 References"]
This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Trade exchange" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) An association of businesses formed for the purpose of trading with one another, using mutual credit to keep account. Typically the lead business will run the exchange, performing a brokering services and providing (or renting) an online marketplace for members to meet their reciprocal needs and register their transactions. Also known as business barter Thousands of trade exchanges exist, some independent and some belonging to regional or global networks. The two most prominent associations for Trade Exchanges are IRTA (International Reciprocal Trade Association) and NATE (National Association of Independent Trade Exchanges). There are numerous benefits to business bartering, some of which include, large referral network of businesses/services, easing cash flows problems/saving cash, filling empty time slots (professionals, stylists, etc.), filling empty hotel rooms, unloading excess inventory, using trade to attract cash customers (advertising), gaining access to a directory of other member businesses, from which they can purchase and sell dollar for dollar. Reputable trade exchanges have physical locations with sales people & brokers and are not just "online" exchanges. Trading in this way can ease cashflow problems and help turn inventories around. See also Mutual credit Multilateral exchange References ^ Burak, Ercel. "quantumai". Retrieved 27 Dec 2021.
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[]
[{"title":"Mutual credit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual_credit"},{"title":"Multilateral exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multilateral_exchange"}]
[{"reference":"Burak, Ercel. \"quantumai\". Retrieved 27 Dec 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://quantumai.bot/","url_text":"\"quantumai\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_championships
World championship
["1 How the championship title is assigned","2 History","3 Overview","4 Other competition names","5 See also","6 References"]
International competition "World Champion" redirects here. For the film, see World Champion (film). "World Champions" redirects here. For the novel, see World Champions (novel). This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (October 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "World championship" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Trophy of the FIFA Club World Cup, the world championship of club association football A world championship is generally an international competition open to elite competitors from around the world, representing their nations, and winning such an event will be considered the highest or near highest achievement in the sport, game, or ability. How the championship title is assigned This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: too focused on sports, need to be generalized. Please help improve this section if you can. (January 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The title is usually awarded through a combination of specific contests or, less commonly, ranking systems (e.g. the ICC Test Championship), or a combination of the two (e.g. World Triathlon Championships in Triathlon). This determines a 'world champion', who or which is commonly considered the best nation, team, individual (or other entity) in the world in a particular field, although the vagaries of sport ensure that the competitor recognised at the best in an event is not always the 'world champion' (see Underdog). This may also be known as a world cup competition; for example cycling (UCI World Championships and UCI World Cups). Often, the use of the term cup or championship in this sense is just a choice of words. Some sports have multiple champions because of multiple organizations, such as boxing, mixed martial arts and wrestling. Certain competitive exercises do not have a world championship or a world cup as such, but may have one or several world champions. Professional boxing, for example, has several world champions at different weights, but each one of them is decided by a "title match", not a tournament. In a title match system, the championship can only be won by directly defeating the incumbent, who in turn must continue to compete to retain their title or risk forfeiture. Still other competitions, most commonly in professional sports, may or may not have a true world championship but may designate the winners of a domestic competition to be "world champions." This is especially true of the "Big Four" major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada; world cups and championships exist in all four of the major sports, but the domestic U.S. and Canadian leagues are generally known as the world professional championships (due to the best players worldwide being in the league itself) (as with the Stanley Cup, ostensibly an independent championship for ice hockey but under the de facto control of the National Hockey League through two trustees who since no later than 1947 have been NHL loyalists) or the equivalent of a world club championship. In American football, although an IFAF World Championship exists, the United States is so far above and beyond the other nations it faces that the winner of the U.S.-based Super Bowl, a competition limited to the 32 teams in the National Football League, is commonly nicknamed as the world champion by the players, the press and fans alike; the NFL itself explicitly marketed the contest as a world championship in its first iterations. Winners of the Major League Baseball's World Series are also commonly called world champions. Outside of the Big Four leagues, winners of the Women's National Basketball Association, much like its men's counterpart, commonly call themselves world champions, as with the winners of the National Lacrosse League and Drum Corps International. On the other hand, association football (soccer) has more parity between national leagues and even continental tournaments has seen the birth of one true "world championship". The first such tournament was the Football World Championship disputed from 1876 to 1904 between the winners of the FA Cup and Scottish Cup. After that, there have been many tournaments between teams from around the world, but it wasn't until 1960 when the Intercontinental Cup was established, competed between the winners two greatest and most important continental championships: the UEFA Champions League from Europe and CONMEBOL Copa Libertadores from South America, the cup was endorsed by both UEFA and CONMEBOL but had no involvement from FIFA, the governing body for world football. As such, FIFA wanted to expand the tournament to include the champion from other continents - from the AFC Champions League (Asia and Australia), CAF Champions League (Africa), CONCACAF Champions League (North America and Caribbean) and OFC Champions League (Oceania) and created the FIFA Club World Cup. The first edition in 2000 ran concurrently with the 2000 Intercontinental Cup, in 2004 the Intercontinental Cup was merged with the CCW, which has been ongoing since 2005 with yearly editions. Finally, certain competitions do not have a world championship or world cup, but rather hold a series of events recognised as the elite level in their field (e.g. tennis and golf have a series of four Grand Slam events recognised as the pinnacle of the game, in addition to key team events, world tour finals and the Olympic Games, though each year ITF (International Tennis Federation) designates a World Champion based on performances throughout the year). History There are some sports that already had a 'world championship' in the 18th or 19th century, although it was variable how 'world-wide' these competitions really were. The French player Clergé is considered to be the first international champion in real tennis, since 1740. In chess, international matches have been held for centuries, often resulting in certain players considered the best of all, with the first multiplayer tournament held in London in 1851. However, Wilhelm Steinitz in 1886 was the first chess player generally recognized as the world chess champion. Other sports with early 'world championships' were English draughts (1840) and speed skating. Overview See the following lists for the various sports with a world championship. List of world sports championships, for physical sports List of world championships in mind sports, including several other activities like competitions in professional activities Other competition names Beatbox Battle World Championship Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest World Conker Championships World Pea Shooting Championships World Pie Eating Championship World Championship of Ping Pong See also Sports portal List of world sports championships World cup List of world cups List of world cups and world championships for juniors and youth References ^ Evans, Simon (February 3, 2011). "Super Bowl contenders happy with world champions title". Reuters. Archived from the original on January 19, 2016. Retrieved February 5, 2014. ^ "Gregg Popovich has a problem with your "world" champions". NBC Sports. March 29, 2010. ^ "When Sunderland AFC Were World Champions! – Ryehill Football". Archived from the original on 2021-02-08. Retrieved 2021-12-31. ^ "FIFA Club World Championship TOYOTA Cup: Solidarity – the name of the game" (PDF). FIFA Activity Report 2005. Zurich: Fédération Internationale de Football Association: 60. April 2004 – May 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 October 2012. Retrieved 17 December 2012. vteWorld championships List of world sports championships Olympic sportsTeam Association football men men's club women women's club Baseball men women Basketball men women 3x3 basketball club Beach volleyball Curling mixed doubles mixed Field hockey men women Handball men women Ice hockey men women Rugby 7s Softball men women Volleyball men men's club women women's club Water polo men women Individual Aquatic sports Archery Athletics outdoor race walking Badminton men women mixed individual Biathlon Bobsleigh and skeleton Boxing (amateur) Canoeing slalom sprint Cycling BMX mountain biking road track urban Dance sport breakdancing Equestrianism dressage eventing show jumping Fencing Golf men women Gymnastics artistic rhythmic trampoline Ice skating figure short track speed Judo Luge artificial track natural track Modern pentathlon Rowing Sailing Olympic Class Combined Worlds Shooting Skateboarding Skiing alpine Nordic freestyle snowboarding Sport climbing Surfing Table tennis Taekwondo Tennis men women Triathlon mixed relay Weightlifting Wrestling Discontinued Basque pelota Croquet singles team Karate Lacrosse men women Polo Rackets Real tennis Tug of war outdoor indoor Paralympic sportsTeam Blind football Para Ice Hockey men women Wheelchair basketball Wheelchair handball Wheelchair rugby Wheelchair curling mixed team Goalball Sitting volleyball Individual Archery Athletics Badminton Bobsleigh and skeleton Climbing Cycling track cycling road cycling Powerlifting Shooting Snowboard Skiing alpine Nordic Swimming Table tennis Combat sports Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Ju-Jitsu World Championships Kendo Kickboxing (amateur) Muaythai Sambo Sumo men women Wrestling beach wrestling Wushu Cue sports Carom billiards Three-cushion men women team Five-pins individual team artistic English billiards amateurs women Pool blackball chinese eight ball eight-ball men nine-ball women nine-ball team nine-ball pyramid ten-ball straight pool Snooker men women team amateurs six-red Mind sports Backgammon Bridge Chess open women team Draughts men women checkers draughts-64 draughts-64 women Go Puzzles Scrabble Sudoku Xiangqi MotorsportAuto racing Formula E Formula One Hill climb Karting Rallying Rallycross Rally raid Bajas Sports Car Endurance Touring Car Motorcycle sports Endurance Enduro SuperEnduro Hard Enduro team endurance Ice racing individual team Grand Prix MotoGP Moto2 Moto3 MotoE Motocross individual women nations Supercross SuperMotocross Sidecarcross Snowcross Production Superbike Supersport Supersport 300 Rally raid Bajas Sidecar Speedway individual team long track team long track flat track Supermoto team Trial nations E-Bike cross Other Aeroplane sport Aerobatic Aerobatic GP Powerboating Aquabike F1 F4s offshore Radio-controlled racing 1:10 electric off-road 1:8 nitro off-road Tank biathlon Other sportsTeam American football men women Australian football Baseball5 Ball hockey Bandy men men's club women women's club Cricket Test ODI (men) ODI (women) T20 (men) T20 (women) Beach handball Beach soccer Beach tennis Canoe polo Dancesport Formation Latin Dodgeball Fistball Flag football Floorball men women Futsal men women men's club women Indoor hockey men women Inline hockey Kabaddi Korfball Lacrosse indoor Life saving Minifootball Netball Padel tennis Quidditch/Quadball Ringette Rogaining Roll Ball Roller derby men women Roller hockey men women Rugby league men men's club women Rugby union men women Sailing Yachts Dinghies Sepaktakraw Socca Synchronized skating Tchoukball Underwater hockey Underwater rugby Individual Air sports ballooning gliding parachuting paragliding Aquatics water skiing Armwrestling Archery indoor 3D field Athletics cross country half marathon indoor relays 100 km mountain running long distance mountain running snowshoe running skyrunning trail running Bowling Tenpin Ninepin (singles, team) Bowls indoor outdoor Canoeing marathon ocean race wildwater SUP canoe sailing freestyle waveski Crokinole Cycling cyclo-cross indoor mountain bike marathon trials Darts BDO PDC team Finswimming Fishing freshwater fly fishing Gymnastics acrobatic aerobic parkour Ice Climbing Modern pentathlon biathle triathle laser run Mounted games Orienteering foot ski mountain bike trail Pétanque Powerlifting men women Racquetball Roller Sports artistic skating inline alpine inline downhill inline speed skating roller freestyle scooter Rowing coastal indoor Shooting practical handgun practical rifle practical shotgun Skiing flying speed ski mountaineering telemarking Squash individual doubles team Summer biathlon Surfing short board long board big wave SUP/paddleboard Swimming short course Teqball Triathlon Aquathlon Duathlon Ironman Ironman 70.3 cross cross duathlon long distance long distance duathlon sprint winter Yo-yo Esports Call of Duty Counter-Strike Dota 2 eSailing FIFA Fortnite League of Legends Mobile Legends: Bang Bang NES Tetris Overwatch Pro Evolution Soccer Rainbow Six Siege Rocket League Smite StarCraft II Valorant See also: World cups World championships in the 21st century vteWorld championships in 2013Summer sports &indoor sports Aquatics Archery Athletics cross country Badminton Beach soccer Beach volleyball Boxing (amateur) Bowls Canoeing sprint slalom Cycling road track BMX mountain bike Fencing Floorball (women) Futsal women AMF women Gymnastics artistic rhythmic trampoline Handball men women Judo Modern pentathlon Orienteering Rowing Squash men women men's team Table tennis Taekwondo Weightlifting Wrestling Wushu Winter sports Alpine skiing Bandy (men) Biathlon Bobsleigh / Skeleton Curling men women mixed doubles wheelchair Figure skating Ice hockey men Nordic skiing Speed skating allround sprint single distance short track Cue & mind sports Chess open women rapid blitz Darts BDO PDC Draughts men match men women Pool Nine-ball Snooker six-red Motor sports Endurance Formula One F1 Powerboat Motocross MotoGP Moto2 Moto3 Rally Sidecarcross Superbike Supersport Radio-controlled 1:10 off-road Touring car vteWorld championships in 2014Summer sports &indoor sports Association football (men) Athletics (indoor) Basketball men women 3x3 basketball Diving Field hockey men women Floorball Futsal (women) Judo Orienteering Racquetball Shooting Squash (women's team) Swimming (25 m) Table tennis (team) Volleyball Water polo Winter sports Bandy men women Curling men women mixed doubles Figure skating Ice hockey men women Ski flying Speed skating allround sprint short track Cue & mind sports Chess open rapid blitz Darts BDO PDC Pool Nine-ball Snooker six-red Motor sports Air race Endurance Formula One F1 Powerboat Motocross MotoGP Moto2 Moto3 Motorcycle cross-country rally Rally Rallycross Sidecarcross Superbike Supersport Touring car vteWorld championships in 2015Summer sports &indoor sports American football Aquatics Archery Association football (women) Athletics cross country Badminton Beach soccer Beach volleyball Boxing (amateur) Bowls Canoeing sprint slalom Cricket Cycling road track BMX mountain bike Fencing Fistball Floorball (women) Futsal AMF men women Gymnastics artistic rhythmic trampoline Handball men women Judo Korfball Minifootball Modern pentathlon Netball Orienteering Rowing Rugby union Squash men women men's team Table tennis Taekwondo Weightlifting Wrestling Wushu Winter sports Alpine skiing Bandy (men) Biathlon Bobsleigh / Skeleton Curling men women mixed mixed doubles wheelchair Figure skating Freestyle skiing / Snowboarding Ice hockey men women Luge Nordic skiing Speed skating allround sprint single distance short track Cue & mind sports Chess women rapid blitz Darts BDO PDC Draughts men match men women match women Pool Nine-ball Ten-ball Snooker six-red Motor sports Air race Endurance Formula One F1 Powerboat Motocross MotoGP Moto2 Moto3 Motorcycle cross-country rally Radio-controlled 1:10 off-road Rally Rallycross Sidecarcross Superbike Supersport Touring car vteWorld championships in 2016Summer sports &indoor sports Archery (indoor) Athletics (indoor) Badminton (team) Basketball (3x3) Beach handball Bowls outdoor indoor Boxing (women) Cycling road track mountain bike & trials cyclo-cross BMX Fencing Finswimming Floorball (men) Futsal Karate Modern pentathlon Nine-pin bowling Orienteering Racquetball Real tennis Rowing Squash men women women's team Swimming (25 m) Table tennis Wrestling Winter sports Bandy men women Biathlon Bobsleigh / Skeleton Curling men women mixed mixed doubles wheelchair Figure skating Ice hockey men women Luge Speed skating allround sprint single distances short track Cue & mind sports Chess open women rapid blitz Darts BDO PDC Draughts men women Pool Nine-ball Snooker six-red Motor sports Air race Endurance Formula One F1 Powerboat Motocross men team MotoGP Moto2 Moto3 Motorcycle cross-country rally Rally Rallycross Sidecarcross Superbike Supersport Touring car vteWorld championships in 2017Summer sports &indoor sports American football (women) Archery Aquatics diving high diving open water swimming swimming synchronized swimming water polo Athletics cross country Badminton Baseball (men) Basketball (3x3) Beach soccer Beach volleyball Bowls Boxing (men) Canoeing slalom sprint marathon Cricket (women) Cycling road track mountain bike cyclo-cross BMX Urban Fencing Floorball (women) Futsal (AMF women) Gymnastics artistic rhythmic trampoline Handball men women Inline hockey Judo open Minifootball Modern pentathlon Nine-pin bowling Orienteering trail Rowing Rugby league men women Rugby union (women) Shotgun shooting Softball (men) Squash men women Table tennis Taekwondo Weightlifting Windsurfing Wrestling Wushu Winter sports Alpine skiing Bandy (men) Biathlon Bobsleigh / skeleton Curling men women mixed mixed doubles Figure skating Freestyle skiing / snowboarding Ice hockey men women Luge Nordic skiing Speed skating allround sprint single distances short track Cue & mind sports Chess women rapid blitz Darts BDO PDC Draughts men women rapid / blitz Russian version Pool Nine-ball Snooker six-red Motor sports Air race Endurance racing F1 Powerboat Formula One Motocross men women team MotoGP Moto2 Moto3 Radio-controlled 1:10 off-road Rally Rallycross Speedway individual team Sidecarcross Superbike Supersport Touring car vteWorld championships in 2018Summer sports &indoor sports Archery field indoor Association football (men) Athletics (indoor) Badminton individual team Basketball women Basketball (3x3) Beach handball men women Bowls Boxing (women) Canoeing slalom sprint marathon Cycling road track mountain bike cyclo-cross BMX Equestrian Fencing Field hockey men women Finswimming Floorball (men) Gymnastics artistic rhythmic trampoline acrobatic aerobic Judo Karate Lacrosse (men) Modern pentathlon Muaythai Nine-pin bowling Orienteering Quidditch Racquetball Real tennis Rowing Rugby sevens men women Sailing Sambo Shooting Softball (women) Sport climbing Squash women's team Swimming (25 m) Table tennis men women team Volleyball men women Weightlifting Wrestling Winter sports Bandy men women Curling men women mixed mixed doubles Figure skating Ice hockey men women Ski flying Speed skating allround sprint short track Cue & mind sports Chess men women's match women rapid blitz Darts BDO PDC Draughts men's match women's match Pool Nine-ball Snooker six-red Motor sports Air race Endurance auto racing 2018–19 Endurance motorcycle racing 2017–18 2018–19 F1 Powerboat Formula One Motocross men women team MotoGP Moto2 Moto3 Rally Rallycross Speedway individual team Sidecarcross Superbike Supersport Supersport 300 Touring car vteWorld championships in 2019Summer sports &indoor sports Aquatics artistic swimming diving high diving open water swimming swimming water polo Archery Association football (women) Athletics cross country relay Badminton mixed team Basketball men 3x3 Beach soccer Beach volleyball Bowls Boxing men women Canoeing slalom sprint marathon Cricket Test ODI (men) Cycling road track mountain bike cyclo-cross BMX Fencing Floorball (women) Futsal (AMF men) Gymnastics artistic rhythmic trampoline Handball men women Judo Korfball Minifootball Modern pentathlon Muaythai Netball Nine-pin bowling Orienteering Roller hockey men women Rowing Rugby union (men) Shooting (shotgun) Softball (men) Sport climbing Squash men 2018–19 2019–20 women 2018–19 2019–20 Surfing Table tennis men women team Taekwondo Weightlifting Windsurfing Wrestling Wushu Winter sports Alpine skiing Bandy (men) Biathlon Bobsleigh / skeleton Curling men women mixed mixed doubles wheelchair Figure skating Freestyle skiing / snowboarding Ice hockey men women Luge Nordic skiing Speed skating allround single distances sprint short track Cue & mind sports Chess rapid blitz Darts BDO PDC Draughts men women Pool Nine-ball Ten-ball Snooker six-red Motor sports Air race Aquabike Endurance auto racing 2018–19 2019–20 Endurance motorcycle racing 2018–19 2019–20 F1 Powerboat Formula One Motocross men women team MotoGP Moto2 Moto3 MotoE Radio-controlled 1:10 off-road Rally Rallycross Rally raid Auto Moto Bajas auto Bajas moto Speedway individual team Sidecarcross Superbike Supersport Supersport 300 Touring car vteWorld championships in 2020Summer sports &indoor sports Athletics race walking half marathon Beach handball men women Bowls outdoor indoor Cricket men Test women T20 Cycling road track mountain bike cyclo-cross Floorball (men) Nine-pin bowling Sambo Table tennis men women Windsurfing Winter sports Bandy men women Biathlon Bobsleigh / skeleton Curling men women mixed mixed doubles wheelchair Figure skating Ice hockey men women Luge Ski flying Speed skating allround single distances sprint short track Cue & mind sports Chess women Darts BDO PDC Snooker Motor sports Aquabike Endurance auto racing Endurance motorcycle racing F1 Powerboat Formula E 2020–21 Formula One Motocross men women team MotoGP Moto2 Moto3 MotoE Radio-controlled racing 1:12 Electric track Rally Rallycross Rally raid Auto Moto Bajas auto Bajas moto Speedway individual team Superbike Supersport Supersport 300 Touring car vteWorld championships in 2021Summer sports &indoor sports Archery Arm wrestling Athletics race walking relay Badminton individual team mixed team Baseball (women) Beach tennis Bowling 9-pin 10-pin Bowls (indoor) Boxing (men) Canoeing sprint slalom marathon wildwater ocean race standup paddling canoe sailing Cricket men T20 Test Cycling road track mountain bike mountain bike marathon mountain bike eliminator cyclo-cross BMX urban indoor gran fondo Finswimming Flag football men women Floorball men women Football futsal (men) beach soccer (men) Gymnastics artistic rhythmic trampoline acrobatic aerobic aesthetic Handball men women Judo kata Karate Modern pentathlon biathle/triathle Muaythai Orienteering Padel Racquetball Rowing coastal Roller Sports Inline speed skating Skateboarding (street) Artistic skating Scootering Inline downhill Inline hockey Sailing 470 Laser Radial Melges 20 Platu 25 offshore sailing match racing Hempel Shooting (running target) Sport climbing Squash men women Surfing Swimming (25m) Table tennis Surf longboard Triathlon duathlon cross aquathlon long distance duathlon half Ironman long distance triathlon triathlon Tug of War (outdoor) Weightlifting Windsurfing iQFoil RS:X Raceboard Wrestling Winter sports Alpine skiing Bandy men Biathlon summer Bobsleigh / Skeleton Curling men women mixed mixed doubles wheelchair Figure skating Freestyle skiing Grass skiing Ice hockey men women Luge artificial track natural track Nordic skiing Rollerski Ski orienteering Snowboarding Speed skating single distances short track Telemarking Winter triathlon Cue & mind sports Chess Darts Draughts men women's match women Pool Nine-ball Team nine-ball Ten-ball Snooker Three-cushion Motor sports Aquabike Drifting Endurance auto racing FIM EWC Superstock Enduro endurance e-bike Flat Track F1 Powerboat Formula E 2020–21 2021–22 Formula One Hill climb Long track Motocross men women team MotoGP Moto2 Moto3 MotoE Motosurf Rally WRC-2 WRC-3 R-GT J-WRC Rallycross Rally raid Auto Moto Bajas auto Bajas moto Speedway individual team ice speedway Sidecar Sidecarcross Snowcross Superbike Supersport Supersport 300 Supercross Supermoto team Touring car Trial men women e-trial x-trial team trial vteWorld championships in 2022Summer sports &indoor sports American football (women) Aquatics artistic swimming diving open water swimming swimming water polo Association football (men) Athletics half marathon indoor outdoor mountain and trail running Badminton individual team Basketball women 3x3 Basque pelota Beach handball men women Beach korfball Beach volleyball Bowling (9-pin) Bowls indoor WBT indoor WB/IIBC Boxing (women) Canoeing marathon slalom sprint Cricket men (T20) women Cycling road track mountain bike marathon BMX cyclo-cross urban gravel Equestrian Fencing Field hockey (women) Finswimming Floorball (men) Gymnastics artistic rhythmic trampoline acrobatic aerobic aesthetic parkour Indoor hockey men women Judo Lacrosse (women) Modern pentathlon Orienteering Racquetball Real Tennis men women Roller sports Rowing Rugby league men women wheelchair PDRL Rugby sevens men women Rugby union women wheelchair Sitting volleyball Men Women Shooting rifle / pistol running target shotgun Softball (men) Squash men women Surfing shortboard SUP/paddleboard Swimming (25m) Table tennis Volleyball men women Taekwondo Weightlifting Wrestling Winter sports Bandy men women Curling men women mixed doubles mixed Figure skating Ice climbing Ice hockey men women Luge Ski flying Ski orienteering Short track speed skating Sled dog racing on-snow sleddog Speed skating allround sprint Winter triathlon Cue & mind sports Bridge teams Carom billiards individual team Chess Fischer Random Darts PDC WDF Draughts men Pool nine-ball ten-ball Snooker open women Motor sports Electric touring car Endurance auto racing Endurance moto racing Superstock Formula E Formula One Motocross men women team MotoGP Moto2 Moto3 MotoE Radio-controlled racing 1:8 nitro off-road 1:10 electric touring car Rally Rallycross Rally raid FIA Bajas FIM Bajas Sidecarcross Speedway individual team Superbike Supersport Supersport 300 Supercross Touring car vteWorld championships in 2023Summer sports &indoor sports Archery Association football (women) Aquatics artistic swimming diving open water swimming swimming water polo Athletics cross country indoor masters outdoor road running Badminton individual mixed team Baseball (men) Basketball men 3x3 Beach soccer (men) Beach volleyball Bowls outdoor indoor WBT indoor WB/IIBC Boxing men women Breaking Canoeing slalom sprint marathon Climbing Cricket Test ODI women T20 Cycling road track Fencing Field hockey (men) Gymnastics artistic rhythmic Handball men women Indoor hockey men women Judo Karate Korfball Lacrosse (men) Minifootball Modern pentathlon Netball Nine-pin bowling Orienteering Real Tennis men women Rowing Rugby union (men) Sailing Shooting Sitting Volleyball Men Women Socca Squash men women Surfing Table tennis Taekwondo Weightlifting Wrestling Wushu Winter sports Alpine skiing Bandy men women Biathlon Bobsleigh / Skeleton Curling men women mixed doubles Figure skating Freestyle skiing Ice hockey men women Luge Nordic skiing Ski mountaineering Snowboarding Speed skating single distances short track Cue & mind sports Chess open women Draughts open women Darts PDC WDF Snooker open women Motor sports Air Sports F3P Endurance auto racing Endurance moto racing Enduro Formula E Formula One Motocross men women team MotoGP Moto2 Moto3 MotoE Rally Rallycross Rally raid FIA Bajas FIM Bajas Sidecarcross Speedway individual team longtrack Superbike Supersport Supersport 300 Supercross vteWorld championships in 2024Summer sports andindoor sports Athletics indoor cross country race walking Aquatics artistic swimming diving high diving open water swimming swimming water polo Badminton (team) Baseball (women) Beach handball men women Beach soccer (men) Bowls indoor WBT indoor WB/IIBC Cricket T20 men T20 women Floorball (men) Futsal (men) Hockey5s men women Judo Modern pentathlon Orienteering Real tennis (doubles) Rowing Softball (women) Squash men women Surfing Table tennis Winter sports Biathlon Bobsleigh / Skeleton Curling men women mixed doubles Figure skating Ice hockey men women Luge Ski flying Speed skating allround single distances sprint short track Cue and mind sports Chess Darts PDC WDF Snooker men women Motor sports Air Sports F3P Endurance auto racing Endurance moto racing Superstock Enduro Formula E Formula One Motocross men women team MotoGP Moto2 Moto3 MotoE Rally Rallycross Rally raid FIA Bajas FIM Bajas Sidecarcross Speedway individual team longtrack Superbike Supersport Supersport 300
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World Champion (film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Champion_(film)"},{"link_name":"World Champions (novel)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Champions_(novel)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Memorial_Luiz_C%C3%A1ssio_dos_Santos_Werneck_27.jpg"},{"link_name":"FIFA Club World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_Club_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"association football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"}],"text":"\"World Champion\" redirects here. For the film, see World Champion (film).\"World Champions\" redirects here. For the novel, see World Champions (novel).Trophy of the FIFA Club World Cup, the world championship of club association footballA world championship is generally an international competition open to elite competitors from around the world, representing their nations, and winning such an event will be considered the highest or near highest achievement in the sport, game, or ability.","title":"World championship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ranking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranking"},{"link_name":"ICC Test Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICC_Test_Championship"},{"link_name":"World Triathlon Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Triathlon_Championships"},{"link_name":"Triathlon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triathlon"},{"link_name":"Underdog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underdog_(term)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"world cup competition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_cup_competition"},{"link_name":"UCI World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCI_World_Championships"},{"link_name":"UCI World Cups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCI_World_Cups"},{"link_name":"boxing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing"},{"link_name":"different weights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing_weight_classes"},{"link_name":"forfeiture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forfeit_(sport)"},{"link_name":"professional sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_sports"},{"link_name":"major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_professional_sports_leagues_in_the_United_States_and_Canada"},{"link_name":"Stanley Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Cup"},{"link_name":"ice hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"National Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"American football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football"},{"link_name":"IFAF World Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFAF_World_Championship"},{"link_name":"Super Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl"},{"link_name":"National Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"World Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Series"},{"link_name":"Women's National Basketball Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_National_Basketball_Association"},{"link_name":"its men's counterpart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Basketball_Association"},{"link_name":"National Lacrosse League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Lacrosse_League"},{"link_name":"Drum Corps International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_Corps_International_World_Class_Champions"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"association football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Football World Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_World_Championship"},{"link_name":"FA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"Scottish Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Cup"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Intercontinental Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercontinental_Cup_(football)"},{"link_name":"UEFA Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"CONMEBOL Copa Libertadores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa_Libertadores"},{"link_name":"UEFA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA"},{"link_name":"CONMEBOL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CONMEBOL"},{"link_name":"FIFA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FIFA_Activity_Report_20053-4"},{"link_name":"AFC Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFC_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"CAF Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAF_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa"},{"link_name":"CONCACAF Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CONCACAF_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"Caribbean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean"},{"link_name":"OFC Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OFC_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"Oceania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceania"},{"link_name":"FIFA Club World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_Club_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"first edition in 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_FIFA_Club_World_Championship"},{"link_name":"2000 Intercontinental Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Intercontinental_Cup"},{"link_name":"tennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis"},{"link_name":"golf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golf"},{"link_name":"Grand Slam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Slam_(tennis)"},{"link_name":"ITF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Tennis_Federation"},{"link_name":"World Champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITF_World_Champions"}],"text":"The title is usually awarded through a combination of specific contests or, less commonly, ranking systems (e.g. the ICC Test Championship), or a combination of the two (e.g. World Triathlon Championships in Triathlon). This determines a 'world champion', who or which is commonly considered the best nation, team, individual (or other entity) in the world in a particular field, although the vagaries of sport ensure that the competitor recognised at the best in an event is not always the 'world champion' (see Underdog).[citation needed] This may also be known as a world cup competition; for example cycling (UCI World Championships and UCI World Cups). Often, the use of the term cup or championship in this sense is just a choice of words. Some sports have multiple champions because of multiple organizations, such as boxing, mixed martial arts and wrestling.Certain competitive exercises do not have a world championship or a world cup as such, but may have one or several world champions. Professional boxing, for example, has several world champions at different weights, but each one of them is decided by a \"title match\", not a tournament. In a title match system, the championship can only be won by directly defeating the incumbent, who in turn must continue to compete to retain their title or risk forfeiture.Still other competitions, most commonly in professional sports, may or may not have a true world championship but may designate the winners of a domestic competition to be \"world champions.\" This is especially true of the \"Big Four\" major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada; world cups and championships exist in all four of the major sports, but the domestic U.S. and Canadian leagues are generally known as the world professional championships (due to the best players worldwide being in the league itself) (as with the Stanley Cup, ostensibly an independent championship for ice hockey but under the de facto control of the National Hockey League through two trustees who since no later than 1947 have been NHL loyalists) or the equivalent of a world club championship. In American football, although an IFAF World Championship exists, the United States is so far above and beyond the other nations it faces that the winner of the U.S.-based Super Bowl, a competition limited to the 32 teams in the National Football League, is commonly nicknamed as the world champion by the players, the press and fans alike; the NFL itself explicitly marketed the contest as a world championship in its first iterations.[1] Winners of the Major League Baseball's World Series are also commonly called world champions. Outside of the Big Four leagues, winners of the Women's National Basketball Association, much like its men's counterpart, commonly call themselves world champions, as with the winners of the National Lacrosse League and Drum Corps International.[2]On the other hand, association football (soccer) has more parity between national leagues and even continental tournaments has seen the birth of one true \"world championship\". The first such tournament was the Football World Championship disputed from 1876 to 1904 between the winners of the FA Cup and Scottish Cup.[3] After that, there have been many tournaments between teams from around the world, but it wasn't until 1960 when the Intercontinental Cup was established, competed between the winners two greatest and most important continental championships: the UEFA Champions League from Europe and CONMEBOL Copa Libertadores from South America, the cup was endorsed by both UEFA and CONMEBOL but had no involvement from FIFA, the governing body for world football.[4] As such, FIFA wanted to expand the tournament to include the champion from other continents - from the AFC Champions League (Asia and Australia), CAF Champions League (Africa), CONCACAF Champions League (North America and Caribbean) and OFC Champions League (Oceania) and created the FIFA Club World Cup. The first edition in 2000 ran concurrently with the 2000 Intercontinental Cup, in 2004 the Intercontinental Cup was merged with the CCW, which has been ongoing since 2005 with yearly editions.Finally, certain competitions do not have a world championship or world cup, but rather hold a series of events recognised as the elite level in their field (e.g. tennis and golf have a series of four Grand Slam events recognised as the pinnacle of the game, in addition to key team events, world tour finals and the Olympic Games, though each year ITF (International Tennis Federation) designates a World Champion based on performances throughout the year).","title":"How the championship title is assigned"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clergé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clerg%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"real tennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_tennis"},{"link_name":"chess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess"},{"link_name":"in London in 1851","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_1851_chess_tournament"},{"link_name":"world chess champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_chess_championship"},{"link_name":"English draughts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Checkers/Draughts_Championship"},{"link_name":"speed skating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Allround_Speed_Skating_Championships_for_Men"}],"text":"There are some sports that already had a 'world championship' in the 18th or 19th century, although it was variable how 'world-wide' these competitions really were. The French player Clergé is considered to be the first international champion in real tennis, since 1740. In chess, international matches have been held for centuries, often resulting in certain players considered the best of all, with the first multiplayer tournament held in London in 1851. However, Wilhelm Steinitz in 1886 was the first chess player generally recognized as the world chess champion.Other sports with early 'world championships' were English draughts (1840) and speed skating.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of world sports championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_world_sports_championships"},{"link_name":"List of world championships in mind sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_world_championships_in_mind_sports"}],"text":"See the following lists for the various sports with a world championship.List of world sports championships, for physical sports\nList of world championships in mind sports, including several other activities like competitions in professional activities","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Beatbox Battle World Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatbox_Battle_World_Championship"},{"link_name":"Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan%27s_Hot_Dog_Eating_Contest"},{"link_name":"World Conker Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Conker_Championships"},{"link_name":"World Pea Shooting Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Pea_Shooting_Championships"},{"link_name":"World Pie Eating Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Pie_Eating_Championship"},{"link_name":"World Championship of Ping Pong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Championship_of_Ping_Pong"}],"text":"Beatbox Battle World Championship\nNathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest\nWorld Conker Championships\nWorld Pea Shooting Championships\nWorld Pie Eating Championship\nWorld Championship of Ping Pong","title":"Other competition names"}]
[{"image_text":"Trophy of the FIFA Club World Cup, the world championship of club association football","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Memorial_Luiz_C%C3%A1ssio_dos_Santos_Werneck_27.jpg/185px-Memorial_Luiz_C%C3%A1ssio_dos_Santos_Werneck_27.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"Evans, Simon (February 3, 2011). \"Super Bowl contenders happy with world champions title\". Reuters. Archived from the original on January 19, 2016. Retrieved February 5, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-nfl-superbowl-world-idUSTRE71295820110203","url_text":"\"Super Bowl contenders happy with world champions title\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160119090928/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-nfl-superbowl-world-idUSTRE71295820110203","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Gregg Popovich has a problem with your \"world\" champions\". NBC Sports. March 29, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nbcsports.com/nba/news/gregg-popovich-has-a-problem-with-your-world-champions","url_text":"\"Gregg Popovich has a problem with your \"world\" champions\""}]},{"reference":"\"When Sunderland AFC Were World Champions! – Ryehill Football\". Archived from the original on 2021-02-08. Retrieved 2021-12-31.","urls":[{"url":"http://ryehillfootball.co.uk/stories/when-sunderland-afc-were-world-champions/","url_text":"\"When Sunderland AFC Were World Champions! – Ryehill Football\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210208142146/http://ryehillfootball.co.uk/stories/when-sunderland-afc-were-world-champions/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"FIFA Club World Championship TOYOTA Cup: Solidarity – the name of the game\" (PDF). FIFA Activity Report 2005. Zurich: Fédération Internationale de Football Association: 60. April 2004 – May 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 October 2012. Retrieved 17 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121011001522/http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/affederation/administration/01/68/21/16//activityreport2005en.pdf","url_text":"\"FIFA Club World Championship TOYOTA Cup: Solidarity – the name of the game\""},{"url":"https://www.fifa.com/mm/document/affederation/administration/01/68/21/16//activityreport2005en.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claire_Waldoff
Claire Waldoff
["1 Biography","2 Songs by Waldoff","3 Recordings","4 Books by Waldoff","5 Literature","6 References","7 External links"]
Claire WaldoffBackground informationBirth nameClara WortmannBorn(1884-10-21)21 October 1884Gelsenkirchen, Westphalia, German EmpireDied22 January 1957(1957-01-22) (aged 72)Bad Reichenhall, Bavaria,West GermanyGenresCabaret (Kabarett), Music hall, Operetta, Revue, SchlagerOccupation(s)Singer, actressInstrument(s)VocalsYears active1903–1942Musical artist Claire Waldoff (21 October 1884 – 22 January 1957), born Clara Wortmann, was a German singer. She was a famous kabarett singer and entertainer in Berlin during the 1910s to the 1930s, chiefly known for performing ironic songs in the Berlin dialect and with lesbian undertones and themes. Biography Walk of Fame of Cabaret, Mainz Wortmann was born the eleventh child of sixteen in Gelsenkirchen, Westphalia, where her parents owned a tavern. After completing Gymnasium school in Hanover, she trained as an actress and chose as her pseudonym Claire Waldoff. In 1903, she got her first theatre jobs in Bad Pyrmont and in Kattowitz (Katowice), Silesia. In 1906, Waldoff went to Berlin, where she performed at the Figaro-Theater on Kurfürstendamm. In 1907, she also began a working as a cabaret singer. Claire Waldoff poster, 1914 She made her breakthrough when Rudolf Nelson gave her a job at the Roland von Berlin theatre near Potsdamer Platz. Initially planning to perform antimilitarist pieces by Paul Scheerbart in a men's suit, Waldoff had greater success with less offensive catchy songs written by Walter Kollo. During the next several years in German cabaret, she sang at Chat Noir on Friedrichstraße and at the Linden-Cabaret on Unter den Linden. During World War I, when many cabarets were closed, she performed at the Theater am Nollendorfplatz and in Königsberg. Waldoff's success reached its peak in the Weimar Republic era of the 1920s. She was known for singing her songs in distinctive Berliner slang, attired in a shirt with a tie and the fashionable crop hairstyle, cursing and smoking cigarettes on stage. From 1924 she performed at the two great Berlin varieté theatres, Scala and Wintergarten, sang together with young Marlene Dietrich, and had her songs played on the radio as well as released on record. Her repertoire included around 300 original songs. Waldoff lived together with her significant other Olga "Olly" von Roeder (12 June 1886 – 11 July 1963) until her death. The couple lived happily in Berlin during the 1920s. Part of the queer scene, they associated with celebrities like Anita Berber in the milieu around Damenklub Pyramide near Nollendorfplatz. Waldoff was also close friends with Kurt Tucholsky and Heinrich Zille. During the Great Depression in 1932, Waldoff performed in an event hosted by the Communist Rote Hilfe organization at the Berlin Sportpalast, which earned her a temporary professional ban (Berufsverbot) when the Nazis and Hitler came to power the next year. After she joined the Reichskulturkammer association the ban was lifted, but Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels continued to regard her with suspicion because her manners and appearance contradicted the official role model of women in Nazi Germany. Waldoff had to cope with further stage and publication bans. In 1939, she and Olga von Roeder left Berlin together to retire in Bayerisch Gmain, Bavaria. In World War II she made last appearances in Wunschkonzert broadcasts of the Großdeutscher Rundfunk and in Wehrmacht troop entertainment shows. After the war, she lost her savings in the West German monetary reform of 1948 and from 1951 relied on little monetary support by the Senate of Berlin. In 1953, she wrote her autobiography. Waldoff died aged 72 after a stroke and was buried in the Pragfriedhof cemetery in Stuttgart. In 1963, her life partner Olly von Roeder was buried alongside Waldoff's grave. Claire Waldoff has a star on the Walk of Fame of Cabaret, Mainz. Songs by Waldoff Wer schmeißt denn da mit Lehm Hermann heeßt er! Nach meine Beene is ja janz Berlin verrückt! Wegen Emil seine unanständ´ge Lust An de Panke – an de Wuhle – an de Spree Was braucht der Berliner, um glücklich zu sein? Romanze vom Wedding Da geht mir der Hut hoch 1909: Das Varieté (1909) Das Schmackeduzchen (M.: Walter Kollo, T.: Hermann Frey) 1910: Det Scheenste sind die Beenekins (M: Walter Kollo, T.: C. Waldoff). Kuno der Weiberfeind (Rudolf Nelson). Morgens willste nicht und abends kannste nicht (E. Hartmann). Mir hab’n se de Gurke vom Schnitzel weggemopst. 1911: ’ne dufte Stadt ist mein Berlin (M.: Walter Kollo, T.: Hardt). Wenn der Bräutigam mit der Braut so mang die Wälder geht (M.: Walter Kollo, T.: Hardt). Nach meine Beene is ja janz Berlin verrückt (M.: Walter Kollo, T.: Hardt). Was liegt bei Lehmann unterm Apfelbaum (M.: Walter Kollo, T.: A.O. Alberts). Knoll der Trommler (Soldatenlied). Der kleine Kadett (Soldatenlied). Und wieder stand ich Wache (Soldatenlied). Knoll, jawoll (Soldatenlied). 1912: Soldatenmarschlied (or, Wenn die Soldaten durch die Stadt marschieren). (J.F. Rollers). Er ist nach mir verrückt (M.: Max Kluck, T.: Ludwig Mendelssohn). Er stand beim Train (or, Die Tante aus Hamburg). (Heinrich Lautensack) Gustav mit’m Simili (M.: O.B. Roeser, T.: Harry Senger). Das noble Berlin (M.: Georg Mewes, T.: Harry Senger). Na, dann laß es dir mal jut bekommen (M.: Walter Kollo, T.: Hartmann). 1913: Mir ist so trübe (Soldatenlied). Klärchen aus dem Gartenhaus (Harry Senger). For mir (Köchinnenlied) (Harry Senger). Ich gehe meinen Schlendrian (Studentenlied). So denkt im Frühling die Berlinerin (Hermann Schultze-Buch). Was meinste Mensch, wie man sich täuschen kann (M.: Gutkind, T.: Willy Hagen). Es ist nicht gerade angenehm (Jobst Haslinde). Kusslehre (Jobst Haslinde). Herr Meyer, Herr Meyer, wo bleibt denn bloß mein Reiher (from the operetta "So bummeln wir") (Jean Gilbert). Die Berliner Pflanze (M.: Otto Erich Lindner, T.: Alexander Tyrkowski). Berlin, so siehste aus (Niklas-Kempner). Hermann heeßt er (Ludwig Mendelssohn). Zippel-Polka (Hermann Schultze-Buch). Moritat (Ludwig Mendelssohn). Argentinisch (M.: Ehrlich, T.: Alexander Tyrkowski). Fern der Heimat (Soldatenlied). Das Produkt unserer Zeit (before 1914) Des Treulosen Entschuldigung (before 1914) 1914: Kann ich dafür? (Jobst Haslinde). Burlala (Studentenlied). Der Soldate (Marsch-Duett aus der Operette "Immer feste druff", with Karl Gessner) (Walter Kollo). Auf der Banke, an der Panke (aus der Operette "Immer feste druff", with Karl Gessner) (Walter Kollo). Soldaten-Romanze (around 1914) 1915: Waldmar-Mieze-Duett (aus der Operette "Woran wir denken", mit Guido Thielscher) (M.: Jean Gilbert, T.: Walter Turzinsky). Mein Justav (aus der Operette "Woran wir denken") (M.: Jean Gilbert, T.: Walter Turzinsky). Da kann kein Kaiser und kein König was machen (T.: Claire Waldoff). Es steht ein Storch auf einem Bein 1916: Wozu hat der Soldat eine Braut? (Bromme). Maxe von der schweren Artillerie! (Leander). Kriegslied eines Tertianers (Ludwig Mendelssohn). Dann hat Reserve Ruh (Konrad Scherber). Schlesisches Soldatenlied (Willy Prager). Jetzt ist's zu Ende mit der Schiesserei (Hartmann). ... (1917–1932) 1933: Werderlied (or, Was willst du denn im Engadin?) (M.: Erwin Strauss, T.: Käthe Huldschinsky). Ich kann um zehne nicht nach Hause geh’n (M.: Claus Clauberg, T.: Erich Kersten). Unsere Minna (M.: Claus Clauberg, T.: Erich Kersten). Menschliches – Allzumenschliches (M.: Claus Clauberg, T.: Erich Kersten). Mach’ kein Meckmeck’ (M.: Mac Rauls, T.: Erich Kersten). Hätt’ste det von Ferdinand jedacht? (M.: Mac Rauls, T.: Willy Hagen). Bei mir da häng’ste (or, über meinem Bett) (M.: Alex Stone and Walter Borchert, T.: Alex Stone and Friedrich Schwarz). Dann wackelt die Wand (M.: Mac Rauls, T.: Erich Kersten). Gruß an unsere Heimat (M.: Werner Schütte, T.: Erich Kersten and Koenigsborn). Nu schön, da haben wir eben Pech gehabt (or, Ich hab ein Herz) (M.: Werner Schütte, T.: Erich Kersten and Koenigsborn). Recordings Claire Waldoff Die Königin der Kleinkunst Folge 1 und 2; Membran Music documents 2005 (Distribution Grosser und Stein) Folge 1: ISBN 3865623123, EAN 4011222232267, Folge 2: ISBN 3865623131, EAN 4011222232274. Two digipacs in book format (14 x 25 cm), each containing a 20 page booklet and 4 CDs with 77 tracks spanning from 1910 to 1951 (one unpublished recording), however not all of the tracks could be dated. The 154 recordings in this edition are at present the most comprehensive compilation of her musical work. Books by Waldoff Claire Waldoff: Weeste noch ...! Aus meinen Erinnerungen. Progress-Verlag, Düsseldorf/Munich 1953; new edition: „Weeste noch ...?“ Erinnerungen und Dokumente. Parthas, Berlin 1997, ISBN 3-932529-11-1 Literature Helga Bemmann: Wer schmeißt denn da mit Lehm. Eine Claire-Waldoff-Biographie. VEB Lied der Zeit, Berlin Ost ; new edition: Claire Waldoff. „Wer schmeißt denn da mit Lehm?“ Ullstein, Frankfurt/Berlin 1994, ISBN 3-548-35430-0 Maegie Koreen: Immer feste druff. Das freche Leben der Kabarettkönigin Claire Waldoff. Droste, Düsseldorf 1997, ISBN 3-7700-1074-4 References ^ Wilson, Scott. Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons, 3d ed.: 2 (Kindle Locations 49193-49194). McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. Kindle Edition. External links Literature about Claire Waldoff in German National Library Biography about Claire Waldoff Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Belgium United States Netherlands Poland Artists LexM MusicBrainz People BMLO Deutsche Biographie
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She was a famous kabarett singer and entertainer in Berlin during the 1910s to the 1930s, chiefly known for performing ironic songs in the Berlin dialect and with lesbian undertones and themes.","title":"Claire Waldoff"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2018-07-18_Sterne_der_Satire_-_Walk_of_Fame_des_Kabaretts_Nr_09_Claore_Waldoff-1062.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gelsenkirchen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelsenkirchen"},{"link_name":"Westphalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Westphalia"},{"link_name":"Gymnasium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnasium_(Germany)"},{"link_name":"Hanover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanover"},{"link_name":"Bad Pyrmont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Pyrmont"},{"link_name":"Kattowitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katowice"},{"link_name":"Silesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Silesia"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"Kurfürstendamm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurf%C3%BCrstendamm"},{"link_name":"cabaret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabaret"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jo_Steiner,_(1877-1935)_-_manifesto_per_cabaret_di_Claire_Waldoff,_Berlino_1914.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rudolf Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Nelson"},{"link_name":"Potsdamer Platz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potsdamer_Platz"},{"link_name":"antimilitarist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimilitarism"},{"link_name":"Paul Scheerbart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Scheerbart"},{"link_name":"Walter Kollo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Kollo"},{"link_name":"Friedrichstraße","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrichstra%C3%9Fe"},{"link_name":"Unter den Linden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unter_den_Linden"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Theater am Nollendorfplatz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neues_Schauspielhaus"},{"link_name":"Königsberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg"},{"link_name":"Weimar Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weimar_Republic"},{"link_name":"crop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_(hairstyle)"},{"link_name":"varieté","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variet%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Wintergarten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Wintergarten_theatre"},{"link_name":"Marlene Dietrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlene_Dietrich"},{"link_name":"significant other","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Significant_other"},{"link_name":"queer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queer"},{"link_name":"Anita Berber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anita_Berber"},{"link_name":"Nollendorfplatz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nollendorfplatz"},{"link_name":"Kurt Tucholsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Tucholsky"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Zille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Zille"},{"link_name":"Great Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression"},{"link_name":"Rote Hilfe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rote_Hilfe"},{"link_name":"Berlin Sportpalast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Sportpalast"},{"link_name":"Berufsverbot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berufsverbot"},{"link_name":"came to power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machtergreifung"},{"link_name":"Reichskulturkammer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichskulturkammer"},{"link_name":"Joseph Goebbels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels"},{"link_name":"women in Nazi Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"Bayerisch Gmain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayerisch_Gmain"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Großdeutscher Rundfunk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichs-Rundfunk-Gesellschaft"},{"link_name":"Wehrmacht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmacht"},{"link_name":"West German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany"},{"link_name":"Senate of Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_Berlin"},{"link_name":"Stuttgart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuttgart"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Walk of Fame of Cabaret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walk_of_Fame_of_Cabaret"}],"text":"Walk of Fame of Cabaret, MainzWortmann was born the eleventh child of sixteen in Gelsenkirchen, Westphalia, where her parents owned a tavern. After completing Gymnasium school in Hanover, she trained as an actress and chose as her pseudonym Claire Waldoff. In 1903, she got her first theatre jobs in Bad Pyrmont and in Kattowitz (Katowice), Silesia. In 1906, Waldoff went to Berlin, where she performed at the Figaro-Theater on Kurfürstendamm. In 1907, she also began a working as a cabaret singer.Claire Waldoff poster, 1914She made her breakthrough when Rudolf Nelson gave her a job at the Roland von Berlin theatre near Potsdamer Platz. Initially planning to perform antimilitarist pieces by Paul Scheerbart in a men's suit, Waldoff had greater success with less offensive catchy songs written by Walter Kollo. During the next several years in German cabaret, she sang at Chat Noir on Friedrichstraße and at the Linden-Cabaret on Unter den Linden. During World War I, when many cabarets were closed, she performed at the Theater am Nollendorfplatz and in Königsberg.Waldoff's success reached its peak in the Weimar Republic era of the 1920s. She was known for singing her songs in distinctive Berliner slang, attired in a shirt with a tie and the fashionable crop hairstyle, cursing and smoking cigarettes on stage. From 1924 she performed at the two great Berlin varieté theatres, Scala and Wintergarten, sang together with young Marlene Dietrich, and had her songs played on the radio as well as released on record. Her repertoire included around 300 original songs.Waldoff lived together with her significant other Olga \"Olly\" von Roeder (12 June 1886 – 11 July 1963) until her death. The couple lived happily in Berlin during the 1920s. Part of the queer scene, they associated with celebrities like Anita Berber in the milieu around Damenklub Pyramide near Nollendorfplatz. Waldoff was also close friends with Kurt Tucholsky and Heinrich Zille.During the Great Depression in 1932, Waldoff performed in an event hosted by the Communist Rote Hilfe organization at the Berlin Sportpalast, which earned her a temporary professional ban (Berufsverbot) when the\nNazis and Hitler came to power the next year. After she joined the Reichskulturkammer association the ban was lifted, but Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels continued to regard her with suspicion because her manners and appearance contradicted the official role model of women in Nazi Germany. Waldoff had to cope with further stage and publication bans. In 1939, she and Olga von Roeder left Berlin together to retire in Bayerisch Gmain, Bavaria. In World War II she made last appearances in Wunschkonzert broadcasts of the Großdeutscher Rundfunk and in Wehrmacht troop entertainment shows.After the war, she lost her savings in the West German monetary reform of 1948 and from 1951 relied on little monetary support by the Senate of Berlin. In 1953, she wrote her autobiography. Waldoff died aged 72 after a stroke and was buried in the Pragfriedhof cemetery in Stuttgart. In 1963, her life partner Olly von Roeder was buried alongside Waldoff's grave.[1]Claire Waldoff has a star on the Walk of Fame of Cabaret, Mainz.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Wer schmeißt denn da mit Lehm\nHermann heeßt er!\nNach meine Beene is ja janz Berlin verrückt!\nWegen Emil seine unanständ´ge Lust\nAn de Panke – an de Wuhle – an de Spree\nWas braucht der Berliner, um glücklich zu sein?\nRomanze vom Wedding\nDa geht mir der Hut hoch\n1909:\nDas Varieté (1909)\nDas Schmackeduzchen (M.: Walter Kollo, T.: Hermann Frey)\n1910:\nDet Scheenste sind die Beenekins (M: Walter Kollo, T.: C. Waldoff).\nKuno der Weiberfeind (Rudolf Nelson).\nMorgens willste nicht und abends kannste nicht (E. Hartmann).\nMir hab’n se de Gurke vom Schnitzel weggemopst.\n1911:\n’ne dufte Stadt ist mein Berlin (M.: Walter Kollo, T.: Hardt).\nWenn der Bräutigam mit der Braut so mang die Wälder geht (M.: Walter Kollo, T.: Hardt).\nNach meine Beene is ja janz Berlin verrückt (M.: Walter Kollo, T.: Hardt).\nWas liegt bei Lehmann unterm Apfelbaum (M.: Walter Kollo, T.: A.O. Alberts).\nKnoll der Trommler (Soldatenlied).\nDer kleine Kadett (Soldatenlied).\nUnd wieder stand ich Wache (Soldatenlied).\nKnoll, jawoll (Soldatenlied).\n1912:\nSoldatenmarschlied (or, Wenn die Soldaten durch die Stadt marschieren). (J.F. Rollers).\nEr ist nach mir verrückt (M.: Max Kluck, T.: Ludwig Mendelssohn).\nEr stand beim Train (or, Die Tante aus Hamburg). (Heinrich Lautensack)\nGustav mit’m Simili (M.: O.B. Roeser, T.: Harry Senger).\nDas noble Berlin (M.: Georg Mewes, T.: Harry Senger).\nNa, dann laß es dir mal jut bekommen (M.: Walter Kollo, T.: Hartmann).\n1913:\nMir ist so trübe (Soldatenlied).\nKlärchen aus dem Gartenhaus (Harry Senger).\nFor mir (Köchinnenlied) (Harry Senger).\nIch gehe meinen Schlendrian (Studentenlied).\nSo denkt im Frühling die Berlinerin (Hermann Schultze-Buch).\nWas meinste Mensch, wie man sich täuschen kann (M.: Gutkind, T.: Willy Hagen).\nEs ist nicht gerade angenehm (Jobst Haslinde).\nKusslehre (Jobst Haslinde).\nHerr Meyer, Herr Meyer, wo bleibt denn bloß mein Reiher (from the operetta \"So bummeln wir\") (Jean Gilbert).\nDie Berliner Pflanze (M.: Otto Erich Lindner, T.: Alexander Tyrkowski).\nBerlin, so siehste aus (Niklas-Kempner).\nHermann heeßt er (Ludwig Mendelssohn).\nZippel-Polka (Hermann Schultze-Buch).\nMoritat (Ludwig Mendelssohn).\nArgentinisch (M.: Ehrlich, T.: Alexander Tyrkowski).\nFern der Heimat (Soldatenlied).\nDas Produkt unserer Zeit (before 1914)\nDes Treulosen Entschuldigung (before 1914)\n1914:\nKann ich dafür? (Jobst Haslinde).\nBurlala (Studentenlied).\nDer Soldate (Marsch-Duett aus der Operette \"Immer feste druff\", with Karl Gessner) (Walter Kollo).\nAuf der Banke, an der Panke (aus der Operette \"Immer feste druff\", with Karl Gessner) (Walter Kollo).\nSoldaten-Romanze (around 1914)\n1915:\nWaldmar-Mieze-Duett (aus der Operette \"Woran wir denken\", mit Guido Thielscher) (M.: Jean Gilbert, T.: Walter Turzinsky).\nMein Justav (aus der Operette \"Woran wir denken\") (M.: Jean Gilbert, T.: Walter Turzinsky).\nDa kann kein Kaiser und kein König was machen (T.: Claire Waldoff).\nEs steht ein Storch auf einem Bein\n1916:\nWozu hat der Soldat eine Braut? (Bromme).\nMaxe von der schweren Artillerie! (Leander).\nKriegslied eines Tertianers (Ludwig Mendelssohn).\nDann hat Reserve Ruh (Konrad Scherber).\nSchlesisches Soldatenlied (Willy Prager).\nJetzt ist's zu Ende mit der Schiesserei (Hartmann).\n... (1917–1932)\n1933:\nWerderlied (or, Was willst du denn im Engadin?) (M.: Erwin Strauss, T.: Käthe Huldschinsky).\nIch kann um zehne nicht nach Hause geh’n (M.: Claus Clauberg, T.: Erich Kersten).\nUnsere Minna (M.: Claus Clauberg, T.: Erich Kersten).\nMenschliches – Allzumenschliches (M.: Claus Clauberg, T.: Erich Kersten).\nMach’ kein Meckmeck’ (M.: Mac Rauls, T.: Erich Kersten).\nHätt’ste det von Ferdinand jedacht? (M.: Mac Rauls, T.: Willy Hagen).\nBei mir da häng’ste (or, über meinem Bett) (M.: Alex Stone and Walter Borchert, T.: Alex Stone and Friedrich Schwarz).\nDann wackelt die Wand (M.: Mac Rauls, T.: Erich Kersten).\nGruß an unsere Heimat (M.: Werner Schütte, T.: Erich Kersten and Koenigsborn).\nNu schön, da haben wir eben Pech gehabt (or, Ich hab ein Herz) (M.: Werner Schütte, T.: Erich Kersten and Koenigsborn).","title":"Songs by Waldoff"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3865623123","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3865623123"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3865623131","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3865623131"}],"text":"Claire Waldoff Die Königin der Kleinkunst Folge 1 und 2; Membran Music documents 2005 (Distribution Grosser und Stein) Folge 1: ISBN 3865623123, EAN 4011222232267, Folge 2: ISBN 3865623131, EAN 4011222232274. Two digipacs in book format (14 x 25 cm), each containing a 20 page booklet and 4 CDs with 77 tracks spanning from 1910 to 1951 (one unpublished recording), however not all of the tracks could be dated. The 154 recordings in this edition are at present the most comprehensive compilation of her musical work.","title":"Recordings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-932529-11-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-932529-11-1"}],"text":"Claire Waldoff: Weeste noch ...! Aus meinen Erinnerungen. Progress-Verlag, Düsseldorf/Munich 1953; new edition: „Weeste noch ...?“ Erinnerungen und Dokumente. Parthas, Berlin 1997, ISBN 3-932529-11-1","title":"Books by Waldoff"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-548-35430-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-548-35430-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-7700-1074-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7700-1074-4"}],"text":"Helga Bemmann: Wer schmeißt denn da mit Lehm. Eine Claire-Waldoff-Biographie. VEB Lied der Zeit, Berlin Ost [1984?]; new edition: Claire Waldoff. „Wer schmeißt denn da mit Lehm?“ Ullstein, Frankfurt/Berlin 1994, ISBN 3-548-35430-0\nMaegie Koreen: Immer feste druff. Das freche Leben der Kabarettkönigin Claire Waldoff. Droste, Düsseldorf 1997, ISBN 3-7700-1074-4","title":"Literature"}]
[{"image_text":"Walk of Fame of Cabaret, Mainz","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/2018-07-18_Sterne_der_Satire_-_Walk_of_Fame_des_Kabaretts_Nr_09_Claore_Waldoff-1062.jpg/220px-2018-07-18_Sterne_der_Satire_-_Walk_of_Fame_des_Kabaretts_Nr_09_Claore_Waldoff-1062.jpg"},{"image_text":"Claire Waldoff poster, 1914","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Jo_Steiner%2C_%281877-1935%29_-_manifesto_per_cabaret_di_Claire_Waldoff%2C_Berlino_1914.jpg/220px-Jo_Steiner%2C_%281877-1935%29_-_manifesto_per_cabaret_di_Claire_Waldoff%2C_Berlino_1914.jpg"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SH-78_(OK)
Oklahoma State Highway 78
["1 Route description","2 History","3 Previous Routes","4 Junction list","5 References","6 External links"]
State highway in Oklahoma, United States State Highway 78Route informationMaintained by ODOTLength60 mi (97 km)Major junctionsSouth end SH 78 at the Texas state lineMajor intersections US 70 in Durant US 69 / US 75 in Durant North end US 377 / SH-22 / SH-99 in Tishomingo LocationCountryUnited StatesStateOklahoma Highway system Oklahoma State Highway System Interstate US State Turnpikes ← US 77→ SH-79 State Highway 78 is a 60-mile (97 km) long (97 km) state highway in southern Oklahoma. It runs from the Red River (where it crosses into Texas as State Highway 78) to Tishomingo. It has no lettered spur routes. Route description SH-78 crossing the Red River State Highway 78 enters Oklahoma across the Red River on the State Highway No. 78 Bridge at the Red River, near the unincorporated community of Karma. Near Yuba, SH-78 curves west to head toward Achille, where it meets State Highway 91. It curves back north here, meets State Highway 70E, and then passes through the east part of Durant, where it crosses US-70. In northern Durant, SH-78 has an interchange with the US-69/75 freeway. Three miles north of US-69/75, SH-78 turns west to head through Cobb and Brown before turning north to meet State Highway 199. It meets SH-22 for the first time at Nida. It then passes through Emet and turns back west at Milburn. It then meets SH-22 for a second time three miles (5 km) east of Tishomingo. It then joins SH-22 into Tishomingo, where it ends at US-377/SH-99. History The road that would become SH-78 was originally commissioned as SH-299 on November 22, 1938. SH-299 was renumbered to SH-78 in its entirety in 1955, most likely to match the route number of TX-78. Previous Routes SH-78 was originally designated as a route from Boise City to the Texas Border. This route became US 385 in 1955. Junction list CountyLocationmikmDestinationsNotes BryanRed River0.000.00 SH 78 southContinuation into Texas State Highway 78 Bridge at the Red River Achille15.925.6 SH-91 ​22.436.0 SH-70E Durant US 70Interchange 30.549.1 US 69 / US 75 – Atoka, Denison TXHalf-folded diamond interchange ​32.852.8 SH-48Southern terminus of SH-48 Brown40.965.8 SH-199Eastern terminus of SH-199 JohnstonNida44.171.0 SH-22 east – CaddoSouth end of SH-22 overlap 44.371.3 SH-22 west – Butcher PenNorth end of SH-22 overlap Milburn52.284.0 SH-48A ​57.492.4 SH-22 east – NidaSouth end of SH-22 overlap Tishomingo60.096.6 US 377 / SH-99 north (Kemp Avenue) US 377 / SH-99 south (SH-22 west)Northern terminus; north end of SH-22 overlap; road continues west as US-377/SH-99 south/SH-22 west (Main Street) 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi      Concurrency terminus References ^ a b Stuve, Eric. "OK-78". OKHighways.com. ^ Oklahoma Department of Transportation, Planning & Research Division. "Memorial Dedication & Revision History - SH-22". Retrieved 2007-05-08. ^ Official State Highway Map (Map) (1956 ed.). Oklahoma Department of Transportation. ^ Official State Highway Map (Map) (1940 ed.). Oklahoma Department of Transportation. ^ Google (June 8, 2009). "Oklahoma State Highway 78" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 8, 2009. External links SH-78 at Roadklahoma
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-okhighways-1"},{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"Red River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_River_of_the_South"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"State Highway 78","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_78"},{"link_name":"Tishomingo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tishomingo,_Oklahoma"}],"text":"State Highway 78 is a 60-mile (97 km) long[1] (97 km) state highway in southern Oklahoma. It runs from the Red River (where it crosses into Texas as State Highway 78) to Tishomingo. It has no lettered spur routes.","title":"Oklahoma State Highway 78"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:State_Highway_78_Bridge_at_the_Red_River.jpg"},{"link_name":"State Highway No. 78 Bridge at the Red River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Highway_No._78_Bridge_at_the_Red_River"},{"link_name":"Karma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karma,_Oklahoma&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Yuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuba,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"Achille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achille,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"State Highway 91","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Highway_91_(Oklahoma)"},{"link_name":"State Highway 70E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Highway_70E_(Oklahoma)"},{"link_name":"Durant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durant,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"US-70","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Highway_70_(Oklahoma)"},{"link_name":"US-69","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Highway_69_(Oklahoma)"},{"link_name":"75","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Highway_75_(Oklahoma)"},{"link_name":"Cobb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobb,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"State Highway 199","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Highway_199_(Oklahoma)"},{"link_name":"SH-22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_State_Highway_22"},{"link_name":"Nida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nida,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"Emet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emet,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"Milburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milburn,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"US-377","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Highway_377_(Oklahoma)"},{"link_name":"SH-99","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_State_Highway_99"}],"text":"SH-78 crossing the Red RiverState Highway 78 enters Oklahoma across the Red River on the State Highway No. 78 Bridge at the Red River, near the unincorporated community of Karma. Near Yuba, SH-78 curves west to head toward Achille, where it meets State Highway 91. It curves back north here, meets State Highway 70E, and then passes through the east part of Durant, where it crosses US-70. In northern Durant, SH-78 has an interchange with the US-69/75 freeway.Three miles north of US-69/75, SH-78 turns west to head through Cobb and Brown before turning north to meet State Highway 199. It meets SH-22 for the first time at Nida. It then passes through Emet and turns back west at Milburn. It then meets SH-22 for a second time three miles (5 km) east of Tishomingo. It then joins SH-22 into Tishomingo, where it ends at US-377/SH-99.","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odot-22-history-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odot-1956-3"}],"text":"The road that would become SH-78 was originally commissioned as SH-299 on November 22, 1938.[2] SH-299 was renumbered to SH-78 in its entirety in 1955,[3] most likely to match the route number of TX-78.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odot-1940-4"}],"text":"SH-78 was originally designated as a route from Boise City to the Texas Border.[4] This route became US 385 in 1955.","title":"Previous Routes"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Junction list"}]
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[{"reference":"Stuve, Eric. \"OK-78\". OKHighways.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.okhighways.com/ok78.html","url_text":"\"OK-78\""}]},{"reference":"Oklahoma Department of Transportation, Planning & Research Division. \"Memorial Dedication & Revision History - SH-22\". Retrieved 2007-05-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.okladot.state.ok.us/memorial/legal/sh22.htm","url_text":"\"Memorial Dedication & Revision History - SH-22\""}]},{"reference":"Official State Highway Map (Map) (1956 ed.). Oklahoma Department of Transportation.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Official State Highway Map (Map) (1940 ed.). Oklahoma Department of Transportation.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Google (June 8, 2009). \"Oklahoma State Highway 78\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 8, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&hl=en&geocode=&q=durant,+OK&ie=UTF8&ll=34.037884,-96.374516&spn=0.008535,0.018926&z=16&om=1","url_text":"\"Oklahoma State Highway 78\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_the_Statistical_Society_of_London
Journal of the Royal Statistical Society
["1 History","2 Discussion papers","3 Current series","3.1 Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A (Statistics in Society)","3.2 Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B (Statistical Methodology)","3.3 Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series C (Applied Statistics)","3.4 Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series D (The Statistician)","4 Allied publications","5 References","6 Further reading","7 External links"]
Academic journalJournal of the Royal Statistical SocietyDisciplineStatisticsLanguageEnglishPublication detailsHistory1838–presentPublisherOxford University Press (United Kingdom)Impact factor2.175 (Series A)4.933 (Series B)1.680 (Series C) (2021)Standard abbreviationsISO 4 (alt) · Bluebook (alt1 · alt2)NLM (alt) · MathSciNet (alt )ISO 4J. R. Stat. Soc.IndexingCODEN (alt · alt2) · JSTOR (alt) · LCCN (alt)MIAR · NLM (alt) · ScopusISSN0964-1998LCCNsn99023416OCLC no.18305542Links Journal homepage The Journal of the Royal Statistical Society is a peer-reviewed scientific journal of statistics. It comprises three series and is published by Oxford University Press for the Royal Statistical Society. History Wikisource has original text related to this article: Journal of the Statistical Society of London The Statistical Society of London was founded in 1834, but would not begin producing a journal for four years. From 1834 to 1837, members of the society would read the results of their studies to the other members, and some details were recorded in the proceedings. The first study reported to the society in 1834 was a simple survey of the occupations of people in Manchester, England. Conducted by going door-to-door and inquiring, the study revealed that the most common profession was mill-hands, followed closely by weavers. When founded, the membership of the Statistical Society of London overlapped almost completely with the statistical section of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. In 1837 a volume of Transactions of the Statistical Society of London were written, and in May 1838 the society began its journal. The first editor-in-chief of the journal was Rawson W. Rawson. In the early days of the society and the journal, there was dispute over whether or not opinions should be expressed, or merely the numbers. The symbol of the society was a wheatsheaf, representing a bundle of facts, and the motto Aliis exterendum, Latin for "to be threshed out by others." Many early members chafed under this prohibition, and in 1857 the motto was dropped. From 1838 to 1886, the journal was published as the Journal of the Statistical Society of London (ISSN 0959-5341). In 1887 it was renamed the Journal of the Royal Statistical Society (ISSN 0952-8385) when the society was granted a Royal Charter. On its centenary in 1934, the society inaugurated a Supplement to the Journal of the Royal Statistical Society to publish work on industrial and agricultural applications. In 1948 the society reorganised its journals and the main journal became the Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A (General) (ISSN 0035-9238) and the supplement became Series B (Statistical Methodology). In 1988, Series A changed its name to Series A (Statistics in Society). In 1952, the society founded Applied Statistics of the Journal of the Royal Statistical Society which became Series C (Applied Statistics). After merging with the Institute of Statisticians in 1993, the society published Series D (The Statistician) (ISSN 0039-0526), but this journal was closed in 2003, to be replaced by Significance. Discussion papers Traditionally papers were presented at ordinary meetings of the society and those present, whether fellows or not, were invited to comment on the presentation. The paper and subsequent discussion would then be published in the journal. This followed a format used by other scientific societies of the time, such as the Royal Society. This practice continues although papers are selected for reading and go through peer review before being presented. It is considered a significant recognition to be invited to present a paper at an ordinary meeting of the society. This selection is currently done by the research section of the society for Series B and by an appointed editor for Series A&C. Papers are selected to be of importance and wide interest in terms of application or applicability. Any person is invited to attend discussion meetings and contribute to the discussion although they are limited to 5 minutes speaking time. Following the formal presentation of the paper, two speakers are invited to comment by prior arrangement. Formally they are there to propose and second the 'vote of thanks' and would have respectively praised and criticised the presentation. Contributions to the discussion are not peer reviewed but are limited to 400 words in the journal. Current series As of 2009, three series are published under this general title. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A (Statistics in Society) Statistics in Society (ISSN 0964-1998) is published quarterly. Its 2021 impact factor is 2.175. Past and current editors: 1987–1990: Harvey Goldstein 1989–1992: S M Gore 1991–1994: D Holt 1993–1996: S G Thompson 1995–1998: I F Plewis 1997–2000: G M Raab 1999–2001: C D Payne 2001–2004: Nicola Best 2002–2005: P J Lynn 2004–2004: J Haigh 2005–2008: Geert Verbeke 2006–2010: Antony Fielding 2009–2012: Simon Day 2011–2014: Arnaud Chevalier 2013–2016: Linda Sharples 2015–2018: Harvey Goldstein 2017–2020: James Carpenter 2019–2022: Jouni Kuha 2021–2024: Bianca de Stavola 2023–2026: Mike Elliott Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B (Statistical Methodology) Statistical Methodology (ISSN 1369-7412) is published five times a year. Its 2021 impact factor is 4.933. Starting in 1934, it was originally called Supplement to the Journal of the Royal Statistical Society (ISSN 1466-6162), and in 1948 was changed to Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B (Methodological) (ISSN 0035-9246), before being changed to its current name in 1998. In a 2003 survey of statisticians, Series B was perceived to have been one of the highest quality journals in statistics. Past and current editors: 1951–1959: J. O. Irwin 1960–1964: N. T. J. Bailey 1960–1964: D. R. Cox 1965–1969: D. M. G. Wishart 1965–1969: D. J. Bartholomew 1970–1974: D. E. Barton 1975–1978: M. Stone 1978–1981: J. A. Anderson 1978–1983: T. M. F. Smith 1980–1983: P. Holgate 1982–1985: P. M. E. Altham 1984–1987: P. J. Diggle 1986–1989: D. M. Titterington 1988–1991: R. L. Smith 1990–1993: John T. Kent 1992–1995: Anthony C. Atkinson 1994–1997: Alastair Young 1996–1999: Chris Jones 1998–2001: David Firth 2000–2003: Anthony C. Davison 2002–2005: Robin Henderson 2004–2007: Andy Wood 2006–2009: Christian Robert 2008–2011: George Casella 2010–2013: Gareth Roberts 2012–2015: Ingrid van Keilegom 2014–2017: Piotr Fryzlewicz 2016–2019: David B Dunson 2018–2021: Simon Wood 2020–2022: Aurore Delaigle 2021–2023: Steffen Lauritzen 2022–2024: Q. Yao 2023–2025: Daniela Witten 2024–2026: Hani Doss Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series C (Applied Statistics) Applied Statistics (ISSN 0035-9254) is published five times a year. Its 2021 impact factor is 1.680. A review of the first 227 algorithms published as source code in Applied Statistics is available. The last such code was published in 1997. Past and current editors: 1987–1990: I. R. Dunsmore 1989–1992: David J. Hand 1991–1994: W. J. Krzanowski 1993–1996: D. A. Preece 1995–1998: S. M. Lewis 1997–2000: J. N. S. Matthews 1999–2002: A. W. Bowman 2001–2004: Geert Molenberghs 2003–2006: C. A. Glasbey 2005–2008: M. S. Ridout 2007–2010: Chris J. Skinner 2009–2012: Stephen Gilmour 2011–2014: Richard Chandler 2013–2016: Peter W. F. Smith 2015–2019: Nigel Stallard 2017–2019: Richard Boys 2019–2022: Nial Friel 2020–2020: Peter W. F. Smith 2021–2024: Janine Illian 2023–2026: Thomas Kneib Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series D (The Statistician) The Statistician (ISSN 0039-0526) is no longer published, but was published 4 times a year up to 2003, being replaced by Significance. The final editors were A.J. Watkins (University of Wales) and L.C. Wolstenholme (City University London). The Statistician was added in parallel to Series A–C as a Royal Statistical Society publication in 1993, having previously been published by the Institute of Statisticians. Allied publications Since 2004 the Society has published Significance, which consists of articles on topics of statistical interest presented at a level suited to a general audience. From September 2010 Significance is jointly published with the American Statistical Association and distributed to members of both societies. References ^ a b S. Rosenbaum (2001). "Precursors of the Journal of the Royal Statistical Society". The Statistician. 50 (4): 457–466. doi:10.1111/1467-9884.00290. JSTOR 2681228. ^ a b S. Rosenbaum (1984). "The Growth of the Royal Statistical Society". Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A. 147 (2): 375–388. doi:10.2307/2981692. JSTOR 2981692. ^ J. Aldrich (2010) Mathematics in the London/Royal Statistical Society 1834-1934, Electronic Journ@l for History of Probability and Statistics, 6, (1). ^ (accessed 6 September 2022) ^ Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B (Statistical Methodology) (accessed 6 September 2022) ^ Vasilis, Theoharakis; Skordia, Mary (2003). "How Do Statisticians Perceive Statistics Journals?". The American Statistician. 57 (2): 115–123. doi:10.1198/0003130031414. S2CID 122626806. ^ Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series C (Applied Statistics) (accessed 6 September 2022) ^ Martynov, G.V. (1990). "Probabilistic-statistical programs from "applied statistics"". Journal of Mathematical Sciences. 50 (3): 1643–1684. doi:10.1007/BF01096290. S2CID 119486792. ^ "Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series D (The Statistician) - Wiley Online Library". .interscience.wiley.com. 2003-11-19. Archived from the original on 2013-01-05. Retrieved 2012-01-22. ^ "Significance Magazine—An ASA and RSS Partnership | Amstat News". Magazine.amstat.org. 2010-05-13. Retrieved 2012-01-22. Further reading (May 1838). "Introduction". Journal of the Statistical Society of London, 1 (1): 1–5. Retrieved on 2007-10-13. External links Official website vteStatistics journalsOpen access Annals of Statistics Brazilian Journal of Probability and Statistics Chilean Journal of Statistics Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods Journal of Official Statistics Journal of Statistical Software Revista Colombiana de Estadistica REVSTAT SORT Statistics Surveys Survey Methodology Delayed open access Annals of the Institute of Statistical Mathematics Statistical Applications in Genetics and Molecular Biology Statistical Science Subscription American Statistician Biometrical Journal Biometrics Biometrika Biostatistics Communications in Statistics Econometrica Econometric Theory Journal of Applied Econometrics Journal of Applied Statistics Journal of Business & Economic Statistics Journal of Chemometrics Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics Journal of Econometrics Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics Journal of Statistical Computation and Simulation Journal of Statistical Planning and Inference Journal of the American Statistical Association Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Multivariate Behavioral Research Pharmaceutical Statistics Review of Economics and Statistics Statistics in Medicine Technometrics Category Comparison Current Index to Statistics Mathematics portal
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"peer-reviewed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer_review"},{"link_name":"scientific journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_journal"},{"link_name":"statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics"},{"link_name":"Oxford University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press"},{"link_name":"Royal Statistical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Statistical_Society"}],"text":"The Journal of the Royal Statistical Society is a peer-reviewed scientific journal of statistics. It comprises three series and is published by Oxford University Press for the Royal Statistical Society.","title":"Journal of the Royal Statistical Society"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wikisource","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource"},{"link_name":"Journal of the Statistical Society of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Journal_of_the_Statistical_Society_of_London"},{"link_name":"Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Precursors-1"},{"link_name":"British Association for the Advancement of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science"},{"link_name":"editor-in-chief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editor-in-chief"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Precursors-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S._Rosenbaum_1984_375%E2%80%93388-2"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0959-5341","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0959-5341"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0952-8385","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0952-8385"},{"link_name":"Royal Charter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Charter"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0035-9238","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0035-9238"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S._Rosenbaum_1984_375%E2%80%93388-2"},{"link_name":"Institute of Statisticians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Statisticians"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0039-0526","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0039-0526"},{"link_name":"Significance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Significance_(magazine)"}],"text":"Wikisource has original text related to this article:\nJournal of the Statistical Society of LondonThe Statistical Society of London was founded in 1834, but would not begin producing a journal for four years. From 1834 to 1837, members of the society would read the results of their studies to the other members, and some details were recorded in the proceedings. The first study reported to the society in 1834 was a simple survey of the occupations of people in Manchester, England. Conducted by going door-to-door and inquiring, the study revealed that the most common profession was mill-hands, followed closely by weavers.[1]When founded, the membership of the Statistical Society of London overlapped almost completely with the statistical section of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. In 1837 a volume of Transactions of the Statistical Society of London were written, and in May 1838 the society began its journal. The first editor-in-chief of the journal was Rawson W. Rawson.[1] In the early days of the society and the journal, there was dispute over whether or not opinions should be expressed, or merely the numbers. The symbol of the society was a wheatsheaf, representing a bundle of facts, and the motto Aliis exterendum, Latin for \"to be threshed out by others.\" Many early members chafed under this prohibition, and in 1857 the motto was dropped.[2]From 1838 to 1886, the journal was published as the Journal of the Statistical Society of London (ISSN 0959-5341). In 1887 it was renamed the Journal of the Royal Statistical Society (ISSN 0952-8385) when the society was granted a Royal Charter.On its centenary in 1934, the society inaugurated a Supplement to the Journal of the Royal Statistical Society to publish work on industrial and agricultural applications.[3] In 1948 the society reorganised its journals and the main journal became the Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A (General) (ISSN 0035-9238) and the supplement became Series B (Statistical Methodology).[2] In 1988, Series A changed its name to Series A (Statistics in Society).In 1952, the society founded Applied Statistics of the Journal of the Royal Statistical Society which became Series C (Applied Statistics). After merging with the Institute of Statisticians in 1993, the society published Series D (The Statistician) (ISSN 0039-0526), but this journal was closed in 2003, to be replaced by Significance.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society"}],"text":"Traditionally papers were presented at ordinary meetings of the society and those present, whether fellows or not, were invited to comment on the presentation. The paper and subsequent discussion would then be published in the journal. This followed a format used by other scientific societies of the time, such as the Royal Society. This practice continues although papers are selected for reading and go through peer review before being presented. It is considered a significant recognition to be invited to present a paper at an ordinary meeting of the society. This selection is currently done by the research section of the society for Series B and by an appointed editor for Series A&C. Papers are selected to be of importance and wide interest in terms of application or applicability.Any person is invited to attend discussion meetings and contribute to the discussion although they are limited to 5 minutes speaking time. Following the formal presentation of the paper, two speakers are invited to comment by prior arrangement. Formally they are there to propose and second the 'vote of thanks' and would have respectively praised and criticised the presentation. Contributions to the discussion are not peer reviewed but are limited to 400 words in the journal.","title":"Discussion papers"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"As of 2009, three series are published under this general title.","title":"Current series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0964-1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0964-1998"},{"link_name":"impact factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_factor"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wiley_A-4"},{"link_name":"Harvey Goldstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_Goldstein"},{"link_name":"S M Gore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheila_Bird"},{"link_name":"D Holt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Holt_(statistician)"},{"link_name":"Nicola Best","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicola_Best"},{"link_name":"Harvey Goldstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_Goldstein"}],"sub_title":"Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A (Statistics in Society)","text":"Statistics in Society (ISSN 0964-1998) is published quarterly. Its 2021 impact factor is 2.175.[4]Past and current editors:1987–1990: Harvey Goldstein\n1989–1992: S M Gore\n1991–1994: D Holt\n1993–1996: S G Thompson\n1995–1998: I F Plewis\n1997–2000: G M Raab\n1999–2001: C D Payne\n2001–2004: Nicola Best\n2002–2005: P J Lynn\n2004–2004: J Haigh\n2005–2008: Geert Verbeke\n2006–2010: Antony Fielding\n2009–2012: Simon Day\n2011–2014: Arnaud Chevalier\n2013–2016: Linda Sharples\n2015–2018: Harvey Goldstein\n2017–2020: James Carpenter\n2019–2022: Jouni Kuha\n2021–2024: Bianca de Stavola\n2023–2026: Mike Elliott","title":"Current series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1369-7412","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1369-7412"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wiley_B-5"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1466-6162","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1466-6162"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0035-9246","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0035-9246"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"J. O. Irwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._O._Irwin"},{"link_name":"N. T. J. Bailey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=N._T._J._Bailey&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"D. R. Cox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D._R._Cox"},{"link_name":"D. M. G. Wishart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D._M._G._Wishart"},{"link_name":"D. J. Bartholomew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D._J._Bartholomew"},{"link_name":"D. E. Barton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=D._E._Barton&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"M. Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M._Stone&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"J. A. Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J._A._Anderson&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"T. M. F. Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._M._F._Smith"},{"link_name":"P. Holgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P._Holgate&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"P. M. E. Altham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P._M._E._Altham&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"P. J. Diggle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Diggle"},{"link_name":"D. M. Titterington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=D._M._Titterington&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"R. L. Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=R._L._Smith&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"John T. Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_T._Kent&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Anthony C. Atkinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthony_C._Atkinson&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Alastair Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alastair_Young&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chris Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chris_Jones_(statistician)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"David Firth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Firth_(statistician)"},{"link_name":"Anthony C. Davison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_C._Davison"},{"link_name":"Christian Robert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Robert"},{"link_name":"George Casella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Casella"},{"link_name":"Gareth Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gareth_Roberts_(statistician)"},{"link_name":"Ingrid van Keilegom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingrid_van_Keilegom"},{"link_name":"Piotr Fryzlewicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Piotr_Fryzlewicz&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"David B Dunson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_B_Dunson&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Steffen Lauritzen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steffen_Lauritzen"},{"link_name":"Daniela Witten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniela_Witten"}],"sub_title":"Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B (Statistical Methodology)","text":"Statistical Methodology (ISSN 1369-7412) is published five times a year. Its 2021 impact factor is 4.933.[5]Starting in 1934, it was originally called Supplement to the Journal of the Royal Statistical Society (ISSN 1466-6162), and in 1948 was changed to Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B (Methodological) (ISSN 0035-9246), before being changed to its current name in 1998.In a 2003 survey of statisticians, Series B was perceived to have been one of the highest quality journals in statistics.[6]Past and current editors:1951–1959: J. O. Irwin\n1960–1964: N. T. J. Bailey\n1960–1964: D. R. Cox\n1965–1969: D. M. G. Wishart\n1965–1969: D. J. Bartholomew\n1970–1974: D. E. Barton\n1975–1978: M. Stone\n1978–1981: J. A. Anderson\n1978–1983: T. M. F. Smith\n1980–1983: P. Holgate\n1982–1985: P. M. E. Altham\n1984–1987: P. J. Diggle\n1986–1989: D. M. Titterington\n1988–1991: R. L. Smith\n1990–1993: John T. Kent\n1992–1995: Anthony C. Atkinson\n1994–1997: Alastair Young\n1996–1999: Chris Jones\n1998–2001: David Firth\n2000–2003: Anthony C. Davison\n2002–2005: Robin Henderson\n2004–2007: Andy Wood\n2006–2009: Christian Robert\n2008–2011: George Casella\n2010–2013: Gareth Roberts\n2012–2015: Ingrid van Keilegom\n2014–2017: Piotr Fryzlewicz\n2016–2019: David B Dunson\n2018–2021: Simon Wood\n2020–2022: Aurore Delaigle\n2021–2023: Steffen Lauritzen\n2022–2024: Q. Yao\n2023–2025: Daniela Witten\n2024–2026: Hani Doss","title":"Current series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0035-9254","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0035-9254"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wiley-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"David J. Hand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hand_(statistician)"}],"sub_title":"Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series C (Applied Statistics)","text":"Applied Statistics (ISSN 0035-9254) is published five times a year. Its 2021 impact factor is 1.680.[7]A review of the first 227 algorithms published as source code in Applied Statistics is available.[8] The last such code was published in 1997.Past and current editors:1987–1990: I. R. Dunsmore\n1989–1992: David J. Hand\n1991–1994: W. J. Krzanowski\n1993–1996: D. A. Preece\n1995–1998: S. M. Lewis\n1997–2000: J. N. S. Matthews\n1999–2002: A. W. Bowman\n2001–2004: Geert Molenberghs\n2003–2006: C. A. Glasbey\n2005–2008: M. S. Ridout\n2007–2010: Chris J. Skinner\n2009–2012: Stephen Gilmour\n2011–2014: Richard Chandler\n2013–2016: Peter W. F. Smith\n2015–2019: Nigel Stallard\n2017–2019: Richard Boys\n2019–2022: Nial Friel\n2020–2020: Peter W. F. Smith\n2021–2024: Janine Illian\n2023–2026: Thomas Kneib","title":"Current series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0039-0526","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0039-0526"},{"link_name":"Significance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Significance_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"University of Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Wales"},{"link_name":"City University London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_University_London"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Institute of Statisticians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Statisticians"}],"sub_title":"Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series D (The Statistician)","text":"The Statistician (ISSN 0039-0526) is no longer published, but was published 4 times a year up to 2003, being replaced by Significance. The final editors were A.J. Watkins (University of Wales) and L.C. Wolstenholme (City University London).[9] The Statistician was added in parallel to Series A–C as a Royal Statistical Society publication in 1993, having previously been published by the Institute of Statisticians.","title":"Current series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Significance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Significance_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"American Statistical Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Statistical_Association"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Since 2004 the Society has published Significance, which consists of articles on topics of statistical interest presented at a level suited to a general audience. From September 2010 Significance is jointly published with the American Statistical Association and distributed to members of both societies.[10]","title":"Allied publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Introduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Extras/Statistical_society.html"}],"text":"(May 1838). \"Introduction\". Journal of the Statistical Society of London, 1 (1): 1–5. Retrieved on 2007-10-13.","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_District_(Sowme%27eh_Sara_County)
Central District (Sowme'eh Sara County)
["1 History","2 Demographics","2.1 Population","2.2 Administrative divisions","3 See also","4 Notes","5 References"]
Coordinates: 37°20′20″N 49°20′09″E / 37.33889°N 49.33583°E / 37.33889; 49.33583District in Gilan province, Iran District in Gilan, IranCentral District (Sowme'eh Sara County) Persian: بخش مرکزی شهرستان صومعه‌سراDistrictCentral District (Sowme'eh Sara County)Coordinates: 37°20′20″N 49°20′09″E / 37.33889°N 49.33583°E / 37.33889; 49.33583CountryIranProvinceGilanCountySowme'eh SaraCapitalSowme'eh SaraPopulation (2016) • Total78,144Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST) The Central District of Sowme'eh Sara County (Persian: بخش مرکزی شهرستان صومعه‌سرا) is in Gilan province, Iran. Its capital is the city of Sowme'eh Sara. History After the 2016 National Census, Pishkhan Rural District was established in the district. Taher Gurab Rural District was separated from the district in the formation of Taher Gurab District, which was divided into two rural districts, including the new Abatar Rural District. Likewise, Ziabar Rural District was separated from the Central District in the establishment of Ziabar District, also divided into two rural districts that included the newly formed Baham Bar Rural District. Neither of the new districts contained a city at the time of formation. Demographics Population At the time of the 2006 census, the district's population was 75,412 in 21,126 households. The following census in 2011 counted 77,089 people in 23,681 households. The 2016 census measured the population of the district as 78,144 inhabitants in 26,192 households. Administrative divisions Central District (Sowme'eh Sara County) Population Administrative Divisions 2006 2011 2016 Kasma RD 16,062 14,675 12,198 Pishkhan RD Taher Gurab RD 11,441 10,497 8,997 Ziabar RD 11,387 10,939 9,866 Sowme'eh Sara (city) 36,522 40,978 47,083 Total 75,412 77,089 78,144 RD = Rural District See also Iran portal Notes ^ Established after the 2016 census ^ Transferred to Taher Gurab District after the 2016 census ^ Transferred to Ziabar District after the 2016 census References ^ OpenStreetMap contributors (10 October 2023). "Central District (Sowme'eh Sara County)" (Map). OpenStreetMap. Retrieved 10 October 2023. ^ a b c "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016)". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 01. Archived from the original (Excel) on 4 December 2020. Retrieved 19 December 2022. ^ Habibi, Hassan (21 June 1369). "Approval of the organization and chain of citizenship of the elements and units of the national divisions of Gilan province centered on the city of Rasht". Islamic Parliament Research Center (in Persian). Ministry of Interior, Defense Political Commission of the Government Board. Archived from the original on 12 October 2016. Retrieved 12 December 2023. ^ Jahangiri, Ishaq (15 February 1400). "Letter of approval regarding country divisions in Sowme'eh Sara County of Gilan province". Qavanin (in Persian). Ministry of Interior, Council of Ministers. Archived from the original on 9 October 2023. Retrieved 9 October 2023. ^ a b "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 01. Archived from the original (Excel) on 20 September 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2022. ^ a b "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011)". Syracuse University (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 01. Archived from the original (Excel) on 8 October 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2022. vte Gilan ProvinceCapital Rasht Counties and citiesAmlash County Amlash Rankuh Astaneh-ye Ashrafiyeh County Astaneh-ye Ashrafiyeh Kiashahr Astara County Astara Lavandevil Bandar-e Anzali County Bandar-e Anzali Fuman County Fuman Masuleh , Maklavan Lahijan County Lahijan Roudboneh Langarud County Langarud Chaf and Chamkhaleh Kumeleh Otaqvar Shalman Masal County Masal Bazar Jomeh Rasht County Rasht Khomam Khoshk-e Bijar Kuchesfahan Lasht-e Nesha Sangar Rezvanshahr County Rezvanshahr Pareh Sar Rudbar County Rudbar Barehsar Jirandeh Lowshan Manjil Rostamabad Tutkabon Roudsar County Roudsar Chaboksar Kelachay Rahimabad Vajargah Shaft County Shaft Ahmadsargurab Siahkal County Siahkal Deilaman Sowme'eh Sara County Sowme'eh Sara Gurab Zarmikh Marjaghal Talesh County Hashtpar Asalem Chubar Haviq Lisar Sights Alshaytan Mountain Anzali Lagoon Astarachay Anzali Maritime Museum Laton Waterfall Astara Cactus museum Emarat-i Kulah Farangi Rasht Estil Lagoon Ghaziayan bridge Heyran road Heyran Gondola lift Rasht Municipality (city hall) Roudkhan Castle Sajiran waterfall Lunak waterfall Marlik royal cemetery Masouleh Moin Mausoleum Muhtasham garden Kull ancient castle Rasht museum Sheitankoh Tea Museum of Lahijan Zahed Gilani's Shrine Tea museum Populated places List of cities, towns and villages in Gilan Province vte Sowme'eh Sara CountyCapital Sowme'eh Sara DistrictsCentralCities Sowme'eh Sara Rural Districts and villagesKasma Araban Azgam Cheneh Sar Chomesqal Chubeh Dahandeh Dowgur Eshpalam Eslamabad Fashkham Giaku Jir Mahalleh-ye Kasma Jirgurab Kama Kasma Khakian Kharaf Kam Khatiban Kohneh Sar Kolsar Ladmokh Miandeh Nofut Paskeh Pishkhan Pustin Sara Qassab Sara Qazdeh Rasteh Kenar Sang Jub Seyqalan Shaleh Pas Sharam Vaqeeh Dasht Zafan Zarkam Taher Gurab Abatar Asiab Sar Chaman Jadeh Kenar Kelid Bar Khaneh Kenar Khoshtamdokh Kolangestan Kord Mahalleh Kudeh Mahmud Kian Menareh Bazar Moaf Amandan Molk Sar Molla Sara Now Kasht Owmandan Patavan Poshtir Rajir Shekar Baghan Taher Gurab Visheh Sara Ziksar Ziabar Aqa Mahalleh-ye Bahambar Baham Bar Bijarkan Bisheh Sara Bishehgah Bishehgah-e Bahambar Chakuvar Eram Sadat Esfand Esfaqansar Fatmeh Sar Jirsar-e Bahambar Jirsar-e Nowdeh Katemjan-e Motamedi Katemjan-e Seyyed Abd ol Vahhabi Katemjan-e Yusefali Khalifeh Kenar Khoshk-e Rudbar Lalom Larsar Lashmar Zamakh Maaf Vaziri Mazandaran Mahalleh-ye Bahambar Miangaskar Now Pashan Nowdeh Qaraba Saremeh Shaft Mahalleh Talesh Mahalleh-ye Bahambar Ziabar Mirza Kuchek JanghliCities Gurab Zarmikh Rural Districts and villagesGurab Zarmikh Chalak Sar Mahvizan Mianbar Nadaman Pir Sara Posht Mekh Poshtir Raftagi Seh Sar Siah Kuh Surom Tanian Tataf Valad Markiyeh Bala Bolgur Kherf Markiyeh Pain Bolgur Pard Sar Posht Mesar Seh Shanbeh Siah Estalkh TulemCities Marjaghal Rural Districts and villagesHend Khaleh Baqla Kesh Gazgisheh Hend Khaleh Khomsar Kishestan Lakesar Nargestan Now Khaleh-ye Akbari Now Khaleh-ye Jafari Sadat Mahalleh Sheykh Mahalleh Siah Darvishan Siavi Sufian Deh Tulem Bariran Budian Dalivandan Fallahabad Golabkhvaran Gurab Kalashem-e Pain Kharrat Mahalleh Khvajeh Alivandan Kolkuh Lifshagerd Mardakheh-ye Bozorg Mardekheh-ye Kuchek Marsarud Matak Sasemas Seyqalan Seyqalvandan Shalka Siyahtan Zimsar This Sowme'eh Sara County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliff_Morgan
Cliff Morgan
["1 Rugby career","2 Broadcasting and television career","3 Awards","4 References","5 External links"]
British Lions & Wales international rugby union footballer For the English footballer, see Cliff Morgan (footballer). Rugby playerCliff MorganCVO, OBEBirth nameClifford Isaac MorganDate of birth(1930-04-07)7 April 1930Place of birthTrebanog, Rhondda, WalesDate of death29 August 2013(2013-08-29) (aged 83)Height5 ft 7 in (1.70 m)SchoolTonyrefail Grammar SchoolUniversityCardiff UniversityRugby union careerPosition(s) fly-halfAmateur team(s)Years Team Apps (Points)1949–19581955–19561950–1958 Cardiff RFCBective RangersBarbarians ()International careerYears Team Apps (Points)1951–19581955 WalesBritish Lions 294 (9)(3) Clifford Isaac Morgan, CVO OBE (7 April 1930 – 29 August 2013) was a Welsh rugby union player who played for Cardiff RFC and earned 29 caps for Wales between 1951 and 1958. After his playing career ended, Morgan made a successful career in broadcasting, both as a commentator and presenter and also as a programme-maker and BBC executive. Rugby career Morgan, born in Trebanog in the Rhondda valley, was from a mining family and joined Cardiff Rugby Club straight from Tonyrefail Grammar School in 1949, playing at fly-half. Blessed with natural balance and strength, together with an astute line-kicking ability and searing acceleration, he quickly made an impact. He also played club rugby in Ireland for Bective Rangers in the 1955–56 season, with the club being dubbed the "Morgan Rangers" as a result. He won his first cap for Wales against Ireland in 1951, playing opposite his own hero Jack Kyle. He was part of the Grand Slam-winning Welsh side of 1952. The following year he inspired both Cardiff and Wales to historic victories over the touring All Blacks. In 1956, following his success on the 1955 British Lions tour to South Africa, he was made captain of Wales. During that tour, in which the Test series was drawn 2–2, Morgan distinguished himself for his marshalling of a talented Lions backline that included Jeff Butterfield and Arthur Smith in the centre, with Cecil Pedlow and Tony O'Reilly on the wings. Morgan's try in the first Test at Ellis Park, in front of a then world-record crowd of 100,000, helped secure a sensational 23–22 victory at the end of a match that some still consider the most exciting ever played. The Springboks levelled the series in the second Test. Then, with Lions skipper Robin Thompson injured ahead of the third Test in Pretoria, Morgan was made captain and duly inspired his team and controlled the game to ensure a 9–6 win that meant the series could not be lost. The South African newspapers dubbed him "Morgan the Magnificent" and the level to which his influence was thought key was reflected in the frenzy of coverage his injured ankle received as the fourth Test came around. Although he played, he was not fully fit and the Lions could not prevent the Springboks squaring the series. But his reputation was already made and the memory of that tour – still known in South Africa as "the Cliff Morgan tour" – proved long-lived. His last game of first-class rugby was for the Barbarians on 28 May 1958 at the RFUEA Ground, Nairobi, versus East Africa. Broadcasting and television career Following his retirement from the game in 1958 he found a new career in broadcasting. Although he will forever be remembered for his celebrated commentary on the 1973 Barbarians rugby match against the touring All Blacks at Cardiff (particularly the commentary of "that try, that golden try") his broadcasting career was far more wide-ranging and influential than that single event would suggest. During his playing days he had already been spotted by the BBC in Wales as a natural talker and communicator, and in 1960, at the invitation of the BBC's Head of Welsh Programmes, Hywel Davies, he joined BBC Wales as Sports Organiser in Cardiff. His exceptional ability as a programme-maker and story-teller briefly took him outside the familiar world of BBC Sport in the mid-1960s, when he spent two years as editor of ITV's current affairs programme This Week. Returning to the BBC he then produced and edited established TV sports programmes such as Grandstand and Sportsnight With Coleman, and, from 1970, was himself one of the original team captains (opposite Henry Cooper) on the long-running TV quiz A Question of Sport. In radio he found a natural outlet for his love of music, presenting for a time the BBC Radio 2 series These You Have Loved. He also presented 'Singing Together' a radio for schools programme. Off-air, his enduring influence in the world of sport and beyond helped him rise to join the ranks of leading BBC executives. In 1974 he became Head of BBC Radio Sport and Outside Broadcasts, and from 1976 to 1987 he was Head of BBC Television Sport and Outside Broadcasts, supervising coverage of major events including football World Cups, Commonwealth and Olympic Games, Royal weddings and other national ceremonial occasions, notably the funeral of Mountbatten in 1979 and the wedding of Charles and Diana in 1981. After his retirement from his executive post in BBC Television in 1987 he returned to radio, where his warm, mellifluous voice, together with his natural conversational style and his wide range of contacts in sport and entertainment, greatly benefited BBC Radio 4 series such as Sport on Four (1987–1998), My Heroes (1987–90) and Down The River. In 1988 he was a subject of ITV's This Is Your Life. He contributed to numerous publications about rugby and lent his voice to many popular rugby videos. Among his books, he edited Rugby The Great Ones (1970), wrote perceptive short profiles to accompany John Ireland's illustrations for the anthology Rugby Characters (1990), and in 1996 produced his autobiography, Cliff Morgan: Beyond the Fields of Play (with Geoffrey Nicholson). Morgan survived a life-threatening stroke in 1972 at the age of 42. He had been commentating on a Rugby match for BFBS in Germany. He spent three weeks in RAF Hospital Wegberg and spoke very highly of his treatment there. He made a full recovery. In retirement, he was afflicted with cancer of the vocal cords and the removal of his larynx, resulting in limited ability to speak. Morgan died at his home in Bembridge, Isle of Wight, on 29 August 2013 at the age of 83. Awards When the International Rugby Hall of Fame was created in 1997, Morgan was among the inaugural inductees, alongside his Lions contemporary Tony O'Reilly and Welsh rugby legends Gareth Edwards, Barry John and JPR Williams. In 2009, he was inducted along with O'Reilly into the IRB Hall of Fame, an honour Edwards had received two years earlier. For his contributions to broadcasting, he was honoured with an OBE and a CVO. References ^ "Rugby Teams, Scores, Stats, News, Fixtures, Results, Tables – ESPN". ESPN. ^ Richard Williams (29 August 2013). "Cliff Morgan obituary". The Guardian. Retrieved 6 April 2023. ^ "Voices of Sport: Cliff Morgan – The BBC presenter who produced a magical piece of commentary for rugby's greatest ever try". uk.sports.yahoo.com. 23 February 2017. ^ "Profiles – Barbarian FC". barbarianfc.co.uk. ^ Cliff Morgan: The Autobiography – Beyond the Fields of Play ^ "Welsh rugby great Cliff Morgan dies at 83". walesonline.co.uk. 29 August 2013. Retrieved 29 August 2013. External links "Cliff Morgan". rugbyhalloffame.com. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 3 June 2007. "Barbarian Profiles". barbarianfc.co.uk. Retrieved 6 April 2010. Cliff Morgan at the World Rugby Hall of Fame vteBritish Lions – 1955 South Africa tourForwards Elliot Greenwood Higgins McLeod B. Meredith C. Meredith Michie Reid Robins Roe C. Thomas Thompson (c) R. Williams B. Williams Wilson Backs Baker Butterfield Cameron Davies Griffiths Jeeps Lloyd Morgan Morris O'Reilly Pedlow Quinn Smith Sykes A. Thomas J. Williams CoachManager: J. A. E. Siggins * Assistant Manager/Coach: D. E. Davies vteBarbarian team captains – international fixturesTo 1999 Apr 1915: Edgar Mobbs (vs. Wal) Jan 1948: Haydn Tanner (vs. Aus) Jan 1952: Jimmy Nelson (vs. SA) Feb 1954: Rex Willis (vs. NZ) Feb 1958: Cliff Morgan (vs. Aus) May 1958: Jim Greenwood (vs. East Africa) Feb 1961: Ronnie Dawson (vs. SA) Nov 1962: Ron Jacobs (vs. Can) Feb 1964: Ronnie Dawson (vs. NZ) Jan 1967: Noel Murphy (vs. Aus) Dec 1967: Stewart Wilson (vs. NZ) May 1969: John O'Shea (vs. Rhodesia) Jan 1970: Gareth Edwards (vs. SA) May 1970: John Spencer (vs. Sco XV) Oct 1970: Frank Laidlaw (vs. Fiji) Jan 1973: John Dawes (vs. NZ) Nov 1974: Willie John McBride (vs. NZ) Jan 1976: Mervyn Davies (vs. Aus) Jun 1976: Phil Bennett (vs. Can) Sep 1977: Gerald Davies (vs. Lions) Dec 1978: Derek Quinnell (vs. NZ) Jan 1982: Bill Beaumont (vs. Aus) cancelled Mar 1983: Fergus Slattery (vs. Sco XV) Dec 1984: Gareth Davies (vs. Aus) May 1985: Colin Deans (vs. Ita) Nov 1988: Phillip Matthews (vs. Aus) Nov 1989: David Sole (vs. NZ) Sep 1990: Nick Farr-Jones (vs. Eng) Oct 1990: Nick Farr-Jones (vs. Wales) Nov 1990: Robert Jones (vs. Arg) Sep 1991: Stuart Barnes (vs. Sco) Jun 1992: Andy Robinson (vs. Rus) Nov 1992: Will Carling (vs. Aus) Dec 1993: Scott Hastings (vs. NZ) Jun 1994: Neil Edwards (vs. Zim) Dec 1994: Robert Jones (vs. SA) May 1996: Phil de Glanville (vs. Ire) Aug 1996: Gavin Hastings (vs. Sco) Aug 1996: Arran Pene (vs. Wal) Dec 1996: Rob Andrew (vs. Aus) From 2000 May 2000: Ian Jones (vs. Ire) May 2000: Zinzan Brooke (vs. Sco) Aug 2000: Jeff Probyn (vs. Ger) Dec 2000: Lawrence Dallaglio (vs. SA) May 2001: Gary Teichmann (vs. Wal) May 2001: Tim Horan (vs. Sco) May 2001: Gary Teichmann (vs. Eng) Nov 2001: Rob Howley (vs. Aus) May 2002: Todd Blackadder (vs. Eng) May 2002: Pat Lam (vs. Wal) Jun 2002: Ian Jones (vs. Sco) May 2003: Taine Randell (vs. Eng) May 2003: Mick Galwey (vs. Sco) May 2003: Mark Connors (vs. Wal) May 2004: Taine Randell (vs. Sco) May 2004: Matt Burke (vs. Wal) May 2004: Anton Oliver (vs. Eng) Jun 2004: Rob Baxter (vs. Por) Dec 2004: Justin Marshall (vs. NZ) May 2005: David Humphreys (vs. Sco) May 2005: Corné Krige (vs. Eng) May 2006: Raphaël Ibañez (vs. Eng) May 2006: Will Greenwood (vs. Sco) Jun 2006: Bobby Skinstad (vs. Geo) May 2007: Hugh Vyvyan (vs. Tun) Jun 2007: Hugh Vyvyan (vs. Esp) Dec 2007: Mark Regan (vs. SA) May 2008: Mark Regan (vs. Bel) May 2008: Morgan Turinui (vs. Ire) Jun 2008: Mark Regan (vs. Eng) Dec 2008: John Smit (vs. Aus) May 2009: Martin Corry (vs. Eng) Jun 2009: Phil Waugh (vs. Aus) Dec 2009: Victor Matfield (vs. NZ) May 2010: Xavier Rush (vs. Eng) Jun 2010: Xavier Rush (vs. Ire) Dec 2010: Matt Giteau (vs. SA) May 2011: Sergio Parisse (vs. Eng) Jun 2011: Sergio Parisse (vs. Wal) Nov 2011: Victor Matfield (vs. Aus) May 2012: John Smit (vs. Eng) May 2012: Mick O'Driscoll (vs. Ire) Jun 2012: John Smit (vs. Wal) May 2013: Mike Tindall (vs. Eng) Jun 2013: Sergio Parisse (vs. Lions) Jun 2014: Juan Manuel Leguizamón (vs. Eng) Nov 2014: Alastair Kellock (vs. Aus) May 2015: Shane Jennings (vs. Ire) Jun 2015: Brad Thorn (vs Eng) Aug 2015: Bakkies Botha (vs Sam) Nov 2015: Victor Matfield (vs. Arg) Nov 2016: Andy Ellis (vs. SA) Nov 2016: Dan Tuohy (vs Cze) Nov 2016: Andy Ellis (vs Fij) May 2017: Thierry Dusautoir (vs. Eng) May 2018: Juan Martín Fernández Lobbe (vs. Eng) Jun 2019: James Horwill (vs. Eng) vteBritish & Irish Lions team captainsTo 1910 1888: Robert Seddon Note 1 1888: Andrew Stoddart Note 1 1891: Bill Maclagan 1896: Johnny Hammond 1899: Matthew Mullineux Note 2 1899: Frank Stout Note 2 1903: Mark Morrison 1904: David Bedell-SivrightNote 3 1904: Teddy MorganNote 3 1908: Boxer Harding 1910: John RaphaelNote 4 To present 1910: Tommy SmythNote 5 1910: Jack JonesNote 5 1910: Tommy SmythNote 5 1924: Ronald Cove-Smith 1927: David MacMyn 1930: Doug Prentice 1936: Bernard Gadney 1938: Sam Walker 1950: Karl Mullen 1950: Bleddyn WilliamsNote 6 1955: Robin Thompson 1955: Cliff MorganNote 7 1959: Ronnie Dawson 1962: Arthur Smith 1966: Mike Campbell-Lamerton 1966: David WatkinsNote 8 1968: Tom Kiernan 1971: John Dawes 1974: Willie John McBride 1977: Phil Bennett 1980: Bill Beaumont 1983: Ciaran Fitzgerald 1986: Colin Deans 1989: Finlay Calder 1993: Gavin Hastings 1997: Martin Johnson 2001: Martin Johnson 2005: Brian O'DriscollNote 9 2005: Michael OwenNote 9 2005: Gareth ThomasNote 9 2009: Paul O'Connell 2013: Sam Warburton 2013: Alun Wyn JonesNote 19 2017: Peter O'MahonyNote 11 2017: Sam Warburton 2021: Alun Wyn JonesNote 12 NotesNote 1: Robert Seddon died on tour after a boating accident. Andrew Stoddart became captain for the remainder of the tour. Note 2: Matthew Mullineux decided that after losing the first test that he should withdraw from further test matches, handing on field captaincy to Frank Stout, but remained tour captain. Note 3: David Bedell-Sivright was injured during the first test. Teddy Morgan took over captaincy on the field but Bedell-Sivright remained tour captain. Note 4: The team that John Raphael captained was not selected by the four Home Nations governing body, but had been organised by Oxford University and billed as the English Rugby Union team. However, it was considered the Combined British team by Argentina because it also included three Scots. Note 5: Jack Jones was captain for the first test, but Tommy Smyth remained the tour captain. Note 6: Bleddyn Williams captained in the third and fourth tests v New Zealand and the first test v Australia. Note 7: Cliff Morgan captained in the third test. Note 8: David Watkins captained in the second and foruth tests v New Zealand. Note 9: Michael Owen captained the Lions in the first tour game, the test vs. Argentina in Cardiff. Brian O'Driscoll was injured at the beginning of the first test against New Zealand. Gareth Thomas replaced him as tour captain. Note 10: Sam Warburton was injured in the second test. Alun Wyn Jones replaced him as captain for the third test. Note 11: Tour captain Sam Warburton was named on the bench for the first test. Peter O'Mahony was the captain on the field. Note 12: Tour captain Alun Wyn Jones left the squad for 17 days due to an injury in the first warm-up match, and was replaced by Conor Murray temporarily. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Spain Israel United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cliff Morgan (footballer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliff_Morgan_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"CVO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander_of_the_Royal_Victorian_Order"},{"link_name":"OBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Officer_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Welsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"rugby union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union"},{"link_name":"Cardiff RFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_RFC"},{"link_name":"caps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cap_(sport)"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"}],"text":"For the English footballer, see Cliff Morgan (footballer).Rugby playerClifford Isaac Morgan, CVO OBE (7 April 1930 – 29 August 2013)[2] was a Welsh rugby union player who played for Cardiff RFC and earned 29 caps for Wales between 1951 and 1958. After his playing career ended, Morgan made a successful career in broadcasting, both as a commentator and presenter and also as a programme-maker and BBC executive.","title":"Cliff Morgan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"Jack Kyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Kyle"},{"link_name":"Grand Slam-winning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Slam_(Rugby_Union)"},{"link_name":"1955 British Lions tour to South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1955_British_Lions_tour_to_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Jeff Butterfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Butterfield"},{"link_name":"Arthur Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Smith_(rugby_player)"},{"link_name":"Cecil Pedlow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Pedlow"},{"link_name":"Tony O'Reilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_O%27Reilly"},{"link_name":"Robin Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Thompson"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"RFUEA Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RFUEA_Ground"},{"link_name":"Nairobi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nairobi"},{"link_name":"East Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Africa_rugby_team"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Morgan, born in Trebanog in the Rhondda valley, was from a mining family and joined Cardiff Rugby Club straight from Tonyrefail Grammar School in 1949, playing at fly-half. Blessed with natural balance and strength, together with an astute line-kicking ability and searing acceleration, he quickly made an impact. He also played club rugby in Ireland for Bective Rangers in the 1955–56 season, with the club being dubbed the \"Morgan Rangers\" as a result.He won his first cap for Wales against Ireland in 1951, playing opposite his own hero Jack Kyle. He was part of the Grand Slam-winning Welsh side of 1952. The following year he inspired both Cardiff and Wales to historic victories over the touring All Blacks. In 1956, following his success on the 1955 British Lions tour to South Africa, he was made captain of Wales. During that tour, in which the Test series was drawn 2–2, Morgan distinguished himself for his marshalling of a talented Lions backline that included Jeff Butterfield and Arthur Smith in the centre, with Cecil Pedlow and Tony O'Reilly on the wings. Morgan's try in the first Test at Ellis Park, in front of a then world-record crowd of 100,000, helped secure a sensational 23–22 victory at the end of a match that some still consider the most exciting ever played.The Springboks levelled the series in the second Test. Then, with Lions skipper Robin Thompson injured ahead of the third Test in Pretoria, Morgan was made captain and duly inspired his team and controlled the game to ensure a 9–6 win that meant the series could not be lost. The South African newspapers dubbed him \"Morgan the Magnificent\"[3] and the level to which his influence was thought key was reflected in the frenzy of coverage his injured ankle received as the fourth Test came around. Although he played, he was not fully fit and the Lions could not prevent the Springboks squaring the series. But his reputation was already made and the memory of that tour – still known in South Africa as \"the Cliff Morgan tour\" – proved long-lived. His last game of first-class rugby was for the Barbarians on 28 May 1958 at the RFUEA Ground, Nairobi, versus East Africa.[4]","title":"Rugby career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"that try","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_greatest_try_ever_scored"},{"link_name":"Henry Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Cooper_(boxer)"},{"link_name":"A Question of Sport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Question_of_Sport"},{"link_name":"Outside Broadcasts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outside_broadcasting"},{"link_name":"funeral of Mountbatten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funeral_of_Louis_Mountbatten,_1st_Earl_Mountbatten_of_Burma"},{"link_name":"wedding of Charles and Diana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wedding_of_Charles_and_Diana"},{"link_name":"Sport on Four","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_on_Four"},{"link_name":"BFBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BFBS"},{"link_name":"RAF Hospital Wegberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Hospital_Wegberg"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Following his retirement from the game in 1958 he found a new career in broadcasting. Although he will forever be remembered for his celebrated commentary on the 1973 Barbarians rugby match against the touring All Blacks at Cardiff (particularly the commentary of \"that try, that golden try\") his broadcasting career was far more wide-ranging and influential than that single event would suggest. During his playing days he had already been spotted by the BBC in Wales as a natural talker and communicator, and in 1960, at the invitation of the BBC's Head of Welsh Programmes, Hywel Davies, he joined BBC Wales as Sports Organiser in Cardiff. His exceptional ability as a programme-maker and story-teller briefly took him outside the familiar world of BBC Sport in the mid-1960s, when he spent two years as editor of ITV's current affairs programme This Week. Returning to the BBC he then produced and edited established TV sports programmes such as Grandstand and Sportsnight With Coleman, and, from 1970, was himself one of the original team captains (opposite Henry Cooper) on the long-running TV quiz A Question of Sport. In radio he found a natural outlet for his love of music, presenting for a time the BBC Radio 2 series These You Have Loved. He also presented 'Singing Together' a radio for schools programme.Off-air, his enduring influence in the world of sport and beyond helped him rise to join the ranks of leading BBC executives. In 1974 he became Head of BBC Radio Sport and Outside Broadcasts, and from 1976 to 1987 he was Head of BBC Television Sport and Outside Broadcasts, supervising coverage of major events including football World Cups, Commonwealth and Olympic Games, Royal weddings and other national ceremonial occasions, notably the funeral of Mountbatten in 1979 and the wedding of Charles and Diana in 1981.After his retirement from his executive post in BBC Television in 1987 he returned to radio, where his warm, mellifluous voice, together with his natural conversational style and his wide range of contacts in sport and entertainment, greatly benefited BBC Radio 4 series such as Sport on Four (1987–1998), My Heroes (1987–90) and Down The River. In 1988 he was a subject of ITV's This Is Your Life. He contributed to numerous publications about rugby and lent his voice to many popular rugby videos. Among his books, he edited Rugby The Great Ones (1970), wrote perceptive short profiles to accompany John Ireland's illustrations for the anthology Rugby Characters (1990), and in 1996 produced his autobiography, Cliff Morgan: Beyond the Fields of Play (with Geoffrey Nicholson).Morgan survived a life-threatening stroke in 1972 at the age of 42. He had been commentating on a Rugby match for BFBS in Germany. He spent three weeks in RAF Hospital Wegberg and spoke very highly of his treatment there.[5] He made a full recovery. In retirement, he was afflicted with cancer of the vocal cords and the removal of his larynx, resulting in limited ability to speak. Morgan died at his home in Bembridge, Isle of Wight, on 29 August 2013 at the age of 83.[6]","title":"Broadcasting and television career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"International Rugby Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Rugby_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Tony O'Reilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_O%27Reilly"},{"link_name":"Gareth Edwards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gareth_Edwards"},{"link_name":"Barry John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_John"},{"link_name":"JPR Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPR_Williams"},{"link_name":"IRB Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRB_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"OBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OBE"},{"link_name":"CVO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander_of_the_Royal_Victorian_Order"}],"text":"When the International Rugby Hall of Fame was created in 1997, Morgan was among the inaugural inductees, alongside his Lions contemporary Tony O'Reilly and Welsh rugby legends Gareth Edwards, Barry John and JPR Williams. In 2009, he was inducted along with O'Reilly into the IRB Hall of Fame, an honour Edwards had received two years earlier.For his contributions to broadcasting, he was honoured with an OBE and a CVO.","title":"Awards"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Rugby Teams, Scores, Stats, News, Fixtures, Results, Tables – ESPN\". ESPN.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espn.co.uk/rugby/","url_text":"\"Rugby Teams, Scores, Stats, News, Fixtures, Results, Tables – ESPN\""}]},{"reference":"Richard Williams (29 August 2013). \"Cliff Morgan obituary\". The Guardian. Retrieved 6 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2013/aug/29/cliff-morgan","url_text":"\"Cliff Morgan obituary\""}]},{"reference":"\"Voices of Sport: Cliff Morgan – The BBC presenter who produced a magical piece of commentary for rugby's greatest ever try\". uk.sports.yahoo.com. 23 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://uk.sports.yahoo.com/news/voices-of-sport-cliff-morgan-the-bbc-presenter-who-produced-a-magical-piece-of-commentary-for-rugbys-greatest-ever-try-230211330.html","url_text":"\"Voices of Sport: Cliff Morgan – The BBC presenter who produced a magical piece of commentary for rugby's greatest ever try\""}]},{"reference":"\"Profiles – Barbarian FC\". barbarianfc.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.barbarianfc.co.uk/roll-of-honour/profiles/&includeref=dynamic","url_text":"\"Profiles – Barbarian FC\""}]},{"reference":"\"Welsh rugby great Cliff Morgan dies at 83\". walesonline.co.uk. 29 August 2013. Retrieved 29 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.walesonline.co.uk/sport/rugby/rugby-news/welsh-rugby-great-cliff-morgan-5801325","url_text":"\"Welsh rugby great Cliff Morgan dies at 83\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cliff Morgan\". rugbyhalloffame.com. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 3 June 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070929092305/http://www.rugbyhalloffame.com/pages/morgan1997.htm","url_text":"\"Cliff Morgan\""},{"url":"http://www.rugbyhalloffame.com/pages/morgan1997.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Barbarian Profiles\". barbarianfc.co.uk. Retrieved 6 April 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.barbarianfc.co.uk/roll-of-honour/profiles/","url_text":"\"Barbarian Profiles\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mushahada
Mushahada
["1 References"]
Concept in Sufism Mushahada or Mushahida (contemplation, witnessing), derived from shuhud to witness, is a concept in Sufism. It is the vision 'of' or 'by' God so that the seeker of God may acquire yaqeen which can neither be inherited nor can it be gained through the intellect. The life of a Sufi or a seeker of God is meaningless without Mushahada because his goal is to remain ever-present in the vision of God. The inverse of Mushahada is Hijab i.e. when the Divine Face is veiled which is considered a punishment for a Sufi. "Divine Love leads to Mushahida (the observation of Divinity) and possesses the Essence of the true mystic knowledge but the intellect has superficial knowledge only". Mushahida is the vision of Allah's blessings, it's hidden knowledge which takes over the seekers of Allah through the spiritual beneficence of their Murshid. In such a state, all they see through their spiritual eye or 'sight' is nothing save Allah. All perception appears to be Allah. According to a tradition related to the famous mystic Bayazid Bastami, he was asked about his age. He replied, “Four years.” He was asked for an explanation due to his answer to which he replied, “I have been veiled from God by this world for seventy years, but I have seen Him during the last four years; the period in which one is veiled does not belong to one’s life.” "When the views, the viewed and the process of viewing-all are one, I wonder who is observing who is this observation." References ^ Gardet, L. Encyclopedia of Islam, Second Edition. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) ^ Ansari, Ali (30 July 2015). Sufism and Beyond: Sufi Thought in the Light of Late 20th Century Science. Mapin Publishing PVT LTD. ISBN 9788185822723. ^ "Mushahadah, Encyclopædia Britannica". britannica.com. ^ Chaturvedi, B.K. (30 July 2015). "Agni Purana". Ghalib's Poetry on Mushahida (Witnessing). ISBN 9788128801457. This Sufism-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sufism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufism"},{"link_name":"yaqeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaqeen"},{"link_name":"Sufi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufi"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Divine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divinity"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Murshid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murshid"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Bayazid Bastami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayazid_Bastami"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"}],"text":"Mushahada or Mushahida (contemplation, witnessing), derived from shuhud to witness, is a concept in Sufism. It is the vision 'of' or 'by' God so that the seeker of God may acquire yaqeen which can neither be inherited nor can it be gained through the intellect. The life of a Sufi or a seeker of God is meaningless without Mushahada because his goal is to remain ever-present in the vision of God.[1] The inverse of Mushahada is Hijab i.e. when the Divine Face is veiled which is considered a punishment for a Sufi. \"Divine Love leads to Mushahida (the observation of Divinity) and possesses the Essence of the true mystic knowledge but the intellect has superficial knowledge only\".[citation needed]Mushahida is the vision of Allah's blessings, it's hidden knowledge which takes over the seekers of Allah through the spiritual beneficence of their Murshid. In such a state, all they see through their spiritual eye or 'sight' is nothing save Allah. All perception appears to be Allah.[2]According to a tradition related to the famous mystic Bayazid Bastami, he was asked about his age. He replied, “Four years.” He was asked for an explanation due to his answer to which he replied, “I have been veiled from God by this world for seventy years, but I have seen Him during the last four years; the period in which one is veiled does not belong to one’s life.”[3] \"When the views, the viewed and the process of viewing-all are one, I wonder who is observing who is this observation.\"[4][clarification needed]","title":"Mushahada"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jing_Mountains
Jing Mountains
["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]
Coordinates: 31°28′N 111°29′E / 31.467°N 111.483°E / 31.467; 111.483Mountain range in Hubei, China Jingshan荆山Jingshan荆山 Highest pointPeakJulong (聚龙山)Elevation1,852 m (6,076 ft)GeographyCountryChinaProvinceHubeiRange coordinates31°28′N 111°29′E / 31.467°N 111.483°E / 31.467; 111.483 The Jingshan or Jing Mountains (Chinese: 荆山) are a chain of mountains in the western part of Nanzhang County, Hubei Province, People’s Republic of China. Stretching for around 150 kilometers, their peaks range in height from 1200 to about 1800 meters above sea level with the highest peak, Mount Julong (聚龙山), reaching an elevation of 1852 meters. The Jingshan Mountains can be thought of as the easternmost extension of the Daba Mountains, separating the basin of the Han River (a tributary of the Yangtze) in the north from the rest of the Yangtze basin (in the south). The River Ju (沮河) and River Zhang (漳河), both tributaries of the Yangtze River as well as the Han River tributary the River Man (蛮河) have their source in the Jingshan Mountains. In ancient times, the Jingshan Mountains were at the heart of the Zhou Dynasty (1046-256 BCE) vassal State of Chu. See also Shennongjia Massif - to the west Wudang Mountains - to the northwest References ^ "Location map of the Jingshan Mountains". Archived from the original on July 7, 2011. Retrieved September 30, 2010. ^ Sima Qian, Records of the Grand Historian External links vteHubei topicsWuhan (capital)General History Politics Economy Geography Cities Wudang Mountains Jingshan Mountains Daba Mountains Shennongjia Wu Mountains Dabie Mountains Mufu Mountains Yangtze River Han River Three Gorges Education Wuhan University Ω Huazhong University of Science and Technology Ω Wuhan University of Technology Ω China University of Geosciences Ω Central China Agricultural University Ω Central China Normal University Ω Zhongnan University of Economics and Law Ω South-Central University for Nationalities Culture Chu Culture Han opera Nine-headed Bird Cuisine Wuhan duck Soup dumpling Re gan mian Visitor attractions Jingzhou Xianling Tomb (in Zhongxiang) Three Gorges Yellow Crane Tower Hubei Provincial Museum Underground Project 131 Category Commons vteMountain ranges of ChinaGeography of ChinaNorthwestern Altai Mountains Dzungarian Alatau Tian Shan Borohoro Mountains Tarbagatai Mountains Kunlun Mountains Altyn-Tagh Qilian Mountains Helan Mountains Liupan Mountains Qinghai-Tibetand Southwestern Himalayas Transhimalaya Pamir Mountains Karakoram Argu Tagh Yengisogat Kunlun Mountains Hoh Xil Bayan Har Mountains Amne Machin Tanggula Mountains Nyenchen Tanglha Mountains Hengduan Mountains Gaoligong Mountains Yunling Mountains Ailao Mountains Qionglai Mountains Daxue Mountains Min Mountains Northeast Greater Khingan Lesser Khingan Changbai Mountains Wanda Mountains Qian Mountains North and East Yin Mountains Lang Mountains Lüliang Mountains Taihang Mountains Zhongtiao Mountains Mount Tai Tianmu Mountain Yandang Mountains Wuyi Mountains Central Qinling Daba Mountains Dabie Mountains Wudang Mountains Jingshan Mountains Luoxiao Mountains Jiuling Mountains Mufu Mountains Wugong Mountains Huangshan Wuling Mountains Xuefeng Mountains South Cang Mountain Daliang Mountains Dalou Mountains Nanling Mountains Jiuyi Mountains Yuecheng Mountains Longmen Mountains Western Mountains Landforms of China This Hubei location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
[{"title":"Shennongjia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shennongjia"},{"title":"Wudang Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wudang_Mountains"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londonderry_Borough_Police
Londonderry Borough Police
["1 History","2 Disbanding","3 References"]
Law enforcement agency Londonderry Borough PoliceCommon nameHorney DicksAbbreviationLBPAgency overviewFormed1848Preceding agencyLondonderry Corporation Policing CommitteeDissolved1870Superseding agencyRoyal Irish ConstabularyEmployees38Legal personalityGovernmental: Government-owned corporationJurisdictional structureOperations jurisdictionLondonderry, UKLegal jurisdictionBorough of LondonderryPrimary governing bodyBritish governmentSecondary governing bodyLondonderry CorporationConstituting instrumentLondonderry Improvement Act 1848General natureLocal civilian police The Londonderry Borough Police was the police force in the city of Derry, County Londonderry, Ireland, from 1848 to 1870, nicknamed the Horney Dicks after the bones used in their helmets. They replaced the earlier town watch and were in turn replaced by the Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC). The police force was established by the Londonderry Improvement Act 1848 and were governed by the Londonderry Corporation. Its abolition was recommended by a royal commission of inquiry into sectarian riots in the city in 1869. The commission felt the force, having the form of a town watch, was inadequate to policing serious crime; it also noted, but did not endorse, allegations that the police discriminated against Roman Catholics. History Historically, policing in Ireland had been carried out by a town watch. By the 1830s in County Londonderry, the watch was posted so irregularly that citizens resorted to manning the watch themselves or hiring their own night watchmen. In 1832, the Londonderry Corporation created a Policing Committee of thirteen constables, but this was later deemed inadequate as the city expanded beyond the Committee's capacity. In 1848, the Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland passed a private bill, the Londonderry Improvement Act 1848, which granted the Londonderry Corporation the power to raise its own police force. This initially consisted of one Inspector, one chief constable, one Corporal and thirteen constables. Gradually policing in Ireland was centralised under the Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC) except for the Londonderry Borough Police, Belfast Borough Police and the Dublin Metropolitan Police (DMP), which each retained their independence due to their statutory status. Disbanding On 28 April 1869, The Prince Arthur (later created Duke of Connaught and Strathearn) visited Derry, where a Catholic reportedly waved a flag bearing a harp with no crown and shouted for an "Irish Republic". Members of the Protestant Apprentice Boys of Derry were angered by this, considering it a deliberate insult to the monarchy. In a sectarian riot that evening, three of the Apprentice Boys were shot dead by Londonderry Borough Police constables. A subsequent Commission of Inquiry ordered by the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland found that the Londonderry Borough Police were inadequate to their task: it had only 38 officers and, being majority-Protestant, was distrusted by Catholics. The inquiry made the recommendation to "substitute it for a more efficient force". In 1870, the Constabulary (Ireland) Amendment Act 1870 was passed which abolished the Londonderry Borough Police and passed the responsibility of policing in the borough to the Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC). The area previously policed by the Londonderry Borough Police would become a separate police district of the RIC and provided that there would be 45 police constables in addition to the 38 from the Londonderry Borough Police. Following the passage of the act, the Londonderry Corporation lost its power to appoint constables but was still responsible for paying for the former Londonderry Borough Police officers' pensions. The Corporation requested that the RIC honour the service of the former Londonderry Borough Police constables who were transferred, but this was refused, with the RIC stating they were going to hire 50% Protestant and 50% Catholic for the district. In response, the Londonderry Corporation refused to help fund a female searcher or hand over the former police force's records, citing the 1870 act stating they were not obliged "to make any payments for Constabulary purposes other than the moiety of the Constables pay to be charged as mentioned in the statute". References ^ a b c Kilcommins, Shane (2004). Crime, Punishment and the Search for Order in Ireland. Institute of Public Administration. p. 14. ISBN 1904541135. ^ a b c d Royal Commission of Inquiry into Riots and Disturbances in City of Londonderry. Report. Command papers. Vol. 32 244 5. pp. 7–13. Archived from the original on 13 January 2017. Retrieved 20 May 2015. ^ a b Hume, John (2002). Derry Beyond the Walls: Social and Economic Aspects of the Growth of Derry : 1825-1850. Ulster Historical Foundation. p. 65. ISBN 1903688248. ^ Maltby, Arthur (2013). Ireland in the Nineteenth Century: A Breviate of Official Publications. Elsevier. p. 244. ISBN 978-1483145525. ^ Radford, Mark (2009). "The Bang Beggars of Derry city: borough policing in Londonderry, c. 1832–70". Irish Studies Review. 17 (3): 347–359. doi:10.1080/09670880903115546. ISSN 0967-0882. S2CID 143624595. ^ a b "Constabulary (Ireland) Amendment Act, 1870". 33 & 34 Victoria: Second session of Twentieth Parliament. The Public General Acts. London: Eyre & Spottiswoode. 1870. p. 370–372. Retrieved 21 May 2015. ^ a b c "Corporation Minute Book, Volume 17" (PDF). Londonderry Corporation. 1870. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 January 2017. Retrieved 12 January 2017 – via Nidirect. vteLaw enforcement in IrelandRepublic of Ireland Garda Síochána (Reserve) Military Police Corps Airport Police Dublin Harbour Police Dún Laoghaire Harbour Police Revenue Commissioners Criminal Assets Bureau Office of the Director of Corporate Enforcement Director of Public Prosecutions Ireland portalNorthern Ireland portalNorthern Ireland Belfast Harbour Police Belfast International Airport Constabulary Larne Harbour Police Ministry of Defence Police Northern Ireland Security Guard Service Police Service of Northern Ireland Royal Military Police Defunct Belfast Borough Police Dublin Metropolitan Police Londonderry Borough Police Irish Republican Police Royal Irish Constabulary Royal Ulster Constabulary Criminal Investigation Department Ulster Special Constabulary
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"police force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_force"},{"link_name":"Derry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derry"},{"link_name":"County Londonderry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Londonderry"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crim-1"},{"link_name":"town watch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_guard"},{"link_name":"Royal Irish Constabulary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Irish_Constabulary"},{"link_name":"Londonderry Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londonderry_Corporation"},{"link_name":"royal commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_commission"},{"link_name":"sectarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sectarian"},{"link_name":"town watch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_watch"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rc-2"}],"text":"Law enforcement agencyThe Londonderry Borough Police was the police force in the city of Derry, County Londonderry, Ireland, from 1848 to 1870, nicknamed the Horney Dicks after the bones used in their helmets.[1] They replaced the earlier town watch and were in turn replaced by the Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC). The police force was established by the Londonderry Improvement Act 1848 and were governed by the Londonderry Corporation. Its abolition was recommended by a royal commission of inquiry into sectarian riots in the city in 1869. The commission felt the force, having the form of a town watch, was inadequate to policing serious crime; it also noted, but did not endorse, allegations that the police discriminated against Roman Catholics.[2]","title":"Londonderry Borough Police"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Londonderry Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derry_City_Council"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wall-3"},{"link_name":"Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"private bill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_bill"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rc-2"},{"link_name":"Inspector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inspector"},{"link_name":"chief constable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_constable"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wall-3"},{"link_name":"Belfast Borough Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast_Borough_Police"},{"link_name":"Dublin Metropolitan Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin_Metropolitan_Police"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crim-1"}],"text":"Historically, policing in Ireland had been carried out by a town watch. By the 1830s in County Londonderry, the watch was posted so irregularly that citizens resorted to manning the watch themselves or hiring their own night watchmen. In 1832, the Londonderry Corporation created a Policing Committee of thirteen constables, but this was later deemed inadequate as the city expanded beyond the Committee's capacity.[3] In 1848, the Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland passed a private bill, the Londonderry Improvement Act 1848, which granted the Londonderry Corporation the power to raise its own police force.[2] This initially consisted of one Inspector, one chief constable, one Corporal and thirteen constables.[3] Gradually policing in Ireland was centralised under the Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC) except for the Londonderry Borough Police, Belfast Borough Police and the Dublin Metropolitan Police (DMP), which each retained their independence due to their statutory status.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Prince Arthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Arthur,_Duke_of_Connaught_and_Strathearn"},{"link_name":"Duke of Connaught and Strathearn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Connaught_and_Strathearn"},{"link_name":"Derry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derry"},{"link_name":"Irish Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Irishmen"},{"link_name":"Apprentice Boys of Derry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apprentice_Boys_of_Derry"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rc-2"},{"link_name":"sectarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sectarian"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crim-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Lord Lieutenant of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rc-2"},{"link_name":"Constabulary (Ireland) Amendment Act 1870","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constabulary_(Ireland)_Amendment_Act_1870&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cia-6"},{"link_name":"police district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_district"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cia-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nid-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nid-7"},{"link_name":"female searcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_woman"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nid-7"}],"text":"On 28 April 1869, The Prince Arthur (later created Duke of Connaught and Strathearn) visited Derry, where a Catholic reportedly waved a flag bearing a harp with no crown and shouted for an \"Irish Republic\". Members of the Protestant Apprentice Boys of Derry were angered by this, considering it a deliberate insult to the monarchy.[2] In a sectarian riot that evening, three of the Apprentice Boys were shot dead by Londonderry Borough Police constables.[1][4] A subsequent Commission of Inquiry ordered by the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland found that the Londonderry Borough Police were inadequate to their task:[5] it had only 38 officers and, being majority-Protestant, was distrusted by Catholics. The inquiry made the recommendation to \"substitute it for a more efficient force\".[2]In 1870, the Constabulary (Ireland) Amendment Act 1870 was passed which abolished the Londonderry Borough Police and passed the responsibility of policing in the borough to the Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC).[6] The area previously policed by the Londonderry Borough Police would become a separate police district of the RIC and provided that there would be 45 police constables in addition to the 38 from the Londonderry Borough Police.[6] Following the passage of the act, the Londonderry Corporation lost its power to appoint constables but was still responsible for paying for the former Londonderry Borough Police officers' pensions.[7] The Corporation requested that the RIC honour the service of the former Londonderry Borough Police constables who were transferred, but this was refused, with the RIC stating they were going to hire 50% Protestant and 50% Catholic for the district.[7] In response, the Londonderry Corporation refused to help fund a female searcher or hand over the former police force's records, citing the 1870 act stating they were not obliged \"to make any payments for Constabulary purposes other than the moiety of the Constables pay to be charged as mentioned in the statute\".[7]","title":"Disbanding"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Kilcommins, Shane (2004). Crime, Punishment and the Search for Order in Ireland. Institute of Public Administration. p. 14. ISBN 1904541135.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1904541135","url_text":"1904541135"}]},{"reference":"Royal Commission of Inquiry into Riots and Disturbances in City of Londonderry. Report. Command papers. Vol. 32 244 5. pp. 7–13. Archived from the original on 13 January 2017. Retrieved 20 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dippam.ac.uk/eppi/documents/15453/page/187819","url_text":"Report"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_paper","url_text":"Command papers"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170113154404/http://www.dippam.ac.uk/eppi/documents/15453/page/187819","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hume, John (2002). Derry Beyond the Walls: Social and Economic Aspects of the Growth of Derry : 1825-1850. Ulster Historical Foundation. p. 65. ISBN 1903688248.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1903688248","url_text":"1903688248"}]},{"reference":"Maltby, Arthur (2013). Ireland in the Nineteenth Century: A Breviate of Official Publications. Elsevier. p. 244. ISBN 978-1483145525.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1483145525","url_text":"978-1483145525"}]},{"reference":"Radford, Mark (2009). \"The Bang Beggars of Derry city: borough policing in Londonderry, c. 1832–70\". Irish Studies Review. 17 (3): 347–359. doi:10.1080/09670880903115546. ISSN 0967-0882. S2CID 143624595.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09670880903115546","url_text":"10.1080/09670880903115546"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0967-0882","url_text":"0967-0882"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143624595","url_text":"143624595"}]},{"reference":"\"Constabulary (Ireland) Amendment Act, 1870\". 33 & 34 Victoria: Second session of Twentieth Parliament. The Public General Acts. London: Eyre & Spottiswoode. 1870. p. 370–372. Retrieved 21 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Cl5MAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA1-PA370","url_text":"\"Constabulary (Ireland) Amendment Act, 1870\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyre_%26_Spottiswoode","url_text":"Eyre & Spottiswoode"}]},{"reference":"\"Corporation Minute Book, Volume 17\" (PDF). Londonderry Corporation. 1870. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 January 2017. Retrieved 12 January 2017 – via Nidirect.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nidirect.gov.uk/sites/default/files/publications/corporation-minute-book-volume-17-pages-277-to-316-14may1870-1nov1870.pdf","url_text":"\"Corporation Minute Book, Volume 17\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170113165820/https://www.nidirect.gov.uk/sites/default/files/publications/corporation-minute-book-volume-17-pages-277-to-316-14may1870-1nov1870.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.dippam.ac.uk/eppi/documents/15453/page/187819","external_links_name":"Report"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170113154404/http://www.dippam.ac.uk/eppi/documents/15453/page/187819","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09670880903115546","external_links_name":"10.1080/09670880903115546"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0967-0882","external_links_name":"0967-0882"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143624595","external_links_name":"143624595"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Cl5MAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA1-PA370","external_links_name":"\"Constabulary (Ireland) Amendment Act, 1870\""},{"Link":"https://www.nidirect.gov.uk/sites/default/files/publications/corporation-minute-book-volume-17-pages-277-to-316-14may1870-1nov1870.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Corporation Minute Book, Volume 17\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170113165820/https://www.nidirect.gov.uk/sites/default/files/publications/corporation-minute-book-volume-17-pages-277-to-316-14may1870-1nov1870.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baeksang_Art_Awards
Baeksang Arts Awards
["1 Current awards","1.1 Film","1.2 Television","1.3 Theatre","1.4 Other","2 Retired awards","3 Special awards","4 See also","5 References","6 Sources","7 External links"]
South Korean film, television and theatre awards Baeksang Arts AwardsHangul백상예술대상Hanja百想藝術大賞Revised RomanizationBaeksang Yesul DaesangMcCune–ReischauerPaeksang Yesul Yaesang The Baeksang Arts Award statuette (since 2019)Awarded forExcellence in film, television and theatreCountrySouth KoreaPresented by Ilgan Sports (until 2021) JoongAng Group (from 2022) First awardedJanuary 18, 1965; 59 years ago (1965-01-18)Websitewww.baeksangawards.co.kr Most recent Baeksang Arts Award winners ← 2023 2024 2025 → Award Grand Prize (Film) Grand Prize (Television) Winner Kim Sung-su(12.12: The Day) Moving   Award Best Actor (Film) Best Actor (Television) Winner Hwang Jung-min(12.12: The Day) Namkoong Min(My Dearest)   Award Best Actress (Film) Best Actress (Television) Winner Kim Go-eun(Exhuma) Lee Hanee(Knight Flower) The Baeksang Arts Awards (Korean: 백상예술대상; RR: Baeksang Yesul Daesang), also known as the Paeksang Arts Awards, are awards for excellence in film, television and theatre in South Korea. The awards were introduced in 1965 by Chang Key-young, the founder of the newspaper Hankook Ilbo, whose art name was "Baeksang". It was established for the development of Korean popular culture and art and for enhancing the morale of artists. They are regarded as one of the most prestigious entertainment awards in South Korea. Baeksang Arts Awards are annually presented at a ceremony organised by JoongAng Group in the second quarter of each year. Until 2021, it was organised by Ilgan Sports before its acquisition by eDaily , a subsidiary of KG Group. It is the only comprehensive awards ceremony in the country, recognising excellence in film, television and theatre. Current awards Film Grand Prize Best Film Best Director Best New Director Best Screenplay Best Technical Achievement Best Actor Best Actress Best Supporting Actor Best Supporting Actress Best New Actor Best New Actress Television Grand Prize Best Drama Best Entertainment Program Best Educational Show Best Director Best Screenplay Best Technical Achievement Best Actor Best Actress Best Supporting Actor Best Supporting Actress Best New Actor Best New Actress Best Male Variety Performer Best Female Variety Performer Theatre Best Play Best Short Play Best Actor Best Actress Other Most Popular Actor Most Popular Actress Retired awards Best Original Soundtrack: 2014 Best New Director – Television: 1988 to 2011 Best New Variety Performer Most Popular Variety Performer Special awards InStyle Fashion Award # Year Recipient 46 2010 Son Ye-jin 47 2011 Lee Min-jung 50 2014 Jun Ji-hyun Kim Hee-ae Im Si-wan 51 2015 Lee Jung-jae Shin Min-a 52 2016 Park Bo-gum Bae Suzy 53 2017 Kim Ha-neul iQIYI Global Star Award # Year Recipient 51 2015 Lee Min-ho Park Shin-hye 52 2016 Song Joong-ki Song Hye-kyo Bazaar Icon Award # Year Recipient 54 2018 Nana 55 2019 Kim Hye-soo 56 2020 Seo Ji-hye Social Contribution Award # Year Recipient 49 2013 Ahn Sung-ki Lifetime Achievement Award # Year Recipient 34 1998 Jeon Taek-yi 39 2003 Lee Tae-won 44 2008 Song Hae 45 2009 Lee Soon-jae 46 2010 Bae Sam-ryong  47 2011 Shin Seong-il 53 2017 Kim Young-ae See also List of Asian television awards References ^ Dong, Sun-hwa (May 1, 2020). "Baeksang Arts Awards to take place without audience". The Korea Times. Archived from the original on March 1, 2021. Retrieved May 8, 2020. ^ Paquet, Darcy. "Film Awards Ceremonies in Korea". Koreanfilm.org. Archived from the original on January 16, 2021. Retrieved August 16, 2012. ^ "Kim Soo Hyun wins three awards, Gianna Jun gets top nod at Korean film and TV awards". The Straits Times. May 28, 2014. Archived from the original on January 18, 2021. Retrieved February 5, 2021. ^ "Baeksang Arts Awards: About" (in Korean). Archived from the original on August 12, 2011. Retrieved November 7, 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) ^ a b Kim, Yeon-ji; Kim, Jin-Seok (May 9, 2016). "Top stars in line for acting awards". Korea JoongAng Daily. Archived from the original on February 8, 2021. Retrieved February 5, 2021. ^ a b Lee, Gyu-lee (April 5, 2021). "Baeksang Arts Awards for film, television and theater to be held May 13". The Korea Times. Archived from the original on April 5, 2021. Retrieved April 24, 2021. ^ "중앙일보S 매체 인수 설명회에 회장 직접 참석한 KG그룹" personally attends JoongAng Ilbo S Media Acquisition Briefing Session]. Media Today via Naver (in Korean). April 8, 2022. Retrieved May 4, 2024. ^ Kil, Sonia (May 3, 2017). "Top Filmmakers Share Prizes at Korea's Baeksang Awards". Variety. Archived from the original on September 15, 2020. Retrieved February 5, 2021. ^ Hicap, Jonathan M. (April 30, 2014). "Nominees in 50th Baeksang Art Awards revealed". Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on May 4, 2014. Retrieved April 24, 2021. Sources "Baeksang Arts Awards Nominees and Winners Lists". Naver Movie (in Korean). Retrieved April 23, 2021. "Baeksang Arts Awards Winners Lists". Baeksang Arts Awards (in Korean). Retrieved April 23, 2021. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Baeksang Arts Awards. Official website (in Korean) Baeksang Arts Awards at IMDb vteBaeksang Arts AwardsAwards (Film) Grand Prize Best Film Best Director Best New Director Best Screenplay Best Actor Best Actress Best Supporting Actor Best Supporting Actress Best New Actor Best New Actress Awards (Television) Grand Prize Best Drama Best Director Best Screenplay Best Actor Best Actress Best Supporting Actor Best Supporting Actress Best New Actor Best New Actress Best Entertainment Program Best Educational Show Best Male Variety Performer Best Female Variety Performer Other awards Most Popular Actor Most Popular Actress Ceremonies 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 vteJTBC entertainment showsAiring Knowing Bros My Sibling's Romance Ended Peak Time Music Universe K-909 Music on Top Shinhwa Broadcasting Hidden Singer Battle of Tongues Witch Hunt With You Crime Scene Non-Summit Welcome Back to School 100 People, 100 Songs Please Take Care of My Refrigerator Dating Alone Where Is My Friend's Home My House Two Yoo Project Sugar Man Code: Secret Room Cook Representative Tribe of Hip Hop Half-Moon Friends Hitmaker Girl Spirit We Will Eat Well Hello I.B.I Let's Eat Dinner Together Phantom Singer Carefree Travellers Begin Again Hyori's Homestay Night Goblin Mix Nine Perfect on Paper Blackpink House Idol Room Cool Kids Traveler Superband The Night of Hate Comments Five Cranky Brothers Love of 7.7 Billion Travelling Market Don't be the First One! Gamsung Camping Long Live Independence Sea of Hope Petkage Sing Again Hot Singers The Second World Street Alcohol Fighter Special Baeksang Arts Awards Golden Disc Awards   Category vteSouth Korean television award showsMajor Asia Artist Awards Asia Contents Awards & Global OTT Awards APAN Star Awards Baeksang Arts Awards Blue Dragon Series Awards Grimae Awards Korea Drama Awards Mnet 20's Choice Awards Seoul International Drama Awards The Seoul Awards Network KBS Drama Awards KBS Entertainment Awards MBC Drama Awards MBC Entertainment Awards SBS Drama Awards SBS Entertainment Awards TvN10 Awards vteSouth Korean film award showsMajor Baeksang Arts Awards Blue Dragon Film Awards Buil Film Awards Busan Film Critics Awards Chunsa Film Art Awards Director's Cut Awards Grand Bell Awards Korean Association of Film Critics Awards Korean Film Awards Wildflower Film Awards Others Mnet 20's Choice Awards The Seoul Awards Portals: South Korea Film
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_language"},{"link_name":"RR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Hankook Ilbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hankook_Ilbo"},{"link_name":"art name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_name"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-6"},{"link_name":"JoongAng Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JoongAng_Ilbo"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"Ilgan 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artists.[4] They are regarded as one of the most prestigious entertainment awards in South Korea.[5][6]Baeksang Arts Awards are annually presented at a ceremony organised by JoongAng Group in the second quarter of each year.[5] Until 2021, it was organised by Ilgan Sports before its acquisition by eDaily [ko], a subsidiary of KG Group.[7] It is the only comprehensive awards ceremony in the country, recognising excellence in film, television and theatre.[6][8]","title":"Baeksang Arts Awards"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Current awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grand Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baeksang_Arts_Award_Grand_Prize_%E2%80%93_Film"},{"link_name":"Best Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baeksang_Arts_Award_for_Best_Film"},{"link_name":"Best Director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baeksang_Arts_Award_for_Best_Director_%E2%80%93_Film"},{"link_name":"Best New 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Lists\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.baeksangawards.co.kr/winners"}],"text":"\"Baeksang Arts Awards Nominees and Winners Lists\". Naver Movie (in Korean). Retrieved April 23, 2021.\n\"Baeksang Arts Awards Winners Lists\". Baeksang Arts Awards (in Korean). Retrieved April 23, 2021.","title":"Sources"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of Asian television awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Asian_television_awards"}]
[{"reference":"Dong, Sun-hwa (May 1, 2020). \"Baeksang Arts Awards to take place without audience\". The Korea Times. Archived from the original on March 1, 2021. Retrieved May 8, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/art/2020/05/688_288833.html","url_text":"\"Baeksang Arts Awards to take place without audience\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Korea_Times","url_text":"The Korea Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210301105938/https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/art/2020/05/688_288833.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Paquet, Darcy. \"Film Awards Ceremonies in Korea\". Koreanfilm.org. Archived from the original on January 16, 2021. Retrieved August 16, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://koreanfilm.org/awards.html","url_text":"\"Film Awards Ceremonies in Korea\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210116041809/http://koreanfilm.org/awards.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Kim Soo Hyun wins three awards, Gianna Jun gets top nod at Korean film and TV awards\". The Straits Times. May 28, 2014. Archived from the original on January 18, 2021. Retrieved February 5, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.straitstimes.com/lifestyle/entertainment/kim-soo-hyun-wins-three-awards-gianna-jun-gets-top-nod-at-korean-film-and-tv","url_text":"\"Kim Soo Hyun wins three awards, Gianna Jun gets top nod at Korean film and TV awards\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Straits_Times","url_text":"The Straits Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210118223233/https://www.straitstimes.com/lifestyle/entertainment/kim-soo-hyun-wins-three-awards-gianna-jun-gets-top-nod-at-korean-film-and-tv","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Baeksang Arts Awards: About\" (in Korean). Archived from the original on August 12, 2011. Retrieved November 7, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110812054301/http://isplus.joinsmsn.com/award/bs/2011/about/a_sub1.html","url_text":"\"Baeksang Arts Awards: About\""}]},{"reference":"Kim, Yeon-ji; Kim, Jin-Seok (May 9, 2016). \"Top stars in line for acting awards\". Korea JoongAng Daily. Archived from the original on February 8, 2021. Retrieved February 5, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/Article.aspx?aid=3018490","url_text":"\"Top stars in line for acting awards\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_JoongAng_Daily","url_text":"Korea JoongAng Daily"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210208100335/https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/Article.aspx?aid=3018490","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Lee, Gyu-lee (April 5, 2021). \"Baeksang Arts Awards for film, television and theater to be held May 13\". The Korea Times. Archived from the original on April 5, 2021. Retrieved April 24, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/art/2021/04/688_306645.html","url_text":"\"Baeksang Arts Awards for film, television and theater to be held May 13\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Korea_Times","url_text":"The Korea Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210405080536/https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/art/2021/04/688_306645.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"중앙일보S 매체 인수 설명회에 회장 직접 참석한 KG그룹\" [KG Group Chairman [Kwak Jae-sun] personally attends JoongAng Ilbo S Media Acquisition Briefing Session]. Media Today via Naver (in Korean). April 8, 2022. Retrieved May 4, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://n.news.naver.com/mnews/article/006/0000112677?sid=101","url_text":"\"중앙일보S 매체 인수 설명회에 회장 직접 참석한 KG그룹\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naver","url_text":"Naver"}]},{"reference":"Kil, Sonia (May 3, 2017). \"Top Filmmakers Share Prizes at Korea's Baeksang Awards\". Variety. Archived from the original on September 15, 2020. Retrieved February 5, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2017/film/asia/prizes-at-korea-baeksang-awards-1202407860/","url_text":"\"Top Filmmakers Share Prizes at Korea's Baeksang Awards\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200915105141/https://variety.com/2017/film/asia/prizes-at-korea-baeksang-awards-1202407860/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hicap, Jonathan M. (April 30, 2014). \"Nominees in 50th Baeksang Art Awards revealed\". Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on May 4, 2014. Retrieved April 24, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140504033653/http://www.mb.com.ph/nominees-in-50th-baeksang-art-awards-revealed/","url_text":"\"Nominees in 50th Baeksang Art Awards revealed\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila_Bulletin","url_text":"Manila Bulletin"},{"url":"http://www.mb.com.ph/nominees-in-50th-baeksang-art-awards-revealed/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Baeksang Arts Awards Nominees and Winners Lists\". Naver Movie (in Korean). Retrieved April 23, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://movie.naver.com/movie/bi/fi/prize.nhn?code=19","url_text":"\"Baeksang Arts Awards Nominees and Winners Lists\""}]},{"reference":"\"Baeksang Arts Awards Winners Lists\". Baeksang Arts Awards (in Korean). Retrieved April 23, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baeksangawards.co.kr/winners","url_text":"\"Baeksang Arts Awards Winners Lists\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studies_in_the_Psychology_of_Sex_Vol._2
Studies in the Psychology of Sex Vol. 2
["1 Historical context","2 Publication","3 Content","3.1 Introduction","3.2 Chapter II, the study of sexual inversion","3.3 Chapter III, sexual inversion in men","3.4 Chapter IV, sexual inversion in women","3.5 Chapter V, the nature of sexual inversion","3.6 Chapter VII, the theory of sexual inversion","3.7 Chapter VIII, conclusions","4 Influence and reception","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
Studies in the Psychology of Sex Vol. 2 Title page of the bookAuthorHavelock EllisSubjectSexuality, Psychology, Sexual InversionGenreTextbookPublisherThe University Press, LimitedPublication date1900Publication placeUnited StatesMedia typePrintPages204 Studies in the Psychology of Sex Vol. 2 is a book published in 1900 written by Havelock Ellis (1859–1939), an English physician, writer and social reformer. The book deals with the phenomenon of sexual inversion, an outdated term for homosexuality. It is part of Ellis' seven-volume series Studies in the psychology of sex. The book has seven chapters describing the prevalence, nature and theories in the 19th century about sexual inversion in men and women. Various case studies are presented and discussed. Ellis recognised a need to address the topic of sexual inversion especially in England: ... in England, more than in any other country, the law and public opinion combine to place a heavy penal burden and a severe social stigma on the manifestations of an instinct which to these persons who possess it frequently appears natural and normal.— Havelock Ellis, : xi  However, the publication of the book was suppressed in England at first and it was published in the United States instead. Historical context "Homosexual practices in private, between two consenting parties, are absolutely unpunished " in France, Belgium, the Netherlands and other European countries.: 149  In the 18th century sex between men was a topic that was discussed publicly.: 1–2  Sodomy, any form of sexual activity that does not involve penile penetration of a vagina, was long criminalised. It was decriminalised in France during the French Revolution. Other countries also adopted this forcefully or by choice, including Austria, Russia and Brazil.: 5  In England, anal penetration of men and women as well as mutual masturbation for man was still sentenced even when it occurred privately, with consent and no involvement of minors.: 151  Ellis proposes making homosexual practices legal.: 154  He rejects the fear of the state that the legalisation of homosexuality will increase its prevalence.: 153  The book was the first major work on the topic in England and also breaks with previous works on homosexuality because it contains middle-class characters as protagonists and regards most cases of sexual inversion as congenital. This challenged the conception of the inverted identity as a bad character with a lack of self-control.: 201–02  Publication For the book Ellis worked together with John Addington Symonds.: 107  Symonds was a secret homosexual who lived abroad.: 107  Their correspondence happened via letters and after Symonds' death, Ellis was not able to find a publisher for his book in England because they all feared prosecution.: 202  Therefore, his book Studies in the psychology of Sex Vol. 1 was first published in (Germany) as Das konträre Geschlechtsgefühl in 1896.: 203  Later, an American company published the book in English.: 202  However, the book was suppressed by many British authorities who made sure that copies would not be sold in Britain.: 203  A bookseller who sold copies of the book in Britain was charged and pleaded guilty.: 229–30  Symonds' family also wished to suppress the book to protect their reputation.: 203  Content Introduction The prevalence of homosexuality is investigated as well as several observations of homosexual costumes from different cultures.: 5–7  In the Montana Indian culture, for example, men that are attracted to other men are called boté.: 8  An observation by Dr. Holder describes these men as dressing and acting like women from childhood on, followed by sexual practices after puberty. Also, some men of great intellect, as the author describes it, like the Roman Emperor Caesar or the French Humanist Muretus are known to have had some homosexual tendencies.: 12–19  The author concludes that all these cases suggest a form of sexual inversion which is congenital but there is no evidence for it.: 8  Chapter II, the study of sexual inversion Chapter II deals with various scholars who had previously studied homosexuality. Among them is Karl Friedrich Otto Westphal a German psychiatrist from Berlin who proposed that sexual inversion is something innate and not acquired and is not necessarily a sign of insanity.: 25  Attempts to classify forms of sexual inversion are also discussed for example one proposal by Richard Krafft-Ebbing a psychiatrist and author of Psychopathia Sexualis.: 31  Chapter III, sexual inversion in men Chapter III describes how sexual inversion may manifest in men and presents various case studies. An undifferentiated sexual feeling toward men is considered normal until puberty.: 37  The cases are classified into the following: simple sexual inversion with or without intercourse, cases that practice masochism, prisoners and men integrated in society and psychosexual hermaphrodite.: 46, 73  The cases are reported either by the men themselves or by doctors. Chapter IV, sexual inversion in women Ellis notes that homosexuality is as common in women as in men.: 78  However, it is little known about sexual inversion in women, which is also reflected in the presence of only four case studies in this chapter.: 79  The true sexual invert is described and an inverted woman is distinguished from an actively inverted woman who appears to be more masculine.: 87  A genuine criterion seems to be the indifference of inverted women toward men which is returned by them.: 88  Furthermore, the author suspects that the prevalence of homosexuality among women is increasing which he explains by emancipation and equal rights movements.: 99  In the last part the high prevalence of homosexuality among prostitutes is addressed.: 100  Chapter V, the nature of sexual inversion This chapter is an analysis and summary of the earlier case studies. Sexual inversion in the cases presented seems not to be heritable.: 105  Records of inversion or other abnormalities are not conspicuously frequent among the case studies. Most of the subjects have good general health.: 106  In most of the subjects the homosexual instinct appeared in early life without a previous affection for the opposite sex.: 106  Ellis associates precocious puberty with sexual inversion.: 107  Ellis excludes suggestion as a cause of sexual inversion.: 108  Also, masturbation in male cases is reported as predisposing to inversion whereas there was no such relationship observed for the female cases.: 115  Most of the subjects are adverse towards sexual relationships with the opposite sex. However, there are close and genuine friendships between sexual inverts and members of the opposite sex.: 115–16  Many subjects investigated by Ellis show artistic talent.: 123  Lastly, most of the subjects regard their sexual inversion as being equal to heterosexuality so they do not think that their sexual instinct is immoral.: 126  Chapter VII, the theory of sexual inversion Ellis attempts to define several terms and clarify the terminology around the topic of sexual inversion. The definition of sexual inversion itself is according to Ellis highly dependent on context.: 128  Ellis clarifies that although sexual inversion might be both acquired and congenital, it is primarily congenital.: 129–30  The normal sexual instinct is inborn and not acquired, and sexual inversion is a natural variety of sexual instinct.: 130, 133  It is also compared to color-blindness and color hearing, all of these phenomena being classified as abnormalities.: 134  It is also stressed that abnormality need not imply morbidity or disease; it is a mere variation of the normal.: 135–36  Three types of inversion are distinguished: congenital predisposition to sexual inversion which remains latent, very strong predisposition and a weaker predisposition that can be excited by a powerful cause.: 138  Suggested causes include the co-education of boys and girls, the seduction by an older person and disappointment in normal love.: 138  However, Ellis also stresses that in most of the cases sexual inversion was present from childhood on and was more of the strong predisposed type.: 140  Chapter VIII, conclusions In the conclusion Ellis first examines the treatment of Dr. von Schrenck-Notzing who was a German physician, psychiatrist and notable psychical researcher in the field of paranormal events.: 142  The cure included 150 sessions of hypnosis for one year as well as frequent drunken visits of the brothel.: 142  Ellis qualifies this treatment as not successful and concludes: “ the remedy seems to me worse than the disease .": 143  It seems to Ellis that it is not possible to "cure" the sexual invert but that there should be an effort made to help them being healthy, self-restrained and self-respecting to be functional members of society.: 146  The legal situation of homosexual practices is also described.: 150–54  The book contains the following appendices: A Homosexuality among Tramps by Josiah Flynt B Ulrich’s View by "Z” D Countess Sarolta V E A note on sexual inversion by Dr. K Influence and reception The studies in the psychology of sex vol.1 is an example of a more diverse view of sexuality from the Victorian era. The article by Historyextra concludes that we might suggest that the Victorians were more tolerant than their 1960s counterparts of sex between males. But given the strict policing of knowledge and even the language used to discuss such intimate behaviours, we must ask – what did that tolerance really mean?— Emma Mason, The book was not published in England because it was noted that homosexual practices increase in Europe and as a consequence. Canadian-born British feminist, socialist, sex radical, and birth control campaigner Stella Browne, in her review of Volume II, says "England has already impoverished herself intellectually and covered herself with ridicule by the persecution of the original edition of this psychological classic.". It is even said that the social system in Britain is a cause that artificially stimulated sexual inversion because it is a system that suppresses the normal sexual instinct. In the scientific community Ellis' book was well received. Ellis' contribution to the study of sexual inversion is recognised as relevant and useful. Although the conclusions due to a lack of data they already lead to an understanding of the fact that it does not make sense to try to change the instinct of sexual inverted people. It was also recognised that inversion is not necessarily linked with physical or mental disease. Moreover, the cases presented by Ellis possess great intellect and are therefore an important part of society. Browne desires the legalization of homosexuality as in France and Latin Europe. To others however, Ellis suggestion of a more relaxed law concerning homosexuality is not convincing because of the reported efficacy of the present law. Browne criticises the lack of examples of female sexual inversion as well as the hypothesis that in bisexuals homosexual tendencies are stronger than heterosexual tendencies. The importance of publishing a book about sexual inversion is acknowledged. The lack of understanding of the topic had adverse consequences on the life of homosexual people. Homosexuality was heavily stigmatized and illegal in English society at the time. Ellis "has collected new data, and undoubtedly done a service to pathological psychology." Reading is regarded as necessary for teachers, people working with criminals and parents to prevent sexual inversion from occurring. See also Studies in the Psychology of Sex Vol. 7 References ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao Ellis, Havelock (1900). Studies in the psychology of sex Vol. I, sexual inversion. University Press. ^ a b c d e f g Upchurch, Charles (2009). Before Wilde : Sex between men in Britain's age of reform. Berkeley: University of California Press. ^ a b c Rosario, Vernon A. (2002). Homosexuality and Science. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. ^ Edsall, Nicholas C. (2003). Toward Stonewall : Homosexuality and society in the modern western world. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press. ^ Mason, Emma (April 7, 2015). "The Victorians' surprisingly liberal attitude towards gay men". Historyextra. ^ a b c d e f Browne, F.W. Stella (1916). "Book review: Studies in the psychology of sex. Vol. II, sexual inversion". International Journal of Ethics. 27 (1): 114–115. ^ a b c d e f H.S. (1899). "Book review: Studies in the psychology of sex. Vol. I. Sexual inversion". International Journal of Ethics. 9 (2): 261–262. ^ a b "Book review: Studies in the psychology of sex. Vol. I. Sexual inversion". The Monist. 8 (3): 471. 1898. Havelock, Ellis (1927). Studies in the Psychology Of Sex. Vol. II. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis. External links Ellis, Havelock (1927). Studies in the Psychology of Sex, 3rd ed. at Project Gutenberg
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Ellis recognised a need to address the topic of sexual inversion especially in England:... in England, more than in any other country, the law and public opinion combine to place a heavy penal burden and a severe social stigma on the manifestations of an instinct which to these persons who possess it frequently appears natural and normal.— Havelock Ellis, [1]: xiHowever, the publication of the book was suppressed in England at first and it was published in the United States instead.","title":"Studies in the Psychology of Sex Vol. 2"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ellis-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Upchurch-2"},{"link_name":"Sodomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodomy"},{"link_name":"French Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rosario-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ellis-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ellis-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ellis-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Upchurch-2"}],"text":"\"Homosexual practices in private, between two consenting parties, are absolutely unpunished [...]\" in France, Belgium, the Netherlands and other European countries.[1]: 149 \nIn the 18th century sex between men was a topic that was discussed publicly.[2]: 1–2  Sodomy, any form of sexual activity that does not involve penile penetration of a vagina, was long criminalised. It was decriminalised in France during the French Revolution. Other countries also adopted this forcefully or by choice, including Austria, Russia and Brazil.[3]: 5 \nIn England, anal penetration of men and women as well as mutual masturbation for man was still sentenced even when it occurred privately, with consent and no involvement of minors.[1]: 151  Ellis proposes making homosexual practices legal.[1]: 154  He rejects the fear of the state that the legalisation of homosexuality will increase its prevalence.[1]: 153  The book was the first major work on the topic in England and also breaks with previous works on homosexuality because it contains middle-class characters as protagonists and regards most cases of sexual inversion as congenital. This challenged the conception of the inverted identity as a bad character with a lack of self-control.[2]: 201–02","title":"Historical context"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Addington Symonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Addington_Symonds"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rosario-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Upchurch-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Upchurch-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Upchurch-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Upchurch-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rosario-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Upchurch-2"}],"text":"For the book Ellis worked together with John Addington Symonds.[4]: 107  Symonds was a secret homosexual who lived abroad.[3]: 107  Their correspondence happened via letters and after Symonds' death, Ellis was not able to find a publisher for his book in England because they all feared prosecution.[2]: 202  Therefore, his book Studies in the psychology of Sex Vol. 1 was first published in (Germany) as Das konträre Geschlechtsgefühl in 1896.[2]: 203  Later, an American company published the book in English.[2]: 202  However, the book was suppressed by many British authorities who made sure that copies would not be sold in Britain.[2]: 203  A bookseller who sold copies of the book in Britain was charged and pleaded guilty.[3]: 229–30  Symonds' family also wished to suppress the book to protect their reputation.[2]: 203","title":"Publication"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Content"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ellis-1"},{"link_name":"Montana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana"},{"link_name":"Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ellis-1"},{"link_name":"puberty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puberty"},{"link_name":"Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"Caesar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesar"},{"link_name":"Humanist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanism"},{"link_name":"Muretus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muret"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ellis-1"},{"link_name":"congenital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congenital"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ellis-1"}],"sub_title":"Introduction","text":"The prevalence of homosexuality is investigated as well as several observations of homosexual costumes from different cultures.[1]: 5–7  In the Montana Indian culture, for example, men that are attracted to other men are called boté.[1]: 8  An observation by Dr. Holder describes these men as dressing and acting like women from childhood on, followed by sexual practices after puberty. Also, some men of great intellect, as the author describes it, like the Roman Emperor Caesar or the French Humanist Muretus are known to have had some homosexual tendencies.[1]: 12–19  The author concludes that all these cases suggest a form of sexual inversion which is congenital but there is no evidence for it.[1]: 8","title":"Content"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Karl Friedrich Otto Westphal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Friedrich_Otto_Westphal"},{"link_name":"psychiatrist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatrist"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"insanity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insanity"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ellis-1"},{"link_name":"Richard Krafft-Ebbing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Krafft-Ebbing"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ellis-1"}],"sub_title":"Chapter II, the study of sexual inversion","text":"Chapter II deals with various scholars who had previously studied homosexuality. Among them is Karl Friedrich Otto Westphal a German psychiatrist from Berlin who proposed that sexual inversion is something innate and not acquired and is not necessarily a sign of insanity.[1]: 25  Attempts to classify forms of sexual inversion are also discussed for example one proposal by Richard Krafft-Ebbing a psychiatrist and author of Psychopathia Sexualis.[1]: 31","title":"Content"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ellis-1"},{"link_name":"intercourse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_intercourse"},{"link_name":"masochism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/masochism"},{"link_name":"prisoners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner"},{"link_name":"hermaphrodite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermaphroditism"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ellis-1"}],"sub_title":"Chapter III, sexual inversion in men","text":"Chapter III describes how sexual inversion may manifest in men and presents various case studies. An undifferentiated sexual feeling toward men is considered normal until puberty.[1]: 37  The cases are classified into the following: simple sexual inversion with or without intercourse, cases that practice masochism, prisoners and men integrated in society and psychosexual hermaphrodite.[1]: 46, 73  The cases are reported either by the men themselves or by doctors.","title":"Content"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ellis-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ellis-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ellis-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ellis-1"},{"link_name":"emancipation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emancipation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ellis-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ellis-1"}],"sub_title":"Chapter IV, sexual inversion in women","text":"Ellis notes that homosexuality is as common in women as in men.[1]: 78  However, it is little known about sexual inversion in women, which is also reflected in the presence of only four case studies in this chapter.[1]: 79  The true sexual invert is described and an inverted woman is distinguished from an actively inverted woman who appears to be more masculine.[1]: 87  A genuine criterion seems to be the indifference of inverted women toward men which is returned by them.[1]: 88  Furthermore, the author suspects that the prevalence of homosexuality among women is increasing which he explains by emancipation and equal rights movements.[1]: 99  In the last part the high prevalence of homosexuality among prostitutes is addressed.[1]: 100","title":"Content"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"heritable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritability"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ellis-1"},{"link_name":"abnormalities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abnormality_(behaviour)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ellis-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ellis-1"},{"link_name":"precocious puberty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precocious_puberty"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ellis-1"},{"link_name":"suggestion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suggestion"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ellis-1"},{"link_name":"masturbation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masturbation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ellis-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ellis-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ellis-1"},{"link_name":"heterosexuality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterosexuality"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ellis-1"}],"sub_title":"Chapter V, the nature of sexual inversion","text":"This chapter is an analysis and summary of the earlier case studies. Sexual inversion in the cases presented seems not to be heritable.[1]: 105  Records of inversion or other abnormalities are not conspicuously frequent among the case studies. Most of the subjects have good general health.[1]: 106  In most of the subjects the homosexual instinct appeared in early life without a previous affection for the opposite sex.[1]: 106  Ellis associates precocious puberty with sexual inversion.[1]: 107  Ellis excludes suggestion as a cause of sexual inversion.[1]: 108  Also, masturbation in male cases is reported as predisposing to inversion whereas there was no such relationship observed for the female cases.[1]: 115  Most of the subjects are adverse towards sexual relationships with the opposite sex. However, there are close and genuine friendships between sexual inverts and members of the opposite sex.[1]: 115–16  Many subjects investigated by Ellis show artistic talent.[1]: 123  Lastly, most of the subjects regard their sexual inversion as being equal to heterosexuality so they do not think that their sexual instinct is immoral.[1]: 126","title":"Content"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"terminology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminology"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ellis-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ellis-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ellis-1"},{"link_name":"color-blindness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color-blindness"},{"link_name":"color hearing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synesthesia"},{"link_name":"abnormalities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abnormality_(behaviour)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ellis-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ellis-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ellis-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ellis-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ellis-1"}],"sub_title":"Chapter VII, the theory of sexual inversion","text":"Ellis attempts to define several terms and clarify the terminology around the topic of sexual inversion. The definition of sexual inversion itself is according to Ellis highly dependent on context.[1]: 128  Ellis clarifies that although sexual inversion might be both acquired and congenital, it is primarily congenital.[1]: 129–30  The normal sexual instinct is inborn and not acquired, and sexual inversion is a natural variety of sexual instinct.[1]: 130, 133  It is also compared to color-blindness and color hearing, all of these phenomena being classified as abnormalities.[1]: 134  It is also stressed that abnormality need not imply morbidity or disease; it is a mere variation of the normal.[1]: 135–36  Three types of inversion are distinguished: congenital predisposition to sexual inversion which remains latent, very strong predisposition and a weaker predisposition that can be excited by a powerful cause.[1]: 138  Suggested causes include the co-education of boys and girls, the seduction by an older person and disappointment in normal love.[1]: 138  However, Ellis also stresses that in most of the cases sexual inversion was present from childhood on and was more of the strong predisposed type.[1]: 140","title":"Content"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dr. von Schrenck-Notzing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albert_von_Schrenck-Notzig&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"psychiatrist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatrist"},{"link_name":"paranormal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paranormal"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ellis-1"},{"link_name":"hypnosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypnosis"},{"link_name":"brothel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brothel"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ellis-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ellis-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ellis-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ellis-1"},{"link_name":"Josiah Flynt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josiah_Flynt"},{"link_name":"Ulrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Heinrich_Ulrichs"}],"sub_title":"Chapter VIII, conclusions","text":"In the conclusion Ellis first examines the treatment of Dr. von Schrenck-Notzing who was a German physician, psychiatrist and notable psychical researcher in the field of paranormal events.[1]: 142  The cure included 150 sessions of hypnosis for one year as well as frequent drunken visits of the brothel.[1]: 142  Ellis qualifies this treatment as not successful and concludes: “[...] the remedy seems to me worse than the disease [...].\"[1]: 143  It seems to Ellis that it is not possible to \"cure\" the sexual invert but that there should be an effort made to help them being healthy, self-restrained and self-respecting to be functional members of society.[1]: 146  The legal situation of homosexual practices is also described.[1]: 150–54The book contains the following appendices:A Homosexuality among Tramps by Josiah Flynt\nB Ulrich’s View by \"Z”\nD Countess Sarolta V\nE A note on sexual inversion by Dr. K","title":"Content"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sexuality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexuality"},{"link_name":"Victorian era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_era"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Browne-6"},{"link_name":"feminist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminist"},{"link_name":"socialist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist"},{"link_name":"birth control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_control"},{"link_name":"Stella Browne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stella_Browne"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Browne-6"},{"link_name":"social system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_system"},{"link_name":"artificially","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificiality"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Browne-6"},{"link_name":"scientific community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_community"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HS-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HS-7"},{"link_name":"mental disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_disorder"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Browne-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Browne-6"},{"link_name":"legalization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legalization"},{"link_name":"Latin Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romance-speaking_Europe"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HS-7"},{"link_name":"hypothesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothesis"},{"link_name":"bisexuals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisexuality"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Browne-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HS-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HS-7"},{"link_name":"stigmatized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_stigma"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unknown-8"},{"link_name":"pathological psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychopathology"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unknown-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HS-7"}],"text":"The studies in the psychology of sex vol.1 is an example of a more diverse view of sexuality from the Victorian era. The article by Historyextra concludes that[...] we might suggest that the Victorians were more tolerant than their 1960s counterparts of sex between males. But given the strict policing of knowledge and even the language used to discuss such intimate behaviours, we must ask – what did that tolerance really mean?— Emma Mason, [5]The book was not published in England because it was noted that homosexual practices increase in Europe and as a consequence.[6] Canadian-born British feminist, socialist, sex radical, and birth control campaigner Stella Browne, in her review of Volume II, says \"England has already impoverished herself intellectually and covered herself with ridicule by the persecution of the original edition of this psychological classic.\".[6] It is even said that the social system in Britain is a cause that artificially stimulated sexual inversion because it is a system that suppresses the normal sexual instinct.[6]In the scientific community Ellis' book was well received. Ellis' contribution to the study of sexual inversion is recognised as relevant and useful.[7] Although the conclusions due to a lack of data they already lead to an understanding of the fact that it does not make sense to try to change the instinct of sexual inverted people.[7] It was also recognised that inversion is not necessarily linked with physical or mental disease.[6] Moreover, the cases presented by Ellis possess great intellect and are therefore an important part of society.[6] Browne desires the legalization of homosexuality as in France and Latin Europe. To others however, Ellis suggestion of a more relaxed law concerning homosexuality is not convincing because of the reported efficacy of the present law.[7] Browne criticises the lack of examples of female sexual inversion as well as the hypothesis that in bisexuals homosexual tendencies are stronger than heterosexual tendencies.[6] The importance of publishing a book about sexual inversion is acknowledged.[7] The lack of understanding of the topic had adverse consequences on the life of homosexual people.[7] Homosexuality was heavily stigmatized and illegal in English society at the time.[8] Ellis \"has collected new data, and undoubtedly done a service to pathological psychology.\"[8] Reading is regarded as necessary for teachers, people working with criminals and parents to prevent sexual inversion from occurring.[7]","title":"Influence and reception"}]
[]
[{"title":"Studies in the Psychology of Sex Vol. 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studies_in_the_Psychology_of_Sex_Vol._7"}]
[{"reference":"Ellis, Havelock (1900). Studies in the psychology of sex Vol. I, sexual inversion. University Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Upchurch, Charles (2009). Before Wilde : Sex between men in Britain's age of reform. Berkeley: University of California Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Rosario, Vernon A. (2002). Homosexuality and Science. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Edsall, Nicholas C. (2003). Toward Stonewall : Homosexuality and society in the modern western world. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/towardstonewallh0000edsa","url_text":"Toward Stonewall : Homosexuality and society in the modern western world"}]},{"reference":"Mason, Emma (April 7, 2015). \"The Victorians' surprisingly liberal attitude towards gay men\". Historyextra.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.historyextra.com/article/sex-and-love/victorians%E2%80%99-surprisingly-liberal-attitude-towards-gay-men","url_text":"\"The Victorians' surprisingly liberal attitude towards gay men\""}]},{"reference":"Browne, F.W. Stella (1916). \"Book review: Studies in the psychology of sex. Vol. II, sexual inversion\". International Journal of Ethics. 27 (1): 114–115.","urls":[]},{"reference":"H.S. (1899). \"Book review: Studies in the psychology of sex. Vol. I. Sexual inversion\". International Journal of Ethics. 9 (2): 261–262.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Book review: Studies in the psychology of sex. Vol. I. Sexual inversion\". The Monist. 8 (3): 471. 1898.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Havelock, Ellis (1927). Studies in the Psychology Of Sex. Vol. II. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/StudiesInThePsychologyOfSexVol.IIHavelockEllis/Studies%20in%20the%20Psychology%20of%20Sex%20Vol.%20II%20-%20Havelock%20Ellis#page/n3","url_text":"Studies in the Psychology Of Sex"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/towardstonewallh0000edsa","external_links_name":"Toward Stonewall : Homosexuality and society in the modern western world"},{"Link":"http://www.historyextra.com/article/sex-and-love/victorians%E2%80%99-surprisingly-liberal-attitude-towards-gay-men","external_links_name":"\"The Victorians' surprisingly liberal attitude towards gay men\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/StudiesInThePsychologyOfSexVol.IIHavelockEllis/Studies%20in%20the%20Psychology%20of%20Sex%20Vol.%20II%20-%20Havelock%20Ellis#page/n3","external_links_name":"Studies in the Psychology Of Sex"},{"Link":"https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/13611","external_links_name":"Studies in the Psychology of Sex"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1963%E2%80%9364_FDGB-Pokal
1963–64 FDGB-Pokal
["1 Qualification round","1.1 Replays","2 First round","3 Second round","3.1 Replays","4 Third round","4.1 Replay","5 Fourth round","6 Quarter finals","7 Semi finals","8 Final","8.1 Statistics","8.2 Match report","9 References"]
Football tournament season 1963–64 FDGB-Pokal← 1962–631964–65 → The 13th competition for the East German national football cup, the FDGB-Pokal, was held in the 1963–64 season. The competition began with a qualifying round for the 65 clubs of the 2nd DDR-Liga that had been dissolved at the end of the previous season. They were joined by 17 finalists of the Bezirkspokal competitions. 31 teams from the DDR-Liga joined in the first round, the 14 DDR-Oberliga teams only joined in the third round. By then all but two Bezirkspokal and 2nd DDR-Liga teams each had been eliminated. The fourth round saw the eleven remaining Oberliga teams, four DDR-Liga sides and BSG Empor Neustrelitz as the last club of those that had qualified via the Bezirkspokal. Neustrelitz went out following a 1–2 defeat at the hands of SC Motor Jena, as well as last year's finalist BSG Chemie Zeitz who were eliminated by a 0–2 loss against SC Aufbau Magdeburg. ASG Vorwärts Neubrandenburg were the only DDR-liga side to reach the quarter finals. Here Neubrandenburg suffered a 2–7 defeat against SC Leipzig who went on to eliminate defending cup winners Motor Zwickau by a 3–2 extra time win. The second finalist was SC Aufbau Magdeburg who had beaten SC Dynamo Berlin in the quarter finals and SC Motor Jena in the semis. Qualification round Home team Away team Result BSG Motor Süd Brandenburg II – BSG Motor Stralsund 2–5 SC Cottbus II – BSG Motor Schkeuditz 4–3 BSG Einheit Wernigerode – TSG Wismar 5–4 BSG Empor Halle – BSG Glückauf Bleicherode 4–0 BSG Motor Gispersleben – BSG Lokomotive Meiningen 5–3 SG Dynamo Gera – BSG Motor Sonneberg 4–1 BSG Motor Steinach II – BSG Motor Rudisleben 1–5 BSG Motor Dresden/Niedersedlitz – BSG Chemie Glauchau 1–3 a.e.t. BSG Rotation Berlin – BSG Stahl Eisenhüttenstadt II 5–3 BSG Empor Wurzen – BSG Chemie Bitterfeld 2–4 BSG Chemie Lauscha – BSG Einheit Reichenbach 3–0 BSG Deutsche Lufthansa Berlin – BSG Motor Süd Brandenburg 4–3 BSG Motor Aschersleben – BSG Motor Schönebeck 3–2 BSG Einheit Elsterberg – BSG Motor Mitte Suhl 4–3 BSG Motor Nord Erfurt – BSG Motor Köthen 1–2 BSG Aufbau Großräschen – BSG Motor Görlitz 1–4 BSG Aktivist Geiseltal – SG Dynamo Erfurt 0–3 BSG Lokomotive Zittau – BSG Aktivist Laubusch 5–1 BSG Motor Veilsdorf – BSG Motor Eisenach 6–2 BSG Rotation Babelsberg – BSG Chemie Veritas Wittenberge 3–6 BSG Stahl Thale – BSG Aktivist Kali-Werra Tiefenort 3–2 TSG Gröditz – BSG Aktivist Böhlen 2–0 ASG Vorwärts Rostock II – SC Traktor Schwerin 1–2 BSG Tiefbau Berlin – BSG Chemie Schwarzheide 2–4 BSG Motor Neuhaus/Schierschitz – BSG Motor WeMa Plauen 2–3 BSG Motor Ammendorf – BSG Motor Zeiss Jena 3–0 ASG Vorwärts Schwerin – SC Potsdam II 2–1 BSG Chemie Riesa – BSG Lokomotive Ost Leipzig 2–4 BSG Motor Gohlis Nord Leipzig – BSG Motor Brand Langenau Walkover BSG Einheit Greifswald II – BSG Motor Hennigsdorf 1–3 BSG Empor Neustrelitz – BSG Motor Warnowwerft Warnemünde 3–2 SG Dynamo Schwerin II – BSG Lokomotive Kirchmöser 0–2 HSG Wissenschaft Freiberg – BSG Fortschritt Greiz 2–0 ASG Vorwärts Karpin – BSG Stahl Hennigsdorf 4–0 BSG Lokomotive Wittenberge – SG Adlershof Berlin 2–1 ASG Vorwärts Perleberg – BSG Einheit Burg 2–3 BSG Motor Werdau – BSG Chemie Schwarza 1–0 TSG Fürstenwalde – SG Lichtenberg 47 Berlin 4–4 a.e.t. BSG Motor Rathenow – BSG Motor Eberswalde 1–1 a.e.t. BSG Motor Dessau – HSG Wissenschaft Halle 3–0 TSG Velten – BSG Lokomotive Waren ?–? Replays Home team Away team Result SG Lichtenberg 47 Berlin – TSG Fürstenwalde 5–2 BSG Motor Eberswalde – BSG Motor Rathenow 9–2 First round Home team Away team Result SC Einheit Dresden – BSG Stahl Eisenhüttenstadt 0–1 a.e.t. SG Dynamo Erfurt – SC Fortschritt Weißenfels 0–3 BSG Motor Bautzen – ASG Vorwärts Cottbus 2–1 BSG Motor Dessau – SG Dynamo Eisleben 0–4 BSG Motor Hennigsdorf – SG Dynamo Hohenschönhausen 3–4 BSG Motor Stralsund – ASG Vorwärts Rostock 1–4 SG Lichtenberg 47 Berlin – TSC Berlin 1–2 BSG Motor Rudisleben – BSG Chemie Zeitz 0–2 BSG Chemie Glauchau – BSG Motor Ammendorf 1–2 TSG Velten – BSG Einheit Greifswald 0–4 BSG Motor Brand Langenau – BSG Wismut Gera 1–2 BSG Chemie Bitterfeld – SC Potsdam 0–1 BSG Motor Köthen – BSG Stahl Riesa 0–1 BSG Lokomotive Kirchmöser – ASG Vorwärts Neubrandenburg 1–3 BSG Motor Eberswalde – ASG Vorwärts Karpin 3–2 BSG Chemie Schwarzheide – SG Dynamo Dresden 0–1 BSG Motor Görlitz – SC Cottbus 3–2 SC Cottbus II – BSG Lokomotive Zittau 0–1 SG Dynamo Gera – BSG Motor Werdau 1–2 BSG Empor Neustrelitz – SC Frankfurt/Oder 3–1 a.e.t. BSG Einheit Burg – BSG Stahl Thale 3–4 a.e.t. BSG Einheit Wernigerode – BSG Motor Aschersleben 1–4 BSG Chemie Veritas Wittenberge – BSG Deutsche Lufthansa Berlin 4–0 SC Traktor Schwerin – BSG Turbine Magdeburg 4–2 BSG Motor WeMa Plauen – BSG Stahl Lippendorf 4–0 BSG Lokomotive Ost Leipzig – TSG Gröditz 1–2 BSG Lokomotive Halberstadt – SG Dynamo Schwerin 3–2 BSG Motor Nordhausen West – BSG Motor Veilsdorf 4–1 BSG Empor Halle – BSG Aktivist Karl-Marx Zwickau 1–4 BSG Motor Gispersleben – BSG Motor West Karl-Marx-Stadt 2–1 BSG Motor Köpenick Berlin – ASG Vorwärts Schwerin 4–2 SC Neubrandenburg – BSG Lokomotive Wittenberge 7–0 BSG Stahl Eisleben – BSG Einheit Elsterberg 2–1 BSG Chemie Lauscha – BSG Motor Weimar 1–2 BSG Rotation Berlin – BSG Chemie Wolfen 1–4 HSG Wissenschaft Freiberg – ASG Vorwärts Leipzig 2–1 Second round Home team Away team Result BSG Lokomotive Zittau – SG Dynamo Dresden 2–1 BSG Wismut Gera – BSG Motor Nordhausen West 3–1 BSG Chemie Wolfen – SC Neubrandenburg 3–5 BSG Stahl Thale – BSG Lokomotive Halberstadt 0–1 aet BSG Motor Werdau – BSG Motor Bautzen 0–2 SG Dynamo Hohenschönhausen – BSG Stahl Eisleben 4–3 aet ASG Vorwärts Neubrandenburg – BSG Motor Eberswalde 4–0 ASG Vorwärts Rostock – BSG Chemie Veritas Wittenberge 2–1 BSG Chemie Zeitz – BSG Motor Gispersleben 4–0 BSG Motor Weimar – BSG Motor WeMa Plauen 7–2 aet BSG Stahl Eisenhüttenstadt – BSG Motor Görlitz 3–1 SG Dynamo Eisleben – BSG Motor Köpenick Berlin 2–1 BSG Motor Ammendorf – SC Fortschritt Weißenfels 2–0 BSG Einheit Greifswald – SC Traktor Schwerin 3–2 TSG Gröditz – BSG Aktivist Karl-Marx Zwickau 0–0 aet BSG Motor Aschersleben – TSC Berlin 1–1 aet SC Potsdam – BSG Empor Neustrelitz 2–2 aet BSG Stahl Riesa – HSG Wissenschaft Freiberg 1–1 aet Replays Home team Away team Result BSG Aktivist Karl-Marx Zwickau – TSG Gröditz 5–1 TSC Berlin – BSG Motor Aschersleben 4–0 BSG Empor Neustrelitz – SC Potsdam 1–0 HSG Wissenschaft Freiberg – BSG Stahl Riesa ?–? Third round Home team Away team Result BSG Wismut Aue – ASG Vorwärts Neubrandenburg 0–3 BSG Motor Ammendorf – SC Empor Rostock 0–1 BSG Lokomotive Zittau – ASK Vorwärts Berlin 0–4 SC Karl-Marx-Stadt – BSG Motor Steinach 0–2 TSC Berlin – BSG Lokomotive Stendal 0–1 BSG Chemie Zeitz – BSG Wismut Gera 1–0 aet SC Neubrandenburg – BSG Motor Zwickau 1–3 BSG Motor Bautzen – SC Motor Jena 1–2 BSG Empor Neustrelitz – SG Dynamo Hohenschönhausen 7–0 BSG Motor Weimar – SC Turbine Erfurt 2–0 BSG Stahl Riesa – SG Dynamo Eisleben 0–1 BSG Aktivist Karl-Marx Zwickau – SC Aufbau Magdeburg 1–2 BSG Chemie Leipzig – BSG Stahl Eisenhüttenstadt 1–0 BSG Lokomotive Halberstadt – SC Leipzig 1–4 SC Dynamo Berlin – BSG Einheit Greifswald 10–0 ASG Vorwärts Rostock – SC Chemie Halle 2–2 Replay Home team Away team Result SC Chemie Halle – ASG Vorwärts Rostock 3–1 Fourth round (played on 15 March 1964) Home team Away team Result SC Leipzig – SC Chemie Halle 4–0 SG Dynamo Eisleben – SC Dynamo Berlin 0–1 BSG Empor Neustrelitz – SC Motor Jena 1–2 ASG Vorwärts Neubrandenburg – BSG Chemie Leipzig 2–1 BSG Motor Zwickau – BSG Motor Weimar 2–0 SC Aufbau Magdeburg – BSG Chemie Zeitz 2–0 BSG Lokomotive Stendal – SC Empor Rostock 2–5 ASK Vorwärts Berlin – BSG Motor Steinach 4–2 Quarter finals (22 April 1964) Home team Away team Result SC Empor Rostock – BSG Motor Zwickau 0–1 SC Motor Jena – ASK Vorwärts Berlin 2–1 SC Dynamo Berlin – SC Aufbau Magdeburg 1–4 SC Leipzig – ASG Vorwärts Neubrandenburg 7–2 Semi finals (20 May 1964) Home team Away team Result SC Aufbau Magdeburg – SC Motor Jena 3–2 BSG Motor Zwickau – SC Leipzig 2–3 a.e.t. Final Statistics 13 June 1964 (1964-06-13) SC Aufbau Magdeburg3–2SC Leipzig Walter 40', 74' Stöcker 90+3' Faber 7'Engelhardt 37' Paul Greifzu Stadium, DessauAttendance: 12,000Referee: Gerhard Kunze (Karl-Marx-Stadt) MAGDEBURG: GK Hans-Georg Moldenhauer FB Rainer Wiedemann FB Hans-Dieter Busch FB Rolf Retschlag HB Günter Kubisch HB Günter Fronzeck LW Hermann Stöcker IF Günter Hirschmann CF Klaus Lehmann IF Günter Behne RW Joachim Walter Manager: Ernst Kümmel LEIPZIG: GK Peter Nauert FB Manfred Geisler FB Michael Faber FB Klaus Pfeufer HB Karl Drößler HB Volker Trojan LW Arno Zerbe IF Reinard Trölitzsch CF Henning Frenzel IF Volker Franke RW Dieter Engelhardt Manager: Rudolf Krause Match report The cup final, played 5 weeks after the end of the DDR-Oberliga saw the third-placed team of SC Leipzig play eleventh-placed SC Aufbau Magdeburg. Despite the intense heat—Neues Deutschland called the match the "heat final" with 33 °C (91 °F) in the shade, Berliner Zeitung talks about heat near 40 °C (104 °F)—Leipzig was in control from the start, playing a faster, more flexible and better thought-out game than their opposition. After Leipzig's second goal, following a solo effort from Frenzel, finished by winger Engelhardt, Magdeburg pushed to avert the impending defeat and scored after a lonely run by Hermann Stöcker and a finish by Walter. This goal rallied Magdeburg and a short freekick was used to equalize, again by Walter. As two players had had to be treated for injuries, referee Kunze—described as heavy-set and not always at the top of the game added some more time. And with just seconds left, Stöcker capitalized on a bad clearance by Leipzig's goalkeeper to score the winning goal. References ^ a b Joachim Pfitzner (14 June 1964). "Magdeburgs Pokalsieg Sekunden vor Schluss" . Neues Deutschland (in German). Vol. 19, no. 162. p. 8. ^ a b Werner Fischer; Bodo Radtke (14 June 1964). "FDGB-Pokal nach Magdeburg" . Berliner Zeitung (in German). Vol. 20, no. 162. p. 7. vteFDGB-PokalSeasons 1949 1949–50 1950–51 1951–52 1952–54 1954–55 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1961–62 1962–63 1963–64 1964–65 1965–66 1966–67 1967–68 1968–69 1969–70 1970–71 1971–72 1972–73 1973–74 1974–75 1975–76 1976–77 1977–78 1978–79 1979–80 1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 1984–85 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1989–90 1990–91 Finals 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 vte1963–64 in German football « 1962–63 1964–65 » West GermanyLeague competitions Bundesliga Regionalliga Cup competitions DFB-Pokal (Final) Related to national teamsWest Germany Sepp Herberger Team seasonsBundesliga Borussia Dortmund Eintracht Braunschweig Eintracht Frankfurt Hamburger SV Hertha BSC 1. FC Kaiserslautern Karlsruher SC 1. FC Köln Meidericher SV 1860 München 1. FC Nürnberg SC Preußen Münster 1. FC Saarbrücken FC Schalke 04 VfB Stuttgart Werder Bremen European competitions European Cup Cup Winners' Cup Inter-Cities Fairs Cup Intertoto Cup East GermanyLeague competitions DDR-Oberliga Cup competitions FDGB-Pokal Related to national teamsEast Germany 1964 European Nations' Cup (Qualifying) Károly Sós vte1963–64 in European football (UEFA) « 1962–63 1964–65 » Domestic leagues Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus Czechoslovakia Denmark '63 '64 England Faroe Islands '63 '64 Finland '63 '64 France East Germany West Germany Greece Hungary '63 '64 Iceland '63 '64 Italy Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway '63 '64 Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Scotland Soviet Union '63 '64 Spain Sweden '63 '64 Switzerland Turkey Yugoslavia Domestic cups Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus Czechoslovakia Denmark England Faroe Islands '63 '64 Finland '63 '64 France East Germany West Germany Greece Iceland '63 '64 Italy Liechtenstein Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway '63 '64 Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Scotland Soviet Union '63 '64 Spain Switzerland Turkey Wales Yugoslavia League cups England Scotland UEFA competitions European Cup (Final) Cup Winners' Cup (Final) Non-UEFA competitions Inter-Cities Fairs Cup (Final) Intertoto Cup Balkans Cup Mitropa Cup International competitions European Nations' Cup qualification final tournament European Under-18 Championship
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"East German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germany"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"FDGB-Pokal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FDGB-Pokal"},{"link_name":"2nd DDR-Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/II._DDR-Liga"},{"link_name":"DDR-Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDR-Liga"},{"link_name":"DDR-Oberliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDR-Oberliga"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"BSG Empor Neustrelitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TSG_Neustrelitz"},{"link_name":"SC Motor Jena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Carl_Zeiss_Jena"},{"link_name":"BSG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_associations_(East_Germany)"},{"link_name":"SC Aufbau Magdeburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1._FC_Magdeburg"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"SC Leipzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1._FC_Lokomotive_Leipzig"},{"link_name":"Motor Zwickau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FSV_Zwickau"},{"link_name":"extra time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extra_time"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Football tournament seasonThe 13th competition for the East German national football cup, the FDGB-Pokal, was held in the 1963–64 season.The competition began with a qualifying round for the 65 clubs of the 2nd DDR-Liga that had been dissolved at the end of the previous season. They were joined by 17 finalists of the Bezirkspokal competitions. 31 teams from the DDR-Liga joined in the first round, the 14 DDR-Oberliga teams only joined in the third round. By then all but two Bezirkspokal and 2nd DDR-Liga teams each had been eliminated.[citation needed]The fourth round saw the eleven remaining Oberliga teams, four DDR-Liga sides and BSG Empor Neustrelitz as the last club of those that had qualified via the Bezirkspokal. Neustrelitz went out following a 1–2 defeat at the hands of SC Motor Jena, as well as last year's finalist BSG Chemie Zeitz who were eliminated by a 0–2 loss against SC Aufbau Magdeburg. ASG Vorwärts Neubrandenburg were the only DDR-liga side to reach the quarter finals.[citation needed]Here Neubrandenburg suffered a 2–7 defeat against SC Leipzig who went on to eliminate defending cup winners Motor Zwickau by a 3–2 extra time win. The second finalist was SC Aufbau Magdeburg who had beaten SC Dynamo Berlin in the quarter finals and SC Motor Jena in the semis.[citation needed]","title":"1963–64 FDGB-Pokal"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Qualification round"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Replays","title":"Qualification round"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"First round"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Second round"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Replays","title":"Second round"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Third round"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Replay","title":"Third round"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"(played on 15 March 1964)","title":"Fourth round"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"(22 April 1964)","title":"Quarter finals"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"(20 May 1964)","title":"Semi finals"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Final"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SC Aufbau Magdeburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1._FC_Magdeburg"},{"link_name":"SC Leipzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1._FC_Lokomotive_Leipzig"},{"link_name":"Walter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_Walter"},{"link_name":"Stöcker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_St%C3%B6cker"},{"link_name":"Faber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Faber_(East_German_footballer)"},{"link_name":"Engelhardt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieter_Engelhardt"},{"link_name":"Paul Greifzu Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Greifzu_Stadium_(Dessau-Ro%C3%9Flau)"},{"link_name":"Dessau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dessau"},{"link_name":"Karl-Marx-Stadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemnitz"}],"sub_title":"Statistics","text":"13 June 1964 (1964-06-13)\nSC Aufbau Magdeburg3–2SC Leipzig\nWalter 40', 74' Stöcker 90+3'\n\nFaber 7'Engelhardt 37'\nPaul Greifzu Stadium, DessauAttendance: 12,000Referee: Gerhard Kunze (Karl-Marx-Stadt)","title":"Final"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DDR-Oberliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDR-Oberliga"},{"link_name":"Neues Deutschland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neues_Deutschland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ND-final-1"},{"link_name":"Berliner Zeitung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berliner_Zeitung"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BZ-final-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ND-final-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BZ-final-2"}],"sub_title":"Match report","text":"The cup final, played 5 weeks after the end of the DDR-Oberliga saw the third-placed team of SC Leipzig play eleventh-placed SC Aufbau Magdeburg. Despite the intense heat—Neues Deutschland called the match the \"heat final\" with 33 °C (91 °F) in the shade,[1] Berliner Zeitung talks about heat near 40 °C (104 °F)[2]—Leipzig was in control from the start, playing a faster, more flexible and better thought-out game than their opposition. After Leipzig's second goal, following a solo effort from Frenzel, finished by winger Engelhardt, Magdeburg pushed to avert the impending defeat and scored after a lonely run by Hermann Stöcker and a finish by Walter. This goal rallied Magdeburg and a short freekick was used to equalize, again by Walter. As two players had had to be treated for injuries, referee Kunze—described as heavy-set[1] and not always at the top of the game[2] added some more time. And with just seconds left, Stöcker capitalized on a bad clearance by Leipzig's goalkeeper to score the winning goal.","title":"Final"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Joachim Pfitzner (14 June 1964). \"Magdeburgs Pokalsieg Sekunden vor Schluss\" [Magdeburg's cup win seconds before the end]. Neues Deutschland (in German). Vol. 19, no. 162. p. 8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neues_Deutschland","url_text":"Neues Deutschland"}]},{"reference":"Werner Fischer; Bodo Radtke (14 June 1964). \"FDGB-Pokal nach Magdeburg\" [FDGB Cup to Magdeburg]. Berliner Zeitung (in German). Vol. 20, no. 162. p. 7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berliner_Zeitung","url_text":"Berliner Zeitung"}]}]
[]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kattegatcentret
Kattegatcentret
["1 References","2 External links"]
Coordinates: 56°24′22″N 10°55′36″E / 56.4062°N 10.9268°E / 56.4062; 10.9268Aquarium in Grenå, Denmark Kattegatcentret56°24′22″N 10°55′36″E / 56.4062°N 10.9268°E / 56.4062; 10.9268Date opened1993LocationGrenå, DenmarkLand area5,800 m2 (62,000 sq ft)No. of species250Volume of largest tank1,500,000 L (400,000 US gal)Annual visitors138,072 (2015)MembershipsEAZA, DAZAWebsiteKattegatcentret Kattegatcentret (The Kattegat Center) is a public aquarium in Grenå, Denmark. Its name refers to the Kattegat sea. The mission of Kattegatcentret is to mediate knowledge about the sea to the general public, so more people are able to enjoy, understand and guard the seas. Since its opening in 1993, the aquarium has been visited by around 6 million people, with 12,000 schoolchildren and students participating in the centers schoolservice every year. The center was expanded in 2005 and now comprise 5,800 m2 (62,000 sq ft), with all constructions designed by Kjaer & Richter. The aquarium is home to more than 250 species from around the world, from the native herring, wolffish and seals (grey and harbour) to tropical lionfish and coral fish and sharks. The animals are on display in large tanks in a variety of engaging ways. The largest tank, Oceanariet, has a volume of 1,500,000 L (400,000 US gal) and shows a native marine scene from the Kattegat itself. It is possible to dive here for visitors. Another large tank is the 550,000-litre (150,000 US gal) tropical shark tank, Hajtanken, which is equipped with a shark tunnel and is home to species such as sand tiger shark, whitetip reef shark, nurse shark and stingrays. The smallest aquaria at the Kattegatcenter contain 250 L (66 US gal). The Kattegatcenter cooperates on a broad scale with politicians, businesspeople, scientists, institutions and organizations from all over the world. The center is a member of both EAZA and DAZA, two important zoo and aquarium organizations, and are currently working towards being self-sustaining with animals. They have a large breeding program with both native and tropical species. In cooperation with Danish Technological Institute (DTI) and Aarhus University, The Kattegatcenter created AlgeCenter Danmark in 2011. It is a Danish center for research, innovation and mediation of information about algae. AlgeCenter Danmark has a growing facility for kelp right next to The Kattegatcenter. Every year, the international Nordic Seaweed Conference are held here. References ^ "Kattegatcentret melder om stigende besøgstal" (in Danish). FiskeriTidendd. 7 January 2016. Retrieved 24 December 2016. ^ "Kattegat Centret" (in Danish). Kjaer & Richter. Retrieved 22 January 2016. ^ a b c "Kattegatcentret Grenaa" (in Danish). sommerdanmark.dk. Retrieved 24 December 2016. ^ "AlgeCenter Danmark". Retrieved 22 January 2016. External links Official website vteZoos of DenmarkZoos Aalborg Zoo Copenhagen Zoo Crocodile Zoo Guldborgsund Zoo Givskud Zoo Jesperhus Knuthenborg Safaripark Odense Zoo Randers Tropical Zoo Ree Park – Ebeltoft Safari Skandinavisk Dyrepark Aquariums National Aquarium Denmark AQUA Akvarium & Dyrepark Fisheries and Maritime Museum Fjord & Bælt Kattegatcentret Nordsøen Oceanarium Øresundsakvariet Animals portal
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"public aquarium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_aquarium"},{"link_name":"Grenå","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gren%C3%A5"},{"link_name":"Kattegat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kattegat"},{"link_name":"Kjaer & Richter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kjaer_%26_Richter"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"herring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_herring"},{"link_name":"wolffish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_wolffish"},{"link_name":"seals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earless_seal"},{"link_name":"grey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_seal"},{"link_name":"harbour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbor_seal"},{"link_name":"lionfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionfish"},{"link_name":"coral fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral_fish"},{"link_name":"sharks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharks"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sommerdk-3"},{"link_name":"shark tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark_tunnel"},{"link_name":"sand tiger shark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sand_tiger_shark"},{"link_name":"whitetip reef shark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitetip_reef_shark"},{"link_name":"nurse shark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nurse_shark"},{"link_name":"stingrays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whiptail_stingray"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sommerdk-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sommerdk-3"},{"link_name":"EAZA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EAZA"},{"link_name":"DAZA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DAZA&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Danish Technological Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Danish_Technological_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Aarhus University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aarhus_University"},{"link_name":"AlgeCenter Danmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AlgeCenter_Danmark&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"algae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algae"},{"link_name":"kelp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelp"},{"link_name":"Nordic Seaweed Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nordic_Seaweed_Conference&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Aquarium in Grenå, DenmarkKattegatcentret (The Kattegat Center) is a public aquarium in Grenå, Denmark. Its name refers to the Kattegat sea.The mission of Kattegatcentret is to mediate knowledge about the sea to the general public, so more people are able to enjoy, understand and guard the seas. Since its opening in 1993, the aquarium has been visited by around 6 million people, with 12,000 schoolchildren and students participating in the centers schoolservice every year. The center was expanded in 2005 and now comprise 5,800 m2 (62,000 sq ft), with all constructions designed by Kjaer & Richter.[2]The aquarium is home to more than 250 species from around the world, from the native herring, wolffish and seals (grey and harbour) to tropical lionfish and coral fish and sharks. The animals are on display in large tanks in a variety of engaging ways. The largest tank, Oceanariet, has a volume of 1,500,000 L (400,000 US gal) and shows a native marine scene from the Kattegat itself.[3] It is possible to dive here for visitors. Another large tank is the 550,000-litre (150,000 US gal) tropical shark tank, Hajtanken, which is equipped with a shark tunnel and is home to species such as sand tiger shark, whitetip reef shark, nurse shark and stingrays.[3] The smallest aquaria at the Kattegatcenter contain 250 L (66 US gal).[3]The Kattegatcenter cooperates on a broad scale with politicians, businesspeople, scientists, institutions and organizations from all over the world. The center is a member of both EAZA and DAZA, two important zoo and aquarium organizations, and are currently working towards being self-sustaining with animals. They have a large breeding program with both native and tropical species.In cooperation with Danish Technological Institute (DTI) and Aarhus University, The Kattegatcenter created AlgeCenter Danmark in 2011. It is a Danish center for research, innovation and mediation of information about algae. AlgeCenter Danmark has a growing facility for kelp right next to The Kattegatcenter. Every year, the international Nordic Seaweed Conference are held here.[4]","title":"Kattegatcentret"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Kattegatcentret melder om stigende besøgstal\" (in Danish). FiskeriTidendd. 7 January 2016. Retrieved 24 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://fiskeritidende.dk/kattegatcentret-melder-om-stigende-besoegstal/","url_text":"\"Kattegatcentret melder om stigende besøgstal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kattegat Centret\" (in Danish). Kjaer & Richter. Retrieved 22 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kjaerrichter.dk/rs/181/kattegatcentret-/","url_text":"\"Kattegat Centret\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kattegatcentret Grenaa\" (in Danish). sommerdanmark.dk. Retrieved 24 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://sommerdanmark.dk/index.php?p=./modules/agency/agency_int_page&fromlist&aid=455","url_text":"\"Kattegatcentret Grenaa\""}]},{"reference":"\"AlgeCenter Danmark\". Retrieved 22 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.algecenterdanmark.dk/","url_text":"\"AlgeCenter Danmark\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novelty_effect
Novelty effect
["1 In performance","2 In psychology","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
Effect from introducing new elements The novelty effect is an effect of introducing new elements on some activity or behavior. In performance In the context of human performance, is the tendency for performance to initially improve when new technology is instituted, not because of any actual improvement in learning or achievement, but in response to increased interest in the new technology. The Metropolitan Education and Research Consortium of the Virginia Commonwealth University states, "While it is possible that higher attention spans can be attributed to novelty effect, even after the initial novelty wears off, the level of interest in the automated workbook is still greater than that in the regular workbook. The increased attention by students sometimes results in increased effort or persistence, which yields achievement gains. If they are due to a novelty effect, these gains tend to diminish as students become more familiar with the new medium. This was the case in reviews of computer-assisted instruction at the secondary school level, grades 6 to 12". In psychology The novelty effect is the tendency for an individual to have the strongest stress response the first time that individual is faced with a potentially threatening experience. Over time, as the novelty wears off, the stress response decreases. This is a threat to external validity when individuals participating in a research study (a novel situation) perceive and respond differently than they would in the normal real world. See also Hawthorne effect (observer effect) References ^ Clark, R. E., & Sugrue, B. M. (1988). Research on instructional media 1978-88. In D. Ely (Ed.), Educational Media and Technology Yearbook. Englewood, CO: Libraries Unlimited, Inc. cited in Pisapia, John, Jeanne Schlesinger, and Amanda Parks. "Learning Technologies in the Classroom: Review of the Literature." (1993). ^ Gravetter, Frederick J.; Forzano, Lori-Ann B. (2015). Research Methods for the Behavioral Sciences. Cengage Learning. p. 172. ISBN 9781305480582. External links https://web.archive.org/web/20070503091246/http://www.soe.vcu.edu/merc/briefs/brief4.htm (accessed April 14, 2007)
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[]
[{"title":"Hawthorne effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawthorne_effect"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Swettenham
Frank Swettenham
["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Writings","4 Personal life","5 Honours","6 Chronology","7 Legacy","8 Publications","9 References","10 Further reading","11 External links"]
British colonial official in Malaya Sir Frank SwettenhamGCMG CHOil painting of Swettenham by John Singer SargentKing of Arms of the Order of St Michael and St GeorgeIn office1925–1938Preceded bySir Montagu OmmanneySucceeded bySir William WeigallMajorityBritish15th Governor and Commander-in-Chief of the Straits SettlementsIn office5 November 1901 – 16 April 1904MonarchsQueen VictoriaEdward VIIPreceded byJames Alexander Swettenham (acting Governor)Succeeded bySir John AndersonResident-General of the Federated Malay StatesIn office1 July 1896 – 4 November 1901Preceded byNewly CreatedSucceeded byWilliam Hood Treacher5th British Resident of PerakIn office1 June 1889 – 30 June 1896Preceded byHugh LowSucceeded byWilliam Hood Treacher3rd British Resident of SelangorIn officeSeptember 1882 – March 1884Preceded byWilliam Bloomfield DouglasSucceeded byJohn Pickersgill Rodger2nd British Resident of PerakIn office5 November 1875 – March 1876Preceded byJames W.W. BirchSucceeded byJames G. Davidson Personal detailsBorn(1850-03-28)28 March 1850Belper, EnglandDied11 June 1946(1946-06-11) (aged 96)London, UKSpouses Constance Sydney Holmes (a.k.a. Sydney Swettenham) ​ ​(m. 1878; div. 1938)​ Vera Seton Guthrie ​ ​(m. 1939⁠–⁠1946)​ Residence(s)King's House, Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaOccupationColonial official Sir Frank Athelstane Swettenham GCMG CH (28 March 1850 – 11 June 1946) was a British colonial administrator who became the first Resident general of the Federated Malay States, which brought the Malay states of Selangor, Perak, Negeri Sembilan and Pahang together under the administration of a Resident-General based in Kuala Lumpur. He served from 1 July 1896 to 4 November 1901. He was also an amateur painter, photographer and antique collector. Early life He was born in Belper, Derbyshire, the son of attorney James Oldham Swettenham, and Charlotte Elizabeth Carr and was educated at the Dollar Academy in Scotland and St Peter's School, York. He was a descendant of Mathew Swetenham, Henry IV's bow bearer, and the younger brother of the colonial administrator Sir James Alexander Swettenham. Career Sir Frank Swettenham Swettenham was a British colonial official in British Malaya, who was famous as highly influential in shaping British policy and the structure of British administration in the Malay Peninsula. In 1871 Swettenham was first sent to Singapore as a cadet in the civil service of the Straits Settlements (Singapore, Malacca, and Penang Island). He learned the Malay language and played a major role as British-Malay intermediary in the events surrounding British intervention in the peninsular Malay states in the 1870s. He was a member of the Commission for the Pacification of Larut set up following the signing of the Pangkor Treaty of 1874 and he served alongside John Frederick Adolphus McNair, and Chinese Kapitan Chung Keng Quee and Chin Seng Yam. The commission was successful in freeing many women taken as captives during the Larut Wars (1862–73), getting stockades dismantled and getting the tin mining business going again. More than a decade later, in 1882, he was appointed Resident (adviser) to the Malay state of Selangor. During his time in office in Selangor, he successfully promoted the development of coffee and tobacco estates and helped boost tin earnings by constructing a railway from Kuala Lumpur (it was capital of Selangor at that time), to the port of Klang, which was later named Port Swettenham in his honour. He acquired the title of Resident-General after he secured an agreement of federation from the states of Perak, Selangor, Negri Sembilan, and Pahang in 1895, when he was Resident of Perak state. In the 1897 Diamond Jubilee Honours he was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG) by Queen Victoria, and in October 1901, three years before his retirement, he was appointed Governor and Commander-in-Chief of the Straits Settlements. Swettenham had long been critical of the influence of Siam in the northern Malay states of Kelantan and Trengganu, which had traditionally recognised the suzerainty of Siam by sending a tribute of a golden flower to the King of Siam every three years. After his appointment as Governor of the Straits Settlements, he attempted to negotiate with Siam for greater British influence over the affairs of these states. Siam reluctantly agreed to appoint British advisors, but only on the condition that they were appointed by Bangkok, not by the Foreign Office as he had hoped. However, the process had been initiated whereby these two states and eventually Kedah would eventually accept British Residents. Swettenham was disappointed in his ultimate goal of bringing the southern Thai region of Patani under British control. He was one of close to forty former British Empire officials to oppose the Malayan Union. Writings Swettenham co-authored a A Dictionary of the Malay Language with Hugh Clifford. The dictionary, which was published in stages between 1894 and 1902, was abandoned after the letter 'G' as by then it had been made redundant by the publication of R.J. Wilkinson's A Malay English Dictionary. He also published four books: Malay Sketches, Unaddressed Letters, Also & Perhaps and Arabella in Africa, the last being illustrated by the famous mural painter and illustrator, Rex Whistler. The book was Whistler's first official commission. Personal life Perak Cricket Team in 1895 including Swettenham (middle row, 2nd left) and Col. Robert Sandilands Frowd Walker (Middle row, centre) While on home leave in England in the summer of 1877, Swettenham met and became engaged to Constance Sydney Holmes (b. 1858), daughter of Cecil Frederick Holmes, a housemaster at Harrow School. They married in England in February 1878 and returned together to Singapore, where the nineteen-year old Sydney Swettenham attempted to come to terms with her new role as the wife of a colonial official. Their marriage, which was strained from the beginning and marked by long periods of separation, lasted until 1938, when Frank Swettenham successfully sued for divorce on the grounds of his wife's insanity. Swettenham became friends with Gertrude Bell when she visited Singapore in 1903 and maintained a correspondence with her until 1909. They are thought to have had a "brief but passionate affair" after his retirement to England. Frank Swettenham remarried at the age of 89, this time to Vera Seton Guthrie (1890–1970) on 22 June 1939, daughter of John Gordon, a Scotch-American successful merchant and millionaire, and widow of John Neil Guthrie, who had been killed in action in France during World War I. While in India in 1883 preparing for the Colonial Exhibition in Calcutta, Swettenham met and had a child with an Anglo-Indian woman from Bangalore (known only as Miss Good). To avoid a scandal, the mother of Swettenham's son was married to an English clerk in the Perak civil service, Walter McKnight Young, and his son was raised as Walter Aynsley Young. Honours A statue of Swettenham within the compound of Muzium Negara at Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George, 1886 (CMG) Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George, 1897 (KCMG) Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George, 1909 (GCMG) Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour, 1917 (CH) King of Arms of the Order of St Michael and St George, 1925 Chronology He was Deputy Commissioner with the Perak Expedition from 1875 to 1876. British Resident of Selangor in 1882, of Perak from 1889 to 1896. Resident-General of the Federated Malay States (now Malaysia) in 1896–1901. Governor and Commander-in-Chief of the Straits Settlements 1901–1904. Chaired the royal commission to enquire into the affairs of Mauritius in 1909. He was also joint director of the Official Press Bureau from 1915 to 1919. Legacy A number of places and roads in Malaysia and Singapore were named after Swettenham, including Swettenham Pier in George Town, Penang Island and Swettenham Road (near the Botanic Gardens) in Singapore. Before 1972, Port Klang in Selangor was known as Port Swettenham which was opened in September 1901. Publications Burns, P.L., and Cowan, C.D. ed. (1975), Sir Frank Swettenham's Malayan journals 1874–1876, Kuala Lumpur, London: Oxford University Press. Clifford, Hugh Charles, and Swettenham, Frank Athelstane (1894), A dictionary of the Malay language, Taiping, Perak: Printed for the author's at the Government's printing office. Cowan, C.D. ed. (1952), "Sir Frank Swettenham's Perak journals 1874–1876", Journal of the Malayan branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, vol.24, part 4. Singapore: Malaya Publishing House. Swettenham, Frank Athelstane (1881), Vocabulary of the English and Malay languages. Singapore: printed at the Government Printing Office. Swettenham, Frank Athelstane (1893), Map to illustrate the Siamese question. W. & A.K. Johnston Limited. Swettenham, Frank Athelstane (1893), About Perak. Singapore: Straits Times Press. Swettenham, Frank Athelstane (1895), Malay sketches. London: John Lane. Swettenham, Frank Athelstane (1898), Unaddressed letters. London: John Lane. Swettenham, Frank Athelstane (1899), The real Malay. London: John Lane. Swettenham, Frank Athelstane (1907), British Malaya. London: John Lane. Swettenham, Frank Athelstane (1910), Report of the Mauritius royal commission, 1909. HMSO. Swettenham, Frank Athelstane (1912), Also and perhaps. London: John Lane. Swettenham, Frank Athelstane (1925), 'Arabella in Africa'. London: John Lane. Swettenham, Frank Athelstane (1942), 'Footprints in Malaya'. London: Hutchinson. Swettenham, Frank Athelstane (1946 ?), 'The future of Malaya'. : Swettenham, Frank Athelstane (1967), 'Stories and sketches'. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press. "The Straits Settlements and Beyond" . The Empire and the century. London: John Murray. 1905. pp. 827–834. References ^ Frank Swettenham at biography.com ^ Barlow, Henry S. (1995). Swettenham. Kuala Lumpur: Southdene. p. 4. ^ "No. 26864". The London Gazette. 22 June 1897. p. 3440. ^ "No. 27360". The London Gazette. 1 October 1901. p. 6395. ^ Barlow, Henry S. (1995). "Chapter 39 The Problem of Siam: Reality of Failure". Swettenham. Kuala Lumpur: Southdene. ^ Barlow, Henry S. (1995). Swettenham. Kuala Lumpur: Southdene. p. 477. ^ Barlow, Henry S. (1995). Swettenham. Kuala Lumpur: Southdene. p. 186. ^ Barlow, Henry S. (1995). Swettenham. Kuala Lumpur: Southdene. pp. 654–5. ^ Barlow, Henry S. (1997). "Malaysia: Swettenham's Legacy". Asian Affairs. 28 (3): 333. doi:10.1080/714857151. ^ Barlow, Henry S. (1995). Swettenham. Kuala Lumpur: Southdene. p. 721. ^ Williams, Stephanie (2011). Running the Show: the extraordinary stories of the men who governed the British Empire. London: Penguin. p. 254. ^ "No. 25610". The London Gazette. 23 July 1886. p. 3564. ^ "No. 26864". The London Gazette. 22 June 1897. p. 3440. ^ "No. 28305". The London Gazette. 5 November 1909. p. 8239. ^ "No. 30250". The London Gazette (Supplement). 24 August 1917. p. 8799. ^ "No. 33027". The London Gazette. 6 March 1925. p. 1601. ^ Wright, Arnold; Cartwright, H. A. (1908). Twentieth Century Impressions of British Malaya: Its History, People, Commerce, Industries, and Resources. Lloyd Greater Britain Publishing. p. 730. ^ "Swettenham Pier". Penang Global Tourism. Archived from the original on 8 March 2016. Retrieved 15 December 2014. ^ "Port Swettenham". www.roots.gov.sg. Retrieved 6 March 2023. ^ "Stories and sketches". Cambridge University Library. 10 May 2004. Archived from the original on 24 September 2006. Retrieved 1 December 2006. Further reading Corresp: Actions of Perak Expeditionary Force post-murder of Birch External links Wikisource has original works by or about:Frank Swettenham Works by or about Frank Swettenham at Internet Archive Works by Frank Swettenham at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) Britannica | Sir Frank Swettenham Association of British Malaya Carcosa Seri Negara Straits Settlements Portrait of Sir Frank Swettenham by John Singer Sargent Political offices Preceded byJames W. W. Birch British Resident of Perak 1875–1876 Succeeded byJames G. Davidson Preceded byWilliam Bloomfield Douglas British Resident of Selangor 1882–1884 Succeeded byJohn Pickersgill Rodger Preceded byHugh Low British Resident of Perak 1889–1896 Succeeded byWilliam Hood Treacher New title Resident-General of the Federated Malay States 1896–1901 Succeeded byWilliam Hood Treacher Government offices Preceded byJames Alexander Swettenham (acting) Governor of the Straits Settlements 1901–1904 Succeeded bySir John Anderson Heraldic offices Preceded bySir Montagu Ommanney King of Arms of theOrder of St Michael and St George 1925–1938 Succeeded bySir William Weigall Governors of Singapore (1819–1959) (with italics * for the Acting)Resident of Singapore(1819–1826) William Farquhar Dr. John Crawfurd Governors of the Straits Settlements(under British India)(1826–1867) Robert Fullerton Robert Ibbetson Kenneth Murchison Sir Samuel George Bonham William John Butterworth Edmund Augustus Blundell Governors of the Straits Settlements(under Colonial Office)(1867–1942) Sir Orfeur Cavenagh Sir Harry St. George Ord Sir Andrew Clarke Sir William Jervois Sir Archibald Edward Harbord Anson * Sir William Cleaver Francis Robinson Sir Archibald Edward Harbord Anson * Sir Frederick Aloysius Weld Sir Cecil Clementi Smith William Edward Maxwell * Sir Charles Bullen Hugh Mitchell Sir James Alexander Swettenham * Sir Frank Athelstane Swettenham Sir John Anderson Sir Arthur Henderson Young Sir Laurence Nunns Guillemard Sir Hugh Charles Clifford Sir John Scott * Sir Cecil Clementi Sir Andrew Caldecott * Sir Thomas Shenton Whitelegge Thomas Japanese Mayor of Syonan(1942–1945) Shigeo Odate Kanichi Naito British Military Administrationof the Straits Settlements(1945–1946) Lord Louis Mountbatten Sir Thomas Shenton Whitelegge Thomas Governors of the Crown Colony of Singapore(1946–1959) Sir Franklin Charles Gimson Wilfred Lawson Blythe * Sir John Fearns Nicoll William Allmond Codrington Goode * Sir Robert Brown Black Sir William Allmond Codrington Goode Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Germany Israel United States Japan Australia Korea Netherlands Artists Photographers' Identities People Trove Other SNAC IdRef
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He served from 1 July 1896 to 4 November 1901. He was also an amateur painter, photographer and antique collector.","title":"Frank Swettenham"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Belper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belper"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Dollar Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dollar_Academy"},{"link_name":"St Peter's School, York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Peter%27s_School,_York"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Mathew Swetenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathew_Swetenham"},{"link_name":"James Alexander Swettenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Alexander_Swettenham"}],"text":"He was born in Belper, Derbyshire, the son of attorney James Oldham Swettenham,[1] and Charlotte Elizabeth Carr and was educated at the Dollar Academy in Scotland and St Peter's School, York.[2] He was a descendant of Mathew Swetenham, Henry IV's bow bearer, and the younger brother of the colonial administrator Sir James Alexander Swettenham.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sir_frank_swettenham.gif"},{"link_name":"British Malaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Malaya"},{"link_name":"Malay Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Straits Settlements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straits_Settlements"},{"link_name":"Malay language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_language"},{"link_name":"Commission for the Pacification of Larut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_for_the_Pacification_of_Larut"},{"link_name":"Pangkor Treaty of 1874","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangkor_Treaty_of_1874"},{"link_name":"John Frederick Adolphus McNair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Frederick_Adolphus_McNair"},{"link_name":"Kapitan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapitan_Cina"},{"link_name":"Chung Keng Quee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chung_Keng_Quee"},{"link_name":"tin mining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin_mining"},{"link_name":"Port Swettenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Swettenham"},{"link_name":"Perak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak"},{"link_name":"Selangor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selangor"},{"link_name":"Negri Sembilan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negri_Sembilan"},{"link_name":"Pahang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahang"},{"link_name":"1897 Diamond Jubilee Honours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1897_Diamond_Jubilee_Honours"},{"link_name":"Order of St Michael and St George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_the_Straits_Settlements"},{"link_name":"Straits Settlements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straits_Settlements"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Siam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siam"},{"link_name":"Kelantan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelantan"},{"link_name":"Trengganu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trengganu"},{"link_name":"golden flower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunga_mas"},{"link_name":"King of Siam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Siam"},{"link_name":"Foreign Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Office"},{"link_name":"Kedah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedah"},{"link_name":"Patani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattani_Province"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"British Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire"},{"link_name":"Malayan Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayan_Union"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Sir Frank SwettenhamSwettenham was a British colonial official in British Malaya, who was famous as highly influential in shaping British policy and the structure of British administration in the Malay Peninsula.In 1871 Swettenham was first sent to Singapore as a cadet in the civil service of the Straits Settlements (Singapore, Malacca, and Penang Island). He learned the Malay language and played a major role as British-Malay intermediary in the events surrounding British intervention in the peninsular Malay states in the 1870s.He was a member of the Commission for the Pacification of Larut set up following the signing of the Pangkor Treaty of 1874 and he served alongside John Frederick Adolphus McNair, and Chinese Kapitan Chung Keng Quee and Chin Seng Yam. The commission was successful in freeing many women taken as captives during the Larut Wars (1862–73), getting stockades dismantled and getting the tin mining business going again.More than a decade later, in 1882, he was appointed Resident (adviser) to the Malay state of Selangor. During his time in office in Selangor, he successfully promoted the development of coffee and tobacco estates and helped boost tin earnings by constructing a railway from Kuala Lumpur (it was capital of Selangor at that time), to the port of Klang, which was later named Port Swettenham in his honour.He acquired the title of Resident-General after he secured an agreement of federation from the states of Perak, Selangor, Negri Sembilan, and Pahang in 1895, when he was Resident of Perak state. In the 1897 Diamond Jubilee Honours he was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG) by Queen Victoria,[3] and in October 1901, three years before his retirement, he was appointed Governor and Commander-in-Chief of the Straits Settlements.[4]Swettenham had long been critical of the influence of Siam in the northern Malay states of Kelantan and Trengganu, which had traditionally recognised the suzerainty of Siam by sending a tribute of a golden flower to the King of Siam every three years. After his appointment as Governor of the Straits Settlements, he attempted to negotiate with Siam for greater British influence over the affairs of these states. Siam reluctantly agreed to appoint British advisors, but only on the condition that they were appointed by Bangkok, not by the Foreign Office as he had hoped. However, the process had been initiated whereby these two states and eventually Kedah would eventually accept British Residents. Swettenham was disappointed in his ultimate goal of bringing the southern Thai region of Patani under British control.[5]He was one of close to forty former British Empire officials to oppose the Malayan Union.[citation needed]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hugh Clifford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Clifford_(colonial_administrator)"},{"link_name":"R.J. Wilkinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_James_Wilkinson"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Rex Whistler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rex_Whistler"}],"text":"Swettenham co-authored a A Dictionary of the Malay Language with Hugh Clifford. The dictionary, which was published in stages between 1894 and 1902, was abandoned after the letter 'G' as by then it had been made redundant by the publication of R.J. Wilkinson's A Malay English Dictionary.[6]He also published four books: Malay Sketches, Unaddressed Letters, Also & Perhaps and Arabella in Africa, the last being illustrated by the famous mural painter and illustrator, Rex Whistler. The book was Whistler's first official commission.","title":"Writings"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Perak_Cricket_Team_1895.gif"},{"link_name":"Robert Sandilands Frowd Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Sandilands_Frowd_Walker"},{"link_name":"Constance Sydney Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constance_Sydney_Holmes"},{"link_name":"Harrow School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrow_School"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Gertrude Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gertrude_Bell"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Perak Cricket Team in 1895 including Swettenham (middle row, 2nd left) and Col. Robert Sandilands Frowd Walker (Middle row, centre)While on home leave in England in the summer of 1877, Swettenham met and became engaged to Constance Sydney Holmes (b. 1858), daughter of Cecil Frederick Holmes, a housemaster at Harrow School. They married in England in February 1878 and returned together to Singapore, where the nineteen-year old Sydney Swettenham attempted to come to terms with her new role as the wife of a colonial official. Their marriage, which was strained from the beginning and marked by long periods of separation, lasted until 1938, when Frank Swettenham successfully sued for divorce on the grounds of his wife's insanity.[7]Swettenham became friends with Gertrude Bell when she visited Singapore in 1903 and maintained a correspondence with her until 1909.[8] They are thought to have had a \"brief but passionate affair\" after his retirement to England.[9]Frank Swettenham remarried at the age of 89, this time to Vera Seton Guthrie (1890–1970) on 22 June 1939, daughter of John Gordon, a Scotch-American successful merchant and millionaire, and widow of John Neil Guthrie, who had been killed in action in France during World War I.[10]While in India in 1883 preparing for the Colonial Exhibition in Calcutta, Swettenham met and had a child with an Anglo-Indian woman from Bangalore (known only as Miss Good). To avoid a scandal, the mother of Swettenham's son was married to an English clerk in the Perak civil service, Walter McKnight Young, and his son was raised as Walter Aynsley Young.[11]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sir_Frank_Athelstane_Swettenham,_MN,_2023_(01).jpg"},{"link_name":"Muzium Negara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzium_Negara"},{"link_name":"Kuala Lumpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur"},{"link_name":"Order of St Michael and St George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_the_Order_of_the_Companions_of_Honour"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"King of Arms of the Order of St Michael and St George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Arms_of_the_Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"A statue of Swettenham within the compound of Muzium Negara at Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George, 1886 (CMG)[12]\nKnight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George, 1897 (KCMG)[13]\nKnight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George, 1909 (GCMG) [14]\nMember of the Order of the Companions of Honour, 1917 (CH) [15]\nKing of Arms of the Order of St Michael and St George, 1925[16]","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Perak Expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak_War"},{"link_name":"British Resident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Resident"},{"link_name":"Selangor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selangor"},{"link_name":"Perak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak"},{"link_name":"Federated Malay States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federated_Malay_States"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"}],"text":"He was Deputy Commissioner with the Perak Expedition from 1875 to 1876.\nBritish Resident of Selangor in 1882, of Perak from 1889 to 1896.\nResident-General of the Federated Malay States (now Malaysia) in 1896–1901.\nGovernor and Commander-in-Chief of the Straits Settlements 1901–1904.\nChaired the royal commission to enquire into the affairs of Mauritius in 1909.\nHe was also joint director of the Official Press Bureau from 1915 to 1919.","title":"Chronology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"George Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Town,_Penang"},{"link_name":"Penang Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penang_Island"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Botanic Gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_Botanic_Gardens"},{"link_name":"Port Klang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Klang"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"A number of places and roads in Malaysia and Singapore were named after Swettenham, including Swettenham Pier in George Town, Penang Island[17][18] and Swettenham Road (near the Botanic Gardens) in Singapore.Before 1972, Port Klang in Selangor was known as Port Swettenham which was opened in September 1901.[19]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Publications-20"},{"link_name":"\"The Straits Settlements and Beyond\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Empire_and_the_century/The_Straits_Settlements_and_Beyond"}],"text":"Burns, P.L., and Cowan, C.D. ed. (1975), Sir Frank Swettenham's Malayan journals 1874–1876, Kuala Lumpur, London: Oxford University Press.\nClifford, Hugh Charles, and Swettenham, Frank Athelstane (1894), A dictionary of the Malay language, Taiping, Perak: Printed for the author's at the Government's printing office.\nCowan, C.D. ed. (1952), \"Sir Frank Swettenham's Perak journals 1874–1876\", Journal of the Malayan branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, vol.24, part 4. Singapore: Malaya Publishing House.\nSwettenham, Frank Athelstane (1881), Vocabulary of the English and Malay languages. Singapore: printed at the Government Printing Office.\nSwettenham, Frank Athelstane (1893), Map to illustrate the Siamese question. W. & A.K. Johnston Limited.\nSwettenham, Frank Athelstane (1893), About Perak. Singapore: Straits Times Press.\nSwettenham, Frank Athelstane (1895), Malay sketches. London: John Lane.\nSwettenham, Frank Athelstane (1898), Unaddressed letters. London: John Lane.\nSwettenham, Frank Athelstane (1899), The real Malay. London: John Lane.\nSwettenham, Frank Athelstane (1907), British Malaya. London: John Lane.\nSwettenham, Frank Athelstane (1910), Report of the Mauritius royal commission, 1909. HMSO.\nSwettenham, Frank Athelstane (1912), Also and perhaps. London: John Lane.\nSwettenham, Frank Athelstane (1925), 'Arabella in Africa'. London: John Lane.\nSwettenham, Frank Athelstane (1942), 'Footprints in Malaya'. London: Hutchinson.\nSwettenham, Frank Athelstane (1946 ?), 'The future of Malaya'. [S.l.]: [s.n.]\nSwettenham, Frank Athelstane (1967), 'Stories and sketches'. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press.[20]\n\"The Straits Settlements and Beyond\" . The Empire and the century. London: John Murray. 1905. pp. 827–834.","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Corresp: Actions of Perak Expeditionary Force post-murder of Birch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Corresp:_Actions_of_Perak_Expeditionary_Force_post-murder_of_Birch"}],"text":"Corresp: Actions of Perak Expeditionary Force post-murder of Birch","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Sir Frank Swettenham","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Sir_frank_swettenham.gif"},{"image_text":"Perak Cricket Team in 1895 including Swettenham (middle row, 2nd left) and Col. Robert Sandilands Frowd Walker (Middle row, centre)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Perak_Cricket_Team_1895.gif/220px-Perak_Cricket_Team_1895.gif"},{"image_text":"A statue of Swettenham within the compound of Muzium Negara at Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Sir_Frank_Athelstane_Swettenham%2C_MN%2C_2023_%2801%29.jpg/170px-Sir_Frank_Athelstane_Swettenham%2C_MN%2C_2023_%2801%29.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"The Straits Settlements and Beyond\" . The Empire and the century. London: John Murray. 1905. pp. 827–834.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Empire_and_the_century/The_Straits_Settlements_and_Beyond","url_text":"\"The Straits Settlements and Beyond\""}]},{"reference":"Barlow, Henry S. (1995). Swettenham. Kuala Lumpur: Southdene. p. 4.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"No. 26864\". The London Gazette. 22 June 1897. p. 3440.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/26864/page/3440","url_text":"\"No. 26864\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 27360\". The London Gazette. 1 October 1901. p. 6395.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27360/page/6395","url_text":"\"No. 27360\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"Barlow, Henry S. (1995). \"Chapter 39 The Problem of Siam: Reality of Failure\". Swettenham. Kuala Lumpur: Southdene.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Barlow, Henry S. (1995). Swettenham. Kuala Lumpur: Southdene. p. 477.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Barlow, Henry S. (1995). Swettenham. Kuala Lumpur: Southdene. p. 186.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Barlow, Henry S. (1995). Swettenham. Kuala Lumpur: Southdene. pp. 654–5.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Barlow, Henry S. (1997). \"Malaysia: Swettenham's Legacy\". Asian Affairs. 28 (3): 333. doi:10.1080/714857151.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F714857151","url_text":"10.1080/714857151"}]},{"reference":"Barlow, Henry S. (1995). Swettenham. Kuala Lumpur: Southdene. p. 721.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Williams, Stephanie (2011). Running the Show: the extraordinary stories of the men who governed the British Empire. London: Penguin. p. 254.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"No. 25610\". The London Gazette. 23 July 1886. p. 3564.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/25610/page/3564","url_text":"\"No. 25610\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 26864\". The London Gazette. 22 June 1897. p. 3440.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/26864/page/3440","url_text":"\"No. 26864\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 28305\". The London Gazette. 5 November 1909. p. 8239.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/28305/page/8239","url_text":"\"No. 28305\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 30250\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 24 August 1917. p. 8799.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/30250/supplement/8799","url_text":"\"No. 30250\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 33027\". The London Gazette. 6 March 1925. p. 1601.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/33027/page/1601","url_text":"\"No. 33027\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"Wright, Arnold; Cartwright, H. A. (1908). Twentieth Century Impressions of British Malaya: Its History, People, Commerce, Industries, and Resources. Lloyd Greater Britain Publishing. p. 730.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/cu31924023134368","url_text":"Twentieth Century Impressions of British Malaya: Its History, People, Commerce, Industries, and Resources"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/cu31924023134368/page/n737","url_text":"730"}]},{"reference":"\"Swettenham Pier\". Penang Global Tourism. Archived from the original on 8 March 2016. Retrieved 15 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160308054238/http://mypenang.gov.my/index.aspx?page=item-1725-swettenham_pier.pgt","url_text":"\"Swettenham Pier\""},{"url":"http://mypenang.gov.my/index.aspx?page=item-1725-swettenham_pier.pgt","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Port Swettenham\". www.roots.gov.sg. Retrieved 6 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.roots.gov.sg/Collection-Landing/listing/1132064#:~:text=Accession%20No.&text=Port%20Swettenham%20is%20located%20in,British%20Resident,%20Sir%20Frank%20Swettenham.","url_text":"\"Port Swettenham\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stories and sketches\". Cambridge University Library. 10 May 2004. Archived from the original on 24 September 2006. Retrieved 1 December 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060924153218/http://www.lib.cam.ac.uk/rcs_photographers/entry.php?id=439","url_text":"\"Stories and sketches\""},{"url":"http://www.lib.cam.ac.uk/rcs_photographers/entry.php?id=439","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Workers_Party
Polish Workers' Party
["1 Communist Party of Poland and its demise","2 The PPR's World War II foundations","3 Polish communist institutions in the Soviet Union","4 Gomułka's leadership, State National Council, Polish Committee of National Liberation","5 Government-in-exile after Sikorski's death","6 Defeat of Operation Tempest and the Warsaw Uprising","7 Mikołajczyk's resignation, Provisional Government","8 Communist-led war effort","9 Provisional Government of National Unity","10 Formation of a new sociopolitical system, PPR's role and program","11 Incorporation of post-German territories, postwar reconstruction and state socialist reforms","12 Political struggle and persecution of opposition","13 Elections of 1947 and elimination of legal opposition","14 Removal of Gomułka, Stalinism, Polish United Workers' Party","15 Election results","15.1 Sejm","16 See also","17 References"]
1942–1948 political party in Poland Polish Workers' Party Polska Partia RobotniczaFirst leaderWładysław GomułkaLast leaderBolesław BierutFounded5 January 1942Dissolved16 December 1948Preceded byKPPSucceeded byPZPRYouth wingUnion of Youth StruggleIdeologyCommunismMarxism–LeninismStalinismPolitical positionFar-leftNational affiliationDemocratic Bloc (1947–1948)International affiliationComintern (1942–1943)Cominform (1947–1948)ColoursRedParty flagPolitics of PolandPolitical partiesElections The Polish Workers' Party (Polish: Polska Partia Robotnicza, PPR) was a communist party in Poland from 1942 to 1948. It was founded as a reconstitution of the Communist Party of Poland (KPP) and merged with the Polish Socialist Party (PPS) in 1948 to form the Polish United Workers' Party (PZPR). From the end of World War II the PPR led Poland, with the Soviet Union exercising moderate influence. During the PPR years, the centers of opposition activity were largely diminished, and a socialist system was established in the country. Arriving from the Soviet Union, a group of Polish communists was parachuted into occupied Poland in December 1941. With Joseph Stalin's permission, in January 1942 they established the Polish Workers' Party, a new communist party. The PPR established a partisan military organization Gwardia Ludowa, later renamed Armia Ludowa. In November 1943, Władysław Gomułka became secretary (chief executive) of the Central Committee of the PPR. On 1 January 1944 the party created the State National Council (KRN), proclaimed to be a wartime parliament of Poland; the body was chaired by Bolesław Bierut. In June 1944 the Union of Polish Patriots, a rival to the PPR Polish-communist organization operating in the Soviet Union, recognized the KRN as "the true representation of the Polish nation". The PPR was initially a small party with marginal support; it grew because of its alliance with the victorious Soviet Union. In July 1944 the Polish communists, working in close cooperation with Stalin and other Soviet leaders, established and declared in liberated Lublin a provisional executive quasi-government of Poland, which they called the Polish Committee of National Liberation (PKWN). In the PKWN Manifesto issued at that time, the PKWN claimed its authority in Poland and promised post-war reconstruction as well as land reform. The KRN and the PKWN were established when the Polish government-in-exile in London was the internationally recognized government of Poland. By the end of 1944, the PKWN was replaced with the Provisional Government of the Republic of Poland, recognized by the Soviet Union, with which it signed in April 1945 a 20-year friendship, alliance and cooperation treaty. As a result of the Yalta Conference Allied determinations, the Provisional Government was converted to a formally coalition Provisional Government of National Unity (TRJN) in June 1945. The Polish government-in-exile was excluded from participation and the PPR ended up controlling the new government, which was soon recognized by the United States, the United Kingdom, and other countries. Establishment of a permanent government was conditioned on national elections being held, as mandated by the Allies. In the meantime the PPR engaged in a massive program of rebuilding the country and its industry, in combating and containing the various forms and manifestations of opposition to its rule, but also in manipulating the election preparation process to ensure the party's lasting domination. The 1946 Polish people's referendum, followed by the 1947 Polish legislative election, were rigged and declared a decisive victory of the PPR's "Democratic Bloc". The only legal opposition, the Polish People's Party, was marginalized. Gomułka's victory, however, was short-lived. Pressured by the Cold War, Stalin had no more patience for the Polish leader's national brand of communism, and from August 1948 the PPR was led by Bierut. In December 1948, the PPR and the purged PPS were merged to form the PZPR. What was left of democratic and pluralistic practices and pretenses was abandoned and Poland entered its period of Stalinist rule. Communist Party of Poland and its demise The Communist Party of Poland (KPP, until 1925 the Communist Workers' Party of Poland) was an organization of the far-left. The views adhered to and promulgated by its leaders (Maria Koszutska, Adolf Warski, Maksymilian Horwitz, Edward Próchniak) led to the party's difficult relationship with Joseph Stalin already in 1923–24. The Communist International (Comintern) condemned the KPP for its support of Józef Piłsudski's May Coup of 1926 (the party's "May error"). From 1933, the KPP was increasingly treated with suspicion by the Comintern. The party structures were seen as compromised due to infiltration by agents of the Polish military intelligence. Some of the party leaders, falsely accused of being such agents, were subsequently executed in the Soviet Union. In 1935 and 1936, the KPP undertook a formation of a unified worker and peasant front in Poland and was then subjected to further persecutions by the Comintern, which also arbitrarily accused the Polish communists of harboring Trotskyists elements in their ranks. The apogee of the Moscow-held prosecutions, aimed at eradicating the various "deviations" and ending usually in death sentences, took place in 1937–38, with the last executions carried out in 1940. The KPP members were persecuted and often imprisoned by the Polish Sanation regime, which turned out to likely save the lives of a number of future Polish communist leaders, including Bolesław Bierut, Władysław Gomułka, Edward Ochab, Stefan Jędrychowski and Aleksander Zawadzki. During the Great Purge, seventy members and candidate members of the party's Central Committee fled or were brought to the Soviet Union and were shot there, along with a large number of other activists (almost all prominent Polish communists were murdered or sent to labor camps). The Comintern, in reality directed by Stalin, had the party dissolved and liquidated in August 1938. The PPR's World War II foundations On 28 June 1940, soon after the Katyn massacre, Stalin received Wanda Wasilewska, an unofficial leader of Polish communists, at the Moscow Kremlin. The event initiated a reorientation of Soviet policies in regard to Poles. As a result, a wide range of official political, military, social, cultural, educational and other Soviet-Polish projects and activities commenced in 1940 and continued during the years that followed. The German attack on the Soviet Union in June 1941 changed the course of World War II and with it the nature of Polish-Soviet governmental relations. Pressured by the British government, the London-based Polish government-in-exile, led by Władysław Sikorski, signed an agreement with the Soviet Union, which included a Soviet recognition of the Polish government. A Polish army was formed in the Soviet Union, but was soon taken out of there and into the Middle East by Władysław Anders. The Katyn massacre perpetrated by the Soviets on Polish POWs was revealed and the Soviet Union "suspended" diplomatic relations with the Polish government. Prime Minister Sikorski was killed in an airplane crash in July 1943. These and other factors, including disagreements about future borders, caused the Polish-Soviet relations to deteriorate. Meanwhile, Stalin, beginning in the summer of 1941, pursued other Polish options, utilizing Polish communists and other Poles willing to cooperate, many of whom were present at that time in the Soviet Union. Polish language radio broadcasts began in August 1941; they called upon the Poles in Poland to unconditionally engage in anti-German resistance. Some prewar Polish officers were transferred to occupied Poland to conduct pro-Soviet conspiratorial activities and the Polish communists worked in November on organizing the Poles in the Soviet Union. Among the communist groups that became active in Poland after Operation Barbarossa was the Union for Liberating Struggle (Związek Walki Wyzwoleńczej), whose leaders included Marian Spychalski. A September 1941 attempt to transport activists from the Soviet Union to Poland was unsuccessful, but beginning in late December, a group of Polish communists which included Marceli Nowotko, Paweł Finder, Bolesław Mołojec and Małgorzata Fornalska, was parachuted into Poland. They had Stalin's permission to create a new Polish communist party. In Polish society the communists could count on marginal support only, so to avoid negative connotations it was decided not to include the word "communist" in the party's title. The party took the name "Polish Workers' Party." The PPR, intended in some sense as a continuation of the prewar KPP, was established in Warsaw on 5 January 1942, when some of the new arrivals met with local communist activists. The new party, which presented itself as an anti-Nazi Polish patriotic front, distributed a manifesto printed in Moscow entitled To workers, peasants and intelligentsia! To all Polish patriots!, in which it called for an uncompromising struggle against the German occupier. A leftist, formally democratic program was proposed and the party, whose operations concentrated mostly in the General Government, grew to about six thousand members by the summer of 1942. From 1943, an affiliated youth organization existed; it was called the Union for the Struggle of the Youth (Związek Walki Młodych). The PPR operated under the Central Committee led by Secretary Marceli Nowotko. Nowotko was killed on 28 November 1942. Mołojec took over as secretary (party chief), but he was suspected of arranging Nowotko's murder and subsequently condemned and executed by the ruling of the party court. In January 1943, Finder became secretary and the three-person Secretariat also included Władysław Gomułka and Franciszek Jóźwiak. Gwardia Ludowa (the People's Guard) military organization originated together with the party it served. It was led by Mołojec and then Jóźwiak. Gwardia Ludowa attacked Germans in Warsaw and organized partisan units in the countryside, primarily to destroy the German communication facilities. In February 1943 the PPR undertook talks with the Government Delegation for Poland, which represented in occupied Poland the Polish government-in-exile, and the central command of the underground Home Army, on possible cooperation. The negotiations made no progress because of the irreconcilable points of view of the two sides. After the Soviet Union broke diplomatic relations with the Polish government (25 April 1943), the contacts were terminated and the PPR's attitude toward the exile government-led Polish authority became hostile. The war progressively radicalized Polish society and the communists tried to take advantage of the situation by forming a coalition with other leftist and agrarian forces. However, a common "democratic front", meant as a platform for the future power struggle, failed to materialize because the rival parties were generally unwilling to cooperate with the PPR. Polish communist institutions in the Soviet Union Facilitated by Stalin, communist-controlled Polish civilian and military institutions were also formed in the Soviet Union. The leading roles in them were initially assumed by Wanda Wasilewska, a daughter of former Polish minister and Piłsudski's associate, herself a friend of Stalin, and the Polish officer Zygmunt Berling. From October 1940, Berling led a group of Polish officers working to establish a Polish division within the Soviet Red Army. The Union of Polish Patriots, proposed and organized from January 1943, had its founding congress in June 1943 and was led by Wasilewska. Berling, Alfred Lampe, Stefan Jędrychowski, Andrzej Witos and Bolesław Drobner were among the communists and individuals of other political orientations active in the organization, people willing to participate in a communist-dominated undertaking. After the Soviet authorities closed the branches of the Polish government's delegation in Soviet controlled territories, the union, assisted by a Soviet agency, established a social welfare department to look after the Poles scattered throughout its range of operations. The Polish 1st Tadeusz Kościuszko Infantry Division, commanded by Berling, was formed beginning in May 1943. The division fought at the Battle of Lenino in October 1943. The Polish National Committee, intended to develop into a communist government, was organized under Wasilewska from December 1943, but its formation was abandoned when Moscow found out about the existence of the State National Council in Warsaw. The Polish civilian and military activities in the Soviet Union were managed from January 1944 by the Central Bureau Communists of Poland. Its important members were Chairman Aleksander Zawadzki, Wasilewska, Karol Świerczewski, Jakub Berman, Stanisław Radkiewicz, Roman Zambrowski, Hilary Minc and Marian Spychalski. Some of them would later form the core of the Stalinist and strictly pro-Soviet (internationalist in outlook) faction of Poland's ruling communists, who worked closely with Bolesław Bierut and were opposed to the national PPR current led by Gomułka. On the military side, the First Polish Corps was formed from the Kościuszko Division and expanded into the First Polish Army in March 1944, still under command of General Berling. The army was incorporated into the 1st Belorussian Front. Gomułka's leadership, State National Council, Polish Committee of National Liberation In November 1943 Finder and Fornalska were arrested by the Gestapo, which also took the PPR's radio equipment. Communication between Warsaw and Moscow was no longer possible. Władysław Gomułka became secretary of the Central Committee of the PPR on 23 November 1943 and Bierut became a member of the Secretariat. The PPR published the "What are we fighting for" (O co walczymy) program declaration. Democratic ideas and future elections were proclaimed there, while the government-in-exile and the Underground State were denied the right to represent the Polish nation. Territorial changes after the war were indicated and nationalization of industry was promised together with land reform. At that time the Central Committee decided to create the State National Council (Krajowa Rada Narodowa, KRN), a quasi-parliament rival to the government-in-exile and the Underground State institutions. The council was established on 1 January 1944 and was chaired by Bierut. Members of splinter socialist and peasant groups were co-opted to participate. The communist partisan military formation was now named Armia Ludowa (AL); it was placed under command of General Michał Rola-Żymierski. After communications with Moscow were restored, a KRN delegation left for Moscow. Upon arriving there, they were officially greeted by Soviet officials and in June the Union of Polish Patriots had to recognize the KRN as the "true representation of the Polish nation". After the second KRN delegation arrived in Moscow, the Polish communists, in close cooperation with Stalin and other Soviet leaders, began working on a temporary executive government to administer the Polish lands (west of the Bug River) liberated by the Soviet and Polish communist armies. On 22 July 1944 the new organ, named the Polish Committee of National Liberation (PKWN), was officially established in the Lublin province. The PKWN Manifesto was issued, in which the committee claimed its authority in liberated Poland and announced fundamental and wide-ranging reconstruction and systemic changes, most prominently a land reform, to be implemented in the country. The socialist Edward Osóbka-Morawski was the PKWN's head and General Żymierski led the defense department, which diminished the role of General Berling. Most of the remaining PPR and KRN leaders left Warsaw and entered the Soviet-controlled territory. Zenon Kliszko and few others stayed in the capital to coordinate communist activities in the still occupied part of Poland. Government-in-exile after Sikorski's death After the death of Prime Minister Sikorski, the important figures in the exile government in London were President Władysław Raczkiewicz, the newly nominated Prime Minister Stanisław Mikołajczyk and Commander-in-chief Kazimierz Sosnkowski. During the Tehran Conference (November–December 1943) Stalin, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill determined the geographic location of the future Polish state (between the Oder River and the Curzon Line) without consulting or even notifying the Polish leaders. Czechoslovakia, previously Poland's partner for a planned confederation, signed in December 1943 a friendship treaty with the Soviet Union. As a result of the developing Soviet wartime advantage, the Polish government was gradually abandoned by its allies. Early in January 1944, the Soviet forces crossed the 1939 border of Poland. The British pressured the Polish government to accept the Soviet conditions for a resumption of Polish-Soviet diplomatic relations and practical cooperation (a recognition of the Curzon Line border and removal of anti-Soviet politicians from the Polish government), but the Polish side balked. Mikołajczyk advocated compromising with the Soviets for the sake of preserving the country's independence, while Sosnkowski, counting on the outbreak of war between the Allies, rejected making any concessions. In February Churchill publicly announced his government's support for a Curzon Line Polish-Soviet border anyway. In June 1944, Mikołajczyk officially traveled to the United States, where President Roosevelt suggested that he visits the Soviet Union to conduct political discussions. Roosevelt also asked Stalin to invite the Polish prime minister for talks on a resumption of bilateral relations. On 30 July Mikołajczyk arrived in Moscow accompanied by Foreign Minister Tadeusz Romer and Stanisław Grabski, chairman of the National Council. The PKWN had already been established and Stalin proposed negotiations between the two Polish representations aimed at their unification. The talks with Bierut, Osóbka-Morawski and Wasilewska did take place, but Mikołajczyk found the communist ideas and demands unacceptable, even though he was offered the job of prime minister in a combined government. The PKWN leaders were willing to grant the pro-Western Poles only four out of the eighteen discussed ministerial seats. Mikołajczyk reported to the government delegate in Poland that the Soviets would consider establishing diplomatic relations if the Poles first agreed between themselves, that "the Soviet government has not yet finally sided with the (Polish) communists", but "Polish communists are determined to exploit the situation for turning Poland into a communist state". Thus the prime minister, himself unable to convince his government of the necessity of offering significant concessions to victorious communists, believed that Polish communist leaders were effectively blocking his deal with Stalin. After Mikołajczyk's return to London, the government-in-exile came up with its own version of compromise proposals which included the PPR's participation in the government, but they were rejected by the PKWN. Defeat of Operation Tempest and the Warsaw Uprising In 1944, the lack of Polish-Soviet diplomatic relations and the resultant inability to conduct negotiations forced the Polish leadership to undertake political and military actions in an attempt to create a fait accompli situation in Poland that the Soviets would be compelled to accept. According to the planned Operation Tempest, the retreating German forces would be attacked by the Home Army, temporary Polish civilian administration would be installed in the liberated areas and its members, representing the government-in-exile, would greet the incoming Soviets as the rightful hosts. Consequently, in the spring and summer of 1944, the Polish underground waged numerous military operations in the areas where the Soviet advance was taking place. The actions resulted in military and political defeats, because the Soviets disarmed, arrested and deported the Home Army fighters, while the Western Allies cultivated good relations with the Soviet Union and were not interested in investigating the Polish claims of mistreatment or lending the Poles practical support. Fighting and winning a battle for Warsaw seemed the only opportunity left for the mainstream Polish independence movement. The establishment of the PKWN provided an additional motivation for starting the Warsaw Uprising on 1 August 1944. The Soviets did not join the battle and stopped their offensive. The insurgents were being overpowered by the Germans and the belated rescue attempt in September by the 1st Infantry Division of Berling's First Polish Army ended in a bloody defeat. The Home Army capitulated on 2 October, Warsaw was subsequently largely demolished per Adolf Hitler's orders, and the Polish government-in-exile was no longer capable of staging major armed demonstrations in Poland. General Sosnkowski, having criticized the lack of effective aid to the Warsaw Uprising participants from the Allies, was removed from his top command position in September 1944. Mikołajczyk's resignation, Provisional Government In October, Churchill and Anthony Eden went to Moscow, as did Mikołajczyk, Grabski and Romer. They negotiated again with Bierut, Osóbka-Morawski and Rola-Żymierski. Mikołajczyk resisted the British and Soviet pressure to accept the communist territorial and other demands. In November in London, the Polish government rejected the Curzon Line border again. President Roosevelt disappointed the Poles by designating the Polish, British and Soviet governments as the proper forum for border discussions, but Prime Minister Mikołajczyk, unable to convince his colleagues of the need for further compromises, resigned on 24 November 1944. The Polish government, now led by Tomasz Arciszewski, was no longer seriously considered by the Allies. On 31 December 1944, the State National Council converted the PKWN to the Provisional Government of the Republic of Poland, with Osóbka-Morawski as the prime minister. The Soviet Union recognized the new institution and the Western Allies did not object. The KRN and the Provisional Government gradually strengthened their position, as the Soviet NKVD facilitated the process by performing large scale arrests of opponents of communist rule. The Provisional Government signed a 20-year friendship, alliance and cooperation treaty with the Soviet Union on 21 April 1945. Communist-led war effort The leftist, Soviet-allied Polish armed forces, placed under the authority of the PKWN and then the Provisional Government, were rapidly expanded, ultimately to about 400,000 people in two armies. In the summer of 1944, the First Polish Army established bridgeheads on the Vistula'a left bank south of Warsaw and in August its 1st Armoured Brigade fought the Germans at the Battle of Studzianki. Many diversionary military actions and other combat operations were undertaken by Armia Ludowa and the Soviet partisans in September and October 1944, especially, but not only, in the Kielce province. At the end of October, led by the AL commander Mieczysław Moczar, most units broke through the front lines to the Soviet-Polish side. The Soviet offensive was resumed on 12 January 1945. On 17 January the First Polish Army led by General Stanisław Popławski entered the destroyed Warsaw. It fought on the 1st Belorussian Front and during the following month participated in overcoming strongly fortified German defenses at the Pomeranian Wall, losing 6,500 soldiers; in March it took Kolberg. The 1st Armoured Brigade fought within the 2nd Belorussian Front and contributed to the liberation of Gdańsk and Gdynia. The First Army forced its way across the Oder River on 16–17 April and reached the Elbe near Spandau on 3 May. Its 1st Tadeusz Kościuszko Infantry Division and other Polish formations participated in the final Battle of Berlin. The Second Polish Army, led by General Karol Świerczewski, operated with the 1st Ukrainian Front. It crossed the Lusatian Neisse on 16 April and heading for Dresden suffered heavy losses at the Battle of Bautzen, due to poor command. However, a German rescue force heading for Berlin was stopped. Helping to defeat Nazi Germany in Poland, the two Polish armies suffered losses equal to the Polish military losses encountered during the September Campaign of 1939—66,000 soldiers killed (according to Antoni Czubiński). Provisional Government of National Unity The Polish social Left was critical with respect to the prewar Sanation-ruled Second Polish Republic and called for the establishment of a more just and democratic post-war Poland. A return to the March Constitution of 1921 was advocated. These postulates and the Soviet demand for Poland's eastern Kresy territories were accepted by the PPR and allied Polish Socialist Party (PPS) leaders, with considerable support from the agrarian movement politicians, who were also opposed to the April Constitution (1935) regime. Leftist sentiments, increasingly prevalent in Poland in 1944 and 1945, mixed with the widespread unease and fear regarding Poland's expected domination by the Soviet Union. Further determinations regarding the future of Poland were made at the Yalta Conference in February 1945. The United States and Britain accepted the Soviet position in respect to postwar borders (the extent of Poland's western expansion at the expense of Germany was not specified), but differed with the Soviets on the issue of participation of the London-based government-in-exile in the formation of Poland's new compromise government. The Allied leaders ultimately authorized converting the existing in Poland, communist-dominated Provisional Government to Provisional Government of National Unity (TRJN), with greater participation of democratic and pro-Western forces, but no formal role for the government-in-exile. The TRJN was charged with conducting free elections soon, based on which a permanent Polish government would be established. As for the practical implementation, a commission representing the three great powers negotiated the issue of the TRJN in Moscow and the talks had been stalled for a long time, until joined by former Prime Minister Mikołajczyk of the government-in-exile. In June Mikołajczyk agreed to a temporary deal, which turned out to permanently favor the communist side. The exact shape of the TRJN was determined during talks in Moscow on 16–21 June 1945. The KRN and the Provisional Government were represented there by seven politicians, including Bierut and Gomułka, three representatives, including Mikołajczyk, came from the emigrant circles and there were five non-communists from Poland. Mikołajczyk unsuccessfully tried to limit the dominant role of the communists and became only a deputy prime minister. Mikołajczyk's People's Party was granted the right to nominate ⅓ of the KRN members; Wincenty Witos and Stanisław Grabski were the new vice-chairmen of that body. On 28 June 1945, Chairman Bierut of the KRN created the TRJN, and on 5 July the US and the United Kingdom withdrew their recognition of the government-in-exile. The TRJN was led by the socialist Prime Minister Osóbka-Morawski of the previous Provisional Government. Gomułka and Mikołajczyk were included as deputy prime ministers. The formally coalition government had seven PPR members, six from the peasant People's Party and Polish Socialist Party each, and two from the centrist Democratic Alliance (SD). The government was controlled by the PPR and other politicians reconciled to the reality of Soviet domination. Mikołajczyk's party however, aware of its popularity, counted on winning the planned parliamentary elections and was the only participant that actually thought of the TRJN as being temporary. Formation of a new sociopolitical system, PPR's role and program Operating within the Soviet-controlled international environment, regardless of the results of the upcoming mandated elections, the Polish communists had no intention of giving up political power and made no secret of it. Nonetheless, many of them believed that the reforms they undertook under the evolving new system would remain popular and would enable them to win future elections. The PPR invoked the tradition of social struggle in the Second Polish Republic and the party gained support of many politicians of leftist orientation from the peasant and socialist movements, who shared that point of view. The PPR promised radical land ownership and agrarian reforms as well as nationalization of the industry, banking and trade. The communists used nationalistic rhetoric of the prewar National Democracy movement in regard to the post-German "Recovered Territories". A "Democratic Bloc" of parties was organized around the PPR; it included pro-communist factions of the socialist, agrarian and centrist movements. Mikołajczyk's Polish People's Party was legalized and functioned independently as the only formal opposition; other political formations were banned and their supporters persecuted. The PPR itself comprised different factions, reflecting different experiences of its members. Some of the PPR leaders referred to the Communist International tradition and proclaimed internationalist ideas. They believed in strict hegemony of the Soviet Union, which they saw as both necessary and desirable. This group was led by activists of Jewish origin: Jakub Berman, Hilary Minc and Roman Zambrowski, and by Bolesław Bierut. Berman, Minc and Zambrowski spent the war in the Soviet Union and were leaders of Polish-communist organizations formed there under Joseph Stalin's supervision. PPR chief Władysław Gomułka led the faction that also believed in the (politically necessary) Polish-Soviet alliance, but wanted to form it on more pragmatic bases. They stressed the Polish national interest and wished to pursue a more limited cooperation, as conditioned by that interest. All PPR factions were actually strongly dependent on and therefore practically dominated by Stalin's regime. In a broader historical perspective, the cooperation of Polish communists, other leftists and some non-leftist politicians with Stalin prevented a territorial reduction of the Polish state of great magnitude. In geopolitical reality, such reduction would be irreversible. Incorporation of post-German territories, postwar reconstruction and state socialist reforms Poland's eastern borders had not become a major international issue, as the Western powers accepted the Soviet position in this regard. Decisions concerning the Polish–German border were made at the Potsdam Conference, where Stalin lobbied for Poland's maximal extension in the west, arranged for the Polish government delegation to present their point of view and in the end thwarted the long-standing British policy (aimed at keeping some of the lands in question for the future German state). In Poland, the PPR led the massive "Recovered Territories" propaganda campaign, the Allied-authorized expulsion of ethnic Germans and the repopulation of the region by Poles "repatriated" from the lost Kresy eastern areas. The exact eastern boundary was determined in the Polish–Soviet treaty signed on 16 August 1945, which finalized the contested issue of Lviv (the city stayed on the Soviet Ukrainian side of the border). The resettlement of Ukrainians who lived on the Polish side followed. The settlement and development of post-German lands was considered a high priority and the Ministry of the Recovered Territories, established in November 1945, was led by Gomułka himself. Being convinced of the crucial importance of the acquired areas for Poland, he energetically pursued their economic development and integration with the rest of the country. After the war, Polish officials had to engage in complicated bargaining with the Soviet authorities, who considered industrial installations in former Germany their war loot and wanted to take as much of it as possible to the Soviet Union. The land reform decree was issued by the PKWN on 6 September 1944. Over one million peasant families benefited from the parcellation of larger estates and post-German property (6 million hectares of land). The act and its implementation concluded the various land reform attempts and partial realizations that went back to the partitioned Poland and Second Polish Republic periods. Thousands of State Agricultural Farms were also established (1.5 million hectares). They were intended as model farming enterprises, demonstrating, in addition to their role in food production, the progressive ways of agriculture. The reforms, whose consequences fundamentally altered the antiquated social and economic structure of Polish society, were sharply criticized by advocates of the inviolability of property rights. Existence as a social class of ziemiaństwo (large scale land owners) was undercut, while the free market economic system was for the most part still functioning in the country. Reforms of more moderate nature were undertaken in regard to private industry. Various, sometimes chaotic developments took place in 1944–45, including the taking over of thousands of enterprises by workers' councils. A charged national debate that followed resulted in the KRN statute of 3 January 1946. It was decided that the state would take over enterprises that employed over 50 people on a given shift, but the owners who were Polish or foreign (not German) would be paid compensation. Based on that statute, 5,870 enterprises were nationalized by 1948, while 15,700 were left in private hands. Central planning got started with the establishment of the Central Planning Office in November 1945, directed by socialist Czesław Bobrowski. The Economic Committee of the Council of Ministers was led by Hilary Minc. The economic reconstruction of Poland was undertaken, combined with prospective planning for the next 12 years. 230,000 residential apartments were built in the cities and 300,000 in the country in 1945–47, which resulted in more evenly spread population, living under considerably improved conditions. Compulsory general education was brought back and higher education was tuition free. A shortage of teachers had to be addressed first and many were needed, given the massive program of elimination of illiteracy and part-time evening schooling for the employed. The United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) helped with food, clothes and equipment for the Polish people (the assistance amounted to 22% of the country's national income in 1946). Inflation went up to 38% in 1947, but was brought down to 4% in 1949. In late 1946 Poland's economy approached the 1938 prewar level, which allowed gradual discontinuation of the previously imposed rationing of mass consumption products. Legislation concerning the Three-Year Plan (1947–49) for economic development was passed by the KRN in 1946 and again in 1947 by the new "Legislative Sejm" (parliament) that replaced the KRN after the 1947 Polish legislative election. In 1947, the Sejm proclaimed the right to work. Unemployment was eliminated and real wages increased by 58% during the plan years, but still lagged behind their 1938 level. The public sector produced 50% of the national income in 1947, which went up to 64% in 1949. The private sector was being reduced, while the network of cooperative enterprises experienced significant growth in the area of trade. Political struggle and persecution of opposition Politicians in Poland connected in the past to the Sanation and National Democracy formations did not recognize the new realities and waged a determined campaign against the communist authorities, boycotting decisions of the government, especially the ones having to do with the establishment of administrative and military structures. This led to conflicts and intensified repressions. Polish internal security organs were created and resolved, in cooperation with their Soviet counterparts, to disable the opposition using persecution and terror. The political confrontations were accompanied by armed activity of anti-government conspiracy groups. The Polish Catholic Church, led by Cardinal August Hlond until his death in 1948, took an anti-regime stand. It coped with difficulties related to the lack of Polish church organization in the Recovered Territories. In the fall of 1945, with permission from the Vatican, the Church embarked on the establishment of provisional administrative structures in the territories taken from Germany. Authorization for permanent Polish church administration there was not forthcoming and the instability in this area added to the existing German-Polish antagonisms. In April 1946, a new volunteer citizen militia ORMO was formed to help the police (Milicja Obywatelska), political police (UBP), the Internal Security Corps, the Polish army, the Soviet political police (NKVD), and the Soviet army to eliminate armed opposition to the government. The NKVD killed, arrested, harassed, and used propaganda to suppress and discredit opponents of the regime. Already during the 1944–48 period, many were imprisoned or taken to the Soviet Union, some executed under court rulings. The whole security system was directed by Soviet politician Lavrentiy Beria. Government authorities offered two amnesties for fighters from the opposition militia groups, which originated from remnants of the disbanded Home Army and other organizations. Tens of thousands of oppositionists took advantage of the amnesties declared in 1945 and 1947. Some were subjected to further prosecution and imprisonment, but the amnesties effectively terminated the anti-communist armed resistance movement. Elections of 1947 and elimination of legal opposition The replacement of postwar cooperation among the great powers with the Cold War derailed the planned peace conference—the issue of Poland's western border was not going to be amicably resolved. In the West only France clearly upheld its support for Poland in the border dispute. "Revisionist" circles had a prominent voice in what was becoming West Germany and the PPR, for existential reasons, felt compelled to strengthen its policy of reliance on the Soviet Union. The TRJN was now in no position to maneuver any degree of independence for itself. The PPR delayed nationwide parliamentary elections because it believed that the ongoing implementation of reforms would move the public opinion in its favor. The party strengthened its position by first holding a referendum in June 1946, intended as a plebiscite for or against the new system. For the election, the PPR-dominated Democratic Bloc prepared a unified list of candidates; the Polish Socialist Party agreed to join the bloc, but the Polish People's Party, led by Mikołajczyk, refused. The bloc was also opposed by other groups, some of which were not legally registered, while other were semi- or fully conspiratorial and hostile to the bloc. The referendum asked three questions: about abolishing the Senate (parliament's upper chamber), future constitutional moderate socialist reforms, and the permanency of Poland's western and northern borders. The ruling regime needed to show an overwhelming support for its program before the elections. Accordingly, the referendum was conducted under considerable pressure (such as heavy military and police presence) and the results were falsified to give the Democratic Bloc a strong majority it wanted. The PPR and its allies in the bloc were large parties, each with membership in hundreds of thousands, supported in addition by the several million-strong trade union structure. They had public security forces at their disposal. The also large and popular People's Party invoked Poland's Western connections and its tradition of struggles for independence. It was supported by the Catholic clergy. The campaign was harsh and the PPR was often subjected to antisemitic Żydokomuna accusations. Given the Soviet pressure, the bloc could not just have won elections by receiving a majority of the votes; it had to produce a result impressive enough for propaganda purposes. The communists feared losing the elections to Mikołajczyk's party and that this outcome would cause a complete Soviet occupation of Poland. During the election campaign, the PPR targeted the People's Party, the Democratic Bloc's main (but not only) election rival, arresting its candidates, harassing them, and denying them public exposure. About one hundred opposition party activists were murdered; many PPR members were also killed. In the 1947 Polish legislative election the bloc claimed to have won 80% of the votes, but the election was widely seen as fraudulent. Factors such as the scale of the fraud or who actually received the largest number of votes are not known. The campaign and election results eliminated the People's Party from the political scene, which left Poland with no legally functioning opposition. Mikołajczyk, harassed and threatened, fled the country in October 1947. Removal of Gomułka, Stalinism, Polish United Workers' Party In accordance with the announced election results, the PPS, which competed within the Democratic Bloc, received two more legislative mandates than the PPR. The Presidency of Poland was reestablished by the Sejm and Bolesław Bierut, previously chairman of the KRN, was given that job. Józef Cyrankiewicz, a socialist, became the new prime minister and Gomułka was kept as deputy prime minister. The intermediate Small Constitution of 1947 was passed by the Sejm. The newly created Council of State had emergency powers and was led by the president. Despite the elections conducted under communist control and amnesty for armed and political opponents declared by the Sejm, the situation in Poland underwent further polarization. Because of the deepening division in international politics and the emergence of two mutually hostile blocs, Stalin demanded stricter loyalty in the Soviet sphere; purges of circles and individuals considered ideologically corrupt or otherwise unreliable were pursued. Gomułka's criticism of Soviet policies was now seen as inappropriately nationalistic. Gomułka's "Polish road to socialism", adapting to conditions specific to Poland, was no longer tolerated as Stalin tightened his control over the PPR. Gomułka and his group were removed from positions of responsibility and in August 1948 the Central Committee installed Bierut as general secretary of the PPR. Bierut would strictly follow the Soviet lead and remold Polish society on the Stalinist model. The PPR pressured the remaining left-wing faction of the Polish Socialist Party (PPS) to merge the two parties. The merger occurred in December 1948 and the Polish United Workers' Party (Polska Zjednoczona Partia Robotnicza, PZPR) was formed. The merger was conducted almost entirely on PPR terms; the PPS had by then been "purified" with the expulsion of hundreds of its members. The Polish People's Party managed to survive for another year, albeit under growing harassment. In 1949, its remains merged with a pro-communist splinter party to form the United People's Party (Zjednoczone Stronnictwo Ludowe, ZSL). Under PPR rule, the Republic of Poland was a declared "people's democracy" and was not officially considered a socialist entity. Private property and free market functionality were tolerated and the role of the state was not overly exposed. All this had changed with the establishment of the PZPR: the Six-Year Plan of heavy industrial development was imposed and the building of state socialist system and society commenced in earnest. Election results Sejm Year Popular vote % of vote Seats 1947 9,003,682 80.07 (#1) 114 / 444 As part of the Democratic Bloc coalition, which won 394 seats in total. See also List of Polish Workers' Party politicians References ^ The American Political Science Review: Vol. 64, No. 4 (Dec., 1970), pp. 1239-1245 JSTOR 1958368 ^ Duraczyński, Eugeniusz (2012). Stalin. Twórca i dyktator supermocarstwa , pp. 172-175 Warsaw: Akademia Humanistyczna im. Aleksandra Gieysztora. ISBN 978-83-7549-150-0. ^ Brzoza, Czesław; Sowa, Andrzej Leon (2009). Historia Polski 1918–1945 , p. 288. Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie. ISBN 978-83-08-04125-3. ^ Brzoza, Czesław (2003). Polska w czasach niepodległości i II wojny światowej (1918–1945) , pp. 237–238. Kraków: Fogra. ISBN 83-85719-61-X. ^ Brzoza, Czesław; Sowa, Andrzej Leon (2009). Historia Polski 1918–1945 , pp. 350–354. ^ Halik Kochanski (2012). The Eagle Unbowed: Poland and the Poles in the Second World War, p. 368. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-06814-8. ^ Brzoza, Czesław; Sowa, Andrzej Leon (2009). Historia Polski 1918–1945 , pp. 577–578. ^ a b Brzoza, Czesław (2003). Polska w czasach niepodległości i II wojny światowej (1918–1945) , pp. 312–322. ^ Brzoza, Czesław; Sowa, Andrzej Leon (2009). Historia Polski 1918–1945 , p. 529. ^ a b c d e f g h Brzoza, Czesław (2003). Polska w czasach niepodległości i II wojny światowej (1918–1945) , pp. 357–359. ^ Thompson, Wayne C. (2008). The World Today Series: Nordic, Central and Southeastern Europe 2008. Harpers Ferry, West Virginia: Stryker-Post Publications. ISBN 978-1-887985-95-6. ^ Brzoza, Czesław; Sowa, Andrzej Leon (2009). Historia Polski 1918–1945 , p. 522. ^ Halik Kochanski (2012). The Eagle Unbowed: Poland and the Poles in the Second World War, pp. 372–376. ^ Brzoza, Czesław; Sowa, Andrzej Leon (2009). Historia Polski 1918–1945 , p. 534. ^ Brzoza, Czesław (2003). Polska w czasach niepodległości i II wojny światowej (1918–1945) , pp. 360–362. ^ Jerzy Eisler, Siedmiu wspaniałych. Poczet pierwszych sekretarzy KC PZPR , Wydawnictwo Czerwone i Czarne, Warszawa 2014, ISBN 978-83-7700-042-7, pp. 16–17 ^ Halik Kochanski (2012). The Eagle Unbowed: Poland and the Poles in the Second World War, pp. 371–372. ^ a b c d Brzoza, Czesław (2003). Polska w czasach niepodległości i II wojny światowej (1918–1945) , pp. 362–364. ^ Brzoza, Czesław; Sowa, Andrzej Leon (2009). Historia Polski 1918–1945 , pp. 543–545. ^ a b c d e f Brzoza, Czesław (2003). Polska w czasach niepodległości i II wojny światowej (1918–1945) , pp. 364–374. ^ Halik Kochanski (2012). The Eagle Unbowed: Poland and the Poles in the Second World War, pp. 439–445. ^ Halik Kochanski (2012). The Eagle Unbowed: Poland and the Poles in the Second World War, pp. 445–454. ^ a b Brzoza, Czesław (2003). Polska w czasach niepodległości i II wojny światowej (1918–1945) , pp. 374–387. ^ a b c Antoni Czubiński, Historia Polski XX wieku , Wydawnictwo Nauka i Innowacje, Poznań 2012, ISBN 978-83-63795-01-6, pp. 218–220 ^ a b c d e Brzoza, Czesław (2003). Polska w czasach niepodległości i II wojny światowej (1918–1945) , pp. 387–396. ^ a b c d e f g h Antoni Czubiński, Historia Polski XX wieku , pp. 229–233 ^ a b Antoni Czubiński, Historia Polski XX wieku , pp. 220–222 ^ Antoni Czubiński, Historia Polski XX wieku , pp. 233–236 ^ a b c d e f g h Antoni Czubiński, Historia Polski XX wieku , pp. 236–238 ^ Davies, Norman (2005). God's Playground, a History of Poland: 1795 to the Present. Columbia University Press. pp. 417, 424. ISBN 978-0-231-12819-3. ^ a b c d e f Antoni Czubiński, Historia Polski XX wieku , pp. 240–243 ^ Antoni Czubiński, Historia Polski XX wieku , pp. 251–253 ^ a b c d e f Antoni Czubiński, Historia Polski XX wieku , pp. 244–249 ^ Antoni Czubiński, Historia Polski XX wieku , pp. 238–240 ^ Halik Kochanski (2012). The Eagle Unbowed: Poland and the Poles in the Second World War, p. 570. ^ Jerzy Eisler, Siedmiu wspaniałych. Poczet pierwszych sekretarzy KC PZPR , pp. 74–75 ^ Władysław Gomułka at Encyclopedia Britannica ^ David Ost, Solidarity and the Politics of Anti-Politics, pp. 34–36, 1990 Philadelphia, Temple University Press, ISBN 0-87722-655-5 ^ Antoni Czubiński, Historia Polski XX wieku , pp. 249–251 vtePolitical parties and political associations in Poland Represented inthe Sejm United Right (191) Law and Justice (165) Sovereign Poland (18) Renew RP (5) Polish Affairs (1) Independent (2)* Civic Coalition (157) Civic Platform (127) Modern (6) Polish Initiative (4) The Greens (3) AGROunion (1) Yes! 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For Poland (1) Independents (4) Third Way (Poland) (12) Poland 2050 (5) Polish People's Party (4) Centre for Poland (1) Union of European Democrats (1) Independent (1) The Left (9) New Left (5) Left Together (2) Polish Socialist Party (1) Labour Union (1) Independents (4) Represented in theEuropean Parliament United Right (27) Law and Justice (25) United Poland (2) Civic Coalition (15) Civic Platform (14) The Greens (1) The Left (4) New Left (4) Polish People's Party (3) Other existing partiesandpolitical movements Polish Coalition Alliance of Democrats Silesians Together Agreement (political party) Confederation All-Polish Youth* National League Party of Drivers Union of Christian Families United Beyond Boundaries Better Poland Civic Initiative Christian Democracy of the Third Polish Republic Common Powiat Edward Gierek's Economic Revival Movement Farmers from the Baltic to the Tatras Falanga First Self-Governance League Freedom and Equality Kashubian Association Labour Party League of Polish Families National Party of Retirees and Pensioners National Radical Camp (1993)* National Revival of Poland New Democracy - Yes Bezpartyjni Samorządowcy Organisation of the Polish Nation - Polish League Peasants' Party Piast Faction Polish Left Polish Pirate Party Polish Party of Animal Protection Polish Communist Party Real Politics Union Right Wing of the Republic Self-Defence of the Republic of Poland Self-Defence Rebirth Silesian Autonomy Movement* Silesian Regional Party* Silesian Separatist Movement* Socialist Alternative Solidarity* Slavic Union There is One Poland Workers' Democracy Freedomers German Minority**** Defunct partiesPolish–LithuanianCommonwealth Patriotic Party Hetmans' Party Familia Party Pre-war andinter-war eras Catholic People's Party Centrolew Communist Party of Poland (KPP) Communist Party of Western Ukraine Communist Party of Western Belorussia Front Morges Labor Party (PP) Labour Faction (1937) National Democracy Christian Union of National Unity Camp of Great Poland Popular National Union National Party National Radical Camp National Radical Camp (1934) National Radical Camp Falanga National Radical Camp ABC National People's Union National Workers' Party Polish-Catholic People's Party Polish Catholic Bloc Polish Christian Democratic Party Peasant Party People's Party Polish Centre Polish People's Party "Piast" Polish People's Party "Nowe Wyzwolenie" Polish People's Party "Wyzwolenie" Polish Socialist Party (1892) Polish Socialist Party – Freedom, Equality, Independence Polish Socialist Party – Left Polish Socialist Party of the Prussian Partition Polish Socialist Party – Revolutionary Faction Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania Communist era Communist Party of Poland (Mijal) Confederation of Independent Poland Front of National Unity Patriotic Movement for National Rebirth Polish Workers' Party Polish United Workers' Party United People's Party Modern era Ancestral Home Alliance for Poland Alternative Social Movement Agreement for the Future – CenterLeft Catholic Electoral Action Catholic Electoral Committee "Fatherland" Centre Agreement Centre Agreement – Integrative Initiative Centre Agreement – Polish Union Christian Democracy Christian Democracy of the Third Polish Republic Christian National Union Christian-Peasant Party Citizens' Movement for Democratic Action Coalition for the Republic Confederation of Independent Poland Conservative People's Party Democratic Left Alliance Democratic Left Alliance – Labour Union Democratic Party – demokraci.pl Democratic Union Europa Plus European Coalition Feminist Initiative/Women's Party Forward Poland Freedom Union Initiative for Poland Initiative RP League and Self-Defense League of the Right of the Republic Left and Democrats Liberal Democratic Congress Libertas Poland Movement for Reconstruction of Poland Movement for the Republic Movement for the Republic – Patriotic Camp National Party (1989) National Party "Fatherland" National Self-Defence Front Nonpartisan Bloc for Support of Reforms Now! Social Alliance Patriotic Self-Defence Party of Regions Party X Peasants' Agreement People's National Movement Poland Comes First Polish Beer-Lovers' Party Poland Fair Play Polish Union Polish Reason of State Polish Labour Party - August 80 Polish National Party Reason Party Right Alliance Self-Defence of the Polish Nation Self-Defence Social Movement Social Justice Movement Solidarity Electoral Action Spring The Poor of Poland The Republicans Third Republic Movement United Left Your Movement italic font – electoral alliances and/or popular fronts *: Zbigniew Ajchler **: Piotr Adamowicz et al., ***: Marek Biernacki ****: not currently registered as a party Portal:Politics List of political parties Politics of Poland Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National France BnF data Israel United States Czech Republic People Trove Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_language"},{"link_name":"communist party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_party"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Communist Party of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Polish Socialist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Socialist_Party"},{"link_name":"Polish United Workers' Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_United_Workers%27_Party"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"socialist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism"},{"link_name":"occupied Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)"},{"link_name":"Joseph Stalin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stalin"},{"link_name":"Gwardia Ludowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwardia_Ludowa"},{"link_name":"Armia Ludowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armia_Ludowa"},{"link_name":"Władysław Gomułka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Gomu%C5%82ka"},{"link_name":"Central Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Committee"},{"link_name":"State National Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_National_Council"},{"link_name":"Bolesław Bierut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_Bierut"},{"link_name":"Union of Polish Patriots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_Polish_Patriots"},{"link_name":"Lublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lublin"},{"link_name":"Polish Committee of National Liberation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Committee_of_National_Liberation"},{"link_name":"PKWN Manifesto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PKWN_Manifesto"},{"link_name":"land reform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_reform"},{"link_name":"Polish government-in-exile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_government-in-exile"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Provisional Government of the Republic of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Yalta Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yalta_Conference"},{"link_name":"Allied","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Provisional Government of National Unity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_National_Unity"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"1946 Polish people's referendum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946_Polish_people%27s_referendum"},{"link_name":"1947 Polish legislative election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1947_Polish_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"Polish People's Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party_(1945%E2%80%931949)"},{"link_name":"Cold War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War"},{"link_name":"Stalinist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalinism"}],"text":"The Polish Workers' Party (Polish: Polska Partia Robotnicza, PPR) was a communist party in Poland from 1942 to 1948. It was founded as a reconstitution of the Communist Party of Poland (KPP) and merged with the Polish Socialist Party (PPS) in 1948 to form the Polish United Workers' Party (PZPR).[1] From the end of World War II the PPR led Poland, with the Soviet Union exercising moderate influence. During the PPR years, the centers of opposition activity were largely diminished, and a socialist system was established in the country.Arriving from the Soviet Union, a group of Polish communists was parachuted into occupied Poland in December 1941. With Joseph Stalin's permission, in January 1942 they established the Polish Workers' Party, a new communist party. The PPR established a partisan military organization Gwardia Ludowa, later renamed Armia Ludowa. In November 1943, Władysław Gomułka became secretary (chief executive) of the Central Committee of the PPR. On 1 January 1944 the party created the State National Council (KRN), proclaimed to be a wartime parliament of Poland; the body was chaired by Bolesław Bierut. In June 1944 the Union of Polish Patriots, a rival to the PPR Polish-communist organization operating in the Soviet Union, recognized the KRN as \"the true representation of the Polish nation\". The PPR was initially a small party with marginal support; it grew because of its alliance with the victorious Soviet Union.In July 1944 the Polish communists, working in close cooperation with Stalin and other Soviet leaders, established and declared in liberated Lublin a provisional executive quasi-government of Poland, which they called the Polish Committee of National Liberation (PKWN). In the PKWN Manifesto issued at that time, the PKWN claimed its authority in Poland and promised post-war reconstruction as well as land reform. The KRN and the PKWN were established when the Polish government-in-exile in London was the internationally recognized government of Poland. By the end of 1944, the PKWN was replaced with the Provisional Government of the Republic of Poland, recognized by the Soviet Union, with which it signed in April 1945 a 20-year friendship, alliance and cooperation treaty. As a result of the Yalta Conference Allied determinations, the Provisional Government was converted to a formally coalition Provisional Government of National Unity (TRJN) in June 1945. The Polish government-in-exile was excluded from participation and the PPR ended up controlling the new government, which was soon recognized by the United States, the United Kingdom, and other countries. Establishment of a permanent government was conditioned on national elections being held, as mandated by the Allies. In the meantime the PPR engaged in a massive program of rebuilding the country and its industry, in combating and containing the various forms and manifestations of opposition to its rule, but also in manipulating the election preparation process to ensure the party's lasting domination.The 1946 Polish people's referendum, followed by the 1947 Polish legislative election, were rigged and declared a decisive victory of the PPR's \"Democratic Bloc\". The only legal opposition, the Polish People's Party, was marginalized. Gomułka's victory, however, was short-lived. Pressured by the Cold War, Stalin had no more patience for the Polish leader's national brand of communism, and from August 1948 the PPR was led by Bierut. In December 1948, the PPR and the purged PPS were merged to form the PZPR. What was left of democratic and pluralistic practices and pretenses was abandoned and Poland entered its period of Stalinist rule.","title":"Polish Workers' Party"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Communist Party of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"far-left","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far-left_politics"},{"link_name":"Maria Koszutska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Koszutska"},{"link_name":"Adolf Warski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Warski"},{"link_name":"Maksymilian Horwitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maksymilian_Horwitz"},{"link_name":"Edward Próchniak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Pr%C3%B3chniak"},{"link_name":"Joseph Stalin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stalin"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Duraczy%C5%84ski_Stalin_172-175-2"},{"link_name":"Communist International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_International"},{"link_name":"Józef Piłsudski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski"},{"link_name":"May Coup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_Coup_(Poland)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brzoza_Sowa_288-3"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"unified worker and peasant front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_front"},{"link_name":"Trotskyists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trotskyism"},{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow"},{"link_name":"Sanation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanation"},{"link_name":"Bolesław Bierut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_Bierut"},{"link_name":"Władysław Gomułka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Gomu%C5%82ka"},{"link_name":"Edward Ochab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Ochab"},{"link_name":"Stefan Jędrychowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_J%C4%99drychowski"},{"link_name":"Aleksander Zawadzki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_Zawadzki"},{"link_name":"Great Purge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Purge"},{"link_name":"Central Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Committee"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brzoza_237%E2%80%93238-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brzoza_Sowa_350%E2%80%93354-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kochanski_368-6"}],"text":"The Communist Party of Poland (KPP, until 1925 the Communist Workers' Party of Poland) was an organization of the far-left. The views adhered to and promulgated by its leaders (Maria Koszutska, Adolf Warski, Maksymilian Horwitz, Edward Próchniak) led to the party's difficult relationship with Joseph Stalin already in 1923–24.[2] The Communist International (Comintern) condemned the KPP for its support of Józef Piłsudski's May Coup of 1926 (the party's \"May error\").[3] From 1933, the KPP was increasingly treated with suspicion by the Comintern. The party structures were seen as compromised due to infiltration by agents of the Polish military intelligence. Some of the party leaders, falsely accused of being such agents, were subsequently executed in the Soviet Union. In 1935 and 1936, the KPP undertook a formation of a unified worker and peasant front in Poland and was then subjected to further persecutions by the Comintern, which also arbitrarily accused the Polish communists of harboring Trotskyists elements in their ranks. The apogee of the Moscow-held prosecutions, aimed at eradicating the various \"deviations\" and ending usually in death sentences, took place in 1937–38, with the last executions carried out in 1940. The KPP members were persecuted and often imprisoned by the Polish Sanation regime, which turned out to likely save the lives of a number of future Polish communist leaders, including Bolesław Bierut, Władysław Gomułka, Edward Ochab, Stefan Jędrychowski and Aleksander Zawadzki. During the Great Purge, seventy members and candidate members of the party's Central Committee fled or were brought to the Soviet Union and were shot there, along with a large number of other activists (almost all prominent Polish communists were murdered or sent to labor camps). The Comintern, in reality directed by Stalin, had the party dissolved and liquidated in August 1938.[4][5][6]","title":"Communist Party of Poland and its demise"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Katyn massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katyn_massacre"},{"link_name":"Wanda Wasilewska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanda_Wasilewska"},{"link_name":"Moscow Kremlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Kremlin"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brzoza_Sowa_577%E2%80%93578-7"},{"link_name":"German attack on the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Polish government-in-exile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_government-in-exile"},{"link_name":"Władysław Sikorski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Sikorski"},{"link_name":"agreement with the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikorski%E2%80%93Mayski_agreement"},{"link_name":"Polish army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders%27_Army"},{"link_name":"Middle East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East"},{"link_name":"Władysław Anders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Anders"},{"link_name":"POWs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_of_war"},{"link_name":"killed in an airplane crash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1943_Gibraltar_B-24_crash"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brzoza_312%E2%80%93322-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brzoza_312%E2%80%93322-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brzoza_Sowa_529-9"},{"link_name":"Operation Barbarossa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa"},{"link_name":"Marian Spychalski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marian_Spychalski"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brzoza_357%E2%80%93359-10"},{"link_name":"Marceli Nowotko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marceli_Nowotko"},{"link_name":"Paweł Finder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawe%C5%82_Finder"},{"link_name":"Bolesław Mołojec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_Mo%C5%82ojec"},{"link_name":"Małgorzata Fornalska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C5%82gorzata_Fornalska"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brzoza_357%E2%80%93359-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thompson-11"},{"link_name":"Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brzoza_357%E2%80%93359-10"},{"link_name":"Nazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazism"},{"link_name":"General Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Government"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brzoza_357%E2%80%93359-10"},{"link_name":"Central Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Committee"},{"link_name":"Marceli Nowotko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marceli_Nowotko"},{"link_name":"Władysław Gomułka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Gomu%C5%82ka"},{"link_name":"Franciszek Jóźwiak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciszek_J%C3%B3%C5%BAwiak"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brzoza_357%E2%80%93359-10"},{"link_name":"Gwardia Ludowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwardia_Ludowa"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brzoza_357%E2%80%93359-10"},{"link_name":"Government Delegation for Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_Delegation_for_Poland"},{"link_name":"Home Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Army"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brzoza_357%E2%80%93359-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brzoza_357%E2%80%93359-10"}],"text":"On 28 June 1940, soon after the Katyn massacre, Stalin received Wanda Wasilewska, an unofficial leader of Polish communists, at the Moscow Kremlin. The event initiated a reorientation of Soviet policies in regard to Poles. As a result, a wide range of official political, military, social, cultural, educational and other Soviet-Polish projects and activities commenced in 1940 and continued during the years that followed.[7]The German attack on the Soviet Union in June 1941 changed the course of World War II and with it the nature of Polish-Soviet governmental relations. Pressured by the British government, the London-based Polish government-in-exile, led by Władysław Sikorski, signed an agreement with the Soviet Union, which included a Soviet recognition of the Polish government. A Polish army was formed in the Soviet Union, but was soon taken out of there and into the Middle East by Władysław Anders. The Katyn massacre perpetrated by the Soviets on Polish POWs was revealed and the Soviet Union \"suspended\" diplomatic relations with the Polish government. Prime Minister Sikorski was killed in an airplane crash in July 1943. These and other factors, including disagreements about future borders, caused the Polish-Soviet relations to deteriorate.[8]Meanwhile, Stalin, beginning in the summer of 1941, pursued other Polish options, utilizing Polish communists and other Poles willing to cooperate, many of whom were present at that time in the Soviet Union. Polish language radio broadcasts began in August 1941; they called upon the Poles in Poland to unconditionally engage in anti-German resistance. Some prewar Polish officers were transferred to occupied Poland to conduct pro-Soviet conspiratorial activities and the Polish communists worked in November on organizing the Poles in the Soviet Union.[8][9] Among the communist groups that became active in Poland after Operation Barbarossa was the Union for Liberating Struggle (Związek Walki Wyzwoleńczej), whose leaders included Marian Spychalski.[10]A September 1941 attempt to transport activists from the Soviet Union to Poland was unsuccessful, but beginning in late December, a group of Polish communists which included Marceli Nowotko, Paweł Finder, Bolesław Mołojec and Małgorzata Fornalska, was parachuted into Poland. They had Stalin's permission to create a new Polish communist party.[10] In Polish society the communists could count on marginal support only, so to avoid negative connotations it was decided not to include the word \"communist\" in the party's title. The party took the name \"Polish Workers' Party.\"[11] The PPR, intended in some sense as a continuation of the prewar KPP, was established in Warsaw on 5 January 1942, when some of the new arrivals met with local communist activists.[10]The new party, which presented itself as an anti-Nazi Polish patriotic front, distributed a manifesto printed in Moscow entitled To workers, peasants and intelligentsia! To all Polish patriots!, in which it called for an uncompromising struggle against the German occupier. A leftist, formally democratic program was proposed and the party, whose operations concentrated mostly in the General Government, grew to about six thousand members by the summer of 1942. From 1943, an affiliated youth organization existed; it was called the Union for the Struggle of the Youth (Związek Walki Młodych).[10]The PPR operated under the Central Committee led by Secretary Marceli Nowotko. Nowotko was killed on 28 November 1942. Mołojec took over as secretary (party chief), but he was suspected of arranging Nowotko's murder and subsequently condemned and executed by the ruling of the party court. In January 1943, Finder became secretary and the three-person Secretariat also included Władysław Gomułka and Franciszek Jóźwiak.[10]Gwardia Ludowa (the People's Guard) military organization originated together with the party it served. It was led by Mołojec and then Jóźwiak. Gwardia Ludowa attacked Germans in Warsaw and organized partisan units in the countryside, primarily to destroy the German communication facilities.[10]In February 1943 the PPR undertook talks with the Government Delegation for Poland, which represented in occupied Poland the Polish government-in-exile, and the central command of the underground Home Army, on possible cooperation. The negotiations made no progress because of the irreconcilable points of view of the two sides. After the Soviet Union broke diplomatic relations with the Polish government (25 April 1943), the contacts were terminated and the PPR's attitude toward the exile government-led Polish authority became hostile.[10]The war progressively radicalized Polish society and the communists tried to take advantage of the situation by forming a coalition with other leftist and agrarian forces. However, a common \"democratic front\", meant as a platform for the future power struggle, failed to materialize because the rival parties were generally unwilling to cooperate with the PPR.[10]","title":"The PPR's World War II foundations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wanda Wasilewska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanda_Wasilewska"},{"link_name":"former Polish minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Wasilewski"},{"link_name":"Zygmunt Berling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygmunt_Berling"},{"link_name":"Red Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brzoza_Sowa_522-12"},{"link_name":"Union of Polish Patriots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_Polish_Patriots"},{"link_name":"Stefan Jędrychowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_J%C4%99drychowski"},{"link_name":"Andrzej Witos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrzej_Witos"},{"link_name":"Bolesław Drobner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_Drobner"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kochanski_372-376-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brzoza_Sowa_534-14"},{"link_name":"Polish 1st Tadeusz Kościuszko Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_1st_Tadeusz_Ko%C5%9Bciuszko_Infantry_Division"},{"link_name":"Battle of Lenino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lenino"},{"link_name":"State National Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_National_Council"},{"link_name":"Central Bureau Communists of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Bureau_Communists_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Aleksander Zawadzki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_Zawadzki"},{"link_name":"Karol Świerczewski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karol_%C5%9Awierczewski"},{"link_name":"Jakub Berman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakub_Berman"},{"link_name":"Stanisław Radkiewicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Radkiewicz"},{"link_name":"Roman Zambrowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Zambrowski"},{"link_name":"Hilary Minc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilary_Minc"},{"link_name":"Marian Spychalski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marian_Spychalski"},{"link_name":"Stalinist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalinism"},{"link_name":"internationalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism"},{"link_name":"Bolesław Bierut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_Bierut"},{"link_name":"First Polish Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Polish_Army_(1944%E2%80%931945)"},{"link_name":"1st Belorussian Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Belorussian_Front"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brzoza_360%E2%80%93362-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eisler_siedmiu_16%E2%80%9317-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kochanski_371-372-17"}],"text":"Facilitated by Stalin, communist-controlled Polish civilian and military institutions were also formed in the Soviet Union. The leading roles in them were initially assumed by Wanda Wasilewska, a daughter of former Polish minister and Piłsudski's associate, herself a friend of Stalin, and the Polish officer Zygmunt Berling. From October 1940, Berling led a group of Polish officers working to establish a Polish division within the Soviet Red Army.[12] The Union of Polish Patriots, proposed and organized from January 1943, had its founding congress in June 1943 and was led by Wasilewska. Berling, Alfred Lampe, Stefan Jędrychowski, Andrzej Witos and Bolesław Drobner were among the communists and individuals of other political orientations active in the organization, people willing to participate in a communist-dominated undertaking. After the Soviet authorities closed the branches of the Polish government's delegation in Soviet controlled territories, the union, assisted by a Soviet agency, established a social welfare department to look after the Poles scattered throughout its range of operations.[13][14] The Polish 1st Tadeusz Kościuszko Infantry Division, commanded by Berling, was formed beginning in May 1943. The division fought at the Battle of Lenino in October 1943. The Polish National Committee, intended to develop into a communist government, was organized under Wasilewska from December 1943, but its formation was abandoned when Moscow found out about the existence of the State National Council in Warsaw. The Polish civilian and military activities in the Soviet Union were managed from January 1944 by the Central Bureau Communists of Poland. Its important members were Chairman Aleksander Zawadzki, Wasilewska, Karol Świerczewski, Jakub Berman, Stanisław Radkiewicz, Roman Zambrowski, Hilary Minc and Marian Spychalski. Some of them would later form the core of the Stalinist and strictly pro-Soviet (internationalist in outlook) faction of Poland's ruling communists, who worked closely with Bolesław Bierut and were opposed to the national PPR current led by Gomułka. On the military side, the First Polish Corps was formed from the Kościuszko Division and expanded into the First Polish Army in March 1944, still under command of General Berling. The army was incorporated into the 1st Belorussian Front.[15][16][17]","title":"Polish communist institutions in the Soviet Union"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gestapo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestapo"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brzoza_362%E2%80%93364-18"},{"link_name":"Underground State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Underground_State"},{"link_name":"nationalization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalization"},{"link_name":"land reform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_reform"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brzoza_362%E2%80%93364-18"},{"link_name":"State National Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_National_Council"},{"link_name":"Armia Ludowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armia_Ludowa"},{"link_name":"Michał Rola-Żymierski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Rola-%C5%BBymierski"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brzoza_362%E2%80%93364-18"},{"link_name":"Bug River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bug_River"},{"link_name":"Polish Committee of National Liberation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Committee_of_National_Liberation"},{"link_name":"Lublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lublin"},{"link_name":"PKWN Manifesto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PKWN_Manifesto"},{"link_name":"Edward Osóbka-Morawski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Os%C3%B3bka-Morawski"},{"link_name":"Zenon Kliszko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenon_Kliszko"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brzoza_362%E2%80%93364-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brzoza_Sowa_543%E2%80%93545-19"}],"text":"In November 1943 Finder and Fornalska were arrested by the Gestapo, which also took the PPR's radio equipment. Communication between Warsaw and Moscow was no longer possible. Władysław Gomułka became secretary of the Central Committee of the PPR on 23 November 1943 and Bierut became a member of the Secretariat.[18]The PPR published the \"What are we fighting for\" (O co walczymy) program declaration. Democratic ideas and future elections were proclaimed there, while the government-in-exile and the Underground State were denied the right to represent the Polish nation. Territorial changes after the war were indicated and nationalization of industry was promised together with land reform.[18]At that time the Central Committee decided to create the State National Council (Krajowa Rada Narodowa, KRN), a quasi-parliament rival to the government-in-exile and the Underground State institutions. The council was established on 1 January 1944 and was chaired by Bierut. Members of splinter socialist and peasant groups were co-opted to participate. The communist partisan military formation was now named Armia Ludowa (AL); it was placed under command of General Michał Rola-Żymierski.[18]After communications with Moscow were restored, a KRN delegation left for Moscow. Upon arriving there, they were officially greeted by Soviet officials and in June the Union of Polish Patriots had to recognize the KRN as the \"true representation of the Polish nation\". After the second KRN delegation arrived in Moscow, the Polish communists, in close cooperation with Stalin and other Soviet leaders, began working on a temporary executive government to administer the Polish lands (west of the Bug River) liberated by the Soviet and Polish communist armies. On 22 July 1944 the new organ, named the Polish Committee of National Liberation (PKWN), was officially established in the Lublin province. The PKWN Manifesto was issued, in which the committee claimed its authority in liberated Poland and announced fundamental and wide-ranging reconstruction and systemic changes, most prominently a land reform, to be implemented in the country. The socialist Edward Osóbka-Morawski was the PKWN's head and General Żymierski led the defense department, which diminished the role of General Berling. Most of the remaining PPR and KRN leaders left Warsaw and entered the Soviet-controlled territory. Zenon Kliszko and few others stayed in the capital to coordinate communist activities in the still occupied part of Poland.[18][19]","title":"Gomułka's leadership, State National Council, Polish Committee of National Liberation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Władysław Raczkiewicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Raczkiewicz"},{"link_name":"Stanisław Mikołajczyk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Miko%C5%82ajczyk"},{"link_name":"Kazimierz Sosnkowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazimierz_Sosnkowski"},{"link_name":"Tehran Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran_Conference"},{"link_name":"Franklin D. Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"Winston Churchill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill"},{"link_name":"Oder River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oder"},{"link_name":"Curzon Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curzon_Line"},{"link_name":"Czechoslovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brzoza_364%E2%80%93374-20"},{"link_name":"war between the Allies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_III"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brzoza_364%E2%80%93374-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kochanski_439-445-21"},{"link_name":"Tadeusz Romer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadeusz_Romer"},{"link_name":"Stanisław Grabski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Grabski"},{"link_name":"National Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Council_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"government delegate in Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_Delegation_for_Poland"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brzoza_364%E2%80%93374-20"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kochanski_445-454-22"}],"text":"After the death of Prime Minister Sikorski, the important figures in the exile government in London were President Władysław Raczkiewicz, the newly nominated Prime Minister Stanisław Mikołajczyk and Commander-in-chief Kazimierz Sosnkowski. During the Tehran Conference (November–December 1943) Stalin, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill determined the geographic location of the future Polish state (between the Oder River and the Curzon Line) without consulting or even notifying the Polish leaders. Czechoslovakia, previously Poland's partner for a planned confederation, signed in December 1943 a friendship treaty with the Soviet Union. As a result of the developing Soviet wartime advantage, the Polish government was gradually abandoned by its allies.[20]Early in January 1944, the Soviet forces crossed the 1939 border of Poland. The British pressured the Polish government to accept the Soviet conditions for a resumption of Polish-Soviet diplomatic relations and practical cooperation (a recognition of the Curzon Line border and removal of anti-Soviet politicians from the Polish government), but the Polish side balked. Mikołajczyk advocated compromising with the Soviets for the sake of preserving the country's independence, while Sosnkowski, counting on the outbreak of war between the Allies, rejected making any concessions. In February Churchill publicly announced his government's support for a Curzon Line Polish-Soviet border anyway.[20]In June 1944, Mikołajczyk officially traveled to the United States, where President Roosevelt suggested that he visits the Soviet Union to conduct political discussions. Roosevelt also asked Stalin to invite the Polish prime minister for talks on a resumption of bilateral relations.[21] On 30 July Mikołajczyk arrived in Moscow accompanied by Foreign Minister Tadeusz Romer and Stanisław Grabski, chairman of the National Council. The PKWN had already been established and Stalin proposed negotiations between the two Polish representations aimed at their unification. The talks with Bierut, Osóbka-Morawski and Wasilewska did take place, but Mikołajczyk found the communist ideas and demands unacceptable, even though he was offered the job of prime minister in a combined government. The PKWN leaders were willing to grant the pro-Western Poles only four out of the eighteen discussed ministerial seats. Mikołajczyk reported to the government delegate in Poland that the Soviets would consider establishing diplomatic relations if the Poles first agreed between themselves, that \"the Soviet government has not yet finally sided with the (Polish) communists\", but \"Polish communists are determined to exploit the situation for turning Poland into a communist state\". Thus the prime minister, himself unable to convince his government of the necessity of offering significant concessions to victorious communists, believed that Polish communist leaders were effectively blocking his deal with Stalin. After Mikołajczyk's return to London, the government-in-exile came up with its own version of compromise proposals which included the PPR's participation in the government, but they were rejected by the PKWN.[20][22]","title":"Government-in-exile after Sikorski's death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Operation Tempest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Tempest"},{"link_name":"Home Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Army"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brzoza_374%E2%80%93387-23"},{"link_name":"PKWN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Committee_of_National_Liberation"},{"link_name":"Warsaw Uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising"},{"link_name":"1st Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_1st_Tadeusz_Ko%C5%9Bciuszko_Infantry_Division"},{"link_name":"First Polish Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Polish_Army_(1944%E2%80%931945)"},{"link_name":"Adolf Hitler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brzoza_364%E2%80%93374-20"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brzoza_374%E2%80%93387-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Czubi%C5%84ski_historia_Polski_218-220-24"}],"text":"In 1944, the lack of Polish-Soviet diplomatic relations and the resultant inability to conduct negotiations forced the Polish leadership to undertake political and military actions in an attempt to create a fait accompli situation in Poland that the Soviets would be compelled to accept. According to the planned Operation Tempest, the retreating German forces would be attacked by the Home Army, temporary Polish civilian administration would be installed in the liberated areas and its members, representing the government-in-exile, would greet the incoming Soviets as the rightful hosts. Consequently, in the spring and summer of 1944, the Polish underground waged numerous military operations in the areas where the Soviet advance was taking place. The actions resulted in military and political defeats, because the Soviets disarmed, arrested and deported the Home Army fighters, while the Western Allies cultivated good relations with the Soviet Union and were not interested in investigating the Polish claims of mistreatment or lending the Poles practical support. Fighting and winning a battle for Warsaw seemed the only opportunity left for the mainstream Polish independence movement.[23]The establishment of the PKWN provided an additional motivation for starting the Warsaw Uprising on 1 August 1944. The Soviets did not join the battle and stopped their offensive. The insurgents were being overpowered by the Germans and the belated rescue attempt in September by the 1st Infantry Division of Berling's First Polish Army ended in a bloody defeat. The Home Army capitulated on 2 October, Warsaw was subsequently largely demolished per Adolf Hitler's orders, and the Polish government-in-exile was no longer capable of staging major armed demonstrations in Poland. General Sosnkowski, having criticized the lack of effective aid to the Warsaw Uprising participants from the Allies, was removed from his top command position in September 1944.[20][23][24]","title":"Defeat of Operation Tempest and the Warsaw Uprising"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anthony Eden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Eden"},{"link_name":"Tomasz Arciszewski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomasz_Arciszewski"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brzoza_364%E2%80%93374-20"},{"link_name":"Provisional Government of the Republic of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brzoza_364%E2%80%93374-20"},{"link_name":"NKVD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NKVD"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brzoza_387%E2%80%93396-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Czubi%C5%84ski_historia_Polski_229-233-26"}],"text":"In October, Churchill and Anthony Eden went to Moscow, as did Mikołajczyk, Grabski and Romer. They negotiated again with Bierut, Osóbka-Morawski and Rola-Żymierski. Mikołajczyk resisted the British and Soviet pressure to accept the communist territorial and other demands. In November in London, the Polish government rejected the Curzon Line border again. President Roosevelt disappointed the Poles by designating the Polish, British and Soviet governments as the proper forum for border discussions, but Prime Minister Mikołajczyk, unable to convince his colleagues of the need for further compromises, resigned on 24 November 1944. The Polish government, now led by Tomasz Arciszewski, was no longer seriously considered by the Allies.[20]On 31 December 1944, the State National Council converted the PKWN to the Provisional Government of the Republic of Poland, with Osóbka-Morawski as the prime minister. The Soviet Union recognized the new institution and the Western Allies did not object.[20] The KRN and the Provisional Government gradually strengthened their position, as the Soviet NKVD facilitated the process by performing large scale arrests of opponents of communist rule.[25]The Provisional Government signed a 20-year friendship, alliance and cooperation treaty with the Soviet Union on 21 April 1945.[26]","title":"Mikołajczyk's resignation, Provisional Government"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Polish armed forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Army"},{"link_name":"bridgeheads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgehead"},{"link_name":"1st Armoured Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Armoured_Brigade_(Poland)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Studzianki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Studzianki"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Czubi%C5%84ski_historia_Polski_218-220-24"},{"link_name":"Soviet partisans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_partisans"},{"link_name":"Kielce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kielce"},{"link_name":"Mieczysław Moczar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mieczys%C5%82aw_Moczar"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brzoza_387%E2%80%93396-25"},{"link_name":"Stanisław Popławski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanislav_Poplavsky"},{"link_name":"1st Belorussian Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Belorussian_Front"},{"link_name":"Pomeranian Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomeranian_Wall"},{"link_name":"took Kolberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kolberg_(1945)"},{"link_name":"2nd Belorussian Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Belorussian_Front"},{"link_name":"Gdańsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk"},{"link_name":"Gdynia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gdynia"},{"link_name":"Oder River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oder_River"},{"link_name":"Elbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbe"},{"link_name":"Spandau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spandau"},{"link_name":"1st Tadeusz Kościuszko Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_1st_Tadeusz_Ko%C5%9Bciuszko_Infantry_Division"},{"link_name":"Battle of Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin"},{"link_name":"Second Polish Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Army_(Poland)"},{"link_name":"Karol Świerczewski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karol_%C5%9Awierczewski"},{"link_name":"1st Ukrainian Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Ukrainian_Front"},{"link_name":"Lusatian Neisse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusatian_Neisse"},{"link_name":"Dresden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden"},{"link_name":"Battle of Bautzen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bautzen_(1945)"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"Nazi Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"September Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Antoni Czubiński","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoni_Czubi%C5%84ski"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Czubi%C5%84ski_historia_Polski_218-220-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brzoza_387%E2%80%93396-25"}],"text":"The leftist, Soviet-allied Polish armed forces, placed under the authority of the PKWN and then the Provisional Government, were rapidly expanded, ultimately to about 400,000 people in two armies. In the summer of 1944, the First Polish Army established bridgeheads on the Vistula'a left bank south of Warsaw and in August its 1st Armoured Brigade fought the Germans at the Battle of Studzianki.[24]Many diversionary military actions and other combat operations were undertaken by Armia Ludowa and the Soviet partisans in September and October 1944, especially, but not only, in the Kielce province. At the end of October, led by the AL commander Mieczysław Moczar, most units broke through the front lines to the Soviet-Polish side.[25]The Soviet offensive was resumed on 12 January 1945. On 17 January the First Polish Army led by General Stanisław Popławski entered the destroyed Warsaw. It fought on the 1st Belorussian Front and during the following month participated in overcoming strongly fortified German defenses at the Pomeranian Wall, losing 6,500 soldiers; in March it took Kolberg. The 1st Armoured Brigade fought within the 2nd Belorussian Front and contributed to the liberation of Gdańsk and Gdynia. The First Army forced its way across the Oder River on 16–17 April and reached the Elbe near Spandau on 3 May. Its 1st Tadeusz Kościuszko Infantry Division and other Polish formations participated in the final Battle of Berlin. The Second Polish Army, led by General Karol Świerczewski, operated with the 1st Ukrainian Front. It crossed the Lusatian Neisse on 16 April and heading for Dresden suffered heavy losses at the Battle of Bautzen, due to poor command. However, a German rescue force heading for Berlin was stopped. Helping to defeat Nazi Germany in Poland, the two Polish armies suffered losses equal to the Polish military losses encountered during the September Campaign of 1939—66,000 soldiers killed (according to Antoni Czubiński).[24][25]","title":"Communist-led war effort"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Left","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-wing_politics"},{"link_name":"Sanation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanation"},{"link_name":"Second Polish Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic"},{"link_name":"March Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_Constitution_(Poland)"},{"link_name":"Kresy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kresy"},{"link_name":"Polish Socialist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Socialist_Party"},{"link_name":"April Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_Constitution_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Czubi%C5%84ski_historia_Polski_220-222-27"},{"link_name":"Yalta Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yalta_Conference"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"government-in-exile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_government-in-exile"},{"link_name":"Allied leaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Provisional Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Provisional Government of National Unity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_National_Unity"},{"link_name":"free elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brzoza_387%E2%80%93396-25"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Czubi%C5%84ski_historia_Polski_220-222-27"},{"link_name":"KRN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_National_Council"},{"link_name":"People's Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party_(1945%E2%80%931949)"},{"link_name":"Wincenty Witos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wincenty_Witos"},{"link_name":"Stanisław Grabski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Grabski"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brzoza_387%E2%80%93396-25"},{"link_name":"Polish Socialist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Socialist_Party"},{"link_name":"Democratic Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_of_Democrats_(Poland)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Czubi%C5%84ski_historia_Polski_229-233-26"}],"text":"The Polish social Left was critical with respect to the prewar Sanation-ruled Second Polish Republic and called for the establishment of a more just and democratic post-war Poland. A return to the March Constitution of 1921 was advocated. These postulates and the Soviet demand for Poland's eastern Kresy territories were accepted by the PPR and allied Polish Socialist Party (PPS) leaders, with considerable support from the agrarian movement politicians, who were also opposed to the April Constitution (1935) regime. Leftist sentiments, increasingly prevalent in Poland in 1944 and 1945, mixed with the widespread unease and fear regarding Poland's expected domination by the Soviet Union.[27]Further determinations regarding the future of Poland were made at the Yalta Conference in February 1945. The United States and Britain accepted the Soviet position in respect to postwar borders (the extent of Poland's western expansion at the expense of Germany was not specified), but differed with the Soviets on the issue of participation of the London-based government-in-exile in the formation of Poland's new compromise government. The Allied leaders ultimately authorized converting the existing in Poland, communist-dominated Provisional Government to Provisional Government of National Unity (TRJN), with greater participation of democratic and pro-Western forces, but no formal role for the government-in-exile. The TRJN was charged with conducting free elections soon, based on which a permanent Polish government would be established. As for the practical implementation, a commission representing the three great powers negotiated the issue of the TRJN in Moscow and the talks had been stalled for a long time, until joined by former Prime Minister Mikołajczyk of the government-in-exile. In June Mikołajczyk agreed to a temporary deal, which turned out to permanently favor the communist side.[25][27]The exact shape of the TRJN was determined during talks in Moscow on 16–21 June 1945. The KRN and the Provisional Government were represented there by seven politicians, including Bierut and Gomułka, three representatives, including Mikołajczyk, came from the emigrant circles and there were five non-communists from Poland. Mikołajczyk unsuccessfully tried to limit the dominant role of the communists and became only a deputy prime minister. Mikołajczyk's People's Party was granted the right to nominate ⅓ of the KRN members; Wincenty Witos and Stanisław Grabski were the new vice-chairmen of that body. On 28 June 1945, Chairman Bierut of the KRN created the TRJN, and on 5 July the US and the United Kingdom withdrew their recognition of the government-in-exile.[25]The TRJN was led by the socialist Prime Minister Osóbka-Morawski of the previous Provisional Government. Gomułka and Mikołajczyk were included as deputy prime ministers. The formally coalition government had seven PPR members, six from the peasant People's Party and Polish Socialist Party each, and two from the centrist Democratic Alliance (SD). The government was controlled by the PPR and other politicians reconciled to the reality of Soviet domination. Mikołajczyk's party however, aware of its popularity, counted on winning the planned parliamentary elections and was the only participant that actually thought of the TRJN as being temporary.[26]","title":"Provisional Government of National Unity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Czubi%C5%84ski_historia_Polski_229-233-26"},{"link_name":"nationalization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalization"},{"link_name":"National Democracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Democracy_(Poland)"},{"link_name":"Recovered Territories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recovered_Territories"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Czubi%C5%84ski_historia_Polski_229-233-26"},{"link_name":"Polish People's Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party_(1945%E2%80%931949)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Czubi%C5%84ski_historia_Polski_229-233-26"},{"link_name":"Communist International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_International"},{"link_name":"internationalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism"},{"link_name":"Jakub Berman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakub_Berman"},{"link_name":"Hilary Minc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilary_Minc"},{"link_name":"Roman Zambrowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Zambrowski"},{"link_name":"Bolesław Bierut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_Bierut"},{"link_name":"Joseph Stalin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stalin"},{"link_name":"Władysław Gomułka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Gomu%C5%82ka"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Czubi%C5%84ski_historia_Polski_229-233-26"},{"link_name":"geopolitical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geopolitics"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Czubi%C5%84ski_historia_Polski_229-233-26"}],"text":"Operating within the Soviet-controlled international environment, regardless of the results of the upcoming mandated elections, the Polish communists had no intention of giving up political power and made no secret of it. Nonetheless, many of them believed that the reforms they undertook under the evolving new system would remain popular and would enable them to win future elections.[26]The PPR invoked the tradition of social struggle in the Second Polish Republic and the party gained support of many politicians of leftist orientation from the peasant and socialist movements, who shared that point of view. The PPR promised radical land ownership and agrarian reforms as well as nationalization of the industry, banking and trade. The communists used nationalistic rhetoric of the prewar National Democracy movement in regard to the post-German \"Recovered Territories\".[26]A \"Democratic Bloc\" of parties was organized around the PPR; it included pro-communist factions of the socialist, agrarian and centrist movements. Mikołajczyk's Polish People's Party was legalized and functioned independently as the only formal opposition; other political formations were banned and their supporters persecuted.[26]The PPR itself comprised different factions, reflecting different experiences of its members. Some of the PPR leaders referred to the Communist International tradition and proclaimed internationalist ideas. They believed in strict hegemony of the Soviet Union, which they saw as both necessary and desirable. This group was led by activists of Jewish origin: Jakub Berman, Hilary Minc and Roman Zambrowski, and by Bolesław Bierut. Berman, Minc and Zambrowski spent the war in the Soviet Union and were leaders of Polish-communist organizations formed there under Joseph Stalin's supervision. PPR chief Władysław Gomułka led the faction that also believed in the (politically necessary) Polish-Soviet alliance, but wanted to form it on more pragmatic bases. They stressed the Polish national interest and wished to pursue a more limited cooperation, as conditioned by that interest. All PPR factions were actually strongly dependent on and therefore practically dominated by Stalin's regime.[26]In a broader historical perspective, the cooperation of Polish communists, other leftists and some non-leftist politicians with Stalin prevented a territorial reduction of the Polish state of great magnitude. In geopolitical reality, such reduction would be irreversible.[26]","title":"Formation of a new sociopolitical system, PPR's role and program"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Potsdam Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potsdam_Conference"},{"link_name":"Recovered Territories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recovered_Territories"},{"link_name":"expulsion of ethnic Germans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%9350)"},{"link_name":"repatriated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_population_transfers_(1944%E2%80%931946)"},{"link_name":"Kresy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kresy"},{"link_name":"Lviv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lviv"},{"link_name":"Soviet Ukrainian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"resettlement of Ukrainians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_exchange_between_Poland_and_Soviet_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Czubi%C5%84ski_historia_Polski_233-236-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Czubi%C5%84ski_historia_Polski_236-238-29"},{"link_name":"land reform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_reform"},{"link_name":"hectares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hectare"},{"link_name":"partitioned Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1795%E2%80%931918)"},{"link_name":"State Agricultural Farms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Agricultural_Farm"},{"link_name":"property rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_property"},{"link_name":"social class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_class"},{"link_name":"ziemiaństwo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_landed_gentry"},{"link_name":"free market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_market"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Czubi%C5%84ski_historia_Polski_236-238-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GP_417,_424-30"},{"link_name":"workers' councils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workers%27_council"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Czubi%C5%84ski_historia_Polski_236-238-29"},{"link_name":"Central planning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_planning"},{"link_name":"Czesław Bobrowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czes%C5%82aw_Bobrowski"},{"link_name":"Hilary Minc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilary_Minc"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Czubi%C5%84ski_historia_Polski_236-238-29"},{"link_name":"illiteracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literacy"},{"link_name":"United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Relief_and_Rehabilitation_Administration"},{"link_name":"national income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measures_of_national_income_and_output"},{"link_name":"rationing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rationing"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Czubi%C5%84ski_historia_Polski_236-238-29"},{"link_name":"Three-Year Plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-Year_Plan"},{"link_name":"Legislative Sejm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejm"},{"link_name":"1947 Polish legislative election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1947_Polish_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"public sector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_sector"},{"link_name":"private sector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_sector"},{"link_name":"cooperative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperative"},{"link_name":"trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Czubi%C5%84ski_historia_Polski_240-243-31"}],"text":"Poland's eastern borders had not become a major international issue, as the Western powers accepted the Soviet position in this regard. Decisions concerning the Polish–German border were made at the Potsdam Conference, where Stalin lobbied for Poland's maximal extension in the west, arranged for the Polish government delegation to present their point of view and in the end thwarted the long-standing British policy (aimed at keeping some of the lands in question for the future German state). In Poland, the PPR led the massive \"Recovered Territories\" propaganda campaign, the Allied-authorized expulsion of ethnic Germans and the repopulation of the region by Poles \"repatriated\" from the lost Kresy eastern areas. The exact eastern boundary was determined in the Polish–Soviet treaty signed on 16 August 1945, which finalized the contested issue of Lviv (the city stayed on the Soviet Ukrainian side of the border). The resettlement of Ukrainians who lived on the Polish side followed.[28]The settlement and development of post-German lands was considered a high priority and the Ministry of the Recovered Territories, established in November 1945, was led by Gomułka himself. Being convinced of the crucial importance of the acquired areas for Poland, he energetically pursued their economic development and integration with the rest of the country. After the war, Polish officials had to engage in complicated bargaining with the Soviet authorities, who considered industrial installations in former Germany their war loot and wanted to take as much of it as possible to the Soviet Union.[29]The land reform decree was issued by the PKWN on 6 September 1944. Over one million peasant families benefited from the parcellation of larger estates and post-German property (6 million hectares of land). The act and its implementation concluded the various land reform attempts and partial realizations that went back to the partitioned Poland and Second Polish Republic periods. Thousands of State Agricultural Farms were also established (1.5 million hectares). They were intended as model farming enterprises, demonstrating, in addition to their role in food production, the progressive ways of agriculture. The reforms, whose consequences fundamentally altered the antiquated social and economic structure of Polish society, were sharply criticized by advocates of the inviolability of property rights. Existence as a social class of ziemiaństwo (large scale land owners) was undercut, while the free market economic system was for the most part still functioning in the country.[29][30]Reforms of more moderate nature were undertaken in regard to private industry. Various, sometimes chaotic developments took place in 1944–45, including the taking over of thousands of enterprises by workers' councils. A charged national debate that followed resulted in the KRN statute of 3 January 1946. It was decided that the state would take over enterprises that employed over 50 people on a given shift, but the owners who were Polish or foreign (not German) would be paid compensation. Based on that statute, 5,870 enterprises were nationalized by 1948, while 15,700 were left in private hands.[29]Central planning got started with the establishment of the Central Planning Office in November 1945, directed by socialist Czesław Bobrowski. The Economic Committee of the Council of Ministers was led by Hilary Minc. The economic reconstruction of Poland was undertaken, combined with prospective planning for the next 12 years. 230,000 residential apartments were built in the cities and 300,000 in the country in 1945–47, which resulted in more evenly spread population, living under considerably improved conditions.[29]Compulsory general education was brought back and higher education was tuition free. A shortage of teachers had to be addressed first and many were needed, given the massive program of elimination of illiteracy and part-time evening schooling for the employed. The United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) helped with food, clothes and equipment for the Polish people (the assistance amounted to 22% of the country's national income in 1946). Inflation went up to 38% in 1947, but was brought down to 4% in 1949. In late 1946 Poland's economy approached the 1938 prewar level, which allowed gradual discontinuation of the previously imposed rationing of mass consumption products.[29]Legislation concerning the Three-Year Plan (1947–49) for economic development was passed by the KRN in 1946 and again in 1947 by the new \"Legislative Sejm\" (parliament) that replaced the KRN after the 1947 Polish legislative election. In 1947, the Sejm proclaimed the right to work. Unemployment was eliminated and real wages increased by 58% during the plan years, but still lagged behind their 1938 level. The public sector produced 50% of the national income in 1947, which went up to 64% in 1949. The private sector was being reduced, while the network of cooperative enterprises experienced significant growth in the area of trade.[31]","title":"Incorporation of post-German territories, postwar reconstruction and state socialist reforms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sanation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanation"},{"link_name":"National Democracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Democracy_(Poland)"},{"link_name":"internal security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_security"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Czubi%C5%84ski_historia_Polski_229-233-26"},{"link_name":"armed activity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-communist_resistance_in_Poland_(1944%E2%80%931946)"},{"link_name":"anti-government conspiracy groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cursed_soldiers"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Czubi%C5%84ski_historia_Polski_236-238-29"},{"link_name":"Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"August Hlond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Hlond"},{"link_name":"Vatican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_See"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Czubi%C5%84ski_historia_Polski_236-238-29"},{"link_name":"ORMO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ORMO"},{"link_name":"Milicja Obywatelska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milicja_Obywatelska"},{"link_name":"UBP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Security_(Poland)"},{"link_name":"Internal Security Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Security_Corps"},{"link_name":"NKVD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NKVD"},{"link_name":"Lavrentiy Beria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavrentiy_Beria"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Czubi%C5%84ski_historia_Polski_251-253-32"},{"link_name":"two amnesties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_of_1947"},{"link_name":"Home Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Army"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Czubi%C5%84ski_historia_Polski_244-249-33"}],"text":"Politicians in Poland connected in the past to the Sanation and National Democracy formations did not recognize the new realities and waged a determined campaign against the communist authorities, boycotting decisions of the government, especially the ones having to do with the establishment of administrative and military structures. This led to conflicts and intensified repressions. Polish internal security organs were created and resolved, in cooperation with their Soviet counterparts, to disable the opposition using persecution and terror.[26] The political confrontations were accompanied by armed activity of anti-government conspiracy groups.[29]The Polish Catholic Church, led by Cardinal August Hlond until his death in 1948, took an anti-regime stand. It coped with difficulties related to the lack of Polish church organization in the Recovered Territories. In the fall of 1945, with permission from the Vatican, the Church embarked on the establishment of provisional administrative structures in the territories taken from Germany. Authorization for permanent Polish church administration there was not forthcoming and the instability in this area added to the existing German-Polish antagonisms.[29]In April 1946, a new volunteer citizen militia ORMO was formed to help the police (Milicja Obywatelska), political police (UBP), the Internal Security Corps, the Polish army, the Soviet political police (NKVD), and the Soviet army to eliminate armed opposition to the government. The NKVD killed, arrested, harassed, and used propaganda to suppress and discredit opponents of the regime. Already during the 1944–48 period, many were imprisoned or taken to the Soviet Union, some executed under court rulings. The whole security system was directed by Soviet politician Lavrentiy Beria.[32]Government authorities offered two amnesties for fighters from the opposition militia groups, which originated from remnants of the disbanded Home Army and other organizations. Tens of thousands of oppositionists took advantage of the amnesties declared in 1945 and 1947. Some were subjected to further prosecution and imprisonment, but the amnesties effectively terminated the anti-communist armed resistance movement.[33]","title":"Political struggle and persecution of opposition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cold War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Revisionist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revanchism"},{"link_name":"West Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Czubi%C5%84ski_historia_Polski_238-240-34"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Czubi%C5%84ski_historia_Polski_236-238-29"},{"link_name":"referendum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946_Polish_people%27s_referendum"},{"link_name":"Polish Socialist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Socialist_Party"},{"link_name":"Polish People's Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party_(1945%E2%80%931949)"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Czubi%C5%84ski_historia_Polski_240-243-31"},{"link_name":"Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Czubi%C5%84ski_historia_Polski_240-243-31"},{"link_name":"trade union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union"},{"link_name":"antisemitic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitism"},{"link_name":"Żydokomuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBydokomuna"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Czubi%C5%84ski_historia_Polski_240-243-31"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kochanski_570-35"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Czubi%C5%84ski_historia_Polski_240-243-31"},{"link_name":"1947 Polish legislative election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1947_Polish_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Czubi%C5%84ski_historia_Polski_240-243-31"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Czubi%C5%84ski_historia_Polski_244-249-33"}],"text":"The replacement of postwar cooperation among the great powers with the Cold War derailed the planned peace conference—the issue of Poland's western border was not going to be amicably resolved. In the West only France clearly upheld its support for Poland in the border dispute. \"Revisionist\" circles had a prominent voice in what was becoming West Germany and the PPR, for existential reasons, felt compelled to strengthen its policy of reliance on the Soviet Union. The TRJN was now in no position to maneuver any degree of independence for itself.[34]The PPR delayed nationwide parliamentary elections because it believed that the ongoing implementation of reforms would move the public opinion in its favor.[29] The party strengthened its position by first holding a referendum in June 1946, intended as a plebiscite for or against the new system. For the election, the PPR-dominated Democratic Bloc prepared a unified list of candidates; the Polish Socialist Party agreed to join the bloc, but the Polish People's Party, led by Mikołajczyk, refused. The bloc was also opposed by other groups, some of which were not legally registered, while other were semi- or fully conspiratorial and hostile to the bloc.[31]The referendum asked three questions: about abolishing the Senate (parliament's upper chamber), future constitutional moderate socialist reforms, and the permanency of Poland's western and northern borders. The ruling regime needed to show an overwhelming support for its program before the elections. Accordingly, the referendum was conducted under considerable pressure (such as heavy military and police presence) and the results were falsified to give the Democratic Bloc a strong majority it wanted.[31]The PPR and its allies in the bloc were large parties, each with membership in hundreds of thousands, supported in addition by the several million-strong trade union structure. They had public security forces at their disposal. The also large and popular People's Party invoked Poland's Western connections and its tradition of struggles for independence. It was supported by the Catholic clergy. The campaign was harsh and the PPR was often subjected to antisemitic Żydokomuna accusations. Given the Soviet pressure, the bloc could not just have won elections by receiving a majority of the votes; it had to produce a result impressive enough for propaganda purposes.[31]The communists feared losing the elections to Mikołajczyk's party and that this outcome would cause a complete Soviet occupation of Poland.[35] During the election campaign, the PPR targeted the People's Party, the Democratic Bloc's main (but not only) election rival, arresting its candidates, harassing them, and denying them public exposure. About one hundred opposition party activists were murdered; many PPR members were also killed.[31]In the 1947 Polish legislative election the bloc claimed to have won 80% of the votes, but the election was widely seen as fraudulent. Factors such as the scale of the fraud or who actually received the largest number of votes are not known. The campaign and election results eliminated the People's Party from the political scene, which left Poland with no legally functioning opposition. Mikołajczyk, harassed and threatened, fled the country in October 1947.[31][33]","title":"Elections of 1947 and elimination of legal opposition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"PPS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Socialist_Party"},{"link_name":"Presidency of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Józef Cyrankiewicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Cyrankiewicz"},{"link_name":"Small Constitution of 1947","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_Constitution_of_1947"},{"link_name":"amnesty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_of_1947"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Czubi%C5%84ski_historia_Polski_244-249-33"},{"link_name":"Stalinist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalinism"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Czubi%C5%84ski_historia_Polski_244-249-33"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eisler_siedmiu_74%E2%80%9375-36"},{"link_name":"Polish Socialist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Socialist_Party"},{"link_name":"Polish United Workers' Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_United_Workers%27_Party"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Czubi%C5%84ski_historia_Polski_244-249-33"},{"link_name":"Polish People's Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party_(1945%E2%80%931949)"},{"link_name":"United People's Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_People%27s_Party_(Poland)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Czubi%C5%84ski_historia_Polski_244-249-33"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ost_Solidarity_34-36-38"},{"link_name":"Six-Year Plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six-Year_Plan"},{"link_name":"heavy industrial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_industry"},{"link_name":"state socialist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_socialism"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Czubi%C5%84ski_historia_Polski_249-251-39"}],"text":"In accordance with the announced election results, the PPS, which competed within the Democratic Bloc, received two more legislative mandates than the PPR. The Presidency of Poland was reestablished by the Sejm and Bolesław Bierut, previously chairman of the KRN, was given that job. Józef Cyrankiewicz, a socialist, became the new prime minister and Gomułka was kept as deputy prime minister. The intermediate Small Constitution of 1947 was passed by the Sejm. The newly created Council of State had emergency powers and was led by the president. Despite the elections conducted under communist control and amnesty for armed and political opponents declared by the Sejm, the situation in Poland underwent further polarization.[33]Because of the deepening division in international politics and the emergence of two mutually hostile blocs, Stalin demanded stricter loyalty in the Soviet sphere; purges of circles and individuals considered ideologically corrupt or otherwise unreliable were pursued. Gomułka's criticism of Soviet policies was now seen as inappropriately nationalistic. Gomułka's \"Polish road to socialism\", adapting to conditions specific to Poland, was no longer tolerated as Stalin tightened his control over the PPR. Gomułka and his group were removed from positions of responsibility and in August 1948 the Central Committee installed Bierut as general secretary of the PPR. Bierut would strictly follow the Soviet lead and remold Polish society on the Stalinist model.[33][36]The PPR pressured the remaining left-wing faction of the Polish Socialist Party (PPS) to merge the two parties. The merger occurred in December 1948 and the Polish United Workers' Party (Polska Zjednoczona Partia Robotnicza, PZPR) was formed. The merger was conducted almost entirely on PPR terms;[37] the PPS had by then been \"purified\" with the expulsion of hundreds of its members.[33]The Polish People's Party managed to survive for another year, albeit under growing harassment. In 1949, its remains merged with a pro-communist splinter party to form the United People's Party (Zjednoczone Stronnictwo Ludowe, ZSL).[33][38]Under PPR rule, the Republic of Poland was a declared \"people's democracy\" and was not officially considered a socialist entity. Private property and free market functionality were tolerated and the role of the state was not overly exposed. All this had changed with the establishment of the PZPR: the Six-Year Plan of heavy industrial development was imposed and the building of state socialist system and society commenced in earnest.[39]","title":"Removal of Gomułka, Stalinism, Polish United Workers' Party"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Sejm","title":"Election results"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of Polish Workers' Party politicians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Polish_Workers%27_Party_politicians"}]
[{"reference":"Thompson, Wayne C. (2008). The World Today Series: Nordic, Central and Southeastern Europe 2008. Harpers Ferry, West Virginia: Stryker-Post Publications. ISBN 978-1-887985-95-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-887985-95-6","url_text":"978-1-887985-95-6"}]},{"reference":"Davies, Norman (2005). God's Playground, a History of Poland: 1795 to the Present. Columbia University Press. pp. 417, 424. ISBN 978-0-231-12819-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/godsplaygroundhi00norm_0","url_text":"God's Playground, a History of Poland: 1795 to the Present"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/godsplaygroundhi00norm_0/page/417","url_text":"417"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-12819-3","url_text":"978-0-231-12819-3"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1958368","external_links_name":"1958368"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/godsplaygroundhi00norm_0","external_links_name":"God's Playground, a History of Poland: 1795 to the Present"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/godsplaygroundhi00norm_0/page/417","external_links_name":"417"},{"Link":"https://www.britannica.com/biography/Wladyslaw-Gomulka","external_links_name":"Władysław Gomułka"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000121683064","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/138684716","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14523935v","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14523935v","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007528224705171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80155873","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2005227635&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1134125","external_links_name":"Trove"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/07542309X","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Strozzi_(bishop_of_Volterra)
Alessandro Strozzi (bishop of Volterra)
["1 Biography","2 References"]
Most ReverendAlessandro StrozziBishop of VolterraChurchCatholic ChurchDioceseDiocese of VolterraIn office1566–1568PredecessorBenedetto NerliSuccessorLudovico AntinoriOrdersConsecration28 April 1566by Matteo ConciniPersonal detailsDied4 April 1568Volterra, Italy Alessandro Strozzi (died 1568) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Volterra (1566–1568). Biography On 3 April 1566, Alessandro Strozzi was appointed during the papacy of Pope Pius V as Bishop of Volterra. On 28 April 1566, he was consecrated bishop by Matteo Concini, Bishop Emeritus of Cortona, with Alfonso Tornabuoni, Bishop Emeritus of Sansepolcro, and Lodovico Ardinghelli, Bishop of Fossombrone, serving as co-consecrators. He served as Bishop of Volterra until his death on 4 April 1568. References ^ a b Eubel, Konrad (1923). HIERARCHIA CATHOLICA MEDII ET RECENTIORIS AEVI Vol III (second ed.). Münster: Libreria Regensbergiana. p. 337. (in Latin) ^ "Diocese of Volterra" Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved February 29, 2016 ^ "Diocese of Volterra" GCatholic.org. Gabriel Chow. Retrieved February 29, 2016 ^ a b c Cheney, David M. "Bishop Alessandro Strozzi". Catholic-Hierarchy.org. Retrieved June 16, 2018. Catholic Church titles Preceded byBenedetto Nerli Bishop of Volterra 1566–1568 Succeeded byLudovico Antinori This article about a Catholic bishop is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bishop of Volterra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Volterra"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HierarchiaIII-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CathHierVolterra-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GCathVolterra-3"}],"text":"Alessandro Strozzi (died 1568) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Volterra (1566–1568).[1][2][3]","title":"Alessandro Strozzi (bishop of Volterra)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pope Pius V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_V"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Volterra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Volterra"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HierarchiaIII-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CathHierAleStrVul-4"},{"link_name":"Matteo Concini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Matteo_Concini&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bishop Emeritus of Cortona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Cortona"},{"link_name":"Alfonso Tornabuoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfonso_Tornabuoni&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bishop Emeritus of Sansepolcro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Sansepolcro"},{"link_name":"Lodovico Ardinghelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lodovico_Ardinghelli&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Fossombrone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Fossombrone"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CathHierAleStrVul-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CathHierAleStrVul-4"}],"text":"On 3 April 1566, Alessandro Strozzi was appointed during the papacy of Pope Pius V as Bishop of Volterra.[1][4]\nOn 28 April 1566, he was consecrated bishop by Matteo Concini, Bishop Emeritus of Cortona, with Alfonso Tornabuoni, Bishop Emeritus of Sansepolcro, and Lodovico Ardinghelli, Bishop of Fossombrone, serving as co-consecrators.[4] \nHe served as Bishop of Volterra until his death on 4 April 1568.[4]","title":"Biography"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Eubel, Konrad (1923). HIERARCHIA CATHOLICA MEDII ET RECENTIORIS AEVI Vol III (second ed.). Münster: Libreria Regensbergiana. p. 337.","urls":[{"url":"http://sul-derivatives.stanford.edu/derivative?CSNID=00002718&mediaType=application/pdf","url_text":"HIERARCHIA CATHOLICA MEDII ET RECENTIORIS AEVI Vol III"}]},{"reference":"Cheney, David M. \"Bishop Alessandro Strozzi\". Catholic-Hierarchy.org. Retrieved June 16, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bstrzza.html","url_text":"\"Bishop Alessandro Strozzi\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic-Hierarchy.org","url_text":"Catholic-Hierarchy.org"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://sul-derivatives.stanford.edu/derivative?CSNID=00002718&mediaType=application/pdf","external_links_name":"HIERARCHIA CATHOLICA MEDII ET RECENTIORIS AEVI Vol III"},{"Link":"http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dvolt.html","external_links_name":"\"Diocese of Volterra\""},{"Link":"http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/volt0.htm","external_links_name":"\"Diocese of Volterra\""},{"Link":"http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bstrzza.html","external_links_name":"\"Bishop Alessandro Strozzi\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alessandro_Strozzi_(bishop_of_Volterra)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wee_Willie_Winkie
Wee Willie Winkie
["1 Lyrics","2 Origins and meaning","3 Notes","4 External links"]
1841 rhyme by William Miller For other uses, see Wee Willie Winkie (disambiguation). "Wee Willie Winkie"1940 WPA poster using Wee Willie Winkie to promote children's librariesNursery rhymeLanguageScotsPublished1841Lyricist(s)William Miller "Wee Willie Winkie" is a Scottish nursery rhyme whose titular figure has become popular as a personification of sleep. It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 13711. Scots poet William Miller (1810-1872), appears to have popularised a pre-existing nursery rhyme, adding additional verses to make up a five stanza poem. Miller’s “Willie Winkie: A Nursery Rhyme’ was first published in a collection of poems called Whistle-Binkie: Stories for the Social Circle (1841)1. with the footer that ‘Willie Winkie’ was “The Scottish Nursery Morpheus” indicating, that Miller was drawing upon an established folkloric figure of sleep. A chapbook c.1820 called The Cries of Banbury and London contain the singular first verse ‘little willie winkie’, pre-dates the publication of Miller’s poem. Another nursery collection, published in London 3 years after Miller’s poem, also contains just the first stanza, suggesting that the lyrics were circulating independently in the 1840s (Iona and Peter Opie Oxford, p.512-513). Lyrics A tirling pin from the Royal Mile in Edinburgh, a primitive form of door bell, it was scraped up and down to make a rattling sound that would announce a visitor's presence The memorial to the author, William Miller, in Glasgow Original text of 1841 in Scots, alongside a paraphrased English version (from 1844): Wee Willie Winkie rins through the toon, Up stairs an' doon stairs in his nicht-gown, Tirlin' at the window, crying at the lock, "Are the weans in their bed, for it's now ten o'clock?" "Hey, Willie Winkie, are ye comin' ben? The cat's singin grey thrums to the sleepin hen, The dog's speldert on the floor and disna gie a cheep, But here's a waukrife laddie, that wunna fa' asleep." Onything but sleep, you rogue, glow'ring like the moon, Rattlin' in an airn jug wi' an airn spoon, Rumblin', tumblin' roon about, crawin' like a cock, Skirlin like a kenna-what, waukenin' sleepin' fock. "Hey Willie Winkie, the wean's in a creel, Wamblin' aff a bodie's knee like a verra eel, Ruggin' at the cat's lug and raveling a' her thrums- Hey Willie Winkie – see there he comes." Wearit is the mither that has a stoorie wean, A wee, stumpie, stousie, that canna rin his lane, That has a battle aye wi' sleep afore he'll close an e'e- But a kiss frae aff his rosy lips gies strength anew to me. Wee Willie Winkie runs through the town, Up stairs and down stairs in his night-gown, Tapping at the window, crying at the lock, Are the children in their bed, for it's past ten o'clock? Hey, Willie Winkie, are you coming in? The cat is singing purring sounds to the sleeping hen, The dog's spread out on the floor, and doesn't give a cheep, But here's a wakeful little boy who will not fall asleep! Anything but sleep, you rogue! glowering like the moon,' Rattling in an iron jug with an iron spoon, Rumbling, tumbling round about, crowing like a cock, Shrieking like I don't know what, waking sleeping folk. Hey, Willie Winkie – the child's in a creel! Wriggling from everyone's knee like an eel, Tugging at the cat's ear, and confusing all her thrums Hey, Willie Winkie – see, there he comes!" Weary is the mother who has a dusty child, A small short sturdy child, who can't run on his own, Who always has a battle with sleep before he'll close an eye But a kiss from his rosy lips gives strength anew to me. Origins and meaning The poem was written by William Miller (1810–1872), first printed in Whistle-binkie: Stories for the Fireside in 1841 and re-printed in Whistle-Binkie; a Collection of Songs for the Social Circle published in 1873. In Jacobite songs Willie Winkie referred to King William III of England, one example being "The Last Will and Testament of Willie winkie" but it seems likely that Miller was simply using the name rather than writing a Jacobite satire. Such was the popularity of Wee Willie Winkie that the character has become one of several bedtime entities such as the Sandman, Ole Lukøje of Scandinavia, Klaas Vaak of the Netherlands, Dormette of France and Billy Winker in Lancashire. Notes ^ a b Cunningham, Valentine (14 April 2000). The Victorians. ISBN 9780631199168. Retrieved 3 May 2013 – via Google Books. ^ a b "William Miller". Scottish-places.info. Retrieved 3 May 2013. ^ a b "Dennistoun online". Dennistoun.co.uk. Retrieved 3 May 2013. ^ Carrick, John Donald; Rodger, Alexander (1842). "Willie Winkie". Whistle-binkie; a collection of songs for the social circle. Retrieved 1 June 2010. ^ a b c I. Opie and P. Opie, The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1951, 2nd edn., 1997), pp. 424–5. ^ "Full text of "A Dictionary of Lowland Scotch, with an introductory chapter on the poetry, humor, and literary history of the Scottish language and an appendix of Scottish proverbs"". 1888. Retrieved 3 May 2013. ^ C. Rose, Spirits, Fairies, Gnomes, and Goblins: an Encyclopedia of the Little People (ABC-CLIO, 1996), p. 231. ^ Briggs, Katharine (1976). An Encyclopedia of Fairies. Pantheon Books. pp. 24, 429. ISBN 0394409183. External links Scottish Nursery Songs and other Poems by William Miller at Dennistoun online, includes Wee Willie Winkie Whistle-Binkie; a Collection of Songs for the Social Circle edited by John Donald Carrick, Alexander Rodger, David Robertson, contains Willie Winkie and the autograph of Miller (1873) Authority control databases MusicBrainz work
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wee Willie Winkie (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wee_Willie_Winkie_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"nursery rhyme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nursery_rhyme"},{"link_name":"Roud Folk Song Index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roud_Folk_Song_Index"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vic-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gaz-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-den-3"}],"text":"For other uses, see Wee Willie Winkie (disambiguation).\"Wee Willie Winkie\" is a Scottish nursery rhyme whose titular figure has become popular as a personification of sleep. It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 13711.Scots poet William Miller (1810-1872), appears to have popularised a pre-existing nursery rhyme, adding additional verses to make up a five stanza poem. Miller’s “Willie Winkie: A Nursery Rhyme’ was first published in a collection of poems called Whistle-Binkie: Stories for the Social Circle (1841)1.[1][2][3] with the footer that ‘Willie Winkie’ was “The Scottish Nursery Morpheus” indicating, that Miller was drawing upon an established folkloric figure of sleep.A chapbook c.1820 called The Cries of Banbury and London contain the singular first verse ‘little willie winkie’, pre-dates the publication of Miller’s poem. Another nursery collection, published in London 3 years after Miller’s poem, also contains just the first stanza, suggesting that the lyrics were circulating independently in the 1840s (Iona and Peter Opie Oxford, p.512-513).","title":"Wee Willie Winkie"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tirling_pin,_Royal_Mile_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1538640.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:William_Miller_Memorial,_Glasgow_Necropolis.JPG"},{"link_name":"Scots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scots_language"}],"text":"A tirling pin from the Royal Mile in Edinburgh, a primitive form of door bell, it was scraped up and down to make a rattling sound that would announce a visitor's presenceThe memorial to the author, William Miller, in GlasgowOriginal text of 1841 in Scots, alongside a paraphrased English version (from 1844):","title":"Lyrics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vic-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gaz-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-den-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Opie1997-5"},{"link_name":"Jacobite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobitism"},{"link_name":"King William III of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_III_of_England"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Opie1997-5"},{"link_name":"bedtime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedtime"},{"link_name":"Sandman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandman_(folklore)"},{"link_name":"Ole Lukøje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ole_Luk%C3%B8je"},{"link_name":"Klaas Vaak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Klaas_Vaak&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dormette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dormette&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Lancashire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancashire"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The poem was written by William Miller (1810–1872), first printed in Whistle-binkie: Stories for the Fireside in 1841 and re-printed in Whistle-Binkie; a Collection of Songs for the Social Circle published in 1873.[1][2][3][5] In Jacobite songs Willie Winkie referred to King William III of England, one example being \"The Last Will and Testament of Willie winkie\"[6] but it seems likely that Miller was simply using the name rather than writing a Jacobite satire.[5]Such was the popularity of Wee Willie Winkie that the character has become one of several bedtime entities such as the Sandman, Ole Lukøje of Scandinavia, Klaas Vaak of the Netherlands, Dormette of France[7] and Billy Winker in Lancashire.[8]","title":"Origins and meaning"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-vic_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-vic_1-1"},{"link_name":"The Victorians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=FeGAM_aa7ckC&pg=PA299"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780631199168","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780631199168"},{"link_name":"Google Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-gaz_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-gaz_2-1"},{"link_name":"\"William Miller\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.scottish-places.info/people/famousfirst1047.html"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-den_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-den_3-1"},{"link_name":"\"Dennistoun online\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.dennistoun.co.uk/Page.asp?Title=Articles&Section=22&Page=3#William%20Miller"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Carrick, John Donald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Donald_Carrick"},{"link_name":"\"Willie Winkie\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/whistlebinkieco00carruoft#page/n297/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Opie1997_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Opie1997_5-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Opie1997_5-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"Full text of \"A Dictionary of Lowland Scotch, with an introductory chapter on the poetry, humor, and literary history of the Scottish language and an appendix of Scottish proverbs\"\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/dictionaryoflowl00mackuoft/dictionaryoflowl00mackuoft_djvu.txt"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0394409183","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0394409183"}],"text":"^ a b Cunningham, Valentine (14 April 2000). The Victorians. ISBN 9780631199168. Retrieved 3 May 2013 – via Google Books.\n\n^ a b \"William Miller\". Scottish-places.info. Retrieved 3 May 2013.\n\n^ a b \"Dennistoun online\". Dennistoun.co.uk. Retrieved 3 May 2013.\n\n^ Carrick, John Donald; Rodger, Alexander (1842). \"Willie Winkie\". Whistle-binkie; a collection of songs for the social circle. Retrieved 1 June 2010.\n\n^ a b c I. Opie and P. Opie, The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1951, 2nd edn., 1997), pp. 424–5.\n\n^ \"Full text of \"A Dictionary of Lowland Scotch, with an introductory chapter on the poetry, humor, and literary history of the Scottish language and an appendix of Scottish proverbs\"\". 1888. Retrieved 3 May 2013.\n\n^ C. Rose, Spirits, Fairies, Gnomes, and Goblins: an Encyclopedia of the Little People (ABC-CLIO, 1996), p. 231.\n\n^ Briggs, Katharine (1976). An Encyclopedia of Fairies. Pantheon Books. pp. 24, 429. ISBN 0394409183.","title":"Notes"}]
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null
[{"reference":"Cunningham, Valentine (14 April 2000). The Victorians. ISBN 9780631199168. Retrieved 3 May 2013 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FeGAM_aa7ckC&pg=PA299","url_text":"The Victorians"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780631199168","url_text":"9780631199168"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books","url_text":"Google Books"}]},{"reference":"\"William Miller\". Scottish-places.info. Retrieved 3 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.scottish-places.info/people/famousfirst1047.html","url_text":"\"William Miller\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dennistoun online\". Dennistoun.co.uk. Retrieved 3 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dennistoun.co.uk/Page.asp?Title=Articles&Section=22&Page=3#William%20Miller","url_text":"\"Dennistoun online\""}]},{"reference":"Carrick, John Donald; Rodger, Alexander (1842). \"Willie Winkie\". Whistle-binkie; a collection of songs for the social circle. Retrieved 1 June 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Donald_Carrick","url_text":"Carrick, John Donald"},{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/whistlebinkieco00carruoft#page/n297/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Willie Winkie\""}]},{"reference":"\"Full text of \"A Dictionary of Lowland Scotch, with an introductory chapter on the poetry, humor, and literary history of the Scottish language and an appendix of Scottish proverbs\"\". 1888. Retrieved 3 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/dictionaryoflowl00mackuoft/dictionaryoflowl00mackuoft_djvu.txt","url_text":"\"Full text of \"A Dictionary of Lowland Scotch, with an introductory chapter on the poetry, humor, and literary history of the Scottish language and an appendix of Scottish proverbs\"\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiaquilegia
Semiaquilegia
["1 Etymology","2 Species","3 References"]
Genus of flowering plants Semiaquilegia Semiaquilegia adoxoides Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Eudicots Order: Ranunculales Family: Ranunculaceae Subfamily: Thalictroideae Genus: SemiaquilegiaMakino Species See text Semiaquilegia is a genus of flowering plants of the family Ranunculaceae, native to eastern Asia. Etymology The generic name Semiaquilegia is derived from the name for the genus Aquilegia, the columbines, to which they are closely related. Species Species are regularly described, synonymized, or reassigned to other genera, so presently only one is considered valid by most authorities; the type species Semiaquilegia adoxoides. Species names associated with Semiaquilegia are as follows: Semiaquilegia adoxoides Semiaquilegia dauciformis Semiaquilegia eastwoodiae Semiaquilegia ecalcarata Semiaquilegia guangxiensis Semiaquilegia henryi Semiaquilegia leveilleana Semiaquilegia quelpaertensis Semiaquilegia rockii References ^ Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 16: 119. 1902 Taxon identifiersSemiaquilegia Wikidata: Q3545082 Wikispecies: Semiaquilegia BOLD: 436071 CoL: 7FDD FoC: 130061 GBIF: 7276564 GRIN: 11057 iNaturalist: 418694 IPNI: 297354-2 IRMNG: 1058658 NCBI: 349365 Open Tree of Life: 781963 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:297354-2 Tropicos: 40035204 WFO: wfo-4000035029 This Ranunculaceae article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"flowering plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowering_plant"},{"link_name":"Ranunculaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranunculaceae"}],"text":"Semiaquilegia is a genus of flowering plants of the family Ranunculaceae, native to eastern Asia.","title":"Semiaquilegia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aquilegia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquilegia"}],"text":"The generic name Semiaquilegia is derived from the name for the genus Aquilegia, the columbines, to which they are closely related.","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Semiaquilegia adoxoides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Semiaquilegia_adoxoides&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Semiaquilegia adoxoides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Semiaquilegia_adoxoides&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Semiaquilegia dauciformis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Semiaquilegia_dauciformis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Semiaquilegia eastwoodiae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Semiaquilegia_eastwoodiae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Semiaquilegia ecalcarata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiaquilegia_ecalcarata"},{"link_name":"Semiaquilegia guangxiensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Semiaquilegia_guangxiensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Semiaquilegia henryi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Semiaquilegia_henryi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Semiaquilegia leveilleana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Semiaquilegia_leveilleana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Semiaquilegia quelpaertensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Semiaquilegia_quelpaertensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Semiaquilegia rockii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Semiaquilegia_rockii&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Species are regularly described, synonymized, or reassigned to other genera, so presently only one is considered valid by most authorities; the type species Semiaquilegia adoxoides. Species names associated with Semiaquilegia are as follows:Semiaquilegia adoxoides\nSemiaquilegia dauciformis\nSemiaquilegia eastwoodiae\nSemiaquilegia ecalcarata\nSemiaquilegia guangxiensis\nSemiaquilegia henryi\nSemiaquilegia leveilleana\nSemiaquilegia quelpaertensis\nSemiaquilegia rockii","title":"Species"}]
[]
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[]
[{"Link":"http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=436071","external_links_name":"436071"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/7FDD","external_links_name":"7FDD"},{"Link":"http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=130061","external_links_name":"130061"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/7276564","external_links_name":"7276564"},{"Link":"https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomygenus.aspx?id=11057","external_links_name":"11057"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/418694","external_links_name":"418694"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/n/297354-2","external_links_name":"297354-2"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1058658","external_links_name":"1058658"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=349365","external_links_name":"349365"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=781963","external_links_name":"781963"},{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A297354-2","external_links_name":"urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:297354-2"},{"Link":"http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/40035204","external_links_name":"40035204"},{"Link":"https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-4000035029","external_links_name":"wfo-4000035029"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Semiaquilegia&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howling_(disambiguation)
Howling (disambiguation)
["1 See also"]
Look up howling in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Howling is a vocal form of animal communication. Howling may also refer to: The Howling (franchise), the fiction franchise The Howling, the original 1977 horror novel The Howling (film), the original 1981 film loosely based on the novel Howling (2012 film), a South Korean film Howling, a fictional village in which the 1932 novel Cold Comfort Farm is set Howling (The Saints album), 1996 Howling (The Angels album), 1986 Howlin' (Jagwar Ma album), 2013 "Howling" (Abingdon Boys School song), by Japanese rock band Abingdon Boys School "Howling" (Hitomi Yaida song), a 2000 single by Hitomi Yaida "Howling", a 2020 song by Victon The Howling (EP), a 2007 EP by Within Temptation Teddy Howling (1885–1955), English footballer See also Howl (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Howling.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"howling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/howling"},{"link_name":"Howling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howling"},{"link_name":"The Howling (franchise)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Howling_(franchise)"},{"link_name":"The Howling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Howling"},{"link_name":"The Howling (film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Howling_(film)"},{"link_name":"Howling (2012 film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howling_(2012_film)"},{"link_name":"Cold Comfort Farm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_Comfort_Farm"},{"link_name":"Howling (The Saints album)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howling_(The_Saints_album)"},{"link_name":"Howling (The Angels album)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howling_(The_Angels_album)"},{"link_name":"Howlin' (Jagwar Ma album)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howlin%27_(Jagwar_Ma_album)"},{"link_name":"\"Howling\" (Abingdon Boys School song)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howling_(Abingdon_Boys_School_song)"},{"link_name":"\"Howling\" (Hitomi Yaida song)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howling_(Hitomi_Yaida_song)"},{"link_name":"Victon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victon"},{"link_name":"The Howling (EP)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Howling_(EP)"},{"link_name":"Teddy Howling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teddy_Howling"}],"text":"Look up howling in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.Howling is a vocal form of animal communication.Howling may also refer to:The Howling (franchise), the fiction franchise\nThe Howling, the original 1977 horror novel\nThe Howling (film), the original 1981 film loosely based on the novel\nHowling (2012 film), a South Korean film\nHowling, a fictional village in which the 1932 novel Cold Comfort Farm is set\nHowling (The Saints album), 1996\nHowling (The Angels album), 1986\nHowlin' (Jagwar Ma album), 2013\n\"Howling\" (Abingdon Boys School song), by Japanese rock band Abingdon Boys School\n\"Howling\" (Hitomi Yaida song), a 2000 single by Hitomi Yaida\n\"Howling\", a 2020 song by Victon\nThe Howling (EP), a 2007 EP by Within Temptation\nTeddy Howling (1885–1955), English footballer","title":"Howling (disambiguation)"}]
[]
[{"title":"Howl (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howl_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"title":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"title":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Howling_(disambiguation)&namespace=0"}]
[]
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Howling_(disambiguation)&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura,_Marshall_Islands
Laura, Marshall Islands
["1 Climate","2 References"]
Coordinates: 7°08′16″N 171°02′56″E / 7.13778°N 171.04889°E / 7.13778; 171.04889Beach scenery Laura (Marshallese: Ļora, ) is an island town situated in Marshall Islands. It is located in the west of Majuro Atoll. At approximately 10 feet (3.0 m) above sea level, Laura has the highest elevation of any islands in the Majuro Atoll. Marshall Islands International Airport is located on the island of Laura. A road connects the island of Laura to Djarrit. On January 30, 1944, United States troops invaded and built a large base, Naval Base Majuro. The town was named by World War II GIs in reference to American actress Lauren Bacall. Djarrit, also known as Rita, was named in the same period for actress Rita Hayworth. Climate Climate data for Laura Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 29(84) 29.2(84.6) 29.9(85.8) 29(85) 29.9(85.8) 29.9(85.8) 30.1(86.1) 29.7(85.5) 29.4(84.9) 29.2(84.5) 29.2(84.6) 29.6(85.2) 29.6(85.2) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 24.5(76.1) 24.3(75.7) 24.8(76.6) 24.8(76.7) 24.7(76.4) 24.2(75.5) 24.1(75.3) 24.1(75.3) 24.2(75.5) 23.9(75.1) 24.3(75.8) 24.3(75.8) 24.3(75.8) Average precipitation mm (inches) 210(8.2) 140(5.7) 170(6.7) 210(8.4) 280(11) 230(8.9) 300(11.9) 260(10.2) 290(11.4) 320(12.6) 300(11.8) 230(9.2) 2,940(115.9) Source: Weatherbase Majuro Atoll map References ^ Marshallese-English Dictionary - Place Name Index ^ "Marshall Islands -- Building the Navy's Bases -- Majuro Naval Base". marshall.csu.edu.au. ^ Majuro Atollpacificwrecks.com ^ Marshall Islands - Post Report - E Diplomat. N.p., n.d. Web. August 13, 2014. Marshall Islands - Post Report - E Diplomat ^ "Marshall Islands". Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 13 August 2014. The inhabited islands along the southern side of Majuro Atoll have been joined over time by landfill and a bridge to form a 30-mile road from Rita, on the extreme eastern end, to Laura, at the western end. Both villages were so code-named by U.S. forces in World War II after favorite pinups Rita Hayworth and Lauren Bacall. ^ Friend, Tad (27 February 2001). Lost in Mongolia: Travels in Hollywood and Other Foreign Lands. Random House Publishing Group. p. 259. ISBN 978-0-679-64705-8. ^ "Weatherbase: Historical Weather for Laura, Marshall Islands". Weatherbase. 2011. Retrieved on November 24, 2011. vteMarshall Islands articlesHistory John Marshall German New Guinea Naval Base Marshall Islands South Seas Mandate Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands Pacific Proving Grounds Nuclear testing at Bikini Atoll Colonial governors Geography Administrative divisions Climate Climate change Islands Seamounts Towns and villagesRatak Chain (Sunrise, Eastern) Bokak (Taongi) Bikar Utirik Toke Mejit Ailuk Jemo Likiep Wotje Erikub Maloelap Aur Majuro Arno Mili Knox (Nadikdik) (Limalok) Ralik Chain (Sunset, Western) Enewetak (Lo-En) (Lomilik) Ujelang Bikini (Wōdejebato) Rongerik Rongelap (Ruwitūntūn) Ailinginae Wotho Ujae Lae Kwajalein (Lemkein) Lib Namu Jabat Ailinglaplap Jaluit Kili Namorik Ebon Politics Constitution of the Marshall Islands Compact of Free Association Elections Foreign relations Law enforcement Legislature LGBT rights Military Political parties President U.S. government Ronald Reagan Ballistic Missile Defense Test Site Economy Telecommunications Transport Exports Culture Anthem Demographics Flag Language Music Public holidays Religion SealEducation College of the Marshall Islands Public School System Jaluit HS Kwajalein Atoll HS Laura HS Marshall Islands HS Northern Islands HS Kwajalein Jr./Sr. HS (USAF) Majuro Cooperative School Delap SDA School NRHP listings Debrum House Marshall Islands War Memorial Park Roi-Namur Bold indicates populated islands Italics indicate single island (parenthesis) indicates a submarine feature Authority control databases: Geographic MusicBrainz area 7°08′16″N 171°02′56″E / 7.13778°N 171.04889°E / 7.13778; 171.04889 This Marshall Islands location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Laura_beach_n_tree_(170671778).jpg"},{"link_name":"Marshallese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshallese_language"},{"link_name":"[lˠɔːrˠɑ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Marshallese"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Marshall Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Islands"},{"link_name":"Majuro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majuro"},{"link_name":"Marshall Islands International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Islands_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Djarrit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djarrit"},{"link_name":"Naval Base Majuro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Base_Majuro"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Lauren Bacall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauren_Bacall"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Djarrit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djarrit"},{"link_name":"Rita Hayworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rita_Hayworth"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Beach sceneryLaura (Marshallese: Ļora, [lˠɔːrˠɑ])[1] is an island town situated in Marshall Islands. It is located in the west of Majuro Atoll. At approximately 10 feet (3.0 m) above sea level, Laura has the highest elevation of any islands in the Majuro Atoll. Marshall Islands International Airport is located on the island of Laura. A road connects the island of Laura to Djarrit.On January 30, 1944, United States troops invaded and built a large base, Naval Base Majuro.[2][3]The town was named by World War II GIs in reference to American actress Lauren Bacall.[4][5] Djarrit, also known as Rita, was named in the same period for actress Rita Hayworth.[6]","title":"Laura, Marshall Islands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Weatherbase-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Majuro_Atoll-USA-P-Gilberts-15.jpg"}],"text":"Climate data for Laura\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n29(84)\n\n29.2(84.6)\n\n29.9(85.8)\n\n29(85)\n\n29.9(85.8)\n\n29.9(85.8)\n\n30.1(86.1)\n\n29.7(85.5)\n\n29.4(84.9)\n\n29.2(84.5)\n\n29.2(84.6)\n\n29.6(85.2)\n\n29.6(85.2)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n24.5(76.1)\n\n24.3(75.7)\n\n24.8(76.6)\n\n24.8(76.7)\n\n24.7(76.4)\n\n24.2(75.5)\n\n24.1(75.3)\n\n24.1(75.3)\n\n24.2(75.5)\n\n23.9(75.1)\n\n24.3(75.8)\n\n24.3(75.8)\n\n24.3(75.8)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n210(8.2)\n\n140(5.7)\n\n170(6.7)\n\n210(8.4)\n\n280(11)\n\n230(8.9)\n\n300(11.9)\n\n260(10.2)\n\n290(11.4)\n\n320(12.6)\n\n300(11.8)\n\n230(9.2)\n\n2,940(115.9)\n\n\nSource: Weatherbase [7]Majuro Atoll map","title":"Climate"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Marshall Islands -- Building the Navy's Bases -- Majuro Naval Base\". marshall.csu.edu.au.","urls":[{"url":"https://marshall.csu.edu.au/Marshalls/html/WWII/Majuro_Base.html","url_text":"\"Marshall Islands -- Building the Navy's Bases -- Majuro Naval Base\""}]},{"reference":"\"Marshall Islands\". Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 13 August 2014. The inhabited islands along the southern side of Majuro Atoll have been joined over time by landfill and a bridge to form a 30-mile road from Rita, on the extreme eastern end, to Laura, at the western end. Both villages were so code-named by U.S. forces in World War II after favorite pinups Rita Hayworth and Lauren Bacall.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Marshall_Islands.aspx","url_text":"\"Marshall Islands\""}]},{"reference":"Friend, Tad (27 February 2001). Lost in Mongolia: Travels in Hollywood and Other Foreign Lands. Random House Publishing Group. p. 259. ISBN 978-0-679-64705-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/lostinmongoliatr00frie","url_text":"Lost in Mongolia: Travels in Hollywood and Other Foreign Lands"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/lostinmongoliatr00frie/page/259","url_text":"259"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-64705-8","url_text":"978-0-679-64705-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Weatherbase: Historical Weather for Laura, Marshall Islands\". Weatherbase. 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=993419&refer=wikipedia","url_text":"\"Weatherbase: Historical Weather for Laura, Marshall Islands\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardilla,_Alabama
Ardilla, Alabama
["1 History","2 Demographics","3 References"]
Coordinates: 31°08′30″N 85°09′05″W / 31.14167°N 85.15139°W / 31.14167; -85.15139 Unincorporated community in Alabama, United StatesArdilla, AlabamaUnincorporated communityArdillaShow map of AlabamaArdillaShow map of the United StatesCoordinates: 31°08′30″N 85°09′05″W / 31.14167°N 85.15139°W / 31.14167; -85.15139CountryUnited StatesStateAlabamaCountyHoustonElevation253 ft (77 m)Time zoneUTC-6 (Central (CST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT)Area code334GNIS feature ID113202 Ardilla is an unincorporated community in Houston County, Alabama, United States. Ardilla is located along Alabama State Route 53, 1 mile southeast of Ross Clark Circle in Dothan. History Ardilla was named in honor of the wife of the community's first postmaster, Henry Wood. A post office operated under the name Ardilla from 1898 to 1918. The Ardilla soil series is named for the community. Demographics According to the returns from 1850-2010 for Alabama, it has never reported a population figure separately on the U.S. Census. References ^ "Ardilla". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. ^ Foscue, Virginia (1989). Place Names in Alabama. Tuscaloosa: The University of Alabama Press. p. 9. ISBN 0-8173-0410-X. ^ "Houston County". Jim Forte Postal History. Retrieved December 27, 2015. ^ "Ardilla Soil Series". www.nrcs.usda.gov. United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. Retrieved December 28, 2015. ^ http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/1850c-11.pdf, 1850 Census (places) ^ http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/cph-1-2.pdf, 2010 AL Census ^ "US Census Bureau Publications - Census of Population and Housing". vteMunicipalities and communities of Houston County, Alabama, United StatesCounty seat: DothanCity Dothan‡ Map of Alabama highlighting Houston CountyTowns Ashford Avon Columbia Cottonwood Cowarts Gordon Kinsey Madrid Rehobeth Taylor‡ Webb Unincorporated communities Ardilla Big Creek Crosby Grangeburg Love Hill Lucy Pansey Peterman Pleasant Plains Wicksburg Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Alabama portal United States portal Unincorporated community in Alabama, United States This Houston County, Alabama state location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"unincorporated community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unincorporated_area"},{"link_name":"Houston County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_County,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama"},{"link_name":"Alabama State Route 53","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama_State_Route_53"},{"link_name":"Dothan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dothan,_Alabama"}],"text":"Unincorporated community in Alabama, United StatesArdilla is an unincorporated community in Houston County, Alabama, United States. Ardilla is located along Alabama State Route 53, 1 mile southeast of Ross Clark Circle in Dothan.","title":"Ardilla, Alabama"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"soil series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_series"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Ardilla was named in honor of the wife of the community's first postmaster, Henry Wood.[2] A post office operated under the name Ardilla from 1898 to 1918.[3]The Ardilla soil series is named for the community.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"According to the returns from 1850[5]-2010[6] for Alabama, it has never reported a population figure separately on the U.S. Census.[7]","title":"Demographics"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Ardilla\". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior.","urls":[{"url":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/113202","url_text":"\"Ardilla\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System","url_text":"Geographic Names Information System"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior","url_text":"United States Department of the Interior"}]},{"reference":"Foscue, Virginia (1989). Place Names in Alabama. Tuscaloosa: The University of Alabama Press. p. 9. ISBN 0-8173-0410-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuscaloosa,_Alabama","url_text":"Tuscaloosa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8173-0410-X","url_text":"0-8173-0410-X"}]},{"reference":"\"Houston County\". Jim Forte Postal History. Retrieved December 27, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.postalhistory.com/postoffices.asp?task=display&state=AL&county=Houston","url_text":"\"Houston County\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ardilla Soil Series\". www.nrcs.usda.gov. United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. Retrieved December 28, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/A/ARDILLA.html","url_text":"\"Ardilla Soil Series\""}]},{"reference":"\"US Census Bureau Publications - Census of Population and Housing\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html","url_text":"\"US Census Bureau Publications - Census of Population and Housing\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uwajima,_Ehime
Uwajima, Ehime
["1 Geography","1.1 Neighbouring municipalities","2 Climate","3 Demographics","4 History","5 Government","6 Economy","7 Education","8 Transportation","8.1 Railways","8.2 Highways","8.3 Ports","9 Local attractions","9.1 Tsushima","10 Notable people from Uwajima, Ehime","11 Gallery","12 References","13 External links"]
Coordinates: 33°13′N 132°34′E / 33.217°N 132.567°E / 33.217; 132.567 City in Shikoku, JapanUwajima 宇和島市CityView of Uwajima Bay and downtown Uwajima from Uwajima Castle FlagEmblemLocation of Uwajima in Ehime PrefectureUwajimaLocation in JapanCoordinates: 33°13′N 132°34′E / 33.217°N 132.567°E / 33.217; 132.567CountryJapanRegionShikokuPrefectureEhimeGovernment • MayorFumiaki Okahara (since 2013)Area • Total468.19 km2 (180.77 sq mi)Population (September 1, 2022) • Total70,440 • Density150/km2 (390/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+09:00 (JST)City hall address1 Akebonochō, Uwajima-shi, Ehime-ken 798-8601ClimateCfaWebsiteOfficial websiteSymbolsFlowerCitrus unshiuTreeQuerus phillyraeoides Uwajma City Hall Aerial view of Uwajma city center Japan National Route 320 in Uwajma city center Uwajima (宇和島市, Uwajima-shi) is a city located in Ehime Prefecture, Japan. As of 1 September 2022, the city had an estimated population of 70,440 in 35429 households and a population density of 150 persons per km². The total area of the city is 468.19 square kilometres (180.77 sq mi). Geography Uwajima is located in southwestern Ehime Prefecture, facing the wide rias coastline and remote islands, Uwa Bay on the Seto Inland Sea to the east, and with the other three sides surrounded by mountains. Although it is actually located to the south-southeast of Yawatahama, as it is the terminus of the limited express train on the JR Shikoku Yosan Line, people other than local residents tend to think that it is the westernmost city in Ehime Prefecture. Neighbouring municipalities Ehime Prefecture Seiyo Kihoku Matsuno Kōchi Prefecture Shimanto city Sukumo Climate Uwajima has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa) with hot summers and cool winters. Precipitation is significant throughout the year, but is highest from June to September. Climate data for Uwajima (1991−2020 normals, extremes 1922−present) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) 22.5(72.5) 23.7(74.7) 26.8(80.2) 30.0(86.0) 31.7(89.1) 35.9(96.6) 40.2(104.4) 38.4(101.1) 36.1(97.0) 33.0(91.4) 28.2(82.8) 24.3(75.7) 40.2(104.4) Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 11.3(52.3) 12.3(54.1) 15.6(60.1) 20.4(68.7) 24.3(75.7) 26.7(80.1) 31.0(87.8) 32.2(90.0) 29.0(84.2) 24.5(76.1) 19.1(66.4) 13.8(56.8) 21.7(71.0) Daily mean °C (°F) 7.0(44.6) 7.6(45.7) 10.7(51.3) 15.3(59.5) 19.5(67.1) 22.8(73.0) 26.8(80.2) 27.7(81.9) 24.5(76.1) 19.3(66.7) 14.1(57.4) 9.1(48.4) 17.0(62.7) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 2.9(37.2) 3.2(37.8) 5.9(42.6) 10.4(50.7) 14.9(58.8) 19.4(66.9) 23.4(74.1) 24.3(75.7) 20.9(69.6) 15.1(59.2) 9.8(49.6) 5.0(41.0) 12.9(55.3) Record low °C (°F) −5.6(21.9) −6.2(20.8) −4.2(24.4) −0.7(30.7) 2.8(37.0) 9.0(48.2) 14.5(58.1) 16.2(61.2) 8.7(47.7) 2.9(37.2) −0.4(31.3) −3.3(26.1) −6.2(20.8) Average precipitation mm (inches) 61.2(2.41) 74.8(2.94) 115.6(4.55) 116.7(4.59) 149.0(5.87) 286.0(11.26) 245.0(9.65) 177.1(6.97) 215.9(8.50) 129.8(5.11) 86.4(3.40) 70.2(2.76) 1,727.5(68.01) Average snowfall cm (inches) 3(1.2) 3(1.2) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 6(2.4) Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 9.2 8.6 10.9 9.3 8.7 13.3 10.8 8.8 9.9 7.3 7.6 8.9 113.3 Average snowy days (≥ 1 cm) 0.7 0.8 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.6 Average relative humidity (%) 66 66 67 67 71 78 78 75 76 74 72 69 72 Mean monthly sunshine hours 110.1 132.0 167.7 187.7 197.0 139.0 195.1 219.8 169.5 171.9 135.4 110.0 1,933.4 Source: Japan Meteorological Agency Demographics Per Japanese census data, the population of Uwajima has been decreased steadily since the 1960s. Historical populationYearPop.±% 1960 132,146—     1970 111,648−15.5% 1980 110,920−0.7% 1990 105,030−5.3% 2000 95,641−8.9% 2010 84,212−11.9% 2020 70,809−15.9% History The area of Uwajima was part of ancient Iyo Province. During the Heian period, Uwajima (notably the island of Hiburijima in Uwajima Bay) was center of piracy in the Seto Inland Sea and became the stronghold of Fujiwara no Sumitomo in his rebellion. During the Muromachi period, a branch of the Saionji family was appointed as governor of the area by the Ashikaga shogunate, but was constantly being invaded his more powerful and aggressive neighbors, including Ouchi Yoshitaka, Mōri Motonari, Ōtomo Sōrin, the Tosa-Ichijo clan and the Chōsokabe clan. The Saionji survived by the fluid loyalties and fierce resistance, but were eventually overcome by Chōsokabe Motochika, who was in turn overthrown by the forces of Toyotomi Hideyoshi. Iyo Province was given to Kobayakawa Takakage, who assigned the area around Uwajima to his adopted son and half-brother, Hidekane. Takakage was later transferred to Kyushu and was replaced by Hideyoshi's general Toda Katsutaka. In contrast the Kobayakawa, the Toda ruled with extreme harshness, murdering the descendants of the Saiōnji family and thinking nothing of robbery, rape and murder of the local inhabitants. When ordered to send troops to the invasion of Korea in 1592, he cut down large trees in shrines and temples throughout his domain to construct ships. He went insane during the campaign, and died in Korea without heir. Hideyoshi then assigned Tōdō Takatora to the domain. A noted castle designer, Takatora spent six years building Itajima Castle, which would later be called Uwajima Castle. Following the Battle of Sekigahara and other campaigns, he was promoted to Tsu Domain in Ise Province. In 1614, Date Hidemune, the illegitimate eldest son of Date Masamune , was awarded the 100,000 koku Uwajima Domain by Shogun Tokugawa Hidetada, and moved into Uwajima Castle the following year. His descendants would rule the domain until the Meiji restoration. Following the Meiji restoration, the town of Uwajima was created with the establishment of the modern municipalities system. In 1917, Maruho Village was merged into Uwajima. The town of Uwajima merged with the village of Yahata on August 1, 1921 and was raised to city status. The city was extended by combining Kushima Village in 1934 and renovating the bay area for factory usage. The center of the city was largely destroyed by bombing during World War II in 1945; however, post-war reconstruction was rapid. In 1955, Uwajima annexed Miura and Takamitsu Villages and Uwaumi village in 1974. On August 1, 2005 Uwajima absorbed the towns of Mima, Tsushima and Yoshida (all from Kitauwa District) . Government Uwajima has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral city council of 24 members. Uwajima, together with Kihoku and Matsuno, contributes four members to the Ehime Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the town is part of Ehime 4th district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan. Economy Uwajima is the largest municipality of southwestern, but industry is poorly developed except for a single shipyard. Commercial fishing, taking advantage of the ria coastline, aquaculture and cultured pearls is the mainstay of the local economy. Education Uwajima has 30 public elementary schools and six public middle schools operated by the city government. The city has five public high schools operated by the Ehime Prefectural Board of Education. Transportation Railways Shikoku Railway Company - Yosan Line Tachima - Iyo-Yoshida - Takamitsu - Kita-Uwajima - Uwajima Shikoku Railway Company - Yodo Line Ōuchi - Futana - Iyo-Miyanoshita - Muden - Kita-Uwajima - (Uwajima) Highways Matsuyama Expressway National Route 56 National Route 320 National Route 378 National Route 381 Ports Port of Uwajima Local attractions A mask of the Cow Demon (牛鬼, ushioni), one of the many used at the bullfighting festival. Uwajima Castle is well known as one of the 12 Japanese castles to have an original donjon built in the Edo Period. Date Family Museum which features many historically important objects tied to the history of the region and the Daimyō family Date which ruled this area. Taga Shrine, a fertility shrine which features a large, realistic phallus carved from a log approximately 9 feet in length, 1 foot in diameter. Next to the shrine is a graphic sex museum, filled with artifacts and paintings from around the world. Uwajima Ushi-oni Festival, also known as "Gaiya Festival," or the "Warei Shrine Festival." Held in July, among the festivities are ushioni teams parading down the street, a dance contest to the town song known as the "Gaiya" dance, traditional dancing, and a bullfight. The word "Gaiya" is in a local dialect, approximately translating to "awesome" in English.The city is known for bullfighting, which differs from the more widely known Spanish bullfights in that there is no matador. Two bulls fight in a ring until one bull's knees touch the ground or flees, marking it the loser. Bullfights are generally held in January, April, July, and August. Ryūkō-ji, 41st temple on the Shikoku Pilgrimage Butsumoku-ji, 42nd temple on the Shikoku Pilgrimage Tsushima Tsushima occupies an area of approximately 200 km2 and has a significant proportion of Uwajima's current land area, despite not being highly populated (fewer than 15,000 people). It's made up of small villages that shared a municipal government as Tsushima until they were amalgamated into Uwajima. Tsushima is known for the Iwamatsu River and its annual festival where people eat tiny, live fish, as well as pearl and fish farming. It is part of the prefecture's mikan industry. Notable people from Uwajima, Ehime Umetaro Azechi, Japanese printmaker and mountain climber Masafumi Hirai, Japanese professional baseball pitcher Tadashi Irie, yakuza, the head (kumicho) of the Osaka-based 2nd Takumi-gumi and the grand general manager (so-honbucho) of the 6th Yamaguchi-gumi Kazuyoshi Ishii, Japanese master of Seidokaikan karate and founder of the K-1 fighting circuit Daisuke Itō, Japanese film director and screenwriter Akinori Iwamura, Japanese baseball manager and former baseball infielder Kenta Kawai, Japanese former football player Susumu Koshimizu, Japanese sculptor, installation artist and member of Mono-ha Shingo Matsumoto, Japanese amateur Greco-Roman wrestler Ryuji Miyade, former Nippon Professional Baseball outfielder Shinro Ohtake, Japanese artist (born in Tokyo, Japan but raised in Uwajima, Ehime) Masayoshi Ōishi, Japanese musician and singer-songwriter Tetchō Suehiro, Japanese politician, novelist, and journalist Mutsumi Tamabayashi, Japanese football player (Ehime FC, J2 League) Sho Tanaka, Japanese professional wrestler Raymond Ken'ichi Tanaka, Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Kyoto (1976–1997) Koichi Yamamoto, Japanese politician, member of Liberal Democratic Party and member of the House of Representatives in the Diet (national legislature) Haruhiro Yamashita, Japanese gymnast and 2x Olympic gold medalist (1964 Summer Olympics) Kyoichi Katayama, the author of the novel Socrates in Love, is from Uwajima. The novel was turned into a movie. Shinro Ohtake, a contemporary Japanese artist, has lived and worked in Uwajima since 1987. Gallery Uwajima Castle Uwajima as viewed from the castle Warei Shrine Taga Shrine statues References ^ "Uwajima city official statistics" (in Japanese). Japan. ^ 宇和島 平年値（年・月ごとの値） 主な要素 (in Japanese). Japan Meteorological Agency. Retrieved May 15, 2018. ^ 宇和島（愛媛県） 主な要素 (in Japanese). Japan Meteorological Agency. Retrieved May 15, 2018. ^ Uwajima population statistics ^ Nakayama, Yoshiaki (2015). 江戸三百藩大全 全藩藩主変遷表付. Kosaido Publishing. ISBN 978-4331802946.(in Japanese) ^ http://www.city.uwajima.ehime.jp/datehaku ^ Ehime 2015 Guidebook (PDF). p. 50. Retrieved March 3, 2021. ^ "Bishop Raymond Ken'ichi Tanaka". Union of Catholic Asian News. Archived from the original on August 5, 2021. Retrieved August 5, 2021. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Uwajima, Ehime. Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Uwajima. Uwajima City official website (in Japanese) Nanrakuen Website (in Japanese) Ehime Tourism Information: Uwajima Geographic data related to Uwajima, Ehime at OpenStreetMap vteEhime PrefectureMatsuyama (capital)Core city Matsuyama Cities Imabari Iyo Niihama Ōzu Saijō Seiyo Shikokuchūō Tōon Uwajima Yawatahama Districts Iyo District Masaki Tobe Kitauwa District Kihoku Matsuno Nishiuwa District Ikata Kamiukena District Kumakōgen Minamiuwa District Ainan Ochi District Kamijima Kita District Uchiko List of mergers in Ehime Prefecture Authority control databases International VIAF National Japan Geographic MusicBrainz area Academics CiNii
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Uwajima_city_hall.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Uwajima_city_center_area_Aerial_photograph.2019.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Route_320_Uwajima_City_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cities_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Ehime Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehime_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uwajima,_Ehime&action=edit"},{"link_name":"population","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Uwajima-hp-1"}],"text":"City in Shikoku, JapanUwajma City HallAerial view of Uwajma city centerJapan National Route 320 in Uwajma city centerUwajima (宇和島市, Uwajima-shi) is a city located in Ehime Prefecture, Japan. As of 1 September 2022[update], the city had an estimated population of 70,440 in 35429 households and a population density of 150 persons per km².[1] The total area of the city is 468.19 square kilometres (180.77 sq mi).","title":"Uwajima, Ehime"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Seto Inland Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seto_Inland_Sea"},{"link_name":"JR Shikoku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JR_Shikoku"},{"link_name":"Yosan Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yosan_Line"}],"text":"Uwajima is located in southwestern Ehime Prefecture, facing the wide rias coastline and remote islands, Uwa Bay on the Seto Inland Sea to the east, and with the other three sides surrounded by mountains. Although it is actually located to the south-southeast of Yawatahama, as it is the terminus of the limited express train on the JR Shikoku Yosan Line, people other than local residents tend to think that it is the westernmost city in Ehime Prefecture.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Seiyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seiyo,_Ehime"},{"link_name":"Kihoku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kihoku,_Ehime"},{"link_name":"Matsuno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsuno,_Ehime"},{"link_name":"Shimanto city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimanto,_K%C5%8Dchi_(city)"},{"link_name":"Sukumo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukumo,_K%C5%8Dchi"}],"sub_title":"Neighbouring municipalities","text":"Ehime PrefectureSeiyo\nKihoku\nMatsunoKōchi PrefectureShimanto city\nSukumo","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"humid subtropical climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate"},{"link_name":"Köppen climate classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"relative humidity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_humidity"},{"link_name":"sunshine hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"Japan Meteorological Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Meteorological_Agency"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Uwajima has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa) with hot summers and cool winters. Precipitation is significant throughout the year, but is highest from June to September.Climate data for Uwajima (1991−2020 normals, extremes 1922−present)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °C (°F)\n\n22.5(72.5)\n\n23.7(74.7)\n\n26.8(80.2)\n\n30.0(86.0)\n\n31.7(89.1)\n\n35.9(96.6)\n\n40.2(104.4)\n\n38.4(101.1)\n\n36.1(97.0)\n\n33.0(91.4)\n\n28.2(82.8)\n\n24.3(75.7)\n\n40.2(104.4)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n11.3(52.3)\n\n12.3(54.1)\n\n15.6(60.1)\n\n20.4(68.7)\n\n24.3(75.7)\n\n26.7(80.1)\n\n31.0(87.8)\n\n32.2(90.0)\n\n29.0(84.2)\n\n24.5(76.1)\n\n19.1(66.4)\n\n13.8(56.8)\n\n21.7(71.0)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n7.0(44.6)\n\n7.6(45.7)\n\n10.7(51.3)\n\n15.3(59.5)\n\n19.5(67.1)\n\n22.8(73.0)\n\n26.8(80.2)\n\n27.7(81.9)\n\n24.5(76.1)\n\n19.3(66.7)\n\n14.1(57.4)\n\n9.1(48.4)\n\n17.0(62.7)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n2.9(37.2)\n\n3.2(37.8)\n\n5.9(42.6)\n\n10.4(50.7)\n\n14.9(58.8)\n\n19.4(66.9)\n\n23.4(74.1)\n\n24.3(75.7)\n\n20.9(69.6)\n\n15.1(59.2)\n\n9.8(49.6)\n\n5.0(41.0)\n\n12.9(55.3)\n\n\nRecord low °C (°F)\n\n−5.6(21.9)\n\n−6.2(20.8)\n\n−4.2(24.4)\n\n−0.7(30.7)\n\n2.8(37.0)\n\n9.0(48.2)\n\n14.5(58.1)\n\n16.2(61.2)\n\n8.7(47.7)\n\n2.9(37.2)\n\n−0.4(31.3)\n\n−3.3(26.1)\n\n−6.2(20.8)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n61.2(2.41)\n\n74.8(2.94)\n\n115.6(4.55)\n\n116.7(4.59)\n\n149.0(5.87)\n\n286.0(11.26)\n\n245.0(9.65)\n\n177.1(6.97)\n\n215.9(8.50)\n\n129.8(5.11)\n\n86.4(3.40)\n\n70.2(2.76)\n\n1,727.5(68.01)\n\n\nAverage snowfall cm (inches)\n\n3(1.2)\n\n3(1.2)\n\n0(0)\n\n0(0)\n\n0(0)\n\n0(0)\n\n0(0)\n\n0(0)\n\n0(0)\n\n0(0)\n\n0(0)\n\n0(0)\n\n6(2.4)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)\n\n9.2\n\n8.6\n\n10.9\n\n9.3\n\n8.7\n\n13.3\n\n10.8\n\n8.8\n\n9.9\n\n7.3\n\n7.6\n\n8.9\n\n113.3\n\n\nAverage snowy days (≥ 1 cm)\n\n0.7\n\n0.8\n\n0.1\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n1.6\n\n\nAverage relative humidity (%)\n\n66\n\n66\n\n67\n\n67\n\n71\n\n78\n\n78\n\n75\n\n76\n\n74\n\n72\n\n69\n\n72\n\n\nMean monthly sunshine hours\n\n110.1\n\n132.0\n\n167.7\n\n187.7\n\n197.0\n\n139.0\n\n195.1\n\n219.8\n\n169.5\n\n171.9\n\n135.4\n\n110.0\n\n1,933.4\n\n\nSource: Japan Meteorological Agency[2][3]","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Per Japanese census data,[4] the population of Uwajima has been decreased steadily since the 1960s.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Iyo Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iyo_Province"},{"link_name":"Heian period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heian_period"},{"link_name":"Seto Inland Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seto_Inland_Sea"},{"link_name":"Fujiwara no Sumitomo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujiwara_no_Sumitomo"},{"link_name":"Muromachi period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muromachi_period"},{"link_name":"Saionji family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saionji_family"},{"link_name":"Ashikaga shogunate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashikaga_shogunate"},{"link_name":"Ouchi Yoshitaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouchi_Yoshitaka"},{"link_name":"Mōri Motonari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C5%8Dri_Motonari"},{"link_name":"Ōtomo Sōrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Ctomo_S%C5%8Drin"},{"link_name":"Tosa-Ichijo clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichij%C5%8D_family"},{"link_name":"Chōsokabe clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dsokabe_clan"},{"link_name":"Chōsokabe Motochika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dsokabe_Motochika"},{"link_name":"Toyotomi Hideyoshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyotomi_Hideyoshi"},{"link_name":"Kobayakawa Takakage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobayakawa_Takakage"},{"link_name":"Kyushu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyushu"},{"link_name":"invasion of Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_invasions_of_Korea_(1592%E2%80%931598)"},{"link_name":"Tōdō Takatora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%8Dd%C5%8D_Takatora"},{"link_name":"Uwajima Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uwajima_Castle"},{"link_name":"Battle of Sekigahara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sekigahara"},{"link_name":"Tsu Domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsu_Domain"},{"link_name":"Ise Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ise_Province"},{"link_name":"Date Hidemune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Date_Hidemune"},{"link_name":"Date Masamune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Date_Masamune"},{"link_name":"Uwajima Domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uwajima_Domain"},{"link_name":"Tokugawa Hidetada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokugawa_Hidetada"},{"link_name":"Meiji restoration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiji_restoration"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nakayama-5"},{"link_name":"Mima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mima,_Ehime"},{"link_name":"Tsushima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsushima,_Ehime"},{"link_name":"Yoshida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshida,_Ehime"},{"link_name":"Kitauwa District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitauwa_District,_Ehime"}],"text":"The area of Uwajima was part of ancient Iyo Province. During the Heian period, Uwajima (notably the island of Hiburijima in Uwajima Bay) was center of piracy in the Seto Inland Sea and became the stronghold of Fujiwara no Sumitomo in his rebellion. During the Muromachi period, a branch of the Saionji family was appointed as governor of the area by the Ashikaga shogunate, but was constantly being invaded his more powerful and aggressive neighbors, including Ouchi Yoshitaka, Mōri Motonari, Ōtomo Sōrin, the Tosa-Ichijo clan and the Chōsokabe clan. The Saionji survived by the fluid loyalties and fierce resistance, but were eventually overcome by Chōsokabe Motochika, who was in turn overthrown by the forces of Toyotomi Hideyoshi. Iyo Province was given to Kobayakawa Takakage, who assigned the area around Uwajima to his adopted son and half-brother, Hidekane. Takakage was later transferred to Kyushu and was replaced by Hideyoshi's general Toda Katsutaka. In contrast the Kobayakawa, the Toda ruled with extreme harshness, murdering the descendants of the Saiōnji family and thinking nothing of robbery, rape and murder of the local inhabitants. When ordered to send troops to the invasion of Korea in 1592, he cut down large trees in shrines and temples throughout his domain to construct ships. He went insane during the campaign, and died in Korea without heir. Hideyoshi then assigned Tōdō Takatora to the domain. A noted castle designer, Takatora spent six years building Itajima Castle, which would later be called Uwajima Castle. Following the Battle of Sekigahara and other campaigns, he was promoted to Tsu Domain in Ise Province. In 1614, Date Hidemune, the illegitimate eldest son of Date Masamune , was awarded the 100,000 koku Uwajima Domain by Shogun Tokugawa Hidetada, and moved into Uwajima Castle the following year. His descendants would rule the domain until the Meiji restoration.[5]Following the Meiji restoration, the town of Uwajima was created with the establishment of the modern municipalities system. In 1917, Maruho Village was merged into Uwajima. The town of Uwajima merged with the village of Yahata on August 1, 1921 and was raised to city status. The city was extended by combining Kushima Village in 1934 and renovating the bay area for factory usage. The center of the city was largely destroyed by bombing during World War II in 1945; however, post-war reconstruction was rapid. In 1955, Uwajima annexed Miura and Takamitsu Villages and Uwaumi village in 1974. On August 1, 2005 Uwajima absorbed the towns of Mima, Tsushima and Yoshida (all from Kitauwa District) .","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mayor-council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor-council"},{"link_name":"unicameral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicameral"},{"link_name":"lower house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Diet of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diet_of_Japan"}],"text":"Uwajima has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral city council of 24 members. Uwajima, together with Kihoku and Matsuno, contributes four members to the Ehime Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the town is part of Ehime 4th district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Commercial fishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_fishing"},{"link_name":"cultured pearls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultured_pearl"}],"text":"Uwajima is the largest municipality of southwestern, but industry is poorly developed except for a single shipyard. Commercial fishing, taking advantage of the ria coastline, aquaculture and cultured pearls is the mainstay of the local economy.","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Uwajima has 30 public elementary schools and six public middle schools operated by the city government. The city has five public high schools operated by the Ehime Prefectural Board of Education.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JR_logo_(shikoku).svg"},{"link_name":"Shikoku Railway Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shikoku_Railway_Company"},{"link_name":"Yosan Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yosan_Line"},{"link_name":"Tachima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachima_Station"},{"link_name":"Iyo-Yoshida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iyo-Yoshida_Station"},{"link_name":"Takamitsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takamitsu_Station"},{"link_name":"Kita-Uwajima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kita-Uwajima_Station"},{"link_name":"Uwajima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uwajima_Station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JR_logo_(shikoku).svg"},{"link_name":"Shikoku Railway Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shikoku_Railway_Company"},{"link_name":"Yodo Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yodo_Line"},{"link_name":"Ōuchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Cuchi_Station"},{"link_name":"Futana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futana_Station"},{"link_name":"Iyo-Miyanoshita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iyo-Miyanoshita_Station"},{"link_name":"Muden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muden_Station"},{"link_name":"Kita-Uwajima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kita-Uwajima_Station"},{"link_name":"Uwajima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uwajima_Station"}],"sub_title":"Railways","text":"Shikoku Railway Company - Yosan LineTachima - Iyo-Yoshida - Takamitsu - Kita-Uwajima - UwajimaShikoku Railway Company - Yodo LineŌuchi - Futana - Iyo-Miyanoshita - Muden - Kita-Uwajima - (Uwajima)","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Matsuyama Expressway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsuyama_Expressway"},{"link_name":"National Route 56","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_National_Route_56"},{"link_name":"National Route 320","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_National_Route_320"},{"link_name":"National Route 378","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_National_Route_378"},{"link_name":"National Route 381","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_National_Route_381"}],"sub_title":"Highways","text":"Matsuyama Expressway\n National Route 56\n National Route 320\n National Route 378\n National Route 381","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Port of Uwajima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Port_of_Uwajima&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Ports","text":"Port of Uwajima","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ushioni_mask.jpg"},{"link_name":"Uwajima Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uwajima_Castle"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Taga Shrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taga_Shrine"},{"link_name":"fertility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertility"},{"link_name":"sex museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_museum"},{"link_name":"Uwajima Ushi-oni Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uwajima_Ushi-oni_Festival"},{"link_name":"bullfighting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullfighting"},{"link_name":"matador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matador"},{"link_name":"Ryūkō-ji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ry%C5%ABk%C5%8D-ji_(Uwajima)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Shikoku Pilgrimage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shikoku_Pilgrimage"},{"link_name":"Butsumoku-ji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Butsumoku-ji&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Shikoku Pilgrimage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shikoku_Pilgrimage"}],"text":"A mask of the Cow Demon (牛鬼, ushioni), one of the many used at the bullfighting festival.Uwajima Castle is well known as one of the 12 Japanese castles to have an original donjon built in the Edo Period.\nDate Family Museum[6] which features many historically important objects tied to the history of the region and the Daimyō family Date which ruled this area.\nTaga Shrine, a fertility shrine which features a large, realistic phallus carved from a log approximately 9 feet in length, 1 foot in diameter. Next to the shrine is a graphic sex museum, filled with artifacts and paintings from around the world.\nUwajima Ushi-oni Festival, also known as \"Gaiya Festival,\" or the \"Warei Shrine Festival.\" Held in July, among the festivities are ushioni teams parading down the street, a dance contest to the town song known as the \"Gaiya\" dance, traditional dancing, and a bullfight. The word \"Gaiya\" is in a local dialect, approximately translating to \"awesome\" in English.The city is known for bullfighting, which differs from the more widely known Spanish bullfights in that there is no matador. Two bulls fight in a ring until one bull's knees touch the ground or flees, marking it the loser. Bullfights are generally held in January, April, July, and August.\nRyūkō-ji, 41st temple on the Shikoku Pilgrimage\nButsumoku-ji, 42nd temple on the Shikoku Pilgrimage","title":"Local attractions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tsushima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsushima,_Ehime"},{"link_name":"mikan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikan"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Tsushima","text":"Tsushima occupies an area of approximately 200 km2 and has a significant proportion of Uwajima's current land area, despite not being highly populated (fewer than 15,000 people). It's made up of small villages that shared a municipal government as Tsushima until they were amalgamated into Uwajima.Tsushima is known for the Iwamatsu River and its annual festival where people eat tiny, live fish, as well as pearl and fish farming. It is part of the prefecture's mikan industry.[7]","title":"Local attractions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Umetaro Azechi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umetaro_Azechi"},{"link_name":"printmaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printmaker"},{"link_name":"mountain climber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_climber"},{"link_name":"Masafumi Hirai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masafumi_Hirai"},{"link_name":"baseball pitcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_pitcher"},{"link_name":"Tadashi Irie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadashi_Irie"},{"link_name":"yakuza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakuza"},{"link_name":"Osaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka"},{"link_name":"Takumi-gumi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takumi-gumi"},{"link_name":"Yamaguchi-gumi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamaguchi-gumi"},{"link_name":"Kazuyoshi Ishii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazuyoshi_Ishii"},{"link_name":"master","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandmaster_(martial_arts)"},{"link_name":"Seidokaikan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seidokaikan"},{"link_name":"karate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karate"},{"link_name":"K-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-1"},{"link_name":"Daisuke Itō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daisuke_It%C5%8D_(film_director)"},{"link_name":"Japanese film director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_film_director"},{"link_name":"Akinori Iwamura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akinori_Iwamura"},{"link_name":"baseball manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_manager"},{"link_name":"baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball"},{"link_name":"infielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infielder"},{"link_name":"Kenta Kawai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenta_Kawai"},{"link_name":"football player","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Susumu Koshimizu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susumu_Koshimizu"},{"link_name":"installation artist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Installation_artist"},{"link_name":"Mono-ha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mono-ha"},{"link_name":"Shingo Matsumoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shingo_Matsumoto"},{"link_name":"Greco-Roman wrestler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greco-Roman_wrestler"},{"link_name":"Ryuji Miyade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryuji_Miyade"},{"link_name":"Nippon Professional Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippon_Professional_Baseball"},{"link_name":"outfielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outfielder"},{"link_name":"Shinro Ohtake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinro_Ohtake"},{"link_name":"Japanese artist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Japanese_artists"},{"link_name":"Masayoshi Ōishi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masayoshi_%C5%8Cishi"},{"link_name":"Tetchō Suehiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetch%C5%8D_Suehiro"},{"link_name":"Japanese politician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_politician"},{"link_name":"Mutsumi Tamabayashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutsumi_Tamabayashi"},{"link_name":"football player","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soccer_player"},{"link_name":"Ehime FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehime_FC"},{"link_name":"J2 League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J2_League"},{"link_name":"Sho Tanaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sho_Tanaka"},{"link_name":"Japanese professional wrestler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puroresu"},{"link_name":"Raymond Ken'ichi Tanaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Ken%27ichi_Tanaka"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Diocese of Kyoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Kyoto"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uca-8"},{"link_name":"Koichi Yamamoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koichi_Yamamoto"},{"link_name":"Japanese politician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_politician"},{"link_name":"Liberal Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_(Japan)"},{"link_name":"House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Diet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diet_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Haruhiro Yamashita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haruhiro_Yamashita"},{"link_name":"gymnast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnast"},{"link_name":"Olympic gold medalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_gold_medalist"},{"link_name":"1964 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Kyoichi Katayama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoichi_Katayama"},{"link_name":"Socrates in Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socrates_in_Love"},{"link_name":"Shinro Ohtake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinro_Ohtake"}],"text":"Umetaro Azechi, Japanese printmaker and mountain climber\nMasafumi Hirai, Japanese professional baseball pitcher\nTadashi Irie, yakuza, the head (kumicho) of the Osaka-based 2nd Takumi-gumi and the grand general manager (so-honbucho) of the 6th Yamaguchi-gumi\nKazuyoshi Ishii, Japanese master of Seidokaikan karate and founder of the K-1 fighting circuit\nDaisuke Itō, Japanese film director and screenwriter\nAkinori Iwamura, Japanese baseball manager and former baseball infielder\nKenta Kawai, Japanese former football player\nSusumu Koshimizu, Japanese sculptor, installation artist and member of Mono-ha\nShingo Matsumoto, Japanese amateur Greco-Roman wrestler\nRyuji Miyade, former Nippon Professional Baseball outfielder\nShinro Ohtake, Japanese artist (born in Tokyo, Japan but raised in Uwajima, Ehime)\nMasayoshi Ōishi, Japanese musician and singer-songwriter\nTetchō Suehiro, Japanese politician, novelist, and journalist\nMutsumi Tamabayashi, Japanese football player (Ehime FC, J2 League)\nSho Tanaka, Japanese professional wrestler\nRaymond Ken'ichi Tanaka, Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Kyoto (1976–1997)[8]\nKoichi Yamamoto, Japanese politician, member of Liberal Democratic Party and member of the House of Representatives in the Diet (national legislature)\nHaruhiro Yamashita, Japanese gymnast and 2x Olympic gold medalist (1964 Summer Olympics)\nKyoichi Katayama, the author of the novel Socrates in Love, is from Uwajima. The novel was turned into a movie.\nShinro Ohtake, a contemporary Japanese artist, has lived and worked in Uwajima since 1987.","title":"Notable people from Uwajima, Ehime"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Uwajima-jo.JPG"},{"link_name":"Uwajima Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uwajima_Castle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Uwajima.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Warei-jinja_through_Gate.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Taga-jinja_Statues.JPG"}],"text":"Uwajima Castle\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tUwajima as viewed from the castle\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWarei Shrine\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTaga Shrine statues","title":"Gallery"}]
[{"image_text":"Uwajma City Hall","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Uwajima_city_hall.jpg/270px-Uwajima_city_hall.jpg"},{"image_text":"Aerial view of Uwajma city center","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Uwajima_city_center_area_Aerial_photograph.2019.jpg/270px-Uwajima_city_center_area_Aerial_photograph.2019.jpg"},{"image_text":"Japan National Route 320 in Uwajma city center","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Route_320_Uwajima_City_1.jpg/270px-Route_320_Uwajima_City_1.jpg"},{"image_text":"A mask of the Cow Demon (牛鬼, ushioni), one of the many used at the bullfighting festival.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Ushioni_mask.jpg/200px-Ushioni_mask.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Uwajima city official statistics\" (in Japanese). Japan.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.city.uwajima.ehime.jp/index2.html","url_text":"\"Uwajima city official statistics\""}]},{"reference":"宇和島 平年値（年・月ごとの値） 主な要素 (in Japanese). Japan Meteorological Agency. Retrieved May 15, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/view/nml_sfc_ym.php?prec_no=73&block_no=47892&year=&month=&day=&view=p1","url_text":"宇和島 平年値（年・月ごとの値） 主な要素"}]},{"reference":"宇和島（愛媛県） 主な要素 (in Japanese). Japan Meteorological Agency. Retrieved May 15, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/view/rank_s.php?prec_no=73&block_no=47892&year=&month=&day=&view=p1","url_text":"宇和島（愛媛県） 主な要素"}]},{"reference":"Nakayama, Yoshiaki (2015). 江戸三百藩大全 全藩藩主変遷表付. Kosaido Publishing. ISBN 978-4331802946.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4331802946","url_text":"978-4331802946"}]},{"reference":"Ehime 2015 Guidebook (PDF). p. 50. Retrieved March 3, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ehimeajet.com/publications/2015EhimeGuidebookWebuse.pdf","url_text":"Ehime 2015 Guidebook"}]},{"reference":"\"Bishop Raymond Ken'ichi Tanaka\". Union of Catholic Asian News. Archived from the original on August 5, 2021. Retrieved August 5, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ucanews.com/directory/previous/bishop-raymond-kenichi-tanaka/1935","url_text":"\"Bishop Raymond Ken'ichi Tanaka\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_Catholic_Asian_News","url_text":"Union of Catholic Asian News"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210805220220/https://www.ucanews.com/directory/previous/bishop-raymond-kenichi-tanaka/1935","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picton,_Cheshire
Picton, Cheshire
["1 References","2 External links"]
Coordinates: 53°14′N 2°51′W / 53.23°N 2.85°W / 53.23; -2.85 Human settlement in EnglandPictonPicton GorsePictonLocation within CheshirePopulation58 (2001 census)OS grid referenceSJ432710Civil parishMickle Trafford and DistrictUnitary authorityCheshire West and ChesterCeremonial countyCheshireRegionNorth WestCountryEnglandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townCHESTERPostcode districtCH2Dialling code01244PoliceCheshireFireCheshireAmbulanceNorth West UK ParliamentEllesmere Port and Neston List of places UK England Cheshire 53°14′N 2°51′W / 53.23°N 2.85°W / 53.23; -2.85 Picton is a hamlet and former civil parish, now in the parish of Mickle Trafford and District, situated near to Chester, in the borough of Cheshire West and Chester and the ceremonial county of Cheshire, England. The name derives partly from a personal noun, with Pica's-tūn, meaning Pica's settlement or farmstead. Lower Kinnerton was formerly a township in the parish of Plemonstall, in the Broxton Hundred, in 1866 Picton became a civil parish, its population was 138 in 1801, 155 in 1851, 141 in 1901, 119 in 1951 and 58 in the 2001 census. On 1 April 2015 the parish was abolished to form Mickle Trafford and District. In 1995, aerial photography showed evidence of a Roman practice fort in the parish. Picton Hall and Picton Hall Farmhouse are designated by English Heritage as a Grade II listed building. It is the only listed building in the parish. References Citations ^ "Key to English Place-Names: Picton". University of Nottingham. Retrieved 25 September 2020. ^ "History of Picton, in Chester and Cheshire". A Vision of Britain through Time. Retrieved 2 September 2023. ^ "Relationships and changes Picton Tn/CP through time". A Vision of Britain through Time. Retrieved 2 September 2023. ^ a b "Picton". GENUKI UK & Ireland Genealogy. Retrieved 24 March 2018. ^ "Census 2001: Parish Headcounts: Chester". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 27 December 2009. ^ "Cheshire West and Chester Registration District". UKBMD. Retrieved 2 September 2023. ^ Latham, p. 12. ^ Temporary Marching Camp, Picton, Cheshire, Roman Britain.org, archived from the original on 21 October 2007, retrieved 7 November 2007 ^ Historic England, "Picton Hall and Picton Hall Farmhouse (1229985)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 21 August 2013 Sources Latham, Frank A., ed. (2005), Mickle Trafford, The Local History Group, ISBN 0-9551470-1-8 External links Media related to Picton at Wikimedia Commons vteCheshire West and ChesterPrincipal settlements Chester Ellesmere Port Frodsham Neston Northwich Winsford Civil parishes (current) Acton Bridge Agden Aldersey Aldford and Saighton Allostock Alvanley Anderton with Marbury Antrobus Ashton Hayes and Horton-cum-Peel Aston Bache Backford Barnton Barrow Barton Beeston Bostock Broxton Burwardsley Byley Capenhurst Carden Chester Castle Chidlow Chorlton Chowley Christleton Churton Clotton Hoofield Clutton Coddington Comberbach Croughton Crowton Cuddington, Eddisbury Cuddington, Malpas Darnhall Davenham Delamere and Oakmere Dodleston Duckington Duddon and Burton Dunham-on-the-Hill and Hapsford Dutton Eaton and Eccleston Elton Farndon Frodsham Golborne David Great Boughton Great Budworth Guilden Sutton Handley Hargrave and Huxley Hartford Harthill Helsby Huntington Ince Kelsall Kingsley Kingsmead Lach Dennis Lea-by-Backford Ledsham Little Budworth Little Leigh Little Stanney Littleton Lostock Gralam Malpas Manley Marston Mickle Trafford and District Mollington Moston Mouldsworth Moulton Neston Nether Peover No Man’s Heath and District Norley Northwich Poulton and Pulford Puddington Rowton Rudheath Rushton Saughall and Shotwick Park Shocklach Oviatt and District Sproston Stanthorne and Wimboldsley Stoak Stretton Sutton Weaver Tarporley Tarvin Tattenhall and District Thornton-le-Moors Threapwood Tilston Tiverton and Tilstone Fearnall Tushingham-cum-Grindley, Macefen and Bradley Upton-by-Chester Utkinton and Cotebrook Waverton Weaverham Wervin Whitegate and Marton Whitley Wigland Willington Wincham Winsford Civil parishes (former) Aldford Ashton Hayes Bickley Bradley Bridge Trafford Bruen Stapleford Buerton Burton Caldecott Caughall Chorlton-by-Backford Church Shocklach Churton by Aldford Churton by Farndon Churton Heath Claverton Cotton Abbotts Cotton Edmunds Crewe-by-Farndon Delamere Dunham-on-the-Hill Duddon Eaton Eccleston Edge Edgerley Foulk Stapleford Golborne Bellow Grafton Hampton Hapsford Hatton Hockenhull Hoole Village Horton-by-Malpas Horton-cum-Peel Huxley Iddinshall Kings Marsh Larkton Lea Newbold Lower Kinnerton Macefen Marlston-cum-Lache Mickle Trafford Newton by Malpas Newton-by-Tattenhall Oakmere Oldcastle Overton Picton Poulton Prior's Heys Pulford Saighton Saughall Shocklach Oviatt Shotwick Shotwick Park Stanthorne Stockton Tattenhall Tilstone Fearnall Tiverton Tushingham cum Grindley Utkinton Wimbolds Trafford Wimboldsley Woodbank Wychough Unparished areas Chester Ellesmere Port vteCeremonial county of CheshireCheshire PortalUnitary authorities Cheshire East Cheshire West and Chester Halton Warrington Major settlements(cities in italics) Alsager Birchwood Bollington Chester Congleton Crewe Culcheth Ellesmere Port Frodsham Handforth Holmes Chapel Knutsford Lymm Macclesfield Malpas Middlewich Nantwich Neston Northwich Poynton Runcorn Sandbach Warrington Widnes Wilmslow WinsfordSee also: List of civil parishes in Cheshire Rivers Bollin Croco Dane Dean Dee Gowy Goyt Mersey Weaver Waldron Wheelock Topics Agriculture Country houses Flag Grade I listed churches Grade I listed non-ecclesiastical buildings Grade II* listed buildings High Sheriffs History Listed buildings Lord Lieutenants Museums Parliamentary constituencies Places Population of major settlements SSSIs This Cheshire location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"civil parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_parishes_in_England"},{"link_name":"Mickle Trafford and District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mickle_Trafford_and_District&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester"},{"link_name":"Cheshire West and Chester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheshire_West_and_Chester"},{"link_name":"Cheshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheshire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Township_(England)"},{"link_name":"Plemonstall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plemonstall&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Broxton Hundred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Broxton_Hundred&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"2001 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_United_Kingdom_census"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GENUKI-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GENUKI-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"aerial photography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerial_photography"},{"link_name":"Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"English Heritage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Heritage"},{"link_name":"listed building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_building"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Human settlement in EnglandPicton is a hamlet and former civil parish, now in the parish of Mickle Trafford and District, situated near to Chester, in the borough of Cheshire West and Chester and the ceremonial county of Cheshire, England.The name derives partly from a personal noun, with Pica's-tūn, meaning Pica's settlement or farmstead.[1] \nLower Kinnerton was formerly a township in the parish of Plemonstall,[2] in the Broxton Hundred, in 1866 Picton became a civil parish,[3] its population was 138 in 1801, 155 in 1851, 141 in 1901, 119 in 1951 and 58 in the 2001 census.[4][5] On 1 April 2015 the parish was abolished to form Mickle Trafford and District.[4][6]In 1995, aerial photography showed evidence of a Roman practice fort in the parish.[7][8]Picton Hall and Picton Hall Farmhouse are designated by English Heritage as a Grade II listed building. It is the only listed building in the parish.[9]","title":"Picton, Cheshire"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Key to English Place-Names: Picton\". University of Nottingham. Retrieved 25 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://kepn.nottingham.ac.uk/map/place/Cheshire/Chorlton%20by%20Backford","url_text":"\"Key to English Place-Names: Picton\""}]},{"reference":"\"History of Picton, in Chester and Cheshire\". A Vision of Britain through Time. Retrieved 2 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://visionofbritain.org.uk/place/3688","url_text":"\"History of Picton, in Chester and Cheshire\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Vision_of_Britain_through_Time","url_text":"A Vision of Britain through Time"}]},{"reference":"\"Relationships and changes Picton Tn/CP through time\". A Vision of Britain through Time. Retrieved 2 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://visionofbritain.org.uk/unit/10116545","url_text":"\"Relationships and changes Picton Tn/CP through time\""}]},{"reference":"\"Picton\". GENUKI UK & Ireland Genealogy. Retrieved 24 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.genuki.org.uk/big/eng/CHS/picton","url_text":"\"Picton\""}]},{"reference":"\"Census 2001: Parish Headcounts: Chester\". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 27 December 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/viewFullDataset.do?instanceSelection=03070&productId=779&$ph=60_61&datasetInstanceId=3070&startColumn=1&numberOfColumns=8&containerAreaId=790332","url_text":"\"Census 2001: Parish Headcounts: Chester\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cheshire West and Chester Registration District\". UKBMD. Retrieved 2 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ukbmd.org.uk/reg/districts/cheshire%20west%20and%20chester.html","url_text":"\"Cheshire West and Chester Registration District\""}]},{"reference":"Temporary Marching Camp, Picton, Cheshire, Roman Britain.org, archived from the original on 21 October 2007, retrieved 7 November 2007","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071021175756/http://www.roman-britain.org/places/picton.htm","url_text":"Temporary Marching Camp, Picton, Cheshire"},{"url":"http://www.roman-britain.org/places/picton.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Historic England, \"Picton Hall and Picton Hall Farmhouse (1229985)\", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 21 August 2013","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1229985","url_text":"\"Picton Hall and Picton Hall Farmhouse (1229985)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England","url_text":"National Heritage List for England"}]},{"reference":"Latham, Frank A., ed. (2005), Mickle Trafford, The Local History Group, ISBN 0-9551470-1-8","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9551470-1-8","url_text":"0-9551470-1-8"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._George%27s_Cathedral_(Kingston,_Ontario)
St. George's Cathedral (Kingston, Ontario)
["1 History","2 Worship at the Cathedral","3 Association with the Royal Military College","4 Popular culture","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
Coordinates: 44°13′46″N 76°28′59″W / 44.22944°N 76.48306°W / 44.22944; -76.48306Church in Ontario, CanadaThe Cathedral Church of Saint GeorgeSt. George's Cathedral44°13′46″N 76°28′59″W / 44.22944°N 76.48306°W / 44.22944; -76.48306Location270 King Street EastKingston, OntarioCountryCanadaDenominationAnglican Church of CanadaWebsitestgeorgescathedral.caHistoryStatusCathedralFounded1792 (1792)Founder(s)John StuartDedicationSt. GeorgeConsecrated1828ArchitectureFunctional statusActiveArchitect(s)Thomas RogersStyleGeorgian & NeoclassicalGroundbreaking1825AdministrationProvinceCanadaDioceseOntarioParishSt. GeorgeClergyDeanThe Very Rev. Douglas Michael (2022-)LaityDirector of musicBrad Barbeau (interim) St. George's Cathedral in Kingston, Ontario, Canada, is the cathedral church of the Anglican Diocese of Ontario. History John Stuart served as the church's first rector The original St. George's parish church was a wooden building constructed in 1792 located across from what is now Kingston Market Square, and was the first church built in the Kingston area. John Stuart was the Rector. The present church building was constructed at another location (King St. at Johnson St.) during the years 1825–1828. Architect William Coverdale enlarged it in 1838–1840 with the addition of a rebuilt steeple and the doric portico 1842. It was elevated to cathedral status in 1862. In 1891–1894 the transepts, choir and dome were built but shortly thereafter in 1899 the interior was badly damaged by fire. S. George Curry (architect) and Joseph Power performed a complete restoration in 1899–1900. Worship at the Cathedral Choral Eucharist: Sundays @ 10:30am Choral Evensong: 1st and 3rd Wednesdays @ 7:00pm Weekday service times are available on the Cathedral website. Association with the Royal Military College For many years Royal Military College of Canada (RMC) cadets and other military groups have marched into St. George's for worship on special occasions. 'Copper Sunday', an annual church parade from RMC to St. George's, in which cadets took up a collection of copper coins, was established in 1882 or earlier. A memorial tablet was erected before 1899 to the memory of three officers, graduates of the Royal Military College of Canada, who died while serving in Africa: Huntly Brodie Mackay, Captain Royal Engineers; William Henry Robinson, Captain Royal Engineers; and William Grant Stairs, Captain the Welsh Regiment, but was lost in the 1899 fire and was not replaced. In 1918, the Royal Military College's Great War Memorial Flag was presented to the rector of St. George's Cathedral, the Very Rev. Dean Starr, honorary chaplain to the college, by the then Commandant, Brig. General C. N. Perreau, C.M.G.. The 18 feet by 24 feet flag hung on the north gallery of the cathedral, until the summer of 1934, when it was removed to the college museum for preservation. 932 Maple leaves represent those graduates who served, and 147 crimson leaves represent those who paid the supreme sacrifice in the Great War. The King's Colour of the Royal Military College of Canada was placed in the cathedral in 1942. In a 1942 church parade ceremony, General Hertzberg asked permission of the churchwarden, RMC Professor W.R.P. Bridger to lay up the RMC colours in the cathedral. After the congregation were addressed by the Lord Bishop of Ontario, the cadet battalion marched back to the college. A virtual tour the Royal Military College of Canada gallery at the Cathedral Church of St. George features stained glass windows of several soldier saints including St. George. The most recent windows—the St. Cecilia window and the St. Margaret window—also in the RMC gallery, were installed in 2002 and 2003 respectively. Popular culture St. George's Cathedral, Kingston was treated fictionally as St. Nicholas's, Salterton, in Robertson Davies's novel Leaven of Malice. See also Christianity portal List of cathedrals in Canada Saint George in devotions, traditions and prayers References ^ a b c d "A St George's Cathedral Timeline". stgeorgescathedral.ca. St George's Cathedral. 2019. ^ a b "St. George's Cathedral". Canada's Historic Places. Parks Canada. 2019. Retrieved 22 September 2019. ^ Osborne, Brian S. and Donald Swainson. Kingston, Building on the Past for the Future. Quarry Heritage Books, 2011. ISBN 1-55082-351-5. p. 33 ^ http://www.dictionaryofarchitectsincanada.org/architects/view/1625 William Coverdale (architect) ^ http://www.dictionaryofarchitectsincanada.org/architects/view/1634 S. George Curry (architect) ^ Richard Preston 'Canada's RMC: A History of the Royal Military College', University of Toronto Press, 1969 ^ Royal Military College of Canada - Review Yearbook (Kingston, Ontario Canada) - Class of 1935, page 33 ^ Preston `Canada`s RMC: A History of the Royal Military College` (University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1969) ^ http://www.virtualkingston.ca/fullscreens/stgeorges/stgeorges_south.html Virtual tour of St. George's Cathedral Swainson, Donald, ed. (1991). St George's Cathedral: Two Hundred Years of Community. Kingston, ON: Quarry Press. ISBN 978-1-55082-030-0. OCLC 24375034. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to St. George's Cathedral (Kingston, Ontario). Official website Virtual tour of St. George's Cathedral Ontario Heritage Trust St. George's Cathedral (City of Kingston) - 1825
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Anglican Diocese of Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican_Diocese_of_Ontario"}],"text":"Church in Ontario, CanadaSt. George's Cathedral in Kingston, Ontario, Canada, is the cathedral church of the Anglican Diocese of Ontario.","title":"St. George's Cathedral (Kingston, Ontario)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Stuart.jpg"},{"link_name":"John Stuart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_(priest)"},{"link_name":"Kingston Market Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_Public_Market"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"John Stuart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_(priest)"},{"link_name":"William Coverdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Coverdale_(architect)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"S. George Curry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._George_Curry"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"John Stuart served as the church's first rectorThe original St. George's parish church was a wooden building constructed in 1792 located across from what is now Kingston Market Square, and was the first church built in the Kingston area.[3] John Stuart was the Rector.The present church building was constructed at another location (King St. at Johnson St.) during the years 1825–1828. Architect William Coverdale enlarged it in 1838–1840 with the addition of a rebuilt steeple and the doric portico 1842.[4]It was elevated to cathedral status in 1862. In 1891–1894 the transepts, choir and dome were built but shortly thereafter in 1899 the interior was badly damaged by fire. S. George Curry (architect) and Joseph Power performed a complete restoration in 1899–1900.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Choral Eucharist: Sundays @ 10:30amChoral Evensong: 1st and 3rd Wednesdays @ 7:00pmWeekday service times are available on the Cathedral website.","title":"Worship at the Cathedral"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Military College of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Military_College_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"William Grant Stairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Grant_Stairs"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King%27s_Colour_of_Royal_Military_College_of_Canada.jpg"},{"link_name":"King's Colour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_colours,_standards_and_guidons"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"For many years Royal Military College of Canada (RMC) cadets and other military groups have marched into St. George's for worship on special occasions. 'Copper Sunday', an annual church parade from RMC to St. George's, in which cadets took up a collection of copper coins, was established in 1882 or earlier. A memorial tablet was erected before 1899 to the memory of three officers, graduates of the Royal Military College of Canada, who died while serving in Africa: Huntly Brodie Mackay, Captain Royal Engineers; William Henry Robinson, Captain Royal Engineers; and William Grant Stairs, Captain the Welsh Regiment,[6] but was lost in the 1899 fire and was not replaced.In 1918, the Royal Military College's Great War Memorial Flag was presented to the rector of St. George's Cathedral, the Very Rev. Dean Starr, honorary chaplain to the college, by the then Commandant, Brig. General C. N. Perreau, C.M.G.. The 18 feet by 24 feet flag hung on the north gallery of the cathedral, until the summer of 1934, when it was removed to the college museum for preservation. 932 Maple leaves represent those graduates who served, and 147 crimson leaves represent those who paid the supreme sacrifice in the Great War.[7]The King's Colour of the Royal Military College of Canada was placed in the cathedral in 1942.In a 1942 church parade ceremony, General Hertzberg asked permission of the churchwarden, RMC Professor W.R.P. Bridger to lay up the RMC colours in the cathedral. After the congregation were addressed by the Lord Bishop of Ontario, the cadet battalion marched back to the college.[8]A virtual tour the Royal Military College of Canada gallery at the Cathedral Church of St. George features stained glass windows of several soldier saints including St. George. The most recent windows—the St. Cecilia window and the St. Margaret window—also in the RMC gallery, were installed in 2002 and 2003 respectively.[9]","title":"Association with the Royal Military College"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robertson Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robertson_Davies"}],"text":"St. George's Cathedral, Kingston was treated fictionally as St. Nicholas's, Salterton, in Robertson Davies's novel Leaven of Malice.","title":"Popular culture"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_Hotel,_Albany
Premier Hotel, Albany
["1 See also","2 References"]
Coordinates: 35°01′25″S 117°53′01″E / 35.0237°S 117.8836°E / -35.0237; 117.8836 Premier Hotel 2006 Premier Hotel north facing side in 2016 with smoke damage at far end View of Premier Hotel from York Street in 2016 with smoke damage visible The Premier Hotel is a hotel and a heritage listed building located on the corner of York Street and Grey Street, opposite the Albany Town Hall, in Albany in the Great Southern region of Western Australia. The two storey building is constructed from brick and has a corrugated iron roof topped with chimneys that have moulded capping. It has arched windows on both levels with a cantilevered canopy over the surrounding pavement. The hotel was built in 1891 and was the third one built in Albany. Only the Premier and the Albany Hotel still remain. The other, the Railway Hotel, was renamed the Royal George in 1892 and rebuilt in three stories in 1910. The first meeting of the Albany Roads Board was held in the hotel dining room in 1896. Richard R. Burridge acquired the hotel in 1912 - the licensee was Marcus A. O'Grady. Following Burridge's death in 1928, the hotel was auctioned in 1929 and acquired by William Harper for £6,550. Harper was the licensee of the Freemason's hotel located on Stirling Terrace. Harper also outbid the then licensee of the Premier Hotel, Alf Martin. At that time the hotel had 20 bedrooms, a sitting and dining room, offices and two large bar areas. In 1930 the hotel was put on the market again and advertised as having: 26 bedrooms, bars, dining room, commercial rooms, bathrooms, hot water service, and electric light installed and sewered throughout. W.A. Schurer, who had previously owned the London Hotel, acquired the Premier in 1936 and put it up for sale again in 1950. The hotel was gutted by fire in 2016. Four occupants were evacuated from the building and the manager was taken to hospital with non-life-threatening injuries. The manager had been assaulted and robbed by two men shortly after midnight. The men lit the fire before leaving the premises. The fire took over four hours to extinguish and gutted most of the interior causing damage in excess of A$1 million. The Licensee was later found to have organised the attack in an attempt to claim a $3M dollar insurance payout. See also List of places on the State Register of Heritage Places in the City of Albany References ^ City of Albany (31 December 2016). "Royal George Hotel". inHerit. Perth, WA: State Heritage Office, Government of Western Australia. Retrieved 4 May 2017. ^ "Premier Hotel". InHerit. Heritage Council of Western Australia. 8 February 2015. Retrieved 21 July 2016. ^ "Albany Licensing Court". Albany Advertiser. Vol. XXIV, no. 3110. Western Australia. 11 December 1912. p. 3. Retrieved 23 July 2016 – via National Library of Australia. ^ "Premier Hotel". Albany Advertiser. Vol. 2, no. 177. Western Australia. 2 March 1929. p. 1. Retrieved 23 July 2016 – via National Library of Australia. ^ "Advertising". Albany Advertiser. Vol. 3, no. 431. Western Australia. 22 November 1930. p. 3. Retrieved 23 July 2016 – via National Library of Australia. ^ "Advertising". Albany Advertiser. Vol. XXXV, no. 4260. Western Australia. 9 July 1924. p. 1. Retrieved 23 July 2016 – via National Library of Australia. ^ "Advertising". Albany Advertiser. Vol. 9, no. 1, 044. Western Australia. 15 October 1936. p. 1. Retrieved 23 July 2016 – via National Library of Australia. ^ "Advertising". The West Australian. Vol. 66, no. 19, 890. Western Australia. 18 April 1950. p. 22. Retrieved 23 July 2016 – via National Library of Australia. ^ "Arson probe: Fire hits historic 130-year-old Premier Hotel, Albany". Perthnow. News Corporation. 16 May 2016. Retrieved 22 July 2016. ^ Kelly, Joel (23 May 2016). "Albany's Premier Hotel manager robbed, bashed and historic hotel torched". PerthNow. Perth, WA: News Limited. Retrieved 4 May 2017. ^ Graeme Powell (13 May 2016). "Hunt for two men who assaulted pub landlord and set fire to historic Albany hotel". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 23 July 2016. 35°01′25″S 117°53′01″E / 35.0237°S 117.8836°E / -35.0237; 117.8836
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Premier_Hotel_Albany.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Premier_hotel_albany.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Premier_hotel_york_street.jpg"},{"link_name":"hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel"},{"link_name":"York Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York_Street,_Albany"},{"link_name":"Albany Town Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany_Town_Hall_(Western_Australia)"},{"link_name":"Albany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Great Southern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Southern_(Western_Australia)"},{"link_name":"Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"corrugated iron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrugated_iron"},{"link_name":"Royal George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_George_Hotel,_Albany"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Albany Roads Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Albany"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Her-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"London Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Hotel"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Premier Hotel 2006Premier Hotel north facing side in 2016 with smoke damage at far endView of Premier Hotel from York Street in 2016 with smoke damage visibleThe Premier Hotel is a hotel and a heritage listed building located on the corner of York Street and Grey Street, opposite the Albany Town Hall, in Albany in the Great Southern region of Western Australia.The two storey building is constructed from brick and has a corrugated iron roof topped with chimneys that have moulded capping. It has arched windows on both levels with a cantilevered canopy over the surrounding pavement.The hotel was built in 1891 and was the third one built in Albany. Only the Premier and the Albany Hotel still remain. The other, the Railway Hotel, was renamed the Royal George in 1892 and rebuilt in three stories in 1910.[1] The first meeting of the Albany Roads Board was held in the hotel dining room in 1896.[2]Richard R. Burridge acquired the hotel in 1912 - the licensee was Marcus A. O'Grady.[3]Following Burridge's death in 1928, the hotel was auctioned in 1929 and acquired by William Harper for £6,550. Harper was the licensee of the Freemason's hotel located on Stirling Terrace. Harper also outbid the then licensee of the Premier Hotel, Alf Martin. At that time the hotel had 20 bedrooms, a sitting and dining room, offices and two large bar areas.[4]In 1930 the hotel was put on the market again and advertised as having: 26 bedrooms, bars, dining room, commercial rooms, bathrooms, hot water service, and electric light installed and sewered throughout.[5]W.A. Schurer, who had previously owned the London Hotel,[6] acquired the Premier in 1936[7] and put it up for sale again in 1950.[8]The hotel was gutted by fire in 2016. Four occupants were evacuated from the building and the manager was taken to hospital with non-life-threatening injuries.[9] The manager had been assaulted and robbed by two men shortly after midnight. The men lit the fire before leaving the premises.[10] The fire took over four hours to extinguish and gutted most of the interior causing damage in excess of A$1 million.[11]\nThe Licensee was later found to have organised the attack in an attempt to claim a $3M dollar insurance payout.","title":"Premier Hotel, Albany"}]
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[{"title":"List of places on the State Register of Heritage Places in the City of Albany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_places_on_the_State_Register_of_Heritage_Places_in_the_City_of_Albany"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Saints_Cosmas_and_Damian,_Lastovo
Church of Saints Cosmas and Damian, Lastovo
["1 History and description","2 References","3 Sources"]
Coordinates: 42°45′53″N 16°53′43″E / 42.764839°N 16.895181°E / 42.764839; 16.895181The Church of Saint Cosmas and Damian The Church of Saints Cosmas and Damian (Croatian: Sv Kuzma i Damjan) is a Roman Catholic church on Lastovo Island off the coast of Croatia. History and description It is located in the oldest part of the town square and dates back to the 14th century. On the main altar is the painting of Saints Cosmas and Damian by the Italian Master Giovanni Lanfranco. Of the rest of the paintings, the Pietà, the work of an anonymous Venetian painter from 1545, is particularly distinguished. Formerly on this site there was a smaller church that dated from the 5th or 6th century, on the foundations of which was constructed the parish church of Saints Cosmas and Damian. It is first mentioned at the beginning of the 14th century. The church with triple nave is the result of construction in two different periods. The central nave is from the second half of the 15th century, while the adjacent naves were added in the 16th and 17th centuries. This expansion is evident on the church façade which has three separate roofs and a pediment crowned with three bell-towers in the shape of a belfry. They were erected in a Gothic style in the 18th century. The central part of the church was built by Croatian artisans. Amongst them, the most important role was that of Master Radosan who carved under the church ceiling in 1473 the inscription: RADOSAN FECIT MCCCCLXXIII MADII. Along the church apse a sacristy was added in 1545, while the Neo-Gothic bell tower was completed in 1942, constructed from Lastovo stone. At the base of the bell tower Antun Lastovac's tombstone was incorporated, who was one of the chaplains of Lastovo from the 15th century. A statute was signed in the front of the church in 1310. The interior of the church is filled with rich stone furnishings, paintings and artefacts. The church treasury preserves silver and gold-plated Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque and Rococo chalices, monstrances, candle lamps, candle holders and processional crosses as well as unique artworks such a Gothic-Renaissance chalice from the late 15th and early 16th century, the only preserved work by Pavko Antojević in the region. Amongst the artworks, special emphasis is given to the Renaissance vessel used for holy water which was commissioned by Bonino De Boninis. References Sources Lastovo History and Culture vteLandmarks in DalmatiaZadar St. Donatus' Zadar Cathedral Holy Cross' St. Nicholas Paklenica National Park Coat of arms of DalmatiaŠibenik-Knin Šibenik Cathedral Kornati National Park Krka National Park Split-Dalmatia Split Cathedral Trogir Cathedral Holy Salvation's Diocletian's Palace Kamerlengo Dubrovnik-Neretva Dubrovnik Cathedral Mljet National Park Islands Hvar Cathedral Church of Saints Cosmas and Damian, Lastovo Stari Grad Plain 42°45′53″N 16°53′43″E / 42.764839°N 16.895181°E / 42.764839; 16.895181 This article about a church building or other Christian place of worship in Croatia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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On the main altar is the painting of Saints Cosmas and Damian by the Italian Master Giovanni Lanfranco. Of the rest of the paintings, the Pietà, the work of an anonymous Venetian painter from 1545, is particularly distinguished.Formerly on this site there was a smaller church that dated from the 5th or 6th century, on the foundations of which was constructed the parish church of Saints Cosmas and Damian. It is first mentioned at the beginning of the 14th century. The church with triple nave is the result of construction in two different periods. The central nave is from the second half of the 15th century, while the adjacent naves were added in the 16th and 17th centuries. This expansion is evident on the church façade which has three separate roofs and a pediment crowned with three bell-towers in the shape of a belfry. They were erected in a Gothic style in the 18th century. The central part of the church was built by Croatian artisans. Amongst them, the most important role was that of Master Radosan who carved under the church ceiling in 1473 the inscription: RADOSAN FECIT MCCCCLXXIII MADII. Along the church apse a sacristy was added in 1545, while the Neo-Gothic bell tower was completed in 1942, constructed from Lastovo stone. At the base of the bell tower Antun Lastovac's tombstone was incorporated, who was one of the chaplains of Lastovo from the 15th century. A statute was signed in the front of the church in 1310.The interior of the church is filled with rich stone furnishings, paintings and artefacts. The church treasury preserves silver and gold-plated Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque and Rococo chalices, monstrances, candle lamps, candle holders and processional crosses as well as unique artworks such a Gothic-Renaissance chalice from the late 15th and early 16th century, the only preserved work by Pavko Antojević in the region. Amongst the artworks, special emphasis is given to the Renaissance vessel used for holy water which was commissioned by Bonino De Boninis.","title":"History and description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lastovo History and Culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.lastovotravel.com/culture-lastovo/"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Landmarks_in_Dalmatia"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Landmarks_in_Dalmatia"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Landmarks_in_Dalmatia"},{"link_name":"Landmarks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landmark"},{"link_name":"Dalmatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalmatia"},{"link_name":"Zadar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zadar_County"},{"link_name":"St. Donatus'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St._Donatus"},{"link_name":"Zadar Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zadar_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Holy Cross'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Cross,_Nin"},{"link_name":"St. Nicholas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St._Nicholas,_Nin"},{"link_name":"Paklenica National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paklenica"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Dalmatia.svg"},{"link_name":"Šibenik-Knin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ibenik-Knin_County"},{"link_name":"Šibenik Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ibenik_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Kornati National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kornati"},{"link_name":"Krka National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krka_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Split-Dalmatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Split-Dalmatia_County"},{"link_name":"Split Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Split_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Trogir Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trogir_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Holy Salvation's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Holy_Salvation,_Cetina"},{"link_name":"Diocletian's Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocletian%27s_Palace"},{"link_name":"Kamerlengo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamerlengo_Castle"},{"link_name":"Dubrovnik-Neretva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik-Neretva_County"},{"link_name":"Dubrovnik Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Mljet National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mljet"},{"link_name":"Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islands_of_Croatia"},{"link_name":"Hvar Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hvar_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Church of Saints Cosmas and Damian, Lastovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Stari Grad Plain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stari_Grad_Plain"},{"link_name":"42°45′53″N 16°53′43″E / 42.764839°N 16.895181°E / 42.764839; 16.895181","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Church_of_Saints_Cosmas_and_Damian,_Lastovo&params=42.764839_N_16.895181_E_region:HR-19_type:landmark"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sacr%C3%A9-C%C5%93ur_de_Shizhi.jpg"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Church_of_Saints_Cosmas_and_Damian,_Lastovo&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Croatia-church-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Croatia-church-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Croatia-church-stub"}],"text":"Lastovo History and CulturevteLandmarks in DalmatiaZadar\nSt. Donatus'\nZadar Cathedral\nHoly Cross'\nSt. Nicholas\nPaklenica National Park\nCoat of arms of DalmatiaŠibenik-Knin\nŠibenik Cathedral\nKornati National Park\nKrka National Park\nSplit-Dalmatia\nSplit Cathedral\nTrogir Cathedral\nHoly Salvation's\nDiocletian's Palace\nKamerlengo\nDubrovnik-Neretva\nDubrovnik Cathedral\nMljet National Park\nIslands\nHvar Cathedral\nChurch of Saints Cosmas and Damian, Lastovo\nStari Grad Plain42°45′53″N 16°53′43″E / 42.764839°N 16.895181°E / 42.764839; 16.895181This article about a church building or other Christian place of worship in Croatia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Sources"}]
[{"image_text":"The Church of Saint Cosmas and Damian","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Kuzma.jpg/300px-Kuzma.jpg"},{"image_text":"Coat of arms of Dalmatia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Coat_of_arms_of_Dalmatia.svg/64px-Coat_of_arms_of_Dalmatia.svg.png"}]
null
[]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Church_of_Saints_Cosmas_and_Damian,_Lastovo&params=42.764839_N_16.895181_E_region:HR-19_type:landmark","external_links_name":"42°45′53″N 16°53′43″E / 42.764839°N 16.895181°E / 42.764839; 16.895181"},{"Link":"http://www.lastovotravel.com/culture-lastovo/","external_links_name":"Lastovo History and Culture"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Church_of_Saints_Cosmas_and_Damian,_Lastovo&params=42.764839_N_16.895181_E_region:HR-19_type:landmark","external_links_name":"42°45′53″N 16°53′43″E / 42.764839°N 16.895181°E / 42.764839; 16.895181"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Church_of_Saints_Cosmas_and_Damian,_Lastovo&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spencerport,_New_York
Spencerport, New York
["1 Geography","2 Demographics","3 History","4 Sites of interest","5 Notable people","6 See also","7 Notes","8 References","9 External links"]
Coordinates: 43°11′22″N 77°48′15″W / 43.18944°N 77.80417°W / 43.18944; -77.80417 Village in New York, United StatesSpencerportVillageDowntown Spencerport in August 2023Location in Monroe County and the state of New York.Location of New York in the United StatesCoordinates: 43°11′22″N 77°48′15″W / 43.18944°N 77.80417°W / 43.18944; -77.80417CountryUnited StatesStateNew YorkCountyMonroeTownOgdenIncorporated1867Government • MayorGary Penders (2023)Area • Total1.41 sq mi (3.66 km2) • Land1.38 sq mi (3.58 km2) • Water0.03 sq mi (0.08 km2)Elevation550 ft (170 m)Population (2020) • Total3,685 • Density2,666.43/sq mi (1,029.33/km2)Time zoneUTC-5 (EST) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)ZIP code14559Area code585FIPS code36-70189Websitehttp://www.vil.spencerport.ny.us/ Spencerport is a village in Monroe County, New York, United States, and a suburb of Rochester. The population count was 3,601 at the 2010 census. The Village of Spencerport is within the Town of Ogden and is a village on the Erie Canal. Spencerport Airpark (D91) is a grass strip general aviation airport south of the village. Geography Spencerport is located at 43°11′22″N 77°48′15″W / 43.18944°N 77.80417°W / 43.18944; -77.80417 (43.189312, -77.804132). According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 1.4 square miles (3.6 km2), of which 1.4 square miles (3.6 km2) is land and 0.04 square miles (0.10 km2) (2.14%) is water. Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 1870591—188067013.4%18906953.7%19007152.9%19101,00039.9%1920926−7.4%19301,24934.9%19401,3407.3%19501,59519.0%19602,46154.3%19702,92919.0%19803,42416.9%19903,6065.3%20003,559−1.3%20103,6011.2%20203,6852.3%U.S. Decennial Census As of the census of 2000, there were 3,559 people, 1,413 households, and 1,001 families residing in the village. The population density was 2,609.7 inhabitants per square mile (1,007.6/km2). There were 1,453 housing units at an average density of 1,065.4 per square mile (411.4/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 97.53% White, 0.56% African American, 0.31% Native American, 0.51% Asian, 0.25% from other races, and 0.84% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.88% of the population. There were 1,413 households, out of which 33.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.0% were married couples living together, 11.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.1% were non-families. 24.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.49 and the average family size was 2.97. In the village, the population was spread out, with 24.4% under the age of 18, 8.1% from 18 to 24, 28.5% from 25 to 44, 26.0% from 45 to 64, and 13.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.9 males. The median income for a household in the village was $56,850, and the median income for a family was $62,326. Males had a median income of $44,167 versus $29,722 for females. The per capita income for the village was $24,515. About 0.8% of families and 1.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including none of those under age 18 and 5.6% of those age 65 or over. History Erie Canal Bridge in Spencerport In 1804, Daniel Spencer bought a farm about 1+1⁄2 miles (2.4 km) north of Ogden Center. When the Erie Canal opened, the farm, through which the canal passed at the Canawaugus Road, was sold to become the first village lots. As a port on the canal, the area was called Spencer's Basin and later changed to Spencerport. On April 22, 1867 the New York State Legislature incorporated Spencerport as a Village and William Slayton was elected as its first mayor. The Spencerport Methodist Church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008. Sites of interest Erie Canal Pineway Ponds Park - home to a large playground and multi-use recreation facility Springdale Farm - an agricultural education facility open to the public, serves as a day program site for adults with developmental disabilities Colby-Pulver House Museum Spencerport Depot and Canal Museum- a local history museum and visitors center, located in a restored, former RLBRR trolley station Notable people Danielle Downey, LPGA golfer: went to school in Spencerport Shane Prince, NHL Professional Hockey Player, New York Islanders #11 Rick Suhr, Olympic Pole Vault coach 2008, 2012 Maynard Troyer, NASCAR driver: 1971, 1973 Tom Villard (November 19, 1953 – November 14, 1994), American actor known for his leading role in the 1980s series We Got It Made as well as roles in feature films One Crazy Summer, Heartbreak Ridge, and My Girl Alan Zemaitis, NFL cornerback: went to school in Spencerport See also Spencerport Central School District Spencerport High School Monroe County, New York Rochester, New York Notes ^ Penders has advertised both as a Progressive and a Village First candidate in the past References ^ "ArcGIS REST Services Directory". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 20, 2022. ^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010. ^ "Archived copy". www.lpga.com. Archived from the original on February 12, 2006. Retrieved January 13, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ "Shane Prince Hockey Stats and Profile at hockeydb.com". www.hockeydb.com. Retrieved April 19, 2022. ^ Suhr, Rick. "Rick Suhr". VAULTER Magazine. Retrieved April 19, 2022. ^ Lahman, Sean. "Auto racing legend Maynard Troyer dies at 79". Democrat and Chronicle. Retrieved April 19, 2022. ^ "Tom Villard". IMDb. Retrieved April 19, 2022. ^ "Former Penn State star Alan Zemaitis joining Nittany Lions staff". Lions247. Retrieved April 19, 2022. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Spencerport, New York. Village of Spencerport website vteMunicipalities and communities of Monroe County, New York, United StatesCounty seat: RochesterCity Rochester Map of New York highlighting Monroe CountyTowns Brighton Chili Clarkson East Rochester Gates Greece Hamlin Henrietta Irondequoit Mendon Ogden Parma Penfield Perinton Pittsford Riga Rush Sweden Webster Wheatland Villages Brockport Churchville East Rochester Fairport Hilton Honeoye Falls Pittsford Scottsville Spencerport Webster CDPs Brighton Clarkson Gates Greece Hamlin Irondequoit Nazareth North Gates Rochester Institute of Technology St. John Fisher College Otherhamlets Adams Basin Garbutt Gates Center Mumford North Chili North Greece Union Hill‡ Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties New York portal United States portal
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village_(New_York)"},{"link_name":"Monroe County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monroe_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"Rochester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Town of Ogden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogden,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Erie Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erie_Canal"},{"link_name":"airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airport"}],"text":"Village in New York, United StatesSpencerport is a village in Monroe County, New York, United States, and a suburb of Rochester. The population count was 3,601 at the 2010 census.The Village of Spencerport is within the Town of Ogden and is a village on the Erie Canal.Spencerport Airpark (D91) is a grass strip general aviation airport south of the village.","title":"Spencerport, New York"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"43°11′22″N 77°48′15″W / 43.18944°N 77.80417°W / 43.18944; -77.80417","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spencerport,_New_York&params=43_11_22_N_77_48_15_W_type:city"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR1-3"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"}],"text":"Spencerport is located at 43°11′22″N 77°48′15″W / 43.18944°N 77.80417°W / 43.18944; -77.80417 (43.189312, -77.804132).[2]According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 1.4 square miles (3.6 km2), of which 1.4 square miles (3.6 km2) is land and 0.04 square miles (0.10 km2) (2.14%) is water.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-5"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"text":"As of the census[4] of 2000, there were 3,559 people, 1,413 households, and 1,001 families residing in the village. The population density was 2,609.7 inhabitants per square mile (1,007.6/km2). There were 1,453 housing units at an average density of 1,065.4 per square mile (411.4/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 97.53% White, 0.56% African American, 0.31% Native American, 0.51% Asian, 0.25% from other races, and 0.84% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.88% of the population.There were 1,413 households, out of which 33.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.0% were married couples living together, 11.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.1% were non-families. 24.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.49 and the average family size was 2.97.In the village, the population was spread out, with 24.4% under the age of 18, 8.1% from 18 to 24, 28.5% from 25 to 44, 26.0% from 45 to 64, and 13.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.9 males.The median income for a household in the village was $56,850, and the median income for a family was $62,326. Males had a median income of $44,167 versus $29,722 for females. The per capita income for the village was $24,515. About 0.8% of families and 1.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including none of those under age 18 and 5.6% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Erie_Canal_Bridge_in_Spencerport.jpg"},{"link_name":"Erie Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erie_Canal"},{"link_name":"New York State Legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"Spencerport Methodist Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spencerport_Methodist_Church"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-6"}],"text":"Erie Canal Bridge in SpencerportIn 1804, Daniel Spencer bought a farm about 1+1⁄2 miles (2.4 km) north of Ogden Center. When the Erie Canal opened, the farm, through which the canal passed at the Canawaugus Road, was sold to become the first village lots. As a port on the canal, the area was called Spencer's Basin and later changed to Spencerport.On April 22, 1867 the New York State Legislature incorporated Spencerport as a Village and William Slayton was elected as its first mayor.The Spencerport Methodist Church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Erie Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erie_Canal"},{"link_name":"Pineway Ponds Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ogdenny.com/TownGovernment/Departments/Recreation/ParksFacilities/"},{"link_name":"Springdale Farm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.heritagechristianservices.org/springdale/index.html"},{"link_name":"developmental disabilities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_disabilities"},{"link_name":"Colby-Pulver House Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ogdenhistoricalsociety.org/"},{"link_name":"Spencerport Depot and Canal Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.spencerportmuseum.org"}],"text":"Erie Canal\nPineway Ponds Park - home to a large playground and multi-use recreation facility\nSpringdale Farm - an agricultural education facility open to the public, serves as a day program site for adults with developmental disabilities\nColby-Pulver House Museum\nSpencerport Depot and Canal Museum- a local history museum and visitors center, located in a restored, former RLBRR trolley station","title":"Sites of interest"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Danielle Downey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danielle_Downey"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Shane Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shane_Prince"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Rick Suhr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Suhr"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Maynard Troyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maynard_Troyer"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Tom Villard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Villard"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Alan Zemaitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Zemaitis"},{"link_name":"NFL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFL"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Danielle Downey, LPGA golfer: went to school in Spencerport[6]\nShane Prince, NHL Professional Hockey Player, New York Islanders #11[7]\nRick Suhr, Olympic Pole Vault coach 2008, 2012[8]\nMaynard Troyer, NASCAR driver: 1971, 1973[9]\nTom Villard (November 19, 1953 – November 14, 1994), American actor known for his leading role in the 1980s series We Got It Made as well as roles in feature films One Crazy Summer, Heartbreak Ridge, and My Girl[10]\nAlan Zemaitis, NFL cornerback: went to school in Spencerport[11]","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Progressive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_2020)"}],"text":"^ Penders has advertised both as a Progressive and a Village First candidate in the past","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Erie Canal Bridge in Spencerport","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Erie_Canal_Bridge_in_Spencerport.jpg/220px-Erie_Canal_Bridge_in_Spencerport.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map of New York highlighting Monroe County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Map_of_New_York_highlighting_Monroe_County.svg/180px-Map_of_New_York_highlighting_Monroe_County.svg.png"}]
[{"title":"Spencerport Central School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spencerport_Central_School_District"},{"title":"Spencerport High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spencerport_High_School"},{"title":"Monroe County, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monroe_County,_New_York"},{"title":"Rochester, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester,_New_York"}]
[{"reference":"\"ArcGIS REST Services Directory\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 20, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/arcgis/rest/services/TIGERweb/Places_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD/MapServer","url_text":"\"ArcGIS REST Services Directory\""}]},{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","url_text":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\". www.lpga.com. Archived from the original on February 12, 2006. Retrieved January 13, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060212193152/http://www.lpga.com/player_results.aspx?id=5413","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://www.lpga.com/player_results.aspx?id=5413","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Shane Prince Hockey Stats and Profile at hockeydb.com\". www.hockeydb.com. Retrieved April 19, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hockeydb.com/ihdb/stats/pdisplay.php?pid=116069","url_text":"\"Shane Prince Hockey Stats and Profile at hockeydb.com\""}]},{"reference":"Suhr, Rick. \"Rick Suhr\". VAULTER Magazine. Retrieved April 19, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://vaultermagazine.com/tag/rick-suhr/","url_text":"\"Rick Suhr\""}]},{"reference":"Lahman, Sean. \"Auto racing legend Maynard Troyer dies at 79\". Democrat and Chronicle. Retrieved April 19, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.democratandchronicle.com/story/news/2018/05/11/maynard-troyer-dies-nascar-modified-auto-racing-champion-car-builder-daytona-500/601329002/","url_text":"\"Auto racing legend Maynard Troyer dies at 79\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tom Villard\". IMDb. Retrieved April 19, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0898014/","url_text":"\"Tom Villard\""}]},{"reference":"\"Former Penn State star Alan Zemaitis joining Nittany Lions staff\". Lions247. Retrieved April 19, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://247sports.com/college/penn-state/Article/Penn-State-football-hires-Alan-Zemaitis-recruiting-coordinator-162181406/","url_text":"\"Former Penn State star Alan Zemaitis joining Nittany Lions staff\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Planning,_Transport_and_Infrastructure
Department for Infrastructure and Transport
["1 Responsibilities","2 Ministerial responsibility","3 Executive Team","4 References","5 External links"]
Department for Infrastructure and TransportAgency overviewFormed7 August 2020Preceding agenciesDepartment of Planning, Transport and InfrastructureDepartment of Transport, Energy and InfrastructureJurisdictionGovernment of South AustraliaHeadquartersAdelaide, South AustraliaEmployees2,185 FTE (2021–22)Annual budget$2.6 billion (2022)Ministers responsibleThe Hon. Tom Koutsantonis MP, Minister for Infrastructure and TransportThe Hon. Geoff Brock MP, Minister for Regional RoadsMinister for Local GovernmentThe Hon. Joe Szakacs MP, Minister for Police, Emergency Services and Correctional ServicesAgency executiveJon Whelan, Chief ExecutiveChild agencyService SAWebsitehttps://www.dit.sa.gov.au/ South Australian government department The Department for Infrastructure and Transport (DIT), formerly known as the Department of Planning, Transport and Infrastructure (DPTI), is a department of the Government of South Australia. The website was renamed as of 7 August 2020, but without a formal announcement of change of name or change in documentation about its governance or functionality. Responsibilities The Department has the following operational areas: Transport Strategy and Planning Infrastructure Delivery North-South Corridor Program Delivery Office Road and Marine Services (including Service SA) South Australian Public Transport Authority Public Affairs People and Corporate Services Ministerial responsibility The minister responsible for all aspects of the department's operations in the Marshall government was Stephan Knoll – Minister for Transport, Infrastructure and Local Government, and also the Minister for Planning. He served from March 2018, until his resignation in the wake of an expenses scandal on 26 July 2020. Corey Wingard was sworn in as Minister for Infrastructure and Transport on 29 July 2020. The Urban Renewal Authority, trading as Renewal SA, was within the minister's portfolio responsibilities until 28 July 2020, when it was moved to that of the Treasurer, Rob Lucas. The current responsible ministers are as follows; Minister for Infrastructure and Transport Minister for Recreation, Sport and Racing Minister for Local Government Minister for Regional Roads Minister for Police, Emergency Services and Correctional Services Executive Team The 2021–22 Annual Report of the Department outlines the following Executive Team. Current Executive Team Title Name Chief Executive, South Australian Rail Commissioner and Commissioner for Highways Jon Whelan Deputy Chief Executive and Head of People and Corporate Services Judith Formston Deputy Chief Executive and Executive Director, North-South Corridor Program Delivery Office Wayne Buckerfield Executive Director, Transport Planning & Program Development Andrew Excell Executive Director, Transport Project Delivery Brian Roche (Acting) Executive Director, Road and Marine Services Emma Kokar Executive Director, South Australian Public Transport Authority (SAPTA) Scott White Executive Director, Across Government Services Simon Morony Executive Director, Public Affairs Andrew Ockenden References ^ "About us". Department of Planning, Transport and Infrastructure. 14 July 2020. Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) ^ "About us - South Australia". Department for Infrastructure and Transport. 14 July 2020. Retrieved 7 August 2020. ^ "About Us". www.dit.sa.gov.au. Retrieved 23 September 2023. ^ "Three SA ministers resign from cabinet". Australian Associated Press. 26 July 2020. Archived from the original on 27 July 2020. Retrieved 7 August 2020. ^ Siebert, Bension (29 July 2020). "Three new ministers sworn into South Australian Government following expenses scandal". ABC News. Retrieved 7 August 2020. ^ Renewal SA (30 September 2021). Urban Renewal Authority (trading as Renewal SA): 2020-21 Annual Report (PDF). p. 12. Retrieved 17 December 2021. ^ "Annual Reports". www.dit.sa.gov.au. Retrieved 23 September 2023. External links Official website vteRoad authorities in Australia Transport for NSW (NSW) Department of Transport and Planning (Vic) Department of Transport and Main Roads (Qld) Department for Infrastructure and Transport (SA) Main Roads Western Australia (WA) Department of State Growth (Tas) Department of Infrastructure, Planning and Logistics (NT) Transport Canberra & City Services (ACT)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Government of South Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Department_for_Infrastructure_and_Transport&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"South Australian government departmentThe Department for Infrastructure and Transport (DIT), formerly known as the Department of Planning, Transport and Infrastructure (DPTI), is a department of the Government of South Australia. The website was renamed as of 7 August 2020[update], but without a formal announcement of change of name or change in documentation about its governance or functionality.[1][2]","title":"Department for Infrastructure and Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The Department has the following operational areas:[3]Transport Strategy and Planning\nInfrastructure Delivery\nNorth-South Corridor Program Delivery Office\nRoad and Marine Services (including Service SA)\nSouth Australian Public Transport Authority\nPublic Affairs\nPeople and Corporate Services","title":"Responsibilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marshall government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Marshall"},{"link_name":"Stephan Knoll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephan_Knoll"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Corey Wingard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corey_Wingard"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Renewal SA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewal_SA"},{"link_name":"Treasurer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasurer_of_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Rob Lucas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Lucas"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The minister responsible for all aspects of the department's operations in the Marshall government was Stephan Knoll – Minister for Transport, Infrastructure and Local Government, and also the Minister for Planning. He served from March 2018, until his resignation in the wake of an expenses scandal on 26 July 2020.[4] Corey Wingard was sworn in as Minister for Infrastructure and Transport on 29 July 2020.[5]The Urban Renewal Authority, trading as Renewal SA, was within the minister's portfolio responsibilities until 28 July 2020, when it was moved to that of the Treasurer, Rob Lucas.[6]The current responsible ministers are as follows;Minister for Infrastructure and Transport\nMinister for Recreation, Sport and Racing\nMinister for Local Government\nMinister for Regional Roads\nMinister for Police, Emergency Services and Correctional Services","title":"Ministerial responsibility"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The 2021–22 Annual Report of the Department outlines the following Executive Team.[7]","title":"Executive Team"}]
[]
null
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[{"Link":"https://www.dit.sa.gov.au/","external_links_name":"https://www.dit.sa.gov.au/"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Department_for_Infrastructure_and_Transport&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200807080643/https://www.dit.sa.gov.au/about_us","external_links_name":"\"About us\""},{"Link":"https://www.dit.sa.gov.au/about_us","external_links_name":"\"About us - South Australia\""},{"Link":"https://www.dit.sa.gov.au/about-us","external_links_name":"\"About Us\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200727232758/https://www.aap.com.au/three-sa-ministers-resign-from-cabinet/","external_links_name":"\"Three SA ministers resign from cabinet\""},{"Link":"https://www.aap.com.au/three-sa-ministers-resign-from-cabinet/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-07-29/who-are-south-australias-new-government-ministers-in-cabinet/12501994","external_links_name":"\"Three new ministers sworn into South Australian Government following expenses scandal\""},{"Link":"https://renewalsa.sa.gov.au/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/2020-21-Annual-Report-for-the-Urban-Renewal-Authority-A1641151.pdf","external_links_name":"Urban Renewal Authority (trading as Renewal SA): 2020-21 Annual Report"},{"Link":"https://www.dit.sa.gov.au/about_us/governance_reporting/annual_report","external_links_name":"\"Annual Reports\""},{"Link":"https://dpti.sa.gov.au/","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger_Conway,_Sr.
Tiger Conway
["1 Professional wrestling career","2 Personal life","3 Championships and accomplishments","4 References","5 External links"]
American professional wrestler (1932–2006) Tiger ConwayTiger Conway posing for a photoBirth namePlasse Dennis Bradford ConwayBorn(1932-08-04)August 4, 1932Shreveport, Louisiana, U.S.DiedNovember 13, 2006(2006-11-13) (aged 74)Houston, Texas, U.S.Spouse(s) Inita Conway ​(m. 1950)​Professional wrestling careerRing name(s)Tiger ConwayTiger Conway Sr.Billed height5 ft 11 in (180 cm)Billed weight264 lb (120 kg)Trained byDanny McShainDebut1955Retired1979 Plasse Dennis Bradford Conway (August 4, 1932 – November 13, 2006) was an American professional wrestler, better known by his ring name, Tiger Conway. Professional wrestling career Conway was born on August 4, 1932, in Shreveport, Louisiana. He grew up living on a plantation with his parents and moved to Houston, Texas, in 1947, where he worked in a hotel. At the hotel, he met wrestler Danny McShain, who helped him get involved in wrestling. In the 1950s, when Conway made his debut, professional wrestling was segregated and people competed against others of their own race. Conway was forced to compete against only other African Americans for much of his career. Conway was forced to wrestle on the "chitterling circuit", named after the innards of pigs that slave owners refused to eat and gave to their slaves instead. Conway won his only title, the Texas Negro Championship, in his first professional match. By the 1960s, Conway was permitted to compete against Caucasians. In a match against Maurice "Mad Dog" Vachon, Vachon broke Conway's kneecap. Later in his career, Conway formed a tag team with his son, who competed as Tiger Conway Jr. Personal life Conway was a member of the Cauliflower Alley Club, an organization for retired wrestlers and boxers. After his retirement from wrestling, he operated a fence-building business and was a member of the Christian Alliance for Humanitarian Aid, Inc. board of directors. Conway married Inita Conway, and they remained married until his death 56 years later. In November 2006, Conway suffered a stroke and brain aneurysm. He died on November 13, 2006, in Houston. Championships and accomplishments NWA Southwest Sports NWA Texas Negro Championship (1 time) Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame and Museum Class of 2021 References ^ a b c d e f g h i Oliver, Greg (2006-11-14). "Tiger Conway Sr. dead at 74". SLAM! Wrestling. Archived from the original on January 15, 2013. Retrieved 2009-01-09.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) ^ Bower, Anne (2007). African American Foodways: Explorations of History and Culture. University of Illinois Press. p. 51. ISBN 978-0-252-03185-4. ^ a b c "Wrestler Profiles: Tiger Conway Sr". Online World of Wrestling. Retrieved 2009-01-09. ^ "Cauliflower Alley Club News: November 2006". Cauliflower Alley Club. 2006-11-14. Retrieved 2009-01-09. ^ "Deceased Pro Wrestlers". Gary Will's Wrestling History. Archived from the original on May 23, 2015. Retrieved 2009-01-09. External links Tiger Conway's profile at Cagematch.net, Wrestlingdata.com, Internet Wrestling Database
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"professional wrestler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestler"},{"link_name":"ring name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_name"}],"text":"Plasse Dennis Bradford Conway (August 4, 1932 – November 13, 2006) was an American professional wrestler, better known by his ring name, Tiger Conway.","title":"Tiger Conway"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"plantation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantations_in_the_American_South"},{"link_name":"Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"Danny McShain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_McShain"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slam-1"},{"link_name":"African Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Americans"},{"link_name":"chitterling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitterling"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slam-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slam-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oww-3"},{"link_name":"Caucasians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasian_race"},{"link_name":"Maurice \"Mad Dog\" Vachon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Vachon"},{"link_name":"kneecap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patella"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slam-1"},{"link_name":"tag team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tag_team"},{"link_name":"Tiger Conway Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger_Conway_Jr."},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slam-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oww-3"}],"text":"Conway was born on August 4, 1932, in Shreveport, Louisiana. He grew up living on a plantation with his parents and moved to Houston, Texas, in 1947, where he worked in a hotel. At the hotel, he met wrestler Danny McShain, who helped him get involved in wrestling.[1]In the 1950s, when Conway made his debut, professional wrestling was segregated and people competed against others of their own race. Conway was forced to compete against only other African Americans for much of his career. Conway was forced to wrestle on the \"chitterling circuit\",[1] named after the innards of pigs that slave owners refused to eat and gave to their slaves instead.[2] Conway won his only title, the Texas Negro Championship, in his first professional match.[1][3]By the 1960s, Conway was permitted to compete against Caucasians. In a match against Maurice \"Mad Dog\" Vachon, Vachon broke Conway's kneecap.[1] Later in his career, Conway formed a tag team with his son, who competed as Tiger Conway Jr.[1][3]","title":"Professional wrestling career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cauliflower Alley Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauliflower_Alley_Club"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slam-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slam-1"},{"link_name":"stroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroke"},{"link_name":"brain aneurysm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_aneurysm"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slam-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Conway was a member of the Cauliflower Alley Club, an organization for retired wrestlers and boxers.[1] After his retirement from wrestling, he operated a fence-building business and was a member of the Christian Alliance for Humanitarian Aid, Inc. board of directors.[1]Conway married Inita Conway, and they remained married until his death 56 years later. In November 2006, Conway suffered a stroke and brain aneurysm. He died on November 13, 2006, in Houston.[1][4][5]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NWA Southwest Sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Wrestling_Alliance"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slam-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oww-3"},{"link_name":"Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame and Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_Wrestling_Hall_of_Fame_and_Museum"}],"text":"NWA Southwest Sports\nNWA Texas Negro Championship (1 time)[1][3]\nProfessional Wrestling Hall of Fame and Museum\nClass of 2021","title":"Championships and accomplishments"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Oliver, Greg (2006-11-14). \"Tiger Conway Sr. dead at 74\". SLAM! Wrestling. Archived from the original on January 15, 2013. Retrieved 2009-01-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130115092109/http://slam.canoe.ca/Slam/Wrestling/2006/11/14/2352158.html","url_text":"\"Tiger Conway Sr. dead at 74\""}]},{"reference":"Bower, Anne (2007). African American Foodways: Explorations of History and Culture. University of Illinois Press. p. 51. ISBN 978-0-252-03185-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/africanamericanf0000unse/page/51","url_text":"African American Foodways: Explorations of History and Culture"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/africanamericanf0000unse/page/51","url_text":"51"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-03185-4","url_text":"978-0-252-03185-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Wrestler Profiles: Tiger Conway Sr\". Online World of Wrestling. Retrieved 2009-01-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/profiles/t/tiger-conway-sr.html","url_text":"\"Wrestler Profiles: Tiger Conway Sr\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cauliflower Alley Club News: November 2006\". Cauliflower Alley Club. 2006-11-14. Retrieved 2009-01-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://caulifloweralleyclub.blogspot.com/2006_11_01_archive.html","url_text":"\"Cauliflower Alley Club News: November 2006\""}]},{"reference":"\"Deceased Pro Wrestlers\". Gary Will's Wrestling History. Archived from the original on May 23, 2015. Retrieved 2009-01-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150523154127/http://www.garywill.com/wrestling/decwres.htm","url_text":"\"Deceased Pro Wrestlers\""},{"url":"http://www.garywill.com/wrestling/decwres.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130115092109/http://slam.canoe.ca/Slam/Wrestling/2006/11/14/2352158.html","external_links_name":"\"Tiger Conway Sr. dead at 74\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/africanamericanf0000unse/page/51","external_links_name":"African American Foodways: Explorations of History and Culture"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/africanamericanf0000unse/page/51","external_links_name":"51"},{"Link":"http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/profiles/t/tiger-conway-sr.html","external_links_name":"\"Wrestler Profiles: Tiger Conway Sr\""},{"Link":"http://caulifloweralleyclub.blogspot.com/2006_11_01_archive.html","external_links_name":"\"Cauliflower Alley Club News: November 2006\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150523154127/http://www.garywill.com/wrestling/decwres.htm","external_links_name":"\"Deceased Pro Wrestlers\""},{"Link":"http://www.garywill.com/wrestling/decwres.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.cagematch.net/?id=2&nr=6200","external_links_name":"Cagematch.net"},{"Link":"https://www.wrestlingdata.com/index.php?befehl=bios&wrestler=3964","external_links_name":"Wrestlingdata.com"},{"Link":"http://www.profightdb.com/wrestlers/tiger-conway-7135.html","external_links_name":"Internet Wrestling Database"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond_Hill,_Georgia
Richmond Hill, Georgia
["1 History","1.1 Development","2 Geography","3 Demographics","4 Economy","4.1 Major employers","5 Education","6 Healthcare","7 Community","7.1 Events","7.2 Religion","7.3 Community service groups","8 Notable people","9 References","10 External links"]
Coordinates: 31°56′17″N 81°18′49″W / 31.93806°N 81.31361°W / 31.93806; -81.31361For other uses, see Richmond Hill. City in Georgia, United StatesRichmond Hill, GeorgiaCity FlagSealLogoLocation in Bryan County and the state of GeorgiaCoordinates: 31°56′17″N 81°18′49″W / 31.93806°N 81.31361°W / 31.93806; -81.31361CountryUnited StatesStateGeorgiaCountyBryanSettled1734Incorporated1962Government • TypeCity Council • MayorRuss Carpenter • CouncilwomanKristi Cox • CouncilmanRobbie Ward • CouncilmanLes Fussell • CouncilmanSteve ScholarArea • Total24.60 sq mi (63.72 km2) • Land23.78 sq mi (61.59 km2) • Water0.82 sq mi (2.13 km2)Elevation20 ft (6 m)Population (2020) • Total16,633 • Density706.4/sq mi (270.06/km2)Time zoneUTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)ZIP code31324Area code912FIPS code13-65044GNIS feature ID0342353Websitewww.richmondhill-ga.gov Richmond Hill is a city in Bryan County, Georgia, United States. The population was 16,633 at the 2020 U.S. census, an increase of almost 80% from the 2010 population of 9,281. Richmond Hill is part of the Savannah metropolitan statistical area. History Richmond Hill has a historical connection to industrialist Henry Ford. Ford used the town, formerly known as Ways Station, as a winter home and philanthropic social experiment, building the complex known as the Ford Farms along the Ogeechee River in the 1930s. After just one visit he chose this area as his winter home. Ford's dwelling was built on the site of Richmond Plantation, which was burned by elements of General William T. Sherman's army at the conclusion of the "March to the Sea". Ford's holdings eventually totaled 85,000 acres (340 km2) of agricultural and timber lands, most of which is now owned by the State of Georgia or ITT Rayonier, a timber company. Ford was also responsible for the construction of a number of public buildings, including a kindergarten, which now houses the museum of the Richmond Hill Historical Society, and a chapel which now houses St. Anne's Catholic Church. Both are located on Georgia S.R. 144, also known as Ford Avenue within the Richmond Hill city limits. The Ford Plantation has now been redeveloped as a luxury resort, with vacation cottages, a clubhouse, tennis, and golf. When it was suggested that the town be renamed "Ford", he declined, and instead Ways Station was renamed "Richmond Hill" after the site of Ford's home on the banks of the Ogeechee River. Another plantation, Myrtle Grove, has been used in several movie and television productions. Richmond Hill Plantation, Ford Mansion Richmond Hill was incorporated as a city in 1962. The current mayor is Russ Carpenter. The previous mayor, Richard Davis served in that capacity since 1989. The city is governed by a mayor and a four-member city council. Richmond Hill was the location of the discovery in 2004 of Benjaman Kyle, a man who suffers from retrograde amnesia as a result of a severe beating. In 2015, he was identified as William Burgess Powell. Development Real estate development in Richmond Hill has generally followed trends represented in the United States as a whole. Post-Civil War populations remained relatively stable until the arrival of industrialist Henry Ford in the 1930s. In the early 1970s, subdivisions began to spring up, and began a settlement trend that has continued steadily until the present. Subdivisions of varying quality, ranging from starter homes to exclusive, gated golf communities, have emerged. Locals attribute population growth to the nearest military base, Fort Stewart. Geography Richmond Hill is located along the eastern border of Bryan County. The Ogeechee River forms the eastern edge of the city (and the county line); an outlying portion of the city of Savannah is on the opposite side of the river. U.S. Route 17 (Ocean Highway) passes through the city north of the original downtown. Interstate 95 passes through the western edge of the city, with access from Exit 87 (US 17) and Exit 90 (Georgia State Route 144/Ford Avenue). Downtown Savannah is 21 miles (34 km) to the north, and Brunswick is 58 miles (93 km) to the south. According to the United States Census Bureau, Richmond Hill has a total area of 14.6 square miles (37.9 km2), of which 14.4 square miles (37.4 km2) is land and 0.19 square miles (0.5 km2), or 1.42%, is water. Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 1970826—19801,17742.5%19902,934149.3%20006,959137.2%20109,28133.4%202016,63379.2%U.S. Decennial Census Richmond Hill racial composition as of 2020 Race Num. Perc. White (non-Hispanic) 10,072 60.55% Black or African American (non-Hispanic) 2,936 17.65% Native American 43 0.26% Asian 665 4.0% Pacific Islander 14 0.08% Other/Mixed 1,095 6.58% Hispanic or Latino 1,808 10.87% As of the 2020 United States census, there were 16,633 people, 4,334 households, and 3,431 families residing in the city. Economy Small businesses with fewer than 20 employees make up 93% of the employers. Major employers # Employer 1 Hobart Corporation 2 City of Richmond Hill 3 South State Bank 4 Allied Van Lines 5 Kroger 6 South Coast Medical 7 Publix Education Bryan County School District serves Richmond Hill. The town has seven public schools for students between the ages of five to 21 (21 in cases of challenged high-school students). They are Richmond Hill Primary School (RHPS), Richmond Hill Elementary School (RHES), George Washington Carver Upper Elementary School (GWCES), McAllister Elementary School (MES), France Meeks Elementary School (FMES) Richmond Hill Middle School (RHMS), and Richmond Hill High School (RHHS). Of the two high schools, Richmond Hill High has the highest scores in Bryan County. The city is currently expanding its schools due to a large spike in the number of people migrating to the city during the last thirty years. Two new elementary and middle schools have been built recently. Richmond Hill is expected to grow exponentially in the next few years based on the trend of the increasing population since the early-1990s. Healthcare In 2011, Winn Army Community Hospital opened to serve the large military population in the area. It serves military retirees and their families only. For the general public, the nearest emergency room is located in Savannah at St. Joseph's Hospital, about 15 miles (24 km) away. Community Events Richmond Hill hosts a number of community events at J.F. Gregory Park. Throughout the year the community comes together for supporting special events and causes, such as: Annual Easter Extravaganza Annual Memorial Day Observance Annual First Day of Summer Prayer Breakfast National Night Out Old Time Family Fourth of July Festival & Fireworks Annual Pumpkin Patch Great Ogeechee Seafood Festival, with c. 35,000 attendees Annual Veterans Day Observance Annual Chili Cook-off Religion The Martha Mary Chapel While a small majority of citizens in Richmond Hill are non-religious, Christianity is the second largest. Christianity denominations include Protestant and Catholic. Richmond Hill is home to over 20 churches of various denominations. Many church organizations participate cooperatively in outreach programs that benefit the community as a whole. The "Food for the Soul" soup kitchen, staffed by individuals from ten separate churches that rotate on a weekly basis, delivers hot meals to families in need within Richmond Hill. The Way Station, another multiple church outreach program, has been in operation for over twenty years providing food, clothing, and other items that enhance the lives of families in the community. Community service groups Richmond Hill Rotary Club Richmond Hill Exchange Club Richmond Hill Lions Club Richmond Hill Veterans of Foreign Wars, Post 7331 Richmond Hill Garden Club - Senior's Center Richmond Hill Sons of Confederate Veterans Bryan Lodge #303 F&AM Notable people Nick Fitzgerald, college football quarterback References ^ "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 18, 2021. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ a b "Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Richmond Hill city, Georgia". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved November 7, 2013. ^ Krakow, Kenneth K. (1975). Georgia Place-Names: Their History and Origins (PDF). Macon, GA: Winship Press. p. 188. ISBN 0-915430-00-2. ^ Jordan, Kyle (May 18, 2021). "Richmond Hill: Coming Soon to a screen near you". WTOC11. Retrieved July 9, 2022. ^ Hellmann, Paul T. (May 13, 2013). Historical Gazetteer of the United States. Routledge. p. 243. ISBN 978-1135948597. Retrieved November 30, 2013. ^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015. ^ "Explore Census Data". data.census.gov. Retrieved December 14, 2021. ^ "Economic Development". Richmondhill-ga.gov. Archived from the original on October 12, 2007. Retrieved January 17, 2022. ^ "High Schools in Bryan County District". Usnews.com. Retrieved February 1, 2022. ^ "Richmond Hill, GA". Richmondhillga.com. ^ "Bryan County News, bryancountynews.net – news and sports for Fort Stewart, Richmond Hill and Pembroke". Bryancountynews.com. Archived from the original on November 7, 2015. Retrieved January 17, 2022. ^ "Top Trade Shows - Supplier Directory, Exhibitor Tool". Events in America. Retrieved July 8, 2019. ^ "Richmond Hill, Georgia (GA 31324) profile: population, maps, real estate, averages, homes, statistics, relocation, travel, jobs, hospitals, schools, crime, moving, houses, news, sex offenders". City-data.com. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Richmond Hill, Georgia. City of Richmond Hill official website Richmond Hill - Bryan County Chamber of Commerce vteMunicipalities and communities of Bryan County, Georgia, United StatesCounty seat: PembrokeCities Pembroke Richmond Hill Map of Georgia highlighting Bryan CountyCDP Buckhead Other unincorporatedcommunities Belfast Black Creek Blitchton Ellabell Keller Lanier Ghost town Clyde Georgia portal United States portal Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Richmond Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond_Hill_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Bryan County, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"2020 U.S. census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2010-4"},{"link_name":"Savannah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savannah,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"metropolitan statistical area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savannah_metropolitan_area"}],"text":"For other uses, see Richmond Hill.City in Georgia, United StatesRichmond Hill is a city in Bryan County, Georgia, United States. The population was 16,633 at the 2020 U.S. census, an increase of almost 80% from the 2010 population of 9,281.[4] Richmond Hill is part of the Savannah metropolitan statistical area.","title":"Richmond Hill, Georgia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henry Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ford"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Ogeechee River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogeechee_River"},{"link_name":"William T. Sherman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_T._Sherman"},{"link_name":"March to the Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea"},{"link_name":"Rayonier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayonier"},{"link_name":"Myrtle Grove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrtle_Grove_Plantation,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Richmond_Hill_Plantation,_Ford_Mansion,_East_of_Richmond_Hill_on_Ford_Neck_Road,_Richmond_Hill_vicinity_(Bryan_County,_Georgia).jpg"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Benjaman Kyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjaman_Kyle"},{"link_name":"amnesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesia"}],"text":"Richmond Hill has a historical connection to industrialist Henry Ford.[5] Ford used the town, formerly known as Ways Station, as a winter home and philanthropic social experiment, building the complex known as the Ford Farms along the Ogeechee River in the 1930s. After just one visit he chose this area as his winter home. Ford's dwelling was built on the site of Richmond Plantation, which was burned by elements of General William T. Sherman's army at the conclusion of the \"March to the Sea\". Ford's holdings eventually totaled 85,000 acres (340 km2) of agricultural and timber lands, most of which is now owned by the State of Georgia or ITT Rayonier, a timber company. Ford was also responsible for the construction of a number of public buildings, including a kindergarten, which now houses the museum of the Richmond Hill Historical Society, and a chapel which now houses St. Anne's Catholic Church. Both are located on Georgia S.R. 144, also known as Ford Avenue within the Richmond Hill city limits. The Ford Plantation has now been redeveloped as a luxury resort, with vacation cottages, a clubhouse, tennis, and golf. When it was suggested that the town be renamed \"Ford\", he declined, and instead Ways Station was renamed \"Richmond Hill\" after the site of Ford's home on the banks of the Ogeechee River.Another plantation, Myrtle Grove, has been used in several movie and television productions.[6]Richmond Hill Plantation, Ford MansionRichmond Hill was incorporated as a city in 1962.[7] The current mayor is Russ Carpenter. The previous mayor, Richard Davis served in that capacity since 1989. The city is governed by a mayor and a four-member city council.Richmond Hill was the location of the discovery in 2004 of Benjaman Kyle, a man who suffers from retrograde amnesia as a result of a severe beating. In 2015, he was identified as William Burgess Powell.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"}],"sub_title":"Development","text":"Real estate development in Richmond Hill has generally followed trends represented in the United States as a whole. Post-Civil War populations remained relatively stable until the arrival of industrialist Henry Ford in the 1930s. In the early 1970s, subdivisions began to spring up, and began a settlement trend that has continued steadily until the present. Subdivisions of varying quality, ranging from starter homes to exclusive, gated golf communities, have emerged. Locals attribute population growth to the nearest military base, Fort Stewart.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR1-8"},{"link_name":"Ogeechee River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogeechee_River"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_17"},{"link_name":"Interstate 95","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_95"},{"link_name":"Georgia State Route 144","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_144"},{"link_name":"Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ford"},{"link_name":"Brunswick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunswick,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2010-4"}],"text":"Richmond Hill is located along the eastern border of Bryan County.[8] The Ogeechee River forms the eastern edge of the city (and the county line); an outlying portion of the city of Savannah is on the opposite side of the river.U.S. Route 17 (Ocean Highway) passes through the city north of the original downtown. Interstate 95 passes through the western edge of the city, with access from Exit 87 (US 17) and Exit 90 (Georgia State Route 144/Ford Avenue). Downtown Savannah is 21 miles (34 km) to the north, and Brunswick is 58 miles (93 km) to the south.According to the United States Census Bureau, Richmond Hill has a total area of 14.6 square miles (37.9 km2), of which 14.4 square miles (37.4 km2) is land and 0.19 square miles (0.5 km2), or 1.42%, is water.[4]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2020 United States census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_census"}],"text":"As of the 2020 United States census, there were 16,633 people, 4,334 households, and 3,431 families residing in the city.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Small businesses with fewer than 20 employees make up 93% of the employers.[11]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Major employers","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bryan County School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan_County_School_District"},{"link_name":"Richmond Hill High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond_Hill_High_School_(Georgia)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Bryan County School District serves Richmond Hill. The town has seven public schools for students between the ages of five to 21 (21 in cases of challenged high-school students). They are Richmond Hill Primary School (RHPS), Richmond Hill Elementary School (RHES), George Washington Carver Upper Elementary School (GWCES), McAllister Elementary School (MES), France Meeks Elementary School (FMES) Richmond Hill Middle School (RHMS), and Richmond Hill High School (RHHS). Of the two high schools, Richmond Hill High has the highest scores in Bryan County.[12] The city is currently expanding its schools due to a large spike in the number of people migrating to the city during the last thirty years.[when?] Two new elementary and middle schools have been built recently. Richmond Hill is expected to grow exponentially in the next few years based on the trend of the increasing population since the early-1990s.\n[13]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"In 2011, Winn Army Community Hospital opened to serve the large military population in the area. It serves military retirees and their families only. For the general public, the nearest emergency room is located in Savannah at St. Joseph's Hospital, about 15 miles (24 km) away.[14]","title":"Healthcare"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Community"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Night Out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Night_Out"},{"link_name":"Fourth of July","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_of_July"},{"link_name":"Great Ogeechee Seafood Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.goseafoodfestival.com"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Events","text":"Richmond Hill hosts a number of community events at J.F. Gregory Park. Throughout the year the community comes together for supporting special events and causes, such as:Annual Easter Extravaganza\nAnnual Memorial Day Observance\nAnnual First Day of Summer Prayer Breakfast\nNational Night Out\nOld Time Family Fourth of July Festival & Fireworks\nAnnual Pumpkin Patch\nGreat Ogeechee Seafood Festival, with c. 35,000 attendees[15]\nAnnual Veterans Day Observance\nAnnual Chili Cook-off","title":"Community"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GA_Richmond_Hill_Martha-Mary_Chapel01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"Protestant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant"},{"link_name":"Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"soup kitchen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soup_kitchen"}],"sub_title":"Religion","text":"The Martha Mary ChapelWhile a small majority of citizens in Richmond Hill are non-religious, Christianity is the second largest. Christianity denominations include Protestant and Catholic.[16] Richmond Hill is home to over 20 churches of various denominations.Many church organizations participate cooperatively in outreach programs that benefit the community as a whole. The \"Food for the Soul\" soup kitchen, staffed by individuals from ten separate churches that rotate on a weekly basis, delivers hot meals to families in need within Richmond Hill. The Way Station, another multiple church outreach program, has been in operation for over twenty years providing food, clothing, and other items that enhance the lives of families in the community.","title":"Community"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Community service groups","text":"Richmond Hill Rotary Club\nRichmond Hill Exchange Club\nRichmond Hill Lions Club\nRichmond Hill Veterans of Foreign Wars, Post 7331\nRichmond Hill Garden Club - Senior's Center\nRichmond Hill Sons of Confederate Veterans\nBryan Lodge #303 F&AM","title":"Community"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nick Fitzgerald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Fitzgerald_(American_football)"}],"text":"Nick Fitzgerald, college football quarterback","title":"Notable people"}]
[{"image_text":"Richmond Hill Plantation, Ford Mansion","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Richmond_Hill_Plantation%2C_Ford_Mansion%2C_East_of_Richmond_Hill_on_Ford_Neck_Road%2C_Richmond_Hill_vicinity_%28Bryan_County%2C_Georgia%29.jpg/220px-Richmond_Hill_Plantation%2C_Ford_Mansion%2C_East_of_Richmond_Hill_on_Ford_Neck_Road%2C_Richmond_Hill_vicinity_%28Bryan_County%2C_Georgia%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Martha Mary Chapel","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/GA_Richmond_Hill_Martha-Mary_Chapel01.jpg/220px-GA_Richmond_Hill_Martha-Mary_Chapel01.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map of Georgia highlighting Bryan County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Map_of_Georgia_highlighting_Bryan_County.svg/86px-Map_of_Georgia_highlighting_Bryan_County.svg.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_13.txt","url_text":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://geonames.usgs.gov/","url_text":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Richmond Hill city, Georgia\". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved November 7, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20200212180904/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/G001/1600000US1365044","url_text":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Richmond Hill city, Georgia\""},{"url":"http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/G001/1600000US1365044","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Krakow, Kenneth K. (1975). Georgia Place-Names: Their History and Origins (PDF). Macon, GA: Winship Press. p. 188. ISBN 0-915430-00-2.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kenkrakow.com/gpn/r.pdf","url_text":"Georgia Place-Names: Their History and Origins"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-915430-00-2","url_text":"0-915430-00-2"}]},{"reference":"Jordan, Kyle (May 18, 2021). \"Richmond Hill: Coming Soon to a screen near you\". WTOC11. Retrieved July 9, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wtoc.com/2021/05/10/richmond-hill-coming-soon-screen-near-you/","url_text":"\"Richmond Hill: Coming Soon to a screen near you\""}]},{"reference":"Hellmann, Paul T. (May 13, 2013). Historical Gazetteer of the United States. Routledge. p. 243. ISBN 978-1135948597. Retrieved November 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=REtEXQNWq6MC&pg=PA243","url_text":"Historical Gazetteer of the United States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1135948597","url_text":"978-1135948597"}]},{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]},{"reference":"\"Explore Census Data\". data.census.gov. Retrieved December 14, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=1600000US1365044&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2","url_text":"\"Explore Census Data\""}]},{"reference":"\"Economic Development\". Richmondhill-ga.gov. Archived from the original on October 12, 2007. Retrieved January 17, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071012085654/http://www.richmondhill-ga.gov/EconomicDevelopment/tabid/333/Default.aspx","url_text":"\"Economic Development\""},{"url":"http://www.richmondhill-ga.gov/EconomicDevelopment/tabid/333/Default.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"High Schools in Bryan County District\". Usnews.com. Retrieved February 1, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usnews.com/education/best-high-schools/georgia/districts/bryan-county-109163","url_text":"\"High Schools in Bryan County District\""}]},{"reference":"\"Richmond Hill, GA\". Richmondhillga.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.richmondhillga.com/","url_text":"\"Richmond Hill, GA\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bryan County News, bryancountynews.net – news and sports for Fort Stewart, Richmond Hill and Pembroke\". Bryancountynews.com. Archived from the original on November 7, 2015. Retrieved January 17, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151107001916/http://www.bryancountynews.com/archives/17638/","url_text":"\"Bryan County News, bryancountynews.net – news and sports for Fort Stewart, Richmond Hill and Pembroke\""},{"url":"http://www.bryancountynews.com/archives/17638/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Top Trade Shows - Supplier Directory, Exhibitor Tool\". Events in America. Retrieved July 8, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eventsinamerica.com/events/13th-annual-ogeechee-seafood-festival/ev4d7a60716be88/","url_text":"\"Top Trade Shows - Supplier Directory, Exhibitor Tool\""}]},{"reference":"\"Richmond Hill, Georgia (GA 31324) profile: population, maps, real estate, averages, homes, statistics, relocation, travel, jobs, hospitals, schools, crime, moving, houses, news, sex offenders\". City-data.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.city-data.com/city/Richmond-Hill-Georgia.html","url_text":"\"Richmond Hill, Georgia (GA 31324) profile: population, maps, real estate, averages, homes, statistics, relocation, travel, jobs, hospitals, schools, crime, moving, houses, news, sex offenders\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Durand,_Jr.
Pierre Durand (equestrian, born 1955)
["1 Olympic record","2 In film","3 References","4 External links"]
French show jumping equestrian Not to be confused with Pierre Durand (equestrian, born 1931). Pierre Durand Durand with Jappeloup at 1991 Pavarotti International in Modena Medal record Men’s equestrian Representing  France Olympic Games 1988 Seoul Individual jumping 1988 Seoul Team jumping World Championships 1990 Stockholm Team jumping Pierre Durand (born 16 February 1955) is a French show jumping champion, and 1988 Olympic champion. Olympic record Durand participated at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, where he won a gold medal in Individual Jumping, and also a team bronze medal. In film Durand is played by Guillaume Canet in Jappeloup, a film by Christian Duguay about the bond he developed with Jappeloup until they won at the Olympics. He sued the producers for misuse of the brand "Jappeloup". References ^ Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Pierre Durand, Jr". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 2016-12-04. ^ "1988 Summer Olympics – Seoul, Japan – Equestrian" Archived 2008-05-31 at the Wayback Machine databaseOlympics.com (Retrieved on 28 October 2008) ^ Ipert, Fiona (March 28, 2013). "Jappeloup attaqué par Pierre Durand" . Le Figaro (in French). ^ "Les producteurs du film 'Jappeloup' attaqués par le cavalier Pierre Durand" . Télérama (in French). March 29, 2013. Retrieved April 12, 2022. ^ Haget, Henri (March 27, 2013). "Le cavalier de Jappeloup attaque les producteurs du film" . L'Express (in French). External links Official website Pierre Durand at Olympics.com vte Olympic equestrian champions in individual jumping 1900  Aimé Haegeman (BEL) 1912  Jacques Cariou (FRA) 1920  Tommaso Lequio di Assaba (ITA) 1924  Alphonse Gemuseus (SUI) 1928  František Ventura (TCH) 1932  Takeichi Nishi (JPN) 1936  Kurt Hasse (GER) 1948  Humberto Mariles (MEX) 1952  Pierre Jonquères d'Oriola (FRA) 1956  Hans Günter Winkler (EUA) 1960  Raimondo D'Inzeo (ITA) 1964  Pierre Jonquères d'Oriola (FRA) 1968  William Steinkraus (USA) 1972  Graziano Mancinelli (ITA) 1976  Alwin Schockemöhle (FRG) 1980  Jan Kowalczyk (POL) 1984  Joseph Fargis (USA) 1988  Pierre Durand (FRA) 1992  Ludger Beerbaum (GER) 1996  Ulrich Kirchhoff (GER) 2000  Jeroen Dubbeldam (NED) 2004  Rodrigo Pessoa (BRA) 2008  Eric Lamaze (CAN) 2012  Steve Guerdat (SUI) 2016  Nick Skelton (GBR) 2020  Ben Maher (GBR) Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF National France BnF data Germany United States Other IdRef This article about a French Olympic medalist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This biographical article related to French equestrianism is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live:_Legend_I,_D,_Z_Apocalypse
Live: Legend I, D, Z Apocalypse
["1 Background","2 Content","3 Reception","4 Track listing","5 Personnel","6 Charts","7 Release history","8 References","9 External links"]
Live: Legend I, D, Z ApocalypseBlu-ray coverLive album and video by BabymetalReleasedNovember 20, 2013 (2013-11-20) (Blu-ray)August 25, 2021 (2021-08-25) (live album)RecordedOctober 6, 2012 (Legend "I")December 20, 2012 (Legend "D")February 1, 2013 (Legend "Z")VenueShibuya O-East (Legend "I")Akasaka Blitz (Legend "D")Zepp Tokyo (Legend "Z")GenreKawaii metalJ-popheavy metalLength52:48 (Legend "I")62:11 (Legend "D")66:59 (Legend "Z")LabelBMD FoxToy's FactoryAmuseDirectorInni VisionProducerKobametalBabymetal album chronology 10 Babymetal Years(2020) Live: Legend I, D, Z Apocalypse(2021) Live: Legend 1999 & 1997 Apocalypse(2021) Babymetal video chronology Live: Legend I, D, Z Apocalypse(2013) Live: Legend 1999 & 1997 Apocalypse(2014) Live: Legend I, D, Z Apocalypse is the first video album by Japanese heavy metal band Babymetal. The album contains live footage of three shows, entitled Legend "I", Legend "D", and Legend "Z", respectively (spelling out the initials of "Ijime, Dame, Zettai"), performed in Tokyo from late 2012 to early 2013. The album was released for general sale in Blu-ray format on November 20, 2013. Background On July 7, 2012, Babymetal announced the first of three shows to be performed on October 6, 2012 at the venue Shibuya O-East, the same location for the concert Legend Corset Festival to promote the single "Headbangeeeeerrrrr!!!!!". Tickets were made available for presale starting August 20, 2012, and sold out on September 8, 2012. After the end of each show, the band announced the next show set for December 20, 2012 at Akasaka Blitz and February 1, 2013 at Zepp Tokyo, respectively, with tickets immediately available for presale. Live: Legend I, D, Z Apocalypse was first announced with a posted trailer on September 24, 2013. The initial release on October 19, 2013 consisted of a three-disc DVD box set limited to 1,500 copies, and exclusively sold via Tower Records and in the Tokyo (Shinjuku) Beams Japan store. The DVD release was promoted as part of "Tower Records Shinjuku 15th Anniversary Thanksgiving – Festival of 15", and was featured in the idol project "No Music, No Idol?". The video was later released on Blu-ray version on November 20, 2013. The video contains all three concerts that the band gave in Tokyo as its first set of headlining shows (natively called "one-man live", a wasei-eigo term for an entire concert performed only by one artist): on October 6 at Shibuya O-East, on December 20, 2012 at Akasaka Blitz, and on February 1, 2013 at Zepp Tokyo. The album has since been released in a vinyl format on August 25, 2021 to commemorate the band's tenth anniversary. Content The band performed live at Shibuya O-East on October 6, 2012, beginning with the opening track "Babymetal Death". After performing more songs, Nakamoto leaves the stage while Mizuno and Kikuchi debut the song "Onedari Daisakusen", performing as Black Babymetal while wearing black hooded jackets and grasping a towel, shouting chants "Katte!" (Buy!) and "Chōdai!" (Please!). Next, Nakamoto performs the new song "Akatsuki", with the performance emphasizing vocal ability over melody. After the performance of "Doki Doki ☆ Morning", the three members leave the stage and apparently end the show shouting "See you!". However, the members eventually return to the stage via coffins, and, for the first time, perform the music with a live band in the encore. After "Ijime, Dame, Zettai" ends, the song is announced for a single release on January 9, 2013. Next, the band performed at Akasaka Blitz on December 20, 2012, nearly coinciding with Nakamoto's fifteenth birthday. Three covers are performed, including a cover of the Speed song "White Love" performed solely by Nakamoto, the Karen Girl's song "Over The Future" (of which Nakamoto was a member), and the folk song "Tsubasa o Kudasai" in the encore. The band also performs a remix of their song "Headbangeeeeerrrrr!!!!!", which contains elements of dubstep. In the encore, a video interlude explains that Nakamoto must rescue Mizuno and Kikuchi, and the concert ends with her apparent crucifixion. For the last of three concerts, Babymetal performed at Zepp Tokyo on February 1, 2013. In continuation of the events from the previous concert, Nakamoto begins on stage crucified, then performs "Ijime, Dame, Zettai" with Mizuno and Kikuchi. In the concert, the band performs the song "Catch Me If You Can" live for the first time, which appeared on the band's newly released single "Ijime, Dame, Zettai". In the encore, a clock counts down to 00:00:00, at which point Nakamoto whispers "We are…" with the audience shouting "Babymetal!"; this repeats with increasing volume until the band begins to perform "Babymetal Death" live. At this point, the three members of the band are draped in white stage costumes. At the end of the show, an announcement is made for another concert at NHK Hall on June 30, while the management reveals that Babymetal would remain active after Nakamoto leaves Sakura Gakuin. Reception Live: Legend I, D, Z Apocalypse debuted on the Oricon weekly Blu-ray chart at number seven for the week of December 2, 2013, with first-week sales of 4,908 copies. The video also charted at number two for the music video sub-chart the same week. Track listing Legend "I" 10/6/2012 at Shibuya O-East (LEGEND“I” 2012/10/6 at Shibuya O-EAST)No.TitleWriter(s)Length1."Babymetal Death"Kitsune of Metal God5:502."Iine!" (いいね！)Nakata CaosMish-Mosh4:183."Kimi to Anime Ga Mitai – Answer for Animation With You" (君とアニメが見たい 〜Answer for Animation With You)Kiba of Akiba4:004."Uki Uki ★ Midnight" (ウ・キ・ウ・キ★ミッドナイト)Ryu-metalFuji-metalNakata CaosTeam-K3:325."Onedari Daisakusen" (おねだり大作戦)Nakata CaosRyu-metalFuji-metalTeam-K4:516."Akatsuki" (紅月 -アカツキ-)NakametalTsubometal6:307."Doki Doki ☆ Morning" (ド・キ・ド・キ☆モーニング)NakametalNorizōMotonari Murakawa4:238."Headbangeeeeerrrrr!!!!!" (ヘドバンギャー！！) (encore)EdometalNakametalNarasaki9:269."Ijime, Dame, Zettai" (イジメ、ダメ、ゼッタイ) (encore)NakametalTsubometalKxbxmetalTakemetal9:58Total length:52:48 Legend "D" Su-metal Seitansai 12/20/2012 at Akasaka Blitz (LEGEND“D”SU-METAL聖誕祭 2012/12/20 at Akasaka BLITZ)No.TitleWriter(s)Length1."Babymetal Death"Kitsune of Metal God5:462."Kimi to Anime Ga Mitai – Answer for Animation With You" (君とアニメが見たい～Answer for Animation With You)Kiba of Akiba4:003."Uki Uki ★ Midnight" (ウ・キ・ウ・キ★ミッドナイト)Ryu-metalFuji-metalNakata CaosTeam-K3:444."White Love" (Angel of Death ver.) (Speed cover)Hiromasa Ijichi5:275."Over the Future" (Rising Force ver.) (Karen Girl's cover)Sumiyo MutsumiTakashi Saeki4:086."Headbangeeeeerrrrr!!!!!" (Night of 15 mix) (ヘドバンギャー！！ -Night of 15 mix-)EdometalNakametalNarasaki4:417."Onedari Daisakusen" (おねだり大作戦)Nakata CaosRyu-metalFuji-metalTeam-K4:538."Doki Doki ☆ Morning" (ド・キ・ド・キ☆モーニング)NakametalNorizōMotonari Murakawa4:169."Iine!" (いいね！)Nakata CaosMish-Mosh4:1410."Ijime, Dame, Zettai" (イジメ、ダメ、ゼッタイ)NakametalTsubometalKxbxmetalTakemetal7:4411."Headbangeeeeerrrr!!!!!" (ヘドバンギャー！！) (encore)EdometalNakametalNarasaki8:3712."Tsubasa o Kudasai" (Honoo ver.) (翼をください -炎 ver.-) (encore)Michio YamagamiKunihiko Murai4:40Total length:62:11 Legend "Z" 2/1/2013 at Zepp Tokyo (LEGEND“Z” 2013/2/1 at Zepp Tokyo)No.TitleWriter(s)Length1."Ijime, Dame, Zettai" (イジメ、ダメ、ゼッタイ)NakametalTsubometalKxbxmetalTakemetal7:232."Iine!" (いいね！)Nakata CaosMish-Mosh4:153."Kimi to Anime Ga Mitai – Answer for Animation With You" (君とアニメが見たい～Answer for Animation With You)Kiba of Akiba4:004."Onedari Daisakusen" (おねだり大作戦)Nakata CaosRyu-metalFuji-metalTeam-K4:485."Akatsuki" (紅月 -アカツキ-)NakametalTsubometal6:346."Uki Uki ★ Midnight" (ウ・キ・ウ・キ★ミッドナイト)Ryu-metalFuji-metalNakata CaosTeam-K3:437."Catch Me If You Can"EdometalNarasaki3:578."Doki Doki ☆ Morning" (ド・キ・ド・キ☆モーニング)NakametalNorizōMotonari Murakawa4:219."Headbangeeeeerrrrr!!!!!" (ヘドバンギャー！！) (encore)EdometalNakametalNarasaki9:0910."Babymetal Death" (encore)Kitsune of Metal God8:5111."Ijime, Dame, Zettai" (イジメ、ダメ、ゼッタイ) (encore)NakametalTsubometalKxbxmetalTakemetal9:58Total length:66:59 Personnel Credits adapted from Live: Legend I, D, Z Apocalypse booklet. Su-metal (Suzuka Nakamoto) – lead and background vocals, dance Yuimetal (Yui Mizuno) – lead and background vocals (credited as "scream"), dance Moametal (Moa Kikuchi) – lead and background vocals (credited as "scream"), dance Arai Hiroki – guitar Shiren – guitar Ryo – bass Shin – drums Takayoshi Ohmura – guitar Ikuo – bass Hideki Aoyama – drums Hidefumi Usami – arrangement Charts Charts (2013–2021) Peakposition Japanese Albums (Oricon) 150 Japanese Blu-ray (Oricon) 7 Japanese Music Blu-ray (Oricon) 2 Release history Region Date Format Label Edition(s) Catalog Ref. Japan October 19, 2013 (2013-10-19) DVD BMD Fox RecordsToy's FactoryAmuse, Inc. Limited box set PPTF-1012 November 20, 2013 (2013-11-20) Blu-ray Standard TFXQ-78112 Worldwide Digital download Toy's Factory — April 12, 2017 (2017-04-12) Streaming Amuse, Inc. Japan August 25, 2021 (2021-08-25) LP BMD Fox RecordsToy's FactoryAmuse, Inc. Live album TFJC-38061/6 References ^ "10月6日（土）渋谷O-EASTでの公演が決定DEATH！！". BABYMETAL (in Japanese). 2012-07-22. Archived from the original on 2018-03-13. Retrieved 2018-03-13. ^ "BABYMETAL". BABYMETAL (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 2018-03-13. Retrieved 2018-03-13."「I、D、Z」三部作ファイナル公演！！「I、D、Z〜LEGEND "Z"」オフィシャルHP先行チケット予約受付スタートDEATH！！". BABYMETAL (in Japanese). 2012-12-20. Archived from the original on 2018-03-13. Retrieved 2018-03-13. ^ "初のライブBlu-ray&DVD-BOX『LIVE〜LEGEND I、D、Z APOCALYPSE〜』発売決定DEATH！！". BABYMETAL (in Japanese). 2013-09-24. Archived from the original on 2018-02-15. Retrieved 2018-02-15. ^ a b c d e "Babymetal "伝説の"3公演完全収録のBD＆限定 DVD-Box". Natalie. 2013-09-24. ^ "Babymetal's first video production "Live ～Legend I、D、Z Apocalypse～" is set to be released as a limited edition DVD-Box set". Beams. 2013-09-26. Archived from the original on 2013-12-03. ^ "タワレコ新宿15thメインキャラにBABYMETAL＆椎名林檎". Natalie Music. Natasha, Inc. 2013-09-25. Retrieved 2016-02-09. ^ "タワー新宿15周年「15祭。」第2弾、BABYMETAL「NO MUSIC, NO IDOL?」に登場". Musicman-net. F.B. Communications Inc. 2013-09-26. Archived from the original on February 11, 2016. Retrieved 2016-02-09. ^ "Babymetal 初ライヴ映像作品『Live Legend I、D、Z Apocalypse』". Tower Records. 2013-11-19. ^ "BABYMETAL BEST ALBUM「10 BABYMETAL YEARS」SPECIAL WEBSITE". BABYMETAL BEST ALBUM「10 BABYMETAL YEARS」SPECIAL WEBSITE (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 2021-08-25. Retrieved 2021-10-02."BABYMETAL、全ライヴ映像作品のライヴ・アルバム・アナログ・シリーズ"10 BABYMETAL LEGENDS LIVE VINYL SERIES"サブスク配信決定！". 激ロックニュース (in Japanese). Retrieved 2021-10-02. ^ "白塗り生バンドも登場！Babymetal 初ワンマン大成功" . Natalie Music (in Japanese). Natasha, Inc. 10 October 2012. Retrieved 13 October 2017. ^ "Babymetal、Su-Metal 聖誕祭で異色カバー連発" . Natalie Music (in Japanese). Natasha, Inc. 28 December 2012. Retrieved 13 October 2017. ^ "ベビメタZeppライブ、純白衣装で復活＆活動延長発表" . Natalie Music (in Japanese). Natasha, Inc. 3 February 2013. Retrieved 13 October 2017. ^ a b "【オリコン】BABYMETAL、初ライブBDがTOP10入り". ORICON NEWS (in Japanese). Oricon. 2013-11-27. Retrieved 2018-02-09. ^ Live: Legend I, D, Z Apocalypse (Blu-ray liner notes). Babymetal. Toy's Factory. 2013.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ "LIVE SUPPORT | 〜". Arai Hiroki 新井弘毅 (in Japanese). Retrieved 2018-09-09. ^ "紫煉（Shiren） on Twitter". Twitter. Retrieved 2018-09-09. ^ "『ジャガイモゴロゴロ』". ＲＹＯのブログ (in Japanese). Retrieved 2018-09-09. 知ってる方もいてるかと思いますが、O-EASTのライブで初生バンドでBABYMETALがやったのね、 ^ "『【10/06】ナイショのメタルライブ』" The Metal Live's Secret]. Type-B 「二太郎、末っ子、早生まれ」 (in Japanese). 2012-12-13. Retrieved 2018-09-09. とあるメタルユニット・・・？の初ワンマンサポートをさせていただきました！ (I got to be the first one-man support for a certain metal unit…?) ^ a b Ohmura, Takayoshi. "大村孝佳🚬🍺✋(΄⌒◞౪◟⌒｀) on Twitter". Twitter. Retrieved 2018-09-09. ^ Aoyama, Hideki (2013-02-02). "青山英樹 on Twitter". Twitter. Retrieved 2018-09-09. ^ Usami, Hidefumi (2012-10-06). "宇佐美秀文 on Twitter". Twitter. Retrieved 2018-09-09.Usami, Hidefumi (2012-12-20). "宇佐美秀文 on Twitter". Twitter. Retrieved 2018-09-09.Usami, Hidefumi (2013-02-01). "宇佐美秀文 on Twitter". Twitter. Retrieved 2018-09-09. ^ a b LIVE～LEGEND I、D、Z APOCALYPSE～ | BABYMETAL | ORICON NEWS. Oricon (in Japanese). Retrieved 2021-10-02. ^ "2013年11月18日〜2013年11月24日のBlu-ray総合週間ランキング（2013年12月02日付）" (in Japanese). Oricon. Archived from the original on 2013-11-27. Retrieved 2013-12-07. ^ "Babymetal: Live ~Legend I,D,Z Apocalypse~ Legend "I" 2012/10/6 at Shibuya O-East on iTunes". iTunes. 20 November 2013. Retrieved 2018-02-27."Babymetal: Live ~Legend I,D,Z Apocalypse~ Legend "D" 2012/12/20 at Akasaka Blitz on iTunes". iTunes. Retrieved 2018-02-27."Babymetal: Live ~Legend I,D,Z Apocalypse~ Legend "Z" 2013/2/1 at Zepp Tokyo on iTunes". iTunes. Retrieved 2018-02-27. ^ "Babymetal: Live~Legend I,D,Z Apocalypse~ Legend I 2012/10/6 at Shibuya O-East". YouTube. AmuseStore. 2017-04-11. Retrieved 2018-02-27."Babymetal: Live~Legend I,D,Z Apocalypse~ Legend D 2012/12/20 at Akasaka Blitz". YouTube. AmuseStore. 2017-04-11. Retrieved 2018-02-27."Babymetal: Live~Legend I,D,Z Apocalypse~ Legend Z 2013/2/1 at Zepp Tokyo". YouTube. AmuseStore. 2017-04-11. Retrieved 2018-02-27. External links Discography - Babymetal official website Live: Legend I, D, Z Apocalypse trailer on YouTube Babymetal "Headbangeeeeerrrrr!!!!!" - 2010/10/6 at Shibuya O-East (Short Ver.) on YouTube Babymetal "Doki Doki ☆ Morning" - 2012/12/20 at Akasaka Blitz (Short Ver.) on YouTube Babymetal "Ijime, Dame, Zettai" - 2013/2/1 at Zepp Tokyo (Short Ver.) on YouTube vteBabymetal Su-metal Moametal Momometal Yuimetal Studio albums Babymetal Metal Resistance Metal Galaxy The Other One Live albums Live: Legend I, D, Z Apocalypse Live: Legend 1999 & 1997 Apocalypse Live at Budokan: Red Night & Black Night Apocalypse Live in London: Babymetal World Tour 2014 Live at Wembley Live at Tokyo Dome Legend S: Baptism XX Live at the Forum Legend – Metal Galaxy Singles "Doki Doki ☆ Morning" "Babymetal / Kiba of Akiba" "Headbangeeeeerrrrr!!!!!" "Ijime, Dame, Zettai" "Megitsune" "Road of Resistance" "Gimme Chocolate!!" "Karate" "Distortion" "Starlight" "Elevator Girl" "Pa Pa Ya!!" "BxMxC" Concert tours Babymetal Death Match Tour 2013: May Revolution Babymetal World Tour 2014 Babymetal World Tour 2015 Babymetal World Tour 2016: Legend Metal Resistance The Five Fox Festival in Japan Metal Galaxy World Tour Supporting tours ArtRave: The Artpop Ball The Getaway World Tour WorldWired Tour Not in This Lifetime... Tour The Serenity of Summer Related articles Discography Live performances Kobametal Mikiko-metal Sakura Gakuin Karen Girl's Amuse Inc. Toy's Factory Kawaii metal The End Category Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"heavy metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metal_music"},{"link_name":"Babymetal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babymetal"},{"link_name":"Ijime, Dame, Zettai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijime,_Dame,_Zettai"}],"text":"Live: Legend I, D, Z Apocalypse is the first video album by Japanese heavy metal band Babymetal. The album contains live footage of three shows, entitled Legend \"I\", Legend \"D\", and Legend \"Z\", respectively\n(spelling out the initials of \"Ijime, Dame, Zettai\"), performed in Tokyo from late 2012 to early 2013. The album was released for general sale in Blu-ray format on November 20, 2013.","title":"Live: Legend I, D, Z Apocalypse"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shibuya O-East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shibuya_O-East"},{"link_name":"Headbangeeeeerrrrr!!!!!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headbanger_(Babymetal_song)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Akasaka Blitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akasaka_Blitz"},{"link_name":"Zepp Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zepp"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-natalie20130924-4"},{"link_name":"Tower Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_Records"},{"link_name":"Shinjuku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinjuku"},{"link_name":"Beams Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beams_(brand)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-natalie20130924-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-natalie20130924-4"},{"link_name":"wasei-eigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasei_eigo"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ten-videos-9"}],"text":"On July 7, 2012, Babymetal announced the first of three shows to be performed on October 6, 2012 at the venue Shibuya O-East, the same location for the concert Legend Corset Festival to promote the single \"Headbangeeeeerrrrr!!!!!\".[1] Tickets were made available for presale starting August 20, 2012, and sold out on September 8, 2012. After the end of each show, the band announced the next show set for December 20, 2012 at Akasaka Blitz and February 1, 2013 at Zepp Tokyo, respectively, with tickets immediately available for presale.[2]Live: Legend I, D, Z Apocalypse was first announced with a posted trailer on September 24, 2013.[3][4] The initial release on October 19, 2013 consisted of a three-disc DVD box set limited to 1,500 copies, and exclusively sold via Tower Records and in the Tokyo (Shinjuku) Beams Japan store.[4][5] The DVD release was promoted as part of \"Tower Records Shinjuku 15th Anniversary Thanksgiving – Festival of 15\",[6] and was featured in the idol project \"No Music, No Idol?\".[7]The video was later released on Blu-ray version on November 20, 2013.[4] The video contains all three concerts that the band gave in Tokyo as its first set of headlining shows (natively called \"one-man live\", a wasei-eigo term for an entire concert performed only by one artist): on October 6 at Shibuya O-East, on December 20, 2012 at Akasaka Blitz, and on February 1, 2013 at Zepp Tokyo.[8]The album has since been released in a vinyl format on August 25, 2021 to commemorate the band's tenth anniversary.[9]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"White Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Love_(Speed_song)"},{"link_name":"Karen Girl's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Girl%27s"},{"link_name":"Tsubasa o Kudasai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsubasa_o_Kudasai"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Sakura Gakuin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakura_Gakuin"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"The band performed live at Shibuya O-East on October 6, 2012, beginning with the opening track \"Babymetal Death\". After performing more songs, Nakamoto leaves the stage while Mizuno and Kikuchi debut the song \"Onedari Daisakusen\", performing as Black Babymetal while wearing black hooded jackets and grasping a towel, shouting chants \"Katte!\" (Buy!) and \"Chōdai!\" (Please!). Next, Nakamoto performs the new song \"Akatsuki\", with the performance emphasizing vocal ability over melody. After the performance of \"Doki Doki ☆ Morning\", the three members leave the stage and apparently end the show shouting \"See you!\". However, the members eventually return to the stage via coffins, and, for the first time, perform the music with a live band in the encore. After \"Ijime, Dame, Zettai\" ends, the song is announced for a single release on January 9, 2013.[10]Next, the band performed at Akasaka Blitz on December 20, 2012, nearly coinciding with Nakamoto's fifteenth birthday. Three covers are performed, including a cover of the Speed song \"White Love\" performed solely by Nakamoto, the Karen Girl's song \"Over The Future\" (of which Nakamoto was a member), and the folk song \"Tsubasa o Kudasai\" in the encore. The band also performs a remix of their song \"Headbangeeeeerrrrr!!!!!\", which contains elements of dubstep. In the encore, a video interlude explains that Nakamoto must rescue Mizuno and Kikuchi, and the concert ends with her apparent crucifixion.[11]For the last of three concerts, Babymetal performed at Zepp Tokyo on February 1, 2013. In continuation of the events from the previous concert, Nakamoto begins on stage crucified, then performs \"Ijime, Dame, Zettai\" with Mizuno and Kikuchi. In the concert, the band performs the song \"Catch Me If You Can\" live for the first time, which appeared on the band's newly released single \"Ijime, Dame, Zettai\". In the encore, a clock counts down to 00:00:00, at which point Nakamoto whispers \"We are…\" with the audience shouting \"Babymetal!\"; this repeats with increasing volume until the band begins to perform \"Babymetal Death\" live. At this point, the three members of the band are draped in white stage costumes. At the end of the show, an announcement is made for another concert at NHK Hall on June 30, while the management reveals that Babymetal would remain active after Nakamoto leaves Sakura Gakuin.[12]","title":"Content"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oricon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oricon"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chartnews-13"}],"text":"Live: Legend I, D, Z Apocalypse debuted on the Oricon weekly Blu-ray chart at number seven for the week of December 2, 2013, with first-week sales of 4,908 copies. The video also charted at number two for the music video sub-chart the same week.[13]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shibuya O-East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shibuya_O-East"},{"link_name":"Iine!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babymetal_%C3%97_Kiba_of_Akiba"},{"link_name":"Doki Doki ☆ Morning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doki_Doki_Morning"},{"link_name":"Headbangeeeeerrrrr!!!!!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headbanger_(Babymetal_song)"},{"link_name":"Ijime, Dame, Zettai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijime,_Dame,_Zettai"},{"link_name":"Kxbxmetal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobametal"},{"link_name":"Akasaka Blitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akasaka_Blitz"},{"link_name":"White Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Love_(Speed_song)"},{"link_name":"Speed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_(Japanese_band)"},{"link_name":"Karen Girl's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Girl%27s"},{"link_name":"Tsubasa o Kudasai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsubasa_o_Kudasai"},{"link_name":"Zepp Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zepp"}],"text":"Legend \"I\" 10/6/2012 at Shibuya O-East (LEGEND“I” 2012/10/6 at Shibuya O-EAST)No.TitleWriter(s)Length1.\"Babymetal Death\"Kitsune of Metal God5:502.\"Iine!\" (いいね！)Nakata CaosMish-Mosh4:183.\"Kimi to Anime Ga Mitai – Answer for Animation With You\" (君とアニメが見たい 〜Answer for Animation With You)Kiba of Akiba4:004.\"Uki Uki ★ Midnight\" (ウ・キ・ウ・キ★ミッドナイト)Ryu-metalFuji-metalNakata CaosTeam-K3:325.\"Onedari Daisakusen\" (おねだり大作戦)Nakata CaosRyu-metalFuji-metalTeam-K4:516.\"Akatsuki\" (紅月 -アカツキ-)NakametalTsubometal6:307.\"Doki Doki ☆ Morning\" (ド・キ・ド・キ☆モーニング)NakametalNorizōMotonari Murakawa4:238.\"Headbangeeeeerrrrr!!!!!\" (ヘドバンギャー！！) (encore)EdometalNakametalNarasaki9:269.\"Ijime, Dame, Zettai\" (イジメ、ダメ、ゼッタイ) (encore)NakametalTsubometalKxbxmetalTakemetal9:58Total length:52:48Legend \"D\" Su-metal Seitansai 12/20/2012 at Akasaka Blitz (LEGEND“D”SU-METAL聖誕祭 2012/12/20 at Akasaka BLITZ)No.TitleWriter(s)Length1.\"Babymetal Death\"Kitsune of Metal God5:462.\"Kimi to Anime Ga Mitai – Answer for Animation With You\" (君とアニメが見たい～Answer for Animation With You)Kiba of Akiba4:003.\"Uki Uki ★ Midnight\" (ウ・キ・ウ・キ★ミッドナイト)Ryu-metalFuji-metalNakata CaosTeam-K3:444.\"White Love\" (Angel of Death ver.) (Speed cover)Hiromasa Ijichi5:275.\"Over the Future\" (Rising Force ver.) (Karen Girl's cover)Sumiyo MutsumiTakashi Saeki4:086.\"Headbangeeeeerrrrr!!!!!\" (Night of 15 mix) (ヘドバンギャー！！ -Night of 15 mix-)EdometalNakametalNarasaki4:417.\"Onedari Daisakusen\" (おねだり大作戦)Nakata CaosRyu-metalFuji-metalTeam-K4:538.\"Doki Doki ☆ Morning\" (ド・キ・ド・キ☆モーニング)NakametalNorizōMotonari Murakawa4:169.\"Iine!\" (いいね！)Nakata CaosMish-Mosh4:1410.\"Ijime, Dame, Zettai\" (イジメ、ダメ、ゼッタイ)NakametalTsubometalKxbxmetalTakemetal7:4411.\"Headbangeeeeerrrr!!!!!\" (ヘドバンギャー！！) (encore)EdometalNakametalNarasaki8:3712.\"Tsubasa o Kudasai\" (Honoo ver.) (翼をください -炎 ver.-) (encore)Michio YamagamiKunihiko Murai4:40Total length:62:11Legend \"Z\" 2/1/2013 at Zepp Tokyo (LEGEND“Z” 2013/2/1 at Zepp Tokyo)No.TitleWriter(s)Length1.\"Ijime, Dame, Zettai\" (イジメ、ダメ、ゼッタイ)NakametalTsubometalKxbxmetalTakemetal7:232.\"Iine!\" (いいね！)Nakata CaosMish-Mosh4:153.\"Kimi to Anime Ga Mitai – Answer for Animation With You\" (君とアニメが見たい～Answer for Animation With You)Kiba of Akiba4:004.\"Onedari Daisakusen\" (おねだり大作戦)Nakata CaosRyu-metalFuji-metalTeam-K4:485.\"Akatsuki\" (紅月 -アカツキ-)NakametalTsubometal6:346.\"Uki Uki ★ Midnight\" (ウ・キ・ウ・キ★ミッドナイト)Ryu-metalFuji-metalNakata CaosTeam-K3:437.\"Catch Me If You Can\"EdometalNarasaki3:578.\"Doki Doki ☆ Morning\" (ド・キ・ド・キ☆モーニング)NakametalNorizōMotonari Murakawa4:219.\"Headbangeeeeerrrrr!!!!!\" (ヘドバンギャー！！) (encore)EdometalNakametalNarasaki9:0910.\"Babymetal Death\" (encore)Kitsune of Metal God8:5111.\"Ijime, Dame, Zettai\" (イジメ、ダメ、ゼッタイ) (encore)NakametalTsubometalKxbxmetalTakemetal9:58Total length:66:59","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Suzuka Nakamoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzuka_Nakamoto"},{"link_name":"Yui Mizuno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yui_Mizuno"},{"link_name":"Moa Kikuchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moa_Kikuchi"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Takayoshi Ohmura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takayoshi_Ohmura"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lz-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lz-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Credits adapted from Live: Legend I, D, Z Apocalypse booklet.[14]Su-metal (Suzuka Nakamoto) – lead and background vocals, dance\nYuimetal (Yui Mizuno) – lead and background vocals (credited as \"scream\"), dance\nMoametal (Moa Kikuchi) – lead and background vocals (credited as \"scream\"), dance\nArai Hiroki – guitar[15]\nShiren – guitar[16]\nRyo – bass[17]\nShin – drums[18]\nTakayoshi Ohmura – guitar[19]\nIkuo – bass[19]\nHideki Aoyama – drums[20]\nHidefumi Usami – arrangement[21]","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release history"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"10月6日（土）渋谷O-EASTでの公演が決定DEATH！！\". BABYMETAL (in Japanese). 2012-07-22. Archived from the original on 2018-03-13. Retrieved 2018-03-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.babymetal.jp/news/?page=49","url_text":"\"10月6日（土）渋谷O-EASTでの公演が決定DEATH！！\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180313154431/http://www.babymetal.jp/news/?page=49","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"BABYMETAL\". BABYMETAL (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 2018-03-13. Retrieved 2018-03-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.babymetal.jp/news/?page=48","url_text":"\"BABYMETAL\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180313154910/http://www.babymetal.jp/news/?page=48","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"「I、D、Z」三部作ファイナル公演！！「I、D、Z〜LEGEND \"Z\"」オフィシャルHP先行チケット予約受付スタートDEATH！！\". BABYMETAL (in Japanese). 2012-12-20. Archived from the original on 2018-03-13. Retrieved 2018-03-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.babymetal.jp/news/?page=46","url_text":"\"「I、D、Z」三部作ファイナル公演！！「I、D、Z〜LEGEND \"Z\"」オフィシャルHP先行チケット予約受付スタートDEATH！！\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180313155729/http://www.babymetal.jp/news/?page=46","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"初のライブBlu-ray&DVD-BOX『LIVE〜LEGEND I、D、Z APOCALYPSE〜』発売決定DEATH！！\". BABYMETAL (in Japanese). 2013-09-24. Archived from the original on 2018-02-15. Retrieved 2018-02-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180215165926/http://www.babymetal.jp/news/detail.php?id=165","url_text":"\"初のライブBlu-ray&DVD-BOX『LIVE〜LEGEND I、D、Z APOCALYPSE〜』発売決定DEATH！！\""},{"url":"http://www.babymetal.jp/news/detail.php?id=165","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Babymetal \"伝説の\"3公演完全収録のBD＆限定 DVD-Box\". Natalie. 2013-09-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://natalie.mu/music/news/100037","url_text":"\"Babymetal \"伝説の\"3公演完全収録のBD＆限定 DVD-Box\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalie_(website)","url_text":"Natalie"}]},{"reference":"\"Babymetal's first video production \"Live ～Legend I、D、Z Apocalypse～\" is set to be released as a limited edition DVD-Box set\". Beams. 2013-09-26. Archived from the original on 2013-12-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131203005758/http://www.beams.co.jp/news/detail/2345","url_text":"\"Babymetal's first video production \"Live ～Legend I、D、Z Apocalypse～\" is set to be released as a limited edition DVD-Box set\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beams_(brand)","url_text":"Beams"},{"url":"http://www.beams.co.jp/news/detail/2345","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"タワレコ新宿15thメインキャラにBABYMETAL＆椎名林檎\". Natalie Music. Natasha, Inc. 2013-09-25. Retrieved 2016-02-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://natalie.mu/music/news/100090","url_text":"\"タワレコ新宿15thメインキャラにBABYMETAL＆椎名林檎\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalie_(website)","url_text":"Natalie Music"}]},{"reference":"\"タワー新宿15周年「15祭。」第2弾、BABYMETAL「NO MUSIC, NO IDOL?」に登場\". Musicman-net. F.B. Communications Inc. 2013-09-26. Archived from the original on February 11, 2016. Retrieved 2016-02-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20160211191257/http://musicman-net.com/artist/29285.html","url_text":"\"タワー新宿15周年「15祭。」第2弾、BABYMETAL「NO MUSIC, NO IDOL?」に登場\""},{"url":"http://musicman-net.com/artist/29285.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Babymetal 初ライヴ映像作品『Live Legend I、D、Z Apocalypse』\". Tower Records. 2013-11-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://tower.jp/article/feature_item/2013/11/19/0705","url_text":"\"Babymetal 初ライヴ映像作品『Live Legend I、D、Z Apocalypse』\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_Records","url_text":"Tower Records"}]},{"reference":"\"BABYMETAL BEST ALBUM「10 BABYMETAL YEARS」SPECIAL WEBSITE\". BABYMETAL BEST ALBUM「10 BABYMETAL YEARS」SPECIAL WEBSITE (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 2021-08-25. Retrieved 2021-10-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210825171200/https://www.toysfactory.co.jp/artist/babymetal/10babymetallivevinyl/","url_text":"\"BABYMETAL BEST ALBUM「10 BABYMETAL YEARS」SPECIAL WEBSITE\""},{"url":"https://www.toysfactory.co.jp/artist/babymetal/10babymetallivevinyl","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"BABYMETAL、全ライヴ映像作品のライヴ・アルバム・アナログ・シリーズ\"10 BABYMETAL LEGENDS LIVE VINYL SERIES\"サブスク配信決定！\". 激ロックニュース (in Japanese). Retrieved 2021-10-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://gekirock.com/news/2021/08/babymetal_10_babymetal_legends_streaming.php","url_text":"\"BABYMETAL、全ライヴ映像作品のライヴ・アルバム・アナログ・シリーズ\"10 BABYMETAL LEGENDS LIVE VINYL SERIES\"サブスク配信決定！\""}]},{"reference":"\"白塗り生バンドも登場！Babymetal 初ワンマン大成功\" [A white-faced live band also appears! Babymetal's first one man live is a big success!]. Natalie Music (in Japanese). Natasha, Inc. 10 October 2012. Retrieved 13 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://natalie.mu/music/news/77976","url_text":"\"白塗り生バンドも登場！Babymetal 初ワンマン大成功\""}]},{"reference":"\"Babymetal、Su-Metal 聖誕祭で異色カバー連発\" [Babymetal performs a succession of new styles of covers for Su-metal's Birthday Celebration]. Natalie Music (in Japanese). Natasha, Inc. 28 December 2012. Retrieved 13 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://natalie.mu/music/news/82148","url_text":"\"Babymetal、Su-Metal 聖誕祭で異色カバー連発\""}]},{"reference":"\"ベビメタZeppライブ、純白衣装で復活＆活動延長発表\" [Babymetal Live at Zepp, Resurrection, White Costumes, and an Announcement to Continue]. Natalie Music (in Japanese). Natasha, Inc. 3 February 2013. Retrieved 13 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://natalie.mu/music/news/84194","url_text":"\"ベビメタZeppライブ、純白衣装で復活＆活動延長発表\""}]},{"reference":"\"【オリコン】BABYMETAL、初ライブBDがTOP10入り\". ORICON NEWS (in Japanese). Oricon. 2013-11-27. Retrieved 2018-02-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2031323/full/","url_text":"\"【オリコン】BABYMETAL、初ライブBDがTOP10入り\""}]},{"reference":"Live: Legend I, D, Z Apocalypse (Blu-ray liner notes). Babymetal. Toy's Factory. 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babymetal","url_text":"Babymetal"}]},{"reference":"\"LIVE SUPPORT | 〜\". Arai Hiroki 新井弘毅 (in Japanese). Retrieved 2018-09-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://araihiroki.com/works/livesupport/","url_text":"\"LIVE SUPPORT | 〜\""}]},{"reference":"\"紫煉（Shiren） on Twitter\". Twitter. Retrieved 2018-09-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/shiren_ANKM/status/546703226154676226","url_text":"\"紫煉（Shiren） on Twitter\""}]},{"reference":"\"『ジャガイモゴロゴロ』\". ＲＹＯのブログ (in Japanese). Retrieved 2018-09-09. 知ってる方もいてるかと思いますが、O-EASTのライブで初生バンドでBABYMETALがやったのね、","urls":[{"url":"https://ameblo.jp/bscryo/entry-11881554301.html","url_text":"\"『ジャガイモゴロゴロ』\""}]},{"reference":"\"『【10/06】ナイショのメタルライブ』\" [[10/06] The Metal Live's Secret]. Type-B 「二太郎、末っ子、早生まれ」 (in Japanese). 2012-12-13. Retrieved 2018-09-09. とあるメタルユニット・・・？の初ワンマンサポートをさせていただきました！ (I got to be the first one-man support for a certain metal unit…?)","urls":[{"url":"https://ameblo.jp/insomnia-d/entry-11426657911.html","url_text":"\"『【10/06】ナイショのメタルライブ』\""}]},{"reference":"Ohmura, Takayoshi. \"大村孝佳🚬🍺✋(΄⌒◞౪◟⌒｀) on Twitter\". Twitter. Retrieved 2018-09-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takayoshi_Ohmura","url_text":"Ohmura, Takayoshi"},{"url":"https://twitter.com/TakayoshiOhmura/status/297691532620865536","url_text":"\"大村孝佳🚬🍺✋(΄⌒◞౪◟⌒｀) on Twitter\""}]},{"reference":"Aoyama, Hideki (2013-02-02). \"青山英樹 on Twitter\". Twitter. Retrieved 2018-09-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/aoyama_hideki/status/297709522204631041","url_text":"\"青山英樹 on Twitter\""}]},{"reference":"Usami, Hidefumi (2012-10-06). \"宇佐美秀文 on Twitter\". Twitter. Retrieved 2018-09-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/Hidefumi_Usami/status/254547385387212800","url_text":"\"宇佐美秀文 on Twitter\""}]},{"reference":"Usami, Hidefumi (2012-12-20). \"宇佐美秀文 on Twitter\". Twitter. Retrieved 2018-09-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/Hidefumi_Usami/status/281720982861918208","url_text":"\"宇佐美秀文 on Twitter\""}]},{"reference":"Usami, Hidefumi (2013-02-01). \"宇佐美秀文 on Twitter\". Twitter. Retrieved 2018-09-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/Hidefumi_Usami/status/297307962731544576","url_text":"\"宇佐美秀文 on Twitter\""}]},{"reference":"LIVE～LEGEND I、D、Z APOCALYPSE～ | BABYMETAL | ORICON NEWS. Oricon (in Japanese). Retrieved 2021-10-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oricon.co.jp/prof/552304/products/1400811/1/","url_text":"LIVE～LEGEND I、D、Z APOCALYPSE～ | BABYMETAL | ORICON NEWS"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oricon","url_text":"Oricon"}]},{"reference":"\"2013年11月18日〜2013年11月24日のBlu-ray総合週間ランキング（2013年12月02日付）\" [Blu-ray Weekly Ranking 2013/11/18-2013/11/24] (in Japanese). Oricon. Archived from the original on 2013-11-27. Retrieved 2013-12-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131127065659/http://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/bd/w/2013-12-02/more/2/","url_text":"\"2013年11月18日〜2013年11月24日のBlu-ray総合週間ランキング（2013年12月02日付）\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oricon","url_text":"Oricon"},{"url":"http://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/bd/w/2013-12-02/more/2/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Babymetal: Live ~Legend I,D,Z Apocalypse~ Legend \"I\" 2012/10/6 at Shibuya O-East on iTunes\". iTunes. 20 November 2013. Retrieved 2018-02-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/movie/babymetal-live-legend-i-d-z-apocalypse-legend-i-2012/id1215267891","url_text":"\"Babymetal: Live ~Legend I,D,Z Apocalypse~ Legend \"I\" 2012/10/6 at Shibuya O-East on iTunes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Babymetal: Live ~Legend I,D,Z Apocalypse~ Legend \"D\" 2012/12/20 at Akasaka Blitz on iTunes\". iTunes. Retrieved 2018-02-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/movie/babymetal-live-legend-i-d-z-apocalypse-legend-d-2012/id1215259223","url_text":"\"Babymetal: Live ~Legend I,D,Z Apocalypse~ Legend \"D\" 2012/12/20 at Akasaka Blitz on iTunes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Babymetal: Live ~Legend I,D,Z Apocalypse~ Legend \"Z\" 2013/2/1 at Zepp Tokyo on iTunes\". iTunes. Retrieved 2018-02-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/movie/babymetal-live-legend-i-d-z-apocalypse-legend-z-2013/id1215275243","url_text":"\"Babymetal: Live ~Legend I,D,Z Apocalypse~ Legend \"Z\" 2013/2/1 at Zepp Tokyo on iTunes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Babymetal: Live~Legend I,D,Z Apocalypse~ Legend I 2012/10/6 at Shibuya O-East\". YouTube. AmuseStore. 2017-04-11. Retrieved 2018-02-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JQt4MRtTODs","url_text":"\"Babymetal: Live~Legend I,D,Z Apocalypse~ Legend I 2012/10/6 at Shibuya O-East\""}]},{"reference":"\"Babymetal: Live~Legend I,D,Z Apocalypse~ Legend D 2012/12/20 at Akasaka Blitz\". YouTube. AmuseStore. 2017-04-11. Retrieved 2018-02-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1VDWzYNf-7A","url_text":"\"Babymetal: Live~Legend I,D,Z Apocalypse~ Legend D 2012/12/20 at Akasaka Blitz\""}]},{"reference":"\"Babymetal: Live~Legend I,D,Z Apocalypse~ Legend Z 2013/2/1 at Zepp Tokyo\". YouTube. AmuseStore. 2017-04-11. Retrieved 2018-02-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-3wJ4z9-1pU","url_text":"\"Babymetal: Live~Legend I,D,Z Apocalypse~ Legend Z 2013/2/1 at Zepp Tokyo\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saidabad,_Maku
Saidabad, Maku
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 39°19′00″N 44°26′25″E / 39.31667°N 44.44028°E / 39.31667; 44.44028Village in West Azerbaijan, IranSaidabad سعيدابادvillageSaidabadCoordinates: 39°19′00″N 44°26′25″E / 39.31667°N 44.44028°E / 39.31667; 44.44028Country IranProvinceWest AzerbaijanCountyMakuBakhshCentralRural DistrictQaleh DarrehsiPopulation (2006) • Total14Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST) • Summer (DST)UTC+4:30 (IRDT) Saidabad (Persian: سعيداباد, also Romanized as Sa‘īdābād; also known as Nāderābād) is a village in Qaleh Darrehsi Rural District, in the Central District of Maku County, West Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 14, in 4 families. References ^ Saidabad can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "10055565" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database". ^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20. vte Maku CountyCapital Maku DistrictsCentralCities Maku Rural Districts and villagesChaybasar-e Jonubi(South Chaybasar) Abdollah Kandi Adaghan Ali Qandu Aliabad Boljak Gamus Ghalleh Zaghesi Hasin-e Bozorg Hasin-e Kuchak Hasulazgi Hasushaki Hendvar Hesar Hurow Ilan Qarah-ye Olya Ilan Qarah-ye Sofla Incheh-ye Hajj Mohammad Incheh-ye Nurollah Isa Khan Jaganluy-e Kord Jol Kahriz-e Qaleh Daresi Karvan Qoran Mahmud Aghli Makhand Mirza Dulmaz Mirza Khalil Mowlik-e Olya Qarah Tappeh Qezel Dagh-e Ajam Qezel Dagh-e Kord Qurishkak Rend Tarakmeh Tatar Tazeh Kand-e Adaghan Tikmeh Kord Tolimkhan-e Olya Tolimkhan-e Sofla Ulanlar Yaqub Ali Kandi Qaleh Darrehsi Aghbolagh-e Chamanlu Baghcheh Juq Barun Bashkand Chamanlu Danaluy-e Bozorg Danaluy-e Kuchak Dargahqoli Darvish Kandi Dibak Hasushiri Jan Aziz Kajut Keshmesh Tappeh Kharmanyeri Kuseh Kandi Marakami Milan Mohammad Kandi Mohammadabad Qaleh Juq Qareh Khaj Quri Bolagh Saidabad Sangar Shater Takhteh Duz Tazeh Kand Tikmah Ajam Torkan Yarem Qayah-e Olya Yarem Qayah-e Sofla Yarem Qayah-e Vasat BazarganCities Bazargan Rural Districts and villagesChaybasar-e Shomali(North Chaybasar) Agh Gol Ajami Alu Hajju Beri Dim Qeshlaq-e Olya Gedai Gerik Gol Ali Hajji Hasan Haju Isa Kandi Khalkhaleh Khezr Qeshlaq Kolik Malham Molla Hasan Mus Panjarlu Qaderqamu Qaleh Juq Qarah Bolagh Qarah Qowyun Qeshlaq-e Bahluleh Qeshlaq-e Namu Qezel Arkh-e Olya Qezel Arkh-e Sofla Qom Qeshlaq Quchali Qush Salband Sarenj Shuraq Gol Surik Tajdu Vali Kandi Yekhelqan Zel Keh-ye Olya Zel Keh-ye Sofla Iran portal This Maku County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_Bay,_Ontario
Georgian Bay, Ontario
["1 Local Government","2 Communities","3 Demographics","4 Water bodies","5 Culture","5.1 Library","6 Transportation","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]
Coordinates: 44°59′N 79°49′W / 44.983°N 79.817°W / 44.983; -79.817 Township in Ontario, CanadaGeorgian BayTownship (lower-tier)Township of Georgian BayGeorgian BayCoordinates: 44°59′N 79°49′W / 44.983°N 79.817°W / 44.983; -79.817Country CanadaProvince OntarioDistrict municipalityMuskokaGovernment • TypeTownship • MayorPeter Koetsier  • Governing BodyGeorgian Bay Township Council • MPScott Aitchison (CPC) • MPPNorm Miller (OPC)Area • Land547.61 km2 (211.43 sq mi)Population (2016) • Total2,499 • Density4.6/km2 (12/sq mi)Time zoneUTC-5 (EST) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)Postal code spanL0KArea code(s)705, 249Websitewww.gbtownship.ca The Township of Georgian Bay is an area municipality of the District Municipality of Muskoka, in south-central Ontario, Canada. It is located on the Severn River, where it empties into the eponymous Georgian Bay. The municipal offices are at Port Severn. This township is the administrative centre of the Moose Deer Point Ojibway First Nation reserve. Local Government Georgian Bay is governed by a mayor, two district councillors and four councillors, with each councillor representing each of the four municipal wards. The Mayor of Georgian Bay represents the town on the Muskoka County Council. As of the 2022 election, the elected council members are: Mayor: Peter Koetsier District Councillors: Wards 1 & 3: Brian Bochek Wards 2 & 4: Peter Cooper Councillors: Ward 1: Steven Predko Ward 2: Stephen Jarvis Ward 3: Kristian Graziano Ward 4: Allan Hazelton Communities Little Bluff Conservation Area in South Bay The township contains the communities of Bayview Park, Big Chute, Cedar Nook, Crooked Bay, Franceville, Go Home, Honey Harbour, Macey Bay, MacTier, Moon River, Potters Landing, South Bay, Wolverine Beach and Wood Landing. Honey Harbour serves as a launching point to the "30,000 Islands" that make up the Georgian Bay geography. The islands, that are accessible from Honey Harbour, are dotted with hundreds to thousands of cottages. The cottages serve mostly as summer residences. Many very large cottages have been built recently, which has resulted in an increase in property values. The economic cycle of Honey Harbour is tied to the cycle of the cottagers. Honey Harbour has a small grocery store ("Towne Centre" and Picnic Island Resort, which features its own general store and gas bar), a post office, a liquor store, a bakery, a Catholic church and school, a public elementary school, several small craft stores, a large resort (the "Delawana Resort"), and several marinas. In addition to cottages, there are multiple waterfront trailer park resorts. There are also numerous clean beaches lining both the shore and islands, inhabited by the diverse Ontario wildlife. The double H's of Honey Harbour are a play on founder's name Harvey Hewitt of Pasadena, California. Hewitt was also the original pioneer and co-developer of Woolite. Demographics In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Georgian Bay had a population of 3,441 living in 1,660 of its 5,175 total private dwellings, a change of 36.9% from its 2016 population of 2,514. With a land area of 525.29 km2 (202.82 sq mi), it had a population density of 6.6/km2 (17.0/sq mi) in 2021. Canada census – Georgian Bay community profile 202120162011 Population3,441 (+36.9% from 2016)2,499 (0.7% from 2011)2,482 (6.1% from 2006) Land area525.29 km2 (202.82 sq mi)547.61 km2 (211.43 sq mi)546.97 km2 (211.19 sq mi) Population density6.6/km2 (17/sq mi)4.6/km2 (12/sq mi)4.5/km2 (12/sq mi) Median age58.4 (M: 58.4, F: 58.4)56.2 (M: 55.9, F: 56.4) Private dwellings5,175 (total)  1,660 (occupied)4,700 (total)  5,173 (total)  Median household income$82,000$59,981 References: 2021 2016 2011 earlier Water bodies Gibson Lake Gloucester Pool Go Home Lake Six Mile Lake Severn River Georgian Bay Stewart Lake Bear Lake Culture Library There are library branches in Honey Harbour and MacTier, and a satellite library branch in the new Township Community Services Building in Port Severn. These libraries are popular destinations for recreational reading materials, DVDs, and tourist information. Services include information and reference services, access to full text databases, community information; internet access, reader's advisory services, programs for children, youth and adults, delivery to homebound individuals, interlibrary loan, and free downloadable audiobooks. Items within the libraries' collection are business directories, phone books, maps, government publications, books, periodicals, genealogy, local history. Transportation Intercity motor coach service to MacTier is available through Ontario Northland along its Toronto–Barrie–Parry Sound–Sudbury route's local schedule; it is bypassed by express schedules, but still receives twice-daily service northbound and southbound. See also List of townships in Ontario References ^ "Certificate of Election Results" (PDF). Township of Georgian Bay. Retrieved 2018-11-26. ^ "Georgian Bay census profile". 2011 Census of Population. Statistics Canada. Retrieved 2012-03-07. ^ "Census Profile, 2016 Census: Georgian Bay, Township". Statistics Canada. Retrieved June 21, 2019. ^ "Certificate of Election Results" (PDF). www.gbtownship.ca. October 24, 2022. Retrieved November 22, 2022. ^ "Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories, census divisions and census subdivisions (municipalities), Ontario". Statistics Canada. February 9, 2022. Retrieved April 2, 2022. ^ a b "Corrections and updates: Population and dwelling count amendments, 2011 Census". Statistics Canada. February 14, 2013. Retrieved February 15, 2013. ^ "2021 Community Profiles". 2021 Canadian Census. Statistics Canada. February 4, 2022. Retrieved 2023-10-19. ^ "2016 Community Profiles". 2016 Canadian Census. Statistics Canada. August 12, 2021. Retrieved 2019-06-21. ^ "2011 Community Profiles". 2011 Canadian Census. Statistics Canada. March 21, 2019. Retrieved 2012-03-07. ^ "2006 Community Profiles". 2006 Canadian Census. Statistics Canada. August 20, 2019. ^ "2001 Community Profiles". 2001 Canadian Census. Statistics Canada. July 18, 2021. External links Official website Places adjacent to Georgian Bay, Ontario The Archipelago (south part) Seguin Georgian Bay Georgian Bay(surrounds Chippewa Island and Moose Point 79) Muskoka Lakes, Wahta Mohawk Territory Georgian BayTiny, Penetanguishene, Midland, Tay Severn vteMuskoka District Municipality, OntarioTowns Bracebridge Gravenhurst Huntsville Townships Georgian Bay Lake of Bays Muskoka Lakes First Nations Beausoleil Chippewas of Georgina Island Chippewas of Rama Moose Deer Point Wahta Mohawks Indian reserves Chippewa Island Indian River Moose Point 79 Wahta Mohawk Territory See also: Communities in Muskoka District Municipality Census divisions of Ontario Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States
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The municipal offices are at Port Severn.This township is the administrative centre of the Moose Deer Point Ojibway First Nation reserve.","title":"Georgian Bay, Ontario"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Georgian Bay is governed by a mayor, two district councillors and four councillors, with each councillor representing each of the four municipal wards. The Mayor of Georgian Bay represents the town on the Muskoka County Council. As of the 2022 election, the elected council members are:[4]Mayor: Peter KoetsierDistrict Councillors:Wards 1 & 3: Brian Bochek\nWards 2 & 4: Peter CooperCouncillors:Ward 1: Steven Predko\nWard 2: Stephen Jarvis\nWard 3: Kristian Graziano\nWard 4: Allan Hazelton","title":"Local Government"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Little_Bluff_conservation.jpg"},{"link_name":"Delawana Resort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delawana_Resort"},{"link_name":"Woolite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woolite"}],"text":"Little Bluff Conservation Area in South BayThe township contains the communities of Bayview Park, Big Chute, Cedar Nook, Crooked Bay, Franceville, Go Home, Honey Harbour, Macey Bay, MacTier, Moon River, Potters Landing, South Bay, Wolverine Beach and Wood Landing.Honey Harbour serves as a launching point to the \"30,000 Islands\" that make up the Georgian Bay geography. The islands, that are accessible from Honey Harbour, are dotted with hundreds to thousands of cottages. The cottages serve mostly as summer residences. Many very large cottages have been built recently, which has resulted in an increase in property values. The economic cycle of Honey Harbour is tied to the cycle of the cottagers. Honey Harbour has a small grocery store (\"Towne Centre\" and Picnic Island Resort, which features its own general store and gas bar), a post office, a liquor store, a bakery, a Catholic church and school, a public elementary school, several small craft stores, a large resort (the \"Delawana Resort\"), and several marinas. In addition to cottages, there are multiple waterfront trailer park resorts. There are also numerous clean beaches lining both the shore and islands, inhabited by the diverse Ontario wildlife.The double H's of Honey Harbour are a play on founder's name Harvey Hewitt of Pasadena, California. Hewitt was also the original pioneer and co-developer of Woolite.","title":"Communities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2021 Census of Population","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Canadian_census"},{"link_name":"Statistics Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_Canada"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2021census-5"},{"link_name":"2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Canadian_census"},{"link_name":"2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Canadian_census"},{"link_name":"2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Canadian_census"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2011censuscorrection-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2011censuscorrection-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cp2021-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cp2016-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cp2011-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cp2006-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cp2001-11"}],"text":"In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Georgian Bay had a population of 3,441 living in 1,660 of its 5,175 total private dwellings, a change of 36.9% from its 2016 population of 2,514. With a land area of 525.29 km2 (202.82 sq mi), it had a population density of 6.6/km2 (17.0/sq mi) in 2021.[5]Canada census – Georgian Bay community profile\n\n\n202120162011\n\n\nPopulation3,441 (+36.9% from 2016)2,499 (0.7% from 2011)2,482[6] (6.1% from 2006)\n\n\nLand area525.29 km2 (202.82 sq mi)547.61 km2 (211.43 sq mi)546.97 km2 (211.19 sq mi)\n\n\nPopulation density6.6/km2 (17/sq mi)4.6/km2 (12/sq mi)4.5/km2 (12/sq mi)\n\n\nMedian age58.4 (M: 58.4, F: 58.4)56.2 (M: 55.9, F: 56.4)\n\n\nPrivate dwellings5,175 (total)  1,660 (occupied)4,700 (total)  5,173[6] (total)  \n\n\nMedian household income$82,000$59,981\n\n\n References: 2021[7] 2016[8] 2011[9] earlier[10][11]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gibson Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibson_Lake_(Muskoka)"},{"link_name":"Gloucester Pool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucester_Pool"},{"link_name":"Go Home Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_Home_Lake"},{"link_name":"Six Mile Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_Mile_Lake_(Ontario)"},{"link_name":"Severn River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn_River_(Ontario)"},{"link_name":"Georgian Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_Bay"},{"link_name":"Stewart Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stewart_Lake,_Ontario&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bear Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bear_Lake_(Ontario)"}],"text":"Gibson Lake\nGloucester Pool\nGo Home Lake\nSix Mile Lake\nSevern River\nGeorgian Bay\nStewart Lake\nBear Lake","title":"Water bodies"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Library","text":"There are library branches in Honey Harbour and MacTier, and a satellite library branch in the new Township Community Services Building in Port Severn. These libraries are popular destinations for recreational reading materials, DVDs, and tourist information. Services include information and reference services, access to full text databases, community information; internet access, reader's advisory services, programs for children, youth and adults, delivery to homebound individuals, interlibrary loan, and free downloadable audiobooks.Items within the libraries' collection are business directories, phone books, maps, government publications, books, periodicals, genealogy, local history.","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ontario Northland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Northland"}],"text":"Intercity motor coach service to MacTier is available through Ontario Northland along its Toronto–Barrie–Parry Sound–Sudbury route's local schedule; it is bypassed by express schedules, but still receives twice-daily service northbound and southbound.","title":"Transportation"}]
[{"image_text":"Little Bluff Conservation Area in South Bay","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Little_Bluff_conservation.jpg/220px-Little_Bluff_conservation.jpg"}]
[{"title":"List of townships in Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_townships_in_Ontario"}]
[{"reference":"\"Certificate of Election Results\" (PDF). Township of Georgian Bay. Retrieved 2018-11-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gbtownship.ca/en/elections/resources/Certified-Election-Results.pdf","url_text":"\"Certificate of Election Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"Georgian Bay census profile\". 2011 Census of Population. Statistics Canada. Retrieved 2012-03-07.","urls":[{"url":"http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=3544065&Geo2=CD&Code2=3544&Data=Count&SearchText=Georgian&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom=&TABID=1","url_text":"\"Georgian Bay census profile\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_2011_Census","url_text":"2011 Census of Population"}]},{"reference":"\"Census Profile, 2016 Census: Georgian Bay, Township\". Statistics Canada. Retrieved June 21, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=3544065&Geo2=CD&Code2=3539&SearchText=georgian&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&TABID=1&type=0","url_text":"\"Census Profile, 2016 Census: Georgian Bay, Township\""}]},{"reference":"\"Certificate of Election Results\" (PDF). www.gbtownship.ca. October 24, 2022. Retrieved November 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gbtownship.ca/en/elections/resources/Official-Election-Results.pdf","url_text":"\"Certificate of Election Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories, census divisions and census subdivisions (municipalities), Ontario\". Statistics Canada. February 9, 2022. Retrieved April 2, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810000203&geocode=A000235","url_text":"\"Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories, census divisions and census subdivisions (municipalities), Ontario\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_Canada","url_text":"Statistics Canada"}]},{"reference":"\"Corrections and updates: Population and dwelling count amendments, 2011 Census\". Statistics Canada. February 14, 2013. Retrieved February 15, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/news-nouvelles/corr/cgen004-eng.cfm","url_text":"\"Corrections and updates: Population and dwelling count amendments, 2011 Census\""}]},{"reference":"\"2021 Community Profiles\". 2021 Canadian Census. Statistics Canada. February 4, 2022. Retrieved 2023-10-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&DGUIDlist=2021A00053544065","url_text":"\"2021 Community Profiles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Canadian_Census","url_text":"2021 Canadian Census"}]},{"reference":"\"2016 Community Profiles\". 2016 Canadian Census. Statistics Canada. August 12, 2021. Retrieved 2019-06-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E","url_text":"\"2016 Community Profiles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Canadian_Census","url_text":"2016 Canadian Census"}]},{"reference":"\"2011 Community Profiles\". 2011 Canadian Census. Statistics Canada. March 21, 2019. Retrieved 2012-03-07.","urls":[{"url":"http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E","url_text":"\"2011 Community Profiles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Canadian_Census","url_text":"2011 Canadian Census"}]},{"reference":"\"2006 Community Profiles\". 2006 Canadian Census. Statistics Canada. August 20, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/prof/92-591/index.cfm?Lang=E","url_text":"\"2006 Community Profiles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Canadian_Census","url_text":"2006 Canadian Census"}]},{"reference":"\"2001 Community Profiles\". 2001 Canadian Census. Statistics Canada. July 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/english/profil01/CP01/Index.cfm?Lang=E","url_text":"\"2001 Community Profiles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_Canadian_Census","url_text":"2001 Canadian Census"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Tramway_Company,_Scarborough
Central Tramway Company, Scarborough
["1 History","1.1 Origin","1.2 Construction","1.3 Operations","2 Engineering","3 Health and safety","4 References","5 External links"]
Coordinates: 54°16′51″N 00°23′50″W / 54.28083°N 0.39722°W / 54.28083; -0.39722 The Central Tramway Company is an electric-powered funicular railway located in the holiday resort of Scarborough, North Yorkshire. The company has the distinction of being the oldest surviving Tramway Company in the UK, as the original corporation still operates the funicular today. Built in just 6 months between January and August 1881, the Tramway opened on Monday 1 August becoming the 3rd such cliff railway to operate in the borough. The distinctive burgundy and cream carriages travel up and down the 248-foot (76 m) track between the bottom station on Foreshore Road, next to the beach and tourist arcades, and the top station on Marine Parade, close to the town centre. Central Tramway Company, Scarborough. June 2019. View of the top station, Grand carriage and tracks. History Origin Scarborough developed from a fishing town into a busy Spa Town and tourist resort through the 18th and 19th centuries, thanks in part to the discovery of the acidic water running into the South Bay by Thomasin Farrer in the 17th century. Visitors were drawn to the town for the health benefits of both the spa water and the therapeutic benefits of the sea air and fresh water swimming. Entertainment soon followed, and The Spa, Scarborough developed into a popular centre for music and performance. The development of the railway line and central station in 1845 bought a modest increase in the number of wealthy visitors to the area. The Grand Hotel (Scarborough) was a lavish addition to the Scarborough landscape. Completed in 1867 to much fanfare it was heralded as one of the biggest hotels in the world and one of the first giant purpose built hotels in Europe. (It was famously saved from the German bombs in the Second World War because Hitler selected it as a future home and base after the war). Scarborough's topography was such that many of the newly developed hotels were located atop the steep cliff that made up the area's natural coastline. The Spa, beach and entertainment were to be found at the bottom of the hill, a long and arduous walk made more challenging by the clothing of the period. The first cliff railway to be built in Great Britain was the South Cliff Tramway (now called the Spa Cliff Lift), Scarborough in 1875, and the first of five Scarborough funiculars to be built between 1875 and 1930. The Scarborough South Cliff Tramway Company Limited was created in 1873 to link the hotels of the South Cliff Esplanade with the panoramic South Bay beach and entertainment venue of the Spa. A group of local business owners, led by Mr Hunt of the nearby Prince of Wales Hotel, joined together to form the company with a starting capital of £4,500 from shares sold in the company. It opened on 6 July 1875, eventually costing £8000 and was an instant success with 1,400 passengers travelling on the day of opening. The project was perhaps inspired by the development of a counterbalance railway on a steep stretch of the Pickering to Whitby railway line (now part of the North Yorkshire Moors Railway ) between nearby Goatland and Grosmont. Too steep to be pulled by the horses, a system was designed using a descending wheeled water tank similar to those used in the slate quarries of North Wales from the late 18th century onwards. The success of the South Cliff Tramway Company inspired another funicular to be developed in 1878 on the North Bay. The Queens Parade Cliff Lift unfortunately did not enjoy the same good fortune with a series of accidents and issues with erosion on this particular stretch of coastline. Eventually being closed for good in 1887. Two further cliff railways were subsequently constructed in Scarborough; the St Nicholas Cliff Lift in 1929 and the North Cliff Lift in 1930. Central Tramway and the Spa Cliff Lift are the only lifts still operating in Scarborough today. John Woodall Woodall was a successful businessman in Scarborough during this time. A Fellow of the Royal Society, a banker, marine biologist, benefactor and 4 times mayor of Scarborough, Woodall had a distinguished background as well as owning large areas of Scarborough. His family home was St Nicholas House (now the Town Hall) prominently located overlooking the South Bay and the newly built Grand Hotel. John Woodall Woodall was to be the first Chairman of the Central Tramway Company registering the corporation in January 1881. The company followed the financial model of the South Cliff Tramway Company with £10,000 worth of shares (2,000 of £5 shares) being sold to individuals, including Robert Laughton of the Victoria Hotel, father of the actor Charles Laughton. Construction John Woodall Woodall owned the land that the Central Tramway was to be built on and arrangements had to be made for a small photographic studio to be relocated into the new station building. George Wood of Hull was the contractor, Charles Augustus Bury the architect and Thomas Feaster Morgan the chief engineer. The track gauge is 4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) with a length of 248 feet (76 m). The iron track was constructed on a lattice girder framework carried on iron columns. The original top station designed by Charles Augustus Bury, who also designed the Unitarian Church on Westborough, originally contained a spacious waiting room reached by a passage between two shops, with the photographic studio located above. The railway was originally Steam powered so construction also included an engine house located 20 yards (18 m) from the top station beneath the tracks. The original plans reveal the 12 inches (300 mm) smoke flue that was constructed from the engine house for the purpose of allowing the smoke from the burning coal to be expelled away from the top station. The flue ran underground to the nearby Granby House, the home of 18th century historian Thomas Hinderwell. Although the top station today has the same footprint as the original building, the bottom station was originally a larger building approximately 27 feet (8.2 m) in length. This was later reduced when the Foreshore Road was widened after 1949. Central Tramway Company, Scarborough with the Grand Hotel visible in the background. May 2019. The mechanism in the engine house was unique and used a colliery type indicator and chalk marks on the winch to inform the winding engineer when the cars had arrived at the station. This meant that the winding engineer did not have a view of the track. This type of steam operation was unique at the time. The South Cliff Tramway of 1875 was originally operated by a hydraulic water balance system with sea water being pumped initially by two Crossley gas engines, later replaced by coal powered steam pumps in 1879. The short-lived Queen's Parade Lift of 1878 used a similar water balance system with steam powering the water pumps. Operations At 12.30 pm on 1 August 1881 the Central Tramway Company Ltd opened to the public for the first time with the first passenger-carrying ascent and descent of the carriages. The Scarborough Mercury at the time reported that the opening was 1 month later than anticipated. According to the company log book 2,834 passengers travelled on the first day. A letter from the station manager to the Directors dated 5 August tells that it was a fortunate coincidence that the opening day fell on the Bank Holiday and in consequence was a very busy day. He wrote ‘I'm happy to be able to report that the working was satisfactory and the staff appointed proved sufficient’. The first journey was taken by Chairman John Woodall Woodall along with several investors and directors of the company including GM Porter, A Lupton and ZT Wellburn; the architect Charles Augustus Bury; G Dippie the town clerk and Rev. J Benn. According to the Scarborough Mercury the group travelled from the top station down to the bottom station, alighted briefly before returning to the top station where Woodall Woodall addressed the gathered crowd. The steam operation continued into the early 20th century with one notable incident. On 24 October 1908, Percy Henry Askham was delivering coal for the steam engine. The coal shoot was accessible from the tracks and according to the coroner's report the driver did not see Mr Askham working on the track, setting the carriages in motion. As the Tram moved down the tracks Mr Askham was knocked backwards into the coal shed. He died later in hospital. In 1920 the Tramway was converted to electric power making use of the road tram system that had been constructed in 1904 around Scarborough. The Scarborough Tramways Company was formed in 1902 by Scarborough Corporation. Over the proceeding 2 years the company built a 5-mile system of tracks around the streets of Scarborough. The Central Tramway Company made use of the electricity power system constructed by the main contractor, Edmundson Electrical Corporation, which operated from the main power station on Seamer Road. The new electric winding gear ran off the 500v Direct current power of the road tram system from 1920 until the road trams eventually closed in 1931. Between 1931 and 1932 Hudswell Clarke and Company of Leeds converted the system to AC power with the installation of a new 60 horse power motor underneath the top station, during this time they also relaid the track, and rebuilt the carriage frames with new wooden carriages being supplied by Plaxtons. Further changes occurred during the second half of the 20th century. In 1967 a solid reinforced concrete foundation was laid under the track (still visible today), with the exception of the top 30 yards (27 m). In 1975 a significant fire at the Olympia Amusement site damaged one of the carriages and tracks. Two new aluminium carriages were supplied by George Neville Truck Equipment of Kirkby in Ashfield. The future of the Tramway was further put in jeopardy in 1976 when pile driving at the new Olympia Amusement site caused cracking and damage to the concrete foundation supporting the track. The Tramway did not operate for a full year, while repairs were made. The company took the contractors to court and won full compensation for the remedial work and all consequential losses. In 2009 the company installed a fully automated drive system, with a new 60 horse power electric motor with the objective of enabling a smooth acceleration and deceleration into and out of the stations. This automation took away dependency on manual driving, and consequently improved the safe operation of the facility. In 2016, the Company installed a new hydraulic disc brake, manufactured by Twiflex Ltd. Central Tramway Mural Scarborough Between 2012 and 2020 the Central Tramway underwent a significant refurbishment of the interior and exterior of the Station buildings. These works were based on a report commissioned by the company from local architects, Denton and Denton in 2011. The report recommended the company make more of the many Victorian period features still in operation. Scarborough Civic Society Heritage Blue Plaque marking Central Tramway as the oldest surviving Tramway Company in the UK The result was a return to the burgundy and cream livery and the installation of several distinctive features, these included the clock tower and stained glass panels above the driver's booth. Two large murals were also painted on the bottom and upper station walls, the latter being a modern homage to 1930s railway posters designed by local artist-designer Adrian Riley (Electric Angel Design). In July 2012, The Mayor of the Borough of Scarborough, Councillor Helen Mallory unveiled a Scarborough Civic Society Heritage Blue plaque to acknowledge the contribution of the Central Tramway to Scarborough's social and industrial heritage. This can now be seen above the entrance to the café at the top station. Engineering The Central Tramway is a funicular railway, the principle of which is that two carriages are permanently attached to each other by means of steel hauling ropes, or cables. As one carriage ascends, the other carriage will descend. The two tracks run between the top station on Marine Parade, and the bottom station on Foreshore Road. Each track is 248 feet or 75m long. The 2 carriages are named Grand and Olympia for operational and engineering purposes. Each carriage is constructed from an aluminium outer shell on a steel frame. The triangular base frame is similar to those of the water balance railways but does not contain the water tank beneath the carriage. Access to both carriages is via sliding doors on the ends. At Central Tramway 4 hauling cables are attached to the two carriages, these are special high strength, compacted cables, each one 19 mm in diameter, with a breaking strength of 32 tonnes, therefore the four cables are capable of carrying 128 tonnes. The two carriages, can carry up to 20 passengers seated and 10 standing, and when fully loaded each can weigh up to 8 tonnes, or 16 tonnes in total, well within the capacity of the 128 tonne breaking strength. The sheave wheel, gear box and motor located in the machine room below the top station. May 2019. The driver sits in the booth at the top station with full sight of both carriages (CCTV screens also allow full view of the bottom and top stations where passengers alight and disembark). The system is powered by a 60 horse power electric motor, the motor drives a David Brown 17 inch gear-box, which then rotates the 7 ft diameter main pulley or sheave wheel. Gravity aids in the movement of the carriages making the Tramway very energy efficient. In 2019 a new Programmable logic controller drive system was installed by Wheel Sets (UK) Ltd in preparation for the 2020 season. The new system uses the latest in computer technology to monitor and control the movement of the carriages with comprehensive integrated safety systems to improve the smooth and safe running of the railway. New digital control panels allow clear and concise information to be relayed to the driver. A new hydraulic disc brake mounted on the main sheave wheel was installed in January 2020. Between January and May 2022, Central Tramway undertook a major modernisation and rebuild of its two trams and chassis. The contracting engineering company  was Wheel Sets (UK) Ltd, Rotherham, South Yorkshire. The chassis that were originally installed in 1932, were replaced with new galvanised steel chassis. The opportunity was also taken to install new spring applied emergency brakes, two on each chassis. These deploy in the unlikely event of the carriages becoming detached from the haulage ropes or an over-speed event triggered from an axle driven digital encoder. The new emergency braking system was integrated with the PLC control system installed in 2019. The tram's battery powered electrical system was also upgraded. The two aluminium carriages dating from the 1975 upgrade were dismantled and refurbished at the same time. The old paint was removed by aluminium powder blasting, followed by a seven coat Polyurethane paint system. The tram carriages were also rewired and upgraded with a new internal and external lighting system. Health and safety The regulatory body responsible for the oversight of funicular railways in the UK is HM Inspectorate of Mines (HMIM), a division of the Health and Safety Executive. The HMIM hold meetings twice per annum with all funicular operators as part of their supervisory activities, and pay periodic visits to all the funiculars. Central Tramway complies with the Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations 1998 (LOLER), and is inspected every six months to guarantee compliance. References ^ Jinks and Price (April 1975). "A 1975 centenary: The Scarborough cliff lifts". Modern Tramway (38): 110–119. OCLC 867823346. ^ News Desk. "How Scarborough Became the First Seaside Spa". The Scarborough News. JPI Media. Retrieved 11 May 2020. ^ Branagan, Mark. "Hitler dreamed of running Britain... from Scarborough". Express. Express Newspapers. Retrieved 11 May 2020. ^ Easdown, Martin (15 July 2018). Cliff Railways Lifts and Funiculars. Amberley. pp. 74–75. ISBN 9781445680033. ^ Turner, Keith (2002). Cliff Railways of the British Isles. The Oakwood Press. p. 13. ISBN 0853615942. ^ "Past Mayors of Scarborough". Scarborough.gov. Retrieved 11 May 2020. ^ "The Town Hall (formerly St Nicholas House". Scarborough Civic Society. Scarborough Civic Society. Retrieved 11 May 2020. ^ "Scarborough remembers Thomas Hinderwell with blue plaque". BBC York and North Yorkshire. BBC News. Retrieved 11 May 2020. ^ Rushton, John. "The First Seaside Resort expands into Foreshore Road". Scarborough Maritime Heritage. Scarborough Maritime Heritage. Retrieved 11 May 2020. ^ Turner, Keith (2002). Cliff Railways of the British Isles. Oakwood Press. p. 100. ISBN 0853615942. ^ The Newsroom. "The days when you could hop on a tram in Scarborough". The Scarborough News. JPI Media. Retrieved 11 May 2020. ^ Jinks and Price (April 1975). "A 1975 centenary: The Scarborough Cliff Lifts". Modern Tramway. 38: 114. ^ The Newsroom. "136 years full of ups and downs". The Yorkshire post. JPI Media. Retrieved 11 May 2020. ^ "It's Quicker By Tram". Adrian Riley / Electric Angel Design. Electtric Angel Design. Retrieved 7 February 2024. ^ "Central Tramway". Scarborough Civic Society. Scarborough and District Civic Society. Retrieved 11 May 2020. External links Central Tramway Official Website Heritage Railway Association Funimag: Funicular Web Magazine 54°16′51″N 00°23′50″W / 54.28083°N 0.39722°W / 54.28083; -0.39722
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"funicular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funicular"},{"link_name":"Scarborough, North Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarborough,_North_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Modern_Tramway-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Central_Tramway_Company,_Scarborough.jpg"}],"text":"The Central Tramway Company is an electric-powered funicular railway located in the holiday resort of Scarborough, North Yorkshire. The company has the distinction of being the oldest surviving Tramway Company in the UK,[1] as the original corporation still operates the funicular today. Built in just 6 months between January and August 1881, the Tramway opened on Monday 1 August becoming the 3rd such cliff railway to operate in the borough.The distinctive burgundy and cream carriages travel up and down the 248-foot (76 m) track between the bottom station on Foreshore Road, next to the beach and tourist arcades, and the top station on Marine Parade, close to the town centre.Central Tramway Company, Scarborough. June 2019. View of the top station, Grand carriage and tracks.","title":"Central Tramway Company, Scarborough"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spa"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"The Spa, Scarborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spa,_Scarborough"},{"link_name":"Grand Hotel (Scarborough)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Hotel_(Scarborough)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Scarborough funiculars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarborough_funiculars"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"North Yorkshire Moors Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Yorkshire_Moors_Railway"},{"link_name":"Grosmont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grosmont,_North_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"slate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slate"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Royal Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Charles Laughton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Laughton"}],"sub_title":"Origin","text":"Scarborough developed from a fishing town into a busy Spa Town and tourist resort through the 18th and 19th centuries, thanks in part to the discovery of the acidic water running into the South Bay by Thomasin Farrer in the 17th century.[2] Visitors were drawn to the town for the health benefits of both the spa water and the therapeutic benefits of the sea air and fresh water swimming. Entertainment soon followed, and The Spa, Scarborough developed into a popular centre for music and performance.The development of the railway line and central station in 1845 bought a modest increase in the number of wealthy visitors to the area. The Grand Hotel (Scarborough) was a lavish addition to the Scarborough landscape. Completed in 1867 to much fanfare it was heralded as one of the biggest hotels in the world and one of the first giant purpose built hotels in Europe. (It was famously saved from the German bombs in the Second World War because Hitler selected it as a future home and base after the war[3]).Scarborough's topography was such that many of the newly developed hotels were located atop the steep cliff that made up the area's natural coastline. The Spa, beach and entertainment were to be found at the bottom of the hill, a long and arduous walk made more challenging by the clothing of the period.The first cliff railway to be built in Great Britain was the South Cliff Tramway (now called the Spa Cliff Lift), Scarborough in 1875, and the first of five Scarborough funiculars to be built between 1875 and 1930. The Scarborough South Cliff Tramway Company Limited was created in 1873 to link the hotels of the South Cliff Esplanade with the panoramic South Bay beach and entertainment venue of the Spa. A group of local business owners, led by Mr Hunt of the nearby Prince of Wales Hotel, joined together to form the company with a starting capital of £4,500 from shares sold in the company.[4] It opened on 6 July 1875, eventually costing £8000 and was an instant success with 1,400 passengers travelling on the day of opening.The project was perhaps inspired by the development of a counterbalance railway on a steep stretch of the Pickering to Whitby railway line (now part of the North Yorkshire Moors Railway ) between nearby Goatland and Grosmont. Too steep to be pulled by the horses, a system was designed using a descending wheeled water tank similar to those used in the slate quarries of North Wales from the late 18th century onwards.[5]The success of the South Cliff Tramway Company inspired another funicular to be developed in 1878 on the North Bay. The Queens Parade Cliff Lift unfortunately did not enjoy the same good fortune with a series of accidents and issues with erosion on this particular stretch of coastline. Eventually being closed for good in 1887. Two further cliff railways were subsequently constructed in Scarborough; the St Nicholas Cliff Lift in 1929 and the North Cliff Lift in 1930. Central Tramway and the Spa Cliff Lift are the only lifts still operating in Scarborough today.John Woodall Woodall was a successful businessman in Scarborough during this time. A Fellow of the Royal Society, a banker, marine biologist, benefactor and 4 times mayor of Scarborough,[6] Woodall had a distinguished background as well as owning large areas of Scarborough. His family home was St Nicholas House[7] (now the Town Hall) prominently located overlooking the South Bay and the newly built Grand Hotel.John Woodall Woodall was to be the first Chairman of the Central Tramway Company registering the corporation in January 1881. The company followed the financial model of the South Cliff Tramway Company with £10,000 worth of shares (2,000 of £5 shares) being sold to individuals, including Robert Laughton of the Victoria Hotel, father of the actor Charles Laughton.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull"},{"link_name":"iron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron"},{"link_name":"Unitarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitarianism"},{"link_name":"Steam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_Engine"},{"link_name":"Thomas Hinderwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hinderwell"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Central_Tramway_Company,_Scarborough_top_station.jpg"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Crossley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossley"}],"sub_title":"Construction","text":"John Woodall Woodall owned the land that the Central Tramway was to be built on and arrangements had to be made for a small photographic studio to be relocated into the new station building. George Wood of Hull was the contractor, Charles Augustus Bury the architect and Thomas Feaster Morgan the chief engineer.The track gauge is 4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) with a length of 248 feet (76 m). The iron track was constructed on a lattice girder framework carried on iron columns. The original top station designed by Charles Augustus Bury, who also designed the Unitarian Church on Westborough, originally contained a spacious waiting room reached by a passage between two shops, with the photographic studio located above.The railway was originally Steam powered so construction also included an engine house located 20 yards (18 m) from the top station beneath the tracks. The original plans reveal the 12 inches (300 mm) smoke flue that was constructed from the engine house for the purpose of allowing the smoke from the burning coal to be expelled away from the top station. The flue ran underground to the nearby Granby House, the home of 18th century historian Thomas Hinderwell.[8]Although the top station today has the same footprint as the original building, the bottom station was originally a larger building approximately 27 feet (8.2 m) in length. This was later reduced when the Foreshore Road was widened after 1949.[9]Central Tramway Company, Scarborough with the Grand Hotel visible in the background. May 2019.The mechanism in the engine house was unique and used a colliery type indicator and chalk marks on the winch to inform the winding engineer when the cars had arrived at the station.[10] This meant that the winding engineer did not have a view of the track.This type of steam operation was unique at the time. The South Cliff Tramway of 1875 was originally operated by a hydraulic water balance system with sea water being pumped initially by two Crossley gas engines, later replaced by coal powered steam pumps in 1879. The short-lived Queen's Parade Lift of 1878 used a similar water balance system with steam powering the water pumps.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scarborough Tramways Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarborough_Tramways_Company"},{"link_name":"Edmundson Electrical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmundson_Electrical"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Direct current","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_current"},{"link_name":"Hudswell Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudswell_Clarke"},{"link_name":"AC power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_power"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"concrete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Central_Tramway_Mural_Scarborough.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scarborough_Heritage_Trail_Blue_Plaque.png"},{"link_name":"Adrian Riley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_Riley"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Blue plaque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_plaque"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Operations","text":"At 12.30 pm on 1 August 1881 the Central Tramway Company Ltd opened to the public for the first time with the first passenger-carrying ascent and descent of the carriages. The Scarborough Mercury at the time reported that the opening was 1 month later than anticipated. According to the company log book 2,834 passengers travelled on the first day. A letter from the station manager to the Directors dated 5 August tells that it was a fortunate coincidence that the opening day fell on the Bank Holiday and in consequence was a very busy day. He wrote ‘I'm happy to be able to report that the working was satisfactory and the staff appointed proved sufficient’.The first journey was taken by Chairman John Woodall Woodall along with several investors and directors of the company including GM Porter, A Lupton and ZT Wellburn; the architect Charles Augustus Bury; G Dippie the town clerk and Rev. J Benn. According to the Scarborough Mercury the group travelled from the top station down to the bottom station, alighted briefly before returning to the top station where Woodall Woodall addressed the gathered crowd.The steam operation continued into the early 20th century with one notable incident. On 24 October 1908, Percy Henry Askham was delivering coal for the steam engine. The coal shoot was accessible from the tracks and according to the coroner's report the driver did not see Mr Askham working on the track, setting the carriages in motion. As the Tram moved down the tracks Mr Askham was knocked backwards into the coal shed. He died later in hospital.In 1920 the Tramway was converted to electric power making use of the road tram system that had been constructed in 1904 around Scarborough. The Scarborough Tramways Company was formed in 1902 by Scarborough Corporation. Over the proceeding 2 years the company built a 5-mile system of tracks around the streets of Scarborough.The Central Tramway Company made use of the electricity power system constructed by the main contractor, Edmundson Electrical Corporation, which operated from the main power station on Seamer Road.[11]The new electric winding gear ran off the 500v Direct current power of the road tram system from 1920 until the road trams eventually closed in 1931.Between 1931 and 1932 Hudswell Clarke and Company of Leeds converted the system to AC power with the installation of a new 60 horse power motor underneath the top station, during this time they also relaid the track, and rebuilt the carriage frames with new wooden carriages being supplied by Plaxtons.[12]Further changes occurred during the second half of the 20th century. In 1967 a solid reinforced concrete foundation was laid under the track (still visible today), with the exception of the top 30 yards (27 m). In 1975 a significant fire at the Olympia Amusement site damaged one of the carriages and tracks. Two new aluminium carriages were supplied by George Neville Truck Equipment of Kirkby in Ashfield.The future of the Tramway was further put in jeopardy in 1976 when pile driving at the new Olympia Amusement site caused cracking and damage to the concrete foundation supporting the track.[13] The Tramway did not operate for a full year, while repairs were made. The company took the contractors to court and won full compensation for the remedial work and all consequential losses.In 2009 the company installed a fully automated drive system, with a new 60 horse power electric motor with the objective of enabling a smooth acceleration and deceleration into and out of the stations. This automation took away dependency on manual driving, and consequently improved the safe operation of the facility. In 2016, the Company installed a new hydraulic disc brake, manufactured by Twiflex Ltd.Central Tramway Mural ScarboroughBetween 2012 and 2020 the Central Tramway underwent a significant refurbishment of the interior and exterior of the Station buildings. These works were based on a report commissioned by the company from local architects, Denton and Denton in 2011. The report recommended the company make more of the many Victorian period features still in operation.Scarborough Civic Society Heritage Blue Plaque marking Central Tramway as the oldest surviving Tramway Company in the UKThe result was a return to the burgundy and cream livery and the installation of several distinctive features, these included the clock tower and stained glass panels above the driver's booth. Two large murals were also painted on the bottom and upper station walls, the latter being a modern homage to 1930s railway posters designed by local artist-designer Adrian Riley (Electric Angel Design).[14]In July 2012, The Mayor of the Borough of Scarborough, Councillor Helen Mallory unveiled a Scarborough Civic Society Heritage Blue plaque to acknowledge the contribution of the Central Tramway to Scarborough's social and industrial heritage. This can now be seen above the entrance to the café at the top station.[15]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"aluminium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium"},{"link_name":"steel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Central_Tramway_Company_sheave_wheel,_gear_box_and_motor.jpg"},{"link_name":"sheave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheave"},{"link_name":"Programmable logic controller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmable_logic_controller"},{"link_name":"disc brake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disc_brake"},{"link_name":"Wheel Sets (UK) Ltd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.wheelsets.co.uk/"},{"link_name":"galvanised","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galvanization"},{"link_name":"digital encoder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encoder_(digital)"},{"link_name":"aluminium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium"},{"link_name":"Polyurethane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyurethane"}],"text":"The Central Tramway is a funicular railway, the principle of which is that two carriages are permanently attached to each other by means of steel hauling ropes, or cables. As one carriage ascends, the other carriage will descend.The two tracks run between the top station on Marine Parade, and the bottom station on Foreshore Road. Each track is 248 feet or 75m long. The 2 carriages are named Grand and Olympia for operational and engineering purposes. Each carriage is constructed from an aluminium outer shell on a steel frame. The triangular base frame is similar to those of the water balance railways but does not contain the water tank beneath the carriage. Access to both carriages is via sliding doors on the ends.At Central Tramway 4 hauling cables are attached to the two carriages, these are special high strength, compacted cables, each one 19 mm in diameter, with a breaking strength of 32 tonnes, therefore the four cables are capable of carrying 128 tonnes. The two carriages, can carry up to 20 passengers seated and 10 standing, and when fully loaded each can weigh up to 8 tonnes, or 16 tonnes in total, well within the capacity of the 128 tonne breaking strength.The sheave wheel, gear box and motor located in the machine room below the top station. May 2019.The driver sits in the booth at the top station with full sight of both carriages (CCTV screens also allow full view of the bottom and top stations where passengers alight and disembark). The system is powered by a 60 horse power electric motor, the motor drives a David Brown 17 inch gear-box, which then rotates the 7 ft diameter main pulley or sheave wheel. Gravity aids in the movement of the carriages making the Tramway very energy efficient.In 2019 a new Programmable logic controller drive system was installed by Wheel Sets (UK) Ltd in preparation for the 2020 season. The new system uses the latest in computer technology to monitor and control the movement of the carriages with comprehensive integrated safety systems to improve the smooth and safe running of the railway. New digital control panels allow clear and concise information to be relayed to the driver.A new hydraulic disc brake mounted on the main sheave wheel was installed in January 2020.Between January and May 2022, Central Tramway undertook a major modernisation and rebuild of its two trams and chassis. The contracting engineering company  was Wheel Sets (UK) Ltd, Rotherham, South Yorkshire. The chassis that were originally installed in 1932, were replaced with new galvanised steel chassis. The opportunity was also taken to install new spring applied emergency brakes, two on each chassis. These deploy in the unlikely event of the carriages becoming detached from the haulage ropes or an over-speed event triggered from an axle driven digital encoder. The new emergency braking system was integrated with the PLC control system installed in 2019. The tram's battery powered electrical system was also upgraded.The two aluminium carriages dating from the 1975 upgrade were dismantled and refurbished at the same time. The old paint was removed by aluminium powder blasting, followed by a seven coat Polyurethane paint system. The tram carriages were also rewired and upgraded with a new internal and external lighting system.","title":"Engineering"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Health and Safety Executive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_and_Safety_Executive"},{"link_name":"Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations 1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifting_Operations_and_Lifting_Equipment_Regulations_1998"}],"text":"The regulatory body responsible for the oversight of funicular railways in the UK is HM Inspectorate of Mines (HMIM), a division of the Health and Safety Executive. The HMIM hold meetings twice per annum with all funicular operators as part of their supervisory activities, and pay periodic visits to all the funiculars. Central Tramway complies with the Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations 1998 (LOLER), and is inspected every six months to guarantee compliance.","title":"Health and safety"}]
[{"image_text":"Central Tramway Company, Scarborough. June 2019. View of the top station, Grand carriage and tracks.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Central_Tramway_Company%2C_Scarborough.jpg/290px-Central_Tramway_Company%2C_Scarborough.jpg"},{"image_text":"Central Tramway Company, Scarborough with the Grand Hotel visible in the background. May 2019.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Central_Tramway_Company%2C_Scarborough_top_station.jpg/290px-Central_Tramway_Company%2C_Scarborough_top_station.jpg"},{"image_text":"Central Tramway Mural Scarborough","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Central_Tramway_Mural_Scarborough.jpg/220px-Central_Tramway_Mural_Scarborough.jpg"},{"image_text":"Scarborough Civic Society Heritage Blue Plaque marking Central Tramway as the oldest surviving Tramway Company in the UK","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Scarborough_Heritage_Trail_Blue_Plaque.png/220px-Scarborough_Heritage_Trail_Blue_Plaque.png"},{"image_text":"The sheave wheel, gear box and motor located in the machine room below the top station. May 2019.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Central_Tramway_Company_sheave_wheel%2C_gear_box_and_motor.jpg/220px-Central_Tramway_Company_sheave_wheel%2C_gear_box_and_motor.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Jinks and Price (April 1975). \"A 1975 centenary: The Scarborough cliff lifts\". Modern Tramway (38): 110–119. OCLC 867823346.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/867823346","url_text":"867823346"}]},{"reference":"News Desk. \"How Scarborough Became the First Seaside Spa\". The Scarborough News. JPI Media. Retrieved 11 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thescarboroughnews.co.uk/retro/how-scarborough-became-first-seaside-spa-703614","url_text":"\"How Scarborough Became the First Seaside Spa\""}]},{"reference":"Branagan, Mark. \"Hitler dreamed of running Britain... from Scarborough\". Express. Express Newspapers. Retrieved 11 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.express.co.uk/news/history/962627/adolf-hitler-fuhrer-scarborough-invaded-britain","url_text":"\"Hitler dreamed of running Britain... from Scarborough\""}]},{"reference":"Easdown, Martin (15 July 2018). Cliff Railways Lifts and Funiculars. Amberley. pp. 74–75. ISBN 9781445680033.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781445680033","url_text":"9781445680033"}]},{"reference":"Turner, Keith (2002). Cliff Railways of the British Isles. The Oakwood Press. p. 13. ISBN 0853615942.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0853615942","url_text":"0853615942"}]},{"reference":"\"Past Mayors of Scarborough\". Scarborough.gov. Retrieved 11 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scarborough.gov.uk/home/council/past-mayors-and-deputy-mayors","url_text":"\"Past Mayors of Scarborough\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Town Hall (formerly St Nicholas House\". Scarborough Civic Society. Scarborough Civic Society. Retrieved 11 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://scarboroughcivicsociety.org.uk/Town-Hall.php","url_text":"\"The Town Hall (formerly St Nicholas House\""}]},{"reference":"\"Scarborough remembers Thomas Hinderwell with blue plaque\". BBC York and North Yorkshire. BBC News. Retrieved 11 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/york/hi/people_and_places/history/newsid_9198000/9198640.stm","url_text":"\"Scarborough remembers Thomas Hinderwell with blue plaque\""}]},{"reference":"Rushton, John. \"The First Seaside Resort expands into Foreshore Road\". Scarborough Maritime Heritage. Scarborough Maritime Heritage. Retrieved 11 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.scarboroughsmaritimeheritage.org.uk/article.php?article=480","url_text":"\"The First Seaside Resort expands into Foreshore Road\""}]},{"reference":"Turner, Keith (2002). Cliff Railways of the British Isles. Oakwood Press. p. 100. ISBN 0853615942.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0853615942","url_text":"0853615942"}]},{"reference":"The Newsroom. \"The days when you could hop on a tram in Scarborough\". The Scarborough News. JPI Media. Retrieved 11 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thescarboroughnews.co.uk/news/days-when-you-could-hop-tram-scarborough-194347","url_text":"\"The days when you could hop on a tram in Scarborough\""}]},{"reference":"Jinks and Price (April 1975). \"A 1975 centenary: The Scarborough Cliff Lifts\". Modern Tramway. 38: 114.","urls":[]},{"reference":"The Newsroom. \"136 years full of ups and downs\". The Yorkshire post. JPI Media. Retrieved 11 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/whats-on/arts-and-entertainment/136-years-full-ups-and-downs-1780206","url_text":"\"136 years full of ups and downs\""}]},{"reference":"\"It's Quicker By Tram\". Adrian Riley / Electric Angel Design. Electtric Angel Design. Retrieved 7 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.electricangel.co.uk/494-2/","url_text":"\"It's Quicker By Tram\""}]},{"reference":"\"Central Tramway\". Scarborough Civic Society. Scarborough and District Civic Society. Retrieved 11 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://scarboroughcivicsociety.org.uk/Central-Tramway.php","url_text":"\"Central Tramway\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Central_Tramway_Company,_Scarborough&params=54_16_51_N_00_23_50_W_","external_links_name":"54°16′51″N 00°23′50″W / 54.28083°N 0.39722°W / 54.28083; -0.39722"},{"Link":"http://www.wheelsets.co.uk/","external_links_name":"Wheel Sets (UK) Ltd"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/867823346","external_links_name":"867823346"},{"Link":"https://www.thescarboroughnews.co.uk/retro/how-scarborough-became-first-seaside-spa-703614","external_links_name":"\"How Scarborough Became the First Seaside Spa\""},{"Link":"https://www.express.co.uk/news/history/962627/adolf-hitler-fuhrer-scarborough-invaded-britain","external_links_name":"\"Hitler dreamed of running Britain... from Scarborough\""},{"Link":"https://www.scarborough.gov.uk/home/council/past-mayors-and-deputy-mayors","external_links_name":"\"Past Mayors of Scarborough\""},{"Link":"https://scarboroughcivicsociety.org.uk/Town-Hall.php","external_links_name":"\"The Town Hall (formerly St Nicholas House\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/york/hi/people_and_places/history/newsid_9198000/9198640.stm","external_links_name":"\"Scarborough remembers Thomas Hinderwell with blue plaque\""},{"Link":"http://www.scarboroughsmaritimeheritage.org.uk/article.php?article=480","external_links_name":"\"The First Seaside Resort expands into Foreshore Road\""},{"Link":"https://www.thescarboroughnews.co.uk/news/days-when-you-could-hop-tram-scarborough-194347","external_links_name":"\"The days when you could hop on a tram in Scarborough\""},{"Link":"https://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/whats-on/arts-and-entertainment/136-years-full-ups-and-downs-1780206","external_links_name":"\"136 years full of ups and downs\""},{"Link":"http://www.electricangel.co.uk/494-2/","external_links_name":"\"It's Quicker By Tram\""},{"Link":"https://scarboroughcivicsociety.org.uk/Central-Tramway.php","external_links_name":"\"Central Tramway\""},{"Link":"https://www.centraltramway.co.uk/","external_links_name":"Central Tramway Official Website"},{"Link":"https://www.hra.uk.com/","external_links_name":"Heritage Railway Association"},{"Link":"http://www.funimag.com/","external_links_name":"Funimag: Funicular Web Magazine"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Central_Tramway_Company,_Scarborough&params=54_16_51_N_00_23_50_W_","external_links_name":"54°16′51″N 00°23′50″W / 54.28083°N 0.39722°W / 54.28083; -0.39722"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaound%C3%A9_Gynaecology,_Obstetrics_and_Pediatrics_Hospital
Yaoundé Gynaecology, Obstetrics and Pediatrics Hospital
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 3°52′31″N 11°31′48″E / 3.875195°N 11.529926°E / 3.875195; 11.529926Hospital in Yaoundé, CameroonYaoundé Gynaecology, Obstetrics and Pediatrics HospitalGeographyLocation1564 Rte de Ngousso, Yaoundé, CameroonCoordinates3°52′31″N 11°31′48″E / 3.875195°N 11.529926°E / 3.875195; 11.529926OrganisationTypeGeneral - Women and childrenHistoryOpened2002LinksWebsitehgopy.cmListsHospitals in Cameroon The Yaoundé Gynaecology, Obstetrics and Pediatrics Hospital (French Hôpital gynéco-obstétrique et pédiatrique de Yaoundé - HGOPY) is a hospital in Yaoundé, Cameroon that specializes in caring for women and children. The hospital was built with the assistance of the Government of China. It was officially opened on 28 March 2002 by President Paul Biya in a ceremony attended by the Chinese Vice-Minister of Health. Outpatient care began on 1 April 2002. References ^ "Hôpital gynéco-obstétrique et pédiatrique de Yaoundé (HGOPY)". 2009. Retrieved 2012-07-26. ^ "Yaoundé Gynaecology, Obstetrics and Pediatrics Hospital". Yaoundé Gynaecology, Obstetrics and Pediatrics Hospital. Retrieved August 29, 2020. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Czech Republic
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cis-1,2-dihydro-1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene_dehydrogenase
Cis-1,2-dihydro-1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene dehydrogenase
["1 References"]
Class of enzymes cis-1,2-dihydro-1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene dehydrogenaseIdentifiersEC no.1.3.1.29CAS no.53986-49-5 DatabasesIntEnzIntEnz viewBRENDABRENDA entryExPASyNiceZyme viewKEGGKEGG entryMetaCycmetabolic pathwayPRIAMprofilePDB structuresRCSB PDB PDBe PDBsumGene OntologyAmiGO / QuickGOSearchPMCarticlesPubMedarticlesNCBIproteins In enzymology, a cis-1,2-dihydro-1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene dehydrogenase (EC 1.3.1.29) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction cis-1,2-dihydronaphthalene-1,2-diol + NAD+ ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } naphthalene-1,2-diol + NADH + H+ Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are cis-1,2-dihydronaphthalene-1,2-diol and NAD+, whereas its 3 products are naphthalene-1,2-diol, NADH, and H+. This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-CH group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is cis-1,2-dihydronaphthalene-1,2-diol:NAD+ 1,2-oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include (+)-cis-naphthalene dihydrodiol dehydrogenase, naphthalene dihydrodiol dehydrogenase, and cis-dihydrodiol naphthalene dehydrogenase. This enzyme participates in 1- and 2-methylnaphthalene degradation and naphthalene and anthracene degradation. References Patel TR, Gibson DT (1974). "Purification and properties of (plus)-cis-naphthalene dihydrodiol dehydrogenase of Pseudomonas putida". J. Bacteriol. 119 (3): 879–88. PMC 245694. PMID 4369091. vteOxidoreductases: CH–CH oxidoreductases (EC 1.3)1.3.1: NAD/NADP acceptor Enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase/Enoyl ACP reductase 7-Dehydrocholesterol reductase Biliverdin reductase 2,4 Dienoyl-CoA reductase Dihydroxymethyloxo-tetrahydroquinoline dehydrogenase 1.3.3: Oxygen acceptor Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase Coproporphyrinogen III oxidase Protoporphyrinogen oxidase Bilirubin oxidase Acyl-CoA oxidase Dihydrouracil oxidase Tetrahydroberberine oxidase Secologanin synthase Tryptophan alpha,beta-oxidase Pyrroloquinoline-quinone synthase L-galactonolactone oxidase 1.3.5: Quinone Succinate dehydrogenase SDHA SDHB SDHC SDHD 1.3.99: Other acceptors Fumarate reductase Butyryl-CoA dehydrogenase Acyl CoA dehydrogenase ACADSB ACADS 5α-reductase SRD5A1 SRD5A2 SRD5A3 Glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase Isovaleryl coenzyme A dehydrogenase 3-oxo-5beta-steroid 4-dehydrogenase vteEnzymesActivity Active site Binding site Catalytic triad Oxyanion hole Enzyme promiscuity Diffusion-limited enzyme Cofactor Enzyme catalysis Regulation Allosteric regulation Cooperativity Enzyme inhibitor Enzyme activator Classification EC number Enzyme superfamily Enzyme family List of enzymes Kinetics Enzyme kinetics Eadie–Hofstee diagram Hanes–Woolf plot Lineweaver–Burk plot Michaelis–Menten kinetics Types EC1 Oxidoreductases (list) EC2 Transferases (list) EC3 Hydrolases (list) EC4 Lyases (list) EC5 Isomerases (list) EC6 Ligases (list) EC7 Translocases (list) Portal: Biology This EC 1.3 enzyme-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9-Eustache,_marquis_d%27Osmond
René-Eustache, marquis d'Osmond
["1 Family and early life","2 Later career","3 See also","4 References"]
Coat of arms d'Osmond René-Eustache, marquis d'Osmond (17 December 1751, Saint-Domingue – 22 February 1838, Paris) was a nobleman who served in the French Army and as a diplomat during the Bourbon Restoration. Family and early life Born at Fort-Dauphin in Saint-Domingue, his father was Louis-Eustache d'Osmond (1718-1782), 3rd comte de Boitron, and his mother was Marie-Élisabeth née Cavelier de La Garenne. He was sent to France to join the Army and after being commissioned as Sous-lieutenant in the cavalry Régiment de Chartres, in 1771 he was seconded to the Régiment de Bourgogne, promoted 1776 as Mestre-de-camp lieutenant en second (Major) in the Duke of Orléans' Dragoons, becoming Colonel en second of the regiment in 1780, and then Mestre-de-camp commandant (Colonel) of the Régiment de Barrois (Infantry) from 1 January 1784. His uncle, Barnabé, comte d'Osmond (1716-1792), was Chamberlain of the Royal Orleans household and introduced him to the court of Louis Philippe I, Duke of Orléans (1725-1785). René-Eustache d'Osmond then became in regular attendance at the Castle of St Assisi, where the Royal Duke had taken up residence with his morganatic wife, Charlotte marquise de Montesson. On 15 March 1778, when stationed with his regiment at Blanquefort, he married Hélène-Éléonore Dillon (1753-1831), a creole beauty from the Martinique family de Tascher. They had two children: Adélaïde-Charlotte-Louise-Éléonore, comtesse de Boigne (1781-1866), a celebrated diarist; Charles-Eustache-Gabriel (1787-1862), 2nd (styled 5th) marquis d'Osmond. Later career In 1786 d'Osmond secured the purchase of the Armand-Joseph, duc de Charost's coal mining interests at Firminy and Roche-la-Molière, near Saint-Étienne, but his perceived business coup ran into difficulties from the outset since their smooth operation was hampered by local hostility. The French Revolutionaries supported the ransacking of mining businesses, and he tried in vain to obtain Constituent Assembly approval for his business concessions. Fortuitously, he had resigned as Governor of Rouen in 1788 and entered French diplomatic service. He was appointed Minister Plenipotentiary to The Hague in 1789, then Ambassador to St Petersburg in 1790, where he replaced Louis-Philippe, comte de Ségur. However, he resigned following the flight to Varennes without ever occupying the post, and joined his family, who already emigrated to Switzerland in 1792. His brother, Antoine-Eustache d'Osmond (Constitutional Bishop of Nancy), who had sided with the Emperor Napoleon, ensured that his name was removed from the list of emigrants enabling him to return to France during the régime of the First French Empire. On 17 August 1815, King Louis XVIII appointed him a Lieutenant-General of the Army as well as a hereditary peer. He was then posted as French Ambassador to Turin (1814-1815) and then to London (November 1815-January 1819). He was created a marquis and peer of France by Royal decree, dated 31 August 1817 (in the title previously held by a senior branch of the d'Osmond family, extinct 1771). In 1814, he was restored to the rights of his coal mining interests, but short of working capital and know-how, he exchanged them for a percentage of shares in the new Compagnie des Mines de Roche-Firminy. See also List of Ambassadors of France to the United Kingdom Famille d'Osmond (in French) References ^ www.patronsdefrance.fr Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF National Germany United States Netherlands
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saint-Domingue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Domingue"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"nobleman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobility"},{"link_name":"French Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Army"},{"link_name":"diplomat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomat"},{"link_name":"Bourbon Restoration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France"}],"text":"René-Eustache, marquis d'Osmond (17 December 1751, Saint-Domingue – 22 February 1838, Paris) was a nobleman who served in the French Army and as a diplomat during the Bourbon Restoration.","title":"René-Eustache, marquis d'Osmond"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fort-Dauphin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort-Libert%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Saint-Domingue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Domingue"},{"link_name":"comte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count"},{"link_name":"Boitron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boitron,_Orne"},{"link_name":"Cavelier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9-Robert_Cavelier,_Sieur_de_La_Salle"},{"link_name":"de La Garenne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaillon"},{"link_name":"Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Royal_Army_(1652%E2%80%931830)"},{"link_name":"Sous-lieutenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Lieutenant"},{"link_name":"Régiment de Chartres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9giment_de_Chartres"},{"link_name":"Régiment de Bourgogne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9giment_de_Bourgogne"},{"link_name":"Mestre-de-camp lieutenant en second (Major)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mestre_de_camp"},{"link_name":"Duke of Orléans' Dragoons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/16e_r%C3%A9giment_de_dragons"},{"link_name":"Colonel en second","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant-colonel"},{"link_name":"Mestre-de-camp commandant (Colonel)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mestre_de_camp"},{"link_name":"Régiment de Barrois (Infantry)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9giment_de_Barrois"},{"link_name":"Barnabé, comte d'Osmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Barnab%C3%A9_Louis_d%27Osmond"},{"link_name":"Chamberlain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamberlain_(office)"},{"link_name":"Royal Orleans household","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Orleans"},{"link_name":"court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_(royal)"},{"link_name":"Louis Philippe I, Duke of Orléans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans"},{"link_name":"Castle of St Assisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assisi"},{"link_name":"Royal Duke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Duke"},{"link_name":"morganatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morganatic"},{"link_name":"Charlotte marquise de Montesson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madame_de_Montesson"},{"link_name":"Blanquefort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanquefort,_Gironde"},{"link_name":"Hélène-Éléonore Dillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89l%C3%A9onore_Dillon"},{"link_name":"Martinique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinique"},{"link_name":"de Tascher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph-Gaspard_de_Tascher_de_La_Pagerie"},{"link_name":"Adélaïde-Charlotte-Louise-Éléonore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad%C3%A8le_d%27Osmond"},{"link_name":"comtesse de Boigne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beno%C3%AEt_de_Boigne"},{"link_name":"Charles-Eustache-Gabriel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainulphe_d%27Osmond"},{"link_name":"marquis d'Osmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquis"}],"text":"Born at Fort-Dauphin in Saint-Domingue, his father was Louis-Eustache d'Osmond (1718-1782), 3rd comte de Boitron, and his mother was Marie-Élisabeth née Cavelier de La Garenne.He was sent to France to join the Army and after being commissioned as Sous-lieutenant in the cavalry Régiment de Chartres, in 1771 he was seconded to the Régiment de Bourgogne, promoted 1776 as Mestre-de-camp lieutenant en second (Major) in the Duke of Orléans' Dragoons, becoming Colonel en second of the regiment in 1780, and then Mestre-de-camp commandant (Colonel) of the Régiment de Barrois (Infantry) from 1 January 1784.His uncle, Barnabé, comte d'Osmond (1716-1792), was Chamberlain of the Royal Orleans household and introduced him to the court of Louis Philippe I, Duke of Orléans (1725-1785). René-Eustache d'Osmond then became in regular attendance at the Castle of St Assisi, where the Royal Duke had taken up residence with his morganatic wife, Charlotte marquise de Montesson.On 15 March 1778, when stationed with his regiment at Blanquefort, he married Hélène-Éléonore Dillon (1753-1831), a creole beauty from the Martinique family de Tascher. They had two children:Adélaïde-Charlotte-Louise-Éléonore, comtesse de Boigne (1781-1866), a celebrated diarist;\nCharles-Eustache-Gabriel (1787-1862), 2nd (styled 5th) marquis d'Osmond.","title":"Family and early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Armand-Joseph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armand_Joseph_de_Bethune"},{"link_name":"duc de Charost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Bethune"},{"link_name":"Firminy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firminy"},{"link_name":"Roche-la-Molière","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roche-la-Moli%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"Saint-Étienne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-%C3%89tienne"},{"link_name":"French Revolutionaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Constituent Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Constituent_Assembly_(France)"},{"link_name":"Governor of Rouen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouen_Castle"},{"link_name":"Minister Plenipotentiary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_Plenipotentiary"},{"link_name":"The Hague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague"},{"link_name":"Ambassador to St Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ambassadors_of_France_to_Russia"},{"link_name":"Louis-Philippe, comte de Ségur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Philippe,_comte_de_S%C3%A9gur"},{"link_name":"flight to Varennes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_to_Varennes"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Antoine-Eustache d'Osmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Eustache_d%27Osmond"},{"link_name":"Constitutional Bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_Bishop"},{"link_name":"Nancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Nancy"},{"link_name":"Emperor Napoleon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon"},{"link_name":"First French Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_French_Empire"},{"link_name":"King Louis XVIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Louis_XVIII"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant-General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant-General"},{"link_name":"Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Army"},{"link_name":"hereditary peer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereditary_peer"},{"link_name":"French Ambassador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambassador"},{"link_name":"Turin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turin"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ambassadors_of_France_to_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"marquis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquis"},{"link_name":"peer of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer_of_France"},{"link_name":"Royal decree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_decree"},{"link_name":"title","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title"},{"link_name":"coal mining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_mining"},{"link_name":"shares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Share_(finance)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"In 1786 d'Osmond secured the purchase of the Armand-Joseph, duc de Charost's coal mining interests at Firminy and Roche-la-Molière, near Saint-Étienne, but his perceived business coup ran into difficulties from the outset since their smooth operation was hampered by local hostility. The French Revolutionaries supported the ransacking of mining businesses, and he tried in vain to obtain Constituent Assembly approval for his business concessions.Fortuitously, he had resigned as Governor of Rouen in 1788 and entered French diplomatic service. He was appointed Minister Plenipotentiary to The Hague in 1789, then Ambassador to St Petersburg in 1790, where he replaced Louis-Philippe, comte de Ségur. However, he resigned following the flight to Varennes without ever occupying the post, and joined his family, who already emigrated to Switzerland in 1792.His brother, Antoine-Eustache d'Osmond (Constitutional Bishop of Nancy), who had sided with the Emperor Napoleon, ensured that his name was removed from the list of emigrants enabling him to return to France during the régime of the First French Empire.On 17 August 1815, King Louis XVIII appointed him a Lieutenant-General of the Army as well as a hereditary peer. He was then posted as French Ambassador to Turin (1814-1815) and then to London (November 1815-January 1819). He was created a marquis and peer of France by Royal decree, dated 31 August 1817 (in the title previously held by a senior branch of the d'Osmond family, extinct 1771).In 1814, he was restored to the rights of his coal mining interests, but short of working capital and know-how, he exchanged them for a percentage of shares in the new Compagnie des Mines de Roche-Firminy.[1]","title":"Later career"}]
[{"image_text":"Coat of arms d'Osmond","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Blason_Famille_d%27Osmond.svg/155px-Blason_Famille_d%27Osmond.svg.png"}]
[{"title":"List of Ambassadors of France to the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ambassadors_of_France_to_the_United_Kingdom"},{"title":"Famille d'Osmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famille_d%27Osmond"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Trinity,_%C5%BDilina
Holy Trinity Cathedral, Žilina
["1 History","2 References"]
Coordinates: 49°13′27″N 18°44′27″E / 49.22421°N 18.74092°E / 49.22421; 18.74092Church in Žilina, SlovakiaHoly Trinity CathedralThe Cathedral Church of the Holy TrinityFarský kostolChurch of The Holy Trinity. The Burian's Tower is located on the left.49°13′27″N 18°44′27″E / 49.22421°N 18.74092°E / 49.22421; 18.74092LocationŽilinaCountrySlovakiaDenominationRoman CatholicHistoryStatusActiveFounded1400ArchitectureFunctional statusCathedral and Parish ChurchAdministrationDioceseDiocese of ŽilinaClergyBishop(s)Tomáš Galis The Church of the Holy Trinity, since February 2008 Holy Trinity Cathedral (colloquially in Slovak Farský kostol, meaning Parish church) is a Roman Catholic church in Žilina, Slovakia. It is one of the town's most significant monuments. Together with the Burian's Tower it creates the typical skyline of the town. History The church was built around 1400. The Žilina castle is assumed to be already there as early as the 13th century, of which there are documents from 1318 to 1454. It was originally consecrated to Mary, but in the 16th century it was reconsecrated as the Church of the Holy Trinity. The chapel of John of Nepomuk was added in 1762. The church burned down three times, in 1678, 1848 and partly in 1886. The three naves of the church were originally in Gothic style, but after a reconstruction it was styled to Renaissance style. The last major reconstruction of the church was done in 1942. The main altarpiece in the main altar depicts the Holy Trinity, the side altars depict Immaculate Conception and the Crucifix, and near the entrance there is a picture of Saint Anne. In the compounds of the church stands separate Burian's Tower, built in the first half of the 16th century. The tower offers a good view of the preserved medieval part of the town. Since February 2008 the church is the cathedral of the Diocese of Žilina. References ^ a b "Home - Žilinská diecéza - Rímskokatolícka cirkeva". Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cathedral of the Holy Trinity, Žilina. vteCathedrals of the Catholic Church in SlovakiaLatin Church St Francis Xavier Cathedral (Banská Bystrica) St Martin's Cathedral (Bratislava) Cathedral of St. Elizabeth (Košice) St Emmeram's Cathedral (Nitra) Co-Cathedral of Our Lady of Sorrows (Poprad) Co-Cathedral of Saint Nicholas (Prešov) Cathedral of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary (Rožňava) St Martin's Cathedral (Spišská Kapitula) St John the Baptist Cathedral (Trnava) Holy Trinity Cathedral (Žilina) Slovak Greek Catholic Church Cathedral of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross (Bratislava) Cathedral of the Nativity of the Mother of God (Košice) Cathedral of Saint John the Baptist (Prešov) Military Ordinariate Old Cathedral of Saint John of Matha and Saint Felix of Valois (Bratislava) Cathedral of Saint Sebastian (Bratislava)  Catholicism portal  Christianity portal
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C4%83urei,_Neam%C8%9B
Făurei, Neamț
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 46°55′27″N 26°42′55″E / 46.9241°N 26.7152°E / 46.9241; 26.7152Commune in Romania For other places with the same name, see Făurei (disambiguation). For Micșuneștii Mari and Micșuneștii-Moară villages in Ilfov County, see Nuci. Commune in Neamț, RomaniaFăureiCommuneLocation in Neamț CountyFăureiLocation in RomaniaCoordinates: 46°55′27″N 26°42′55″E / 46.9241°N 26.7152°E / 46.9241; 26.7152CountryRomaniaCountyNeamțPopulation (2021-12-01)1,877Time zoneEET/EEST (UTC+2/+3)Vehicle reg.NT Făurei is a commune in Neamț County, Western Moldavia, Romania. It is composed of four villages: Budești, Climești, Făurei and Micșunești. vteNeamț County, RomaniaCities Piatra Neamț (county seat) Roman Towns Bicaz Roznov Târgu Neamț Communes Agapia Alexandru cel Bun Bahna Bălțătești Bâra Bârgăuani Bicaz-Chei Bicazu Ardelean Bodești Boghicea Borca Borlești Botești Bozieni Brusturi Cândești Ceahlău Cordun Costișa Crăcăoani Dămuc Dobreni Dochia Doljești Drăgănești Dragomirești Dulcești Dumbrava Roșie Farcașa Făurei Gâdinți Gârcina Gherăești Ghindăoani Girov Grințieș Grumăzești Hangu Horia Icușești Ion Creangă Mărgineni Moldoveni Negrești Oniceni Pâncești Pângărați Păstrăveni Petricani Piatra Șoimului Pipirig Podoleni Poiana Teiului Poienari Răucești Războieni Rediu Români Ruginoasa Săbăoani Sagna Săvinești Secuieni Stănița Ștefan cel Mare Tămășeni Tarcău Tașca Tazlău Țibucani Timișești Trifești Tupilați Urecheni Valea Ursului Văleni Vânători-Neamț Zănești References ^ "Populaţia rezidentă după grupa de vârstă, pe județe și municipii, orașe, comune, la 1 decembrie 2021" (XLS). National Institute of Statistics. This Neamț County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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Roșie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumbrava_Ro%C8%99ie"},{"link_name":"Farcașa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farca%C8%99a"},{"link_name":"Făurei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Gâdinți","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A2din%C8%9Bi"},{"link_name":"Gârcina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A2rcina"},{"link_name":"Gherăești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gher%C4%83e%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"Ghindăoani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghind%C4%83oani"},{"link_name":"Girov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girov"},{"link_name":"Grințieș","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grin%C8%9Bie%C8%99"},{"link_name":"Grumăzești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grum%C4%83ze%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"Hangu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangu,_Neam%C8%9B"},{"link_name":"Horia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horia,_Neam%C8%9B"},{"link_name":"Icușești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icu%C8%99e%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"Ion Creangă","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_Creang%C4%83,_Neam%C8%9B"},{"link_name":"Mărgineni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%83rgineni,_Neam%C8%9B"},{"link_name":"Moldoveni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldoveni,_Neam%C8%9B"},{"link_name":"Negrești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negre%C8%99ti,_Neam%C8%9B"},{"link_name":"Oniceni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oniceni"},{"link_name":"Pâncești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A2nce%C8%99ti,_Neam%C8%9B"},{"link_name":"Pângărați","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A2ng%C4%83ra%C8%9Bi"},{"link_name":"Păstrăveni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%83str%C4%83veni"},{"link_name":"Petricani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petricani"},{"link_name":"Piatra Șoimului","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piatra_%C8%98oimului"},{"link_name":"Pipirig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipirig"},{"link_name":"Podoleni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podoleni"},{"link_name":"Poiana Teiului","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poiana_Teiului"},{"link_name":"Poienari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poienari"},{"link_name":"Răucești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%83uce%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"Războieni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%83zboieni,_Neam%C8%9B"},{"link_name":"Rediu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rediu,_Neam%C8%9B"},{"link_name":"Români","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom%C3%A2ni,_Neam%C8%9B"},{"link_name":"Ruginoasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruginoasa,_Neam%C8%9B"},{"link_name":"Săbăoani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%83b%C4%83oani"},{"link_name":"Sagna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagna,_Neam%C8%9B"},{"link_name":"Săvinești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%83vine%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"Secuieni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secuieni,_Neam%C8%9B"},{"link_name":"Stănița","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C4%83ni%C8%9Ba"},{"link_name":"Ștefan cel Mare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C8%98tefan_cel_Mare,_Neam%C8%9B"},{"link_name":"Tămășeni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%83m%C4%83%C8%99eni"},{"link_name":"Tarcău","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarc%C4%83u"},{"link_name":"Tașca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C8%99ca"},{"link_name":"Tazlău","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tazl%C4%83u"},{"link_name":"Țibucani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C8%9Aibucani"},{"link_name":"Timișești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timi%C8%99e%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"Trifești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trife%C8%99ti,_Neam%C8%9B"},{"link_name":"Tupilați","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupila%C8%9Bi"},{"link_name":"Urecheni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urecheni"},{"link_name":"Valea Ursului","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valea_Ursului"},{"link_name":"Văleni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%83leni,_Neam%C8%9B"},{"link_name":"Vânători-Neamț","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A2n%C4%83tori-Neam%C8%9B"},{"link_name":"Zănești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C4%83ne%C8%99ti"}],"text":"Commune in RomaniaFor other places with the same name, see Făurei (disambiguation).For Micșuneștii Mari and Micșuneștii-Moară villages in Ilfov County, see Nuci.Commune in Neamț, RomaniaFăurei is a commune in Neamț County, Western Moldavia, Romania. It is composed of four villages: Budești, Climești, Făurei and Micșunești.vteNeamț County, RomaniaCities\nPiatra Neamț (county seat)\nRoman\nTowns\nBicaz\nRoznov\nTârgu Neamț\nCommunes\nAgapia\nAlexandru cel Bun\nBahna\nBălțătești\nBâra\nBârgăuani\nBicaz-Chei\nBicazu Ardelean\nBodești\nBoghicea\nBorca\nBorlești\nBotești\nBozieni\nBrusturi\nCândești\nCeahlău\nCordun\nCostișa\nCrăcăoani\nDămuc\nDobreni\nDochia\nDoljești\nDrăgănești\nDragomirești\nDulcești\nDumbrava Roșie\nFarcașa\nFăurei\nGâdinți\nGârcina\nGherăești\nGhindăoani\nGirov\nGrințieș\nGrumăzești\nHangu\nHoria\nIcușești\nIon Creangă\nMărgineni\nMoldoveni\nNegrești\nOniceni\nPâncești\nPângărați\nPăstrăveni\nPetricani\nPiatra Șoimului\nPipirig\nPodoleni\nPoiana Teiului\nPoienari\nRăucești\nRăzboieni\nRediu\nRomâni\nRuginoasa\nSăbăoani\nSagna\nSăvinești\nSecuieni\nStănița\nȘtefan cel Mare\nTămășeni\nTarcău\nTașca\nTazlău\nȚibucani\nTimișești\nTrifești\nTupilați\nUrecheni\nValea Ursului\nVăleni\nVânători-Neamț\nZănești","title":"Făurei, Neamț"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Francis_Church,_Kochi
Church of Saint Francis, Kochi
["1 History","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
Coordinates: 9°57′57″N 76°14′28″E / 9.965945°N 76.241102°E / 9.965945; 76.241102 Church in Kerala, IndiaSaint Francis CSI Church near Bhavanas houseFront side of the Church9°57′57″N 76°14′28″E / 9.965945°N 76.241102°E / 9.965945; 76.241102LocationKochi, KeralaCountryIndiaDenominationChurch of South IndiaHistoryConsecrated1506ArchitectureCompleted1516AdministrationDioceseKochi Diocese Saint Francis Church, in Fort Kochi, Kochi, originally built in 1503, is one of the oldest European churches in India and has historical significance as a witness to the European colonial ambitions in the subcontinent. The Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama died in Kochi in 1524 when he was on his third visit to India. His body was originally buried in this church, but after fourteen years his remains were relocated to Lisbon and is now interred at Jerónimos Monastery. History Vasco da Gama, who discovered the sea route from Europe to India, landed at Kappad near Kozhikode (Calicut) in 1498. He was followed by Pedro Álvares Cabral and Afonso de Albuquerque. They built Fort Emmanuel at the Fort Kochi Beach with permission from the Raja of Cochin. Within the fort, they built a church with a wooden structure, which was dedicated to St. Bartholomew. The neighbourhood is now known as Fort Kochi. Francisco de Almeida, the Portuguese viceroy, was allowed, in 1506, by the Raja of Cochin to reconstruct wooden buildings in stone and masonry. The Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama died in Kochi in 1524 on his third visit to India. His body was originally buried in this church, but after fourteen years his remains were moved to Lisbon. Towards the entrance in front of St Francis Church Front view of the church The Franciscans retained control over the church till the Dutch captured Kochi in 1663. While the Portuguese were Roman Catholics, and the Netherlands had Catholic and Protestant citizens, the Dutch government and Colonialists were Protestant. They demolished all the churches except this one. They reconditioned it and converted it into a government church. See also Christianity in India Church of South India Kochi Diocese of the Church of South India References ^ "National Portal of India". Govt Of India. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 9 January 2010. ^ "St. Francis Church, Kochi". Wonderful Kerala. Retrieved 21 February 2008. ^ Missick, Stephen Andrew. "Mar Thoma: The Apostolic Foundation of the Assyrian Church and the Christians of St. Thomas in India" (PDF). Ancient Indian Christianity. Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies Vol. XIV, no. 2, 2000. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 February 2008. Retrieved 21 February 2008. ^ a b c d e f "St. Francis Church". webindia123. Retrieved 21 February 2008. ^ a b Ayub, Akber (ed), Kerala: Maps & More, Fort Kochi, 2006 edition 2007 reprint, pp. 20–24, Stark World Publishing, Bangalore, ISBN 81-902505-2-3 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to St. Francis Church, Kochi. 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Ernakulam Bharata Mata College St. Albert's College Roads Mahatma Gandhi Road Chittoor Road Banerji Road Shanmugham Road Park Avenue S.A Road Kaloor-Kadavanthra Road Kochi Bypass Seaport-Airport Road Sports Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium Regional Sports Centre Maharaja's College Stadium FACT Stadium Kerala Blasters FC Kochi Tuskers Kerala Press Malayala Manorama Mathrubhumi Madhyamam Daily Deshabhimani Sathyadeepam Television channels Surya TV Flowers Jeevan TV Reporter TV Kochu TV Indiavision vteChristianity in KeralaDenominations Assemblies of God in India Chaldean Syrian Church Church of God (Full Gospel) in India Church of South India Indian Pentecostal Church of God Jacobite Syrian Christian Church Kerala Brethren Latin Catholic Church Malabar Independent Syrian Church Mar Thoma Syrian Church Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church The Salvation Army St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India Syro-Malabar Church Syro-Malankara Catholic Church The Pentecostal Mission Religiousorganisations Divine 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fort Kochi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Kochi"},{"link_name":"Kochi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kochi"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"subcontinent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_subcontinent"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kochi2-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Portuguese explorer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal_in_the_Age_of_Discovery"},{"link_name":"Vasco da Gama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama"},{"link_name":"third visit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama#Third_voyage_and_death"},{"link_name":"Lisbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbon"},{"link_name":"Jerónimos Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jer%C3%B3nimos_Monastery"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kochi3-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ayub-5"}],"text":"Church in Kerala, IndiaSaint Francis Church, in Fort Kochi, Kochi, originally built in 1503, is one of the oldest European churches in India[1] and has historical significance as a witness to the European colonial ambitions in the subcontinent.[2][3] The Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama died in Kochi in 1524 when he was on his third visit to India. His body was originally buried in this church, but after fourteen years his remains were relocated to Lisbon and is now interred at Jerónimos Monastery.[4][5]","title":"Church of Saint Francis, Kochi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vasco da Gama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama"},{"link_name":"Kappad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kappad"},{"link_name":"Kozhikode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kozhikode"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kochi3-4"},{"link_name":"Pedro Álvares Cabral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_%C3%81lvares_Cabral"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kochi3-4"},{"link_name":"Afonso de Albuquerque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afonso_de_Albuquerque"},{"link_name":"Fort Emmanuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Emmanuel"},{"link_name":"Fort Kochi Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Kochi_Beach"},{"link_name":"Raja of Cochin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cochin"},{"link_name":"St. Bartholomew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartholomew_the_Apostle"},{"link_name":"Fort Kochi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Kochi"},{"link_name":"Francisco de Almeida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_de_Almeida"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kochi3-4"},{"link_name":"Portuguese explorer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_explorer"},{"link_name":"third visit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama#Third_voyage_and_death"},{"link_name":"Lisbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbon"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kochi3-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ayub-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St_Francis_Church_Entrance.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St._Francis_Church,_Kochi.JPG"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Protestant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Reformation"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kochi3-4"}],"text":"Vasco da Gama, who discovered the sea route from Europe to India, landed at Kappad near Kozhikode (Calicut) in 1498.[4] He was followed by Pedro Álvares Cabral[4] and Afonso de Albuquerque. They built Fort Emmanuel at the Fort Kochi Beach with permission from the Raja of Cochin. Within the fort, they built a church with a wooden structure, which was dedicated to St. Bartholomew. The neighbourhood is now known as Fort Kochi. Francisco de Almeida, the Portuguese viceroy, was allowed, in 1506, by the Raja of Cochin to reconstruct wooden buildings in stone and masonry.[4]The Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama died in Kochi in 1524 on his third visit to India. His body was originally buried in this church, but after fourteen years his remains were moved to Lisbon.[4][5]Towards the entrance in front of St Francis ChurchFront view of the churchThe Franciscans retained control over the church till the Dutch captured Kochi in 1663. While the Portuguese were Roman Catholics, and the Netherlands had Catholic and Protestant citizens, the Dutch government and Colonialists were Protestant. They demolished all the churches except this one. They reconditioned it and converted it into a government church.[4]","title":"History"}]
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[{"title":"Christianity in India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_India"},{"title":"Church of South India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_South_India"},{"title":"Kochi Diocese of the Church of South India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kochi_Diocese_of_the_Church_of_South_India"}]
[{"reference":"\"National Portal of India\". Govt Of India. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 9 January 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110721162848/http://india.gov.in/myindia/facts.php","url_text":"\"National Portal of India\""},{"url":"http://india.gov.in/myindia/facts.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"St. Francis Church, Kochi\". Wonderful Kerala. Retrieved 21 February 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mapsofindia.com/kochi/tourist-attractions/st-francis-church-kochi.html","url_text":"\"St. Francis Church, Kochi\""}]},{"reference":"Missick, Stephen Andrew. \"Mar Thoma: The Apostolic Foundation of the Assyrian Church and the Christians of St. Thomas in India\" (PDF). Ancient Indian Christianity. Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies Vol. XIV, no. 2, 2000. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 February 2008. Retrieved 21 February 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080227170937/http://www.jaas.org/edocs/v14n2/missick.pdf","url_text":"\"Mar Thoma: The Apostolic Foundation of the Assyrian Church and the Christians of St. Thomas in India\""},{"url":"http://www.jaas.org/edocs/v14n2/missick.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"St. Francis Church\". webindia123. Retrieved 21 February 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.webindia123.com/tourism/pilgrim/francis.htm","url_text":"\"St. Francis Church\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitbourne,_England
Whitbourne, Herefordshire
["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]
Coordinates: 52°12′28″N 2°24′24″W / 52.20782°N 2.40678°W / 52.20782; -2.40678 This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (September 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Human settlement in EnglandWhitbourneWhitbourne C of E Independent School & Hub - WISHWhitbourneLocation within HerefordshirePopulation799 (2011)OS grid referenceSO723567• London146mCivil parishWhitbourneUnitary authorityHerefordshireCeremonial countyHerefordshireRegionWest MidlandsCountryEnglandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townWorcesterPostcode districtWR6Dialling code01886PoliceWest MerciaFireHereford and WorcesterAmbulanceWest Midlands UK ParliamentNorth Herefordshire List of places UK England Herefordshire 52°12′28″N 2°24′24″W / 52.20782°N 2.40678°W / 52.20782; -2.40678 Whitbourne (Anglo-Saxon for "white stream") is a village in Eastern Herefordshire, England on the banks of the River Teme and close to the A44. It is close to Bringsty Common on one side and the border of Worcestershire on the other. Around 400 people live in the village itself with about as many residing in surrounding houses and farms. It has a Welsh Water pumping station, which supplies the town of Bromyard and the surrounding area and which flooded in July 2007. Whitbourne Church of England Primary School was a voluntary controlled school located at the centre of the village. Pupil numbers fluctuated between 40 and 70 and closed due to falling numbers in July 2013 but a local group opened the premises, with the permission of the landlords, the church, as a free school WISH - in September 2013. This closed after a short while. The village currently has one pub, The Live at Whitbourne. The village shop, which is staffed and managed entirely by volunteers, is located in new premises south of the school: it has a recycling/composting arrangement for all its unsold fruit and vegetables, with effect from 2021. It remained open every day throughout the Covid-19 pandemic of 2020-21, to the huge benefit of the community. As a non-profit, it ploughs money back into community efforts. Whitbourne Hall is a grade II* listed neo-Palladian country house located outside the village. The hall is divided into private residences, but is hired out for private receptions, business conferences and group tours. Whitbourne Court by the church was once the summer home of the Church of England Bishop of Herefordshire, Francis Godwin, who wrote the first book of science fiction, entitled The Man in the Moone, which was published in 1638. See also List of civil parishes in Herefordshire List of places in Herefordshire References ^ "Civil parish population 2011". Retrieved 28 October 2015. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Whitbourne, Herefordshire. Whitbourne Parish website Future Whitbourne project Whitbourne Primary School website Whitbourne Hall website People of Whitbourne investigation The Wheatsheaf Authority control databases International VIAF National United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anglo-Saxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_English_language"},{"link_name":"Herefordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herefordshire"},{"link_name":"River Teme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Teme"},{"link_name":"A44","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A44_road"},{"link_name":"Bringsty Common","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bringsty_Common"},{"link_name":"Worcestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcestershire"},{"link_name":"Welsh Water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_Water"},{"link_name":"Bromyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromyard"},{"link_name":"flooded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flooded"},{"link_name":"Church of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_England"},{"link_name":"Primary School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_School"},{"link_name":"voluntary controlled school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voluntary_controlled_school"},{"link_name":"Whitbourne Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitbourne_Hall"},{"link_name":"grade II* listed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_building"},{"link_name":"neo-Palladian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palladian_architecture"},{"link_name":"country house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_country_house"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Human settlement in EnglandWhitbourne (Anglo-Saxon for \"white stream\") is a village in Eastern Herefordshire, England on the banks of the River Teme and close to the A44. It is close to Bringsty Common on one side and the border of Worcestershire on the other. Around 400 people live in the village itself with about as many residing in surrounding houses and farms. It has a Welsh Water pumping station, which supplies the town of Bromyard and the surrounding area and which flooded in July 2007.Whitbourne Church of England Primary School was a voluntary controlled school located at the centre of the village. Pupil numbers fluctuated between 40 and 70 and closed due to falling numbers in July 2013 but a local group opened the premises, with the permission of the landlords, the church, as a free school WISH - in September 2013. This closed after a short while.The village currently has one pub, The Live at Whitbourne. The village shop, which is staffed and managed entirely by volunteers, is located in new premises south of the school: it has a recycling/composting arrangement for all its unsold fruit and vegetables, with effect from 2021. It remained open every day throughout the Covid-19 pandemic of 2020-21, to the huge benefit of the community. As a non-profit, it ploughs money back into community efforts.Whitbourne Hall is a grade II* listed neo-Palladian country house located outside the village. The hall is divided into private residences, but is hired out for private receptions, business conferences and group tours.Whitbourne Court by the church was once the summer home of the Church of England Bishop of Herefordshire, Francis Godwin, who wrote the first book of science fiction, entitled The Man in the Moone, which was published in 1638.[citation needed]","title":"Whitbourne, Herefordshire"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of civil parishes in Herefordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_civil_parishes_in_Herefordshire"},{"title":"List of places in Herefordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_places_in_Herefordshire"}]
[{"reference":"\"Civil parish population 2011\". Retrieved 28 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?a=7&b=11130546&c=WR6+5NA&d=16&e=62&g=6385785&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&m=0&r=0&s=1446047572456&enc=1","url_text":"\"Civil parish population 2011\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadsbury_Township,_Crawford_County,_Pennsylvania
Sadsbury Township, Crawford County, Pennsylvania
["1 Geography","2 Demographics","3 References","4 External links"]
Coordinates: 41°36′00″N 80°19′59″W / 41.60000°N 80.33306°W / 41.60000; -80.33306For other Pennsylvania townships with similar names, see Sadsbury Township, Pennsylvania (disambiguation). Township in Pennsylvania, United StatesSadsbury Township, Crawford County,PennsylvaniaTownshipConneaut LakeLocation of Sadsbury Township in Crawford CountyLocation of Crawford County in PennsylvaniaCountryUnited StatesStatePennsylvaniaCountyCrawford CountyArea • Total25.08 sq mi (64.95 km2) • Land23.67 sq mi (61.31 km2) • Water1.40 sq mi (3.63 km2)Highest elevation (northeast boundary)1,300 ft (400 m)Lowest elevation (Shenango River above Pymatuning Reservoir)1,010 ft (310 m)Population (2020) • Total2,752 • Estimate (2022)2,717 • Density121.83/sq mi (47.04/km2)Time zoneUTC-4 (EST) • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (EDT)Area code814Websitewww.sadsburytownship.com Sadsbury Township is a township in Crawford County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 2,752 at the 2020 census, down from 2,933 at the 2010 census. Geography Sadsbury Township is in western Crawford County. Conneaut Lake occupies the northeastern portion of the township, and the borough of Conneaut Lake is at the southern end of the lake, surrounded by the township but a separate municipality. Housing developments around the lake outside of the borough are part of the Conneaut Lakeshore census-designated place, which along with the lake extends north into Summit Township. The unincorporated community of Shermansville is in the northwestern part of Sadsbury Township. According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 25.1 square miles (64.9 km2), of which 23.7 square miles (61.3 km2) is land and 1.4 square miles (3.6 km2), or 5.60%, is water. Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 20002,941—20102,933−0.3%20202,752−6.2%2022 (est.)2,717−1.3%U.S. Decennial Census As of the census of 2000, there were 2,941 people, 1,274 households, and 845 families residing in the township. The population density was 124.0 inhabitants per square mile (47.9/km2). There were 2,177 housing units at an average density of 91.8 per square mile (35.4/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 99.35% White, 0.07% African American, 0.07% Native American, 0.07% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.03% from other races, and 0.37% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.24% of the population. There were 1,274 households, out of which 24.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.3% were married couples living together, 7.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.6% were non-families. 27.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.31 and the average family size was 2.80. In the township the population was spread out, with 20.9% under the age of 18, 5.9% from 18 to 24, 26.6% from 25 to 44, 29.5% from 45 to 64, and 17.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females there were 97.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.3 males. The median income for a household in the township was $38,207, and the median income for a family was $42,708. Males had a median income of $36,792 versus $21,631 for females. The per capita income for the township was $20,615. About 4.0% of families and 6.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.1% of those under age 18 and 2.3% of those age 65 or over. References ^ "2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved Aug 13, 2017. ^ a b "Linesville Creek Topo Map, Crawford County PA (Linesville Area)". TopoZone. Locality, LLC. Retrieved 2 September 2019. ^ a b c Bureau, US Census. "City and Town Population Totals: 2020-2022". Census.gov. US Census Bureau. Retrieved August 24, 2023. ^ a b "Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Census Summary File 1 (G001): Sadsbury township, Crawford County, Pennsylvania". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved June 9, 2015. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2016. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31. External links Sadsbury Township official website vteMunicipalities and communities of Crawford County, Pennsylvania, United StatesCounty seat: MeadvilleCities Meadville Titusville Boroughs Blooming Valley Cambridge Springs Centerville Cochranton Conneaut Lake Conneautville Hydetown Linesville Saegertown Spartansburg Springboro Townville Venango Woodcock Townships Athens Beaver Bloomfield Cambridge Conneaut Cussewago East Fairfield East Fallowfield East Mead Fairfield Greenwood Hayfield North Shenango Oil Creek Pine Randolph Richmond Rockdale Rome Sadsbury South Shenango Sparta Spring Steuben Summerhill Summit Troy Union Venango Vernon Wayne West Fallowfield West Mead West Shenango Woodcock CDPs Adamsville Atlantic Canadohta Lake Conneaut Lakeshore Fredericksburg Geneva Guys Mills Harmonsburg Hartstown Kerrtown Lincolnville Pymatuning Central Pymatuning North Pymatuning South Riceville Rockdale Acres Unincorporatedcommunities Buells Corners Custards Espyville Fauncetown Frenchtown Pennsylvania portal United States portal 41°36′00″N 80°19′59″W / 41.60000°N 80.33306°W / 41.60000; -80.33306
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sadsbury Township, Pennsylvania (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadsbury_Township,_Pennsylvania_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Township_(Pennsylvania)"},{"link_name":"Crawford County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crawford_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USCensusEst2020-2022-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2010-4"}],"text":"For other Pennsylvania townships with similar names, see Sadsbury Township, Pennsylvania (disambiguation).Township in Pennsylvania, United StatesSadsbury Township is a township in Crawford County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 2,752 at the 2020 census,[3] down from 2,933 at the 2010 census.[4]","title":"Sadsbury Township, Crawford County, Pennsylvania"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Conneaut Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conneaut_Lake"},{"link_name":"Conneaut Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conneaut_Lake,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Conneaut Lakeshore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conneaut_Lakeshore,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"census-designated place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census-designated_place"},{"link_name":"Summit Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summit_Township,_Crawford_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2010-4"}],"text":"Sadsbury Township is in western Crawford County. Conneaut Lake occupies the northeastern portion of the township, and the borough of Conneaut Lake is at the southern end of the lake, surrounded by the township but a separate municipality. Housing developments around the lake outside of the borough are part of the Conneaut Lakeshore census-designated place, which along with the lake extends north into Summit Township. The unincorporated community of Shermansville is in the northwestern part of Sadsbury Township.According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 25.1 square miles (64.9 km2), of which 23.7 square miles (61.3 km2) is land and 1.4 square miles (3.6 km2), or 5.60%, is water.[4]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-6"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Pacific Islander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Islander_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"text":"As of the census[6] of 2000, there were 2,941 people, 1,274 households, and 845 families residing in the township. The population density was 124.0 inhabitants per square mile (47.9/km2). There were 2,177 housing units at an average density of 91.8 per square mile (35.4/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 99.35% White, 0.07% African American, 0.07% Native American, 0.07% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.03% from other races, and 0.37% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.24% of the population.There were 1,274 households, out of which 24.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.3% were married couples living together, 7.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.6% were non-families. 27.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.31 and the average family size was 2.80.In the township the population was spread out, with 20.9% under the age of 18, 5.9% from 18 to 24, 26.6% from 25 to 44, 29.5% from 45 to 64, and 17.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females there were 97.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.3 males.The median income for a household in the township was $38,207, and the median income for a family was $42,708. Males had a median income of $36,792 versus $21,631 for females. The per capita income for the township was $20,615. About 4.0% of families and 6.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.1% of those under age 18 and 2.3% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"}]
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null
[{"reference":"\"2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved Aug 13, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2016_Gazetteer/2016_gaz_place_42.txt","url_text":"\"2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""}]},{"reference":"\"Linesville Creek Topo Map, Crawford County PA (Linesville Area)\". TopoZone. Locality, LLC. Retrieved 2 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.topozone.com/pennsylvania/crawford-pa/stream/linesville-creek/","url_text":"\"Linesville Creek Topo Map, Crawford County PA (Linesville Area)\""}]},{"reference":"Bureau, US Census. \"City and Town Population Totals: 2020-2022\". Census.gov. US Census Bureau. Retrieved August 24, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-total-cities-and-towns.html","url_text":"\"City and Town Population Totals: 2020-2022\""}]},{"reference":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Census Summary File 1 (G001): Sadsbury township, Crawford County, Pennsylvania\". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved June 9, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20200213125209/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/G001/0600000US4203967088","url_text":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Census Summary File 1 (G001): Sadsbury township, Crawford County, Pennsylvania\""},{"url":"http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/G001/0600000US4203967088","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gainesville_(town),_New_York
Gainesville, New York
["1 History","2 Geography","3 Demographics","4 Communities and locations in the Town of Gainesville","5 References","6 External links"]
Coordinates: 42°38′28″N 78°08′02″W / 42.641°N 78.134°W / 42.641; -78.134 For the village within the town, see Gainesville (village), New York. Town in New York, United StatesGainesvilleTownThe ice age left rolling, but fertile landLocation within Wyoming County and New YorkCoordinates: 42°38′28″N 78°08′02″W / 42.641°N 78.134°W / 42.641; -78.134CountryUnited StatesStateNew YorkCountyWyomingArea • Total35.71 sq mi (92.48 km2) • Land35.57 sq mi (92.13 km2) • Water0.14 sq mi (0.36 km2)Elevation1,660 ft (510 m)Population (2010) • Total2,182 • Estimate (2016)2,118 • Density59.54/sq mi (22.99/km2)Time zoneUTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)FIPS code36-27980GNIS feature ID978982 Gainesville is an incorporated town in Wyoming County, New York. The population was 2,333 at the 2000 census. The town is named after General Edmund P. Gaines. The Town of Gainesville is on the eastern border of the county. Gainesville is also the name of a village in the town. History The Town of Gainesville was established in 1814 from part of the Town of Warsaw. The original name was "Hebe." The Town of Gainesville is the birthplace of David Starr Jordan, the first president of Stanford University; as well as Ella Hawley Crossett, prominent activist in the women's suffrage movement. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 35.7 square miles (92.5 km2), of which 35.6 square miles (92.2 km2) is land and 0.1 square mile (0.3 km2) (0.31%) is water. This rural area has traditionally been one of dairy farms and forests. The soils are deep and fertile, though somewhat rolling and rocky, as they were left by the last continental ice sheet. Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 18301,820—18402,36730.1%18501,760−25.6%18601,732−1.6%18701,612−6.9%18801,78710.9%18902,16621.2%19002,3257.3%19102,69015.7%19202,276−15.4%19302,074−8.9%19401,923−7.3%19502,12110.3%19602,032−4.2%19702,1777.1%19802,133−2.0%19902,2887.3%20002,3332.0%20102,182−6.5%2016 (est.)2,118−2.9%U.S. Decennial Census As of the census of 2000, there were 2,333 people, 873 households, and 644 families residing in the town. The population density was 65.5 inhabitants per square mile (25.3/km2). There were 945 housing units at an average density of 26.5 per square mile (10.2/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 98.46% White, 0.13% Black or African American, 0.30% Native American, 0.21% Asian, 0.17% Pacific Islander, 0.13% from other races, and 0.60% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.81% of the population. There were 873 households, out of which 37.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.4% were married couples living together, 9.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.2% were non-families. 21.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.67 and the average family size was 3.07. In the town, the population was spread out, with 27.3% under the age of 18, 6.4% from 18 to 24, 30.1% from 25 to 44, 24.6% from 45 to 64, and 11.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.2 males. The median income for a household in the town was $37,188, and the median income for a family was $40,833. Males had a median income of $32,262 versus $22,016 for females. The per capita income for the town was $15,139. About 5.2% of families and 8.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.3% of those under age 18 and 8.8% of those age 65 or over. Communities and locations in the Town of Gainesville Gainesville – The Village of Gainesville. Gainesville Center – A location west of Gainesville village on Route 78. Hardy's – A location in the southwest corner of the town. Newburg – A hamlet on Route 19 near the northern town line. North Gainesville – A location west of Newburg. Rock Glen – A hamlet on Route 19 near the northern town line. Silver Springs – The Village of Silver Springs. References ^ "2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 5, 2017. ^ "Town of Gainesville". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. ^ a b "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". Retrieved June 9, 2017. ^ Woman's Who's Who of America, 1914-1915. New York: The American Commonwealth Co. 1914. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008. External links Historical note on the Town of Gainesville vteMunicipalities and communities of Wyoming County, New York, United StatesCounty seat: WarsawTowns Arcade Attica Bennington Castile Covington Eagle Gainesville Genesee Falls Java Middlebury Orangeville Perry Pike Sheldon Warsaw Wethersfield Villages Arcade Attica‡ Castile Gainesville Perry Silver Springs Varysburg Warsaw Wyoming CDPs Bliss Pike Strykersville Other hamlets Dale Java Village North Java Portageville Silver Lake Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties New York portal United States portal Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gainesville (village), New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gainesville_(village),_New_York"},{"link_name":"town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_New_York#Town"},{"link_name":"Wyoming County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyoming_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"Edmund P. Gaines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_P._Gaines"},{"link_name":"Gainesville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gainesville_(village),_New_York"}],"text":"For the village within the town, see Gainesville (village), New York.Town in New York, United StatesGainesville is an incorporated town in Wyoming County, New York. The population was 2,333 at the 2000 census. The town is named after General Edmund P. Gaines.The Town of Gainesville is on the eastern border of the county. Gainesville is also the name of a village in the town.","title":"Gainesville, New York"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Town of Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_(town),_New_York"},{"link_name":"David Starr Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Starr_Jordan"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Woman's_Who's_Who_of_America-4"}],"text":"The Town of Gainesville was established in 1814 from part of the Town of Warsaw. The original name was \"Hebe.\"\nThe Town of Gainesville is the birthplace of David Starr Jordan, the first president of Stanford University; as well as Ella Hawley Crossett, prominent activist in the women's suffrage movement.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"}],"text":"According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 35.7 square miles (92.5 km2), of which 35.6 square miles (92.2 km2) is land and 0.1 square mile (0.3 km2) (0.31%) is water.This rural area has traditionally been one of dairy farms and forests. The soils are deep and fertile, though somewhat rolling and rocky, as they were left by the last continental ice sheet.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-6"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Pacific Islander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Islander_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"text":"As of the census[6] of 2000, there were 2,333 people, 873 households, and 644 families residing in the town. The population density was 65.5 inhabitants per square mile (25.3/km2). There were 945 housing units at an average density of 26.5 per square mile (10.2/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 98.46% White, 0.13% Black or African American, 0.30% Native American, 0.21% Asian, 0.17% Pacific Islander, 0.13% from other races, and 0.60% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.81% of the population.There were 873 households, out of which 37.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.4% were married couples living together, 9.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.2% were non-families. 21.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.67 and the average family size was 3.07.In the town, the population was spread out, with 27.3% under the age of 18, 6.4% from 18 to 24, 30.1% from 25 to 44, 24.6% from 45 to 64, and 11.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.2 males.The median income for a household in the town was $37,188, and the median income for a family was $40,833. Males had a median income of $32,262 versus $22,016 for females. The per capita income for the town was $15,139. About 5.2% of families and 8.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.3% of those under age 18 and 8.8% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gainesville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gainesville_(village),_New_York"},{"link_name":"hamlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet_(place)"},{"link_name":"Silver Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Springs,_New_York"}],"text":"Gainesville – The Village of Gainesville.\nGainesville Center – A location west of Gainesville village on Route 78.\nHardy's – A location in the southwest corner of the town.\nNewburg – A hamlet on Route 19 near the northern town line.\nNorth Gainesville – A location west of Newburg.\nRock Glen – A hamlet on Route 19 near the northern town line.\nSilver Springs – The Village of Silver Springs.","title":"Communities and locations in the Town of Gainesville"}]
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null
[{"reference":"\"2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 5, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2016_Gazetteer/2016_gaz_place_36.txt","url_text":"\"2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""}]},{"reference":"\"Town of Gainesville\". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior.","urls":[{"url":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/978982","url_text":"\"Town of Gainesville\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System","url_text":"Geographic Names Information System"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior","url_text":"United States Department of the Interior"}]},{"reference":"\"Population and Housing Unit Estimates\". Retrieved June 9, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.2016.html","url_text":"\"Population and Housing Unit Estimates\""}]},{"reference":"Woman's Who's Who of America, 1914-1915. New York: The American Commonwealth Co. 1914.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/womanswhoswhoam00leongoog","url_text":"Woman's Who's Who of America, 1914-1915"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toongabbie,_Victoria
Toongabbie, Victoria
["1 History","2 Ned Stringer","3 Toongabbie today","4 Sporting and recreation","5 References","6 External links"]
Coordinates: 38°03′0″S 146°37′0″E / 38.05000°S 146.61667°E / -38.05000; 146.61667This article is about the Victorian town. For the suburb in NSW, see Toongabbie, New South Wales. Town in Victoria, AustraliaToongabbieVictoriaToongabbieCoordinates38°03′0″S 146°37′0″E / 38.05000°S 146.61667°E / -38.05000; 146.61667Population500 (2016 census)Established1844Postcode(s)3856Location 177 km (110 mi) E of Melbourne 21 km (13 mi) N of Traralgon 13 km (8 mi) N of Glengarry LGA(s) City of Latrobe Shire of Baw BawState electorate(s)MorwellFederal division(s)Gippsland Toongabbie is a town located in the City of Latrobe and Shire of Baw Baw, Victoria, Australia, 177 kilometres (110 mi) from Melbourne and just north of Traralgon. The railway station was closed in 1986 and the former railway line has now been incorporated into the Gippsland Plains Rail Trail. At the 2016 census, Toongabbie had a population of 500. The main attraction in Toongabbie is the Ned Stringer Memorial located on Hower Street. Toongabbie Primary School opened in 1856 and the school is still open to date. The hotel in Toongabbie known as the club hotel closed down in 1913. Toongabbie Post Office opened on 1 December 1865. Toongabbie had an Australian Rules club which quit in 1999. History This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Toongabbie was an important town that acted as a supply depot en route to the Walhalla Goldfields. Initially, goods were transported between Toongabbie and Walhalla by horse and as Walhalla boomed, Toongabbie's carrying industry boomed as well. With the advent of railways in the 1870s and 1880s transportation of goods into Toongabbie was mostly via train and then local carriers to Walhalla. Walhalla then decided that a railway direct to Walhalla was needed and it was decided that Moe would be the starting point. This was bad news for Toongabbie which over the coming years saw many local carriers selling their horses and the town returned to farming. Toongabbie did try to find alternative income sources in oil, marble and gold but these were not successful long term. Ned Stringer There is a memorial for Ned Stringer on the corner of Hower and O’Meara St Toongabbie. Ned Stringer discovered gold in 1862 in a creek which was later named Stringers Creek. This was an important gold discovery that started the gold rush at Walhalla. Toongabbie today Toongabbie is approximately 2 hours east of Melbourne, nestled in the foothills of the Great Divide. The current population of Toongabbie is estimated at 1100. Toongabbie crosses over two shires - Latrobe City and Wellington Shire. Today, Toongabbie is a quiet town close to several business districts. Toongabbie has a Primary School and easy access to kindergartens, public and private schooling, in surrounding towns. There are numerous tourist attractions within and surrounding the Toongabbie township. Toongabbie is a peaceful town with many community and sporting groups, a wetlands, affordable properties, V/line bus and train connections from township and is one of the towns on the Gippsland Plains Rail Trail. Sporting and recreation Sports and recreation in Toongabbie include; Toongabbie wetlands, Gippsland Plains Rail Trail, tennis club, Toongabbie Golf Course, Cricket Club, Badminton, Carpet Bowls, Toongabbie & District Pony Club, Toongabbie & District Horse Riders Club Inc and Aerobics & Weights training. Community Toongabbie boasts a strong community focus with groups including the Wellington/Latrobe Lions Club, Country Women's Association (CWA), Toongabbie Playgroup and singing group "Slightly Out of Toon". Halls and venues include the restored Toongabbie Mechanics Institute & Free Library, Toongabbie Recreation Hall and meeting room, golf club social rooms and cricket social rooms. References ^ a b Australian Bureau of Statistics (27 June 2017). "Toongabbie (L) (Urban Centre/Locality)". 2016 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 14 October 2018. ^ Phoenix Auctions History, Post Office List, retrieved 5 April 2021 Harding, A and Ries, R (2003)Toongabbie, Gippsland A Gateway to the Walhalla Goldfields External links toongabbie.vic.au vteLocalities in the City of LatrobeCity Moe^ Morwell Traralgon Town Boolarra Callignee Churchill Cowwarr^ Glengarry^ Glengarry North Hazelwood North Hazelwood South Hernes Oak Jeeralang Junction Mirboo^ Moe South^ Narracan^ Newborough Tanjil South^ Toongabbie^ Traralgon East Traralgon South Tyers Yallourn North^ Yinnar Yinnar South Locality Balook^ Boolarra South Budgeree Darlimurla^ Delburn^ Driffield Flynn^ Flynns Creek^ Glengarry West Grand Ridge^ Hazelwood Jeeralang Jumbuk Koornalla Loy Yang Maryvale Mount Tassie Yallourn ^ - Territory divided with another LGA vteTowns of GippslandCentral Gippsland Boisdale Briagolong Coongulla Cowwarr Fernbank Glengarry Gormandale Heyfield Hollands Landing Licola Loch Sport Longford Maffra Munro Newry Rosedale Sale Seaspray Stratford Tinamba Toongabbie Woodside Woodside Beach East Gippsland Anglers Rest Bairnsdale Bellbird Creek Bemm River Benambra Bendoc Buchan Buchan South Bruthen Cabbage Tree Creek Cann River Cape Conran Cassilis Club Terrace Dargo Deddick Dinner Plain Eagle Point Ensay Gelantipy Genoa Johnsonville Lakes Entrance Lake Tyers Beach Lindenow Mallacoota Marlo Metung Mossiface Mount Hotham Nicholson Nowa Nowa Nungurner Omeo Orbost Paynesville Raymond Island Swan Reach Swifts Creek Tambo Crossing Tambo Upper Twin Rivers W Tree Woodglen Wulgulmerang Latrobe Valley Boolarra Churchill Erica Glengarry Hazelwood North Moe Morwell Newborough Rawson Thorpdale Traralgon Tyers Walhalla Yallourn North Yinnar Yinnar South South Gippsland Alberton Allambee Arawata Bena Berrys Creek Buffalo Dalyston Darby River Dumbalk Fish Creek Foster Inverloch Kardella Kilcunda Koonwarra Kongwak Korumburra Leongatha Loch Meeniyan Mirboo North Nyora Poowong Port Albert Port Franklin Port Welshpool Ruby Sandy Point San Remo Stony Creek Strzelecki Tarwin Lower Tidal River Toora Trida Venus Bay Walkerville Waratah Bay Welshpool Wonthaggi Yanakie Yarram West Gippsland Athlone Bona Vista Brandy Creek Buln Buln Bunyip Cloverlea Crossover Darnum Drouin Ellinbank Erica Gainsborough Garfield Iona Jindivick Labertouche Lardner Lillico Longwarry Maryknoll Modella Nar Nar Goon Narracan Neerim Neerim North Neerim South Nilma Noojee Rawson Ripplebrook Rokeby Shady Creek Tarago Tonimbuk Trafalgar Tynong Warragul Walhalla Yarragon
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Toongabbie, New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toongabbie,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"City of Latrobe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Latrobe"},{"link_name":"Shire of Baw Baw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shire_of_Baw_Baw"},{"link_name":"Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne"},{"link_name":"Traralgon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traralgon"},{"link_name":"railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toongabbie_railway_station,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"railway line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maffra_railway_line"},{"link_name":"Gippsland Plains Rail Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gippsland_Plains_Rail_Trail"},{"link_name":"2016 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Australian_census"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABS-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a-2"},{"link_name":"Australian Rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Rules"}],"text":"This article is about the Victorian town. For the suburb in NSW, see Toongabbie, New South Wales.Town in Victoria, AustraliaToongabbie is a town located in the City of Latrobe and Shire of Baw Baw, Victoria, Australia, 177 kilometres (110 mi) from Melbourne and just north of Traralgon. The railway station was closed in 1986 and the former railway line has now been incorporated into the Gippsland Plains Rail Trail. At the 2016 census, Toongabbie had a population of 500.[1]The main attraction in Toongabbie is the Ned Stringer Memorial located on Hower Street.\nToongabbie Primary School opened in 1856 and the school is still open to date.\nThe hotel in Toongabbie known as the club hotel closed down in 1913.Toongabbie Post Office opened on 1 December 1865.[2]\nToongabbie had an Australian Rules club which quit in 1999.","title":"Toongabbie, Victoria"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Walhalla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walhalla,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Moe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moe,_Victoria"}],"text":"Toongabbie was an important town that acted as a supply depot en route to the Walhalla Goldfields. Initially, goods were transported between Toongabbie and Walhalla by horse and as Walhalla boomed, Toongabbie's carrying industry boomed as well. With the advent of railways in the 1870s and 1880s transportation of goods into Toongabbie was mostly via train and then local carriers to Walhalla. Walhalla then decided that a railway direct to Walhalla was needed and it was decided that Moe would be the starting point. This was bad news for Toongabbie which over the coming years saw many local carriers selling their horses and the town returned to farming. Toongabbie did try to find alternative income sources in oil, marble and gold but these were not successful long term.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"There is a memorial for Ned Stringer on the corner of Hower and O’Meara St Toongabbie. Ned Stringer discovered gold in 1862 in a creek which was later named Stringers Creek. This was an important gold discovery that started the gold rush at Walhalla.","title":"Ned Stringer"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Toongabbie is approximately 2 hours east of Melbourne, nestled in the foothills of the Great Divide. The current population of Toongabbie is estimated at 1100. Toongabbie crosses over two shires - Latrobe City and Wellington Shire. \nToday, Toongabbie is a quiet town close to several business districts. Toongabbie has a Primary School and easy access to kindergartens, public and private schooling, in surrounding towns. There are numerous tourist attractions within and surrounding the Toongabbie township. Toongabbie is a peaceful town with many community and sporting groups, a wetlands, affordable properties, V/line bus and train connections from township and is one of the towns on the Gippsland Plains Rail Trail.","title":"Toongabbie today"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Sports and recreation in Toongabbie include; Toongabbie wetlands, Gippsland Plains Rail Trail, tennis club, Toongabbie Golf Course, Cricket Club, Badminton, Carpet Bowls, Toongabbie & District Pony Club, Toongabbie & District Horse Riders Club Inc and Aerobics & Weights training. \nCommunity\nToongabbie boasts a strong community focus with groups including the Wellington/Latrobe Lions Club, Country Women's Association (CWA), Toongabbie Playgroup and singing group \"Slightly Out of Toon\". \nHalls and venues include the restored Toongabbie Mechanics Institute & Free Library, Toongabbie Recreation Hall and meeting room, golf club social rooms and cricket social rooms.","title":"Sporting and recreation"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"Australian Bureau of Statistics (27 June 2017). \"Toongabbie (L) (Urban Centre/Locality)\". 2016 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 14 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics","url_text":"Australian Bureau of Statistics"},{"url":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2016/UCL222107","url_text":"\"Toongabbie (L) (Urban Centre/Locality)\""}]},{"reference":"Phoenix Auctions History, Post Office List, retrieved 5 April 2021","urls":[{"url":"http://www.phoenixauctions.com.au/cgi-bin/wsPhoenix.sh/Viewpocdwrapper.p?SortBy=VIC&filter=*Toongabbie*","url_text":"Post Office List"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golubkovo,_Gryazovetsky_District,_Vologda_Oblast
Golubkovo, Gryazovetsky District, Vologda Oblast
["1 Geography","2 References"]
Village in Vologda Oblast, RussiaGolubkovo ГолубковоVillageGolubkovoShow map of Vologda OblastGolubkovoShow map of RussiaCoordinates: 59°00′N 40°12′E / 59.000°N 40.200°E / 59.000; 40.200CountryRussiaRegionVologda OblastDistrictGryazovetsky DistrictTime zoneUTC+3:00 Golubkovo (Russian: Голубково) is a rural locality (a village) in Pertsevskoye Rural Settlement, Gryazovetsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 3 as of 2002. Geography Golubkovo is located 15 km north of Gryazovets (the district's administrative centre) by road. Volotskoy is the nearest rural locality. References ^ Деревня Голубково на карте ^ Данные переписи 2002 года: таблица 2С. М.: Федеральная служба государственной статистики, 2004. ^ Расстояние от Голубкова до Грязовеца vteRural localities in Gryazovetsky District 18 km Abanino Agrafenka Akinfovitsa Aleksino Anankino Andrakovo Anninskoye Anokhino Anopino Anosovo Antipino Arefino Arkatovo Arsenka Artemovo Baksheyka Bakshino Balagurovo Barskoye Barskoye-Syrishchevo Basarigino Batovo Bekrenevo Bel Belovo Blazny Bogdanovo Bokotovo Bolshiye Dvorishcha Bolshoy Dor Bolshoye Brodino Bolshoye Denisyevo Bolshoye Kosikovo Bolshoye Kostino Bolshoye Zaymishche Bubeykino Burtsevo Bushuikha Bushuikha Chagrino Chernava Chernetskoye Chernitsyno Chernogubovo Chistopyanovo Chukharitsa Chuprovo Chuvaksino Demyankovo Demyanovo Devyat Izb Dikarevo Dolotovo Dresvishche Dubovka Dudenevo Dvorets Dyadinskoye Dyakonovo Dyakovo Dyukosovo Fedorkovo Fedyaykino Fetinino Filippovo Fomskoye Frol Galkino Gari Gavrakovo Gerasimovo Golubkovo Gora Goritsy Gorka Ileykino Ilyinskoye Isady Isakovo Ivnyak Ivonino Iyevlevo Kalinkino Kameshnik Kanevo Kargino Kashino Kastikha Kelyino Khaymino Khlebnikovo Khlyzino Khoroshevo Khudynino Khvastovo Kirpichnoye Kirpichny Zavod Kiselevo Klikunovo Klimkovo Klobukino Knyazevo Kobyakovo Kolotilikha Konstantinovo Korbino Kornilyevo Kornilyevskaya Sloboda Korotygino Koryuchevo Kosarovo Koshkino Kostino Krasnoye Krestovka Krivodino Krutets Kuksimovo Kurapovo Kurochkino Kuzemkino Lezha Loginovo Lomok Lukyanovo Lupochino Lyabzunka Maklakovo Maksimovitsa Markashovo Martyakovo Martynovo Mikhalevo Mikhalkovo Minkino Mishutino Mokeyevo Mukhino Munikovo Muravyovo Myasnikovka Myasnikovo Nadorozhny Lipovik Nazarka Nekhotovo Neklyudovo Nikola-Penye Nikulkino Nikultsevo Nizhnyaya Pustyn Nizovka Novoye Novoye-na-Lukhte Novy Dor Oberikha Obnorskaya Sloboda Obraztsovo Obukhovo Okhlyuyevo Ostanino Ovinishcha Palkino Paltsevo Panfilovo Pankratovo Panovo Parshino Pavlovskoye Peredkovo Pirogovo Piterimka Ploskoye Plyushchevo Podberezhsky Podkamenka Pogiblovo Polovoz Poltinino Polukhino Polushkino Popovkino Popovo Posyolok Lnozavoda Prokopyevo Putilovo Puzovo Ragozino Rakovo Ramenye Remennikovo Rodionovo Rostilovo Ryabinovka Rzhishcha Savkino Sementsevo Semeykino Senga Serezhino Shaldanovo Shemeykino Shepyakovo Shevyakovo Shilmyashevo Shirakovo Shnyakino Shushukovo Sidorovo Sidorovskoye Silifonovo Sitnikovo Skalino Skalino Slobodishcha Sopelkino Spas-Nurma Spasskoye Stanovishchevo Stary Dor Stepanovo Stepkovo Stepurino Stroyevo Studenets Suvorkovo Suvorovo Svinino Svistunovo Sychevo Tarasovo Tarshino Telebino Tretnikovo Troitskoye Tselennikovo Tsepelka Tufanovo Tufanovo Uglentsevo Ulyanovka Vaganovo Vanchino Varaksino Vasilevo Vasilyevka Vasyukovo Vederkovo Velikoretsky Lipovik Verkhnyaya Pustyn Vislyakovo Vokhtoga Volnoye-Syrishchevo Volotskoy Volynevo Voronino Voskresenskoye Vostorgsky Vosya Vosya Vozdvizhenskoye Voznesenye Vyborovo Vysokovo Yelkhovka Yelnik Yermolino Yesyutkino Yevdokimovo Yevsyukovo Yudino Yunosheskoye Yurovo Zadorka Zakharovo Zasechnoye Zayemye Zazholka Zhelominino Zhernokovo Zimnyak Zvyaglovka This Gryazovetsky District location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"rural locality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types_of_inhabited_localities_in_Russia"},{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village#Russia"},{"link_name":"Gryazovetsky District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gryazovetsky_District"},{"link_name":"Vologda Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vologda_Oblast"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Golubkovo (Russian: Голубково) is a rural locality (a village) in Pertsevskoye Rural Settlement, Gryazovetsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 3 as of 2002.[2]","title":"Golubkovo, Gryazovetsky District, Vologda Oblast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gryazovets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gryazovets"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Golubkovo is located 15 km north of Gryazovets (the district's administrative centre) by road. Volotskoy is the nearest rural locality.[3]","title":"Geography"}]
[]
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[]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Golubkovo,_Gryazovetsky_District,_Vologda_Oblast&params=59_00_N_40_12_E_type:city_region:RU-VLG","external_links_name":"59°00′N 40°12′E / 59.000°N 40.200°E / 59.000; 40.200"},{"Link":"https://mapdata.ru/vologodskaya-oblast/gryazoveckiy-rayon/derevnya-golubkovo/","external_links_name":"Деревня Голубково на карте"},{"Link":"http://allroutes.ru/rasstoyanie_golubkovo-2-35_grjazovec","external_links_name":"Расстояние от Голубкова до Грязовеца"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Golubkovo,_Gryazovetsky_District,_Vologda_Oblast&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Poinsett_(CDP),_South_Dakota
Lake Poinsett, South Dakota
["1 Geography","2 Demographics","3 References"]
Coordinates: 44°33′59″N 97°04′47″W / 44.56639°N 97.07972°W / 44.56639; -97.07972For the lake, see Lake Poinsett (South Dakota). Census-designated place in South Dakota, United StatesLake Poinsett, South DakotaCensus-designated placeLake PoinsettCoordinates: 44°33′59″N 97°04′47″W / 44.56639°N 97.07972°W / 44.56639; -97.07972CountryUnited StatesStateSouth DakotaCountiesHamlin, BrookingsArea • Total17.77 sq mi (46.03 km2) • Land4.89 sq mi (12.66 km2) • Water12.88 sq mi (33.37 km2)Elevation1,641 ft (500 m)Population (2020) • Total501 • Density102.50/sq mi (39.57/km2)Time zoneUTC-6 (Central (CST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT)Area code605FIPS code46-35480GNIS feature ID2584558 Lake Poinsett is a census-designated place (CDP) in Hamlin and Brookings counties in South Dakota, United States. The population was 501 at the 2020 census. Geography The Lake Poinsett CDP comprises the lake of the same name and its shoreside communities in Hamlin and Brookings counties. U.S. Route 81 passes through the CDP along the western shore of the lake and leads north 24 miles (39 km) to Watertown and south 13 miles (21 km) to Arlington. According to the United States Census Bureau, the Lake Poinsett CDP has a total area of 17.8 square miles (46.0 km2), of which 5.2 square miles (13.5 km2) is land and 12.5 square miles (32.5 km2), or 70.67%, is water. Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 2020501—U.S. Decennial Census References ^ "ArcGIS REST Services Directory". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 15, 2022. ^ a b U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Lake Poinsett, South Dakota ^ "Census Population API". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 15, 2022. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ "U.S. Census Bureau: Lake Poinsett CDP, South Dakota". www.census.gov. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved February 20, 2022. ^ "Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Lake Poinsett CDP, South Dakota". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved April 7, 2014. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2016. vteMunicipalities and communities of Brookings County, South Dakota, United StatesCounty seat: BrookingsCities Arlington‡ Brookings Bruce Elkton Volga White Towns Aurora Bushnell Sinai CDPs Lake Poinsett‡ Newdale Colony Norfeld Colony Rolland Colony Othercommunities Ahnberg Medary Townships Afton Alton Argo Aurora Bangor Brookings Elkton Eureka Lake Henricks Lake Sinai Laketon Medary Oak Lake Oakwood Oslo Parnell Preston Richland Sherman Sterling Trenton Volga Winsor Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties South Dakota portal United States portal vteMunicipalities and communities of Hamlin County, South Dakota, United StatesCounty seat: HaytiCities Bryant Castlewood Estelline Lake Norden Towns Hayti Hazel CDP Claremont Colony Lake Poinsett‡ Poinsett Colony Other communities Dempster Thomas Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties South Dakota portal United States portal
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lake Poinsett (South Dakota)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Poinsett_(South_Dakota)"},{"link_name":"census-designated place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census-designated_place"},{"link_name":"Hamlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlin_County,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Brookings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookings_County,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"South Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"2020 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USCensus-5"}],"text":"For the lake, see Lake Poinsett (South Dakota).Census-designated place in South Dakota, United StatesLake Poinsett is a census-designated place (CDP) in Hamlin and Brookings counties in South Dakota, United States. The population was 501 at the 2020 census.[5]","title":"Lake Poinsett, South Dakota"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lake of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Poinsett_(South_Dakota)"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 81","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_81_in_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Watertown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watertown,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Arlington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2010-6"}],"text":"The Lake Poinsett CDP comprises the lake of the same name and its shoreside communities in Hamlin and Brookings counties. U.S. Route 81 passes through the CDP along the western shore of the lake and leads north 24 miles (39 km) to Watertown and south 13 miles (21 km) to Arlington.According to the United States Census Bureau, the Lake Poinsett CDP has a total area of 17.8 square miles (46.0 km2), of which 5.2 square miles (13.5 km2) is land and 12.5 square miles (32.5 km2), or 70.67%, is water.[6]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"}]
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null
[{"reference":"\"ArcGIS REST Services Directory\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 15, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/arcgis/rest/services/TIGERweb/Places_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD/MapServer/5/query?where=STATE=%2746%27&outFields=NAME,STATE,PLACE,AREALAND,AREAWATER,LSADC,CENTLAT,CENTLON&orderByFields=PLACE&returnGeometry=false&returnTrueCurves=false&f=json","url_text":"\"ArcGIS REST Services Directory\""}]},{"reference":"\"Census Population API\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 15, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://api.census.gov/data/2020/dec/pl?get=P1_001N,NAME&for=place:*&in=state:46&key=5ccd0821c15d9f4520e2dcc0f8d92b2ec9336108","url_text":"\"Census Population API\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census Bureau: Lake Poinsett CDP, South Dakota\". www.census.gov. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved February 20, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/profile?g=1600000US4635480","url_text":"\"U.S. Census Bureau: Lake Poinsett CDP, South Dakota\""}]},{"reference":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Lake Poinsett CDP, South Dakota\". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved April 7, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20200212203051/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/G001/1600000US4635480","url_text":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Lake Poinsett CDP, South Dakota\""},{"url":"http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/G001/1600000US4635480","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uralla,_New_South_Wales
Uralla, New South Wales
["1 History","2 Climate","3 Population","4 Heritage listings","5 Industries","6 Uralla Railway Station","7 Gallery","8 See also","9 References","10 External links"]
Coordinates: 30°38′S 151°29′E / 30.633°S 151.483°E / -30.633; 151.483"Uralla" redirects here. For the shire, see Uralla Shire. For the place in the Northern Territory, see Uralla, Northern Territory. Town in New South Wales, AustraliaUrallaNew South WalesUralla, NSWUrallaCoordinates30°38′S 151°29′E / 30.633°S 151.483°E / -30.633; 151.483Population2,728 (2021 census)Established1855Postcode(s)2358Elevation1,012 m (3,320 ft)Location 465 km (289 mi) NNW of Sydney 91 km (57 mi) NE of Tamworth 23 km (14 mi) SW of Armidale LGA(s)Uralla ShireCountySandon CountyState electorate(s)Northern TablelandsFederal division(s)New England Mean max temp Mean min temp Annual rainfall 19.7 °C 67 °F 6.3 °C 43 °F 802.9 mm 31.6 in Uralla is a town on the Northern Tablelands, New South Wales, Australia. It is located at the intersection of the New England Highway and Thunderbolts Way, 465 kilometres (289 mi) north of Sydney and about 23 kilometres (14 mi) south-west of the city of Armidale. At the 2016 census, the township of Uralla had a population of 2,388 people. According to the 2021 census, the population of Uralla had increased to 2,728. At more than 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) above sea level, Uralla's high altitude makes for cool to cold winters and mild summers. Uralla has maintained significant heritage characteristics, with more than 50 buildings and sites of heritage significance. During the 1980s and 1990s, the community bought and restored McCrossins Mill, and the complex now operates as a museum, gallery and function centre, run by volunteers. It is also the starting point for a heritage walk. History Statue of Captain Thunderbolt at the intersection of New England Highway and Thunderbolts Way, Uralla, NSW Before European colonisation, the area including Uralla had been occupied for 35,000 years by the indigenous Anēwan people. The name "Uralla" was adopted from the language of the Anēwan by the squatters who first occupied the area. It refers to a ceremonial meeting place or camp. During the early 1960s, children at the Uralla Public School were taught that the name Uralla was an indigenous word which meant "chain of waterholes", which is an accurate description of the waterway which runs through the town. However, it is not known whether that has been verified by Indigenous linguistic studies. Samuel McCrossin, an Irishman, his wife, and seven children, first arrived in the Uralla area in 1839 and camped on the creek. They went back to Morpeth but returned to Uralla in 1841, to finally settle there. In the 1830s and 40s, the land began to be occupied by squatters who had moved north, beyond the limit of location set by the government. The squatters were attracted by the prime sheep grazing land of the New England Tableland. Some of the squatting runs were Kentucky, Gostwyck, Balala, Yarrowyck, Mihi Creek, Terrible Vale and Salisbury Court. Some of the station buildings, including Balala and the Gostwyck Chapel, have now been placed on the Register of the National Estate. Some of the land occupied by the squatters was made available to farmers after the passing of the Robertson Land Acts in 1861. Uralla achieved town status in 1855, spurred by a gold rush in the Rocky River area three years earlier, swelling the town's population to over 5,000. In 1856, another, more considerable gold rush took place, but did not lead to any lasting development. By 1859, Uralla had three hotels, stores, a post office, a flour mill and a school. The Uralla Municipality was incorporated in 1882. In 1948, it became the administrative centre of the Uralla Shire after the municipality was merged with the former Gostwyck Shire. More gold was discovered and mined at Melrose in the Enmore area in about 1887. This discovery led to the erection of the Melrose public school and village, which was about 32 km east of Uralla. In 1927 this area was subdivided for soldier settlement, and ballots were held to determine the new settlers. In about 1889, gold was discovered at Groses Creek, which is 6 km south-west of Enmore, near the Mihi Falls on the eastern side of Uralla. The infamous bushranger Captain Thunderbolt (Frederick Ward) is buried in the old Uralla Cemetery (John Street). There are many references to Thunderbolt throughout the town, and the locals are quite fond of the legend. In addition to an initially controversial statue in the main street, Uralla is host to a pub, motel, rock (from where Thunderbolt ambushed passing travellers) and roads, all bearing his name. On 25 May 1870, Thunderbolt was shot and killed near Uralla by Constable Alexander Walker during a highway robbery. However, a few Uralla locals claimed that it was his uncle, William (Harry) Ward - posing as Thunderbolt, who was killed at this time and not Fred Ward. The legend of Thunderbolt is exhibited at McCrossin's Mill Museum in Uralla and includes the series of 9 paintings by Phillip Pomroy of the events that led to Fred Ward's death. During 2008 Uralla recorded the state's highest rise in property values at 35 per cent over the last 12 months, according to a report from Australian Property Monitors. Climate Uralla has an oceanic climate (Köppen: Cfb, Trewartha: Dobk/Cfbk), with warm summers and cool winters. Climate data for Uralla (Dumaresq St), New South Wales, Australia (1938-1967 temperatures, precipitation 1901-present); 1,012 metres or 3,320 feet AMSL Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 26.4(79.5) 25.7(78.3) 24.0(75.2) 20.0(68.0) 15.8(60.4) 12.8(55.0) 11.8(53.2) 13.3(55.9) 17.0(62.6) 20.0(68.0) 23.6(74.5) 25.9(78.6) 19.7(67.4) Daily mean °C (°F) 19.5(67.1) 19.2(66.6) 17.6(63.7) 13.4(56.1) 9.4(48.9) 6.9(44.4) 5.7(42.3) 6.9(44.4) 9.9(49.8) 13.1(55.6) 16.2(61.2) 18.5(65.3) 13.0(55.5) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 12.5(54.5) 12.7(54.9) 11.1(52.0) 6.8(44.2) 3.0(37.4) 0.9(33.6) −0.4(31.3) 0.4(32.7) 2.8(37.0) 6.2(43.2) 8.7(47.7) 11.1(52.0) 6.3(43.4) Average precipitation mm (inches) 102.7(4.04) 83.9(3.30) 60.5(2.38) 39.4(1.55) 44.2(1.74) 53.2(2.09) 55.9(2.20) 54.1(2.13) 52.6(2.07) 71.9(2.83) 84.7(3.33) 88.2(3.47) 791.3(31.13) Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 7.6 7.0 5.8 4.5 5.0 6.3 6.7 6.2 5.9 7.1 7.8 7.8 77.7 Source: Australian Bureau of Meteorology (1938-1967 temperatures, precipitation 1901-present) Population Historical populationYearPop.±%1921972—    19331,054+8.4%19471,186+12.5%19541,121−5.5%19611,658+47.9%19661,614−2.7%19711,754+8.7%19761,940+10.6%19812,090+7.7%19862,250+7.7%19912,324+3.3%1996—    20012,304—    20062,267−1.6%20112,388+5.3%20162,421+1.4%20212,385−1.5%Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics data. According to the 2016 census of Population, there were 2,421 people in Uralla: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people made up 11.7% of the population. 86.7% of people were born in Australia and 93.3% of people spoke only English at home. The most common responses for religion were Anglican 28.8%, No Religion 22.8% and Catholic 22.3%. Heritage listings Uralla has a number of heritage-listed sites, including: 6 East Street: New England Brass and Iron Lace Foundry Main Northern railway: Uralla railway station Salisbury Street: McCrossins Mill Uralla Square: Captain Thunderbolt's Grave New England Highway: Blanch's Royal Oak Inn New England Highway: Captain Thunderbolt's Rock Industries All Saints' Church, Gostwyck, east of Uralla Three foundries account for a large amount of employment in the town, as do other metal manufacturing businesses. As Uralla is situated about halfway between Sydney and Brisbane, tourism contributes significantly to its economy, with a thriving village atmosphere and 20 National Parks within a two-hour drive. Due to Uralla's proximity to Armidale, larger shopping chains have avoided the small town and independent retailers remain. Examples include an antiquarian book store, numerous galleries, antique stores and cafes. It is still possible to pan for gold in the rivers around the town, including the Rocky River. Today, the area is used for raising Merino sheep and is renowned for its super-fine and ultra-fine wool for use in the fashion industry. A number of vineyards have also been established and produce a variety of cool-climate wines. It is also a good area for growing apples and other fruit which require colder weather. Lockheed Martin has erected an Australian satellite tracking station at Uralla. Uralla is also host to a thriving community of artists and potters, stimulated by proximity to the University of New England in nearby Armidale. The 2011 census found that the most common industries of all the employed people in the locality were: School Education - 6.7% Sheep, Beef Cattle and Grain Farming - 5.8% Local Government Administration - 5.0% Tertiary Education - 4.6% Cafes, Restaurants and Takeaway Food Services - 2.9%. There are a number of environmental problems in the area, mainly caused by poor land management. Soil erosion, due to extensive logging and intensive farm practices is a major issue. Local government and community environmental bodies are now working to halt the problem. Uralla Railway Station Uralla railway station Uralla station is served by the daily NSW TrainLink Xplorer service between Armidale and Sydney. The station is 16 minutes by train, from Armidale. Gallery Entry sign Court House Uralla Central School Thunderbolts Rock See also New England (Australia) References ^ a b c Australian Bureau of Statistics (28 June 2022). "Uralla (Urban Centre/Locality)". 2021 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 13 January 2023. Material was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. ^ Australian, Bureau of Statistics. "2021 Uralla, Census All persons QuickStats | Australian Bureau of Statistics". ^ "Heritage Sites". urallaheritage.livinginuralla.org. Retrieved 20 September 2016. ^ "McCrossin's Mill Museum". ^ "There's Something About Uralla". Uralla Visitor Information Centre. Retrieved 23 January 2024. ^ New England Holiday, NE Regional Tourist Zone Association ^ Aussie Heritage Archived 10 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine ^ Reader's Digest Guide to Australian Places, Reader's Digest, Sydney ^ Uralla and Walcha Times, 10 April 1889 ^ Walcha News, Walcha Property Amongst the Best in NSW, 15 May 2008 ^ "Uralla (Dumaresq St), NSW Climate (1938-1967 temperatures, precipitation 1901-present)". Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 8 May 2022. ^ "Statistics by Catalogue Number". Australian Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 18 January 2024. ^ "Search Census data". Australian Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 18 January 2024. ^ "New England Brass and Iron Lace Foundry". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Department of Planning & Environment. H01455. Retrieved 18 May 2018. Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) under CC-BY 4.0 licence. ^ "Uralla Railway Station group". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Department of Planning & Environment. H01275. Retrieved 18 May 2018. Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) under CC-BY 4.0 licence. ^ "McCrossins Mill". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Department of Planning & Environment. H00161. Retrieved 18 May 2018. Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) under CC-BY 4.0 licence. ^ "The Captain Thunderbolt Sites - Thunderbolt's Grave". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Department of Planning & Environment. H01889. Retrieved 18 May 2018. Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) under CC-BY 4.0 licence. ^ "The Captain Thunderbolt Sites - Blanch's Royal Oak Inn". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Department of Planning & Environment. H01889. Retrieved 18 May 2018. Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) under CC-BY 4.0 licence. ^ "The Captain Thunderbolt Sites - Thunderbolt's Rock". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Department of Planning & Environment. H01889. Retrieved 18 May 2018. Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) under CC-BY 4.0 licence. ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics (31 October 2012). "Uralla (Gazetted Locality)". 2011 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 22 January 2015. ^ "Border Rivers-Gwydir CMA - News Highlights". Archived from the original on 12 July 2009. Retrieved 23 December 2009. ^ "North West timetable". NSW TrainLink. 7 September 2019. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Uralla, New South Wales. Uralla website Captain Thunderbolt web site Uralla travel guide from Wikivoyage vteNew England region of New South Wales, AustraliaFederal divisions New England Parkes State electorates Barwon Northern Tablelands Tamworth Local government areas Armidale Glen Innes Severn Gunnedah Gwydir Inverell Liverpool Plains Moree Plains Tamworth Tenterfield Uralla Walcha Cities Armidale Tamworth Towns and villages Ardglen Ashford Attunga Barraba Bendemeer Ben Lomond Bingara Black Mountain Bolivia Bonshaw Brackendale Breeza Bukkulla Bundarra Carroll Coolatai Croppa Creek Curlewis Dangarsleigh Deepwater Delungra Dorrigo Drake Dundee Dungowan Duri Ebor Elsmore Emerald Hill Emmaville Gilgai Glencoe Glen Innes Graman Gravesend Gunnedah Guyra Hanging Rock Hillgrove Inverell Invergowrie Jennings Kellys Plains Kelvin Kentucky Kootingal Kingstown Legume Limbri Liston Llangothlin Manilla Mingoola Mole River Moonbi Mount Russell Mullaley Myall Creek Niangala North Star Nowendoc Nundle Red Range Rocky River Sandy Flat Somerton Stannifer Stannum Stonehenge Tambar Springs Tenterfield Tia Tingha Torrington Upper Horton Uralla Urbenville Walcha Walcha Road Wallabadah Wandsworth Warialda Warialda Rail Weabonga Wellingrove Werris Creek Willow Tree Wollomombi Wollun Woolbrook Wytaliba Yarrowitch Yarrowyck Yetman National parks andother conservation areas Bald Rock Basket Swamp Boonoo Boonoo Bundarra-Barraba Important Bird Area Carrai Cathedral Rock Chaelundi Cottan-Bimbang Cunnawarra Ebor Falls Gibraltar Range Guy Fawkes River Kings Plains Kwiambal Little Llangothlin Nature Reserve Mummel Gulf New England Nowendoc Nymboida Oxley Wild Rivers Warrabah Washpool Werrikimbe Rivers Aberfoyle Apsley Back Barnard Beardy Blicks Blue Mountain Bobo Boonoo Boonoo Boyd Cells Chandler Chandlers Clouds Commissioners Cooplacurripa Curricabark Dyke Gara Georges Guy Fawkes Gwydir Hastings Kunderang Little Murray Little Nymboida Macleay Manning Maryland Moredun Mummel Nowendoc Nowlands Oaky Oban Rocky Rowleys Sara Severn Styx Tia Timbarra Tobins Towallum Urumbilum Walcrow Warnes Wollomombi Yarrow Yarrowitch Mountain ranges and mountains Barren Ben Lomond Dorrigo Plateau Duval Grundy Hyland Moonbi Range Point Lookout Round Thunderbolts Range Tia Range Yarrowyck Tourist attractions Apsley Falls Australian Equine and Livestock Events Centre Dangar Falls Ebor Falls Newell Falls Sherrard Falls Tamworth Country Music Festival Tamworth Regional Entertainment Centre Wollomombi Falls Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Uralla Shire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uralla_Shire"},{"link_name":"Uralla, Northern Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uralla,_Northern_Territory"},{"link_name":"Northern Tablelands, New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Tablelands,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"New England Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Highway"},{"link_name":"Thunderbolts Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderbolts_Way"},{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney"},{"link_name":"Armidale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armidale,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"2016 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Australian_census"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census-1"},{"link_name":"2021 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Australian_census"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"\"Uralla\" redirects here. For the shire, see Uralla Shire. For the place in the Northern Territory, see Uralla, Northern Territory.Town in New South Wales, AustraliaUralla is a town on the Northern Tablelands, New South Wales, Australia. It is located at the intersection of the New England Highway and Thunderbolts Way, 465 kilometres (289 mi) north of Sydney and about 23 kilometres (14 mi) south-west of the city of Armidale. At the 2016 census, the township of Uralla had a population of 2,388 people.[1] According to the 2021 census, the population of Uralla had increased to 2,728.[2]At more than 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) above sea level, Uralla's high altitude makes for cool to cold winters and mild summers.Uralla has maintained significant heritage characteristics, with more than 50 buildings and sites of heritage significance.[3]During the 1980s and 1990s, the community bought and restored McCrossins Mill, and the complex now operates as a museum, gallery and function centre, run by volunteers.[4] It is also the starting point for a heritage walk.","title":"Uralla, New South Wales"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thunderbolt.JPG"},{"link_name":"Captain Thunderbolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_Thunderbolt"},{"link_name":"Thunderbolts Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderbolts_Way"},{"link_name":"European","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"indigenous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_Australians"},{"link_name":"Anēwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%C4%93wan"},{"link_name":"squatters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squatting_(Australian_history)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Morpeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morpeth,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"limit of location","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nineteen_Counties"},{"link_name":"Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Yarrowyck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarrowyck,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Robertson Land Acts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robertson_Land_Acts"},{"link_name":"gold rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_rush"},{"link_name":"Rocky River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_River_(New_South_Wales)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Uralla Shire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uralla_Shire"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"bushranger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushranger"},{"link_name":"Captain Thunderbolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_Thunderbolt"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Statue of Captain Thunderbolt at the intersection of New England Highway and Thunderbolts Way, Uralla, NSWBefore European colonisation, the area including Uralla had been occupied for 35,000 years by the indigenous Anēwan people. The name \"Uralla\" was adopted from the language of the Anēwan by the squatters who first occupied the area. It refers to a ceremonial meeting place or camp.[5]During the early 1960s, children at the Uralla Public School were taught that the name Uralla was an indigenous word which meant \"chain of waterholes\",[citation needed] which is an accurate description of the waterway which runs through the town. However, it is not known whether that has been verified by Indigenous linguistic studies.Samuel McCrossin, an Irishman, his wife, and seven children, first arrived in the Uralla area in 1839 and camped on the creek. They went back to Morpeth but returned to Uralla in 1841, to finally settle there. In the 1830s and 40s, the land began to be occupied by squatters who had moved north, beyond the limit of location set by the government. The squatters were attracted by the prime sheep grazing land of the New England Tableland. Some of the squatting runs were Kentucky, Gostwyck, Balala, Yarrowyck, Mihi Creek, Terrible Vale and Salisbury Court.[6] Some of the station buildings, including Balala and the Gostwyck Chapel, have now been placed on the Register of the National Estate.[7] Some of the land occupied by the squatters was made available to farmers after the passing of the Robertson Land Acts in 1861.Uralla achieved town status in 1855, spurred by a gold rush in the Rocky River area three years earlier, swelling the town's population to over 5,000. In 1856, another, more considerable gold rush took place, but did not lead to any lasting development. By 1859, Uralla had three hotels, stores, a post office, a flour mill and a school.[8] The Uralla Municipality was incorporated in 1882. In 1948, it became the administrative centre of the Uralla Shire after the municipality was merged with the former Gostwyck Shire. More gold was discovered and mined at Melrose in the Enmore area in about 1887. This discovery led to the erection of the Melrose public school and village, which was about 32 km east of Uralla. In 1927 this area was subdivided for soldier settlement, and ballots were held to determine the new settlers. In about 1889, gold was discovered at Groses Creek, which is 6 km south-west of Enmore, near the Mihi Falls on the eastern side of Uralla.[9]The infamous bushranger Captain Thunderbolt (Frederick Ward) is buried in the old Uralla Cemetery (John Street). There are many references to Thunderbolt throughout the town, and the locals are quite fond of the legend. In addition to an initially controversial statue in the main street, Uralla is host to a pub, motel, rock (from where Thunderbolt ambushed passing travellers) and roads, all bearing his name. On 25 May 1870, Thunderbolt was shot and killed near Uralla by Constable Alexander Walker during a highway robbery. However, a few Uralla locals claimed that it was his uncle, William (Harry) Ward - posing as Thunderbolt, who was killed at this time and not Fred Ward. The legend of Thunderbolt is exhibited at McCrossin's Mill Museum in Uralla and includes the series of 9 paintings by Phillip Pomroy of the events that led to Fred Ward's death.During 2008 Uralla recorded the state's highest rise in property values at 35 per cent over the last 12 months, according to a report from Australian Property Monitors.[10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"oceanic climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanic_climate"},{"link_name":"Köppen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification"},{"link_name":"Trewartha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trewartha_climate_classification"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"Australian Bureau of Meteorology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Meteorology"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Uralla has an oceanic climate (Köppen: Cfb, Trewartha: Dobk/Cfbk), with warm summers and cool winters.Climate data for Uralla (Dumaresq St), New South Wales, Australia (1938-1967 temperatures, precipitation 1901-present); 1,012 metres or 3,320 feet AMSL\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n26.4(79.5)\n\n25.7(78.3)\n\n24.0(75.2)\n\n20.0(68.0)\n\n15.8(60.4)\n\n12.8(55.0)\n\n11.8(53.2)\n\n13.3(55.9)\n\n17.0(62.6)\n\n20.0(68.0)\n\n23.6(74.5)\n\n25.9(78.6)\n\n19.7(67.4)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n19.5(67.1)\n\n19.2(66.6)\n\n17.6(63.7)\n\n13.4(56.1)\n\n9.4(48.9)\n\n6.9(44.4)\n\n5.7(42.3)\n\n6.9(44.4)\n\n9.9(49.8)\n\n13.1(55.6)\n\n16.2(61.2)\n\n18.5(65.3)\n\n13.0(55.5)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n12.5(54.5)\n\n12.7(54.9)\n\n11.1(52.0)\n\n6.8(44.2)\n\n3.0(37.4)\n\n0.9(33.6)\n\n−0.4(31.3)\n\n0.4(32.7)\n\n2.8(37.0)\n\n6.2(43.2)\n\n8.7(47.7)\n\n11.1(52.0)\n\n6.3(43.4)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n102.7(4.04)\n\n83.9(3.30)\n\n60.5(2.38)\n\n39.4(1.55)\n\n44.2(1.74)\n\n53.2(2.09)\n\n55.9(2.20)\n\n54.1(2.13)\n\n52.6(2.07)\n\n71.9(2.83)\n\n84.7(3.33)\n\n88.2(3.47)\n\n791.3(31.13)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)\n\n7.6\n\n7.0\n\n5.8\n\n4.5\n\n5.0\n\n6.3\n\n6.7\n\n6.2\n\n5.9\n\n7.1\n\n7.8\n\n7.8\n\n77.7\n\n\nSource: Australian Bureau of Meteorology (1938-1967 temperatures, precipitation 1901-present)[11]","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2016 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Australian_census"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census-1"}],"text":"According to the 2016 census of Population, there were 2,421 people in Uralla:Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people made up 11.7% of the population.\n86.7% of people were born in Australia and 93.3% of people spoke only English at home.\nThe most common responses for religion were Anglican 28.8%, No Religion 22.8% and Catholic 22.3%.[1]","title":"Population"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New England Brass and Iron Lace Foundry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Brass_and_Iron_Lace_Foundry"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1455-14"},{"link_name":"Uralla railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uralla_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1275-15"},{"link_name":"McCrossins Mill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCrossins_Mill"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-161-16"},{"link_name":"Captain Thunderbolt's Grave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_Thunderbolt%27s_Grave"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Blanch's Royal Oak Inn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanch%27s_Royal_Oak_Inn"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Captain Thunderbolt's Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_Thunderbolt%27s_Rock"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Uralla has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:6 East Street: New England Brass and Iron Lace Foundry[14]\nMain Northern railway: Uralla railway station[15]\nSalisbury Street: McCrossins Mill[16]\nUralla Square: Captain Thunderbolt's Grave[17]\nNew England Highway: Blanch's Royal Oak Inn[18]\nNew England Highway: Captain Thunderbolt's Rock[19]","title":"Heritage listings"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gostwyck.JPG"},{"link_name":"foundries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundries"},{"link_name":"metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal"},{"link_name":"National Parks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protected_areas_of_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Rocky River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_River,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Merino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merino"},{"link_name":"sheep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheep"},{"link_name":"wool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wool"},{"link_name":"vineyards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vineyard"},{"link_name":"wines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine"},{"link_name":"apples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple"},{"link_name":"Australian satellite tracking station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_stations_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"University of New England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_New_England,_Australia"},{"link_name":"Armidale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armidale,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"2011 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Australian_census"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census2011G-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"All Saints' Church, Gostwyck, east of UrallaThree foundries account for a large amount of employment in the town, as do other metal manufacturing businesses. As Uralla is situated about halfway between Sydney and Brisbane, tourism contributes significantly to its economy, with a thriving village atmosphere and 20 National Parks within a two-hour drive. Due to Uralla's proximity to Armidale, larger shopping chains have avoided the small town and independent retailers remain. Examples include an antiquarian book store, numerous galleries, antique stores and cafes.It is still possible to pan for gold in the rivers around the town, including the Rocky River. Today, the area is used for raising Merino sheep and is renowned for its super-fine and ultra-fine wool for use in the fashion industry. A number of vineyards have also been established and produce a variety of cool-climate wines. It is also a good area for growing apples and other fruit which require colder weather.Lockheed Martin has erected an Australian satellite tracking station at Uralla.Uralla is also host to a thriving community of artists and potters, stimulated by proximity to the University of New England in nearby Armidale.The 2011 census found that the most common industries of all the employed people in the locality were:School Education - 6.7%\nSheep, Beef Cattle and Grain Farming - 5.8%\nLocal Government Administration - 5.0%\nTertiary Education - 4.6%\nCafes, Restaurants and Takeaway Food Services - 2.9%.[20]There are a number of environmental problems in the area, mainly caused by poor land management. Soil erosion, due to extensive logging and intensive farm practices is a major issue. Local government and community environmental bodies are now working to halt the problem.[21]","title":"Industries"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Uralla_Railway.JPG"},{"link_name":"Uralla railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uralla_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Uralla station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uralla_railway_station"},{"link_name":"NSW TrainLink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSW_TrainLink"},{"link_name":"Xplorer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Xplorer"},{"link_name":"Armidale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armidale,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"Uralla railway stationUralla station is served by the daily NSW TrainLink Xplorer service between Armidale and Sydney. The station is 16 minutes by train, from Armidale.[22]","title":"Uralla Railway Station"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Entry_sign,_Uralla,_NSW.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UrallaCourtHouse.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Uralla_Central_School_sign.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thunderbolts_Rock_Lookout-01%2B_(2141005492).jpg"}],"text":"Entry sign\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCourt House\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tUralla Central School\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThunderbolts Rock","title":"Gallery"}]
[{"image_text":"Statue of Captain Thunderbolt at the intersection of New England Highway and Thunderbolts Way, Uralla, NSW","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Thunderbolt.JPG/220px-Thunderbolt.JPG"},{"image_text":"All Saints' Church, Gostwyck, east of Uralla","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Gostwyck.JPG/220px-Gostwyck.JPG"},{"image_text":"Uralla railway station","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Uralla_Railway.JPG/220px-Uralla_Railway.JPG"}]
[{"title":"New England (Australia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_(Australia)"}]
[{"reference":"Australian Bureau of Statistics (28 June 2022). \"Uralla (Urban Centre/Locality)\". 2021 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 13 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics","url_text":"Australian Bureau of Statistics"},{"url":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/UCL115143","url_text":"\"Uralla (Urban Centre/Locality)\""}]},{"reference":"Australian, Bureau of Statistics. \"2021 Uralla, Census All persons QuickStats | Australian Bureau of Statistics\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/UCL115143","url_text":"\"2021 Uralla, Census All persons QuickStats | Australian Bureau of Statistics\""}]},{"reference":"\"Heritage Sites\". urallaheritage.livinginuralla.org. Retrieved 20 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.urallaheritage.livinginuralla.org/HTML/Heritage.htm","url_text":"\"Heritage Sites\""}]},{"reference":"\"McCrossin's Mill Museum\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.visitnsw.com/destinations/country-nsw/armidale-area/uralla/attractions/mccrossins-mill-museum","url_text":"\"McCrossin's Mill Museum\""}]},{"reference":"\"There's Something About Uralla\". Uralla Visitor Information Centre. Retrieved 23 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.uralla.com/Explore/Stories-of-Uralla/Theres-Something-About-Uralla","url_text":"\"There's Something About Uralla\""}]},{"reference":"\"Uralla (Dumaresq St), NSW Climate (1938-1967 temperatures, precipitation 1901-present)\". Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 8 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_056034_All.shtml","url_text":"\"Uralla (Dumaresq St), NSW Climate (1938-1967 temperatures, precipitation 1901-present)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Meteorology","url_text":"Australian Bureau of Meteorology"}]},{"reference":"\"Statistics by Catalogue Number\". Australian Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 18 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/[email protected]/ViewContent?readform&view=ProductsbyCatalogue&Action=Expand&Num=2.2","url_text":"\"Statistics by Catalogue Number\""}]},{"reference":"\"Search Census data\". Australian Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 18 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/search-by-area","url_text":"\"Search Census data\""}]},{"reference":"\"New England Brass and Iron Lace Foundry\". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Department of Planning & Environment. H01455. Retrieved 18 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hms.heritage.nsw.gov.au/App/Item/ViewItem?itemId=5045468","url_text":"\"New England Brass and Iron Lace Foundry\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_State_Heritage_Register","url_text":"New South Wales State Heritage Register"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Planning_%26_Environment","url_text":"Department of Planning & Environment"}]},{"reference":"\"Uralla Railway Station group\". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Department of Planning & Environment. H01275. Retrieved 18 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hms.heritage.nsw.gov.au/App/Item/ViewItem?itemId=5012252","url_text":"\"Uralla Railway Station group\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_State_Heritage_Register","url_text":"New South Wales State Heritage Register"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Planning_%26_Environment","url_text":"Department of Planning & Environment"}]},{"reference":"\"McCrossins Mill\". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Department of Planning & Environment. H00161. Retrieved 18 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hms.heritage.nsw.gov.au/App/Item/ViewItem?itemId=5045484","url_text":"\"McCrossins Mill\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_State_Heritage_Register","url_text":"New South Wales State Heritage Register"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Planning_%26_Environment","url_text":"Department of Planning & Environment"}]},{"reference":"\"The Captain Thunderbolt Sites - Thunderbolt's Grave\". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Department of Planning & Environment. H01889. Retrieved 18 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hms.heritage.nsw.gov.au/App/Item/ViewItem?itemId=5061608","url_text":"\"The Captain Thunderbolt Sites - Thunderbolt's Grave\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_State_Heritage_Register","url_text":"New South Wales State Heritage Register"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Planning_%26_Environment","url_text":"Department of Planning & Environment"}]},{"reference":"\"The Captain Thunderbolt Sites - Blanch's Royal Oak Inn\". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Department of Planning & Environment. H01889. Retrieved 18 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hms.heritage.nsw.gov.au/App/Item/ViewItem?itemId=5061605","url_text":"\"The Captain Thunderbolt Sites - Blanch's Royal Oak Inn\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_State_Heritage_Register","url_text":"New South Wales State Heritage Register"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Planning_%26_Environment","url_text":"Department of Planning & Environment"}]},{"reference":"\"The Captain Thunderbolt Sites - Thunderbolt's Rock\". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Department of Planning & Environment. H01889. Retrieved 18 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hms.heritage.nsw.gov.au/App/Item/ViewItem?itemId=5061606","url_text":"\"The Captain Thunderbolt Sites - Thunderbolt's Rock\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_State_Heritage_Register","url_text":"New South Wales State Heritage Register"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Planning_%26_Environment","url_text":"Department of Planning & Environment"}]},{"reference":"Australian Bureau of Statistics (31 October 2012). \"Uralla (Gazetted Locality)\". 2011 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 22 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics","url_text":"Australian Bureau of Statistics"},{"url":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2011/SSC12357","url_text":"\"Uralla (Gazetted Locality)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Border Rivers-Gwydir CMA - News Highlights\". Archived from the original on 12 July 2009. Retrieved 23 December 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090712122023/http://brg.cma.nsw.gov.au/index.php?mact=News,cntnt01,detail,0&cntnt01articleid=8&cntnt01returnid=413","url_text":"\"Border Rivers-Gwydir CMA - News Highlights\""},{"url":"http://brg.cma.nsw.gov.au/index.php?mact%3DNews%2Ccntnt01%2Cdetail%2C0%26cntnt01articleid%3D8%26cntnt01returnid%3D413","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"North West timetable\". NSW TrainLink. 7 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://transportnsw.info/regional-north-west-line","url_text":"\"North West timetable\""}]}]
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Thunderbolt's Grave\""},{"Link":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","external_links_name":"CC-BY 4.0"},{"Link":"http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/help/copyright-disclaimer.htm","external_links_name":"licence"},{"Link":"https://www.hms.heritage.nsw.gov.au/App/Item/ViewItem?itemId=5061605","external_links_name":"\"The Captain Thunderbolt Sites - Blanch's Royal Oak Inn\""},{"Link":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","external_links_name":"CC-BY 4.0"},{"Link":"http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/help/copyright-disclaimer.htm","external_links_name":"licence"},{"Link":"https://www.hms.heritage.nsw.gov.au/App/Item/ViewItem?itemId=5061606","external_links_name":"\"The Captain Thunderbolt Sites - Thunderbolt's Rock\""},{"Link":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","external_links_name":"CC-BY 4.0"},{"Link":"http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/help/copyright-disclaimer.htm","external_links_name":"licence"},{"Link":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2011/SSC12357","external_links_name":"\"Uralla (Gazetted Locality)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090712122023/http://brg.cma.nsw.gov.au/index.php?mact=News,cntnt01,detail,0&cntnt01articleid=8&cntnt01returnid=413","external_links_name":"\"Border Rivers-Gwydir CMA - 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let_%27Em_Bleed:_The_Mixxtape,_Vol._2
Let 'Em Bleed: The Mixxtape, Vol. 2
["1 Track listing","2 Chart positions","3 References"]
2008 mixtape by DJ ClayLet 'Em Bleed: The Mixxtape, Vol. 2Mixtape by DJ ClayReleasedJuly 8, 2008Recorded2007–2008GenreHardcore hip hop, Midwest hip hopLength49:53LabelHatchet HouseProducerDJ ClayDJ Clay chronology Let 'Em Bleed: The Mixxtape, Vol. 1(2008) Let 'Em Bleed: The Mixxtape, Vol. 2(2008) Let 'Em Bleed: The Mixxtape, Vol. 3(2008) Let 'Em Bleed: The Mixxtape, Vol. 2 is a mixtape by DJ Clay. Released in 2008, it is the second installment of a four-part series of mixtapes which contain brand new and remixed songs from artists from the Psychopathic Records and Hatchet House roster. This volume also features a solo song by Bizarre of D12, an artist not signed to Psychopathic Records or Hatchet House. A third volume was November 11, 2008 released. Track listing # Title Time Performer(s) Producer(s) 1 Intro 2:08 DJ Clay DJ Clay 2 Snake Bite 2:37 Boondox Akuma 3 Knee Crakaz 2:04 Shaggy 2 Dope Tre Pound 4 Get 'Em All 2:32 DJ ClayJamie Madrox DJ Clay 5 Karma 3:57 Twiztid DJ ClayRazor Ray2 Def 6 They Know 3:37 Boondox Akuma 7 In Love With A Hooker 3:12 Violent JEsham Eric Davie 8 Filthy 2:11 Shaggy 2 Dope Tre Pound 9 Rollin' Over 3:02 Insane Clown Posse DJ ClayRazor Ray2 Def 10 Juggalo 3:14 Bizarre Tre Pound 11 My Life 3:06 DJ Clay Dub Musik 12 So Preventable 3:22 Boondox Akuma 13 Dangerous 3:46 R.O.C.King Gordy Violent J 14 4Ever Detroit 4:31 Blaze Ya Dead HomieViolent JAwesome Dre Tre Pound 15 Birds and Bees 2:15 Twiztid Eric Davie 16 Dead Man Walking 4:00 Violent J Violent J 17 Outro 0:15 DJ Clay Chart positions Chart (2008) Peak Position Billboard 200 156 Top Heatseekers 9 Top Independent Albums 23 Top Internet Albums 200 References ^ DJ Clay (2008). Let 'Em Bleed: The Mixxtape, Vol. 2. Liner notes. Hatchet House. ^ a b c d "DJ Clay Artist Chart History: Albums". Billboard. Retrieved 2008-08-19. Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group This 2008 hip hop album–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepanovskoye,_Vologda_Oblast
Stepanovskoye, Vologda Oblast
["1 Geography","2 References"]
Village in Vologda Oblast, RussiaStepanovskoye СтепановскоеVillageStepanovskoyeShow map of Vologda OblastStepanovskoyeShow map of RussiaCoordinates: 59°15′N 40°57′E / 59.250°N 40.950°E / 59.250; 40.950CountryRussiaRegionVologda OblastDistrictMezhdurechensky DistrictTime zoneUTC+3:00 Stepanovskoye (Russian: Степановское) is a rural locality (a village) in Sheybukhtovskoye Rural Settlement, Mezhdurechensky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 10 as of 2002. Geography Stepanovskoye is located 23 km southwest of Shuyskoye (the district's administrative centre) by road. Nikolskoye is the nearest rural locality. References ^ Деревня Степановское на карте ^ Данные переписи 2002 года: таблица 2С. М.: Федеральная служба государственной статистики, 2004. ^ Расстояние от Шуйского до Степановского vteRural localities in Mezhdurechensky District Akulovskoye Alexandrovka Alexeyevo Artemyevo Bolshoye Makarovo Borshchevka Brunchakovo Bukino Dachnoye Dorovatka Dvinitsa Dyakonovo Egorye Fedoteyevo Frolovo Gavrilkovo Golubi Grekhnevka Igumnitsevo Ishkovo Ivankovo Kadasovo Kalitino Karpovo Karpovskoye Khozhayevo Kopylovo Kosmovo Kosovo Kotsyno Kozhukhovo Krapivino Krasotinka Kuzminskoye Lavrentyevo Lyskovo Makarovo Malaya Storona Maloye Makarovo Markovo Markvoskoye Matveytsevo Matyushkino Mikhalevo Motyri Mytnitsa Namestovo Nikolskoye Nizhny Pochinok Novaya Novosyolka Novoye Nozemskiye Isady Obroshino Odomtsyno Ognevo Olekhovo Ostretsovo Pankovo Parfenka Pazukhino Penyevo Peshkovo Pestikovo Petrishchevo Plemyannikovo Plyusnino Podbereznovo Podgornovo Podkurnovo Poplevino Popovskoye Pristan Isady Protasovo Pustoshnovo Razdolnaya Ropotovo Ryapalovo Sarantsyno Sbrodovo Selishcha Serednevo Shchipino Shchyolkovo Shetenevo Sheybukhta Shichenga Shikhmino Shikhovo Shingarskoye Isady Shonorovo Shuyskoye Slobodka Sovka Spas-Yamshchiki Staroye Stepanovskoye Svatilovo Svyatogorye Tupitsyno Turovets Turybanino Ushakovo Uvarovitsa Vaskino Voltash Vorobeytsevo Vragovo Vysokovo Yaskino Yekimovo Yershovo Yusovo Zarechye Zhidovinovo Zmeytsyno Znamenskoye This Mezhdurechensky District, Vologda Oblast location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Island,_Karnataka
St. Mary's Islands
["1 History","2 Geography and topography","3 Geology","3.1 Geological age","4 General information","5 Access to the islands","6 Pictures of St. Mary's Islands","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]
Coordinates: 13°22′46″N 74°40′23″E / 13.3795°N 74.6730°E / 13.3795; 74.6730For individual islands named after Saint Mary, see St Mary's Island. Island in Karnataka, IndiaSt. Mary's Islands Coconut IslandIslandSt. Mary's IslandsLocation in Karnataka, IndiaCoordinates: 13°22′46″N 74°40′23″E / 13.3795°N 74.6730°E / 13.3795; 74.6730CountryIndiaStateKarnatakaDistrictUdupiElevation10 m (30 ft)Languages • OfficialTulu, KannadaTime zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)Four Islands -Coconut Island, the North Island, the Daryabahadurgarh Island and the South Island St. Mary's Islands, also known as Coconut Island and Thonsepar, are a set of four small islands in the Arabian Sea off the coast of Malpe in Udipi, Karnataka, India. They are known for their distinctive geological formation of columnar rhyolitic lava (pictured). Scientific studies indicate that the basalt of the St. Mary's Islands was formed by sub-aerial subvolcanic activity, because at that time Madagascar was attached to India. The rifting of Madagascar took place around 88 million years ago. Columnar rhyolite Lava here form one of the four geological monuments in Karnataka state, one of the 34 National Geological Monuments of India declared by the Geological Survey of India in 2016 for their protection, maintenance, promotion and enhancement of geotourism. The monument is considered an important site for "Geo Tourism". History In the year 1498, Vasco da Gama landed at St Mary's Islands on his journey from the Kingdom of Portugal, he fixed a cross and named one of these islands O Padrão de Santa Maria in Portuguese, as a dedication to St Mary, the virgin-mother of Jesus Christ, before proceeding to Calicut (Kozhikode) in the Malabar region, the present-day Kerala state. Geography and topography Out of the four islands, the northernmost island has a basaltic rock formation in a hexagonal form, the only one of its type in India such as Malpe and others. The island covers an area which is about 500 m (1,640.4 ft) in length with a width of 100 m (328.1 ft). It has prominent coconut trees, its cover reflecting an azure south sea colour, and hence the island is also called Coconut Island. There is no habitation on the islands. The north–south aligned islands form a non-continuous chain. The four largest islands are Coconut Island, North Island, Daryabahadurgarh Island and South Island. The islands are generally aligned parallel to the coast line, which provide clues to the phenomenon of uplift of the west coast of India. The islands' terraces and elevated beach deposits along with the tide gauge data at the dead oyster beach in Suratkal (further south of the islands) have been deduced as proof of the reported fall in sea level of about 1 mm/per year. The highest elevation at Coconut Island, which has generated interest among geologists and tourists, is about 10 m (32.8 ft) above msl with surrounding areas in the form of platforms in the elevation range of +6 m (19.7 ft), +3 m (9.8 ft), +1.5 m (4.9 ft) and + 0 m which are stated to have been formed by wave action pointing to an "episodic sea level rise or fall of land". Geology A view of basaltic rock formation in St. Mary's Island The columnar basaltic lava found in these Islands, which is very well developed in the basalts of Deccan Traps, exhibit an imposing range of hexagonal shaped or multi-faced (polygonal) columns split into a horizontal mosaic. In geological terms these are called "columnar joints". The lava rocks form regular five, six or seven-sided pillars, called "laminar lava", and are found in varying heights in all the islands; the tallest of the columns is about 6 m (20 ft). Considering the importance and rarity of such an occurrence, these islands were classified as a National Geological Monument in 2001 by the Geological Survey of India. The Deccan Traps that formed during Cretaceous–Eocene time about 60 million years ago emerged from the vast deluge of hot molten basaltic lava in the western part of India which is now seen as flat topped hills and step like terraces. Scientific studies carried out at the Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay on the petrology, palaeomagnetism and volcanics of the rocks of the island has brought out the following facts. Islands comprise fully of igneous rocks. They have acid composition that consist of dacites, rhyodacites, rhyolites and granophyres and carry basic patches. The columnar jointing pattern is well developed on Coconut Island. Mineralogically, plagioclase, K-feldspar, quartz, ortho- and clinopyroxenes, olivine, magnetite, and ilmenite are recorded in the ground mass phases Magnetic granulometric studies (susceptibility and hysteresis at different temperatures) of island rock samples indicate the presence of a multi domain (MD) state of magnetite. It is inferred that: "the formation of MD could have affected the stability and consistency of magnetic directions in these rocks" and that "this igneous body has been either annealed or could be an intrusive." An analysis of palaeomagnetic data from India and Madagascar hypothesizes a new India–Madagascar fit related to the Late Cretaceous, directly prior to and during the early phase of Madagascar–India separation. A scientific study paper on Late Cretaceous India–Madagascar fit and timing of break–up related magmatism by several scholars reported in the Wiley Inter Science Journal states: "St. Mary magmatism is linked to the initial break–up between India and Madagascar, and magmatism probably resulted from rift related extensional processes initially induced by the Marion hotspot underlying southern Madagascar during the Late Cretaceous." Geological age There are different theories on the age of the St. Mary's Islands rocks. In the analysis reported in the above section it has been further concluded that the multi domain (MD) state found in these rocks are uncommon in the Deccan Traps and non-existent in the Rajmahal Traps. Six selected samples from the islands were subject to whole rock K-Ar dating. This yielded a mean age of 93.1±2.4 (2σ) vis-à-vis the age of the Rajmahal Traps of about 105-100 Ma and about 66-35 Ma of the Deccan Traps. With this appreciation, the author has concluded that the igneous activity of St. Mary's Islands may represent Cretaceous-Tertiary igneous activity. In a further analysis of the age of the break-up of Greater India (India plus Seychelles) and Madagascar it has been inferred to have occurred in the Upper Cretaceous at 88 Ma. The strength of this inference is based on the approach that the Felsic volcanics (rhyolites and Rhyodacites) of the St. Mary's Islands (SMI), Southern India, were originally interpreted as a distant outlier of the 66 Ma Deccan volcanic province of west–central India, comprising dominantly flood basalts. Later studies had dated it at 93 Ma by the K-Ar dating technique. Since the technique used was a simple use of an average of five out of six widely varying dates and arbitrary data selectivity chosen, the results were not considered reliable. A method of 40Ar–39Ar (argon–argon dating) of the SMI volcanic yields is reportedly more reliable of the plateau and isochron ages. The weighted mean isochron age is reported to be 85.6±0.9 Ma (2σ). The K–Ar (potassium-argon dating) technique adopted for the southern Indian Precambrian terrain, intruded by numerous mafic–doleritic dyke swarms, the age from Proterozoic to the latest Cretaceous is reported as 69–66 Ma (Deccan-related). The two regional dykes (a leucograbbro and a felsite) from the Kerala region of southwestern India, which were also dated earlier, indicate the age as 85 Ma. Madagascar flood basalt province's 40Ar–39Ar ages of 89–85 Ma tallies with the SMI volcanic age. The conclusion drawn by the study is that the Madagascar flood basalt province, the SMI volcanics, and possibly the Kerala dykes may well represent volcanic activity associated with the break-up of Greater India and Madagascar, in the Upper Cretaceous at 88 Ma. Another scientific study on the biogeographic and tectonic history of India reported that: "Although real breaks among the lands were indicated by the physical data, faunal links were maintained by agile animals that were able to surmount minor marine barriers. India, during its northward journey, remained close to Africa and Madagascar even as it began to contact Eurasia." General information The western coasts of the islands are a seashell haven with seashells of various shapes and sizes littered along the coast. There is no sand beach to swim and relax since it is scattered with basaltic rocks. The beach has security guards who ensure that visitors do not venture into danger zones of the islands. All links to the island are only through the mainland town of Malpe, which is a major fishing harbor. The beach at this location is enlivening. It is located 5 km west of Udupi town, the administrative headquarters for the Islands. Apart from the Islands, Malpe too has tourist attractions such as the Vadabhandeshwara Temple and an image of Sri Balarama consecrated by the saint Madhwacharya, the founder of Dvaita Philosophy. A detailed description of the natural flora and fauna of the islands and the Deria Bahdur Ghur (the islands north of the port of Malpe, named after the cross set up by Vasco da Gama), have been compiled in a manual by John Sturrocks, the district collector of Mangalore in 1894. The highest point on St. Mary's Islands.Flora and fauna Colonies of gulls, Scolopacidae (sandpipers) and a few crows have been sighted on the Islands. But on the approach to the Islands from the Malpe beach, brahminy kites (Haliastur indus), great white egrets, grey egrets (breeding plumage) and groups of large Asian green bee-eaters have been recorded. Visitor Information The Islands are bereft of buildings, fences, shops. There are no domestic animals either. There are only covered pavilions with park benches on the shore and further inland. Visitors can wander around freely and enjoy the hexagonal formations from vantage locations. Visitors have to carry drinking water and sun screens since the climate is usually hot. Since the last few yards of the approach to the island involves wading, it may be preferable to avoid wearing sneakers. Access to the islands The only way of getting to the islands is by boat. For advanced boating service visit malpe beach which is 5.8 km from town Udupi. However the frequency of the boats will be every 20 min. Or regular ferry service ply the 6 km distance from the Malpe fishing harbour (which has a ship building yard also) to the islands. However, the frequency of these boats may vary depending on the number of tourists visiting. It is 58 km (36.0 mi) to the North of Mangalore, the coastal city of Karnataka, which is also the nearest airport. The famous religious town Udupi, is about 60 km (37.3 mi) West North West of Mangalore. Mumbai, Kochi, Kazhakoottam, Kanjiramattom, Thrippunithura, and Muthalamada are linked to Malpe, by the West Coast Railway. The Konkan Railway (map pictured) passes close to the Islands, starting from Mangalore passing through Udupi, Kundapura, Goa, Ratnagiri and Roha near Mumbai. Malpe is 4 km (2.5 mi) from Udupi town. Pictures of St. Mary's Islands A beach on one of the St. Mary's Islands Rocks at St. Mary's Islands A view from Ferry towards St. Mary's Islands Another view of the Island Panoramic view of palm trees at St. Mary Island See also Islands portal List of places with columnar jointed volcanics Azores in the Atlantic Ocean Devils Postpile National Monument or The Cove Palisades State Park in the United States Fingal's Cave in Scotland Giant's Causeway in Northern Ireland Adam's Bridge in India-Sri Lanka border References ^ a b c d "Columnar Rhyolite". Geological Survey of India. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 26 July 2008. ^ a b c "Relative fall in Sea level in parts of South Karnataka Coast by K.R.Subramanya". Current Science Volume 75 Pages 727-730. Retrieved 25 January 2009. ^ "National Geological Monument, from Geological Survey of India website". Archived from the original on 12 July 2017. Retrieved 21 January 2019. ^ "Geo-Heritage Sites". pib.nic.in. Press Information Bureau. 9 March 2016. Retrieved 15 September 2018. ^ national geo-heritage of India Archived 11 January 2017 at the Wayback Machine, INTACH ^ "Geo-Heritage Sites". ^ "15 natural wonders in India you should know about". ibnlive.in.com/. Archived from the original on 1 September 2014. Retrieved 1 September 2014. ^ a b Prabhu, Ganesh (31 March 2006). "A beach and an island to relax on". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 13 December 2006. Retrieved 28 October 2008. ^ "St Mary's Island". Retrieved 24 January 2009. ^ a b "Where rocks tell a tale". The Hindu. 16 September 2002. Retrieved 24 January 2009. ^ a b c "Petrology and palaeomagnetism of volcanic rocks of the St. Marry Islands". Indian Institute of Technology, Doctoral thesis by A. B. Valsangkar. Retrieved 25 January 2009. ^ "Late Cretaceous India–Madagascar fit and timing of break-up related magmatism". Wiley Inter science, Terra Nova Volume 12, Issue 5, pages 220-224. 18 January 2002. Archived from the original on 5 January 2013. Retrieved 25 January 2009. ^ Pande, Kanchan; Sheth, Hetu C.; Bhutani, Rajneesh (30 November 2001). "40Ar–39Ar age of the St. Mary's Islands volcanics, southern India: record of India–Madagascar break-up on the Indian subcontinent" (PDF). Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 193 (1–2): 39–46. Bibcode:2001E&PSL.193...39P. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.501.3666. doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00495-2. Retrieved 24 January 2009. ^ Briggs, J.C. (March 2003). "The biogeographic and tectonic history of India". Journal of Biogeography. 30 (3): 381–388. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2699.2003.00809.x. ^ "St Marys Island, Udippi, Karnataka". Maps of India. July 2011. Retrieved 9 February 2012. ^ "St Mary's Islands". Retrieved 24 January 2009. ^ Madhyastha, M.N.; Abdul Rahiman, M.; Kaveriappa, K.M. (1982). "A Brief History of Scientific Technology, Research and Educational Progress of South Kanara, Karnataka State" (PDF). Indian Journal of History of Science. 17 (2): 260–267. Retrieved 24 January 2009. ^ a b "St.Mary's Island". 30 January 2007. Retrieved 27 January 2009. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to St. Mary's Islands. Udupi: St Mary's Islands – Nature at its Resplendent Best vteHydrography of KarnatakaRivers Amarja Arkavathi Bhadra Bhima Chakra Chitravathi Chulki Nala Dandavati Gangavalli Ghataprabha Gurupura Hemavati Honnuhole Kabini Kali Karanja Kaveri Kedaka Krishna Kubja Kumaradhara Kumudvathi Lakshmana Tirtha Malaprabha Manjira Markandeya Netravati Palar Panchagangavalli Papagni Penna (Uttara Pinakini) Ponnaiyar (Dakshina Pinakini) Shambhavi Sharavati Shimsha Souparnika Tunga Tungabhadra Varada Varahi Vedavathi Vrishabhavathi Waterfalls Abbey Bandaje Barkana Chunchanakatte Devaragundi Godchinamalaki Gokak Hanumangundi Hebbe Irupu Jaladurga Jog Kalhatti Kuchikal Magod Mallalli Muthyala Maduvu Sathodi Shivanasamudra or Cauvery Shivganga Unchalli Vajrapoha Lakes Harangi Hebbal Lake, Bangalore Hebbal Lake, Mysore Hesaraghatta Honnamana Kere Karanji Krishna Raja Sagara Kukkarahalli Lingambudhi Pampa Sarovar Shanti Sagara Thippagondanahalli Vibhutipura Yele Mallappa Shetty Lake Beaches Gokarna Murudeshwara Karwar Kapu Kudle Malpe Maravanthe NITK Beach Panambur Someshwar St. Mary's Islands Tannirbhavi Trasi Dams Almatti Basava Sagara Bhadra Dam Gorur Harangi Kabini Kadra Kanva Kodasalli Krishna Raja Sagara / KRS Linganamakki Raja Lakhamagouda Renuka Sagara Shanti Sagara Supa Tungabhadra Vani Vilasa Sagara
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St Mary's Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Island_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Arabian Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Sea"},{"link_name":"Malpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malpe"},{"link_name":"Udipi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udipi"},{"link_name":"Karnataka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka"},{"link_name":"columnar rhyolitic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columnar_jointing"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSI-1"},{"link_name":"sub-aerial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subaerial"},{"link_name":"subvolcanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subvolcanic_rock"},{"link_name":"Madagascar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-subbu-2"},{"link_name":"National Geological Monuments of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_National_Geological_Monuments_in_India"},{"link_name":"Geological Survey of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geological_Survey_of_India"},{"link_name":"geotourism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geotourism"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gsi1-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gsi2-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gsi3-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"For individual islands named after Saint Mary, see St Mary's Island.Island in Karnataka, IndiaSt. Mary's Islands, also known as Coconut Island and Thonsepar, are a set of four small islands in the Arabian Sea off the coast of Malpe in Udipi, Karnataka, India. They are known for their distinctive geological formation of columnar rhyolitic lava (pictured).[1]Scientific studies indicate that the basalt of the St. Mary's Islands was formed by sub-aerial subvolcanic activity, because at that time Madagascar was attached to India. The rifting of Madagascar took place around 88 million years ago.[2]Columnar rhyolite Lava here form one of the four geological monuments in Karnataka state, one of the 34 National Geological Monuments of India declared by the Geological Survey of India in 2016 for their protection, maintenance, promotion and enhancement of geotourism.[3][4][5][6] The monument is considered an important site for \"Geo Tourism\".","title":"St. Mary's Islands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vasco da Gama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Portuguese"},{"link_name":"dedication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dedication_(ritual)"},{"link_name":"St Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mary"},{"link_name":"Jesus Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_Christ"},{"link_name":"Calicut (Kozhikode)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calicut_(Kozhikode)"},{"link_name":"Malabar region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malabar_region"},{"link_name":"Kerala state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala_state"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stm-8"}],"text":"In the year 1498, Vasco da Gama landed at St Mary's Islands on his journey from the Kingdom of Portugal, he fixed a cross and named one of these islands O Padrão de Santa Maria in Portuguese, as a dedication to St Mary, the virgin-mother of Jesus Christ, before proceeding to Calicut (Kozhikode) in the \nMalabar region, the present-day Kerala state.[7][8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rocks-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-doctor-11"},{"link_name":"Suratkal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suratkal"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-subbu-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-subbu-2"}],"text":"Out of the four islands, the northernmost island has a basaltic rock formation in a hexagonal form, the only one of its type in India such as Malpe and others. The island covers an area which is about 500 m (1,640.4 ft) in length with a width of 100 m (328.1 ft). It has prominent coconut trees, its cover reflecting an azure south sea colour, and hence the island is also called Coconut Island. There is no habitation on the islands.[9][10]The north–south aligned islands form a non-continuous chain. The four largest islands are Coconut Island, North Island, Daryabahadurgarh Island and South Island.[11]The islands are generally aligned parallel to the coast line, which provide clues to the phenomenon of uplift of the west coast of India. The islands' terraces and elevated beach deposits along with the tide gauge data at the dead oyster beach in Suratkal (further south of the islands) have been deduced as proof of the reported fall in sea level of about 1 mm/per year.[2]The highest elevation at Coconut Island, which has generated interest among geologists and tourists, is about 10 m (32.8 ft) above msl with surrounding areas in the form of platforms in the elevation range of +6 m (19.7 ft), +3 m (9.8 ft), +1.5 m (4.9 ft) and + 0 m which are stated to have been formed by wave action pointing to an \"episodic sea level rise or fall of land\".[2]","title":"Geography and topography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Basaltic_rock_formation_in_St_Mary%27s_Island,_Karnataka.jpg"},{"link_name":"Deccan Traps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deccan_Traps"},{"link_name":"columnar joints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columnar_jointing"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSI-1"},{"link_name":"Geological Survey of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geological_Survey_of_India"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stm-8"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rocks-10"},{"link_name":"Cretaceous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceous"},{"link_name":"Eocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eocene"},{"link_name":"60","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoltime.github.io/?Ma=60"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSI-1"},{"link_name":"Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Technology,_Bombay"},{"link_name":"petrology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrology"},{"link_name":"palaeomagnetism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaeomagnetism"},{"link_name":"volcanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-doctor-11"},{"link_name":"igneous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igneous"},{"link_name":"acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid"},{"link_name":"dacites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacite"},{"link_name":"rhyodacites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhyodacite"},{"link_name":"rhyolites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhyolite"},{"link_name":"granophyres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granophyre"},{"link_name":"plagioclase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagioclase"},{"link_name":"feldspar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feldspar"},{"link_name":"quartz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartz"},{"link_name":"ortho-","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthopyroxene"},{"link_name":"clinopyroxenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinopyroxene"},{"link_name":"olivine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivine"},{"link_name":"magnetite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetite"},{"link_name":"ilmenite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilmenite"},{"link_name":"Magnetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic"},{"link_name":"hysteresis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hysteresis"},{"link_name":"palaeomagnetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaeomagnetic"},{"link_name":"Madagascar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"magmatism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magmatism"},{"link_name":"magmatism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magmatism"},{"link_name":"Marion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Edward_Islands"},{"link_name":"hotspot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotspot_(geology)"},{"link_name":"Late Cretaceous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Cretaceous"}],"text":"A view of basaltic rock formation in St. Mary's IslandThe columnar basaltic lava found in these Islands, which is very well developed in the basalts of Deccan Traps, exhibit an imposing range of hexagonal shaped or multi-faced (polygonal) columns split into a horizontal mosaic. In geological terms these are called \"columnar joints\".[1] The lava rocks form regular five, six or seven-sided pillars, called \"laminar lava\", and are found in varying heights in all the islands; the tallest of the columns is about 6 m (20 ft). Considering the importance and rarity of such an occurrence, these islands were classified as a National Geological Monument in 2001 by the Geological Survey of India.[8][10]The Deccan Traps that formed during Cretaceous–Eocene time about 60 million years ago emerged from the vast deluge of hot molten basaltic lava in the western part of India which is now seen as flat topped hills and step like terraces.[1]\nScientific studies carried out at the Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay on the petrology, palaeomagnetism and volcanics of the rocks of the island has brought out the following facts.[11]Islands comprise fully of igneous rocks. They have acid composition that consist of dacites, rhyodacites, rhyolites and granophyres and carry basic patches.\nThe columnar jointing pattern is well developed on Coconut Island.\nMineralogically, plagioclase, K-feldspar, quartz, ortho- and clinopyroxenes, olivine, magnetite, and ilmenite are recorded in the ground mass phases\nMagnetic granulometric studies (susceptibility and hysteresis at different temperatures) of island rock samples indicate the presence of a multi domain (MD) state of magnetite. It is inferred that: \"the formation of MD could have affected the stability and consistency of magnetic directions in these rocks\" and that \"this igneous body has been either annealed or could be an intrusive.\"An analysis of palaeomagnetic data from India and Madagascar hypothesizes a new India–Madagascar fit related to the Late Cretaceous, directly prior to and during the early phase of Madagascar–India separation. A scientific study paper on Late Cretaceous India–Madagascar fit and timing of break–up related magmatism by several scholars reported in the Wiley Inter Science Journal states:[12] \"St. Mary magmatism is linked to the initial break–up between India and Madagascar, and magmatism probably resulted from rift related extensional processes initially induced by the Marion hotspot underlying southern Madagascar during the Late Cretaceous.\"","title":"Geology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Deccan Traps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deccan_Traps"},{"link_name":"Rajmahal Traps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajmahal_Hills"},{"link_name":"Ma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annum"},{"link_name":"Cretaceous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceous"},{"link_name":"Tertiary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertiary"},{"link_name":"igneous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igneous"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-doctor-11"},{"link_name":"Seychelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seychelles"},{"link_name":"Ma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annum"},{"link_name":"Felsic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felsic"},{"link_name":"volcanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic"},{"link_name":"rhyolites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhyolites"},{"link_name":"Rhyodacites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhyodacite"},{"link_name":"K-Ar dating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-Ar_dating"},{"link_name":"argon–argon dating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argon%E2%80%93argon_dating"},{"link_name":"isochron ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isochron_dating"},{"link_name":"potassium-argon dating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium-argon_dating"},{"link_name":"Precambrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precambrian"},{"link_name":"dyke swarms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyke_swarm"},{"link_name":"Proterozoic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proterozoic"},{"link_name":"Kerala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa"},{"link_name":"Eurasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasia"}],"sub_title":"Geological age","text":"There are different theories on the age of the St. Mary's Islands rocks. In the analysis reported in the above section it has been further concluded that the multi domain (MD) state found in these rocks are uncommon in the Deccan Traps and non-existent in the Rajmahal Traps. Six selected samples from the islands were subject to whole rock K-Ar dating. This yielded a mean age of 93.1±2.4 (2σ) vis-à-vis the age of the Rajmahal Traps of about 105-100 Ma and about 66-35 Ma of the Deccan Traps. With this appreciation, the author has concluded that the igneous activity of St. Mary's Islands may represent Cretaceous-Tertiary igneous activity.[11]In a further analysis of the age of the break-up of Greater India (India plus Seychelles) and Madagascar it has been inferred to have occurred in the Upper Cretaceous at 88 Ma. The strength of this inference is based on the approach that the Felsic volcanics (rhyolites and Rhyodacites) of the St. Mary's Islands (SMI), Southern India, were originally interpreted as a distant outlier of the 66 Ma Deccan volcanic province of west–central India, comprising dominantly flood basalts. Later studies had dated it at 93 Ma by the K-Ar dating technique. Since the technique used was a simple use of an average of five out of six widely varying dates and arbitrary data selectivity chosen, the results were not considered reliable. A method of 40Ar–39Ar (argon–argon dating) of the SMI volcanic yields is reportedly more reliable of the plateau and isochron ages. The weighted mean isochron age is reported to be 85.6±0.9 Ma (2σ). The K–Ar (potassium-argon dating) technique adopted for the southern Indian Precambrian terrain, intruded by numerous mafic–doleritic dyke swarms, the age from Proterozoic to the latest Cretaceous is reported as 69–66 Ma (Deccan-related). The two regional dykes (a leucograbbro and a felsite) from the Kerala region of southwestern India, which were also dated earlier, indicate the age as 85 Ma. Madagascar flood basalt province's 40Ar–39Ar ages of 89–85 Ma tallies with the SMI volcanic age. The conclusion drawn by the study is that the Madagascar flood basalt province, the SMI volcanics, and possibly the Kerala dykes may well represent volcanic activity associated with the break-up of Greater India and Madagascar, in the Upper Cretaceous at 88 Ma.[13]Another scientific study on the biogeographic and tectonic history of India reported that:[14] \"Although real breaks among the lands were indicated by the physical data, faunal links were maintained by agile animals that were able to surmount minor marine barriers. India, during its northward journey, remained close to Africa and Madagascar even as it began to contact Eurasia.\"","title":"Geology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"seashell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seashell"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Madhwacharya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhwacharya"},{"link_name":"Dvaita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvaita"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"flora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora"},{"link_name":"fauna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauna"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Highest_point_on_the_Island.jpg"},{"link_name":"gulls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulls"},{"link_name":"Scolopacidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scolopacidae"},{"link_name":"sandpipers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandpiper"},{"link_name":"crows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crow"},{"link_name":"brahminy kites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahminy_kite"},{"link_name":"great white egrets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_white_egrets"},{"link_name":"egrets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egrets"},{"link_name":"Asian green bee-eaters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_green_bee-eater"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-news-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-news-18"}],"text":"The western coasts of the islands are a seashell haven with seashells of various shapes and sizes littered along the coast. There is no sand beach to swim and relax since it is scattered with basaltic rocks. The beach has security guards who ensure that visitors do not venture into danger zones of the islands.[15]All links to the island are only through the mainland town of Malpe, which is a major fishing harbor. The beach at this location is enlivening. It is located 5 km west of Udupi town, the administrative headquarters for the Islands. Apart from the Islands, Malpe too has tourist attractions such as the Vadabhandeshwara Temple and an image of Sri Balarama consecrated by the saint Madhwacharya, the founder of Dvaita Philosophy.[16]A detailed description of the natural flora and fauna of the islands and the Deria Bahdur Ghur (the islands north of the port of Malpe, named after the cross set up by Vasco da Gama), have been compiled in a manual by John Sturrocks, the district collector of Mangalore in 1894.[17]The highest point on St. Mary's Islands.Flora and faunaColonies of gulls, Scolopacidae (sandpipers) and a few crows have been sighted on the Islands. But on the approach to the Islands from the Malpe beach, brahminy kites (Haliastur indus), great white egrets, grey egrets (breeding plumage) and groups of large Asian green bee-eaters have been recorded.[18]Visitor InformationThe Islands are bereft of buildings, fences, shops. There are no domestic animals either. There are only covered pavilions with park benches on the shore and further inland. Visitors can wander around freely and enjoy the hexagonal formations from vantage locations. Visitors have to carry drinking water and sun screens since the climate is usually hot. Since the last few yards of the approach to the island involves wading, it may be preferable to avoid wearing sneakers.[18]","title":"General information"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Udupi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udupi"},{"link_name":"Malpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malpe"},{"link_name":"Mangalore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangalore"},{"link_name":"Udupi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udupi"},{"link_name":"Mangalore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangalore"},{"link_name":"Mumbai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai"},{"link_name":"Kochi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kochi"},{"link_name":"Kazhakoottam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazhakoottam"},{"link_name":"Kanjiramattom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanjiramattom"},{"link_name":"Thrippunithura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrippunithura"},{"link_name":"Muthalamada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muthalamada_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSI-1"},{"link_name":"Konkan Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkan_Railway"},{"link_name":"Kundapura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kundapura"},{"link_name":"Goa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa"},{"link_name":"Ratnagiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratnagiri"},{"link_name":"Roha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roha"}],"text":"The only way of getting to the islands is by boat. For advanced boating service visit malpe beach which is 5.8 km from town Udupi. However the frequency of the boats will be every 20 min. Or regular ferry service ply the 6 km distance from the Malpe fishing harbour (which has a ship building yard also) to the islands. However, the frequency of these boats may vary depending on the number of tourists visiting. It is 58 km (36.0 mi) to the North of Mangalore, the coastal city of Karnataka, which is also the nearest airport. The famous religious town Udupi, is about 60 km (37.3 mi) West North West of Mangalore. Mumbai, Kochi, Kazhakoottam, Kanjiramattom, Thrippunithura, and Muthalamada are linked to Malpe, by the West Coast Railway.[1] The Konkan Railway (map pictured) passes close to the Islands, starting from Mangalore passing through Udupi, Kundapura, Goa, Ratnagiri and Roha near Mumbai. Malpe is 4 km (2.5 mi) from Udupi town.","title":"Access to the islands"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St_Mary%27s_Island.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St_Mary%27s_Island_rocks.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St_Mary%27s_island.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St._Mary%27s_Islands,_Columnar_Basaltic_Lava.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St._Mary%27s_Islands,_Malpe_beach,_Karnataka_04.jpg"}],"text":"A beach on one of the St. Mary's Islands\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRocks at St. Mary's Islands\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA view from Ferry towards St. Mary's Islands\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAnother view of the IslandPanoramic view of palm trees at St. Mary Island","title":"Pictures of St. Mary's Islands"}]
[{"image_text":"A view of basaltic rock formation in St. Mary's Island","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Basaltic_rock_formation_in_St_Mary%27s_Island%2C_Karnataka.jpg/250px-Basaltic_rock_formation_in_St_Mary%27s_Island%2C_Karnataka.jpg"},{"image_text":"The highest point on St. Mary's Islands.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Highest_point_on_the_Island.jpg/220px-Highest_point_on_the_Island.jpg"},{"image_text":"Panoramic view of palm trees at St. Mary Island","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/St._Mary%27s_Islands%2C_Malpe_beach%2C_Karnataka_04.jpg/608px-St._Mary%27s_Islands%2C_Malpe_beach%2C_Karnataka_04.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Columnar Rhyolite\". Geological Survey of India. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 26 July 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110721160132/http://www.portal.gsi.gov.in/portal/page?_pageid=127,529572&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL&linkId=1068","url_text":"\"Columnar Rhyolite\""},{"url":"http://www.portal.gsi.gov.in/portal/page?_pageid=127,529572&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL&linkId=1068","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Relative fall in Sea level in parts of South Karnataka Coast by K.R.Subramanya\". Current Science Volume 75 Pages 727-730. Retrieved 25 January 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ias.ac.in/j_archive/currsci/75/7/727-730/viewpage.html","url_text":"\"Relative fall in Sea level in parts of South Karnataka Coast by K.R.Subramanya\""}]},{"reference":"\"National Geological Monument, from Geological Survey of India website\". Archived from the original on 12 July 2017. Retrieved 21 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170712055947/http://www.portal.gsi.gov.in/portal/page?_pageid=127,529542&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL","url_text":"\"National Geological Monument, from Geological Survey of India website\""},{"url":"http://www.portal.gsi.gov.in/portal/page?_pageid=127,529542&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Geo-Heritage Sites\". pib.nic.in. Press Information Bureau. 9 March 2016. Retrieved 15 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=137573","url_text":"\"Geo-Heritage Sites\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Press_Information_Bureau","url_text":"Press Information Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Geo-Heritage Sites\".","urls":[{"url":"http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=137573","url_text":"\"Geo-Heritage Sites\""}]},{"reference":"\"15 natural wonders in India you should know about\". ibnlive.in.com/. Archived from the original on 1 September 2014. Retrieved 1 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140901203500/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/from-the-red-pandas-of-sikkim-to-the-barren-islands-of-andaman-15-natural-wonders-in-india-you-should-know-about/495239-79.html","url_text":"\"15 natural wonders in India you should know about\""},{"url":"http://ibnlive.in.com/news/from-the-red-pandas-of-sikkim-to-the-barren-islands-of-andaman-15-natural-wonders-in-india-you-should-know-about/495239-79.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Prabhu, Ganesh (31 March 2006). \"A beach and an island to relax on\". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 13 December 2006. Retrieved 28 October 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061213072228/http://www.hindu.com/2006/03/31/stories/2006033108730400.htm","url_text":"\"A beach and an island to relax on\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hindu","url_text":"The Hindu"},{"url":"http://www.hindu.com/2006/03/31/stories/2006033108730400.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"St Mary's Island\". Retrieved 24 January 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.india9.com/i9show/St-Mary's-Island-34540.htm","url_text":"\"St Mary's Island\""}]},{"reference":"\"Where rocks tell a tale\". The Hindu. 16 September 2002. Retrieved 24 January 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/life/2002/09/16/stories/2002091600170300.htm","url_text":"\"Where rocks tell a tale\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hindu","url_text":"The Hindu"}]},{"reference":"\"Petrology and palaeomagnetism of volcanic rocks of the St. Marry Islands\". Indian Institute of Technology, Doctoral thesis by A. B. Valsangkar. Retrieved 25 January 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.library.iitb.ac.in/~mnj/gsdl/cgi-bin/library?e=d-00000-00---0PHD--00-1--0-10-0---0---0prompt-10---8-------0-1l--11-zh-50---20-help---10-3-1-00-0011-1-0gbk-00&cl=CL1.15&d=HASHd4daddfb6cf6efc64eb0c0&x=1","url_text":"\"Petrology and palaeomagnetism of volcanic rocks of the St. Marry Islands\""}]},{"reference":"\"Late Cretaceous India–Madagascar fit and timing of break-up related magmatism\". Wiley Inter science, Terra Nova Volume 12, Issue 5, pages 220-224. 18 January 2002. Archived from the original on 5 January 2013. Retrieved 25 January 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130105105802/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/119046866/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0","url_text":"\"Late Cretaceous India–Madagascar fit and timing of break-up related magmatism\""},{"url":"http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/119046866/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Pande, Kanchan; Sheth, Hetu C.; Bhutani, Rajneesh (30 November 2001). \"40Ar–39Ar age of the St. Mary's Islands volcanics, southern India: record of India–Madagascar break-up on the Indian subcontinent\" (PDF). Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 193 (1–2): 39–46. Bibcode:2001E&PSL.193...39P. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.501.3666. doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00495-2. Retrieved 24 January 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.geos.iitb.ac.in/sheth/pandeetal(epsl2001).pdf","url_text":"\"40Ar–39Ar age of the St. Mary's Islands volcanics, southern India: record of India–Madagascar break-up on the Indian subcontinent\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001E&PSL.193...39P","url_text":"2001E&PSL.193...39P"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)","url_text":"CiteSeerX"},{"url":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.501.3666","url_text":"10.1.1.501.3666"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0012-821X%2801%2900495-2","url_text":"10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00495-2"}]},{"reference":"Briggs, J.C. (March 2003). \"The biogeographic and tectonic history of India\". Journal of Biogeography. 30 (3): 381–388. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2699.2003.00809.x.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-2699.2003.00809.x","url_text":"\"The biogeographic and tectonic history of India\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-2699.2003.00809.x","url_text":"10.1046/j.1365-2699.2003.00809.x"}]},{"reference":"\"St Marys Island, Udippi, Karnataka\". Maps of India. July 2011. Retrieved 9 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mapsofindia.com/karnataka/tourism/st-marys-island.html","url_text":"\"St Marys Island, Udippi, Karnataka\""}]},{"reference":"\"St Mary's Islands\". Retrieved 24 January 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ourkarnataka.com/states/udupi/stmarysislands.htm","url_text":"\"St Mary's Islands\""}]},{"reference":"Madhyastha, M.N.; Abdul Rahiman, M.; Kaveriappa, K.M. (1982). \"A Brief History of Scientific Technology, Research and Educational Progress of South Kanara, Karnataka State\" (PDF). Indian Journal of History of Science. 17 (2): 260–267. Retrieved 24 January 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.new.dli.ernet.in/rawdataupload/upload/insa/INSA_1/20005af6_260.pdf","url_text":"\"A Brief History of Scientific Technology, Research and Educational Progress of South Kanara, Karnataka State\""}]},{"reference":"\"St.Mary's Island\". 30 January 2007. Retrieved 27 January 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://ifornature.blogspot.com/2007/01/stmarys-island.html","url_text":"\"St.Mary's Island\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeni%C5%9Fehir,_Mersin
Yenişehir, Mersin
["1 History","2 Location","3 Population","4 Living","5 Composition","6 Sport","7 Sites of interest","8 International relations","9 References and notes","10 External links"]
Coordinates: 36°47′N 34°36′E / 36.783°N 34.600°E / 36.783; 34.600Secondary municipality in Mersin, Turkey District and municipality in Mersin, TurkeyYenişehirDistrict and municipalityMap showing Yenişehir District in Mersin ProvinceYenişehirLocation in TurkeyCoordinates: 36°47′N 34°36′E / 36.783°N 34.600°E / 36.783; 34.600CountryTurkeyProvinceMersinGovernment • MayorAbdullah Özyiğit (CHP)Area139 km2 (54 sq mi)Population (2022)278,961 • Density2,000/km2 (5,200/sq mi)Time zoneTRT (UTC+3)Area code0324Websitewww.yenisehir.bel.tr Yenişehir (Turkish pronunciation: ) is a municipality and district of Mersin Province, Turkey. Its area is 139 km2, and its population is 278,961 (2022). It covers the west-central part of the city of Mersin and the adjacent countryside. History Walking trail by the seaside Mediterranean shore Originally a part of Mersin municipality, the municipality of Yenişehir was established in 1993 as a secondary level municipality of Mersin. In 2008 the district Yenişehir was created from part of the former central district of Mersin, along with the districts Mezitli, Toroslar and Akdeniz. At the same time, the former municipality Çiftlikköy was absorbed into the municipality of Yenişehir. At the 2013 Turkish local government reorganisation, the rural part of the district was integrated into the municipality, the villages becoming neighbourhoods. Location Yenişehir is located between Akdeniz (east) and Mezitli (west) districts. In the east Yenişehir is bounded by Efrenk River and in the south by Mediterranean Sea. Population According to 2022 figures, the population of Yenişehir was 278,961. Approximately 25% of Mersin citizens live in Yenişehir. The annual population growth is over 3.7% which is higher than Mersin average. Living Yenişehir, also regionally known as Pozcu, is the most densely populated intracity district of Mersin and serves as the City's commercial center. Mersin's largest shopping center "Forum" lies at the middle of Yenişehir. Both Mersin University and Toros University are located in Yenişehir. Muğdat Mosque, the largest mosque in Mersin is also in Yenişehir. Composition There are 32 neighbourhoods in Yenişehir District: 50. Yıl Akkent Aydınlıkevler Bahçelievler Barbaros Batıkent Çavak Çiftlikköy Çukurkeşli Cumhuriyet Değirmençay Deniz Dumlupınar Eğriçam Emirler Fuat Morel Gazi Gökçebelen Güvenevler Hürriyet İnönü İnsu Karahacılı Kocahamzalı Kocavilayet Kuzeykent Limonluk Menteş Palmiye Pirireis Turunçlu Uzunkaş Sport Most of Mersin sports venues are in Yenişehir. Tevfik Sırrı Gür Stadium as well as Mersin Olympic Stadium are in Yenişehir. Edip Buran Arena, Nevin Yanıt Athletics Complex, Macit Özcan Sports Complex, Mersin Olympic Swimming Pool, Mersin Volleyball Hall, Servet Tazegül Arena, Mersin Tennis Complex and Mersin Gymnastics Hall are also in Yenişehir. All of these facilities were used in 2013 Mediterranean Games. For the 2013 Mediterranean Games, a 1,288-seat new Mersin Gymnastics Hall was built, and the existing multi-sport venue Edip Buran Arena as well as the Nevin Yanıt Athletics Complex were renovated and modernized. The Edip Buran Arena is home to Turkish Basketball League (TBL) player Mersin Büyükşehir Belediyesi men's and Turkish Women's Basketball League (TKBL) player Mersin Büyükşehir Belediyesi women's basketball teams. Tevfik Sırrı Gür Stadium is the home to Mersin İdmanyurdu. Another new sports venue built for the 2013 Mediterranean Games is the Mersin Volleyball Hall with 1,000 seating capacity, which hosted the men's tournament matches. The Macit Özcan Sports Complex, built in 2008, consists of three football fields, three tennis courts and three swimming pools, one of them in Olympic-size. The water polo events took place at this site on June 19–26. Sites of interest Muğdat Mosque with its six minarets Muğdat Mosque, the City's largest Mosque and one of five Mosques in Turkey with six minarets. Mersin Archaeological Museum, opened in 2017 exhibits various items from different stages of Mersin Hisrory. Mersin Naval Museum, opened in 2010 Emirler Archaeological Site and City Forest Museum, a small Museum about 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) north of the City. Mersin Marina International relations See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Turkey Yenişehir is twinned with: Neustadt an der Weinstraße, Germany Iskele, Northern Cyprus References and notes ^ a b c "Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports" (XLS). TÜİK. Retrieved 12 July 2023. ^ Büyükşehir İlçe Belediyesi, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 12 July 2023. ^ "İl ve İlçe Yüz ölçümleri". General Directorate of Mapping. Retrieved 12 July 2023. ^ Kanun No. 5747, Resmî Gazete, 22 March 2008. ^ "İl İdaresi ve Mülki Bölümler Şube Müdürlüğü İstatistikleri - İl ve İlçe Kuruluş Tarihleri" (PDF) (in Turkish). p. 63. Retrieved 5 September 2023. ^ "Law No. 6360". Official Gazette (in Turkish). 6 December 2012. ^ Mayor's page ^ "Forum Mersin". ^ Mahalle, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 12 July 2023. ^ "Mersin Büyükşehir Belediyesi 57 - 73 İstanbul Üniversitesi". Hürriyet Spor. 2013-04-11. Retrieved 2013-07-10. ^ "Akdeniz derbisi Mersin'in". Hürriyet Spor (in Turkish). 2013-03-23. Retrieved 2013-07-10. ^ "Mersin Voleybol Salonu, Sporcuları Bekliyor" (in Turkish). Mersin 2013. Retrieved 2013-07-10. ^ "1.000 Seyirci Kapasiteli Spor Salonu" (in Turkish). Mersin 2013. Retrieved 2013-07-10. ^ "2013 Akdeniz Oyunlarının Oynanacağı Tesisler-Voleybol Yeni Tesis" (in Turkish). Akdeniz Olimpiyat. Retrieved 2013-07-10. ^ "Macit Özcan Spor Kompleksi" (in Turkish). Mersin 2013. Retrieved 2013-07-10. External links District governorate vteYenişehir, Mersin in Mersin Province of TurkeyDistricts Akdeniz Anamur Aydıncık Bozyazı Çamlıyayla Erdemli Gülnar Mezitli Mut Silifke Tarsus Toroslar Yenişehir Districts of MersinList of provinces by regionIstanbul Istanbul West Marmara Balıkesir Çanakkale Edirne Kırklareli Tekirdağ Aegean Afyonkarahisar Aydın Denizli İzmir Kütahya Manisa Muğla Uşak East Marmara Bilecik Bolu Bursa Düzce Eskişehir Kocaeli Sakarya Yalova West Anatolia Ankara Karaman Konya Mediterranean Adana Antalya Burdur Hatay Isparta Kahramanmaraş Mersin Osmaniye Central Anatolia Aksaray Kayseri Kırıkkale Kırşehir Nevşehir Niğde Sivas Yozgat West Black Sea Amasya Bartın Çankırı Çorum Karabük Kastamonu Samsun Sinop Tokat Zonguldak East Black Sea Artvin Giresun Gümüşhane Ordu Rize Trabzon Northeast Anatolia Ağrı Ardahan Bayburt Erzincan Erzurum Iğdır Kars Central East Anatolia Bingöl Bitlis Elazığ Hakkâri Malatya Muş Tunceli Van Southeast Anatolia Adıyaman Batman Diyarbakır Gaziantep Kilis Mardin Siirt Şanlıurfa Şırnak Metropolitan municipalities are bolded. vte Mersin ProvinceSettlementsCenter city Mersin Districts (İlçe) Akdeniz Mezitli Toroslar Yenişehir Anamur Aydıncık Bozyazı Çamlıyayla Erdemli Gülnar Mut Silifke Tarsus All settlements List of populated places in Mersin Province CultureUniversities Mersin University Çağ University Tarsus University Toros University Institute of Marine Sciences Alata Research Institute of Horticulture Museums etc. Anamur Museum Arslan Eyce Private Amphora Museum Erdemli Yörük Museum Emirler Archaeological Site and City Forest Museum Gözlükule Research Center Mersin Archaeological Museum Mersin Atatürk Museum Mersin Museum Mersin Naval Museum Mersin State Art and Sculpture Museum Mersin Urban History Museum Mersin Water Museum Narlıkuyu Museum Silifke Museum Silifke Atatürk Museum Tarsus Çanakkale Park Museum Tarsus Museum Taşucu Atatürk Museum Monuments Atatürk Monument Mersin Martyrs' Memorial Frederick Barbarossa Memorial Archaeological wealth Adamkayalar Akkale Ala Bridge Alahan Monastery Altından geçme Anchiale Ancient road in Tarsus Anemurium Aphrodisias Athena relief Aulai Aya Tekla Church Baç Bridge Balabolu Belenkeşlik Castle Canbazlı ruins Caracalla's inscription Casemates of İbrahim Pasha Cleopatra's gate Corycus Çanakçı rock tombs Çandır Castle Çatıören Dağlı Castle Dikilitaş Donuktaş Dörtayak Eğribük (Palaiai) Elaiussa Sebaste Emirzeli Evciler Castle Gömeç Gözlükule Gözne Castle Gülek Castle Hasanaliler Church Hisarin Castle Imbriogon (Demircili) Işıkkale Kabaçam Karakabaklı Kelenderis mosaic Kırkkaşık Bedesten Kızlar Kalesi Kilise Tepe Kravga Bridge Kuzucubelen Castle Lamas Aqueduct Lampron Mamure Castle Mancınık Castle Mausoleum of Danyal Melenia Meydan Castle Meydancık Castle Mezgitkale Mut Castle Nagidos Olba Olba Aqueduct Öküzlü ruins Pasha's Tomb Roman road in Cilicia Saint Paul's Well Shahmeran Hamam Silifke Bridge Silifke Castle Sinap Castle Sinekkale Softa Castle Soli Tapureli ruins Taşgeçit Bridge Taşhan, Mut Tece Castle Tekir ambarı Tekkadın ruins Temple of Jupiter (Silifke) Tırmıl Tokmar Castle Uzuncaburç (Diokaesareia) Üçayaklı ruins Veyselli rock reliefs Warrior relief of Efrenk Yanıkhan Yelbiz Castle Yumuktepe othersMezitli Producer Women's MarketBuildings and structuresModern Mersin Halkevi Mersin Congress and Exhibition Center Atatürk Cultural Center CNR Yenişehir Exhibition Center Mertim Mersin Aquapark Atatürk Park Mersin Marina Tarsus Zoo Mosquesandmadrasas Muğdat Mosque Grand Mosque of Mersin Mersin Old Mosque Müftü Mosque Tarsus Old Mosque Grand Mosque of Tarsus Kubat Pasha Medrese Laal Pasha Mosque Güzeloluk Mosque Churches Mersin Catholic Church Mersin Orthodox Church Saint Paul's Church Cemeteries Mersin Interfaith Cemetery Cyprus Memorial Forest in Silifke Dams Alaköprü Dam Berdan Dam Birkapılı Dam Gezende Dam Kadıncık 1 HES Kadıncık 2 HES Kayraktepe Dam Otluca HES Pamukluk Dam Silifke HES Industry and trade ATAŞ (Refinery) ACS Mersin Sodakrom Çimsataş Mersin Free Zone Transportation Transport in Mersin Province Mersin Harbor Taşucu Seka Harbor Yeşilovacık Fishing Port Mersin railway station Tarsus railway station Yenice railway station Tırmıl railway station Karacailyas railway station Huzurkent railway station Taşkent railway station Mersin Bus Terminus Çukurova Regional Airport İsmet İnönü Boulevard Adnan Menderes Boulevard Gazi Mustafa Kemal Boulevard Kushimoto Street Boğsak Tunnel Mersin Lighthouse Anamur Lighthouse Aydıncık Lighthouse Sports venues Edip Buran Arena Macit Özcan Sports Complex Mersin Seventh Region Sports Hall Mersin Gymnastics Hall Mersin Arena Mersin Olympic Swimming Pool Mersin Tennis Complex Mersin Volleyball Hall Mezitli Sports Hall Nevin Yanıt Athletics Complex Servet Tazegül Arena Tevfik Sırrı Gür Stadium Toroslar Bocce Facility Erdemli Shooting Range Erdemli Sports Hall Tarsus City Stadium Tarsus Arena Geographical features Mersin Gulf Paradeniz Kızılbağ Pond Arslanköy Pond Aydıncık Islands Babadıl Islands Boğsak Islet Bozyazı Island Dana Island Güvercin Islet Saplı Islet Yelkenli Island Yılanlı Island Cape Anamur Cape Tisan Kaledran Creek Dragon Creek Sini Creek Soğuksu Creek Babadıl Creek Göksu River Lamas River Alata River Karacaoğlan River Tece Creek Mezitli River Efrenk River Berdan River Tarsus Waterfall Yerköprü Fall Sertavul Pass Gülek Pass Karboğazı Karakız Lake Karabucak Forest Aydıncık Nature Park Gümüşkum Nature Park Karaekşi Nature Park Pullu I Nature Park Erdemli Pine Groove Kanlıdivane Cennet and Cehennem Akhayat sinkhole Egma Sinkhole Çukurpınar Cave Aydıncık Cave Yedi Uyurlar Cave Kisecik Canyon Mersin Province vteNeighbourhoods of Yenişehir District 50. Yıl Akkent Aydınlıkevler Bahçelievler Barbaros Batıkent Çavak Çiftlikköy Çukurkeşli Cumhuriyet Değirmençay Deniz Dumlupınar Eğriçam Emirler Fuat Morel Gazi Gökçebelen Güvenevler Hürriyet İnönü İnsu Karahacılı Kocahamzalı Kocavilayet Kuzeykent Limonluk Menteş Palmiye Pirireis Turunçlu Uzunkaş
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"['jeniʃehiɾ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Turkish"},{"link_name":"district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Turkey"},{"link_name":"Mersin Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mersin_Province"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tuik-1"},{"link_name":"Mersin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mersin"}],"text":"Secondary municipality in Mersin, TurkeyDistrict and municipality in Mersin, TurkeyYenişehir (Turkish pronunciation: ['jeniʃehiɾ]) is a municipality and district of Mersin Province, Turkey.[2] Its area is 139 km2,[3] and its population is 278,961 (2022).[1] It covers the west-central part of the city of Mersin and the adjacent countryside.","title":"Yenişehir, Mersin"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mersin_Yeni%C5%9Fehir_promenade.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mersin_Yeni%C5%9Fehir_shore.JPG"},{"link_name":"Mezitli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezitli"},{"link_name":"Toroslar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toroslar"},{"link_name":"Akdeniz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akdeniz,_Mersin"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"2013 Turkish local government reorganisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Turkish_local_government_reorganisation"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Walking trail by the seasideMediterranean shoreOriginally a part of Mersin municipality, the municipality of Yenişehir was established in 1993 as a secondary level municipality of Mersin. In 2008 the district Yenişehir was created from part of the former central district of Mersin, along with the districts Mezitli, Toroslar and Akdeniz. At the same time, the former municipality Çiftlikköy was absorbed into the municipality of Yenişehir.[4][5] At the 2013 Turkish local government reorganisation, the rural part of the district was integrated into the municipality, the villages becoming neighbourhoods.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Akdeniz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akdeniz,_Mersin"},{"link_name":"Mezitli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezitli"},{"link_name":"Efrenk River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efrenk_River"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Yenişehir is located between Akdeniz (east) and Mezitli (west) districts. In the east Yenişehir is bounded by Efrenk River and in the south by Mediterranean Sea.[7]","title":"Location"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tuik-1"}],"text":"According to 2022 figures, the population of Yenişehir was 278,961.[1] Approximately 25% of Mersin citizens live in Yenişehir. The annual population growth is over 3.7% which is higher than Mersin average.","title":"Population"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Mersin University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mersin_University"},{"link_name":"Toros University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toros_University"},{"link_name":"Muğdat Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%C4%9Fdat_Mosque"}],"text":"Yenişehir, also regionally known as Pozcu, is the most densely populated intracity district of Mersin and serves as the City's commercial center. Mersin's largest shopping center \"Forum\" lies at the middle of Yenişehir.[8] Both Mersin University and Toros University are located in Yenişehir. Muğdat Mosque, the largest mosque in Mersin is also in Yenişehir.","title":"Living"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"neighbourhoods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahalle"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Çavak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87avak"},{"link_name":"Çukurkeşli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ukurke%C5%9Fli"},{"link_name":"Değirmençay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%C4%9Firmen%C3%A7ay"},{"link_name":"Emirler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirler,_Mersin"},{"link_name":"İnsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0nsu"},{"link_name":"Karahacılı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karahac%C4%B1l%C4%B1,_Mersin"},{"link_name":"Kocahamzalı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kocahamzal%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"Turunçlu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turun%C3%A7lu,_Mersin"},{"link_name":"Uzunkaş","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzunka%C5%9F"}],"text":"There are 32 neighbourhoods in Yenişehir District:[9]50. Yıl\nAkkent\nAydınlıkevler\nBahçelievler\nBarbaros\nBatıkent\nÇavak\nÇiftlikköy\nÇukurkeşli\nCumhuriyet\nDeğirmençay\nDeniz\nDumlupınar\nEğriçam\nEmirler\nFuat Morel\nGazi\nGökçebelen\nGüvenevler\nHürriyet\nİnönü\nİnsu\nKarahacılı\nKocahamzalı\nKocavilayet\nKuzeykent\nLimonluk\nMenteş\nPalmiye\nPirireis\nTurunçlu\nUzunkaş","title":"Composition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tevfik Sırrı Gür Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tevfik_S%C4%B1rr%C4%B1_G%C3%BCr_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Mersin Olympic Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mersin_Olympic_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Edip Buran Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edip_Buran_Arena"},{"link_name":"Nevin Yanıt Athletics Complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevin_Yan%C4%B1t_Athletics_Complex"},{"link_name":"Macit Özcan Sports Complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macit_%C3%96zcan_Sports_Complex"},{"link_name":"Mersin Olympic Swimming Pool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mersin_Olympic_Swimming_Pool"},{"link_name":"Mersin Volleyball Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mersin_Volleyball_Hall"},{"link_name":"Servet Tazegül Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servet_Tazeg%C3%BCl_Arena"},{"link_name":"Mersin Tennis Complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mersin_Tennis_Complex"},{"link_name":"Mersin Gymnastics Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mersin_Gymnastics_Hall"},{"link_name":"2013 Mediterranean Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Mediterranean_Games"},{"link_name":"Turkish Basketball League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Basketball_League"},{"link_name":"Mersin Büyükşehir Belediyesi men's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mersin_B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk%C5%9Fehir_Belediyesi_S.K."},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Turkish Women's Basketball League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Women%27s_Basketball_League"},{"link_name":"Mersin Büyükşehir Belediyesi women's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mersin_B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk%C5%9Fehir_Belediyesi_(women%27s_basketball)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Mersin İdmanyurdu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mersin_%C4%B0dmanyurdu"},{"link_name":"men's tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_2013_Mediterranean_Games_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_tournament"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"water polo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_polo_at_the_2013_Mediterranean_Games"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Most of Mersin sports venues are in Yenişehir. Tevfik Sırrı Gür Stadium as well as Mersin Olympic Stadium are in Yenişehir. Edip Buran Arena, Nevin Yanıt Athletics Complex, Macit Özcan Sports Complex, Mersin Olympic Swimming Pool, Mersin Volleyball Hall, Servet Tazegül Arena, Mersin Tennis Complex and Mersin Gymnastics Hall are also in Yenişehir. All of these facilities were used in 2013 Mediterranean Games.For the 2013 Mediterranean Games, a 1,288-seat new Mersin Gymnastics Hall was built, and the existing multi-sport venue Edip Buran Arena as well as the Nevin Yanıt Athletics Complex were renovated and modernized. The Edip Buran Arena is home to Turkish Basketball League (TBL) player Mersin Büyükşehir Belediyesi men's[10] and Turkish Women's Basketball League (TKBL) player Mersin Büyükşehir Belediyesi women's[11] basketball teams. Tevfik Sırrı Gür Stadium is the home to Mersin İdmanyurdu. Another new sports venue built for the 2013 Mediterranean Games is the Mersin Volleyball Hall with 1,000 seating capacity, which hosted the men's tournament matches.[12][13][14] The Macit Özcan Sports Complex, built in 2008, consists of three football fields, three tennis courts and three swimming pools, one of them in Olympic-size. The water polo events took place at this site on June 19–26.[15]","title":"Sport"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mu%C4%9Fdat_Mosque,_Mersin.jpg"},{"link_name":"Muğdat Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%C4%9Fdat_Mosque"},{"link_name":"Mersin Archaeological Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mersin_Archaeological_Museum"},{"link_name":"Mersin Naval Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mersin_Naval_Museum"},{"link_name":"Emirler Archaeological Site and City Forest Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirler_Archaeological_Site_and_City_Forest_Museum"},{"link_name":"Mersin Marina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mersin_Marina"}],"text":"Muğdat Mosque with its six minaretsMuğdat Mosque, the City's largest Mosque and one of five Mosques in Turkey with six minarets.\nMersin Archaeological Museum, opened in 2017 exhibits various items from different stages of Mersin Hisrory.\nMersin Naval Museum, opened in 2010\nEmirler Archaeological Site and City Forest Museum, a small Museum about 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) north of the City.\nMersin Marina","title":"Sites of interest"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of twin towns and sister cities in Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Turkey"},{"link_name":"twinned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_towns_and_sister_cities"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Neustadt an der Weinstraße","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neustadt_an_der_Weinstra%C3%9Fe"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Cyprus"},{"link_name":"Iskele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trikomo,_Cyprus"},{"link_name":"Northern Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Cyprus"}],"text":"See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in TurkeyYenişehir is twinned with:Neustadt an der Weinstraße, Germany\n Iskele, Northern Cyprus","title":"International relations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-tuik_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-tuik_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-tuik_1-2"},{"link_name":"\"Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=95&locale=en"},{"link_name":"TÜİK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%9C%C4%B0K"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Büyükşehir İlçe Belediyesi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.e-icisleri.gov.tr/Anasayfa/MulkiIdariBolumleri.aspx"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"İl ve İlçe Yüz ölçümleri\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.harita.gov.tr/uploads/files-folder/il_ilce_alanlari.xlsx"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Kanun No. 5747","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2008/03/20080322M1-1.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"İl İdaresi ve Mülki Bölümler Şube Müdürlüğü İstatistikleri - İl ve İlçe Kuruluş Tarihleri\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.icisleri.gov.tr/kurumlar/icisleri.gov.tr/IcSite/illeridaresi/%C4%B0statistiki%20Bilgiler/%C4%B0l%20%C4%B0daresi%20ve%20M%C3%BClki%20B%C3%B6l%C3%BCmler/il%20ilce%20kurulus%20tarihleri_2019.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"Law No. 6360\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2012/12/20121206-1.htm"},{"link_name":"Official Gazette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Gazette_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Mayor's page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.yenisehir-bld.gov.tr/index.php"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"\"Forum Mersin\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.forummersin.com/#/about/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"Mahalle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.e-icisleri.gov.tr/Anasayfa/MulkiIdariBolumleri.aspx"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"\"Mersin Büyükşehir Belediyesi 57 - 73 İstanbul Üniversitesi\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.hurriyet.com.tr/spor/basketbol/23023691.asp"},{"link_name":"Hürriyet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCrriyet"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"\"Akdeniz derbisi Mersin'in\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.hurriyet.com.tr/spor/basketbol/22883342.asp"},{"link_name":"Hürriyet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCrriyet"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"\"Mersin Voleybol Salonu, Sporcuları Bekliyor\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.mersin2013.gov.tr/detay/7772/Mersin-Voleybol-Salonu-Sporculari-Bekliyor"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"\"1.000 Seyirci Kapasiteli Spor Salonu\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.mersin2013.gov.tr/detay/6779/Yeni-Tesis"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"\"2013 Akdeniz Oyunlarının Oynanacağı Tesisler-Voleybol Yeni Tesis\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//2013akdenizolimpiyat.com/index.php/tesisler"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"\"Macit Özcan Spor Kompleksi\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.mersin2013.gov.tr/detay/6751/Macit-Ozcan-Spor-Kompleksi"}],"text":"^ a b c \"Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports\" (XLS). TÜİK. Retrieved 12 July 2023.\n\n^ Büyükşehir İlçe Belediyesi, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 12 July 2023.\n\n^ \"İl ve İlçe Yüz ölçümleri\". General Directorate of Mapping. Retrieved 12 July 2023.\n\n^ Kanun No. 5747, Resmî Gazete, 22 March 2008.\n\n^ \"İl İdaresi ve Mülki Bölümler Şube Müdürlüğü İstatistikleri - İl ve İlçe Kuruluş Tarihleri\" (PDF) (in Turkish). p. 63. Retrieved 5 September 2023.\n\n^ \"Law No. 6360\". Official Gazette (in Turkish). 6 December 2012.\n\n^ Mayor's page\n\n^ \"Forum Mersin\".\n\n^ Mahalle, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 12 July 2023.\n\n^ \"Mersin Büyükşehir Belediyesi 57 - 73 İstanbul Üniversitesi\". Hürriyet Spor. 2013-04-11. Retrieved 2013-07-10.\n\n^ \"Akdeniz derbisi Mersin'in\". Hürriyet Spor (in Turkish). 2013-03-23. Retrieved 2013-07-10.\n\n^ \"Mersin Voleybol Salonu, Sporcuları Bekliyor\" (in Turkish). Mersin 2013. Retrieved 2013-07-10.\n\n^ \"1.000 Seyirci Kapasiteli Spor Salonu\" (in Turkish). Mersin 2013. Retrieved 2013-07-10.\n\n^ \"2013 Akdeniz Oyunlarının Oynanacağı Tesisler-Voleybol Yeni Tesis\" (in Turkish). Akdeniz Olimpiyat. Retrieved 2013-07-10.\n\n^ \"Macit Özcan Spor Kompleksi\" (in Turkish). Mersin 2013. Retrieved 2013-07-10.","title":"References and notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Walking trail by the seaside","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Mersin_Yeni%C5%9Fehir_promenade.JPG/220px-Mersin_Yeni%C5%9Fehir_promenade.JPG"},{"image_text":"Mediterranean shore","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Mersin_Yeni%C5%9Fehir_shore.JPG/220px-Mersin_Yeni%C5%9Fehir_shore.JPG"},{"image_text":"Muğdat Mosque with its six minarets","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Mu%C4%9Fdat_Mosque%2C_Mersin.jpg/220px-Mu%C4%9Fdat_Mosque%2C_Mersin.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/NUTS_Map_of_Turkey.png/100px-NUTS_Map_of_Turkey.png"},{"image_text":"Districts of Mersin","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Mersin_districts.png/100px-Mersin_districts.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports\" (XLS). TÜİK. Retrieved 12 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=95&locale=en","url_text":"\"Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%9C%C4%B0K","url_text":"TÜİK"}]},{"reference":"\"İl ve İlçe Yüz ölçümleri\". General Directorate of Mapping. Retrieved 12 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.harita.gov.tr/uploads/files-folder/il_ilce_alanlari.xlsx","url_text":"\"İl ve İlçe Yüz ölçümleri\""}]},{"reference":"\"İl İdaresi ve Mülki Bölümler Şube Müdürlüğü İstatistikleri - İl ve İlçe Kuruluş Tarihleri\" (PDF) (in Turkish). p. 63. Retrieved 5 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.icisleri.gov.tr/kurumlar/icisleri.gov.tr/IcSite/illeridaresi/%C4%B0statistiki%20Bilgiler/%C4%B0l%20%C4%B0daresi%20ve%20M%C3%BClki%20B%C3%B6l%C3%BCmler/il%20ilce%20kurulus%20tarihleri_2019.pdf","url_text":"\"İl İdaresi ve Mülki Bölümler Şube Müdürlüğü İstatistikleri - İl ve İlçe Kuruluş Tarihleri\""}]},{"reference":"\"Law No. 6360\". Official Gazette (in Turkish). 6 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2012/12/20121206-1.htm","url_text":"\"Law No. 6360\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Gazette_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey","url_text":"Official Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"Forum Mersin\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.forummersin.com/#/about/","url_text":"\"Forum Mersin\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mersin Büyükşehir Belediyesi 57 - 73 İstanbul Üniversitesi\". Hürriyet Spor. 2013-04-11. Retrieved 2013-07-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/spor/basketbol/23023691.asp","url_text":"\"Mersin Büyükşehir Belediyesi 57 - 73 İstanbul Üniversitesi\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCrriyet","url_text":"Hürriyet"}]},{"reference":"\"Akdeniz derbisi Mersin'in\". Hürriyet Spor (in Turkish). 2013-03-23. Retrieved 2013-07-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/spor/basketbol/22883342.asp","url_text":"\"Akdeniz derbisi Mersin'in\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCrriyet","url_text":"Hürriyet"}]},{"reference":"\"Mersin Voleybol Salonu, Sporcuları Bekliyor\" (in Turkish). Mersin 2013. Retrieved 2013-07-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mersin2013.gov.tr/detay/7772/Mersin-Voleybol-Salonu-Sporculari-Bekliyor","url_text":"\"Mersin Voleybol Salonu, Sporcuları Bekliyor\""}]},{"reference":"\"1.000 Seyirci Kapasiteli Spor Salonu\" (in Turkish). Mersin 2013. Retrieved 2013-07-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mersin2013.gov.tr/detay/6779/Yeni-Tesis","url_text":"\"1.000 Seyirci Kapasiteli Spor Salonu\""}]},{"reference":"\"2013 Akdeniz Oyunlarının Oynanacağı Tesisler-Voleybol Yeni Tesis\" (in Turkish). Akdeniz Olimpiyat. Retrieved 2013-07-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://2013akdenizolimpiyat.com/index.php/tesisler","url_text":"\"2013 Akdeniz Oyunlarının Oynanacağı Tesisler-Voleybol Yeni Tesis\""}]},{"reference":"\"Macit Özcan Spor Kompleksi\" (in Turkish). Mersin 2013. Retrieved 2013-07-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mersin2013.gov.tr/detay/6751/Macit-Ozcan-Spor-Kompleksi","url_text":"\"Macit Özcan Spor Kompleksi\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perakamanna,_Areekode
Perakamanna, Areekode
["1 Demographics","2 Transportation","3 References"]
Coordinates: 11°12′50″N 76°07′37″E / 11.2138700°N 76.127040°E / 11.2138700; 76.127040 Village in Kerala, IndiaPerakamanna OthayivillagePerakamannaLocation in Kerala, IndiaShow map of KeralaPerakamannaPerakamanna (India)Show map of IndiaCoordinates: 11°12′50″N 76°07′37″E / 11.2138700°N 76.127040°E / 11.2138700; 76.127040Country IndiaStateKeralaDistrictMalappuramPopulation (2001) • Total17,079Languages • OfficialMalayalam, EnglishTime zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)PIN676541Vehicle registrationKL-10 Perakamanna is a village in Malappuram district in the state of Kerala, India. Demographics As of 2001 India census, Perakamanna had a population of 17079 with 8358 males and 8721 females. Transportation Perakamanna village connects to other parts of India through Feroke town on the west and Nilambur town on the east. National highway No.66 passes through Pulikkal and the northern stretch connects to Goa and Mumbai. The southern stretch connects to Cochin and Trivandrum. State Highway No.28 starts from Nilambur and connects to Ooty, Mysore and Bangalore through Highways.12,29 and 181. The nearest airport is at Kozhikode. The nearest major railway station is at Feroke. References ^ a b "Census of India : Villages with population 5000 & above". Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 10 December 2008. vteDistrict of MalappuramTaluks Eranad Kondotty Nilambur Perinthalmanna Ponnani Tirur Tirurangadi Blocks Areekode Kalikavu Kondotty Kuttipuram Malappuram Mankada Nilambur Perinthalmanna Perumpadappu Ponnani Tanur Tirur Tirurangadi Vengara Wandoor Municipalities Kondotty Kottakkal Malappuram Manjeri Nilambur Parappanangadi Perinthalmanna Ponnani Tanur Tirur Tirurangadi Valanchery Villages List of villages in Malappuram district History History of Malappuram district Eranad Kingdom of Valluvanad Kingdom of Tanur Kingdom of Cochin Parappanad Ponnani Nediyiruppu Perumpadappu Malabar District Administration Administration of Malappuram District Transport Transportation in Malappuram district Tourism Adyanpara Falls Arimbra hills Ayyapanov Waterfalls Arya Vaidya Sala Bharathappuzha valley Biyyam backwater Chaliyar Valley Chamravattom Regulator-cum-Bridge Kadalundi Bird Sanctuary Karimpuzha Wildlife Sanctuary Karuvarakundu Kodikuthimala Kottakkunnu Kuttippuram bridge New Amarambalam Reserved Forest Paloor Kotta Ponnani Kole Wetlands Padinjarekkara Beach Silent Valley National Park Tanur Beach Teak Museum Thunchan Parambu Vallikkunnu beach Vavul Mala Education Education in Malappuram University of Calicut Thunchath Ezhuthachan Malayalam University AMU Malappuram Campus Government Medical College Inkel Greens Educity, Malappuram MES College of Engineering Kelappaji College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology PSMO College Tirurangadi List of universities in Malappuram district Urban Agglomeration Malappuram metropolitan area Notable peopleList of people from Malappuram district This article related to a location in Malappuram district, Kerala, India is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Malappuram district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malappuram_district"},{"link_name":"Kerala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-censusindia-1"}],"text":"Village in Kerala, IndiaPerakamanna is a village in Malappuram district in the state of Kerala, India.[1]","title":"Perakamanna, Areekode"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perakamanna,_Areekode&action=edit"},{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-censusindia-1"}],"text":"As of 2001[update] India census, Perakamanna had a population of 17079 with 8358 males and 8721 females.[1]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Feroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feroke"},{"link_name":"Nilambur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilambur"},{"link_name":"Pulikkal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulikkal"},{"link_name":"Goa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa"},{"link_name":"Mumbai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai"},{"link_name":"Cochin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochin"},{"link_name":"Trivandrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trivandrum"},{"link_name":"Ooty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ooty"},{"link_name":"Mysore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysore"},{"link_name":"Bangalore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangalore"},{"link_name":"Kozhikode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kozhikode_Airport"},{"link_name":"Feroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feroke"}],"text":"Perakamanna village connects to other parts of India through Feroke town on the west and Nilambur town on the east. National highway No.66 passes through Pulikkal and the northern stretch connects to Goa and Mumbai. The southern stretch connects to Cochin and Trivandrum. State Highway No.28 starts from Nilambur and connects to Ooty, Mysore and Bangalore through Highways.12,29 and 181. The nearest airport is at Kozhikode. The nearest major railway station is at Feroke.","title":"Transportation"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"\"Census of India : Villages with population 5000 & above\". Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 10 December 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx","url_text":"\"Census of India : Villages with population 5000 & above\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Hart_County,_Kentucky
National Register of Historic Places listings in Hart County, Kentucky
[]
Location of Hart County in Kentucky This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Hart County, Kentucky. This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Hart County, Kentucky, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a map. There are 18 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county.           This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted February 16, 2024. Map all coordinates using: OpenStreetMap Download coordinates as: KML GPX (all coordinates) GPX (primary coordinates) GPX (secondary coordinates) Contents: Counties in Kentucky Adair Allen Anderson Ballard Barren Bath Bell Boone Bourbon Boyd Boyle Bracken Breckinridge Breathitt Bullitt Butler Caldwell Calloway Campbell Carlisle Carroll Carter Casey Christian Clark Clay Clinton Crittenden Cumberland Daviess Edmonson Elliott Estill Fayette Fleming Floyd Franklin Fulton Gallatin Garrard Grant Graves Grayson Green Greenup Hancock Hardin Harlan Harrison Hart Henderson Henry Hickman Hopkins Jackson Jefferson Jessamine Johnson Kenton Knott Knox LaRue Laurel Lawrence Lee Leslie Letcher Lewis Lincoln Livingston Logan Lyon Madison Magoffin Marion Marshall Martin Mason McCracken McCreary McLean Meade Menifee Mercer Metcalfe Monroe Montgomery Morgan Muhlenberg Nelson Nicholas Ohio Oldham Owen Owsley Pendleton Perry Pike Powell Pulaski Robertson Rockcastle Rowan Russell Scott Shelby Simpson Spencer Taylor Todd Trigg Trimble Union Warren Washington Wayne Webster Whitley Wolfe Woodford Current listings Name on the Register Image Date listed Location City or town Description 1 Dr. Lewis Barrett House Dr. Lewis Barrett House July 24, 1980(#80001539) 2nd and Caldwell Sts. 37°16′20″N 85°53′21″W / 37.272222°N 85.889167°W / 37.272222; -85.889167 (Dr. Lewis Barrett House) Munfordville 2 Battle of Munfordville Site Battle of Munfordville Site October 15, 1999(#97000866) Roughly bounded by Green River, U.S. Route 31W, Rowletts, and the L&N railroad tracks 37°15′31″N 85°53′28″W / 37.258611°N 85.891111°W / 37.258611; -85.891111 (Battle of Munfordville Site) Munfordville 3 Chapline Building Chapline Building July 24, 1980(#80001540) Main St. 37°16′15″N 85°53′23″W / 37.270972°N 85.889611°W / 37.270972; -85.889611 (Chapline Building) Munfordville 4 Alvey Cox House Alvey Cox House July 24, 1980(#80001541) 1st and Washington Sts. 37°16′11″N 85°53′21″W / 37.269861°N 85.889167°W / 37.269861; -85.889167 (Alvey Cox House) Munfordville 5 Gardner House Gardner House August 4, 2004(#04000794) Farm lane on the northern side of W. Walker Rd. 37°14′17″N 85°59′44″W / 37.238056°N 85.995556°W / 37.238056; -85.995556 (Gardner House) Northtown 6 Hart County Courthouse Hart County Courthouse July 24, 1980(#80001542) Town Sq. 37°16′19″N 85°53′25″W / 37.271944°N 85.890278°W / 37.271944; -85.890278 (Hart County Courthouse) Munfordville 7 Hart County Deposit Bank and Trust Company Building Hart County Deposit Bank and Trust Company Building July 24, 1980(#80001543) Main St. 37°16′20″N 85°53′28″W / 37.272111°N 85.891111°W / 37.272111; -85.891111 (Hart County Deposit Bank and Trust Company Building) Munfordville 8 Horse Cave Historic District Horse Cave Historic District August 2, 2001(#01000796) Kentucky Route 218, roughly between U.S. Route 31W and Edwards Ave. 37°10′44″N 85°54′22″W / 37.178889°N 85.906111°W / 37.178889; -85.906111 (Horse Cave Historic District) Horse Cave 9 Munford Inn Munford Inn March 19, 1984(#84001615) 109 Washington St. 37°16′13″N 85°53′23″W / 37.270278°N 85.889861°W / 37.270278; -85.889861 (Munford Inn) Munfordville 10 Munfordville Baptist Church Munfordville Baptist Church July 24, 1980(#80001544) 313 S. 5th St. 37°16′17″N 85°53′41″W / 37.271389°N 85.894722°W / 37.271389; -85.894722 (Munfordville Baptist Church) Munfordville 11 Munfordville Presbyterian Church and Green River Lodge No.88 Munfordville Presbyterian Church and Green River Lodge No.88 July 24, 1980(#80001545) 3rd and Washington Sts. 37°16′17″N 85°53′30″W / 37.271389°N 85.891667°W / 37.271389; -85.891667 (Munfordville Presbyterian Church and Green River Lodge No.88) Munfordville 12 Munfordville School Munfordville School March 19, 1984(#84001613) 3rd and Washington Sts. 37°16′16″N 85°53′32″W / 37.271111°N 85.892222°W / 37.271111; -85.892222 (Munfordville School) Munfordville 13 Pearce-Wheeler Farm Upload image November 25, 2005(#05001317) 640 Sims Cemetery Rd. 37°18′46″N 85°43′02″W / 37.312778°N 85.717222°W / 37.312778; -85.717222 (Pearce-Wheeler Farm) Canmer 14 Salts Cave Archeological Site Upload image May 15, 1979(#79000278) Address restricted Munfordville 15 Colonel Robert A. Smith Monument Upload image July 17, 1997(#97000693) Along CSX railroad tracks, 0.25 miles west of Woodsonville 37°15′27″N 85°53′46″W / 37.2575°N 85.896111°W / 37.2575; -85.896111 (Colonel Robert A. Smith Monument) Munfordville 16 F.A. Smith House F.A. Smith House July 24, 1980(#80001546) 204 N. Washington St. 37°16′14″N 85°53′30″W / 37.270556°N 85.891667°W / 37.270556; -85.891667 (F.A. Smith House) Munfordville 17 Unknown Confederate Soldier Monument in Horse Cave Unknown Confederate Soldier Monument in Horse Cave More images July 17, 1997(#97000694) Old Dixie Highway, 1 mile south of its junction with Interstate 65 37°11′37″N 85°55′37″W / 37.193611°N 85.926944°W / 37.193611; -85.926944 (Unknown Confederate Soldier Monument in Horse Cave) Horse Cave 18 Gen. George T. Wood House Gen. George T. Wood House July 24, 1980(#80001547) 2nd and Caldwell Sts. 37°16′22″N 85°53′20″W / 37.272778°N 85.888889°W / 37.272778; -85.888889 (Gen. George T. Wood House) Munfordville See also Wikimedia Commons has media related to National Register of Historic Places in Hart County, Kentucky. List of National Historic Landmarks in Kentucky National Register of Historic Places listings in Kentucky References ^ The latitude and longitude information provided in this table was derived originally from the National Register Information System, which has been found to be fairly accurate for about 99% of listings. Some locations in this table may have been corrected to current GPS standards. ^ National Park Service, United States Department of the Interior, "National Register of Historic Places: Weekly List Actions", retrieved February 16, 2024. ^ Numbers represent an alphabetical ordering by significant words. Various colorings, defined here, differentiate National Historic Landmarks and historic districts from other NRHP buildings, structures, sites or objects. ^ The eight-digit number below each date is the number assigned to each location in the National Register Information System database, which can be viewed by clicking the number. ^ Federal and state laws and practices restrict general public access to information regarding the specific location of this resource. In some cases, this is to protect archeological sites from vandalism, while in other cases it is restricted at the request of the owner. See: Knoerl, John; Miller, Diane; Shrimpton, Rebecca H. (1990), Guidelines for Restricting Information about Historic and Prehistoric Resources, National Register Bulletin, National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, OCLC 20706997. vteU.S. National Register of Historic PlacesTopics Architectural style categories Contributing property Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places Keeper of the Register National Park Service Property types Lists by state List of U.S. National Historic Landmarks by state: Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Lists by insular areas American Samoa Guam Minor Outlying Islands Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico Virgin Islands Lists by associated state Federated States of Micronesia Marshall Islands Palau Other areas District of Columbia American Legation, Morocco Related National Historic Preservation Act Historic Preservation Fund List of jails and prisons on the National Register of Historic Places University and college buildings listed on the National Register of Historic Places  National Register of Historic Places portal Category vteMunicipalities and communities of Hart County, Kentucky, United StatesCounty seat: MunfordvilleCities Bonnieville Horse Cave Munfordville Location of Hart County, KentuckyCDP Hardyville Otherunincorporatedcommunities Bee Big Windy Canmer Cash Cub Run Hammonville Jonesville Lone Star Monroe Northtown Rowletts Uno Woodsonville Kentucky portal United States portal
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l":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Trigg_County,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Trimble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Trimble_County,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Union_County,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Warren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Warren_County,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Washington_County,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Wayne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Wayne_County,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Webster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Webster_County,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Whitley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Whitley_County,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Wolfe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Wolfe_County,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Woodford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Woodford_County,_Kentucky"}],"text":"Location of Hart County in KentuckyThis is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Hart County, Kentucky.This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Hart County, Kentucky, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a map.[1]There are 18 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county.This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted February 16, 2024.[2]Contents: Counties in Kentucky\n\nAdair\nAllen\nAnderson\nBallard\nBarren\nBath\nBell\nBoone\nBourbon\nBoyd\nBoyle\nBracken\nBreckinridge\nBreathitt\nBullitt\nButler\nCaldwell\nCalloway\nCampbell\nCarlisle\nCarroll\nCarter\nCasey\nChristian\nClark\nClay\nClinton\nCrittenden\nCumberland\nDaviess\nEdmonson\nElliott\nEstill\nFayette\nFleming\nFloyd\nFranklin\nFulton\nGallatin\nGarrard\nGrant\nGraves\nGrayson\nGreen\nGreenup\nHancock\nHardin\nHarlan\nHarrison\nHart\nHenderson\nHenry\nHickman\nHopkins\nJackson\nJefferson\nJessamine\nJohnson\nKenton\nKnott\nKnox\nLaRue\nLaurel\nLawrence\nLee\nLeslie\nLetcher\nLewis\nLincoln\nLivingston\nLogan\nLyon\nMadison\nMagoffin\nMarion\nMarshall\nMartin\nMason\nMcCracken\nMcCreary\nMcLean\nMeade\nMenifee\nMercer\nMetcalfe\nMonroe\nMontgomery\nMorgan\nMuhlenberg\nNelson\nNicholas\nOhio\nOldham\nOwen\nOwsley\nPendleton\nPerry\nPike\nPowell\nPulaski\nRobertson\nRockcastle\nRowan\nRussell\nScott\nShelby\nSimpson\nSpencer\nTaylor\nTodd\nTrigg\nTrimble\nUnion\nWarren\nWashington\nWayne\nWebster\nWhitley\nWolfe\nWoodford","title":"National Register of Historic Places listings in Hart County, Kentucky"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Current listings"}]
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[{"title":"National Register of Historic Places in Hart County, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_Hart_County,_Kentucky"},{"title":"List of National Historic Landmarks in Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_Kentucky"},{"title":"National Register of Historic Places listings in Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Kentucky"}]
[{"reference":"Knoerl, John; Miller, Diane; Shrimpton, Rebecca H. (1990), Guidelines for Restricting Information about Historic and Prehistoric Resources, National Register Bulletin, National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, OCLC 20706997","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/guidelinesforres00knoe","url_text":"Guidelines for Restricting Information about Historic and Prehistoric Resources"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior","url_text":"U.S. Department of the Interior"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/20706997","url_text":"20706997"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knoxville,_Iowa
Knoxville, Iowa
["1 History","2 Demographics","2.1 2010 census","2.2 2000 census","3 Geography","3.1 Climate","4 Education","5 Notable people","6 References","7 External links"]
Coordinates: 41°19′08″N 93°06′09″W / 41.31889°N 93.10250°W / 41.31889; -93.10250 City in Iowa, United StatesKnoxvilleCity"Knoxville" sign found on the north side along IA 14Location of Knoxville, IowaCoordinates: 41°19′08″N 93°06′09″W / 41.31889°N 93.10250°W / 41.31889; -93.10250Country United StatesState IowaCountyMarionArea • Total4.62 sq mi (11.97 km2) • Land4.62 sq mi (11.96 km2) • Water0.00 sq mi (0.01 km2)Elevation909 ft (277 m)Population (2020) • Total7,595 • Density1,644.65/sq mi (635.03/km2)Time zoneUTC-6 (Central (CST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT)ZIP codes50138, 50197, 50198Area code641FIPS code19-42015GNIS feature ID2395559Websitewww.knoxvilleia.gov Main Street, Knoxville, Iowa, 1945 Knoxville is a city in Marion County, Iowa, United States. The population was 7,595 at the time of the 2020 census, an increase from 7,313 in the 2010 census. It is the county seat of Marion County. Knoxville is home of the National Sprint Car Hall of Fame & Museum, located next to the famous Knoxville Raceway dirt track. History The site for the future county seat of Marion County was selected because it was within a mile of the county's geographic center, reasonably level, and near a good source of timber. Knoxville is in south-central Iowa, 35 miles southeast of Des Moines. The area was originally inhabited by Native Americans of the Sac and Meskwaki tribes. At that time, prairie grass covered the countryside at heights of 8 to 10 feet. In 1835, Dragoons first explored the Des Moines River valley through this area. In 1842, the Sac and Fox Indians signed a treaty to sell lands in central Iowa to the new settlers known as the New Purchase of 1842. By 1843, settlers began moving here. The first Marion County Courthouse was erected three years later. Knoxville was founded in 1845 when Joseph Robinson and James Montgomery, Commissioners from Scott and Wapello County, selected the site for Knoxville and designated it as the county seat. They named Knoxville in honor of General Henry Knox, hero of the Revolutionary War. The city's main streets are named after Robinson and Montgomery. County surveyor Isaac B. Powers platted part of the town in September 1845, shortly after it was founded. Clairborne Hall laid out the remainder of the town in the winter of 1846–47. Additional surveys were made in December 1849 and September 1852. The first sale of lots on October 21, 1845, saw the best sites in town go for $15 to $65. The first survey made the streets 80 feet wide, alleys 10 feet wide, and lots 120’ x 60’, but the third survey changed the width of the streets to 50 feet, and made the blocks 265’ x 240’. The first Marion County courthouse was built on a lot owned by L.C. Corny. Contractor Lewis M. Pearch started work on May 29, 1846, at a cost of approximately $80,000. Knoxville remained an unincorporated village until 1853, when a movement for incorporation began. A judicial order was issued after an election in which 64 votes were cast in favor of incorporation, with 4 votes against. Knoxville was duly incorporated as a City in 1855. Marion County Courthouse In early 1853, the citizens of Marion County created a committee to attract railroad development to the county and to Knoxville, promising to buy shares in any railroad that reached town. The first contender was the Muscatine, Oskaloosa & Council Bluffs, proposing an east–west line that would pass through Knoxville, the line being suggested in January 1868 by the proposed Muscatine, Oskaloosa & Council Bluffs. By 1875, when this line reached Knoxville, it was the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad. The second railroad to reach Knoxville was the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific, which completed a line from Oskaloosa in 1876. Systematic coal mining in Marion County began with the Union Coal Company's mine in Flagler, 4 miles (6.4 km) east of Knoxville, around 1874 or 1875. For several years, the Number 5 mine in Flagler was one of Iowa's most productive, employing around 150 men and working a coal vein over 8 feet (2.5 m) thick. The Oak Hill coal company also had mines in Flagler. Shortly after the railroad reached Knoxville, J. T. James opened a coal mine in town eight blocks north of the courthouse. This mine continued in operation until 1890. A second mine nearby was operated by W. A. Gamble. In the 1880s, the White Breast Fuel Company opened the Number 11 mine at Flagler. This mine operated in a coal vein that was locally up to 14 feet thick, but only locally. The mine continued operating until 1892, working in progressively thinner coal as it expanded. Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 18601,124—1870800−28.8%18802,577222.1%18902,6322.1%19003,13119.0%19103,1901.9%19203,52310.4%19304,69733.3%19406,93647.7%19507,6259.9%19607,8172.5%19707,755−0.8%19808,1435.0%19908,2321.1%20007,731−6.1%20107,313−5.4%20207,5953.9%Iowa Data Center 2010 census As of the census of 2010, there were 7,313 people, 3,169 households, and 1,925 families living in the city. The population density was 1,579.5 inhabitants per square mile (609.8/km2). There were 3,527 housing units at an average density of 761.8 per square mile (294.1/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 96.9% White, 1.1% African American, 0.3% Native American, 0.5% Asian, 0.2% from other races, and 1.0% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.9% of the population. There were 3,169 households, of which 30.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.9% were married couples living together, 12.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 39.3% were non-families. 34.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.25 and the average family size was 2.90. The median age in the city was 41 years. 24.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 7.2% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 22.5% were from 25 to 44; 26.4% were from 45 to 64; and 19.1% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.3% male and 51.7% female. 2000 census According to the census of 2000, there were 7,731 people, 3,191 households, and 1,984 families living in the city. The population density was 1,746.2 inhabitants per square mile (674.2/km2). There were 3,418 housing units at an average density of 772.0 per square mile (298.1/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 97.00% White, 0.88% African American, 0.31% Native American, 0.52% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 0.28% from other races, and 0.94% from two or more races. 0.83% of the population were Hispanics or Latinos of any race. There were 3,191 households, out of which 30.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.7% were married couples living together, 10.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.8% were non-families. 33.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.28 and the average family size was 2.92. Age spread: 23.9% under the age of 18, 7.8% from 18 to 24, 26.5% from 25 to 44, 22.2% from 45 to 64, and 19.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.6 males. The median income for a household in the city was $34,055, and the median income for a family was $44,078. Males had a median income of $34,832 versus $21,593 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,893. About 9.6% of families and 11.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.1% of those under age 18 and 8.9% of those age 65 or over. Geography Knoxville is 2 miles (3.2 km) east of White Breast Creek and 6 miles southwest of the confluence of White Breast Creek and the Des Moines River in Lake Red Rock. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 4.63 square miles (11.99 km2), all land. Climate According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Knoxville has a hot-summer humid continental climate, abbreviated "Dfa" on climate maps. Climate data for Knoxville, Iowa, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1893–present Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °F (°C) 70(21) 78(26) 89(32) 92(33) 106(41) 105(41) 113(45) 114(46) 104(40) 97(36) 83(28) 74(23) 114(46) Mean maximum °F (°C) 54.1(12.3) 59.0(15.0) 73.2(22.9) 81.5(27.5) 87.5(30.8) 92.3(33.5) 95.9(35.5) 94.9(34.9) 90.6(32.6) 82.7(28.2) 69.8(21.0) 58.1(14.5) 97.4(36.3) Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 29.9(−1.2) 35.1(1.7) 47.6(8.7) 60.6(15.9) 70.9(21.6) 80.6(27.0) 84.6(29.2) 82.7(28.2) 76.2(24.6) 63.0(17.2) 48.1(8.9) 35.5(1.9) 59.6(15.3) Daily mean °F (°C) 21.2(−6.0) 26.0(−3.3) 37.6(3.1) 49.9(9.9) 61.1(16.2) 70.9(21.6) 75.1(23.9) 72.9(22.7) 65.3(18.5) 52.6(11.4) 39.0(3.9) 27.2(−2.7) 49.9(9.9) Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 12.5(−10.8) 17.0(−8.3) 27.6(−2.4) 39.2(4.0) 51.2(10.7) 61.3(16.3) 65.6(18.7) 63.1(17.3) 54.3(12.4) 42.2(5.7) 29.9(−1.2) 18.9(−7.3) 40.2(4.6) Mean minimum °F (°C) −8.2(−22.3) −3.1(−19.5) 9.3(−12.6) 24.8(−4.0) 37.8(3.2) 50.4(10.2) 56.2(13.4) 53.8(12.1) 39.9(4.4) 27.3(−2.6) 13.2(−10.4) −1.2(−18.4) −12.1(−24.5) Record low °F (°C) −30(−34) −29(−34) −19(−28) 9(−13) 25(−4) 35(2) 45(7) 40(4) 25(−4) 2(−17) −5(−21) −26(−32) −30(−34) Average precipitation inches (mm) 1.15(29) 1.67(42) 1.87(47) 3.85(98) 4.98(126) 5.61(142) 4.34(110) 3.89(99) 3.66(93) 3.06(78) 1.80(46) 1.57(40) 37.45(950) Average snowfall inches (cm) 6.1(15) 6.6(17) 3.9(9.9) 0.5(1.3) trace 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 1.7(4.3) 8.3(21) 27.1(68.5) Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 4.9 5.4 7.9 10.1 12.3 11.0 7.8 8.7 7.8 7.9 6.3 5.0 95.1 Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 3.6 2.4 1.3 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 3.3 11.4 Source 1: NOAA (snow/snow days 1981–2010) Source 2: National Weather Service Education The Knoxville Community School District operates local public schools. Notable people Robert L. Burns, member of the Los Angeles City Council (1929–1945) George Kruck Cherrie, naturalist and explorer, born in Knoxville James Fee, photographer Dixie Cornell Gebhardt, designer of the Flag of Iowa Joseph P. Graw, Minnesota state representative and businessman Edward R. Hays, U.S. representative (1890–1891) James Mathews, U.S. representative, professor at Iowa State College. Howard B. Myers, economist Frank Steunenberg, governor of Idaho (1897–1901); assassinated in 1905 Edward C. Stone, director of NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (1991–2001) William M. Stone, governor of Iowa (1864–1868) William Corwin Stuart, attorney and jurist Jon Thorup, member of the Iowa House of Representatives Henry Carroll Timmonds, Missouri state representative and judge in late 1800s References ^ "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 16, 2022. ^ a b U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Knoxville, Iowa ^ a b "2020 Census State Redistricting Data". census.gov. United states Census Bureau. Retrieved August 12, 2021. ^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on May 31, 2011. Retrieved June 7, 2011. ^ I & W Railroad History, accessed January 2017 ^ pages 235-238. ^ John W. Wright and W. A Young, History of Marion County Iowa and its People, S. J. Clarke, Chicago, 1915; page 253-254. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 11, 2012. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ "US Gazetteer files 2010". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 2, 2012. Retrieved May 11, 2012. ^ "U.S. Climate Normals Quick Access (1991–2020)". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved August 2, 2022. ^ "U.S. Climate Normals Quick Access (1981–2010)". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved August 31, 2022. ^ "NOAA Online Weather Data". National Weather Service. Retrieved August 2, 2022. ^ "KNOXVILLE" (PDF). Iowa Department of Education. Retrieved August 10, 2020. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Knoxville, Iowa. Iowa portal Official website vteMunicipalities and communities of Marion County, Iowa, United StatesCounty seat: KnoxvilleCities Bussey Hamilton Harvey Knoxville Marysville Melcher-Dallas Pella‡ Pleasantville Swan Map of Iowa highlighting Marion CountyUnincorporatedcommunities Attica Bauer Cloud Columbia Otley Tracy Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Iowa portal United States portal vteCounty seats of Iowa Adel Albia Algona Allison Anamosa Atlantic Audubon Bedford Bloomfield Boone Burlington Carroll Cedar Rapids Centerville Chariton Charles City Cherokee Clarinda Clarion Clinton Corning Corydon Council Bluffs Cresco Creston Dakota City Davenport Decorah Denison Des Moines Dubuque Eldora Elkader Emmetsburg Estherville Fairfield Forest City Fort Dodge Fort Madison Garner Glenwood Greenfield Grundy Center Guthrie Center Hampton Harlan Ida Grove Independence Indianola Iowa City Jefferson Keokuk Keosauqua Knoxville Le Mars Leon Logan Manchester Maquoketa Marengo Marshalltown Mason City Montezuma Mount Ayr Mount Pleasant Muscatine Nevada New Hampton Newton Northwood Onawa Orange City Osage Osceola Oskaloosa Ottumwa Pocahontas Primghar Red Oak Rock Rapids Rockwell City Sac City Sibley Sidney Sigourney Sioux City Spencer Spirit Lake Storm Lake Tipton Toledo Vinton Wapello Washington Waterloo Waukon Waverly Webster City West Union Winterset Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States Geographic MusicBrainz area Other NARA
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FI0004832.jpg"},{"link_name":"Marion County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion_County,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa"},{"link_name":"2020 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"2010 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cen2010-3"},{"link_name":"county seat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_seat"},{"link_name":"Marion County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion_County,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR6-4"},{"link_name":"National Sprint Car Hall of Fame & Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Sprint_Car_Hall_of_Fame_%26_Museum"},{"link_name":"Knoxville Raceway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knoxville_Raceway"}],"text":"City in Iowa, United StatesMain Street, Knoxville, Iowa, 1945Knoxville is a city in Marion County, Iowa, United States. The population was 7,595 at the time of the 2020 census, an increase from 7,313 in the 2010 census.[3] It is the county seat of Marion County.[4] Knoxville is home of the National Sprint Car Hall of Fame & Museum, located next to the famous Knoxville Raceway dirt track.","title":"Knoxville, Iowa"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauk_people"},{"link_name":"Meskwaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meskwaki"},{"link_name":"Dragoons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Cavalry_Regiment_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Henry Knox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Knox"},{"link_name":"Revolutionary War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marion_County,_Iowa_Courthouse.jpg"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago,_Burlington_%26_Quincy_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago,_Rock_Island_%26_Pacific"},{"link_name":"Oskaloosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskaloosa,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"coal mining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_mining"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The site for the future county seat of Marion County was selected because it was within a mile of the county's geographic center, reasonably level, and near a good source of timber.Knoxville is in south-central Iowa, 35 miles southeast of Des Moines. The area was originally inhabited by Native Americans of the Sac and Meskwaki tribes. At that time, prairie grass covered the countryside at heights of 8 to 10 feet. In 1835, Dragoons first explored the Des Moines River valley through this area. In 1842, the Sac and Fox Indians signed a treaty to sell lands in central Iowa to the new settlers known as the New Purchase of 1842. By 1843, settlers began moving here. The first Marion County Courthouse was erected three years later.Knoxville was founded in 1845 when Joseph Robinson and James Montgomery, Commissioners from Scott and Wapello County, selected the site for Knoxville and designated it as the county seat. They named Knoxville in honor of General Henry Knox, hero of the Revolutionary War. The city's main streets are named after Robinson and Montgomery.County surveyor Isaac B. Powers platted part of the town in September 1845, shortly after it was founded. Clairborne Hall laid out the remainder of the town in the winter of 1846–47. Additional surveys were made in December 1849 and September 1852.The first sale of lots on October 21, 1845, saw the best sites in town go for $15 to $65. The first survey made the streets 80 feet wide, alleys 10 feet wide, and lots 120’ x 60’, but the third survey changed the width of the streets to 50 feet, and made the blocks 265’ x 240’.The first Marion County courthouse was built on a lot owned by L.C. Corny. Contractor Lewis M. Pearch started work on May 29, 1846, at a cost of approximately $80,000.Knoxville remained an unincorporated village until 1853, when a movement for incorporation began. A judicial order was issued after an election in which 64 votes were cast in favor of incorporation, with 4 votes against. Knoxville was duly incorporated as a City in 1855.Marion County CourthouseIn early 1853, the citizens of Marion County created a committee to attract railroad development to the county and to Knoxville, promising to buy shares in any railroad that reached town. The first contender was the Muscatine, Oskaloosa & Council Bluffs, proposing an east–west line that would pass through Knoxville, the line being suggested in January 1868 by the proposed Muscatine, Oskaloosa & Council Bluffs.[5] By 1875, when this line reached Knoxville, it was the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad. The second railroad to reach Knoxville was the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific, which completed a line from Oskaloosa in 1876.[6]Systematic coal mining in Marion County began with the Union Coal Company's mine in Flagler, 4 miles (6.4 km) east of Knoxville, around 1874 or 1875. For several years, the Number 5 mine in Flagler was one of Iowa's most productive, employing around 150 men and working a coal vein over 8 feet (2.5 m) thick. The Oak Hill coal company also had mines in Flagler.Shortly after the railroad reached Knoxville, J. T. James opened a coal mine in town eight blocks north of the courthouse. This mine continued in operation until 1890. A second mine nearby was operated by W. A. Gamble. In the 1880s, the White Breast Fuel Company opened the Number 11 mine at Flagler. This mine operated in a coal vein that was locally up to 14 feet thick, but only locally. The mine continued operating until 1892, working in progressively thinner coal as it expanded.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wwwcensusgov-8"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"}],"sub_title":"2010 census","text":"As of the census[8] of 2010, there were 7,313 people, 3,169 households, and 1,925 families living in the city. The population density was 1,579.5 inhabitants per square mile (609.8/km2). There were 3,527 housing units at an average density of 761.8 per square mile (294.1/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 96.9% White, 1.1% African American, 0.3% Native American, 0.5% Asian, 0.2% from other races, and 1.0% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.9% of the population.There were 3,169 households, of which 30.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.9% were married couples living together, 12.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 39.3% were non-families. 34.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.25 and the average family size was 2.90.The median age in the city was 41 years. 24.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 7.2% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 22.5% were from 25 to 44; 26.4% were from 45 to 64; and 19.1% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.3% male and 51.7% female.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-9"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Pacific Islander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Islander_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latinos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"sub_title":"2000 census","text":"According to the census[9] of 2000, there were 7,731 people, 3,191 households, and 1,984 families living in the city. The population density was 1,746.2 inhabitants per square mile (674.2/km2). There were 3,418 housing units at an average density of 772.0 per square mile (298.1/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 97.00% White, 0.88% African American, 0.31% Native American, 0.52% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 0.28% from other races, and 0.94% from two or more races. 0.83% of the population were Hispanics or Latinos of any race.There were 3,191 households, out of which 30.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.7% were married couples living together, 10.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.8% were non-families. 33.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.28 and the average family size was 2.92.Age spread: 23.9% under the age of 18, 7.8% from 18 to 24, 26.5% from 25 to 44, 22.2% from 45 to 64, and 19.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.6 males.The median income for a household in the city was $34,055, and the median income for a family was $44,078. Males had a median income of $34,832 versus $21,593 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,893. About 9.6% of families and 11.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.1% of those under age 18 and 8.9% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"White Breast Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Breast_Creek"},{"link_name":"Des Moines River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Des_Moines_River"},{"link_name":"Lake Red Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Red_Rock_(Des_Moines_River)"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gazetteer_files-10"}],"text":"Knoxville is 2 miles (3.2 km) east of White Breast Creek and 6 miles southwest of the confluence of White Breast Creek and the Des Moines River in Lake Red Rock.According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 4.63 square miles (11.99 km2), all land.[10]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Köppen Climate Classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_Climate_Classification"},{"link_name":"hot-summer humid continental climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot-summer_humid_continental_climate"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOAA-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOWData-13"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Knoxville has a hot-summer humid continental climate, abbreviated \"Dfa\" on climate maps.Climate data for Knoxville, Iowa, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1893–present\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °F (°C)\n\n70(21)\n\n78(26)\n\n89(32)\n\n92(33)\n\n106(41)\n\n105(41)\n\n113(45)\n\n114(46)\n\n104(40)\n\n97(36)\n\n83(28)\n\n74(23)\n\n114(46)\n\n\nMean maximum °F (°C)\n\n54.1(12.3)\n\n59.0(15.0)\n\n73.2(22.9)\n\n81.5(27.5)\n\n87.5(30.8)\n\n92.3(33.5)\n\n95.9(35.5)\n\n94.9(34.9)\n\n90.6(32.6)\n\n82.7(28.2)\n\n69.8(21.0)\n\n58.1(14.5)\n\n97.4(36.3)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °F (°C)\n\n29.9(−1.2)\n\n35.1(1.7)\n\n47.6(8.7)\n\n60.6(15.9)\n\n70.9(21.6)\n\n80.6(27.0)\n\n84.6(29.2)\n\n82.7(28.2)\n\n76.2(24.6)\n\n63.0(17.2)\n\n48.1(8.9)\n\n35.5(1.9)\n\n59.6(15.3)\n\n\nDaily mean °F (°C)\n\n21.2(−6.0)\n\n26.0(−3.3)\n\n37.6(3.1)\n\n49.9(9.9)\n\n61.1(16.2)\n\n70.9(21.6)\n\n75.1(23.9)\n\n72.9(22.7)\n\n65.3(18.5)\n\n52.6(11.4)\n\n39.0(3.9)\n\n27.2(−2.7)\n\n49.9(9.9)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °F (°C)\n\n12.5(−10.8)\n\n17.0(−8.3)\n\n27.6(−2.4)\n\n39.2(4.0)\n\n51.2(10.7)\n\n61.3(16.3)\n\n65.6(18.7)\n\n63.1(17.3)\n\n54.3(12.4)\n\n42.2(5.7)\n\n29.9(−1.2)\n\n18.9(−7.3)\n\n40.2(4.6)\n\n\nMean minimum °F (°C)\n\n−8.2(−22.3)\n\n−3.1(−19.5)\n\n9.3(−12.6)\n\n24.8(−4.0)\n\n37.8(3.2)\n\n50.4(10.2)\n\n56.2(13.4)\n\n53.8(12.1)\n\n39.9(4.4)\n\n27.3(−2.6)\n\n13.2(−10.4)\n\n−1.2(−18.4)\n\n−12.1(−24.5)\n\n\nRecord low °F (°C)\n\n−30(−34)\n\n−29(−34)\n\n−19(−28)\n\n9(−13)\n\n25(−4)\n\n35(2)\n\n45(7)\n\n40(4)\n\n25(−4)\n\n2(−17)\n\n−5(−21)\n\n−26(−32)\n\n−30(−34)\n\n\nAverage precipitation inches (mm)\n\n1.15(29)\n\n1.67(42)\n\n1.87(47)\n\n3.85(98)\n\n4.98(126)\n\n5.61(142)\n\n4.34(110)\n\n3.89(99)\n\n3.66(93)\n\n3.06(78)\n\n1.80(46)\n\n1.57(40)\n\n37.45(950)\n\n\nAverage snowfall inches (cm)\n\n6.1(15)\n\n6.6(17)\n\n3.9(9.9)\n\n0.5(1.3)\n\ntrace\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n1.7(4.3)\n\n8.3(21)\n\n27.1(68.5)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)\n\n4.9\n\n5.4\n\n7.9\n\n10.1\n\n12.3\n\n11.0\n\n7.8\n\n8.7\n\n7.8\n\n7.9\n\n6.3\n\n5.0\n\n95.1\n\n\nAverage snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)\n\n3.6\n\n2.4\n\n1.3\n\n0.2\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.6\n\n3.3\n\n11.4\n\n\nSource 1: NOAA (snow/snow days 1981–2010)[11][12]\n\n\nSource 2: National Weather Service[13]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Knoxville Community School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knoxville_Community_School_District"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"The Knoxville Community School District operates local public schools.[14]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert L. Burns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_L._Burns"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_City_Council"},{"link_name":"George Kruck Cherrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Kruck_Cherrie"},{"link_name":"James Fee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Fee"},{"link_name":"Dixie Cornell Gebhardt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixie_Cornell_Gebhardt"},{"link_name":"Flag of Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Joseph P. Graw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_P._Graw"},{"link_name":"Edward R. Hays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_R._Hays"},{"link_name":"James Mathews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Mathews_(representative)"},{"link_name":"Iowa State College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa_State_University"},{"link_name":"Howard B. Myers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_B._Myers"},{"link_name":"Frank Steunenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Steunenberg"},{"link_name":"governor of Idaho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Idaho"},{"link_name":"Edward C. Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_C._Stone"},{"link_name":"NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory"},{"link_name":"William M. Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_M._Stone"},{"link_name":"William Corwin Stuart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Corwin_Stuart"},{"link_name":"Jon Thorup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Thorup"},{"link_name":"Iowa House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Henry Carroll Timmonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Carroll_Timmonds"}],"text":"Robert L. Burns, member of the Los Angeles City Council (1929–1945)\nGeorge Kruck Cherrie, naturalist and explorer, born in Knoxville\nJames Fee, photographer\nDixie Cornell Gebhardt, designer of the Flag of Iowa\nJoseph P. Graw, Minnesota state representative and businessman\nEdward R. Hays, U.S. representative (1890–1891)\nJames Mathews, U.S. representative, professor at Iowa State College.\nHoward B. Myers, economist\nFrank Steunenberg, governor of Idaho (1897–1901); assassinated in 1905\nEdward C. Stone, director of NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (1991–2001)\nWilliam M. Stone, governor of Iowa (1864–1868)\nWilliam Corwin Stuart, attorney and jurist\nJon Thorup, member of the Iowa House of Representatives\nHenry Carroll Timmonds, Missouri state representative and judge in late 1800s","title":"Notable people"}]
[{"image_text":"Main Street, Knoxville, Iowa, 1945","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/FI0004832.jpg/220px-FI0004832.jpg"},{"image_text":"Marion County Courthouse","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Marion_County%2C_Iowa_Courthouse.jpg/200px-Marion_County%2C_Iowa_Courthouse.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map of Iowa highlighting Marion County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_of_Iowa_highlighting_Marion_County.svg/75px-Map_of_Iowa_highlighting_Marion_County.svg.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 16, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_19.txt","url_text":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""}]},{"reference":"\"2020 Census State Redistricting Data\". census.gov. United states Census Bureau. Retrieved August 12, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/2020/data/01-Redistricting_File--PL_94-171/Iowa/","url_text":"\"2020 Census State Redistricting Data\""}]},{"reference":"\"Find a County\". National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on May 31, 2011. Retrieved June 7, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110531210815/http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx","url_text":"\"Find a County\""},{"url":"http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 11, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer files 2010\". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 2, 2012. Retrieved May 11, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120702145235/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer files 2010\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"},{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Climate Normals Quick Access (1991–2020)\". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved August 2, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&stations=USC00134502&format=pdf&dataTypes=MLY-TMAX-NORMAL,MLY-TMIN-NORMAL,MLY-TAVG-NORMAL,MLY-PRCP-NORMAL,MLY-SNOW-NORMAL","url_text":"\"U.S. Climate Normals Quick Access (1991–2020)\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Climate Normals Quick Access (1981–2010)\". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved August 31, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly&stations=USC00134502&format=pdf&dataTypes=MLY-TMAX-NORMAL,MLY-TMIN-NORMAL,MLY-TAVG-NORMAL,MLY-PRCP-NORMAL,MLY-SNOW-NORMAL","url_text":"\"U.S. Climate Normals Quick Access (1981–2010)\""}]},{"reference":"\"NOAA Online Weather Data\". National Weather Service. Retrieved August 2, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.weather.gov/wrh/climate?wfo=dmx","url_text":"\"NOAA Online Weather Data\""}]},{"reference":"\"KNOXVILLE\" (PDF). Iowa Department of Education. Retrieved August 10, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://educateiowa.gov/sites/files/ed/documents/FY20_KNOXVILLE_0.pdf","url_text":"\"KNOXVILLE\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa_Department_of_Education","url_text":"Iowa Department of Education"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Knoxville,_Iowa&params=41_19_08_N_93_06_09_W_region:US_type:city","external_links_name":"41°19′08″N 93°06′09″W / 41.31889°N 93.10250°W / 41.31889; -93.10250"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Knoxville,_Iowa&params=41_19_08_N_93_06_09_W_region:US_type:city","external_links_name":"41°19′08″N 93°06′09″W / 41.31889°N 93.10250°W / 41.31889; -93.10250"},{"Link":"http://www.knoxvilleia.gov/","external_links_name":"www.knoxvilleia.gov"},{"Link":"http://data.iowadatacenter.org/datatables/PlacesAll/plpopulation18502000.pdf","external_links_name":"Iowa Data Center"},{"Link":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_19.txt","external_links_name":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/2395559","external_links_name":"U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Knoxville, Iowa"},{"Link":"https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/2020/data/01-Redistricting_File--PL_94-171/Iowa/","external_links_name":"\"2020 Census State Redistricting Data\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110531210815/http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Find a County\""},{"Link":"http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://iagenweb.org/keokuk/1880/I&WRAILROAD.htm","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=IGy67dXt1LYC&pg=PA253","external_links_name":"History of Marion County Iowa and its People"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120702145235/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt","external_links_name":"\"US Gazetteer files 2010\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&stations=USC00134502&format=pdf&dataTypes=MLY-TMAX-NORMAL,MLY-TMIN-NORMAL,MLY-TAVG-NORMAL,MLY-PRCP-NORMAL,MLY-SNOW-NORMAL","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Climate Normals Quick Access (1991–2020)\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly&stations=USC00134502&format=pdf&dataTypes=MLY-TMAX-NORMAL,MLY-TMIN-NORMAL,MLY-TAVG-NORMAL,MLY-PRCP-NORMAL,MLY-SNOW-NORMAL","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Climate Normals Quick Access (1981–2010)\""},{"Link":"https://www.weather.gov/wrh/climate?wfo=dmx","external_links_name":"\"NOAA Online Weather Data\""},{"Link":"https://educateiowa.gov/sites/files/ed/documents/FY20_KNOXVILLE_0.pdf","external_links_name":"\"KNOXVILLE\""},{"Link":"http://www.knoxvilleia.gov/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/123123610","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007557383705171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50051204","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/area/daf8f7a3-cc18-4cb3-9b2b-2a255a1037cf","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz area"},{"Link":"https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10041023","external_links_name":"NARA"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_City_(Surrey,_British_Columbia)
Central City (Surrey, British Columbia)
["1 History and development","2 Anchor tenants","2.1 Current","2.2 Former","3 Simon Fraser University","4 Transportation","5 Gallery","6 See also","7 External links","8 References"]
Coordinates: 49°11′15″N 122°50′59″W / 49.18750°N 122.84972°W / 49.18750; -122.84972 Mixed-use development in British Columbia, Canada Central CityThe main entrance as seen from the transit hubGeneral informationArchitectural stylePostmodernAddress10153 King George BoulevardSurrey, British ColumbiaCountryCanadaCoordinates49°11′15″N 122°50′59″W / 49.18750°N 122.84972°W / 49.18750; -122.84972OwnerBlackwood Partners Management CorporationHeightArchitectural118.9 m (390 ft)Technical detailsFloor count2 (mall), 5 (university) 26 (mall and office tower combined)Floor area57,370 m2 (617,500 sq ft)Design and constructionArchitect(s)Bing Thom ArchitectsOther informationNumber of stores132Number of anchors5–7Websitecentralcity.ca Central City Shopping Centre (interior) Central City (formerly known as Surrey Place Mall) is a mixed-use development that houses a shopping mall, a university campus and an office tower complex in Surrey, British Columbia, Canada. It is owned by Blackwood Partners Management Corporation. The Central City tower, main entrance and galleria were designed by Bing Thom Architects. The tower houses one of the three Simon Fraser University campuses. The complex is located near two SkyTrain stations – Surrey Central and King George – and is the second-largest shopping centre in Surrey after Guildford Town Centre. History and development Food from the former Zellers restaurant at the Zellers at Central City This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Originally, the shopping centre was built in the 1970s as Surrey Place Mall, a standalone shopping centre, and was managed and owned by the Insurance Corporation of British Columbia. It underwent renovations and refurbishments throughout the 1980s and 1990s; however, the popularity of Guildford Town Centre began to challenge the mall's position as a dominant shopping centre in Surrey. In the late 1990s, the foot traffic of the mall suffered severely and many stores became untenanted. However, in 1999, part of the mall was sold off and was redeveloped, with the addition of an expansion to the mall including a new podium and a high-rise office tower also known as the Central City tower. From 2003 to 2017, the Central City tower was the tallest building in Surrey. In 2007, the rest of Central City mall was sold to Blackwood Partners Management Corporation. The mall was affected by the closings of Target Canada and Future Shop, but Walmart Canada took over Target Canada's location along with Future Shop's former Best Buy-branded location. As of 2016, given the mixed use of the complex—which includes space dedicated to retail, educational, and office uses—along with an increase in residential condominium density in the surrounding area, the mall has become busier than it was in the preceding decade. Anchor tenants Current Walmart Winners Best Buy The Brick Shoppers Drug Mart Simon Fraser University T & T Supermarket Dollarama Former Zellers – in former The Bay location, closed February 11, 2013; was replaced by Target on November 13, 2013 The Bay – closed May 8, 2000, Zellers relocated in this space, now Walmart Sears – closed June 4, 2005, (now T & T Supermarket) Target – in former Zellers location, (opened November 13, 2013, closed April 1, 2015); replaced by Walmart on February 25, 2016 Future Shop – closed March 28, 2015, due to consolidation as Best Buy; reopened as Best Buy in late 2015 Bed Bath & Beyond – closed January 2020 Simon Fraser University Unlike other shopping centres in the region, and owing to its unique two-stage development, the main building of Simon Fraser University's Surrey campus is located within the mall and occupies a major portion (33,000 m2 ) of the podium floors. The central atrium of the mall, similar to the hull of a ship, consists of retail space on the ground floor and provides a direct line of sight towards the campus hallways and classrooms on the upper floors. Transportation Central City Shopping Centre is accessible to the regional SkyTrain system, with the closest station being Surrey Central station. The terminus King George station is also within five minutes' walking distance to the south. The Surrey Central bus loop is adjacent to Surrey Central station and serves as a transfer point to several routes which serve the region. Gallery Central City's interiors, looking south Central City's interiors, looking north Entrance void Central City entrance Central City viewed from a high-rise tower Mall food court looking east See also List of tallest buildings in Surrey List of tallest buildings in British Columbia External links Official website Simon Fraser University Surrey References ^ a b "Central City / SFU Surrey". Bing Thom Architects. Archived from the original on August 9, 2017. Retrieved July 25, 2017. ^ "Retail Leasing Opportunities – Blackwood Partners". www.blackwoodpartners.com. ^ "ICBC Sells Central City". August 2, 2007. ^ "Central City Renovations". October 13, 2016. ^ "Walmart buying 13 former Target Canada stores". Toronto Star. May 8, 2015. Retrieved October 1, 2019. ^ "Surrey Campus – Simon Fraser University". www.sfu.ca. ^ "Virtual Tour – 360 Panoramic Views of Surrey Campus". sfu.ca. Archived from the original on August 9, 2017. Retrieved August 25, 2017. ^ "Surrey Central Station Map (Apr 2018)" (PDF). TransLink. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 5, 2020. Retrieved May 7, 2018. vteLandmarks in Greater VancouverBuildings BC Place Beatty Street Drill Hall Bentall Centre (Bentall 5) BowMac sign Canada Place CBC Regional Broadcast Centre Vancouver Central Heat Distribution Dominion Building Former Vancouver Public Library Fort Langley National Historic Site Gulf of Georgia Cannery H. R. MacMillan Space Centre Harbour Centre Hotel Europe Hotel Georgia Hotel Vancouver International Buddhist Temple Living Shangri-La Marine Building One Wall Centre Orpheum Pacific Central Station Pacific Coliseum Park Royal Parq Vancouver Rogers Arena Royal Centre Royal Vancouver Yacht Club Science World Seaforth Armoury Shaw Tower Sinclair Centre Stanley Theatre Sun Tower Sylvia Hotel Vancouver Art Gallery Vancouver City Hall Vancouver Public Library Waterfront Station Wooden Roller Coaster List of tallest buildings in Vancouver Hyatt Regency Vancouver Metro VancouverBridges Alex Fraser Bridge Arthur Laing Bridge Burrard Bridge Cambie Bridge Capilano Suspension Bridge Georgia Viaduct Golden Ears Bridge Granville Street Bridge Ironworkers Memorial Second Narrows Crossing Knight Street Bridge Lions Gate Bridge Oak Street Bridge Pattullo Bridge Pitt River Bridge Port Mann Bridge Queensborough Bridge Skybridge Locations Chinatown Commercial Drive Gastown Golden Village Granville Island Kitsilano Beach Metrotown Punjabi Market Robson Square Stanley Park / Vancouver Aquarium Natural Burnaby Mountain Burrard Inlet Burrard Peninsula Cypress Mountain English Bay False Creek Fraser River Golden Ears Grouse Mountain Indian Arm The Lions Mount Seymour Point Grey Little Mountain vteShopping malls in Metro Vancouver, British ColumbiaBurnaby The Amazing Brentwood The City of Lougheed Crystal Mall Metropolis at Metrotown Coquitlam Coquitlam Centre Henderson Place Mall Langley Willowbrook Shopping Centre Maple Ridge Haney Place Mall ValleyFair Mall New Westminster Royal City Centre Shops at New West North Vancouver Capilano Mall Lonsdale Quay Market Richmond Aberdeen Centre Lansdowne Centre McArthurGlen Designer Outlet Vancouver Airport Parker Place Richmond Centre Yaohan Centre Surrey Central City Guildford Town Centre King George Hub Semiahmoo Shopping Centre Tsawwassen First Nation Tsawwassen Mills Vancouver Bentall Centre City Square Shopping Centre Harbour Centre Oakridge Centre Pacific Centre Royal Centre Sinclair Centre TD Tower West Vancouver Park Royal Shopping Centre
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Centralcitycentreescalator.jpg"},{"link_name":"mixed-use development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed-use_development"},{"link_name":"shopping mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shopping_mall"},{"link_name":"Surrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrey,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Bing Thom Architects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bing_Thom_Architects"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-1"},{"link_name":"Simon Fraser University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Fraser_University"},{"link_name":"SkyTrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SkyTrain_(Vancouver)"},{"link_name":"Surrey Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrey_Central_station"},{"link_name":"King George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_George_station"},{"link_name":"Guildford Town Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guildford_Town_Centre_(mall)"}],"text":"Mixed-use development in British Columbia, CanadaCentral City Shopping Centre (interior)Central City (formerly known as Surrey Place Mall) is a mixed-use development that houses a shopping mall, a university campus and an office tower complex in Surrey, British Columbia, Canada. It is owned by Blackwood Partners Management Corporation.[2]The Central City tower, main entrance and galleria were designed by Bing Thom Architects.[1] The tower houses one of the three Simon Fraser University campuses. The complex is located near two SkyTrain stations – Surrey Central and King George – and is the second-largest shopping centre in Surrey after Guildford Town Centre.","title":"Central City (Surrey, British Columbia)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Burger_and_fries_presentation_(6817351537).jpg"},{"link_name":"Insurance Corporation of British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurance_Corporation_of_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Walmart Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walmart_Canada"},{"link_name":"Best Buy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_Buy"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Central_City_(Surrey,_British_Columbia)&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Food from the former Zellers restaurant at the Zellers at Central CityOriginally, the shopping centre was built in the 1970s as Surrey Place Mall, a standalone shopping centre, and was managed and owned by the Insurance Corporation of British Columbia. It underwent renovations and refurbishments throughout the 1980s and 1990s; however, the popularity of Guildford Town Centre began to challenge the mall's position as a dominant shopping centre in Surrey. In the late 1990s, the foot traffic of the mall suffered severely and many stores became untenanted. However, in 1999, part of the mall was sold off and was redeveloped, with the addition of an expansion to the mall including a new podium and a high-rise office tower also known as the Central City tower. From 2003 to 2017, the Central City tower was the tallest building in Surrey. In 2007, the rest of Central City mall was sold to Blackwood Partners Management Corporation.[3]The mall was affected by the closings of Target Canada and Future Shop, but Walmart Canada took over Target Canada's location along with Future Shop's former Best Buy-branded location. As of 2016[update], given the mixed use of the complex—which includes space dedicated to retail, educational, and office uses—along with an increase in residential condominium density in the surrounding area, the mall has become busier than it was in the preceding decade.[4]","title":"History and development"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Anchor tenants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Walmart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walmart_Canada"},{"link_name":"Winners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winners"},{"link_name":"Best Buy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_Buy"},{"link_name":"The Brick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Brick"},{"link_name":"Shoppers Drug Mart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoppers_Drug_Mart"},{"link_name":"Simon Fraser University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Fraser_University"},{"link_name":"T & T Supermarket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T_%26_T_Supermarket"},{"link_name":"Dollarama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dollarama"}],"sub_title":"Current","text":"Walmart\nWinners\nBest Buy\nThe Brick\nShoppers Drug Mart\nSimon Fraser University\nT & T Supermarket\nDollarama","title":"Anchor tenants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zellers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zellers"},{"link_name":"The Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_(retailer)"},{"link_name":"Sears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sears_Canada"},{"link_name":"Target","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Target_Canada"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Future Shop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_Shop"},{"link_name":"Bed Bath & Beyond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bed_Bath_%26_Beyond_Inc."}],"sub_title":"Former","text":"Zellers – in former The Bay location, closed February 11, 2013; was replaced by Target on November 13, 2013\nThe Bay – closed May 8, 2000, Zellers relocated in this space, now Walmart\nSears – closed June 4, 2005, (now T & T Supermarket)\nTarget – in former Zellers location, (opened November 13, 2013, closed April 1, 2015); replaced by Walmart on February 25, 2016[5]\nFuture Shop – closed March 28, 2015, due to consolidation as Best Buy; reopened as Best Buy in late 2015\nBed Bath & Beyond – closed January 2020","title":"Anchor tenants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Simon Fraser University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Fraser_University"},{"link_name":"Surrey campus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Fraser_University#Surrey_campus"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Unlike other shopping centres in the region, and owing to its unique two-stage development, the main building of Simon Fraser University's Surrey campus is located within the mall and occupies a major portion (33,000 m2 [350,000 sq ft]) of the podium floors.[6] The central atrium of the mall, similar to the hull of a ship, consists of retail space on the ground floor and provides a direct line of sight towards the campus hallways and classrooms on the upper floors.[7]","title":"Simon Fraser University"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SkyTrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SkyTrain_(Vancouver)"},{"link_name":"Surrey Central station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrey_Central_station"},{"link_name":"King George station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_George_station"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Central City Shopping Centre is accessible to the regional SkyTrain system, with the closest station being Surrey Central station. The terminus King George station is also within five minutes' walking distance to the south. The Surrey Central bus loop is adjacent to Surrey Central station and serves as a transfer point to several routes which serve the region.[8]","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ctrl-city1.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ctrl-city2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SFU_Surrey,_28_mars_2008,_2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Central_city_plaza_lehoux.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Surrey_Central_City_Shopping_Centre_%26_Office_Tower_(High_Rise_Tower_view-2011).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Centralcityshoppingcentrefoodcourt.jpg"}],"text":"Central City's interiors, looking south\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCentral City's interiors, looking north\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEntrance void\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCentral City entrance\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCentral City viewed from a high-rise tower\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMall food court looking east","title":"Gallery"}]
[{"image_text":"Central City Shopping Centre (interior)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Centralcitycentreescalator.jpg/170px-Centralcitycentreescalator.jpg"},{"image_text":"Food from the former Zellers restaurant at the Zellers at Central City","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Burger_and_fries_presentation_%286817351537%29.jpg/220px-Burger_and_fries_presentation_%286817351537%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Metro Vancouver","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Vancouver_Landsat.jpg/60px-Vancouver_Landsat.jpg"}]
[{"title":"List of tallest buildings in Surrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Surrey,_British_Columbia"},{"title":"List of tallest buildings in British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_British_Columbia"}]
[{"reference":"\"Central City / SFU Surrey\". Bing Thom Architects. Archived from the original on August 9, 2017. Retrieved July 25, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170809000104/http://bingthomarchitects.com/project/central-citysfu-surrey/","url_text":"\"Central City / SFU Surrey\""},{"url":"http://bingthomarchitects.com/project/central-citysfu-surrey/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Retail Leasing Opportunities – Blackwood Partners\". www.blackwoodpartners.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.blackwoodpartners.com/retail-opportunities","url_text":"\"Retail Leasing Opportunities – Blackwood Partners\""}]},{"reference":"\"ICBC Sells Central City\". August 2, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kamloopscity.com/icbc-sells-central-city/","url_text":"\"ICBC Sells Central City\""}]},{"reference":"\"Central City Renovations\". October 13, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://urbansurrey.com/2016/10/12/central-city-renovations/","url_text":"\"Central City Renovations\""}]},{"reference":"\"Walmart buying 13 former Target Canada stores\". Toronto Star. May 8, 2015. Retrieved October 1, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thestar.com/business/2015/05/08/walmart-buys-13-former-target-canada-stores.html","url_text":"\"Walmart buying 13 former Target Canada stores\""}]},{"reference":"\"Surrey Campus – Simon Fraser University\". www.sfu.ca.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sfu.ca/surrey.html","url_text":"\"Surrey Campus – Simon Fraser University\""}]},{"reference":"\"Virtual Tour – 360 Panoramic Views of Surrey Campus\". sfu.ca. Archived from the original on August 9, 2017. Retrieved August 25, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170809211558/http://www.sfu.ca/surrey/about/virtual-tour.html","url_text":"\"Virtual Tour – 360 Panoramic Views of Surrey Campus\""},{"url":"https://www.sfu.ca/surrey/about/virtual-tour.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Surrey Central Station Map (Apr 2018)\" (PDF). TransLink. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 5, 2020. Retrieved May 7, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200905044454/http://infomaps.translink.ca/System_Maps/skytrain_station_maps/surrey_central_station.pdf","url_text":"\"Surrey Central Station Map (Apr 2018)\""},{"url":"http://infomaps.translink.ca/System_Maps/skytrain_station_maps/surrey_central_station.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miech%C3%B3w,_Lubusz_Voivodeship
Miechów, Lubusz Voivodeship
["1 See also","2 References"]
Coordinates: 52°30′N 15°9′E / 52.500°N 15.150°E / 52.500; 15.150For other places with the same name, see Miechów. Village in Lubusz Voivodeship, PolandMiechówVillageMiechówCoordinates: 52°30′N 15°9′E / 52.500°N 15.150°E / 52.500; 15.150Country PolandVoivodeshipLubuszCountySulęcinGminaSulęcin Miechów is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sulęcin, within Sulęcin County, Lubusz Voivodeship, in western Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) north of Sulęcin, 27 km (17 mi) south of Gorzów Wielkopolski, and 67 km (42 mi) north of Zielona Góra. See also History of Germany References ^ "Central Statistical Office (GUS) – TERYT (National Register of Territorial Land Apportionment Journal)" (in Polish). 2008-06-01. vteGmina SulęcinTown and seat Sulęcin Villages Brzeźno Długoszyn Długoszyn-Kolonia Długoszynek Drogomin Glisno Grochowo Grzeszów Małuszów Miechów Ostrów Pamiątkowice Podbiele Rychlik Trzebów Trzemeszno Lubuskie Tursk Wędrzyn Wielowieś Żarzyn Żubrów This Sulęcin County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Miechów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miech%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"[ˈmjɛxuf]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish"},{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village"},{"link_name":"Gmina Sulęcin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina_Sul%C4%99cin"},{"link_name":"Sulęcin County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sul%C4%99cin_County"},{"link_name":"Lubusz Voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubusz_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TERYT-1"},{"link_name":"Sulęcin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sul%C4%99cin"},{"link_name":"Gorzów Wielkopolski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorz%C3%B3w_Wielkopolski"},{"link_name":"Zielona Góra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zielona_G%C3%B3ra"}],"text":"For other places with the same name, see Miechów.Village in Lubusz Voivodeship, PolandMiechów [ˈmjɛxuf] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sulęcin, within Sulęcin County, Lubusz Voivodeship, in western Poland.[1] It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) north of Sulęcin, 27 km (17 mi) south of Gorzów Wielkopolski, and 67 km (42 mi) north of Zielona Góra.","title":"Miechów, Lubusz Voivodeship"}]
[]
[{"title":"History of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Germany"}]
[{"reference":"\"Central Statistical Office (GUS) – TERYT (National Register of Territorial Land Apportionment Journal)\" (in Polish). 2008-06-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stat.gov.pl/broker/access/prefile/listPreFiles.jspa","url_text":"\"Central Statistical Office (GUS) – TERYT (National Register of Territorial Land Apportionment Journal)\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Fillary
Ted Fillary
["1 References","2 External links"]
English cricketer Ted FillaryPersonal informationFull nameEdward William Joseph FillaryBorn (1944-04-14) 14 April 1944 (age 80)Heathfield, Sussex, EnglandBattingRight-handedBowlingLeg breakDomestic team information YearsTeam1963–1965Oxford University1963–1966Kent FC debut1 May 1963 Oxford University v GloucestershireLast FC25 June 1966 Kent v Oxford UniversityCareer statistics Competition First-class Matches 45 Runs scored 1,371 Batting average 19.04 100s/50s 0/3 Top score 75 Balls bowled 3,897 Wickets 82 Bowling average 26.37 5 wickets in innings 5 10 wickets in match 0 Best bowling 6/77 Catches/stumpings 24/–Source: CricInfo, 23 June 2017 Edward William Joseph Fillary (born 14 April 1944), known as Ted Fillary, is a former English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Oxford University and Kent County Cricket Club between 1963 and 1966. Fillary was born at Heathfield in Sussex, in 1944. He attended St Lawrence College, Ramsgate, scoring 794 runs in 1961. The following year he captained the side and scored 869 runs at an average of 96.55 and taking 55 wickets with his leg-spin at 9.76, setting a record for runs scored for the school which was only surpassed in 2019. He played for the Public Schools against the Combined Services at Lord's in 1961 and 1962 before going up to Oriel College, Oxford. Fillary made his first appearances for Kent's Second XI in 1961 in the Second XI Championship. He made his first-class cricket debut for Oxford University in May 1963 against Gloucestershire before winning a cricket Blue in the same season and making his debut for Kent's First XI in July. He took his best figures of 6 for 77 in the university match in 1963, when Wisden noted that he both spun the ball sharply and varied his spin cleverly. He played in the university match in all three of his years at Oxford and made a total of 32 first-class appearances for the team. He was also awarded a hockey Blue. He appeared in 13 first-class matches for Kent between 1963 and 1966, his final appearance coming against Oxford University at Canterbury in June 1966. His best figures for Kent were 5 for 52 against Middlesex at Lord's in 1964. He played 48 matches for the county's Second XI, making his final appearances in 1967. References ^ Edward Fillary, CricInfo. Retrieved 2017-06-23. ^ Wisden Cricketers' Almanack 1963, p. 848. ^ Cricket, The Lawrentian, 2019, p. 56. Ramsgate: St Lawrence College. Retrieved 2022-08-10. ^ a b c d Ted Fillary, CricketArchive. Retrieved 2017-06-23. (subscription required) ^ Wisden Cricketers' Almanack 1964, pp. 332, 650. External links Ted Fillary at ESPNcricinfo
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[]
null
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Parkinson
Robin Parkinson
["1 Career","2 Personal life and death","3 References","4 External links"]
English actor (1929–2022) Robin ParkinsonBornChristopher Robin Parkinson(1929-10-25)25 October 1929Coventry, Warwickshire, EnglandDied7 May 2022(2022-05-07) (aged 92)Years active1957–2007Spouse Patricia Rogers ​(m. 1956)​Children3; including Sarah Christopher Robin Parkinson (25 October 1929 – 7 May 2022) was an English actor known for his comedy roles. He was the second actor to portray Monsieur Ernest Leclerc in 'Allo 'Allo! (22 episodes: series 7 to 9), after the death of Derek Royle. He was also the narrator of Button Moon. Career Parkinson began his career in December 1957, appearing in The Imperial Nightingale at the Birmingham Repertory Theatre, then joined the company at the Belgrade Theatre in his native Coventry. He made his first film appearance as the jeweller's assistant in Billy Liar (1963), followed by such titles as The Family Way (1966), They Came from Beyond Space (1967), Twisted Nerve (1968), Catch Me a Spy (1971), Alfie Darling (1975) and George and Mildred (1980). His TV appearances included roles in Dad's Army, It Ain't Half Hot Mum, Terry and June, The Young Ones, The Kenny Everett Television Show, Thriller, Shelley, The Dick Emery Show, On the Buses, Whatever Happened to the Likely Lads? and The Liver Birds. He also played Desmond, the love interest of Miss Jones, in Rising Damp and a taxi driver in The Professionals (series 2, episode 8: A Stirring of Dust). In addition, he narrated and provided voices for the ITV television series Button Moon. Personal life and death Parkinson was born on 25 October 1929 in Coventry, Warwickshire. He attended King Henry VIII School, Coventry and, after National Service with the Queen's Royal Lancers, the Birmingham School of Speech Training and Dramatic Art. He married Patricia Rogers in 1956 and had three daughters, one of whom, Sarah Parkinson (1962–2003), was a writer-producer of radio and television programmes and was married to comedian Paul Merton. Parkinson died on 7 May 2022, aged 92. References ^ "Robin Parkinson". BFI. Archived from the original on 23 April 2019. Retrieved 23 April 2019. ^ 'The Christmas Shows of 1957: Birmingham', The Stage, 2 January 1958, p.11 ^ a b c "Robin Parkinson obituary". The Times. 17 May 2022. Retrieved 17 May 2022. ^ "Comic Paul Merton's wife dies". BBC News. 24 September 2003. Retrieved 17 May 2022. ^ Lewis, Isobel (11 May 2022). "Robin Parkinson death: 'Allo! 'Allo! star and Button Moon narrator dies aged 92". The Independent. Retrieved 11 May 2022. ^ Howie, Michael (11 May 2022). "Robin Parkinson: Actor who played Monsieur Ernest Leclerc in 'Allo 'Allo! and was voice of Button Moon dies age 92". Evening Standard. Retrieved 11 May 2022. ^ "Obituary: Robin Parkinson – actor best known for his roles in beloved television comedies". External links Robin Parkinson at IMDb Authority control databases International VIAF Artists ULAN This article about a British actor is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Monsieur Ernest Leclerc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allo_Allo#Characters"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"'Allo 'Allo!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Allo_%27Allo!"},{"link_name":"Derek Royle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Royle"},{"link_name":"Button Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Button_Moon"}],"text":"Christopher Robin Parkinson (25 October 1929 – 7 May 2022) was an English actor known for his comedy roles. He was the second actor to portray Monsieur Ernest Leclerc[1] in 'Allo 'Allo! (22 episodes: series 7 to 9), after the death of Derek Royle. He was also the narrator of Button Moon.","title":"Robin Parkinson"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Birmingham Repertory Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_Repertory_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Belgrade Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Billy Liar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Liar_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Family Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Family_Way"},{"link_name":"They Came from Beyond Space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/They_Came_from_Beyond_Space"},{"link_name":"Twisted Nerve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twisted_Nerve"},{"link_name":"Catch Me a Spy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catch_Me_a_Spy"},{"link_name":"Alfie Darling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfie_Darling"},{"link_name":"George and Mildred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_and_Mildred_(film)"},{"link_name":"Dad's Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dad%27s_Army"},{"link_name":"It Ain't Half Hot Mum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It_Ain%27t_Half_Hot_Mum"},{"link_name":"Terry and June","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_and_June"},{"link_name":"The Young Ones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Young_Ones_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Kenny Everett Television Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kenny_Everett_Television_Show"},{"link_name":"Thriller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thriller_(British_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Shelley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelley_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Dick Emery Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dick_Emery_Show"},{"link_name":"On the Buses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Buses"},{"link_name":"Whatever Happened to the Likely Lads?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whatever_Happened_to_the_Likely_Lads%3F"},{"link_name":"The Liver Birds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Liver_Birds"},{"link_name":"Rising Damp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rising_Damp"},{"link_name":"The Professionals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Professionals_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Button Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Button_Moon"}],"text":"Parkinson began his career in December 1957, appearing in The Imperial Nightingale at the Birmingham Repertory Theatre,[2] then joined the company at the Belgrade Theatre in his native Coventry. He made his first film appearance as the jeweller's assistant in Billy Liar (1963), followed by such titles as The Family Way (1966), They Came from Beyond Space (1967), Twisted Nerve (1968), Catch Me a Spy (1971), Alfie Darling (1975) and George and Mildred (1980). His TV appearances included roles in Dad's Army, It Ain't Half Hot Mum, Terry and June, The Young Ones, The Kenny Everett Television Show, Thriller, Shelley, The Dick Emery Show, On the Buses, Whatever Happened to the Likely Lads? and The Liver Birds. He also played Desmond, the love interest of Miss Jones, in Rising Damp and a taxi driver in The Professionals (series 2, episode 8: A Stirring of Dust). In addition, he narrated and provided voices for the ITV television series Button Moon.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Coventry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coventry"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TimesObit-3"},{"link_name":"King Henry VIII School, Coventry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Henry_VIII_School,_Coventry"},{"link_name":"National Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Service"},{"link_name":"Queen's Royal Lancers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Royal_Lancers"},{"link_name":"Birmingham School of Speech Training and Dramatic Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_School_of_Acting"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TimesObit-3"},{"link_name":"Sarah Parkinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Parkinson"},{"link_name":"Paul Merton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Merton"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TimesObit-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Parkinson was born on 25 October 1929 in Coventry, Warwickshire.[3] He attended King Henry VIII School, Coventry and, after National Service with the Queen's Royal Lancers, the Birmingham School of Speech Training and Dramatic Art.[3] He married Patricia Rogers in 1956 and had three daughters, one of whom, Sarah Parkinson (1962–2003), was a writer-producer of radio and television programmes and was married to comedian Paul Merton.[3][4]Parkinson died on 7 May 2022, aged 92.[5][6][7]","title":"Personal life and death"}]
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