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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Parker_(character)
Ken Parker (comics)
["1 References","2 Sources","3 External links"]
Fictional character Ken ParkerPublication informationPublication date1974 (in magazine), 1977 (in album form) Ken Parker is a fictional character from a series of eponym Italian comics created in 1974 by Giancarlo Berardi and Ivo Milazzo. He is a widely appreciated character in Italy and all over former Yugoslavia. First issue of the series, "Lungo fucile" ("long rifle") was published by the Italian publisher CEPIM. Ken Parker, however, had been created three years earlier on a magazine of the same publisher. The series ran for 59 numbers. New issues appeared in the following years, and are constantly under reprint in Italy. Ken Parker is a western anti-hero, graphically inspired by Robert Redford of Jeremiah Johnson. Like Johnson, he is a trapper who had decided to escape from the first city to have appeared in the United States. His stories are mainly set in Northwestern states or, after Parker was forced to flee after his participation in some strikes in Boston (initially as a Pinkerton agent), along the Canadian frontier. The themes dealt by the series are unusual for a western, including homosexuality, ecology, ghettoization, justice, the destiny of Man, and his relationship with God. Ken Parker is not a typical cowboy, a monolithic character like Tex Willer or John Wayne's heroes: he grows older since his first story (set in 1870) he commits errors and changes his ideas and ideals. He maintained: "I don't like to kill... not even when it is necessary". Ken Parker regular publication ceased, but is still occasionally published by Sergio Bonelli Editore and Panini Comics. References ^ "Ivo Milazzo - Lambiek Comiclopedia". Sources Franco Fossati, I grandi eroi del fumetto, Gramese, 1990, pp. 131–132 Domenico Denaro, La storia di Ken Parker, L'Arca Perduta, 1987 Gianni Di Pietro, Ken Parker, il respiro del sogno, Del Grifo, 1989 External links Website Ken Parker on TexBR (in Portuguese) This article about a comics character is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This Italian comics–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Household_waste_recycling_centre
Civic amenity site
["1 See also","2 References"]
Waste disposal or recycling facility This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Civic amenity site" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United Kingdom and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (August 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) A civic amenity site Sorted waste container stand in Buštěhrad, Central Bohemia, Czech Republic. Green containers are for glass, blue for paper, yellow for plastics and red for electrotechnical waste. A civic amenity site (CA site) or household waste recycling centre (HWRC) (both terms are used in the United Kingdom) is a facility where the public can dispose of household waste and also often containing recycling points. Civic amenity sites are run by the local authority in a given area. Collection points for recyclable waste such as green waste, metals, glass and other waste types (including WVO) are available. Items that cannot be collected by local waste collection schemes such as bulky waste are also accepted. In the United Kingdom, civic amenity sites are informally called "tips" or "dumps". In continental Europe, there are usually several types of collection sites: sorted waste container stands: a group of containers of the most common recyclable household waste, such as plastics, paper, glass, metal cans, liquid packaging board, electrotechnical waste, recyclable clothing and so on. Such stands should be freely accessible by walking. They are often found near bus or tram stops, city squares, village commons, shops etc. A city or a country can have any colour convention to distinguish containers by type of waste. waste collection courtyards: except for the mentioned household waste, they are specialized for large waste from citizens: furniture, construction waste, compostable gardening waste – or special types of waste (chemical or other hazardous waste etc.). The waste is usually delivered by cars, vans or trucks and the station has an overseeing staff and opening hours, but services are free of charge. Smaller towns have one such site, cities can have more such courtyards in various neighbourhoods. waste purchase stations: especially for metal scrap (iron and other metals), but also for paper, glass etc. Such stations have been in existence longer than modern disposal stations. Coexistence of paid and free systems of collection can result in homeless, asocial or poor people picking waste from the free containers to sell at the waste purchase station. See also Transfer station (waste management) References ^ "Civic amenity site as collection point for WVO ref 1". Archived from the original on 2013-08-13. Retrieved 2013-09-17. ^ "Renewable Energy Generation". regbiopower.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2013-07-29. Retrieved 2013-09-17. vteBiosolids, waste, and waste managementMajor types Agricultural wastewater Biodegradable waste Biomedical waste Brown waste Chemical waste Construction waste Demolition waste Electronic waste by country Food waste Green waste Hazardous waste Heat waste Industrial waste Industrial wastewater Litter Marine debris Mining waste Municipal solid waste Open defecation Packaging waste Post-consumer waste Radioactive waste Scrap metal Sewage Sharps waste Surface runoff Toxic waste Processes Anaerobic digestion Balefill Biodegradation Composting Garden waste dumping Illegal dumping Incineration Landfill Landfill mining Mechanical biological treatment Mechanical sorting Photodegradation Recycling Resource recovery Sewage treatment Urban mining Waste collection Waste sorting Waste trade Waste treatment Waste-to-energy Countries Afghanistan Albania Armenia Australia Belgium Bangladesh Brazil Bosnia and Herzegovina Egypt Georgia Hong Kong India Israel Japan Kazakhstan New Zealand Russia South Korea Sri Lanka Switzerland Syria Tanzania Taiwan Thailand Turkey United Kingdom United States Agreements Bamako Convention Basel Convention EU directives batteries Recycling framework incineration landfills RoHS vehicles waste water WEEE London Convention Oslo Convention OSPAR Convention Occupations Sanitation worker Street sweeper Waste collector Waste picker Other topics Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future China's waste import ban Cleaner production Downcycling Eco-industrial park Extended producer responsibility High-level radioactive waste management History of waste management Landfill fire Sewage regulation and administration Upcycling Waste hierarchy Waste legislation Waste minimisation Zero waste Environment portal  Category: Waste Index Journals Lists Organizations Authority control databases: National Germany Israel United States Czech Republic This waste-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This environment-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"title":"Transfer station (waste management)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer_station_(waste_management)"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo-ruhamah
Hosea
["1 Name meaning","2 Location","3 Family","4 Christian thought","5 Islamic literature","6 Observances","7 Tomb","8 In popular culture","9 References","10 External links"]
Biblical character You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Hebrew. (May 2012) Click for important translation instructions. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Hebrew Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|he|הושע בן בארי}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. This article is about the Biblical prophet and author of the Book of Hosea. For other uses of Hosea, see Hosea (disambiguation). Not to be confused with Hoshea or Horsea. HoseaAn 18th-century Russian icon of the prophet Hosea (Iconostasis of Transfiguration Church, Kizhi monastery, Karelia, Russia)ProphetVenerated inJudaismChristianityIslamMajor shrineSafed, IsraelFeastOctober 17 (Orthodox Christianity)AttributesProphetMajor worksBook of Hosea Illustration of Hosea and Gomer from the Bible Historiale, 1372 The Prophet Hosea, by Duccio di Buoninsegna, in the Siena Cathedral (c. 1309–1311) In the Hebrew Bible, Hosea (/ˌhoʊˈziːə/ or /hoʊˈzeɪə/; Hebrew: הוֹשֵׁעַ – Hōšēaʿ, 'Salvation'; Greek: Ὡσηέ – Hōsēé), also known as Osee, son of Beeri, was an 8th-century BCE prophet in Israel and the nominal primary author of the Book of Hosea. He is the first of the Twelve Minor Prophets, whose collective writings were aggregated and organized into a single book in the Jewish Tanakh by the Second Temple period (forming the last book of the Nevi'im) but which are distinguished as individual books in Christianity. Hosea is often seen as a "prophet of doom", but underneath his message of destruction is a promise of restoration. The Talmud claims that he was the greatest prophet of his generation. The period of Hosea's ministry extended to some sixty years, and he was the only prophet of Israel of his time who left any written prophecy. Though its date is contested among scholars, the majority agree that the bulk of the book was probably composed around the times of Jeroboam II of Israel (c. 793–753 BCE). Name meaning The name Hosea (meaning 'salvation', 'he saves' or 'he helps'), seems to have been common, being derived from a related verb meaning salvation. Numbers 13:16 states that Hosea was the original name of Joshua, son of Nun until Moses gave him the longer, theophoric name Yehoshua (Hebrew: יְהוֹשֻֽׁעַ) incorporating an abbreviated form of the Tetragrammaton. Rashi explains in Sotah 34b that Joshua is a compound name of יה (Yah) and הושע (Hosea, "God may save"). Location Although it is not expressly stated in the Book of Hosea, it is apparent from the level of detail and familiarity focused on north-east geography, that Hosea conducted his prophetic ministries in the northern Kingdom of Israel, of which he was a native. In Hosea 5:8 ff., there seems to be a reference to the Syro-Ephraimite War which led to the capture of the kingdom by the Assyrians (c. 734–732 BCE). Hosea's long ministry, from the reign of Jeroboam II (787–747) to the reign of Hoshea (731–722), seems to have ended before the fall of Samaria in 722/721. Family Little is known about the life or social status of Hosea. According to the Book of Hosea, he married Gomer, the daughter of Diblaim, but she proved to be unfaithful. Hosea knew she would be unfaithful, as God says this to him immediately in the opening statements of the book. This marriage was arranged in order to serve to the prophet as a symbol of Israel's unfaithfulness to the Lord. His marriage will dramatize the breakdown in the relationship between God and His people Israel. Hosea's family life reflected the "adulterous" relationship which Israel had built with other gods. Similarly, his children's names represent God's estrangement from Israel. They are prophetic of the fall of the ruling dynasty and the severed covenant with God – much like the prophet Isaiah a generation later. The name of Hosea's daughter, Lo-ruhamah, which translates as 'not pitied', is chosen as a sign of displeasure with the people of Israel for following false gods. The name of Hosea's son, Lo-ammi, which translates as 'not my people', is chosen as a sign of the Lord's displeasure with the people of Israel for following those false gods. Christian thought One of the early writing prophets, Hosea used his own experience as a symbolic representation of God and Israel. The relationship between Hosea and Gomer parallels the relationship between God and Israel. Even though Gomer runs away from Hosea and sleeps with another man, he loves her anyway and forgives her. Likewise, even though the people of Israel worshipped false gods, God continued to love them and did not abandon his covenant with them. The Book of Hosea was a severe warning to the northern kingdom against the growing idolatry being practiced there; the book was a dramatic call to repentance. Christians extend the analogy of Hosea to Christ and the church: Christ the husband, his church the bride. Christians see in this book a comparable call to the church not to forsake the Lord Jesus Christ. Christians also take the buying back of Gomer as the redemptive qualities of Jesus Christ's sacrifice on the cross. Other preachers, like Charles Spurgeon, saw Hosea as a striking presentation of the mercy of God in his sermon on Hosea 1:7 titled The LORD's Own Salvation. "But I will have mercy upon the house of Judah, and will save them by the Lord their God, and will not save them by bow, nor by sword, nor by battle, by horses, nor by horsemen." – Bible, Hosea 1:7 Islamic literature The Qur'an mentions only some prophets by name but makes it clear that many were sent who are not mentioned. Therefore, many Muslim scholars, such as Ibn Ishaq, speak of Hosea as one of the true Hebrew prophets of Israel. The Book of Hosea has also been used in Qur'anic exegesis by Abdullah Yusuf Ali, especially in reference to Qur'anic verses which speak of the backsliding of Israel. Observances He is commemorated with the other Minor prophets in the Calendar of saints of the Armenian Apostolic Church on July 31. He is commemorated on the Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar, with a feast day on October 17 (for those churches which follow the Julian Calendar, October 17 currently falls on October 30 of the modern Gregorian Calendar). He is also commemorated on the Sunday of the Holy Fathers (the Sunday before the Nativity of the Lord). Several haftarot are taken from Hosea, including those for Vayetze, Vayishlach, Bamidbar, Naso, Shabbat Shuvah, and (Sephardic only) Tisha B'Av. Tomb The structure at the cemetery in Safed known as the Tomb of Hosea Jewish tradition holds that the tomb of Hosea is a structure located in the Jewish cemetery of Safed; however, Emil G. Hirsch and Victor Ryssel, writing in The Jewish Encyclopedia, say that this tradition is "historically worthless". In popular culture The character Hosea Matthews in the video game Red Dead Redemption 2 is named after the prophet. The story of Hosea is retold in a modern-day setting in the film HOSEA (2020), directed by Ryan Daniel Dobson. Hosea is portrayed by Elijah Alexander in the film Amazing Love: The Story of Hosea (2012). The novel Redeeming Love is based on the book of Hosea. References ^  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Calès, Jean Marie (1911). "Osee". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 11. New York: Robert Appleton Company. ^ a b Smith, William Robertson; Robinson, Henry Wheeler (1911). "Hosea" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 784–786. ^ Pesachim 87a ^ Gruber, Mayer I. (2017). Hosea: A Textual Commentary. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-567-67175-2. ... most scholars in the nineteenth-twenty-first centuries have more or less taken it for granted that virtually all of the book of Hosea is to be dated to the reign of Jeroboam II ^ ”Hosea.” Irvine, Stuart A. The Oxford Handbook of the Minor Prophets. Edited by Julia M. O'Brien. 2021. “Much of Hosea appears to reflect the circumstances and events of the eighth century (Na'aman 2015)” ^ Rosenbaum, M.; Silbermann, A.M. "Pentateuch with Rashi's commentary: Rashi on Numbers 13:16". Sefaria. Retrieved 6 August 2020. ^ a b c  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Hirsch, Emil G.; Ryssel, Victor (1901–1906). "Hosea, the Prophet". In Singer, Isidore; et al. (eds.). The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. ^ Day, J., Hosea in Barton, J. and Muddiman, J. (2001), The Oxford Bible Commentary, p. 751 ^ a b "Hosea – Introduction". www.usccb.org. ^ a b "Hosea & Amos: Prophets to the North". ^ In Bible, Hosea 2:23 she is redeemed, shown mercy with the term Ruhamah. ^ see Bible, Hosea 1:8–9 ^ Hosea 1:7 ^ Spurgeon, in his sermon NO. 2057, December 16, 1888. ^ Qur'an 40:78 ^ Abdullah Yusuf Ali refers to Hosea 8:14 for his notes on Q. 5:60 ^ Woodall, Chris (2018). Minor Prophets in a Major Key. Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock Publishers. p. 5. ISBN 9781532642180. ^ "S8 E01: Hosea: A Modern Adaptation with Ryan Dobson & Michael Gungor". Makers & Mystics. 2020-09-23. Retrieved 2023-07-15. ^ Adames, Andrew (2013-07-20). "Amazing Love - Review". Sonoma Christian Home. Retrieved 2023-07-15. External links Wikiquote has quotations related to Hosea. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hosea. Prophet Hosea Orthodox icon and synaxarion vteProphets in the Hebrew Bible / Old TestamentPre-Patriarchal Abel‡ Enoch‡ Noah‡ (in rabbinic literature) Patriarchs / Matriarchs Abraham Isaac Jacob Sarah Israelite prophetsin the Torah Moses (in rabbinic literature) Aaron Miriam Eldad and Medad Phinehas Mentioned in theFormer Prophets Joshua Deborah Gideon Samson Elkanah Hannah Abigail Samuel Gad Nathan David Solomon Jeduthun Ahijah Shemaiah Elijah Elisha Iddo Hanani Jehu Micaiah Jahaziel Eliezer ben Dodavah Zechariah ben Jehoiada Huldah Major Isaiah (in rabbinic literature) Jeremiah Ezekiel Daniel‡ (in rabbinic literature) Minor Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah (in rabbinic literature) Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Noahide Beor Balaam Job (in rabbinic literature) Other Amoz Beeri Baruch Agur Uriah Buzi Mordecai Esther (in rabbinic literature) Ezra Nehemiah Ruth Oded Azariah Italics indicate persons whose status as prophets is not universally accepted. ‡ indicates persons whose status as prophets is exclusive to Christianity. vteSaints of the Catholic ChurchDicastery for the Causes of SaintsStages of canonization: Servant of God   →   Venerable   →   Blessed   →   SaintVirgin Mary Mother of God (Theotokos) Immaculate Conception Perpetual virginity Assumption Marian apparition Titles of Mary Joseph (husband) Apostles Andrew Barnabas Bartholomew James of Alphaeus James the Great John Jude Matthew Matthias Paul Peter Philip Simon Thomas Archangels Gabriel Michael  in the Catholic Church Raphael Confessors Anatolius Anthony of Kiev Athanasius the Confessor Chariton the Confessor Dominic Edward the Confessor Francis of Assisi Francis Borgia Homobonus Lazarus Zographos Louis Bertrand Maximus the Confessor Michael of Synnada Paphnutius the Confessor Paul I of Constantinople Peter Claver Salonius Sergius of Radonezh Theophanes the Confessor Pio of Pietrelcina Disciples Apollos Mary of Bethany Mary Magdalene Priscilla and Aquila Silvanus Stephen Timothy 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Desert Fathers Desert Mothers Dionysius of Alexandria Dionysius of Corinth Dionysius Ephrem the Syrian Epiphanius of Salamis Fulgentius of Ruspe Gregory the Great Gregory of Nazianzus Gregory of Nyssa Hilary of Poitiers Hippolytus of Rome Ignatius of Antioch Irenaeus of Lyons Isidore of Seville Jerome of Stridonium John Chrysostom John of Damascus Maximus the Confessor Melito of Sardis Quadratus of Athens Papias of Hierapolis Peter Chrysologus Polycarp of Smyrna Theophilus of Antioch Victorinus of Pettau Vincent of Lérins Zephyrinus Martyrs Abda and Abdisho Boris and Gleb Charles de Foucauld Canadian Martyrs Carthusian Martyrs Child Martyrs of Tlaxcala Christina of Persia Devasahayam Pillai Dismas the Good Thief Forty Martyrs of England and Wales Four Crowned Martyrs Gerard of Csanád Great Martyr The Holy Innocents Irish Martyrs John Fisher Korean Martyrs Lorenzo Ruiz Martyrs of Lübeck Luigi Versiglia Martyrology Martyrs of Albania Martyrs of Algeria Martyrs of Cajonos Martyrs of Drina Martyrs of China Martyrs of Gorkum Martyrs of Japan 21 Martyrs of Libya Martyrs of La Rioja Martyrs of Laos Martyrs of Natal Martyrs of Otranto Martyrs of Prague Martyrs of Sandomierz Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War Martyrs of Zenta Maximilian Kolbe Óscar Romero Pedro Calungsod Perpetua and Felicity Peter Chanel Pietro Parenzo Philomena Saints of the Cristero War Stephen Teresa Benedicta of the Cross Titus Brandsma 17 Thomasian Martyrs Thomas Becket Thomas More Three Martyrs of Chimbote Ulma Family Uganda Martyrs Vietnamese Martyrs Valentine of Rome Victor and Corona Zanitas and Lazarus of Persia Missionaries Augustine of Canterbury Boniface Damien of Molokai Evermode of Ratzeburg Francis Xavier François de Laval Gregory the Illuminator Junípero Serra Nino of Georgia Patrick of Ireland Remigius Patriarchs Adam Abel Abraham Isaac Jacob Joseph Joseph (father of Jesus) David Noah Solomon Matriarchs Popes Adeodatus I Adeodatus II Adrian III Agapetus I Agatho Alexander I Anacletus Anastasius I Anicetus Anterus Benedict II Boniface I Boniface IV Caius Callixtus I Celestine I Celestine V Clement I Cornelius Damasus I Dionysius Eleuterus Eugene I Eusebius Eutychian Evaristus Fabian Felix I Felix III Felix IV Gelasius I Gregory I Gregory II Gregory III Gregory VII Hilarius Hormisdas Hyginus Innocent I John I John XXIII John Paul II Julius I Leo I Leo II Leo III Leo IV Leo IX Linus Lucius I Marcellinus Marcellus I Mark Martin I Miltiades Nicholas I Paschal I Paul I Paul VI Peter Pius I Pius V Pius X Pontian Sergius I Silverius Simplicius Siricius Sixtus I Sixtus II Sixtus III Soter Stephen I Stephen IV Sylvester I Symmachus Telesphorus Urban I Victor I Vitalian Zachary Zephyrinus Zosimus Prophets Agabus Amos Anna Baruch ben Neriah David Elijah Ezekiel Habakkuk Haggai Hosea Isaiah Jeremiah Job Joel John the Baptist Jonah Judas Barsabbas Malachi Melchizedek Micah Moses Nahum Obadiah Samuel Seven Maccabees and their mother Simeon Zechariah (prophet) Zechariah (NT) Zephaniah Virgins Agatha of Sicily Agnes of Rome Angela of the Cross Æthelthryth Bernadette Soubirous Catherine of Bologna Brigid of Kildare Catherine Labouré Catherine of Siena Cecilia Clare of Assisi Eulalia of Mérida Euphemia Faustina Kowalska Faustina and Liberata of Como Genevieve Hiltrude of Liessies Joan of Arc Kateri Tekakwitha Lucy of Syracuse Maria Goretti María de las Maravillas de Jesús Narcisa de Jesús Patricia of Naples Rosalia Rose of Lima Teresa of the Andes Teresa of Calcutta Trasilla and Emiliana Ubaldesca Taccini See also Calendar of saints Four Holy Marshals Fourteen Holy Helpers Martyr of charity Military saints Athleta Christi Miles Christianus Church Militant Seven Champions Virtuous pagan Catholic Church portal Saints portal vteExtra-Quranic prophets of IslamIn Stories of the Prophets Enoch Eber Khidr Joshua Samuel Saul Gideon Isaiah Jeremiah Ezekiel Ezra Daniel In Islamic tradition Amos Seth Shem Eli Ahijah Shemaiah Iddo Haggai Hanani Jehu Melchizedek Micaiah Nahum Eliezer Zechariah ben Jehoiada Uriah Hananiah, Mishael and Azariah Berechiah Joel Obadiah Micah Habakkuk Zephaniah Malachi Hanzalah Khaled bin Sinan In Quranic exegesis Abel People of Ya-Sin Hosea Zechariah, son of Berechiah Italics = While the figure has been revered by many Muslims as a saint, status as a prophet is not accepted by all. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF 2 3 WorldCat National Germany Israel United States Australia People Deutsche Biographie Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hosea (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosea_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Hoshea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoshea"},{"link_name":"Horsea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsea_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hosea_and_Gomer.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gomer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gomer_(wife_of_Hosea)"},{"link_name":"Bible Historiale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible_Historiale"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Duccio_di_Buoninsegna_063.jpg"},{"link_name":"Duccio di Buoninsegna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duccio_di_Buoninsegna"},{"link_name":"Siena Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_(Siena)"},{"link_name":"Hebrew Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_Bible"},{"link_name":"/ˌhoʊˈziːə/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"/hoʊˈzeɪə/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Beeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beeri"},{"link_name":"Book of Hosea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Hosea"},{"link_name":"Twelve Minor Prophets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve_Minor_Prophets"},{"link_name":"Jewish Tanakh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_Bible"},{"link_name":"Second Temple period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Temple_period"},{"link_name":"Nevi'im","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevi%27im"},{"link_name":"Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-2"},{"link_name":"Talmud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talmud"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Jeroboam II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeroboam_II"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"This article is about the Biblical prophet and author of the Book of Hosea. For other uses of Hosea, see Hosea (disambiguation).Not to be confused with Hoshea or Horsea.Illustration of Hosea and Gomer from the Bible Historiale, 1372The Prophet Hosea, by Duccio di Buoninsegna, in the Siena Cathedral (c. 1309–1311)In the Hebrew Bible, Hosea (/ˌhoʊˈziːə/ or /hoʊˈzeɪə/; Hebrew: הוֹשֵׁעַ – Hōšēaʿ, 'Salvation'; Greek: Ὡσηέ – Hōsēé), also known as Osee,[1] son of Beeri, was an 8th-century BCE prophet in Israel and the nominal primary author of the Book of Hosea. He is the first of the Twelve Minor Prophets, whose collective writings were aggregated and organized into a single book in the Jewish Tanakh by the Second Temple period (forming the last book of the Nevi'im) but which are distinguished as individual books in Christianity. [2] Hosea is often seen as a \"prophet of doom\", but underneath his message of destruction is a promise of restoration. The Talmud claims that he was the greatest prophet of his generation.[3] The period of Hosea's ministry extended to some sixty years, and he was the only prophet of Israel of his time who left any written prophecy. Though its date is contested among scholars, the majority agree that the bulk of the book was probably composed around the times of Jeroboam II of Israel (c. 793–753 BCE).[4][5]","title":"Hosea"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joshua, son of Nun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua"},{"link_name":"Moses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses"},{"link_name":"theophoric name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theophoric_name"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"Tetragrammaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetragrammaton"},{"link_name":"Rashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashi"},{"link_name":"Sotah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sotah_(Talmud)"},{"link_name":"Yah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jah"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bamidbar1316rashi-6"}],"text":"The name Hosea (meaning 'salvation', 'he saves' or 'he helps'), seems to have been common, being derived from a related verb meaning salvation. Numbers 13:16 states that Hosea was the original name of Joshua, son of Nun until Moses gave him the longer, theophoric name Yehoshua (Hebrew: יְהוֹשֻֽׁעַ) incorporating an abbreviated form of the Tetragrammaton. Rashi explains in Sotah 34b that Joshua is a compound name of יה (Yah) and הושע (Hosea, \"God may save\").[6]","title":"Name meaning"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Book of Hosea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Hosea"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-je-7"},{"link_name":"Syro-Ephraimite War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syro-Ephraimite_War"},{"link_name":"BCE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Era"},{"link_name":"Jeroboam II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeroboam_II"},{"link_name":"Hoshea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoshea"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Samaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samaria_(ancient_city)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Intro-9"}],"text":"Although it is not expressly stated in the Book of Hosea, it is apparent from the level of detail and familiarity focused on north-east geography, that Hosea conducted his prophetic ministries in the northern Kingdom of Israel, of which he was a native.[7] In Hosea 5:8 ff., there seems to be a reference to the Syro-Ephraimite War which led to the capture of the kingdom by the Assyrians (c. 734–732 BCE). Hosea's long ministry, from the reign of Jeroboam II (787–747) to the reign of Hoshea (731–722),[8] seems to have ended before the fall of Samaria in 722/721.[9]","title":"Location"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gomer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gomer_(wife_of_Hosea)"},{"link_name":"Diblaim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_Hebrew_Bible_figures,_A%E2%80%93K#Diblaim"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-je-7"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mjl-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mjl-10"},{"link_name":"Isaiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Little is known about the life or social status of Hosea. According to the Book of Hosea, he married Gomer, the daughter of Diblaim,[2] but she proved to be unfaithful. Hosea knew she would be unfaithful, as God says this to him immediately in the opening statements of the book. This marriage was arranged in order to serve to the prophet as a symbol of Israel's unfaithfulness to the Lord.[7] His marriage will dramatize the breakdown in the relationship between God and His people Israel.[10] Hosea's family life reflected the \"adulterous\" relationship which Israel had built with other gods.Similarly, his children's names represent God's estrangement from Israel.[10] They are prophetic of the fall of the ruling dynasty and the severed covenant with God – much like the prophet Isaiah a generation later. The name of Hosea's daughter, Lo-ruhamah, which translates as 'not pitied', is chosen as a sign of displeasure with the people of Israel for following false gods.[11] The name of Hosea's son, Lo-ammi, which translates as 'not my people', is chosen as a sign of the Lord's displeasure with the people of Israel for following those false gods.[12]","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Intro-9"},{"link_name":"his church the bride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bride_of_Christ"},{"link_name":"Charles Spurgeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Spurgeon"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"One of the early writing prophets, Hosea used his own experience as a symbolic representation of God and Israel. The relationship between Hosea and Gomer parallels the relationship between God and Israel. Even though Gomer runs away from Hosea and sleeps with another man, he loves her anyway and forgives her. Likewise, even though the people of Israel worshipped false gods, God continued to love them and did not abandon his covenant with them.[9]The Book of Hosea was a severe warning to the northern kingdom against the growing idolatry being practiced there; the book was a dramatic call to repentance. Christians extend the analogy of Hosea to Christ and the church: Christ the husband, his church the bride. Christians see in this book a comparable call to the church not to forsake the Lord Jesus Christ. Christians also take the buying back of Gomer as the redemptive qualities of Jesus Christ's sacrifice on the cross.Other preachers, like Charles Spurgeon, saw Hosea as a striking presentation of the mercy of God in his sermon on Hosea 1:7 titled The LORD's Own Salvation. \"But I will have mercy upon the house of Judah, and will save them by the Lord their God, and will not save them by bow, nor by sword, nor by battle, by horses, nor by horsemen.\" – Bible, Hosea 1:7[13][14]","title":"Christian thought"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Qur'an","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qur%27an"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim"},{"link_name":"scholars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholar"},{"link_name":"Ibn Ishaq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Ishaq"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrews"},{"link_name":"prophets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophet"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Book of Hosea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Hosea"},{"link_name":"Abdullah Yusuf Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_Yusuf_Ali"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"The Qur'an mentions only some prophets by name but makes it clear that many were sent who are not mentioned.[15] Therefore, many Muslim scholars, such as Ibn Ishaq, speak of Hosea as one of the true Hebrew prophets of Israel. The Book of Hosea has also been used in Qur'anic exegesis by Abdullah Yusuf Ali, especially in reference to Qur'anic verses which speak of the backsliding of Israel.[16]","title":"Islamic literature"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Minor prophets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_prophet"},{"link_name":"Calendar of saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar_of_Saints_(Armenian_Apostolic_Church)"},{"link_name":"Armenian Apostolic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church"},{"link_name":"Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_liturgical_calendar"},{"link_name":"feast day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feast_day"},{"link_name":"Julian Calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Calendar"},{"link_name":"Gregorian Calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorian_Calendar"},{"link_name":"Nativity of the Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas"},{"link_name":"haftarot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haftarah"},{"link_name":"Vayetze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vayetze_(parsha)"},{"link_name":"Vayishlach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vayishlach_(parsha)"},{"link_name":"Bamidbar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamidbar_(parsha)"},{"link_name":"Naso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naso_(parsha)"},{"link_name":"Shabbat Shuvah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbat_Shuvah"},{"link_name":"Tisha B'Av","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tisha_B%27Av"}],"text":"He is commemorated with the other Minor prophets in the Calendar of saints of the Armenian Apostolic Church on July 31. He is commemorated on the Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar, with a feast day on October 17 (for those churches which follow the Julian Calendar, October 17 currently falls on October 30 of the modern Gregorian Calendar). He is also commemorated on the Sunday of the Holy Fathers (the Sunday before the Nativity of the Lord).Several haftarot are taken from Hosea, including those for Vayetze, Vayishlach, Bamidbar, Naso, Shabbat Shuvah, and (Sephardic only) Tisha B'Av.","title":"Observances"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hosea%27s_tomb.jpg"},{"link_name":"Safed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safed"},{"link_name":"Safed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safed"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Emil G. Hirsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_G._Hirsch"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-je-7"}],"text":"The structure at the cemetery in Safed known as the Tomb of HoseaJewish tradition holds that the tomb of Hosea is a structure located in the Jewish cemetery of Safed;[17] however, Emil G. Hirsch and Victor Ryssel, writing in The Jewish Encyclopedia, say that this tradition is \"historically worthless\".[7]","title":"Tomb"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Red Dead Redemption 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Dead_Redemption_2"},{"link_name":"Ryan Daniel Dobson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Daniel_Dobson"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Elijah Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elijah_Alexander_(actor)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Amazing Love: The Story of Hosea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amazing_Love:_The_Story_of_Hosea&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Redeeming Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redeeming_Love"}],"text":"The character Hosea Matthews in the video game Red Dead Redemption 2 is named after the prophet.The story of Hosea is retold in a modern-day setting in the film HOSEA (2020), directed by Ryan Daniel Dobson.[18]\n\nHosea is portrayed by Elijah Alexander in the film Amazing Love: The Story of Hosea (2012).[19]The novel Redeeming Love is based on the book of Hosea.","title":"In popular culture"}]
[{"image_text":"Illustration of Hosea and Gomer from the Bible Historiale, 1372","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Hosea_and_Gomer.jpg/220px-Hosea_and_Gomer.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Prophet Hosea, by Duccio di Buoninsegna, in the Siena Cathedral (c. 1309–1311)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Duccio_di_Buoninsegna_063.jpg/220px-Duccio_di_Buoninsegna_063.jpg"},{"image_text":"The structure at the cemetery in Safed known as the Tomb of Hosea","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Hosea%27s_tomb.jpg/220px-Hosea%27s_tomb.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"Calès, Jean Marie (1911). \"Osee\". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 11. New York: Robert Appleton Company.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11337a.htm","url_text":"\"Osee\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia","url_text":"Catholic Encyclopedia"}]},{"reference":"Smith, William Robertson; Robinson, Henry Wheeler (1911). \"Hosea\" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 784–786.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Hosea","url_text":"\"Hosea\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"Gruber, Mayer I. (2017). Hosea: A Textual Commentary. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-567-67175-2. ... most scholars in the nineteenth-twenty-first centuries have more or less taken it for granted that virtually all of the book of Hosea is to be dated to the reign of Jeroboam II","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zGstDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA11","url_text":"Hosea: A Textual Commentary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-67175-2","url_text":"978-0-567-67175-2"}]},{"reference":"Rosenbaum, M.; Silbermann, A.M. \"Pentateuch with Rashi's commentary: Rashi on Numbers 13:16\". Sefaria. Retrieved 6 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sefaria.org/Numbers.13?lang=bi&aliyot=0&p2=Rashi_on_Numbers.13.16&lang2=bi","url_text":"\"Pentateuch with Rashi's commentary: Rashi on Numbers 13:16\""}]},{"reference":"Hirsch, Emil G.; Ryssel, Victor (1901–1906). \"Hosea, the Prophet\". In Singer, Isidore; et al. (eds.). The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/7894-hosea-the-prophet","url_text":"\"Hosea, the Prophet\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isidore_Singer","url_text":"Singer, Isidore"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia","url_text":"The Jewish Encyclopedia"}]},{"reference":"\"Hosea – Introduction\". www.usccb.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.usccb.org/bible/scripture.cfm?bk=Hosea&ch=","url_text":"\"Hosea – Introduction\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hosea & Amos: Prophets to the North\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/hosea-amos-prophets-to-the-north/","url_text":"\"Hosea & Amos: Prophets to the North\""}]},{"reference":"Woodall, Chris (2018). Minor Prophets in a Major Key. Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock Publishers. p. 5. ISBN 9781532642180.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781532642180","url_text":"9781532642180"}]},{"reference":"\"S8 E01: Hosea: A Modern Adaptation with Ryan Dobson & Michael Gungor\". Makers & Mystics. 2020-09-23. Retrieved 2023-07-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.makersandmystics.com/makersandmystics/2020/9/23/s8-e01-hosea-a-modern-adaptation-with-ryan-dobson-amp-michael-gungor","url_text":"\"S8 E01: Hosea: A Modern Adaptation with Ryan Dobson & Michael Gungor\""}]},{"reference":"Adames, Andrew (2013-07-20). \"Amazing Love - Review\". Sonoma Christian Home. Retrieved 2023-07-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://sonomachristianhome.com/2013/07/amazing-love-movie-review/","url_text":"\"Amazing Love - Review\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souther_Hillman_Furay_Band
Souther–Hillman–Furay Band
["1 History","2 Discography","2.1 Albums","2.2 Singles","3 Members","4 Notes","5 References"]
Country-rock "supergroup" formed by ex-members of Buffalo Springfield and The Byrds The Souther Hillman Furay Band (SHF) was a country rock supergroup led by singer-songwriters Richie Furay (Buffalo Springfield, Poco), Chris Hillman (The Byrds, The Flying Burrito Brothers, Manassas), and J. D. Souther (Longbranch Pennywhistle, noted songwriter for Linda Ronstadt and Eagles). The band recorded two albums during the mid-1970s before breaking up due to disagreements and personality conflicts between the members. History The band was formed in 1973 at the suggestion of David Geffen, then head of Asylum Records. Hillman brought three other former members of Manassas to the group: keyboardist/flutist Paul Harris, percussionist Joe Lala, both of whom had also worked with Barnstorm; and pedal steel guitarist Al Perkins, who had also played with the Flying Burrito Brothers. The septet was rounded out by Jim Gordon, a noted session drummer and former member of Derek and the Dominos and Traffic. The band had a substantial hit in 1974 with its self-titled first album, which was certified gold, and the single "Fallin' in Love" (US #27). However, during the recording of that album, and influenced by Perkins, Furay converted to evangelical Christianity. Tensions among the members increased, and Gordon, who may have been experiencing the onset of schizophrenia, left the band and was replaced by Ron Grinel. In the midst of this chaos, SHF's 1975 album Trouble in Paradise was not critically well received. Soon after, the group disbanded and its namesake members continued on their solo careers. Discography Albums The Souther-Hillman-Furay Band (Asylum Records, 1974) US #11, Gold, AUS #58 Trouble in Paradise (Originally on Asylum Records now available on Line Records, 1975) US #39, AUS #100 Singles "Fallin' in Love" (1974) (Asylum) (US Billboard #27) "Safe at Home" / "Border Town" (1974) (US Cash Box #80) "For Someone I Love" / "Move Me Real Slow" (1975) "Mexico" / "Move Me Real Slow" (1975) "Trouble In Paradise" (1975) Members J.D. Souther - vocals, guitar, drums Chris Hillman - vocals, bass, mandolin Richie Furay - vocals, guitar Paul Harris - keyboards, flute Al Perkins - guitar, pedal steel, dobro Joe Lala - percussion Jim Gordon - drums (1973–74) Ron Grinel - drums (1975–76) Notes ^ Richie Furay's home page ^ a b Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (illustrated ed.). St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. p. 285. ISBN 0-646-11917-6. ^ Whitburn, Joel (2015). The Comparison Book Billboard/Cash Box/Record World 1954-1982. Sheridan Books. ISBN 978-0-89820-213-7. References Souther Hillman Furay Band at Allmusic.com Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF Artists MusicBrainz
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"country rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_rock"},{"link_name":"supergroup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supergroup_(music)"},{"link_name":"Richie Furay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richie_Furay"},{"link_name":"Buffalo Springfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_Springfield"},{"link_name":"Poco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poco_(band)"},{"link_name":"Chris Hillman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Hillman"},{"link_name":"The Byrds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Byrds"},{"link_name":"The Flying Burrito Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Flying_Burrito_Brothers"},{"link_name":"Manassas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manassas_(band)"},{"link_name":"J. D. Souther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._D._Souther"},{"link_name":"Longbranch Pennywhistle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longbranch_Pennywhistle"},{"link_name":"Linda Ronstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Ronstadt"},{"link_name":"Eagles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagles_(band)"}],"text":"The Souther Hillman Furay Band (SHF) was a country rock supergroup led by singer-songwriters Richie Furay (Buffalo Springfield, Poco), Chris Hillman (The Byrds, The Flying Burrito Brothers, Manassas), and J. D. Souther (Longbranch Pennywhistle, noted songwriter for Linda Ronstadt and Eagles). The band recorded two albums during the mid-1970s before breaking up due to disagreements and personality conflicts between the members.","title":"Souther–Hillman–Furay Band"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David Geffen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Geffen"},{"link_name":"Asylum Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asylum_Records"},{"link_name":"Paul Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Harris_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Joe Lala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Lala"},{"link_name":"Barnstorm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnstorm_(group)"},{"link_name":"Al Perkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Perkins"},{"link_name":"Jim Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Gordon_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Derek and the Dominos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_and_the_Dominos"},{"link_name":"Traffic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_(band)"},{"link_name":"certified gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIAA_certification"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"schizophrenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizophrenia"},{"link_name":"Trouble in Paradise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trouble_in_Paradise_(Souther-Hillman-Furay_Band_album)"}],"text":"The band was formed in 1973 at the suggestion of David Geffen, then head of Asylum Records. Hillman brought three other former members of Manassas to the group: keyboardist/flutist Paul Harris, percussionist Joe Lala, both of whom had also worked with Barnstorm; and pedal steel guitarist Al Perkins, who had also played with the Flying Burrito Brothers. The septet was rounded out by Jim Gordon, a noted session drummer and former member of Derek and the Dominos and Traffic.The band had a substantial hit in 1974 with its self-titled first album, which was certified gold, and the single \"Fallin' in Love\" (US #27). However, during the recording of that album, and influenced by Perkins, Furay converted to evangelical Christianity.[1] Tensions among the members increased, and Gordon, who may have been experiencing the onset of schizophrenia, left the band and was replaced by Ron Grinel. In the midst of this chaos, SHF's 1975 album Trouble in Paradise was not critically well received. Soon after, the group disbanded and its namesake members continued on their solo careers.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Souther-Hillman-Furay Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Souther%E2%80%93Hillman%E2%80%93Furay_Band_(album)"},{"link_name":"Asylum Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asylum_Records"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aus-2"},{"link_name":"Trouble in Paradise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trouble_in_Paradise_(Souther-Hillman-Furay_Band_album)"},{"link_name":"Asylum Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asylum_Records"},{"link_name":"Line Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_Records"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aus-2"}],"sub_title":"Albums","text":"The Souther-Hillman-Furay Band (Asylum Records, 1974) US #11, Gold, AUS #58[2]\nTrouble in Paradise (Originally on Asylum Records now available on Line Records, 1975) US #39, AUS #100[2]","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Whitburn-3"}],"sub_title":"Singles","text":"\"Fallin' in Love\" (1974) (Asylum) (US Billboard #27)[3]\n\"Safe at Home\" / \"Border Town\" (1974) (US Cash Box #80)\n\"For Someone I Love\" / \"Move Me Real Slow\" (1975)\n\"Mexico\" / \"Move Me Real Slow\" (1975)\n\"Trouble In Paradise\" (1975)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"J.D. Souther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.D._Souther"},{"link_name":"Chris Hillman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Hillman"},{"link_name":"Richie Furay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richie_Furay"},{"link_name":"Paul Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Harris_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Al Perkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Perkins"},{"link_name":"pedal steel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedal_steel"},{"link_name":"dobro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobro"},{"link_name":"Joe Lala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Lala"},{"link_name":"Jim Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Gordon_(musician)"}],"text":"J.D. Souther - vocals, guitar, drums\nChris Hillman - vocals, bass, mandolin\nRichie Furay - vocals, guitar\nPaul Harris - keyboards, flute\nAl Perkins - guitar, pedal steel, dobro\nJoe Lala - percussion\nJim Gordon - drums (1973–74)\nRon Grinel - drums (1975–76)","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Richie Furay's home page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//richiefuray.com"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-aus_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-aus_2-1"},{"link_name":"Kent, David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Kent_(historian)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-646-11917-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-646-11917-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Whitburn_3-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-89820-213-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89820-213-7"}],"text":"^ Richie Furay's home page\n\n^ a b Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (illustrated ed.). St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. p. 285. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.\n\n^ Whitburn, Joel (2015). The Comparison Book Billboard/Cash Box/Record World 1954-1982. Sheridan Books. ISBN 978-0-89820-213-7.","title":"Notes"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (illustrated ed.). St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. p. 285. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Kent_(historian)","url_text":"Kent, David"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-646-11917-6","url_text":"0-646-11917-6"}]},{"reference":"Whitburn, Joel (2015). The Comparison Book Billboard/Cash Box/Record World 1954-1982. Sheridan Books. ISBN 978-0-89820-213-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89820-213-7","url_text":"978-0-89820-213-7"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Any_Given_Sunday
Any Given Sunday
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","3.1 Development","3.2 Casting","3.3 Principal photography","4 Soundtrack","5 Release","5.1 Box office","5.2 Reception","5.3 Director's cut","6 See also","7 References","8 Further reading","9 External links"]
1999 American sports drama film by Oliver Stone This article is about the film. For the soundtrack, see Any Given Sunday (soundtrack). For the Australian sports television show, see Any Given Sunday (TV series). Not to be confused with On Any Sunday. Any Given SundayTheatrical release posterDirected byOliver StoneScreenplay by John Logan Oliver Stone Story by Daniel Pyne John Logan Based onOn Any Given Sundayby Pat ToomayProduced by Lauren Shuler Donner Dan Halsted Clayton Townsend Starring Al Pacino Cameron Diaz Dennis Quaid James Woods Jamie Foxx LL Cool J Matthew Modine Charlton Heston Ann-Margret Aaron Eckhart John C. McGinley CinematographySalvatore TotinoEdited by Stuart Levy Thomas J. Nordberg Keith Salmon Stuart Waks Music by Robbie Robertson Paul Kelly Richard Horowitz Productioncompanies The Donners' Company Ixtlan Productions Distributed byWarner Bros.Release date December 22, 1999 (1999-12-22) Running time157 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBudget$55 millionBox office$100.2 million Any Given Sunday is a 1999 American sports drama film directed by Oliver Stone depicting a fictional professional American football team. The film features an ensemble cast, including Al Pacino, Cameron Diaz, Dennis Quaid, Jamie Foxx, James Woods, LL Cool J, Ann-Margret, Lauren Holly, Matthew Modine, John C. McGinley, Charlton Heston, Bill Bellamy, Lela Rochon, Aaron Eckhart, Elizabeth Berkley, and NFL players Jim Brown and Lawrence Taylor. It is partly based on the 1984 novel On Any Given Sunday by NFL defensive end Pat Toomay; the title is derived from a line in the book (also used in the film) that a team can win or lose on "any given Sunday", said by the fictitious coach Tony D'Amato. The quote itself was originally derived from a statement made in 1952 by then-NFL commissioner Bert Bell about the league's devotion to financial and competitive parity. Cameo roles also featured many former American football players including Dick Butkus, Y. A. Tittle, Pat Toomay, Warren Moon, Johnny Unitas, Ricky Watters, Emmitt Smith and Terrell Owens, as well as coach Barry Switzer. Plot The Miami Sharks, a once-great American football team, are struggling to make the 2001 Affiliated Football Franchises of America (AFFA) playoffs. They are coached by thirty-year veteran Tony D'Amato, who has fallen out of favor with young team owner Christina Pagniacci, and his offensive coordinator Nick Crozier. Crozier is also D'Amato's expected successor. In the thirteenth game of the season, both starting quarterback Jack "Cap" Rooney and second-string quarterback Tyler Cherubini are injured and forced to leave the field. The desperate Sharks call upon third-string quarterback Willie Beamen to replace them. While a nervous Beamen makes a number of errors and fails to win the game for the Sharks, he plays well and gains confidence. Rooney vows to make it back by the playoffs, with D'Amato promising to not give up on him. The next day, D'Amato and Pagniacci argue about the direction of the team. Pagniacci favors Crozier and wants to eventually cut Rooney. D'Amato argues that Pagniacci's father, the previous owner, would never meddle in his coaching plans. During the next game, to D'Amato's chagrin, Beamen disregards the team's conservative offense and changes plays in the huddle. As the media hails Beamen as the next model of quarterback, the newfound success feeds his growing narcissism and leads to tension with teammates and coaches. During a confrontation with Beamen, D'Amato demotes him back to the bench. After Beamen gives an interview taking sole credit for the Sharks' winning streak, the other players refuse to perform for Beamen and consequently lose a home game. After Beamen gets into a brawl with Julian "J-Man" Washington, an irate D'Amato expresses his embarrassment at his team before leaving. Beamen contemplates and amends his self-centered behavior. As the playoffs come around, Sharks middle linebacker Luther Lavay reminds Beamen how lucky he is to be in the league and to find a life outside of football; his words fall on deaf ears. D'Amato worsens his relationship with Pagniacci and berates Rooney for second-guessing his availability. Before the game, D'Amato gives a speech urging team unity that Beamen takes to heart and energizes the rest of the team. Rooney returns as starting quarterback, but is injured with a concussion after scoring a touchdown. Rooney urges D'Amato to let Beamen finish the game; after an argument, D'Amato relents. Subsequently, Pagniacci enters the locker room to demand that D'Amato play Beamen. After she and D'Amato argue, Beamen informs her that he had already been told he would start the second half. Beamen apologizes to his teammates for his actions and leads the team to win. In a post-game talk with D'Amato, Beamen dedicates the next game to Rooney, but admits that he is worried about his ongoing health. An epilogue voiceover says that the Sharks eventually lost the championship final (the Pantheon Cup) to San Francisco. At D'Amato's final press conference as head coach, he is thanked by Pagniacci. D'Amato is expected to announce his retirement, but he instead drops two bombshells and announces that he has been hired as head coach and general manager of an expansion team in New Mexico, the Albuquerque Aztecs, and that he has signed Willie Beamen to be his starting quarterback and franchise player. Cast Al Pacino as Tony D'Amato, head coach of the Miami Sharks. Having held his position for decades and been given much autonomy by the team's owner, "Tony D" is respected for great successes, including two Pantheon Cups, the championship for this (fictional) professional football league. He devoted so much time to the team, he became estranged from his wife and children. D'Amato's traditional methods have come under fire from management and the media for recent failures, including missing the playoffs. Bitter that he was never promoted to general manager, D'Amato resents the hands-on "interference" of Christina Pagniacci, who succeeded her father Arturo as team owner. His last name comes from boxing trainer Constantine "Cus" D'Amato. Cameron Diaz as Christina Pagniacci, owner and general manager. She inherited the team from her father and boasts a Cornell MBA. She attributes the team's disappointments to Coach D'Amato's "old-school methods" and takes a more hands-on approach, bringing in innovative new offensive coordinator Nick Crozier as his eventual successor. She hints that D'Amato will not return after his contract expires, adding to his distractions. She also threatens to move the franchise if the city refuses to build a new stadium, causing a confrontation with the AFFA Commissioner and the Mayor of Miami. Dennis Quaid as Jack "Cap" Rooney, starting quarterback and team captain. Seen as being like a son to D'Amato, the two have been credited with the team's greatest on-field successes. Rooney is now an aging veteran who faces injuries and conflicts with team personnel. Pagniacci wants to dump him. Relations have soured between Rooney and wife Cindy (Lauren Holly), who goads him without sympathy for his physical or mental situation, mercilessly browbeating him when he even mentions retiring. He is injured during a game and is replaced, but is determined to make a comeback. Rooney recovers in time for the first round of the playoffs, wherein he plays well until suffering a hard hit while scoring a touchdown before halftime. James Woods as Dr. Harvey Mandrake, the unscrupulous team physician. He risks serious injury to players to enable the team to have a better shot at winning, often at the direction of Pagniacci. He is later fired after his unethical methods are discovered by the conscientious team internist. Jamie Foxx as Willie "Steamin" Beamen, the third-string quarterback. Beamen has a history that eventually led him to distrust his coaches. In particular, while playing for San Diego, Beamen was made into a defensive secondary player for having "fast feet" and was eventually injured while making a tackle. Beamen initially believes that racism played a major role in his history of being denied opportunities he desired, using an alternative of "placeism" to describe a lack of African-American quarterbacks and head coaches in pro football. He takes over as starter after injuries to Rooney and the backup quarterback. Though surprisingly successful, Beamen causes tension among staff and teammates. He frequently changes the plays the coach calls, or just calls his own. These acts create major tension with D'Amato. D'Amato respects Beamen's athletic ability and acknowledges that his talents warrant him to be a quarterback, but heavily criticizes his lack of leadership skills and intangibles. He is granted his own music video and even asks owner Pagniacci for a date when she enters a postgame locker room full of naked or partly dressed players like himself. Beamen's antics on and off the field eventually get him demoted to the bench by D'Amato, who firmly believes that a quarterback's most important role is to lead the team and help keep them confident, both of which Beamen took a clear disregard for. Beamen later matures and is inspired by "Cap" Rooney's gutsy performance in the Sharks' first playoff game. LL Cool J as Julian "J-Man" Washington, starting running back. He is very good but becomes increasingly angry at Beamen for his cockiness and tendencies to take plays away from him. He is motivated by incentive clauses in his contract, and D'Amato refers to him as a "merc" (mercenary) "who will be gone before next season." Washington later redeems himself to the team by running out-of-bounds in order to stop the play clock while his team was attempting an offensive drive with little time left. Ann-Margret as Margaret Pagniacci, Christina's mother and the widow of the Sharks' original owner Arturo. Lauren Holly as Cindy Rooney, wife of Cap Rooney. It is heavily implied that she is no more than a trophy wife, caring more for her wealth and social status than for her husband's health and well-being. Lawrence Taylor as Luther "Shark" Lavay, starting middle linebacker and the captain of the defense. He has a cortisone addiction and is nearing the twilight of a very successful career, but is held in high esteem by D'Amato for "revolutionizing" his position by being highly skilled in both pass rushing and defending against the run. Mandrake has concealed that "Shark" is suffering from a previous injury, a broken neck that did not heal properly. If he suffers a serious hit again, he may be killed, permanently disabled, or suffer from seizures. The team's internist informs him and D'Amato of the situation, but "Shark" says he will lose a one million dollar bonus if he does not make his incentive stats of one sack and three tackles or retires as Powers suggests. He also has a confrontation with Beamen over the role of offense vs. defense (which culminates with him cutting Beamen's Chevrolet Suburban in half with a circular saw during a party). While making a hit, Shark gets knocked unconscious. He awakens and is hauled off on a stretcher, satisfied that he made his one million dollar bonus. Jim Brown as Monte "Montezuma" Monroe, defensive coordinator. He is vocal and brings intensity to the defense and to the team in general. A longtime friend of D'Amato, who personally confides in Montezuma several times. Monroe states at one point he would like to return to high school coaching where the game is "pure." Aaron Eckhart as Nick Crozier, offensive coordinator. Nick is an offensive guru brought in from Minnesota by Christina Pagniacci. Young and tech-savvy (making use of a laptop computer while calling plays), he is highly critical of Tony's old-fashioned ways, as well as Beamen's changing the plays in the huddle and Julian's playing for contract incentives. Despite the tension, D'Amato recognizes Crozier's talent. He is named D'Amato's successor after the coach departs to lead an expansion franchise in New Mexico. Bill Bellamy as Jimmy Sanderson, the Wide Receiver who becomes Willie Beamen's first option on offense once he is moved into the starting Quarterback position, adding to the friction already building up between Willie and Julian. Matthew Modine as Dr. Ollie Powers, the team's internist. He discovers Dr. Mandrake covering for players who are suffering from near-career-ending injuries but are overdosing on painkillers, steroids and hormones to cover the pain. Powers faces his own dilemma in the need to relieve the players' pain vs. prescribing too much medication at the insistence of the addicted players. John C. McGinley as Jack Rose, an abrasive and prominent sports reporter. On his own cable show, Rose displays an incredible distaste for all things D'Amato. This leads to D'Amato physically assaulting Rose near the end of the regular season, but no charges are pressed after D'Amato makes a public apology. In spite of their rivalry (or even because of it) he confesses that he will miss D'Amato when he retires. Lela Rochon as Vanessa Struthers, Longtime girlfriend of Willie Beamen who unsuccessfully tries to pressure him into marriage after being humiliated by Cindy Rooney in front of the other Football wives. Elizabeth Berkley as Mandy Murphy, a high priced escort who provides Tony with a girlfriend experience (GFE) when he is feeling lonely. Clifton Davis as Mayor Tyrone Smalls, who is always a few steps ahead of Christina in her efforts to leverage him into using taxpayer money to build a new stadium for the Sharks. Charlton Heston as AFFA Football Commissioner Andrew Bryniarski as Patrick "Madman" Kelly James Karen and Gianni Russo as Christina's Advisors Duane Martin as Willie's Agent Pat O'Hara as Tyler Cherubini Mazio Royster as Wide Receiver Rick Johnson as Dallas Quarterback Allan Graf as Referee Margaret Betts as Mayor's Aide Lester Speight as Sharks' Security Guard Eva Tamargo as Tunnel Reporter - Game 3 Delia Sheppard and Jaime Bergman as Party Girls Dan Sileo as Dallas Defensive Tackle Sean Stone as Fan (as Sean C. Stone) Antoni Corone as Fan Cameos Dick Butkus Terrell Owens Ricky Watters Irving Fryar Joe Schmidt Oliver Stone Barry Switzer Y. A. Tittle Warren Moon Johnny Unitas Pat Toomay Emmitt Smith Wilt Chamberlain (uncredited) Production Development Oliver Stone developed a script called Monday Night written by Jamie Williams, a former tight end for the Nebraska Cornhuskers and later the San Francisco 49ers, and Richard Weiner, a sports journalist. Stone separately acquired the spec script On Any Given Sunday, by John Logan. Stone later amalgamated a third screenplay, Playing Hurt by Daniel Pyne, into the project. As of May 1, 1999, the screenplay's cover page listed the following writers: original draft by Jamie Williams & Richard Weiner, John Logan, Daniel Pyne; subsequent revisions by Gary Ross; revisions by Raynold Gideon & Bruce A. Evans; revisions by John Logan; revisions by Lisa Amsterdam & Robert Huizenga; latest revisions by Oliver Stone. The Writers Guild of America ultimately awarded screenplay credit to Logan and Stone, with "story" credit to Pyne and Logan. Williams and Weiner went uncredited for their original screenplay, but were credited for their work on the film as technical consultants. The screenplay was also based in part on the 1994 book You're Okay, It's Just a Bruise: A Doctor's Sideline Secrets by Robert Huizenga. Huizenga was the intern doctor for the Los Angeles Raiders in their 1980s heyday, working under Dr. Robert T. Rosenfeld, who dismissed many players' injuries with the phrase, "You're okay, it's just a bruise." James Woods' character was based on Rosenfeld, and his first diagnosis of "Cap" Rooney's career-threatening injury at the beginning of the film is "you're okay, it's just a bruise." Huizenga left the Raiders in the early 1990s, disgusted at the way the medical advice was kept from players and Rosenfeld being allowed to continue treating them after several mishaps, one of which is closely mirrored in the film—Shark's neck injury and risk of sudden death, based on the real-life Mike Harden case. Casting This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Director Oliver Stone's first two choices to play Tony D'Amato were Al Pacino and Robert De Niro. Henry Rollins was offered a role as a football player but turned it down as he felt he did not have the size to make the portrayal believable. Sean "P. Diddy" Combs was cast as Willie Beamen, but dropped out amidst rumors he could not throw a football convincingly. Publicly Combs dropped off the project because of scheduling conflicts with his recording career. Will Smith turned down the role as he wasn't interested. According to Cuba Gooding Jr., he met with Oliver Stone about playing the role of Willie Beamen but Stone turned Gooding down because he had already played a football player in Jerry Maguire (1996). Chris Tucker turned down the role of Willie Beamen. George Clooney was offered the role of Jack Rooney, but turned it down as he thought Stone was going to rewrite the script for him. Ving Rhames was originally cast in a role in the film, but later dropped due to production delays and scheduling conflicts with Mission: Impossible 2. Five Pro Football Hall of Fame Players made cameo appearances as opposing head coaches. Bob St. Clair appears as the coach for Minnesota in the first game. Y. A. Tittle, for Chicago, the second game. Dick Butkus, with California, the road game. Warren Moon, with New York in the rain soaked game. For the final game in Dallas, Johnny Unitas appears as the coach. Jim Caviezel played Tony D'Amato's estranged son, but his scenes were cut. They can be seen in the extras of the Oliver Stone Collection DVD. Tom Sizemore also had a role in the film, but it too was cut. Principal photography The film was shot in Miami, Florida and Irving, Texas. When the team traveled to California, the stadium used was Pro Player Stadium, which is located in Miami Gardens. Texas Stadium (former home of the Dallas Cowboys) is used for the home of the fictitious Dallas Knights. Director Oliver Stone failed to get the National Football League's permission to use real NFL team logos and stadiums for the film; as a result, the Sharks play at the Miami Orange Bowl (which the NFL Miami Dolphins abandoned after the 1986 season) in the fictional Affiliated Football Franchises of America (AFFA), which is not to be confused with the real AFA; the AFFA apparently exists alongside the NFL in this universe, as the Dolphins are mentioned in one scene. For the scenes during a football game, production asked local schools to participate as extras for the film, including Lake Stevens Middle School in Miami. For each shot the crowd was asked to move around so that each section looked filled. In empty seats cardboard cutouts were placed in seats with balloons attached to them so that they would seem in motion. Practice scenes were filmed in the ill-fated Homestead Sports Complex, which was built for spring-training baseball; however, the stadium damaged by Hurricane Andrew in 1992 and eventually torn down without ever hosting a major league team. The film also used Arena Football League players such Pat O'Hara, who played for the Tampa Bay Storm, later coached the Orlando Predators and is now an assistant coach with the Tennessee Titans, as well as Connell Maynor, who also played for the Predators and spent time as both a player and coach for the Philadelphia Soul. Meanwhile, Bjorn Nittmo, then with the AFL's Buffalo Destroyers, was the Sharks' placekicker. Soundtrack Main article: Any Given Sunday (soundtrack) A soundtrack containing hip hop, rock and R&B music was released on January 4, 2000, by Atlantic Records. It peaked at #28 on the Billboard 200 and #11 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums. Oliver Stone wanted to use the music of the Canadian band Godspeed You! Black Emperor and actually filmed a scene using their music; when he later asked for permission the band said no, and Stone was forced to redo the scene without the music. Film composer Richard Horowitz, who supplied the original score, published his complete music for the film on a promotional CD. Release Box office Any Given Sunday was a financial success; made on a budget of $55 million, it went on to earn $100.2 million worldwide. Reception The film received mixed reviews. Rotten Tomatoes gave an aggregated score of 52% positive from 127 reviews, with an average rating of 5.5/10. The site's consensus states: "Sometimes entertaining, but overall Any Given Sunday is a disappointment coming from Oliver Stone." On Metacritic, Any Given Sunday has an aggregated score of 52% based on reviews from 33 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B−" on an A+ to F scale. Richard Schickel of Time criticized the story as being "standard" and stated "(a)lmost three hours of this jitter deteriorates from bravura filmmaking to annoying mannerism, and Any Given Sunday ends up less than the sum of its many, often interesting parts." Rick Groen of The Globe and Mail wrote that the story was "(c)hoc-a-bloc with manly blather about sacrifice and honour and rugged individuals pulling together for the greater glory of the team." And, elaborating on many critics' shared observations that the movie was "hyperkinetic", Jack Matthews of the New York Daily News states that "the sensation we get from the blizzard of images and teeth-jarring sound effects is of having our head used as the football." Stephen Holden of The New York Times criticized Dennis Quaid as too old for his part, Cameron Diaz as "not up to the dramatic demands of her unsympathetic character," and the "ludicrously upbeat" ending, but complimented the portrayal of in-game action where the "kinetic furor of the game sequences helps camouflage the weaknesses of a screenplay that is a mechanically contrived series of power struggles." Conversely, Time Out New York's Andrew Johnston wrote: "It's often been said of films about sports that smaller balls equal better movies. Any Given Sunday explodes that theory, and not just because of the incredible intensity of its gridiron action. Oliver Stone's best movie in many years—and one of his finest ever—looks at the world of professional football from almost every conceivable angle, but it never tries to be the definitive statement on the subject. A surprisingly balanced film that merges Stone's hyperkinetic style with a character-centric narrative approach reminiscent of John Sayles and Robert Altman at their best, Sunday proves that powerful human drama and MTV visual pyrotechnics actually can coexist after all." Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times also gave the film a mostly positive review, awarding it 3 out of 4 stars, but criticized its length: "I guess I recommend the movie because the dramatic scenes are worth it. Pacino has some nice heart-to-hearts with Quaid and Foxx, and the psychology of the veteran coach is well-captured in the screenplay by Stone and John Logan. But if some studio executive came along and made Stone cut his movie down to two hours, I have the strangest feeling it wouldn't lose much of substance and might even play better." Director's cut When released to home video on VHS and DVD, a new director's cut by Oliver Stone was used. Due to the packaging listing "6 minutes of previously unseen footage" and a running time of 156 minutes, many assumed that the theatrical cut was 150 minutes, and that Stone had added six minutes of footage. In actuality, the theatrical cut ran 162 minutes; 12 minutes were deleted for the director's cut, and six minutes of new footage were added. Stone said these changes were made to help with the film's pacing. See also List of American football films References ^ a b c d Any Given Sunday Archived 2013-06-28 at archive.today. Box Office Mojo. ^ "Any Given Sunday (1999) - IMDb". IMDb. Archived from the original on 2021-05-20. Retrieved 2021-05-28. ^ Associate Press, "NFL Attendance Improved: Dallas Club 16,281 Up on 1951 Yankees," Tulsa World, November 12, 1952, p. 52. ^ a b c d Euegene Novikov (20 December 1999). "Any Given Sunday". Film Blather. Archived from the original on 2012-03-31. Retrieved 2012-01-29. ^ a b ""Football is a Dark Place": The Oral History of 'Any Given Sunday'". 19 December 2019. ^ "The Lost Roles of Chris Tucker". 28 July 2011. ^ Variety Staff (October 1, 1998). "Cohen captures 'Zombie'; Rhames ankles grid". ^ "Television & Film Helmets". Misterhabs.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-16. Retrieved 2012-04-09. ^ "Movie/TV helmets". Mghelmets.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-14. Retrieved 2012-04-09. ^ RHCD 01, 1999 (Any Given Sunday Archived 2011-07-16 at the Wayback Machine at soundtrackcollector.com). ^ "Any Given Sunday" Archived 2016-10-11 at the Wayback Machine. Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved June 17, 2010. ^ "Any Given Sunday" Archived 2019-05-11 at the Wayback Machine Metacritic.com ^ "Find CinemaScore" (Type "Any Given Sunday" in the search box). CinemaScore. Archived from the original on January 2, 2018. Retrieved June 14, 2021. ^ a b c "Any Given Sunday - Movie Reviews - Rotten Tomatoes". www.rottentomatoes.com. Archived from the original on 2014-04-07. Retrieved 2014-04-04. ^ Stephen Holden, , The New York Times, December 22, 1999. ^ Time Out New York, Dec. 30, 1999-Jan. 6, 2000, p. 87 ^ ANY GIVEN SUNDAY Archived 2019-04-24 at the Wayback Machine Rogerebert.com, Retrieved May 21, 2019 Further reading Kring-Schreifels, Jake (2019-12-19). ""Football Is a Dark Place": The Oral History of 'Any Given Sunday'". The Ringer. Retrieved 2023-10-04. External links Wikiquote has quotations related to Any Given Sunday. Any Given Sunday at IMDb Any Given Sunday at Rotten Tomatoes vteFilms by Oliver Stone Awards and nominations DirectedFeature Seizure (1974) The Hand (1981) Salvador (1986) Platoon (1986) Wall Street (1987) Talk Radio (1988) Born on the Fourth of July (1989) The Doors (1991) JFK (1991) Heaven & Earth (1993) Natural Born Killers (1994) Nixon (1995) U Turn (1997) Any Given Sunday (1999) Alexander (2004) World Trade Center (2006) W. (2008) Wall Street: Money Never Sleeps (2010) Savages (2012) Snowden (2016) Documentaries Persona Non Grata (2003) Comandante (2003) Looking for Fidel (2004) South of the Border (2009) The Untold History of the United States (2012 series) Mi amigo Hugo (2014) The Putin Interviews (2017) JFK Revisited: Through the Looking Glass (2021) Nuclear Now (2022) Written Midnight Express (1978) Conan the Barbarian (1982) Scarface (1983) Year of the Dragon (1985) 8 Million Ways to Die (1986) Evita (1996) vteWorks by John LoganAwards and nominationsFilms written Tornado! (1996) Bats (1999) RKO 281 (1999) Any Given Sunday (1999) Gladiator (2000) The Time Machine (2002) Star Trek: Nemesis (2002) Sinbad: Legend of the Seven Seas (2003) The Last Samurai (2003) The Aviator (2004) Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007) Rango (2011) Coriolanus (2011) Hugo (2011) Skyfall (2012) Spectre (2015) Genius (2016) Alien: Covenant (2017) They/Them (2022; also directed) Michael (2025) Television series Penny Dreadful (2014–2016) Penny Dreadful: City of Angels (2020) Theater Red (2009) Peter and Alice (2013) I'll Eat You Last: A Chat with Sue Mengers (2013) The Last Ship (2014) Moulin Rouge! (2018) Superhero (2019) Authority control databases VIAF
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Any Given Sunday (soundtrack)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Any_Given_Sunday_(soundtrack)"},{"link_name":"Any Given Sunday (TV series)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Any_Given_Sunday_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"On Any Sunday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_Any_Sunday"},{"link_name":"sports drama film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_drama_film"},{"link_name":"Oliver Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Stone"},{"link_name":"American football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football"},{"link_name":"ensemble cast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensemble_cast"},{"link_name":"Al Pacino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Pacino"},{"link_name":"Cameron Diaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameron_Diaz"},{"link_name":"Dennis Quaid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Quaid"},{"link_name":"Jamie Foxx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Foxx"},{"link_name":"James Woods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Woods"},{"link_name":"LL Cool J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LL_Cool_J"},{"link_name":"Ann-Margret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann-Margret"},{"link_name":"Lauren Holly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauren_Holly"},{"link_name":"Matthew Modine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Modine"},{"link_name":"John C. McGinley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._McGinley"},{"link_name":"Charlton Heston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlton_Heston"},{"link_name":"Bill Bellamy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Bellamy"},{"link_name":"Lela Rochon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lela_Rochon"},{"link_name":"Aaron Eckhart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Eckhart"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Berkley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Berkley"},{"link_name":"Jim Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Brown"},{"link_name":"Lawrence Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Taylor"},{"link_name":"Pat Toomay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Toomay"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Bert Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bert_Bell"},{"link_name":"parity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parity_(sports)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Dick Butkus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Butkus"},{"link_name":"Y. A. Tittle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y._A._Tittle"},{"link_name":"Pat Toomay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Toomay"},{"link_name":"Warren Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Moon"},{"link_name":"Johnny Unitas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Unitas"},{"link_name":"Ricky Watters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricky_Watters"},{"link_name":"Emmitt Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmitt_Smith"},{"link_name":"Terrell Owens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrell_Owens"},{"link_name":"Barry Switzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Switzer"}],"text":"This article is about the film. For the soundtrack, see Any Given Sunday (soundtrack). For the Australian sports television show, see Any Given Sunday (TV series).Not to be confused with On Any Sunday.Any Given Sunday is a 1999 American sports drama film directed by Oliver Stone depicting a fictional professional American football team. The film features an ensemble cast, including Al Pacino, Cameron Diaz, Dennis Quaid, Jamie Foxx, James Woods, LL Cool J, Ann-Margret, Lauren Holly, Matthew Modine, John C. McGinley, Charlton Heston, Bill Bellamy, Lela Rochon, Aaron Eckhart, Elizabeth Berkley, and NFL players Jim Brown and Lawrence Taylor. It is partly based on the 1984 novel On Any Given Sunday by NFL defensive end Pat Toomay; the title is derived from a line in the book (also used in the film) that a team can win or lose on \"any given Sunday\", said by the fictitious coach Tony D'Amato.[2] The quote itself was originally derived from a statement made in 1952 by then-NFL commissioner Bert Bell about the league's devotion to financial and competitive parity.[3]Cameo roles also featured many former American football players including Dick Butkus, Y. A. Tittle, Pat Toomay, Warren Moon, Johnny Unitas, Ricky Watters, Emmitt Smith and Terrell Owens, as well as coach Barry Switzer.","title":"Any Given Sunday"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football"},{"link_name":"playoffs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playoffs"},{"link_name":"offensive coordinator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offensive_coordinator"},{"link_name":"offense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offense_(sports)"},{"link_name":"narcissism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcissism"},{"link_name":"demotes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demotion"},{"link_name":"middle linebacker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_linebacker"},{"link_name":"concussion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concussion"},{"link_name":"touchdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touchdown"},{"link_name":"expansion team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expansion_team"},{"link_name":"New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"franchise player","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franchise_player"}],"text":"The Miami Sharks, a once-great American football team, are struggling to make the 2001 Affiliated Football Franchises of America (AFFA) playoffs. They are coached by thirty-year veteran Tony D'Amato, who has fallen out of favor with young team owner Christina Pagniacci, and his offensive coordinator Nick Crozier. Crozier is also D'Amato's expected successor. In the thirteenth game of the season, both starting quarterback Jack \"Cap\" Rooney and second-string quarterback Tyler Cherubini are injured and forced to leave the field. The desperate Sharks call upon third-string quarterback Willie Beamen to replace them. While a nervous Beamen makes a number of errors and fails to win the game for the Sharks, he plays well and gains confidence. Rooney vows to make it back by the playoffs, with D'Amato promising to not give up on him.The next day, D'Amato and Pagniacci argue about the direction of the team. Pagniacci favors Crozier and wants to eventually cut Rooney. D'Amato argues that Pagniacci's father, the previous owner, would never meddle in his coaching plans. During the next game, to D'Amato's chagrin, Beamen disregards the team's conservative offense and changes plays in the huddle. As the media hails Beamen as the next model of quarterback, the newfound success feeds his growing narcissism and leads to tension with teammates and coaches. During a confrontation with Beamen, D'Amato demotes him back to the bench. After Beamen gives an interview taking sole credit for the Sharks' winning streak, the other players refuse to perform for Beamen and consequently lose a home game. After Beamen gets into a brawl with Julian \"J-Man\" Washington, an irate D'Amato expresses his embarrassment at his team before leaving. Beamen contemplates and amends his self-centered behavior.As the playoffs come around, Sharks middle linebacker Luther Lavay reminds Beamen how lucky he is to be in the league and to find a life outside of football; his words fall on deaf ears. D'Amato worsens his relationship with Pagniacci and berates Rooney for second-guessing his availability. Before the game, D'Amato gives a speech urging team unity that Beamen takes to heart and energizes the rest of the team. Rooney returns as starting quarterback, but is injured with a concussion after scoring a touchdown. Rooney urges D'Amato to let Beamen finish the game; after an argument, D'Amato relents. Subsequently, Pagniacci enters the locker room to demand that D'Amato play Beamen. After she and D'Amato argue, Beamen informs her that he had already been told he would start the second half. Beamen apologizes to his teammates for his actions and leads the team to win. In a post-game talk with D'Amato, Beamen dedicates the next game to Rooney, but admits that he is worried about his ongoing health.An epilogue voiceover says that the Sharks eventually lost the championship final (the Pantheon Cup) to San Francisco. At D'Amato's final press conference as head coach, he is thanked by Pagniacci. D'Amato is expected to announce his retirement, but he instead drops two bombshells and announces that he has been hired as head coach and general manager of an expansion team in New Mexico, the Albuquerque Aztecs, and that he has signed Willie Beamen to be his starting quarterback and franchise player.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Al Pacino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Pacino"},{"link_name":"head coach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_coach"},{"link_name":"Constantine \"Cus\" D'Amato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_%22Cus%22_D%27Amato"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-filmblather1-4"},{"link_name":"Cameron Diaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameron_Diaz"},{"link_name":"general manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_manager_(sports)"},{"link_name":"Cornell MBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Curtis_Johnson_Graduate_School_of_Management#MBA_program"},{"link_name":"offensive coordinator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offensive_coordinator"},{"link_name":"Mayor of Miami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Miami"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-filmblather1-4"},{"link_name":"Dennis Quaid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Quaid"},{"link_name":"quarterback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarterback"},{"link_name":"Lauren Holly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauren_Holly"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-filmblather1-4"},{"link_name":"James Woods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Woods"},{"link_name":"internist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internist"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-filmblather1-4"},{"link_name":"Jamie Foxx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Foxx"},{"link_name":"racism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism"},{"link_name":"LL Cool J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LL_Cool_J"},{"link_name":"running back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Running_back"},{"link_name":"Ann-Margret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann-Margret"},{"link_name":"Lauren Holly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauren_Holly"},{"link_name":"trophy wife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trophy_wife"},{"link_name":"Lawrence Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Taylor"},{"link_name":"middle linebacker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_linebacker"},{"link_name":"seizures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seizure"},{"link_name":"Chevrolet Suburban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrolet_Suburban"},{"link_name":"Jim Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Brown"},{"link_name":"defensive coordinator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defensive_coordinator"},{"link_name":"Aaron Eckhart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Eckhart"},{"link_name":"Bill Bellamy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Bellamy"},{"link_name":"Matthew Modine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Modine"},{"link_name":"John C. McGinley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._McGinley"},{"link_name":"Lela Rochon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lela_Rochon"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Berkley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Berkley"},{"link_name":"girlfriend experience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girlfriend_experience"},{"link_name":"Clifton Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifton_Davis"},{"link_name":"Charlton Heston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlton_Heston"},{"link_name":"Andrew Bryniarski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Bryniarski"},{"link_name":"James Karen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Karen"},{"link_name":"Gianni Russo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gianni_Russo"},{"link_name":"Duane Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duane_Martin"},{"link_name":"Pat O'Hara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_O%27Hara"},{"link_name":"Mazio Royster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazio_Royster"},{"link_name":"Rick Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Johnson_(quarterback)"},{"link_name":"Allan Graf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Graf"},{"link_name":"Margaret Betts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Betts"},{"link_name":"Lester Speight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lester_Speight"},{"link_name":"Eva Tamargo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Tamargo"},{"link_name":"Delia Sheppard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delia_Sheppard"},{"link_name":"Jaime Bergman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaime_Bergman"},{"link_name":"Dan Sileo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Sileo"},{"link_name":"Sean Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Stone"},{"link_name":"Antoni Corone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoni_Corone"},{"link_name":"Dick Butkus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Butkus"},{"link_name":"Terrell Owens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrell_Owens"},{"link_name":"Ricky Watters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricky_Watters"},{"link_name":"Irving Fryar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Fryar"},{"link_name":"Joe Schmidt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Schmidt_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"Oliver Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Stone"},{"link_name":"Barry Switzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Switzer"},{"link_name":"Y. A. Tittle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y._A._Tittle"},{"link_name":"Warren Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Moon"},{"link_name":"Johnny Unitas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Unitas"},{"link_name":"Pat Toomay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Toomay"},{"link_name":"Emmitt Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmitt_Smith"},{"link_name":"Wilt Chamberlain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilt_Chamberlain"}],"text":"Al Pacino as Tony D'Amato, head coach of the Miami Sharks. Having held his position for decades and been given much autonomy by the team's owner, \"Tony D\" is respected for great successes, including two Pantheon Cups, the championship for this (fictional) professional football league. He devoted so much time to the team, he became estranged from his wife and children. D'Amato's traditional methods have come under fire from management and the media for recent failures, including missing the playoffs. Bitter that he was never promoted to general manager, D'Amato resents the hands-on \"interference\" of Christina Pagniacci, who succeeded her father Arturo as team owner. His last name comes from boxing trainer Constantine \"Cus\" D'Amato.[4]\nCameron Diaz as Christina Pagniacci, owner and general manager. She inherited the team from her father and boasts a Cornell MBA. She attributes the team's disappointments to Coach D'Amato's \"old-school methods\" and takes a more hands-on approach, bringing in innovative new offensive coordinator Nick Crozier as his eventual successor. She hints that D'Amato will not return after his contract expires, adding to his distractions. She also threatens to move the franchise if the city refuses to build a new stadium, causing a confrontation with the AFFA Commissioner and the Mayor of Miami.[4]\nDennis Quaid as Jack \"Cap\" Rooney, starting quarterback and team captain. Seen as being like a son to D'Amato, the two have been credited with the team's greatest on-field successes. Rooney is now an aging veteran who faces injuries and conflicts with team personnel. Pagniacci wants to dump him. Relations have soured between Rooney and wife Cindy (Lauren Holly), who goads him without sympathy for his physical or mental situation, mercilessly browbeating him when he even mentions retiring. He is injured during a game and is replaced, but is determined to make a comeback. Rooney recovers in time for the first round of the playoffs, wherein he plays well until suffering a hard hit while scoring a touchdown before halftime.[4]\nJames Woods as Dr. Harvey Mandrake, the unscrupulous team physician. He risks serious injury to players to enable the team to have a better shot at winning, often at the direction of Pagniacci. He is later fired after his unethical methods are discovered by the conscientious team internist.[4]\nJamie Foxx as Willie \"Steamin\" Beamen, the third-string quarterback. Beamen has a history that eventually led him to distrust his coaches. In particular, while playing for San Diego, Beamen was made into a defensive secondary player for having \"fast feet\" and was eventually injured while making a tackle. Beamen initially believes that racism played a major role in his history of being denied opportunities he desired, using an alternative of \"placeism\" to describe a lack of African-American quarterbacks and head coaches in pro football. He takes over as starter after injuries to Rooney and the backup quarterback. Though surprisingly successful, Beamen causes tension among staff and teammates. He frequently changes the plays the coach calls, or just calls his own. These acts create major tension with D'Amato. D'Amato respects Beamen's athletic ability and acknowledges that his talents warrant him to be a quarterback, but heavily criticizes his lack of leadership skills and intangibles. He is granted his own music video and even asks owner Pagniacci for a date when she enters a postgame locker room full of naked or partly dressed players like himself. Beamen's antics on and off the field eventually get him demoted to the bench by D'Amato, who firmly believes that a quarterback's most important role is to lead the team and help keep them confident, both of which Beamen took a clear disregard for. Beamen later matures and is inspired by \"Cap\" Rooney's gutsy performance in the Sharks' first playoff game.\nLL Cool J as Julian \"J-Man\" Washington, starting running back. He is very good but becomes increasingly angry at Beamen for his cockiness and tendencies to take plays away from him. He is motivated by incentive clauses in his contract, and D'Amato refers to him as a \"merc\" (mercenary) \"who will be gone before next season.\" Washington later redeems himself to the team by running out-of-bounds in order to stop the play clock while his team was attempting an offensive drive with little time left.\nAnn-Margret as Margaret Pagniacci, Christina's mother and the widow of the Sharks' original owner Arturo.\nLauren Holly as Cindy Rooney, wife of Cap Rooney. It is heavily implied that she is no more than a trophy wife, caring more for her wealth and social status than for her husband's health and well-being.\nLawrence Taylor as Luther \"Shark\" Lavay, starting middle linebacker and the captain of the defense. He has a cortisone addiction and is nearing the twilight of a very successful career, but is held in high esteem by D'Amato for \"revolutionizing\" his position by being highly skilled in both pass rushing and defending against the run. Mandrake has concealed that \"Shark\" is suffering from a previous injury, a broken neck that did not heal properly. If he suffers a serious hit again, he may be killed, permanently disabled, or suffer from seizures. The team's internist informs him and D'Amato of the situation, but \"Shark\" says he will lose a one million dollar bonus if he does not make his incentive stats of one sack and three tackles or retires as Powers suggests. He also has a confrontation with Beamen over the role of offense vs. defense (which culminates with him cutting Beamen's Chevrolet Suburban in half with a circular saw during a party). While making a hit, Shark gets knocked unconscious. He awakens and is hauled off on a stretcher, satisfied that he made his one million dollar bonus.\nJim Brown as Monte \"Montezuma\" Monroe, defensive coordinator. He is vocal and brings intensity to the defense and to the team in general. A longtime friend of D'Amato, who personally confides in Montezuma several times. Monroe states at one point he would like to return to high school coaching where the game is \"pure.\"\nAaron Eckhart as Nick Crozier, offensive coordinator. Nick is an offensive guru brought in from Minnesota by Christina Pagniacci. Young and tech-savvy (making use of a laptop computer while calling plays), he is highly critical of Tony's old-fashioned ways, as well as Beamen's changing the plays in the huddle and Julian's playing for contract incentives. Despite the tension, D'Amato recognizes Crozier's talent. He is named D'Amato's successor after the coach departs to lead an expansion franchise in New Mexico.\nBill Bellamy as Jimmy Sanderson, the Wide Receiver who becomes Willie Beamen's first option on offense once he is moved into the starting Quarterback position, adding to the friction already building up between Willie and Julian.\nMatthew Modine as Dr. Ollie Powers, the team's internist. He discovers Dr. Mandrake covering for players who are suffering from near-career-ending injuries but are overdosing on painkillers, steroids and hormones to cover the pain. Powers faces his own dilemma in the need to relieve the players' pain vs. prescribing too much medication at the insistence of the addicted players.\nJohn C. McGinley as Jack Rose, an abrasive and prominent sports reporter. On his own cable show, Rose displays an incredible distaste for all things D'Amato. This leads to D'Amato physically assaulting Rose near the end of the regular season, but no charges are pressed after D'Amato makes a public apology. In spite of their rivalry (or even because of it) he confesses that he will miss D'Amato when he retires.\nLela Rochon as Vanessa Struthers, Longtime girlfriend of Willie Beamen who unsuccessfully tries to pressure him into marriage after being humiliated by Cindy Rooney in front of the other Football wives.\nElizabeth Berkley as Mandy Murphy, a high priced escort who provides Tony with a girlfriend experience (GFE) when he is feeling lonely.\nClifton Davis as Mayor Tyrone Smalls, who is always a few steps ahead of Christina in her efforts to leverage him into using taxpayer money to build a new stadium for the Sharks.\nCharlton Heston as AFFA Football Commissioner\nAndrew Bryniarski as Patrick \"Madman\" Kelly\nJames Karen and Gianni Russo as Christina's Advisors\nDuane Martin as Willie's Agent\nPat O'Hara as Tyler Cherubini\nMazio Royster as Wide Receiver\nRick Johnson as Dallas Quarterback\nAllan Graf as Referee\nMargaret Betts as Mayor's Aide\nLester Speight as Sharks' Security Guard\nEva Tamargo as Tunnel Reporter - Game 3\nDelia Sheppard and Jaime Bergman as Party Girls\nDan Sileo as Dallas Defensive Tackle\nSean Stone as Fan (as Sean C. Stone)\nAntoni Corone as FanCameosDick Butkus\nTerrell Owens\nRicky Watters\nIrving Fryar\nJoe Schmidt\nOliver Stone\nBarry Switzer\nY. A. Tittle\nWarren Moon\nJohnny Unitas\nPat Toomay\nEmmitt Smith\nWilt Chamberlain (uncredited)","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jamie Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Williams_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"tight end","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tight_end"},{"link_name":"Nebraska Cornhuskers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebraska_Cornhuskers"},{"link_name":"San Francisco 49ers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_49ers"},{"link_name":"sports journalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_journalist"},{"link_name":"spec script","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spec_script"},{"link_name":"John Logan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Logan_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Daniel Pyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Pyne"},{"link_name":"Gary Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Ross"},{"link_name":"Bruce A. Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_A._Evans"},{"link_name":"Robert Huizenga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Huizenga"},{"link_name":"Writers Guild of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writers_Guild_of_America"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Raiders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Los_Angeles_Raiders"},{"link_name":"Mike Harden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Harden"}],"sub_title":"Development","text":"Oliver Stone developed a script called Monday Night written by Jamie Williams, a former tight end for the Nebraska Cornhuskers and later the San Francisco 49ers, and Richard Weiner, a sports journalist. Stone separately acquired the spec script On Any Given Sunday, by John Logan. Stone later amalgamated a third screenplay, Playing Hurt by Daniel Pyne, into the project.As of May 1, 1999, the screenplay's cover page listed the following writers: original draft by Jamie Williams & Richard Weiner, John Logan, Daniel Pyne; subsequent revisions by Gary Ross; revisions by Raynold Gideon & Bruce A. Evans; revisions by John Logan; revisions by Lisa Amsterdam & Robert Huizenga; latest revisions by Oliver Stone.The Writers Guild of America ultimately awarded screenplay credit to Logan and Stone, with \"story\" credit to Pyne and Logan. Williams and Weiner went uncredited for their original screenplay, but were credited for their work on the film as technical consultants.The screenplay was also based in part on the 1994 book You're Okay, It's Just a Bruise: A Doctor's Sideline Secrets by Robert Huizenga. Huizenga was the intern doctor for the Los Angeles Raiders in their 1980s heyday, working under Dr. Robert T. Rosenfeld, who dismissed many players' injuries with the phrase, \"You're okay, it's just a bruise.\" James Woods' character was based on Rosenfeld, and his first diagnosis of \"Cap\" Rooney's career-threatening injury at the beginning of the film is \"you're okay, it's just a bruise.\" Huizenga left the Raiders in the early 1990s, disgusted at the way the medical advice was kept from players and Rosenfeld being allowed to continue treating them after several mishaps, one of which is closely mirrored in the film—Shark's neck injury and risk of sudden death, based on the real-life Mike Harden case.","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert De Niro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_De_Niro"},{"link_name":"Henry Rollins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Rollins"},{"link_name":"Sean \"P. Diddy\" Combs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Combs"},{"link_name":"Will Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Smith"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-theringer.com-5"},{"link_name":"Cuba Gooding Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba_Gooding_Jr."},{"link_name":"Jerry Maguire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Maguire"},{"link_name":"Chris Tucker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Tucker"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"George Clooney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Clooney"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-theringer.com-5"},{"link_name":"Ving Rhames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ving_Rhames"},{"link_name":"Mission: Impossible 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission:_Impossible_2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Bob St. Clair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_St._Clair"},{"link_name":"Y. A. Tittle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y._A._Tittle"},{"link_name":"Dick Butkus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Butkus"},{"link_name":"Warren Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Moon"},{"link_name":"Johnny Unitas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Unitas"},{"link_name":"Jim Caviezel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Caviezel"},{"link_name":"Tom Sizemore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Sizemore"}],"sub_title":"Casting","text":"Director Oliver Stone's first two choices to play Tony D'Amato were Al Pacino and Robert De Niro. Henry Rollins was offered a role as a football player but turned it down as he felt he did not have the size to make the portrayal believable. Sean \"P. Diddy\" Combs was cast as Willie Beamen, but dropped out amidst rumors he could not throw a football convincingly. Publicly Combs dropped off the project because of scheduling conflicts with his recording career. Will Smith turned down the role as he wasn't interested.[5] According to Cuba Gooding Jr., he met with Oliver Stone about playing the role of Willie Beamen but Stone turned Gooding down because he had already played a football player in Jerry Maguire (1996). Chris Tucker turned down the role of Willie Beamen.[6] George Clooney was offered the role of Jack Rooney, but turned it down as he thought Stone was going to rewrite the script for him.[5] Ving Rhames was originally cast in a role in the film, but later dropped due to production delays and scheduling conflicts with Mission: Impossible 2.[7]Five Pro Football Hall of Fame Players made cameo appearances as opposing head coaches. Bob St. Clair appears as the coach for Minnesota in the first game. Y. A. Tittle, for Chicago, the second game. Dick Butkus, with California, the road game. Warren Moon, with New York in the rain soaked game. For the final game in Dallas, Johnny Unitas appears as the coach.Jim Caviezel played Tony D'Amato's estranged son, but his scenes were cut. They can be seen in the extras of the Oliver Stone Collection DVD. Tom Sizemore also had a role in the film, but it too was cut.","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Miami, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Irving, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Pro Player Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_Rock_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Texas Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Dallas Cowboys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_Cowboys"},{"link_name":"National Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Miami Orange Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Orange_Bowl"},{"link_name":"Miami Dolphins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Dolphins"},{"link_name":"AFA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Football_Association_(1979%E2%80%931982)"},{"link_name":"Homestead Sports Complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homestead_Sports_Complex"},{"link_name":"Hurricane Andrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Andrew"},{"link_name":"Arena Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arena_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Pat O'Hara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_O%27Hara"},{"link_name":"Tampa Bay Storm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Storm"},{"link_name":"Orlando Predators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Predators"},{"link_name":"Tennessee Titans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Titans"},{"link_name":"Connell Maynor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connell_Maynor"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Soul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Soul"},{"link_name":"Bjorn Nittmo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bjorn_Nittmo"},{"link_name":"Buffalo Destroyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_Destroyers"}],"sub_title":"Principal photography","text":"The film was shot in Miami, Florida and Irving, Texas.[8][9] When the team traveled to California, the stadium used was Pro Player Stadium, which is located in Miami Gardens. Texas Stadium (former home of the Dallas Cowboys) is used for the home of the fictitious Dallas Knights.Director Oliver Stone failed to get the National Football League's permission to use real NFL team logos and stadiums for the film; as a result, the Sharks play at the Miami Orange Bowl (which the NFL Miami Dolphins abandoned after the 1986 season) in the fictional Affiliated Football Franchises of America (AFFA), which is not to be confused with the real AFA; the AFFA apparently exists alongside the NFL in this universe, as the Dolphins are mentioned in one scene.For the scenes during a football game, production asked local schools to participate as extras for the film, including Lake Stevens Middle School in Miami. For each shot the crowd was asked to move around so that each section looked filled. In empty seats cardboard cutouts were placed in seats with balloons attached to them so that they would seem in motion.Practice scenes were filmed in the ill-fated Homestead Sports Complex, which was built for spring-training baseball; however, the stadium damaged by Hurricane Andrew in 1992 and eventually torn down without ever hosting a major league team.The film also used Arena Football League players such Pat O'Hara, who played for the Tampa Bay Storm, later coached the Orlando Predators and is now an assistant coach with the Tennessee Titans, as well as Connell Maynor, who also played for the Predators and spent time as both a player and coach for the Philadelphia Soul. Meanwhile, Bjorn Nittmo, then with the AFL's Buffalo Destroyers, was the Sharks' placekicker.","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Atlantic Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Records"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_R%26B/Hip-Hop_Albums"},{"link_name":"Godspeed You! Black Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godspeed_You!_Black_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Richard Horowitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Horowitz"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"A soundtrack containing hip hop, rock and R&B music was released on January 4, 2000, by Atlantic Records. It peaked at #28 on the Billboard 200 and #11 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums.Oliver Stone wanted to use the music of the Canadian band Godspeed You! Black Emperor and actually filmed a scene using their music; when he later asked for permission the band said no, and Stone was forced to redo the scene without the music.Film composer Richard Horowitz, who supplied the original score, published his complete music for the film on a promotional CD.[10]","title":"Soundtrack"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-boxofficemojo.com-1"}],"sub_title":"Box office","text":"Any Given Sunday was a financial success; made on a budget of $55 million, it went on to earn $100.2 million worldwide.[1]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"CinemaScore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CinemaScore"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Richard Schickel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Schickel"},{"link_name":"Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rottentomatoes.com-14"},{"link_name":"The Globe and Mail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rottentomatoes.com-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rottentomatoes.com-14"},{"link_name":"New York Daily News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_News_(New_York)"},{"link_name":"Stephen Holden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Holden"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT122299-15"},{"link_name":"Time Out New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Out_New_York"},{"link_name":"Andrew Johnston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnston_(critic)"},{"link_name":"John Sayles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Sayles"},{"link_name":"Robert Altman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Altman"},{"link_name":"MTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Roger Ebert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ebert"},{"link_name":"Chicago Sun-Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Sun-Times"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Reception","text":"The film received mixed reviews. Rotten Tomatoes gave an aggregated score of 52% positive from 127 reviews, with an average rating of 5.5/10. The site's consensus states: \"Sometimes entertaining, but overall Any Given Sunday is a disappointment coming from Oliver Stone.\"[11] On Metacritic, Any Given Sunday has an aggregated score of 52% based on reviews from 33 critics, indicating \"mixed or average reviews\".[12] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of \"B−\" on an A+ to F scale.[13]Richard Schickel of Time criticized the story as being \"standard\" and stated \"(a)lmost three hours of this jitter deteriorates from bravura filmmaking to annoying mannerism, and Any Given Sunday ends up less than the sum of its many, often interesting parts.\"[14] Rick Groen of The Globe and Mail wrote that the story was \"(c)hoc-a-bloc with manly blather about sacrifice and honour and rugged individuals pulling together for the greater glory of the team.\"[14] And, elaborating on many critics' shared observations[14] that the movie was \"hyperkinetic\", Jack Matthews of the New York Daily News states that \"the sensation we get from the blizzard of images and teeth-jarring sound effects is of having our head used as the football.\"Stephen Holden of The New York Times criticized Dennis Quaid as too old for his part, Cameron Diaz as \"not up to the dramatic demands of her unsympathetic character,\" and the \"ludicrously upbeat\" ending, but complimented the portrayal of in-game action where the \"kinetic furor of the game sequences helps camouflage the weaknesses of a screenplay that is a mechanically contrived series of power struggles.\"[15]Conversely, Time Out New York's Andrew Johnston wrote: \"It's often been said of films about sports that smaller balls equal better movies. Any Given Sunday explodes that theory, and not just because of the incredible intensity of its gridiron action. Oliver Stone's best movie in many years—and one of his finest ever—looks at the world of professional football from almost every conceivable angle, but it never tries to be the definitive statement on the subject. A surprisingly balanced film that merges Stone's hyperkinetic style with a character-centric narrative approach reminiscent of John Sayles and Robert Altman at their best, Sunday proves that powerful human drama and MTV visual pyrotechnics actually can coexist after all.\"[16]Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times also gave the film a mostly positive review, awarding it 3 out of 4 stars, but criticized its length: \"I guess I recommend the movie because the dramatic scenes are worth it. Pacino has some nice heart-to-hearts with Quaid and Foxx, and the psychology of the veteran coach is well-captured in the screenplay by Stone and John Logan. But if some studio executive came along and made Stone cut his movie down to two hours, I have the strangest feeling it wouldn't lose much of substance and might even play better.\"[17]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"director's cut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Director%27s_cut"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Director's cut","text":"When released to home video on VHS and DVD, a new director's cut by Oliver Stone was used. Due to the packaging listing \"6 minutes of previously unseen footage\" and a running time of 156 minutes, many assumed that the theatrical cut was 150 minutes, and that Stone had added six minutes of footage. In actuality, the theatrical cut ran 162 minutes; 12 minutes were deleted for the director's cut, and six minutes of new footage were added. Stone said these changes were made to help with the film's pacing.[citation needed]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"\"Football Is a Dark Place\": The Oral History of 'Any Given Sunday'\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.theringer.com/movies/2019/12/19/21027886/any-given-sunday-oral-history"}],"text":"Kring-Schreifels, Jake (2019-12-19). \"\"Football Is a Dark Place\": The Oral History of 'Any Given Sunday'\". The Ringer. Retrieved 2023-10-04.","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of American football films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_American_football_films"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knightsbridge_Estates_Trust_Ltd_v_Byrne
Knightsbridge Estates Trust Ltd v Byrne
["1 Facts","2 Judgment","3 Notes","4 References"]
Knightsbridge Estates Trust Ltd v ByrneCourtHouse of LordsCitation AC 613Court membershipJudges sittingViscount MaughamLord Wright Lord Atkin Lord Romer Lord PorterKeywords Security interest priority Clog Equity of redemption Knightsbridge Estates Trust Ltd v Byrne AC 613 is a UK insolvency law case, concerning the creation of a security interest. Facts Knightsbridge Estates wished to pay off the principle sum of the £310,000 loan from Mr Byrne’s insurance company. However, the contract stated the repayments would be made over 40 years, twice a year. If Knightsbridge paid off the principal early, it would reduce the total amount of interest it would pay to Mr Byrne. Knightsbridge Estates argued that the long repayment schedule was a clog on the equity of redemption. Byrne argued that because the loan counted as a debenture, under Companies Act 1929 section 74 (now Companies Act 2006, section 739) it was exempt from the rule of equity on clogs of redemption and the contract stayed as it was created. In the Court of Appeal, Lord Greene MR held that the loan was a debenture. He said that this was ‘a commercial agreement between two important corporations, experienced in such matters, and has none of the features of an oppressive bargain.’ Judgment The House of Lords upheld the Court of Appeal. Viscount Maugham gave the leading judgment holding that the loan was a debenture. He added that it could be a debenture for this provision of the Act, even if a mortgage might not be a debenture under every provision of the Act. My Lords, loans made to limited companies on the security of their assets are in general very different from loans made to individuals. Companies may be wound up, in which event their debts have, if possible, to be paid, but they do not die. To the knowledge of both the company and the lender, the loan is intended in most cases to be of the nature of a permanent investment. The former can only in the rarest of circumstances be at the mercy of the latter. There is no likelihood of oppression being exerted against the company. Considerations such as these make it manifest that clauses in debentures issued by companies making them irredeemable or redeemable only after long periods of time or on contingencies ought to be given validity. It may be conceded that the ground for excluding the rule in equity is stronger in the case of a series of debentures issued in one of the usual forms than in the case of mortgages of land to an individual; but some of the reasons still remain. It is difficult to see any real unfairness in a normal commercial agreement between a company and (for example) an insurance society for a loan to the former on the security of its real estate for a very prolonged term of years. Both parties may be equally desirous that the mortgage may have the quality of permanence. There is a great deal to be said in such a case for freedom of contract. Lord Wright and Lord Atkin concurred. Lord Romer gave a concurring judgment holding that the mortgage constituted a debenture under the Companies Act 1929 section 380 and was therefore not void under Companies Act 1929, section 74. Lord Porter concurred. vteCases on secured debtHolroyd v Marshall (1862) 10 HLC 191British India Steam Navigation Co v IRC (1881) 7 QBD 165Salomon v A Salomon & Co Ltd AC 22Re Yorkshire Woolcombers Association Ltd 2 Ch 284National Provincial Bank v Charnley 1 KB 431Barclays Bank Ltd v Quistclose Ltd UKHL 4British Eagle Ltd v Cie Nationale Air France 1 WLR 758Aluminium BV v Romalpa Aluminium Ltd 1 WLR 676Re BCCI SA (No 8) AC 214Re Brumark Investments Ltd UKPC 28Re Spectrum Plus Ltd UKHL 41see Security interest in UK company law Notes ^ Ch 441, 455 ^ AC 613, 623 References
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UK insolvency law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_insolvency_law"},{"link_name":"security interest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_interest"}],"text":"Knightsbridge Estates Trust Ltd v Byrne [1940] AC 613 is a UK insolvency law case, concerning the creation of a security interest.","title":"Knightsbridge Estates Trust Ltd v Byrne"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"loan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loan"},{"link_name":"insurance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurance"},{"link_name":"equity of redemption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equity_of_redemption"},{"link_name":"Companies Act 1929","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companies_Act_1929"},{"link_name":"Companies Act 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companies_Act_2006"},{"link_name":"Court of Appeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_of_England_and_Wales"},{"link_name":"Lord Greene MR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilfred_Greene,_1st_Baron_Greene"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Knightsbridge Estates wished to pay off the principle sum of the £310,000 loan from Mr Byrne’s insurance company. However, the contract stated the repayments would be made over 40 years, twice a year. If Knightsbridge paid off the principal early, it would reduce the total amount of interest it would pay to Mr Byrne. Knightsbridge Estates argued that the long repayment schedule was a clog on the equity of redemption. Byrne argued that because the loan counted as a debenture, under Companies Act 1929 section 74 (now Companies Act 2006, section 739) it was exempt from the rule of equity on clogs of redemption and the contract stayed as it was created.In the Court of Appeal, Lord Greene MR[1] held that the loan was a debenture. He said that this was ‘a commercial agreement between two important corporations, experienced in such matters, and has none of the features of an oppressive bargain.’","title":"Facts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"House of Lords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_functions_of_the_House_of_Lords"},{"link_name":"Viscount Maugham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic_Maugham,_1st_Viscount_Maugham"},{"link_name":"freedom of contract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_contract"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Lord Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Wright,_Baron_Wright"},{"link_name":"Lord Atkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Atkin,_Baron_Atkin"},{"link_name":"Lord Romer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Romer,_Baron_Romer"},{"link_name":"void","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Void_(law)"},{"link_name":"Lord Porter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Porter,_Baron_Porter"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Clist_co_security"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Clist_co_security"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Clist_co_security"},{"link_name":"Holroyd v Marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holroyd_v_Marshall"},{"link_name":"British India Steam Navigation Co v IRC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_India_Steam_Navigation_Co_v_IRC"},{"link_name":"Salomon v A Salomon & Co Ltd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salomon_v_A_Salomon_%26_Co_Ltd"},{"link_name":"Re Yorkshire Woolcombers Association Ltd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illingworth_v_Houldsworth"},{"link_name":"National Provincial Bank v Charnley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Provincial_Bank_v_Charnley"},{"link_name":"Barclays Bank Ltd v Quistclose Ltd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barclays_Bank_Ltd_v_Quistclose_Investments_Ltd"},{"link_name":"[1968] UKHL 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKHL/1968/4.html"},{"link_name":"British Eagle Ltd v Cie Nationale Air France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Eagle_International_Airlines_Ltd_v_Compagnie_Nationale_Air_France"},{"link_name":"Aluminium BV v Romalpa Aluminium Ltd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_Industrie_Vaassen_BV_v_Romalpa_Aluminium_Ltd"},{"link_name":"Re BCCI SA (No 8)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re_Bank_of_Credit_and_Commerce_International_SA_(No_8)"},{"link_name":"Re Brumark Investments Ltd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re_Brumark_Investments_Ltd"},{"link_name":"[2001] UKPC 28","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKPC/2001/28.html"},{"link_name":"Re Spectrum Plus Ltd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re_Spectrum_Plus_Ltd"},{"link_name":"[2005] UKHL 41","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKHL/2005/41.html"},{"link_name":"Security interest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_interest"},{"link_name":"UK company law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_company_law"}],"text":"The House of Lords upheld the Court of Appeal. Viscount Maugham gave the leading judgment holding that the loan was a debenture. He added that it could be a debenture for this provision of the Act, even if a mortgage might not be a debenture under every provision of the Act.My Lords, loans made to limited companies on the security of their assets are in general very different from loans made to individuals. Companies may be wound up, in which event their debts have, if possible, to be paid, but they do not die. To the knowledge of both the company and the lender, the loan is intended in most cases to be of the nature of a permanent investment. The former can only in the rarest of circumstances be at the mercy of the latter. There is no likelihood of oppression being exerted against the company. Considerations such as these make it manifest that clauses in debentures issued by companies making them irredeemable or redeemable only after long periods of time or on contingencies ought to be given validity. It may be conceded that the ground for excluding the rule in equity is stronger in the case of a series of debentures issued in one of the usual forms than in the case of mortgages of land to an individual; but some of the reasons still remain. It is difficult to see any real unfairness in a normal commercial agreement between a company and (for example) an insurance society for a loan to the former on the security of its real estate for a very prolonged term of years. Both parties may be equally desirous that the mortgage may have the quality of permanence. There is a great deal to be said in such a case for freedom of contract.[2]Lord Wright and Lord Atkin concurred.Lord Romer gave a concurring judgment holding that the mortgage constituted a debenture under the Companies Act 1929 section 380 and was therefore not void under Companies Act 1929, section 74.Lord Porter concurred.vteCases on secured debtHolroyd v Marshall (1862) 10 HLC 191British India Steam Navigation Co v IRC (1881) 7 QBD 165Salomon v A Salomon & Co Ltd [1897] AC 22Re Yorkshire Woolcombers Association Ltd [1903] 2 Ch 284National Provincial Bank v Charnley [1924] 1 KB 431Barclays Bank Ltd v Quistclose Ltd [1968] UKHL 4British Eagle Ltd v Cie Nationale Air France [1975] 1 WLR 758Aluminium BV v Romalpa Aluminium Ltd [1976] 1 WLR 676Re BCCI SA (No 8) [1998] AC 214Re Brumark Investments Ltd [2001] UKPC 28Re Spectrum Plus Ltd [2005] UKHL 41see Security interest in UK company law","title":"Judgment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"}],"text":"^ [1939] Ch 441, 455\n\n^ [1940] AC 613, 623","title":"Notes"}]
[]
null
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Bush,_Indiana
Red Bush, Indiana
["1 History","2 Geography","3 References"]
Coordinates: 37°56′18″N 87°16′19″W / 37.93833°N 87.27194°W / 37.93833; -87.27194 Unincorporated community in Indiana, United StatesRed Bush, IndianaUnincorporated communityRed BushShow map of IndianaRed BushShow map of the United StatesCoordinates: 37°56′18″N 87°16′19″W / 37.93833°N 87.27194°W / 37.93833; -87.27194CountryUnited StatesStateIndianaCountyWarrickTownshipAndersonElevation410 ft (125 m)Time zoneUTC-6 (Central (CST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT)ZIP code47630Area code(s)812, 930GNIS feature ID441819 Red Bush is an unincorporated community in Anderson Township, Warrick County, in the U.S. state of Indiana. History A post office was established at Red Bush in 1871, and remained in operation until it was discontinued in 1875. Geography Red Bush is located at 37°56′18″N 87°16′19″W / 37.93833°N 87.27194°W / 37.93833; -87.27194. References ^ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved July 9, 2016. ^ "Red Bush, Indiana". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved July 9, 2016. ^ "Warrick County". Jim Forte Postal History. Retrieved October 3, 2015. vteMunicipalities and communities of Warrick County, Indiana, United StatesCounty seat: BoonvilleCity Boonville Map of Indiana highlighting Warrick CountyTowns Chandler Elberfeld Lynnville Newburgh Tennyson Townships Anderson Boon Campbell Greer Hart Lane Ohio Owen Pigeon Skelton CDP Folsomville Othercommunities Ash Iron Springs Baugh City Bullocktown Center Dayville De Gonia Springs Dickeyville Eames Eby Fisherville Graham Valley Greenbrier Heilman Hemenway Hillcrest Terrace Jarretts Jockey Millersburg New Hope Paradise Pelzer Red Bush Rolling Acres Rosebud Rustic Hills Saint John Scalesville Selvin Stanley Stevenson Turpin Hill Vanada Victoria Wheatonville Yankeetown Ghost townsLoafers Station Indiana portal United States portal This Warrick County, Indiana location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_C._Kraft,_Jr.
Christopher C. Kraft Jr.
["1 Early life and education","2 NACA career","3 Flight director","3.1 Flight operations","3.2 Mercury","3.3 Gemini","3.4 Apollo 1 fire","3.5 Public profile","3.6 Relations with astronaut corps","4 Manager and mentor","4.1 Apollo mission planning","4.2 Apollo missions","4.3 Mentor","5 Center director","6 Retirement","6.1 Consultant","6.2 Autobiography","7 Personal life","8 Awards and honors","9 In media","10 References","11 Works cited","12 External links"]
American aerospace engineer (1924–2019) "Chris Kraft" redirects here. For uses of Chris Craft, see Chris Craft (disambiguation). Christopher C. Kraft Jr.Kraft as director of Johnson Space Center in 1979BornChristopher Columbus Kraft Jr.(1924-02-28)February 28, 1924Phoebus, Virginia, U.S.DiedJuly 22, 2019(2019-07-22) (aged 95)Houston, Texas, U.S.Alma materVirginia Tech (BS)Occupation(s)NASA flight directorDirector of Johnson Space CenterSpouse Betty Anne Kraft ​(m. 1950)​Children2AwardsNASA Outstanding Leadership Medal (1963)NASA Distinguished Service Medal (1969, 1969, 1981, 1982)ASME Medal (1973)Roger W. Jones Award for Executive Leadership (1979) Christopher Columbus Kraft Jr. (February 28, 1924 – July 22, 2019) was an American aerospace and NASA engineer who was instrumental in establishing the agency's Mission Control Center and shaping its organization and culture. His protégé Glynn Lunney said in 1998: "the Control Center today ... is a reflection of Chris Kraft". Following his 1944 graduation from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University with a degree in aeronautical engineering, Kraft was hired by the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA), the predecessor organization to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). He worked for over a decade in aeronautical research and in 1958 joined the Space Task Group, a small team entrusted with the responsibility of putting America's first man in space. Assigned to the flight operations division, Kraft became NASA's first flight director. He was on duty during America's first crewed spaceflight, first crewed orbital flight, and first spacewalk. At the beginning of the Apollo program, Kraft retired as a flight director to concentrate on management and mission planning. In 1972, he became director of the Manned Spacecraft Center (later Johnson Space Center), following his mentor Robert R. Gilruth, and held the position until his retirement in 1982. Later, Kraft consulted for companies such as IBM and Rockwell International. In 1994, he was appointed chairman of a panel to make NASA's Space Shuttle program more cost effective. The panel's controversial report, known as the Kraft report, recommended that NASA's Space Shuttle operations should be outsourced to a private contractor. It also recommended that NASA cut back on the organizational changes intended to improve safety that were made after the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster. This attracted even more critical comment after the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster. Kraft published his autobiography Flight: My Life in Mission Control in 2001. The Mission Control Center building was named after him in 2011. When he received the National Space Trophy from the Rotary Club in 1999, the organization described him as "a driving force in the U.S. human space flight program from its beginnings to the Space Shuttle era, a man whose accomplishments have become legendary". Early life and education Christopher Columbus Kraft Jr. was born in Phoebus, Virginia, on February 28, 1924. He was named after his father, Christopher Columbus Kraft, who was born in New York City in 1892 near the newly renamed Columbus Circle. Kraft's father, the son of Bavarian immigrants, had found his name an embarrassment, but passed it along to his son nonetheless. In later years, Kraft—as well as other commentators—would consider it peculiarly appropriate. Kraft commented in his autobiography that, with the choice of his name, "some of my life's direction was settled from the start". His mother, Vanda Olivia (née Suddreth), was a nurse. As a boy, Kraft played in an American Legion drum-and-bugle corps and became the state champion bugler. He went to school in Phoebus, where the only school went to the ninth grade and attended Hampton High School. He was a keen baseball player and continued to play the sport in college; one year he had a batting average of .340. In September 1941, Kraft began his studies at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech) and became a Cadet in the Corps of Cadets as a member of N-Squadron. The United States entered World War II in December 1941, and he attempted to enlist in the United States Navy as a V-12 aviation cadet, but was rejected because of a burned right hand that he had suffered at age three. He graduated in December 1944 with a Bachelor of Science degree in aeronautical engineering. NACA career On graduation, Kraft accepted a job with the Chance Vought aircraft company in Connecticut. He had also applied to the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA), a government agency whose Langley Research Center was in Hampton, Virginia; Kraft considered it to be too close to home, but applied as a back-up if he was not accepted elsewhere. On arrival at Chance Vought he was told that he could not be hired without his birth certificate, which he had not brought with him. Annoyed by the bureaucratic mindset of the company, he decided to accept the offer from NACA instead. In the 1940s, NACA was a research and development organization, devoted to cutting-edge aeronautical research. At the Langley Research Center, advanced wind tunnels were used to test new aircraft designs, and studies were taking place on new concepts such as the Bell X-1 rocket plane. Kraft was assigned to the flight research division, where Robert R. Gilruth was then head of research. His work with NACA included the development of an early example of gust alleviation systems for aircraft flying in turbulent air. This involved compensating for variations in the atmosphere by automatically deflecting the control surfaces. He investigated wingtip vortices, and discovered that they, and not prop-wash, are responsible for most of the wake turbulence in the air that trails flying aircraft. Although he enjoyed his work, Kraft found it increasingly stressful, especially since he did not consider himself to be a strong theoretician. In 1956, he was diagnosed with an ulcer and started thinking about a change of career. Flight director Flight operations In 1957, the Russian flight of Sputnik 1 prompted the United States to accelerate its fledgling space program. On July 29, 1958, President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed the National Aeronautics and Space Act, which established NASA and subsumed NACA within this newly created organization. Langley Research Center became a part of NASA, as did Langley employees such as Kraft. Even before NASA began its official existence in October, Kraft was invited by Gilruth to become a part of a new group that was working on the problems of putting a man into orbit. Without much hesitation, he accepted the offer. When the Space Task Group was officially formed on November 5, Kraft became one of the original 33 personnel (25 of them engineers) to be assigned. This marked the beginning of America's man-in-space program, which came to be called Project Mercury. As a member of the Space Task Group, Kraft was assigned to the flight operations division, which made plans and arrangements for the operation of the Mercury spacecraft during flight and for the control and monitoring of missions from the ground. Kraft became the assistant to Chuck Mathews, the head of the division, and was given the responsibility of putting together a mission plan. Given Mathews' casual analysis of the problem, it almost sounded simple: "Chris, you come up with a basic mission plan. You know, the bottom-line stuff on how we fly a man from a launch pad into space and back again. It would be good if you kept him alive." When Kraft began to plan NASA's flight operations, no human being had yet flown in space. In fact, the task before him was vast, requiring attention to flight plans, timelines, procedures, mission rules, spacecraft tracking, telemetry, ground support, telecommunications networks and contingency management. Mission Control Center as it was during Project Mercury One of Kraft's most important contributions to crewed spaceflight would be his origination of the concept of a mission control center. Many of the engineers in Project Mercury had previously worked on the flight test of aircraft, where the role for ground support was minimal. Kraft soon realized that an astronaut could only do so much, particularly during the fast-moving launch phase; the Mercury spacecraft would require real time monitoring and support from specialist engineers. "I saw a team of highly skilled engineers, each one an expert on a different piece of the Mercury capsule. We'd have a flow of accurate telemetry data so the experts could monitor their systems, see and even predict problems, and pass along instructions to the astronaut." These concepts shaped the Mercury Control Center, which was at Cape Canaveral in Florida. Another important concept pioneered by Kraft was the idea of the flight director, the man who would coordinate the team of engineers and make real-time decisions about the conduct of the mission. As Mathews later recalled, Kraft came to him one day saying, "There needs to be someone in charge of the flights while they're actually going on, and I want to be that person." In this informal way, the position of flight director was created. A pivotal experience for Kraft was the flight of Mercury-Atlas 5, which sent a chimpanzee named Enos on the first American orbital spaceflight carrying a live passenger. Coverage of these early missions that carried non-human passengers could often be tongue-in-cheek; a Time magazine article on the flight, for example, was titled "Meditative Chimponaut". Yet Kraft viewed them as important tests for the men and procedures of Mission Control, and as rehearsals for the crewed missions that would follow. Originally, the flight of Mercury-Atlas 5 had been intended to last for three orbits. The failure of one of the hydrogen peroxide jets controlling the spacecraft's attitude forced Kraft to make the decision to bring the capsule back to Earth after two orbits. After the flight, astronaut John Glenn stated that he believed a human passenger would have been able to bring the capsule under control without the need for an early re-entry, thus (in the words of Time) "affirming the superiority of astronauts over chimponauts." Yet for Kraft, the flight of Enos represented proof of the importance of real-time decision-making in Mission Control. It gave him a sense of the responsibility he would have for the lives of others, whether human or chimpanzee. Mercury Kraft works at his console inside the Flight Control area of the Mercury Control Center. Kraft served as flight director during all six of the crewed Mercury missions. During the final flight—Mercury-Atlas 9, which lasted for over a day—he shared responsibility with his deputy John Hodge. Mercury-Atlas 6, the February 20, 1962, flight of John Glenn, was a testing experience both for Mission Control and for Kraft. Space historians Charles Murray and Catherine Bly Cox described it as "the single event that decisively shaped Flight Operations". The mission was the first orbital flight by an American, and unfolded normally until Glenn began his second orbit. At that point Kraft's systems controller, Don Arabian, reported that telemetry was showing a "Segment 51" indicator. This suggested that the capsule's landing bag, which was meant to deploy upon splashdown in order to provide a cushion, might have deployed early. Kraft believed that the Segment 51 indicator was due to faulty instrumentation rather than to an actual early deployment. If he was wrong, it would mean that the capsule's heat shield, which fitted on top of the landing bag, was now loose. A loose heat shield could cause the capsule to burn up during re-entry. On consulting with his flight controllers, Kraft became convinced that the indication was false, and that no action was needed. His superiors, including Mercury capsule designer Max Faget, overruled Kraft, telling him to instruct Glenn to leave the capsule's retrorocket package on during re-entry. The reasoning was that the package, which was strapped over the heat shield, would hold the heat shield in place if it was loose. Kraft, however, felt that this was an unacceptable risk. "I was aghast," he remembered. "If any of three retrorockets had solid fuel remaining, an explosion could rip everything apart." Yet he agreed to follow the plan advocated by Faget and by Walt Williams, his superior in the flight operations division. The retrorockets would be kept on. Chris Kraft (seated) confers with Walt Williams and others during Mercury-Atlas 9. Glenn landed safely, but an inspection of his capsule revealed that one of the landing bag switches had been faulty. Kraft was right; the heat shield had not been loose after all. The lessons that he drew from this experience were clear. "My flight controllers and I were a lot closer to the systems and to events than anyone in top management. From now on, I swore, they'd pay hell before they overruled any decision I made." His assistant on the mission, Gene Kranz, considered Glenn's flight "the turning point ... in Kraft's evolution as a flight director." Before the flight of Mercury-Atlas 7, Kraft had objected to the choice of Scott Carpenter as the astronaut for the mission, telling Walt Williams that Carpenter's lack of engineering skills might put the mission or his own life in danger. The mission suffered from problems including an unusually high rate of fuel usage, a malfunctioning horizon indicator, a delayed retrofire for re-entry, and a splashdown that was 250 nmi (460 km) downrange from the target area. Throughout the mission, Kraft found himself frustrated by the vagueness of Carpenter's communications with Mission Control, and what he perceived as Carpenter's inattention to his duties. "Part of the problem," he recalled, "was that Carpenter either didn't understand or was ignoring my instructions." While some of these problems were due to mechanical failures, and responsibility for some of the others is still being debated, Kraft did not hesitate to assign blame to Carpenter, and continued to speak out about the mission for decades afterwards. His autobiography, written in 2001, reopened the issue; the chapter that dealt with the flight of Mercury-Atlas 7 was titled "The Man Malfunctioned". In a letter to The New York Times, Carpenter called the book "vindictive and skewed", and offered a different assessment of the reasons for Kraft's frustration: "in space things happen so fast that only the pilot knows what to do, and even ground control can't help. Maybe that's why he is still fuming after all these years." Gemini During the Gemini program, Kraft's role changed again. He was now the head of mission operations, in charge of a team of flight directors, although still also serving as a flight director. Due to the greater length of Gemini missions, Mission Control was now manned on a three-shift basis. "Clearly, with flight control facing a learning curve," space historian David Harland has said, "these arrangements were an experiment in their own right." Yet, Kraft proved to be remarkably successful at passing on responsibility to his fellow flight directors—arguably too successful, as Gene Kranz found during his first shift handover on Gemini 4. As Kranz recalled, "He just said, 'You're in charge,' and walked out." During Gemini 5, Kraft (seated at center of console) confers with flight controllers and astronauts. Malfunctioning fuel cells nearly forced the early end of the mission. The Gemini program represented a string of firsts for NASA—the first flight with two astronauts, the first rendezvous in space, the first spacewalk—and Kraft was on duty during many of these historic events. America's first spacewalk happened during the Gemini 4 mission; Kraft, at his console, found that he had to force himself to concentrate on his work, distracted by Ed White's "mesmerizing" descriptions of the Earth below. He could easily understand the euphoria that White felt at the spectacle, yet he also was mindful of the discipline required to keep the flight safe. White delayed his return to the capsule, and a communication problem prevented capsule communicator Gus Grissom from getting the crew to hear the order to terminate the spacewalk. When contact was finally re-established, Kraft expressed his frustration on his ground link to Grissom: "The Flight Director says 'Get back in!'" After Gemini 7, Kraft stepped back from his work at Mission Control, allowing other flight directors to take charge of the remaining missions so that he could devote more time to planning for the Apollo program. He served on two review boards at North American Aviation, the contractor responsible for the Apollo capsule. Yet Kraft still felt pangs at not being at the center of the action, particularly after the emergency re-entry of Gemini 8. Both astronauts and mission controllers had made the right decisions, but, as Kraft confessed to Robert Gilruth, he found himself wishing that he had been the one on the spot. Apollo 1 fire With the beginning of the Apollo program, Kraft expected to resume at Mission Control. He would have been lead flight director on the first crewed Apollo mission (later known as Apollo 1), scheduled to launch in early 1967. On January 27, 1967, the three crew members were killed in a fire during a countdown test on the pad. At the time, Kraft was in Mission Control in Houston, listening in on the Cape test conductor's voice loop. There was nothing anyone could do; before the crew at the pad could get the door open, the three astronauts were dead, having been overcome by toxic gases. Kraft was asked by Betty Grissom, the widow of astronaut Gus Grissom, to be one of the pallbearers at Grissom's funeral at Arlington National Cemetery, Virginia. Public profile Kraft was a household name in America throughout the 1960s. He appeared on the cover of the August 27, 1965, issue of Time, profiled as the "Conductor in a Command Post". In the article, he compared himself to Christopher Columbus, and displayed what the magazine described as "an almost angry pride" in his work. "We know a lot more about what we have to do than he did" Kraft said. "And we know where we're going." The article described Kraft's role in the Gemini 5 mission, and drew on his frequent comparisons of his position as flight director with that of an orchestra conductor. "The conductor can't play all the instruments—he may not even be able to play any one of them. But he knows when the first violin should be playing, and he knows when the trumpets should be loud or soft, and when the drummer should be drumming. He mixes all this up and out comes music. That's what we do here." Kraft was surprised at Time's decision to put him on the cover and told the NASA public affairs officer that "they've got the wrong guy. It should be Bob Gilruth ... not me." He eventually came to terms with the idea, and the portrait painted for the cover became one of his prized possessions. Relations with astronaut corps After John Glenn's flight, Kraft had vowed that he would no longer allow his decisions as flight director to be overruled by anyone outside Mission Control. The mission rules, whose drafting had been overseen by Kraft, stated that "the flight director may, after analysis of the flight, choose to take any necessary action required for the successful completion of the mission." For Kraft, the power that the flight director held over every aspect of the mission extended to his control over the actions of the astronauts. In his 1965 interview with Time, he stated: "he guy on the ground ultimately controls the mission. There's no question about that in my mind or in the astronauts' minds. They are going to do what he says." Occasionally, Kraft intervened in order to ensure that his conception of the flight director's authority was maintained. By the time that the Apollo 7 mission flew, he had been promoted to head of the flight operations division; thus, it was Glynn Lunney who served as lead flight director and had to deal directly with behavior by the crew that Kraft considered "insubordinate". As Kraft commented in his memoirs, "it was like having a ringside seat at the Wally Schirra Bitch Circus". Mission commander Wally Schirra, annoyed by last-minute changes in the crew's schedule and suffering from a bad cold, repeatedly refused to accept orders from the ground. Although Schirra's actions were successful in the short term, Kraft decreed in consultation with astronaut chief Deke Slayton that none of the Apollo 7 crew would fly again. Schirra had decided before the flight that he would retire after Apollo 7. Kraft had made a similar pronouncement before, in the case of astronaut Scott Carpenter. After Carpenter's troubled Mercury mission, Kraft wrote, "I swore an oath that Scott Carpenter would never again fly in space." The result: "He didn't." Manager and mentor Apollo mission planning After the Apollo 1 fire in 1967, Kraft had reluctantly concluded that his responsibilities as a manager would keep him from serving as a flight director on the next crewed mission, Apollo 7, and on missions thereafter. Henceforth his involvement in the Apollo program would be at a higher level. As the director of Flight Operations, Kraft was closely involved in planning the broad outlines of the program. He was one of the first NASA managers to become involved in the decision to send Apollo 8 on a circumlunar flight. Due to problems with Lunar Module development in 1968, NASA faced the possibility of a full Apollo test mission being delayed until 1969. As a substitute, George Low, the manager of the Apollo Spacecraft Program Office, came up with the idea of assigning a new mission profile to Apollo 8, one that could be flown without the lunar module. The idea was discussed in early August at a meeting between Low, Kraft, Gilruth and Deke Slayton: "The four of us ... had become an unofficial committee that got together often in Bob's office to discuss problems, plans and off-the-wall ideas. Not much happened in Gemini or Apollo that didn't either originate with us or with our input." Low's plan was to fly the mission in December, which left little time for the flight operations division to train and prepare. After agreeing that the mission was possible in principle, Kraft went to his mission planners and flight directors in order to determine whether they and their teams could be ready within the tight schedule that was projected. "My head was abuzz with the things we'd have to do," remembered Kraft. "But it was one hell of a challenge." On August 9, Gilruth, Low, Kraft and Slayton flew to Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama, where they briefed NASA managers including Wernher von Braun and Rocco Petrone on the planned mission. On August 14, they, along with the Huntsville group, traveled to NASA Headquarters in Washington, D.C. to brief Deputy Administrator Thomas O. Paine. In turn, Paine recommended the mission to Administrator James E. Webb, who gave Kraft and his colleagues the authority to begin preparations for the mission. In planning for Apollo 8, one of the responsibilities Kraft faced was ensuring that a fleet would be waiting to recover the crew when they splashed down at the end of the mission. This proved an unusual challenge, because much of the Navy's Pacific Fleet would be on leave over the Christmas and New Year's Eve period. Kraft had to personally meet with Admiral John McCain in order to persuade him to make the requisite resources available to NASA. Apollo missions Chris Kraft and Robert R. Gilruth pictured in Mission Control Center On Christmas Eve, 1968, Apollo 8 went into orbit around the Moon. Only ten years earlier, Kraft had joined Gilruth's newly founded Space Task Group. Now, the two men sat together in Mission Control, reflecting on how far they had come. Around them, the room was filled with cheers, but Kraft and Gilruth celebrated more quietly. "It was glorious pandemonium, and through the mist in my own eyes, I saw Bob Gilruth wiping at his and hoping that no one saw him crying. I put my hand on his arm and squeezed.  He lifted my hand from his arm and shook it strongly. There were no words from either of us. The lumps in our throats held them back." Kraft again found himself a spectator during the landing of Apollo 11, which he viewed from Mission Control, sitting with Gilruth and George Low. He played a more active role in events during the unfolding of the Apollo 13 crisis. Called into Mission Control by Gene Kranz almost immediately after the accident, he led discussions on whether Apollo 13 should attempt a direct abort, or go around the Moon and return on a free trajectory; the latter option was taken. Mentor Many Apollo engineers, later to become top managers, considered Kraft to have been one of the best managers in the program. He personally hand-picked and trained an entire generation of NASA flight directors, including John Hodge, Glynn Lunney and Gene Kranz, the last of whom referred to Kraft as "The Teacher". In the words of the space historians Murray and Cox, Kraft "set the tone for one of the most striking features of Flight Operations: unquestioning trust—not of superiors by subordinates, but the other way around." Kraft with his new flight directors before the Gemini 4 mission. (Clockwise from lower right: Kraft, Gene Kranz, Glynn Lunney and John Hodge). The principles that Kraft had inculcated continued to have an impact at Johnson Space Center long after he retired. As Lunney reflected in 1998: "He ... instilled a sense of what was right, what was wrong, what you had to do, how good you had to be, and those standards that he kind of inbred into everybody, by his own example, and by what he did with us, continue today. The Control Center today ... is a reflection of Chris Kraft." Kraft could, however, be a tough taskmaster, making it clear that there was no place in the flight operations division for those who failed to live up to his exacting standards. "To err is human", went one of his favorite sayings, "but to do so more than once is contrary to Flight Operations Directorate policy." Subordinates who seriously displeased Kraft could find themselves deprived of the opportunity to make it up to him. Kraft possessed the power to end careers at Johnson Space Center; as mission controller Sy Liebergot recalled, "if he was behind you, you had as much leverage as you needed; if he was against you, you were dead meat." Center director Kraft shows President Ronald Reagan around Mission Control during the STS-2 mission in 1981. In 1969, Kraft was named deputy director of the Manned Spacecraft Center (MSC). On January 14, 1972, he became the director of the MSC, replacing Gilruth, for whom Kraft had worked since his arrival at Langley in 1945. Space commentator Anthony Young has described Kraft as a "superb successor" to Gilruth, second only to him in the history of center directors. Kraft was eligible to retire in the early 1980s, but he chose not to take the option. He remained as center director in the status of a "reemployed annuitant," receiving his government pension, but still employed by NASA. In 1981 he had been involved in a conflict with the NASA Administrator and other top officials over the conduct of the STS-2 mission, and over issues relating to NASA organization and management. This contributed to making his position at NASA more tenuous. In April 1982, Kraft made what newspaper reports called a "surprise announcement" that he intended to step down as center director at the end of the year. He denied that his resignation had anything to do with the threatened possibility of Johnson Space Center losing its leading role in Space Shuttle operations or in the development of NASA's Space Station Freedom. Retirement Consultant After his retirement, Kraft served as a consultant for Rockwell International and IBM, and as director-at-large of the Houston Chamber of Commerce. In 1994, he was appointed chairman of the space shuttle management independent review team, a panel made up of leading aerospace experts, whose remit was to investigate how NASA could make its Space Shuttle program more cost effective. The panel's report, known as the Kraft report, was published in February 1995. It recommended that NASA's Space Shuttle operations should be outsourced to a single private contractor, and that "NASA should consider ... progression towards the privatization of the space shuttle." It criticized the effect of safety changes made by NASA after the Challenger disaster, saying that they had "created a safety environment that is duplicative and expensive." Fundamental to the report was the idea that the Space Shuttle had become "a mature and reliable system ... about as safe as today's technology will provide." The report was controversial even at the time of its publication. John Pike, space policy director for the Federation of American Scientists, commented that "the Kraft report is a recipe for disaster. They are basically saying dismantle the safety and quality assurance mechanisms set in place after the Challenger accident." NASA's Aerospace Safety Advisory Panel took issue with the report, saying in May 1995 that "the assumption that the Space Shuttle systems are now 'mature' smacks of a complacency which may lead to serious mishaps." Nonetheless, NASA accepted the recommendations of the report, and in November 1995, responsibility for shuttle operations was turned over to the United Space Alliance. Nine years later, the Kraft report was again criticized, this time by the Columbia Accident Investigation Board (CAIB) as part of its consideration of the organizational and cultural causes of the Columbia disaster. "The report," it said, "characterized the Space Shuttle program in a way that the Board judges to be at odds with the realities of the Shuttle Program." According to the CAIB, the Kraft report had contributed to the undesirable safety culture within NASA, allowing NASA to view the shuttle as an operational—rather than experimental—vehicle, and distracting attention from continuing engineering anomalies. Autobiography In 2001, Kraft published his autobiography, Flight: My Life in Mission Control. It dealt with his life up until the end of the Apollo program, only briefly mentioning his time as center director in the epilogue. The New York Times review space writer Henry S. F. Cooper Jr. called it a "highly readable memoir", while the Kirkus Review summed it up as a "nappy, highly detailed account of ... 20th century America's most dramatic technological achievement." Reviewers almost unanimously commented on the outspokenness of Kraft's storytelling, and his readiness to personally criticize those with whom he had disagreed. Cooper noted that Kraft "pull no punches about some of shortcomings", and Kliatt magazine said that he "isn't afraid to name names". Personal life Kraft speaks at a ceremony for the renaming of the Mission Control Center in his honor, April 14, 2011 In 1950, Kraft married Betty Anne Kraft (née Turnbull) whom he had met in high school. They had two children, Gordon and Kristi-Anne. In his autobiography, Kraft acknowledged the sacrifices that his family had made as a result of his work for NASA, saying that "I was ... more of a remote authority figure to Gordon and Kristi-Anne than a typical American father." Kraft was an Episcopalian, serving as a lay reader at his local church. During the sixties, the Kraft family was deeply involved in church activities: Betty Anne taught Sunday school and served on the altar guild; Gordon was an acolyte; and Kristi-Anne sang in the choir. In addition to his duties as a lay reader, Kraft spent some time teaching a class in adult Bible study. As he recalled: "I lacked the fundamentalist verve and drove people away when I tried too hard to relate the early church to more modern interpretations. It was hard not to be modern when I spent my working days sending men into space." Kraft had been an avid golfer ever since he was introduced to the game in the 1940s by his friend and NASA colleague Sig Sjoberg. He cited the good golfing as a reason for staying in Houston after his retirement. Kraft died on July 22, 2019, in Houston, aged 95, two days after the 50th anniversary of the Apollo 11 moonwalks. The cause was not announced. Awards and honors Time capsule placed in Kraft's honor at Air Power Park in Hampton, Virginia Kraft received numerous awards and honors for his work. At the end of the Mercury program, he was invited to attend a ceremony in the White House Rose Garden, where he received the NASA Outstanding Leadership Medal from President John F. Kennedy and Administrator of NASA James E. Webb. "None of us have many days in our lives like that one," Kraft remembered. The NASA Distinguished Service Medal was awarded to him twice in 1969 (for Apollo 8 and Apollo 11), in 1981 for the Space Shuttle, and in 1982 as a special award. He won the Distinguished Citizen Award, given to him by the city of Hampton, Virginia in 1966; the John J. Montgomery Award in 1963; the ASME Medal in 1973; and the Goddard Memorial Trophy, awarded by the National Space Club, and the Roger W. Jones Award for Executive Leadership in 1979. In 1999, he was awarded the National Space Trophy from the Rotary National Award for Space Achievement Foundation, which described him as "a driving force in the U.S. human space flight program from its beginnings to the Space Shuttle era, a man whose accomplishments have become legendary". In 2006, NASA gave Kraft the Ambassador of Exploration Award, which carried with it a sample of lunar material brought back by Apollo 11. Kraft in turn presented the award to his alma mater, Virginia Tech, for display in its College of Engineering. He was inducted into the National Aviation Hall of Fame, on October 1, 2016. The Mission Control Center at the Johnson Space Center was renamed the Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Mission Control Center in his honor in 2011, and Kraft Elementary School in Hampton, Virginia, near his hometown, was named for him. In media Kraft was portrayed by Stephen Root in the 1998 miniseries From the Earth to the Moon. He has been interviewed in numerous documentaries about the space program, including Apollo 13: To the Edge and Back (PBS). In 2018, he was portrayed in the film First Man by J. D. Evermore. In 2020, he was portrayed in the mini-series The Right Stuff by Eric Ladin. References ^ a b Lunney, Glynn (March 9, 1998). "Oral History Transcript" (PDF). Johnson Space Center Oral History Project (Interview). Interviewed by Neal, Roy. Houston, Texas: NASA. p. 23. Retrieved February 4, 2022. ^ a b c d e Nystrom, Lynn (April 26, 2002). "Kraft selected 2002 Ruffner Medal recipient" (PDF). Virginia Spectrum. Vol. 24, no. 31. Virginia Tech. Retrieved February 1, 2022. ^ a b Kraft, Flight, p. 10. ^ Kraft, Flight, p. 11 ^ a b c d Truly, Christopher C. Kraft Jr. 1924–2019, p. 168 ^ Kraft, Flight, p. 15. ^ Kraft, Flight, p. 10 ^ a b c Nichols, Bruce (May 1, 1982). "Chris Kraft: "A giant among people ..."". United Press International. Retrieved February 2, 2022. ^ Kraft, Flight, pp. 24–25 ^ a b Kraft, Flight, pp. 26–31 ^ Bilstein, pp. 31–38 ^ Kraft, Flight, pp. 48–49 ^ Kraft, light Measurements of the Velocity Distribution and Persistence of the Trailing Vortices of an Airplane, p. 1 ^ von Ehrenfried, The Birth of NASA, p. 237 ^ Kraft, Flight, pp. 56–57 ^ Hansen, Spaceflight Revolution, pp. 1–3 ^ Swenson, Grimwood and Alexander, This New Ocean, p. 114 ^ Kraft, Flight, pp. 66–67 ^ Swenson, Grimwood and Alexander, This New Ocean, p. 132 ^ a b Kraft, Flight, p. 68 ^ Kraft, Flight, pp. 68–70 ^ Swenson, Grimwood and Alexander, This New Ocean, pp. 272–273 ^ Murray and Cox, Apollo, p. 254 ^ a b Murray and Cox, Apollo, p. 260 ^ Swenson, Grimwood and Alexander, This New Ocean, pp. 397–399, 402–407 ^ a b "Meditative Chimponaut". Time (magazine). December 8, 1961. Retrieved February 3, 2022. ^ Kraft, Flight, pp. 3–4 ^ Kraft, Flight, p. 153 ^ a b Murray and Cox, Apollo, p. 285 ^ Murray and Cox, Apollo, p. 266 ^ Murray and Cox, Apollo, p. 267 ^ a b Kraft, Flight, p. 159 ^ a b Kraft, Flight, p. 161 ^ Kranz, Failure is Not an Option, p. 77 ^ Kraft, Flight, p. 164 ^ "Results of the Second U.S. Manned Orbital Space Flight, May 24, 1962". NASA. 1962. Archived from the original on January 4, 2022. Retrieved November 19, 2006. ^ Kraft, Flight, p. 165 ^ Teitel, Amy Shira (October 14, 2013). "Mercury Astronaut Scott Carpenter and the Controversy Surrounding Aurora 7". Popular Science. Retrieved March 11, 2022. ^ Kraft, Flight, p. 162 ^ Carpenter, Scott (April 1, 2001). "Letters". The New York Times. Retrieved February 3, 2022. ^ Harland, How NASA Learned to Fly in Space, p. 64 ^ a b Murray and Cox, Apollo, p. 284 ^ Kraft, Flight, p. 221 ^ Harland, How NASA Learned to Fly in Space, p. 62 ^ Kraft, Flight, p. 252 ^ Kraft, Flight, p. 256 ^ Kraft, Flight, p. 270 ^ Brooks, Grimwood & Swenson, Chariots for Apollo, pp. 214–217 ^ Kraft, Flight, p. 271 ^ a b c d "Conductor in a Command Post". Time (magazine). August 27, 1965. Retrieved November 1, 2006. ^ Kraft, Flight, p. 227 ^ Kraft, Flight, p. 228 ^ Murray and Cox, Apollo, p. 282 ^ a b Kraft, Flight, p. 289 ^ Kraft, Flight, p. 291. ^ Cunningham, Walter (May 24, 1999). "Oral History" (PDF). Johnson Space Center Oral History Project (Interview). Interviewed by Stone, Ron. Houston, Texas: NASA. pp. 40–42. ^ Schirra, Schirra's Space, p. 189 ^ Kraft, Flight, p. 170 ^ a b Brooks, Grimwood and Swenson, Chariots for Apollo, pp. 272–274. ^ Kraft, Flight, p. 284 ^ Kraft, Flight, p. 285 ^ Kraft, Flight, pp. 295–296 ^ Kraft, Flight, p. 299. ^ Kraft, Flight, p. 316 ^ Kranz, Failure is Not an Option, p. 313 ^ Kranz, Failure is Not an Option, pp. 316–318 ^ Murray and Cox, Apollo, p. 262 ^ Honeycutt, Jay F. (March 22, 1999). "Oral History" (PDF) (Interview). Interviewed by Wright, Rebecca. Johnson Space Center Oral History Project. p. 14. ^ Liebergot, Apollo EECOM, p. 110. ^ Truly, Christopher C. Kraft Jr. 1924–2019, p. 172. ^ Young, Anthony (November 28, 2005). "Leadership at Johnson Space Center". The Space Review. Retrieved November 27, 2006. ^ Lunney, Glynn (January 13, 2000). "Oral History 9 Transcript" (PDF). Johnson Space Center Oral History Project (Interview). Interviewed by Butler, Carol. Houston, Texas: NASA. p. 7. Retrieved February 4, 2022. ^ Hutchinson, Neil B. (January 21, 2004). "Oral History 3 Transcript" (PDF). Johnson Space Center Oral History Project (Interview). Interviewed by Ross-Nazzal, Jennifer. Houston, Texas: NASA. pp. 3–4. Retrieved February 4, 2022. ^ "Space Pioneer Chris Kraft Resigns". United Press International. April 15, 1982. ^ Kraft report, p. 24. ^ Kraft report, p. 8. ^ Kraft report, p. 7. ^ Carreau, Mark; Clayton, William E. Jr. (March 16, 1995). "Shuttle's managers say go slow; Contractor plan stirs safety fears". Houston Chronicle. p. A17. Archived from the original on September 29, 2012. Retrieved January 7, 2007. ^ Quoted in Report of the Columbia Accident Investigation Board, volume 1, p. 108. ^ a b Report of the Columbia Accident Investigation Board, volume 1, p. 108 ^ Report of the Columbia Accident Investigation Board, volume 1, p. 118. ^ Kraft, Flight, p. 349 ^ a b Cooper, Henry S. F. Jr. (March 11, 2001). "Rocket Man". Book Review. The New York Times. p. 23. Retrieved December 2, 2006. ^ "From the Critics: Flight, My Life in Mission Control". Barnes & Noble.com. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved December 2, 2006. ^ Puffer, Raymond L. (May 2002). "Flight: my life in mission control—Book Review". Kliatt. Retrieved December 2, 2006. ^ Kraft, Flight, pp. 15–16, 44. ^ Kraft, Flight, p. 353. ^ Kraft, Flight, p. 326. ^ Bylinsky, Gene (August 15, 1965). "When the Countdown is 1..." The New York Times. Retrieved February 4, 2022. ^ Kraft, Flight, p. 235 ^ Kraft, Flight, p. 43. ^ "Chris Kraft". NASA. July 22, 2019. Archived from the original on March 22, 2022. Retrieved July 22, 2019. ^ McFadden, Robert D. (July 22, 2019). "Christopher Kraft, NASA's Face and Voice of Mission Control, Dies at 95". The New York Times. Retrieved July 22, 2019. ^ Pearlman, Robert Z. (July 23, 2019). "Chris Kraft, NASA's First Flight Director and Father of Mission Control, Dies at 95". Space.com. ^ Kraft, Flight, p. 187 ^ "Historical Recipient List" (PDF). NASA. Retrieved April 24, 2021. ^ "Christopher C. Kraft Jr". New Mexico Museum of Space History. Retrieved March 24, 2022. ^ "ASME Medal". ASME. Retrieved March 24, 2022. ^ "The Roger W. Jones Awardfor Executive Leadership" (PDF). American University. Retrieved March 24, 2022. ^ Nystrom, Lynn (2006). "Alumnus Chris Kraft presents Moon rock to College of Engineering". Virginia Tech. Archived from the original on August 23, 2007. Retrieved December 2, 2006. ^ "National Aviation Hall of Fame reveals names of four to be inducted in Class of 2016". The National Aviation Hall of Fame. Retrieved September 3, 2016. ^ "Kraft, Jr., Christopher C." National Aviation Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on February 1, 2022. Retrieved February 1, 2022. ^ "NASA pioneer honored; says he regrets shuttle end". San Diego Union-Tribune. Associated Press. April 14, 2011. ^ "History". Kraft Elementary School. Archived from the original on February 1, 2022. Retrieved February 1, 2022. ^ Murray, Noel (November 27, 2017). "In one of HBO's finest hours, Tom Hanks recalled the last time we went to the moon". The A.V. Club. Retrieved July 23, 2019. ^ "Apollo 13: To The Edge And Back". WGBH Media Library and Archives. Retrieved July 23, 2019. ^ Citron, Cynthia (October 18, 2018). "Armstrong Makes Good On Kennedy's Promise". Santa Monica Daily Press. Retrieved July 23, 2019. ^ Dansby, Andrew (October 2, 2020). "Houston actor Eric Ladin plays NASA legend in 'The Right Stuff'". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved February 3, 2022. Works cited Bilstein, Roger E. (1989). Orders of Magnitude: A History of the NACA and NASA, 1915–1990 (PDF). NASA. SP-4406. Retrieved February 2, 2022. Brooks, Courtney G.; Grimwood, James M.; Swenson, Loyd S. Jr. (1979). Chariots for Apollo: A History of Manned Lunar Spacecraft. NASA History Series. Washington, DC: Scientific and Technical Information Branch, NASA. ISBN 978-0-486-46756-6. LCCN 79001042. OCLC 4664449. NASA SP-4205. Retrieved July 20, 2010. Columbia Accident Investigation Board (2003). Columbia Accident Investigation Board Report, Volume I. NASA. Archived from the original on December 2, 2006. Hansen, James R. (1995). Spaceflight Revolution: NASA Langley Research Center From Sputnik to Apollo (PDF). NASA. Harland, David M. (2004). How NASA Learned to Fly in Space. Ontario, Canada: Apogee Books. ISBN 1-894959-07-8. Kraft, Christopher C. Jr. (March 1, 1955). Flight Measurements of the Velocity Distribution and Persistence of the Trailing Vortices of an Airplane (PDF) (Report). Washington, D.C.: NACA. 19930084657. Retrieved March 11, 2022. Kraft, Chris (2001). Flight: My Life in Mission Control. New York: Dutton. ISBN 0-525-94571-7. Kranz, Gene (2000). Failure Is Not an Option. New York: Berkley Books. ISBN 0-425-17987-7. Liebergot, Sy (2003). Apollo EECOM: Journey of a Lifetime. Burlington, Ontario: Apogee Books. ISBN 1-896522-96-3. Murray, Charles; Catherine Bly Cox (1989). Apollo: The Race to the Moon. New York: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0-671-61101-1. NASA (1995). Report of the Space Shuttle Management Independent Review Team. NASA. Schirra, Wally; Billings, Richard (1988). Schirra's Space. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-792-9. Swenson, Loyd S. Jr.; Brooks, Courtney G.; Grimwood, James M. (1979). Chariots for Apollo: A History of Manned Lunar Spacecraft. NASA. Swenson, Loyd S. Jr.; James M. Grimwood; Charles C. Alexander (1989). This New Ocean: A History of Project Mercury. NASA. Archived from the original on August 23, 2007. Truly, Richard H. (2021). "Christopher C. Kraft Jr. 1924–2019". Memorial Tributes. 23: 166–172. Retrieved February 1, 2022. von Ehrenfried, Manfred "Dutch" (2016). The Birth of NASA: The Work of the Space Task Group, America's First True Space Pioneers. New York: Springer-Praxis. Bibcode:2016bnws.book.....E. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-28428-6. ISBN 978-3-319-28426-2. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Christopher C. Kraft, Jr.. Kraft, Chris. Mission Control Operations. Presentation at MIT, November 8, 2005. Interview with Christopher Columbus Kraft Jr. for NOVA series: To the Moon WGBH Educational Foundation, raw footage, 1998 National Aviation Hall of Fame reveals names of four to be inducted in Class of 2016 at the National Aviation Hall of Fame vteTheodore Roosevelt Award winners 1967: Eisenhower 1968: Saltonstall 1969: White 1970: Hovde 1971: Kraft Jr. 1972: Holland 1973: Omar Bradley 1974: Owens 1975: Ford 1976: Hamilton 1977: Tom Bradley 1978: Zornow 1979: Chandler 1980: Cooley 1981: Linkletter 1982: Cosby 1983: Palmer 1984: Lawrence 1985: Fleming 1986: Bush 1987: Zable 1988: Not presented 1989: Ebert 1990: Reagan 1991: Gibson 1992: Kemp 1993: Alexander 1994: Johnson 1995: Mathias 1996: Wooden 1997: Payne 1998: Dole 1999: Richardson 2000: Staubach 2001: Cohen 2002: Shriver 2003: de Varona 2004: Page 2005: Ride 2006: Kraft 2007: Tagliabue 2008: Glenn 2009: Albright 2010: Mitchell 2011: Dunwoody 2012: Allen 2013: Dungy 2014: Mills 2015: Jackson 2016: Ueberroth 2017: Brooke-Marciniak 2018: Wilmore 2019: Caslen 2020: Delaney 2021: McLendon 2022: Boudreaux 2023: Shields vteRecipients of the ASME Medal1921–1950 1921: Hjalmar G. Carlson 1922: Frederick A. Halsey 1923: John R. Freeman 1926: Robert Andrews Millikan 1927: Wilfred Lewis 1928: Julian Kennedy 1930: W. L. R. Emmet 1931: Albert Kingsbury 1933: Ambrose Swasey 1934: Willis Carrier 1935: Charles T. Main 1936: Edward Bausch 1937: Edward P. Bullard Jr. 1938: Stephen J. Pigott 1939: James E. Gleason 1940: Charles F. Kettering 1941: Theodore von Kármán 1942: Ervin G. Bailey 1943: Lewis K. Sillcox 1944: Edward G. Budd 1945: William F. Durand 1946: Morris E. Leeds 1947: Paul W. Kiefer 1948: Frederick G. Keyes 1949: Fred L. Dornbrook 1950: Harvey C. Knowles 1951–1975 1951: Glenn B. Warren 1952: Nevin E. Funk 1953: Crosby Field 1954: E. Burnley Powell 1955: Granville M. Read 1956: Harry F. Vickers 1957: Llewellyn M. K. Boelter 1958: Wilbur H. Armacost 1959: Martin Frisch 1960: C. Richard Soderberg 1962: Philip Sporn 1963: Igor I. Sikorsky 1964: Alan Howard 1965: Jan Burgers 1967: Mayo D. Hersey 1968: Samuel C. Collins 1969: Lloyd H. Donnell 1970: Robert R. Gilruth 1971: Horace Smart Beattie 1972: Waloddi Weibull 1973: Christopher C. Kraft Jr. 1974: Nicholas J. Hoff 1975: Maxime A. Faget 1976–2000 1976: Raymond D. Mindlin 1977: Robert W. Mann 1979: Jacob P. Den Hartog 1980: Soichiro Honda 1981: Robert S. Hahn 1983: Jack N. Binns Sr. 1984: Aaron Cohen 1985: Milton C. Shaw 1986: Orlan W. Boston 1987: Philip G. Hodge 1988: Eric Reissner 1989: William R. Sears 1990: Harley A. Wilhelm 1992: Daniel C. Drucker 1993: Richard H. Gallagher 1996: Robert C. Dean Jr. 1997: Bernard Budiansky 1998: Frank Kreith 1999: H. Norman Abramson 2000–present 2000: Arthur E. Bergles 2001: Warren M. Rohsenow 2002: Leroy S. Fletcher 2003: Norman R. Augustine 2004: Bradford W. Parkinson 2005: Robert E. Uhrig 2006: Richard J. Goldstein 2007: Dean L. Kamen 2008: Frank E. Talke 2009: Nam-pyo Suh 2010: John Abele 2011: C. Daniel Mote, Jr. 2012: Jan D. Achenbach 2013: Siavouche Nemat-Nasser 2014: Van C. Mow 2015: James R. Rice 2016: J. N. Reddy 2017: Zděnek P. Bažant 2018: Thomas J.R. Hughes 2019: Reginald I. Vachon 2020: Subra Suresh 2021: Pol D. Spanos 2022: Katepalli R. Sreenivasan 2023: Huajian Gao Portals: Biography Spaceflight Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF National Germany United States Australia People Trove Other NARA
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For uses of Chris Craft, see Chris Craft (disambiguation).Christopher Columbus Kraft Jr. (February 28, 1924 – July 22, 2019) was an American aerospace and NASA engineer who was instrumental in establishing the agency's Mission Control Center and shaping its organization and culture. His protégé Glynn Lunney said in 1998: \"the Control Center today ... is a reflection of Chris Kraft\".[1]Following his 1944 graduation from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University with a degree in aeronautical engineering, Kraft was hired by the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA), the predecessor organization to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). He worked for over a decade in aeronautical research and in 1958 joined the Space Task Group, a small team entrusted with the responsibility of putting America's first man in space. Assigned to the flight operations division, Kraft became NASA's first flight director. He was on duty during America's first crewed spaceflight, first crewed orbital flight, and first spacewalk. At the beginning of the Apollo program, Kraft retired as a flight director to concentrate on management and mission planning. In 1972, he became director of the Manned Spacecraft Center (later Johnson Space Center), following his mentor Robert R. Gilruth, and held the position until his retirement in 1982.Later, Kraft consulted for companies such as IBM and Rockwell International. In 1994, he was appointed chairman of a panel to make NASA's Space Shuttle program more cost effective. The panel's controversial report, known as the Kraft report, recommended that NASA's Space Shuttle operations should be outsourced to a private contractor. It also recommended that NASA cut back on the organizational changes intended to improve safety that were made after the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster. This attracted even more critical comment after the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster.Kraft published his autobiography Flight: My Life in Mission Control in 2001. The Mission Control Center building was named after him in 2011. When he received the National Space Trophy from the Rotary Club in 1999, the organization described him as \"a driving force in the U.S. human space flight program from its beginnings to the Space Shuttle era, a man whose accomplishments have become legendary\".[2]","title":"Christopher C. Kraft Jr."},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Phoebus, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoebus,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Columbus Circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus_Circle"},{"link_name":"Bavarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavaria"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kraft_p._10-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"née","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kraft_p._10-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Truly_p._168-5"},{"link_name":"American Legion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Legion"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kraft_p._13-7"},{"link_name":"Hampton High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampton_High_School_(Virginia)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Truly_p._168-5"},{"link_name":"baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-giant-8"},{"link_name":"Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Tech"},{"link_name":"Corps of Cadets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Tech_Corps_of_Cadets"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"V-12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-12_Navy_College_Training_Program"},{"link_name":"aviation cadet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation_cadet"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Truly_p._168-5"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science"},{"link_name":"aeronautical engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeronautical_engineering"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Christopher Columbus Kraft Jr. was born in Phoebus, Virginia, on February 28, 1924. He was named after his father, Christopher Columbus Kraft, who was born in New York City in 1892 near the newly renamed Columbus Circle. Kraft's father, the son of Bavarian immigrants,[3] had found his name an embarrassment, but passed it along to his son nonetheless. In later years, Kraft—as well as other commentators—would consider it peculiarly appropriate. Kraft commented in his autobiography that, with the choice of his name, \"some of my life's direction was settled from the start\".[4] His mother, Vanda Olivia (née Suddreth), was a nurse.[3][5] As a boy, Kraft played in an American Legion drum-and-bugle corps and became the state champion bugler.[6] He went to school in Phoebus, where the only school went to the ninth grade[7] and attended Hampton High School.[5] He was a keen baseball player and continued to play the sport in college; one year he had a batting average of .340.[8]In September 1941, Kraft began his studies at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech) and became a Cadet in the Corps of Cadets as a member of N-Squadron. The United States entered World War II in December 1941, and he attempted to enlist in the United States Navy as a V-12 aviation cadet, but was rejected because of a burned right hand that he had suffered at age three.[5] He graduated in December 1944 with a Bachelor of Science degree in aeronautical engineering.[9]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chance Vought","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vought"},{"link_name":"Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut"},{"link_name":"National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics"},{"link_name":"Langley Research Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langley_Research_Center"},{"link_name":"Hampton, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampton,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kraft_pp._26-31-10"},{"link_name":"wind tunnels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_tunnel"},{"link_name":"Bell X-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_X-1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Robert R. Gilruth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_R._Gilruth"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kraft_pp._26-31-10"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"wingtip vortices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wingtip_vortices"},{"link_name":"prop-wash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prop-wash"},{"link_name":"wake turbulence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wake_turbulence"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"ulcer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulcer"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"On graduation, Kraft accepted a job with the Chance Vought aircraft company in Connecticut. He had also applied to the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA), a government agency whose Langley Research Center was in Hampton, Virginia; Kraft considered it to be too close to home, but applied as a back-up if he was not accepted elsewhere. On arrival at Chance Vought he was told that he could not be hired without his birth certificate, which he had not brought with him. Annoyed by the bureaucratic mindset of the company, he decided to accept the offer from NACA instead.[10]In the 1940s, NACA was a research and development organization, devoted to cutting-edge aeronautical research. At the Langley Research Center, advanced wind tunnels were used to test new aircraft designs, and studies were taking place on new concepts such as the Bell X-1 rocket plane.[11] Kraft was assigned to the flight research division, where Robert R. Gilruth was then head of research.[10] His work with NACA included the development of an early example of gust alleviation systems for aircraft flying in turbulent air. This involved compensating for variations in the atmosphere by automatically deflecting the control surfaces.[12] He investigated wingtip vortices, and discovered that they, and not prop-wash, are responsible for most of the wake turbulence in the air that trails flying aircraft.[13][14]Although he enjoyed his work, Kraft found it increasingly stressful, especially since he did not consider himself to be a strong theoretician. In 1956, he was diagnosed with an ulcer and started thinking about a change of career.[15]","title":"NACA career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Flight director"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sputnik 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputnik_1"},{"link_name":"Dwight D. Eisenhower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower"},{"link_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Act"},{"link_name":"Langley Research Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langley_Research_Center"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Truly_p._168-5"},{"link_name":"Space Task Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Task_Group"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Project Mercury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Mercury"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kraft68-20"},{"link_name":"telemetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telemetry"},{"link_name":"telecommunications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunication"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mercury_Control.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mission Control Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_control_center"},{"link_name":"Project Mercury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Mercury"},{"link_name":"mission control center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_control_center"},{"link_name":"flight test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_test"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kraft68-20"},{"link_name":"Cape Canaveral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Air_Force_Station"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Murray_and_Cox,_p._260-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Murray_and_Cox,_p._260-24"},{"link_name":"Mercury-Atlas 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_5"},{"link_name":"chimpanzee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimpanzee"},{"link_name":"Enos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enos_(chimpanzee)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chimponaut-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"John Glenn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Glenn"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chimponaut-26"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Flight operations","text":"In 1957, the Russian flight of Sputnik 1 prompted the United States to accelerate its fledgling space program. On July 29, 1958, President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed the National Aeronautics and Space Act, which established NASA and subsumed NACA within this newly created organization. Langley Research Center became a part of NASA, as did Langley employees such as Kraft.[16] Even before NASA began its official existence in October, Kraft was invited by Gilruth to become a part of a new group that was working on the problems of putting a man into orbit.[5] Without much hesitation, he accepted the offer. When the Space Task Group was officially formed on November 5, Kraft became one of the original 33 personnel (25 of them engineers) to be assigned.[17][18] This marked the beginning of America's man-in-space program, which came to be called Project Mercury.[19]As a member of the Space Task Group, Kraft was assigned to the flight operations division, which made plans and arrangements for the operation of the Mercury spacecraft during flight and for the control and monitoring of missions from the ground. Kraft became the assistant to Chuck Mathews, the head of the division, and was given the responsibility of putting together a mission plan. Given Mathews' casual analysis of the problem, it almost sounded simple:\"Chris, you come up with a basic mission plan. You know, the bottom-line stuff on how we fly a man from a launch pad into space and back again. It would be good if you kept him alive.\"[20]When Kraft began to plan NASA's flight operations, no human being had yet flown in space. In fact, the task before him was vast, requiring attention to flight plans, timelines, procedures, mission rules, spacecraft tracking, telemetry, ground support, telecommunications networks and contingency management.[21][22]Mission Control Center as it was during Project MercuryOne of Kraft's most important contributions to crewed spaceflight would be his origination of the concept of a mission control center. Many of the engineers in Project Mercury had previously worked on the flight test of aircraft, where the role for ground support was minimal.[23] Kraft soon realized that an astronaut could only do so much, particularly during the fast-moving launch phase; the Mercury spacecraft would require real time monitoring and support from specialist engineers.\"I saw a team of highly skilled engineers, each one an expert on a different piece of the Mercury capsule. We'd have a flow of accurate telemetry data so the experts could monitor their systems, see and even predict problems, and pass along instructions to the astronaut.\"[20]These concepts shaped the Mercury Control Center, which was at Cape Canaveral in Florida. Another important concept pioneered by Kraft was the idea of the flight director, the man who would coordinate the team of engineers and make real-time decisions about the conduct of the mission. As Mathews later recalled, Kraft came to him one day saying, \"There needs to be someone in charge of the flights while they're actually going on, and I want to be that person.\"[24] In this informal way, the position of flight director was created.[24]A pivotal experience for Kraft was the flight of Mercury-Atlas 5, which sent a chimpanzee named Enos on the first American orbital spaceflight carrying a live passenger.[25] Coverage of these early missions that carried non-human passengers could often be tongue-in-cheek; a Time magazine article on the flight, for example, was titled \"Meditative Chimponaut\".[26] Yet Kraft viewed them as important tests for the men and procedures of Mission Control, and as rehearsals for the crewed missions that would follow.[27] Originally, the flight of Mercury-Atlas 5 had been intended to last for three orbits. The failure of one of the hydrogen peroxide jets controlling the spacecraft's attitude forced Kraft to make the decision to bring the capsule back to Earth after two orbits. After the flight, astronaut John Glenn stated that he believed a human passenger would have been able to bring the capsule under control without the need for an early re-entry, thus (in the words of Time) \"affirming the superiority of astronauts over chimponauts.\"[26] Yet for Kraft, the flight of Enos represented proof of the importance of real-time decision-making in Mission Control. It gave him a sense of the responsibility he would have for the lives of others, whether human or chimpanzee.[28]","title":"Flight director"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Christopher_Kraft,_flight_director_during_Project_Mercury,_works_at_his_console_inside_the_Flight_Control_area_at_Mercury_Mission_Control.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mercury-Atlas 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_9"},{"link_name":"John Hodge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hodge_(engineer)"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Murray-29"},{"link_name":"Mercury-Atlas 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_6"},{"link_name":"John Glenn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Glenn"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"orbital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_spaceflight"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Max Faget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxime_Faget"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kraft,_p._159-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kraft,_p._159-32"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chris_Kraft_and_Walt_Williams.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mercury-Atlas 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_9"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kraft161-33"},{"link_name":"Gene Kranz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Kranz"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Mercury-Atlas 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_7"},{"link_name":"Scott Carpenter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Carpenter"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"sub_title":"Mercury","text":"Kraft works at his console inside the Flight Control area of the Mercury Control Center.Kraft served as flight director during all six of the crewed Mercury missions. During the final flight—Mercury-Atlas 9, which lasted for over a day—he shared responsibility with his deputy John Hodge.[29]Mercury-Atlas 6, the February 20, 1962, flight of John Glenn, was a testing experience both for Mission Control and for Kraft. Space historians Charles Murray and Catherine Bly Cox described it as \"the single event that decisively shaped Flight Operations\".[30] The mission was the first orbital flight by an American, and unfolded normally until Glenn began his second orbit. At that point Kraft's systems controller, Don Arabian, reported that telemetry was showing a \"Segment 51\" indicator. This suggested that the capsule's landing bag, which was meant to deploy upon splashdown in order to provide a cushion, might have deployed early. Kraft believed that the Segment 51 indicator was due to faulty instrumentation rather than to an actual early deployment. If he was wrong, it would mean that the capsule's heat shield, which fitted on top of the landing bag, was now loose. A loose heat shield could cause the capsule to burn up during re-entry.[31]On consulting with his flight controllers, Kraft became convinced that the indication was false, and that no action was needed. His superiors, including Mercury capsule designer Max Faget, overruled Kraft, telling him to instruct Glenn to leave the capsule's retrorocket package on during re-entry. The reasoning was that the package, which was strapped over the heat shield, would hold the heat shield in place if it was loose. Kraft, however, felt that this was an unacceptable risk. \"I was aghast,\" he remembered. \"If any of three retrorockets had solid fuel remaining, an explosion could rip everything apart.\"[32] Yet he agreed to follow the plan advocated by Faget and by Walt Williams, his superior in the flight operations division. The retrorockets would be kept on.[32]Chris Kraft (seated) confers with Walt Williams and others during Mercury-Atlas 9.Glenn landed safely, but an inspection of his capsule revealed that one of the landing bag switches had been faulty. Kraft was right; the heat shield had not been loose after all. The lessons that he drew from this experience were clear.\"My flight controllers and I were a lot closer to the systems and to events than anyone in top management. From now on, I swore, they'd pay hell before they overruled any decision I made.\"[33]His assistant on the mission, Gene Kranz, considered Glenn's flight \"the turning point ... in Kraft's evolution as a flight director.\"[34]Before the flight of Mercury-Atlas 7, Kraft had objected to the choice of Scott Carpenter as the astronaut for the mission, telling Walt Williams that Carpenter's lack of engineering skills might put the mission or his own life in danger.[35] The mission suffered from problems including an unusually high rate of fuel usage, a malfunctioning horizon indicator, a delayed retrofire for re-entry, and a splashdown that was 250 nmi (460 km) downrange from the target area.[36] Throughout the mission, Kraft found himself frustrated by the vagueness of Carpenter's communications with Mission Control, and what he perceived as Carpenter's inattention to his duties. \"Part of the problem,\" he recalled, \"was that Carpenter either didn't understand or was ignoring my instructions.\"[37]While some of these problems were due to mechanical failures, and responsibility for some of the others is still being debated, Kraft did not hesitate to assign blame to Carpenter, and continued to speak out about the mission for decades afterwards.[38] His autobiography, written in 2001, reopened the issue; the chapter that dealt with the flight of Mercury-Atlas 7 was titled \"The Man Malfunctioned\".[39] In a letter to The New York Times, Carpenter called the book \"vindictive and skewed\", and offered a different assessment of the reasons for Kraft's frustration: \"in space things happen so fast that only the pilot knows what to do, and even ground control can't help. Maybe that's why he is still fuming after all these years.\"[40]","title":"Flight director"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gemini program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Gemini"},{"link_name":"David Harland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_M._Harland"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Gemini 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_4"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Apollo284-42"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kranz_on_Console_-_GPN-2000-001406.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gemini 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_5"},{"link_name":"Ed White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_White_(astronaut)"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"capsule communicator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_controller#CAPCOM"},{"link_name":"Gus Grissom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gus_Grissom"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Gemini 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_7"},{"link_name":"North American Aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Aviation"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Gemini 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_8"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"}],"sub_title":"Gemini","text":"During the Gemini program, Kraft's role changed again. He was now the head of mission operations, in charge of a team of flight directors, although still also serving as a flight director. Due to the greater length of Gemini missions, Mission Control was now manned on a three-shift basis. \"Clearly, with flight control facing a learning curve,\" space historian David Harland has said, \"these arrangements were an experiment in their own right.\"[41] Yet, Kraft proved to be remarkably successful at passing on responsibility to his fellow flight directors—arguably too successful, as Gene Kranz found during his first shift handover on Gemini 4. As Kranz recalled, \"He just said, 'You're in charge,' and walked out.\"[42]During Gemini 5, Kraft (seated at center of console) confers with flight controllers and astronauts. Malfunctioning fuel cells nearly forced the early end of the mission.The Gemini program represented a string of firsts for NASA—the first flight with two astronauts, the first rendezvous in space, the first spacewalk—and Kraft was on duty during many of these historic events. America's first spacewalk happened during the Gemini 4 mission; Kraft, at his console, found that he had to force himself to concentrate on his work, distracted by Ed White's \"mesmerizing\" descriptions of the Earth below.[43] He could easily understand the euphoria that White felt at the spectacle, yet he also was mindful of the discipline required to keep the flight safe. White delayed his return to the capsule, and a communication problem prevented capsule communicator Gus Grissom from getting the crew to hear the order to terminate the spacewalk. When contact was finally re-established, Kraft expressed his frustration on his ground link to Grissom:\"The Flight Director says 'Get back in!'\"[44]After Gemini 7, Kraft stepped back from his work at Mission Control, allowing other flight directors to take charge of the remaining missions so that he could devote more time to planning for the Apollo program. He served on two review boards at North American Aviation, the contractor responsible for the Apollo capsule.[45] Yet Kraft still felt pangs at not being at the center of the action, particularly after the emergency re-entry of Gemini 8. Both astronauts and mission controllers had made the right decisions, but, as Kraft confessed to Robert Gilruth, he found himself wishing that he had been the one on the spot.[46]","title":"Flight director"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Apollo program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_program"},{"link_name":"first crewed Apollo mission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_1"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Gus Grissom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gus_Grissom"},{"link_name":"Arlington National Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"}],"sub_title":"Apollo 1 fire","text":"With the beginning of the Apollo program, Kraft expected to resume at Mission Control. He would have been lead flight director on the first crewed Apollo mission (later known as Apollo 1), scheduled to launch in early 1967. On January 27, 1967, the three crew members were killed in a fire during a countdown test on the pad. At the time, Kraft was in Mission Control in Houston, listening in on the Cape test conductor's voice loop.[47] There was nothing anyone could do; before the crew at the pad could get the door open, the three astronauts were dead, having been overcome by toxic gases.[48] Kraft was asked by Betty Grissom, the widow of astronaut Gus Grissom, to be one of the pallbearers at Grissom's funeral at Arlington National Cemetery, Virginia.[49]","title":"Flight director"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Christopher Columbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbus"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conductor-50"},{"link_name":"Gemini 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_5"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conductor-50"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conductor-50"},{"link_name":"Bob Gilruth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_R._Gilruth"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"}],"sub_title":"Public profile","text":"Kraft was a household name in America throughout the 1960s. He appeared on the cover of the August 27, 1965, issue of Time, profiled as the \"Conductor in a Command Post\". In the article, he compared himself to Christopher Columbus, and displayed what the magazine described as \"an almost angry pride\" in his work. \"We know a lot more about what we have to do than he did\" Kraft said. \"And we know where we're going.\"[50] The article described Kraft's role in the Gemini 5 mission, and drew on his frequent comparisons of his position as flight director with that of an orchestra conductor.[50]\"The conductor can't play all the instruments—he may not even be able to play any one of them. But he knows when the first violin should be playing, and he knows when the trumpets should be loud or soft, and when the drummer should be drumming. He mixes all this up and out comes music. That's what we do here.\"[50]Kraft was surprised at Time's decision to put him on the cover and told the NASA public affairs officer that \"they've got the wrong guy. It should be Bob Gilruth ... not me.\"[51] He eventually came to terms with the idea, and the portrait painted for the cover became one of his prized possessions.[52]","title":"Flight director"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kraft161-33"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conductor-50"},{"link_name":"Apollo 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_7"},{"link_name":"Glynn Lunney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glynn_Lunney"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kraft289-54"},{"link_name":"Wally Schirra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wally_Schirra"},{"link_name":"Deke Slayton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deke_Slayton"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Scott Carpenter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Carpenter"},{"link_name":"troubled Mercury mission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Carpenter#NASA_career"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"}],"sub_title":"Relations with astronaut corps","text":"After John Glenn's flight, Kraft had vowed that he would no longer allow his decisions as flight director to be overruled by anyone outside Mission Control.[33] The mission rules, whose drafting had been overseen by Kraft, stated that \"the flight director may, after analysis of the flight, choose to take any necessary action required for the successful completion of the mission.\"[53] For Kraft, the power that the flight director held over every aspect of the mission extended to his control over the actions of the astronauts. In his 1965 interview with Time, he stated:\"[T]he guy on the ground ultimately controls the mission. There's no question about that in my mind or in the astronauts' minds. They are going to do what he says.\"[50]Occasionally, Kraft intervened in order to ensure that his conception of the flight director's authority was maintained. By the time that the Apollo 7 mission flew, he had been promoted to head of the flight operations division; thus, it was Glynn Lunney who served as lead flight director and had to deal directly with behavior by the crew that Kraft considered \"insubordinate\". As Kraft commented in his memoirs, \"it was like having a ringside seat at the Wally Schirra Bitch Circus\".[54] Mission commander Wally Schirra, annoyed by last-minute changes in the crew's schedule and suffering from a bad cold, repeatedly refused to accept orders from the ground. Although Schirra's actions were successful in the short term, Kraft decreed in consultation with astronaut chief Deke Slayton that none of the Apollo 7 crew would fly again.[55][56] Schirra had decided before the flight that he would retire after Apollo 7.[57]Kraft had made a similar pronouncement before, in the case of astronaut Scott Carpenter. After Carpenter's troubled Mercury mission, Kraft wrote, \"I swore an oath that Scott Carpenter would never again fly in space.\" The result: \"He didn't.\"[58]","title":"Flight director"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Manager and mentor"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Apollo 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_7"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kraft289-54"},{"link_name":"Apollo 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_8"},{"link_name":"Lunar Module","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module"},{"link_name":"George Low","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Low"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chariots11.2-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Marshall Space Flight Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Space_Flight_Center"},{"link_name":"Huntsville, Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntsville,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Wernher von Braun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun"},{"link_name":"Rocco Petrone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocco_Petrone"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Thomas O. Paine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_O._Paine"},{"link_name":"James E. Webb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_E._Webb"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chariots11.2-59"},{"link_name":"John McCain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_S._McCain,_Jr."},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"}],"sub_title":"Apollo mission planning","text":"After the Apollo 1 fire in 1967, Kraft had reluctantly concluded that his responsibilities as a manager would keep him from serving as a flight director on the next crewed mission, Apollo 7, and on missions thereafter. Henceforth his involvement in the Apollo program would be at a higher level.[54]As the director of Flight Operations, Kraft was closely involved in planning the broad outlines of the program. He was one of the first NASA managers to become involved in the decision to send Apollo 8 on a circumlunar flight. Due to problems with Lunar Module development in 1968, NASA faced the possibility of a full Apollo test mission being delayed until 1969. As a substitute, George Low, the manager of the Apollo Spacecraft Program Office, came up with the idea of assigning a new mission profile to Apollo 8, one that could be flown without the lunar module.[59] The idea was discussed in early August at a meeting between Low, Kraft, Gilruth and Deke Slayton:\"The four of us ... had become an unofficial committee that got together often in Bob's office to discuss problems, plans and off-the-wall ideas. Not much happened in Gemini or Apollo that didn't either originate with us or with our input.\"[60]Low's plan was to fly the mission in December, which left little time for the flight operations division to train and prepare. After agreeing that the mission was possible in principle, Kraft went to his mission planners and flight directors in order to determine whether they and their teams could be ready within the tight schedule that was projected. \"My head was abuzz with the things we'd have to do,\" remembered Kraft. \"But it was one hell of a challenge.\"[61]On August 9, Gilruth, Low, Kraft and Slayton flew to Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama, where they briefed NASA managers including Wernher von Braun and Rocco Petrone on the planned mission. On August 14, they, along with the Huntsville group, traveled to NASA Headquarters in Washington, D.C. to brief Deputy Administrator Thomas O. Paine. In turn, Paine recommended the mission to Administrator James E. Webb, who gave Kraft and his colleagues the authority to begin preparations for the mission.[59]In planning for Apollo 8, one of the responsibilities Kraft faced was ensuring that a fleet would be waiting to recover the crew when they splashed down at the end of the mission. This proved an unusual challenge, because much of the Navy's Pacific Fleet would be on leave over the Christmas and New Year's Eve period. Kraft had to personally meet with Admiral John McCain in order to persuade him to make the requisite resources available to NASA.[62]","title":"Manager and mentor"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:S-65-44212.jpg"},{"link_name":"Robert R. Gilruth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_R._Gilruth"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Apollo 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Apollo 13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_13"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"}],"sub_title":"Apollo missions","text":"Chris Kraft and Robert R. Gilruth pictured in Mission Control CenterOn Christmas Eve, 1968, Apollo 8 went into orbit around the Moon. Only ten years earlier, Kraft had joined Gilruth's newly founded Space Task Group. Now, the two men sat together in Mission Control, reflecting on how far they had come. Around them, the room was filled with cheers, but Kraft and Gilruth celebrated more quietly.\"It was glorious pandemonium, and through the mist in my own eyes, I saw Bob Gilruth wiping at his and hoping that no one saw him crying. I put my hand on his arm and squeezed. [...] He lifted my hand from his arm and shook it strongly. There were no words from either of us. The lumps in our throats held them back.\"[63]Kraft again found himself a spectator during the landing of Apollo 11, which he viewed from Mission Control, sitting with Gilruth and George Low.[64] He played a more active role in events during the unfolding of the Apollo 13 crisis. Called into Mission Control by Gene Kranz almost immediately after the accident,[65] he led discussions on whether Apollo 13 should attempt a direct abort, or go around the Moon and return on a free trajectory; the latter option was taken.[66]","title":"Manager and mentor"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Apollo284-42"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gemini-4_NASA_Mission_Control_Center.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gemini 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_4"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-honeycutt14-68"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lunney-1"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Murray-29"},{"link_name":"Sy Liebergot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seymour_Liebergot"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"}],"sub_title":"Mentor","text":"Many Apollo engineers, later to become top managers, considered Kraft to have been one of the best managers in the program. He personally hand-picked and trained an entire generation of NASA flight directors, including John Hodge, Glynn Lunney and Gene Kranz, the last of whom referred to Kraft as \"The Teacher\".[67] In the words of the space historians Murray and Cox, Kraft \"set the tone for one of the most striking features of Flight Operations: unquestioning trust—not of superiors by subordinates, but the other way around.\"[42]Kraft with his new flight directors before the Gemini 4 mission. (Clockwise from lower right: Kraft, Gene Kranz, Glynn Lunney and John Hodge).The principles that Kraft had inculcated continued to have an impact at Johnson Space Center long after he retired.[68] As Lunney reflected in 1998:\"He ... instilled a sense of what was right, what was wrong, what you had to do, how good you had to be, and those standards that he kind of inbred into everybody, by his own example, and by what he did with us, continue today. The Control Center today ... is a reflection of Chris Kraft.\"[1]Kraft could, however, be a tough taskmaster, making it clear that there was no place in the flight operations division for those who failed to live up to his exacting standards. \"To err is human\", went one of his favorite sayings, \"but to do so more than once is contrary to Flight Operations Directorate policy.\"[29] Subordinates who seriously displeased Kraft could find themselves deprived of the opportunity to make it up to him. Kraft possessed the power to end careers at Johnson Space Center; as mission controller Sy Liebergot recalled, \"if he was behind you, you had as much leverage as you needed; if he was against you, you were dead meat.\"[69]","title":"Manager and mentor"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ronald_Reagan_and_Christopher_C._Kraft_Jr.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ronald Reagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan"},{"link_name":"STS-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-2"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Truly_p._172-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"STS-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-2"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-giant-8"}],"text":"Kraft shows President Ronald Reagan around Mission Control during the STS-2 mission in 1981.In 1969, Kraft was named deputy director of the Manned Spacecraft Center (MSC). On January 14, 1972, he became the director of the MSC, replacing Gilruth, for whom Kraft had worked since his arrival at Langley in 1945.[70] Space commentator Anthony Young has described Kraft as a \"superb successor\" to Gilruth, second only to him in the history of center directors.[71]Kraft was eligible to retire in the early 1980s, but he chose not to take the option. He remained as center director in the status of a \"reemployed annuitant,\" receiving his government pension, but still employed by NASA. In 1981 he had been involved in a conflict with the NASA Administrator and other top officials over the conduct of the STS-2 mission, and over issues relating to NASA organization and management. This contributed to making his position at NASA more tenuous.[72][73]In April 1982, Kraft made what newspaper reports called a \"surprise announcement\" that he intended to step down as center director at the end of the year.[74] He denied that his resignation had anything to do with the threatened possibility of Johnson Space Center losing its leading role in Space Shuttle operations or in the development of NASA's Space Station Freedom.[8]","title":"Center director"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Retirement"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rockwell International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockwell_International"},{"link_name":"IBM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ruffner-2"},{"link_name":"Space Shuttle program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"Challenger disaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger_disaster"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"Federation of American Scientists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_American_Scientists"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"United Space Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Space_Alliance"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-caib108-80"},{"link_name":"Columbia Accident Investigation Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Accident_Investigation_Board"},{"link_name":"Columbia disaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia_disaster"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-caib108-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"}],"sub_title":"Consultant","text":"After his retirement, Kraft served as a consultant for Rockwell International and IBM, and as director-at-large of the Houston Chamber of Commerce.[2] In 1994, he was appointed chairman of the space shuttle management independent review team, a panel made up of leading aerospace experts, whose remit was to investigate how NASA could make its Space Shuttle program more cost effective. The panel's report, known as the Kraft report, was published in February 1995. It recommended that NASA's Space Shuttle operations should be outsourced to a single private contractor, and that \"NASA should consider ... progression towards the privatization of the space shuttle.\"[75] It criticized the effect of safety changes made by NASA after the Challenger disaster, saying that they had \"created a safety environment that is duplicative and expensive.\"[76] Fundamental to the report was the idea that the Space Shuttle had become \"a mature and reliable system ... about as safe as today's technology will provide.\"[77]The report was controversial even at the time of its publication. John Pike, space policy director for the Federation of American Scientists, commented that \"the Kraft report is a recipe for disaster. They are basically saying dismantle the safety and quality assurance mechanisms set in place after the Challenger accident.\"[78] NASA's Aerospace Safety Advisory Panel took issue with the report, saying in May 1995 that \"the assumption that the Space Shuttle systems are now 'mature' smacks of a complacency which may lead to serious mishaps.\"[79] Nonetheless, NASA accepted the recommendations of the report, and in November 1995, responsibility for shuttle operations was turned over to the United Space Alliance.[80]Nine years later, the Kraft report was again criticized, this time by the Columbia Accident Investigation Board (CAIB) as part of its consideration of the organizational and cultural causes of the Columbia disaster. \"The report,\" it said, \"characterized the Space Shuttle program in a way that the Board judges to be at odds with the realities of the Shuttle Program.\"[80] According to the CAIB, the Kraft report had contributed to the undesirable safety culture within NASA, allowing NASA to view the shuttle as an operational—rather than experimental—vehicle, and distracting attention from continuing engineering anomalies.[81]","title":"Retirement"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"Henry S. F. Cooper Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_S._F._Cooper_Jr."},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cooper-83"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cooper-83"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"}],"sub_title":"Autobiography","text":"In 2001, Kraft published his autobiography, Flight: My Life in Mission Control. It dealt with his life up until the end of the Apollo program, only briefly mentioning his time as center director in the epilogue.[82] The New York Times review space writer Henry S. F. Cooper Jr. called it a \"highly readable memoir\",[83] while the Kirkus Review summed it up as a \"[s]nappy, highly detailed account of ... 20th century America's most dramatic technological achievement.\"[84] Reviewers almost unanimously commented on the outspokenness of Kraft's storytelling, and his readiness to personally criticize those with whom he had disagreed. Cooper noted that Kraft \"pull[s] no punches about some of [his colleagues'] shortcomings\",[83] and Kliatt magazine said that he \"isn't afraid to name names\".[85]","title":"Retirement"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Christopher_Kraft_at_Dedication_Ceremony.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mission Control Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_C._Kraft_Jr._Mission_Control_Center"},{"link_name":"née","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"Episcopalian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"lay reader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lay_reader"},{"link_name":"acolyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acolyte"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-giant-8"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"}],"text":"Kraft speaks at a ceremony for the renaming of the Mission Control Center in his honor, April 14, 2011In 1950, Kraft married Betty Anne Kraft (née Turnbull) whom he had met in high school.[86] They had two children, Gordon and Kristi-Anne.[87] In his autobiography, Kraft acknowledged the sacrifices that his family had made as a result of his work for NASA, saying that \"I was ... more of a remote authority figure to Gordon and Kristi-Anne than a typical American father.\"[88]Kraft was an Episcopalian, serving as a lay reader at his local church. During the sixties, the Kraft family was deeply involved in church activities: Betty Anne taught Sunday school and served on the altar guild; Gordon was an acolyte; and Kristi-Anne sang in the choir.[89] In addition to his duties as a lay reader, Kraft spent some time teaching a class in adult Bible study. As he recalled:\"I lacked the fundamentalist verve and drove people away when I tried too hard to relate the early church to more modern interpretations. It was hard not to be modern when I spent my working days sending men into space.\"[90]Kraft had been an avid golfer ever since he was introduced to the game in the 1940s by his friend and NASA colleague Sig Sjoberg.[91] He cited the good golfing as a reason for staying in Houston after his retirement.[8]Kraft died on July 22, 2019, in Houston, aged 95, two days after the 50th anniversary of the Apollo 11 moonwalks. The cause was not announced.[92][93][94]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hampton_Kraft_time_capsule.JPG"},{"link_name":"Air Power Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Power_Park"},{"link_name":"Hampton, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampton,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"White House Rose Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House_Rose_Garden"},{"link_name":"NASA Outstanding Leadership Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_Outstanding_Leadership_Medal"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"John F. Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy"},{"link_name":"Administrator of NASA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrator_of_NASA"},{"link_name":"James E. Webb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_E._Webb"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"NASA Distinguished Service Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_Distinguished_Service_Medal"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"John J. Montgomery Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._Montgomery_Award"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ruffner-2"},{"link_name":"ASME Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASME_Medal"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ruffner-2"},{"link_name":"Roger W. Jones Award for Executive Leadership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_W._Jones_Award_for_Executive_Leadership"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ruffner-2"},{"link_name":"Virginia Tech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Tech"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"National Aviation Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Aviation_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NAHF-101"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"Hampton, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampton,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"}],"text":"Time capsule placed in Kraft's honor at Air Power Park in Hampton, VirginiaKraft received numerous awards and honors for his work. At the end of the Mercury program, he was invited to attend a ceremony in the White House Rose Garden, where he received the NASA Outstanding Leadership Medal from President John F. Kennedy and Administrator of NASA James E. Webb. \"None of us have many days in our lives like that one,\" Kraft remembered.[95] The NASA Distinguished Service Medal was awarded to him twice in 1969 (for Apollo 8 and Apollo 11), in 1981 for the Space Shuttle, and in 1982 as a special award.[96][97]He won the Distinguished Citizen Award, given to him by the city of Hampton, Virginia in 1966; the John J. Montgomery Award in 1963;[2] the ASME Medal in 1973;[98] and the Goddard Memorial Trophy, awarded by the National Space Club,[2] and the Roger W. Jones Award for Executive Leadership in 1979.[99] In 1999, he was awarded the National Space Trophy from the Rotary National Award for Space Achievement Foundation, which described him as \"a driving force in the U.S. human space flight program from its beginnings to the Space Shuttle era, a man whose accomplishments have become legendary\".[2]In 2006, NASA gave Kraft the Ambassador of Exploration Award, which carried with it a sample of lunar material brought back by Apollo 11. Kraft in turn presented the award to his alma mater, Virginia Tech, for display in its College of Engineering.[100] He was inducted into the National Aviation Hall of Fame, on October 1, 2016.[101][102] The Mission Control Center at the Johnson Space Center was renamed the Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Mission Control Center in his honor in 2011,[103] and Kraft Elementary School in Hampton, Virginia, near his hometown, was named for him.[104]","title":"Awards and honors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stephen Root","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Root"},{"link_name":"From the Earth to the Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/From_the_Earth_to_the_Moon_(miniseries)"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"PBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"First Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Man_(film)"},{"link_name":"J. D. Evermore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._D._Evermore"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"The Right Stuff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Eric Ladin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Ladin"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"}],"text":"Kraft was portrayed by Stephen Root in the 1998 miniseries From the Earth to the Moon.[105] He has been interviewed in numerous documentaries about the space program, including Apollo 13: To the Edge and Back (PBS).[106] In 2018, he was portrayed in the film First Man by J. D. Evermore.[107] In 2020, he was portrayed in the mini-series The Right Stuff by Eric Ladin.[108]","title":"In media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Orders of Magnitude: A History of the NACA and NASA, 1915–1990","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//history.nasa.gov/SP-4406.pdf"},{"link_name":"Chariots for Apollo: A History of Manned Lunar Spacecraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//history.nasa.gov/SP-4205/cover.html"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-486-46756-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-46756-6"},{"link_name":"LCCN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"79001042","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//lccn.loc.gov/79001042"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"4664449","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/4664449"},{"link_name":"Columbia Accident Investigation Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Accident_Investigation_Board"},{"link_name":"Columbia Accident Investigation Board Report, Volume I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20061202135341/http://caib.nasa.gov/news/report/volume1/default.html"},{"link_name":"NASA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//caib.nasa.gov/news/report/volume1/default.html"},{"link_name":"Hansen, James R.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_R._Hansen"},{"link_name":"Spaceflight Revolution: NASA Langley Research Center From Sputnik to Apollo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//history.nasa.gov/SP-4308.pdf"},{"link_name":"NASA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-894959-07-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-894959-07-8"},{"link_name":"Flight Measurements of the Velocity Distribution and Persistence of the Trailing Vortices of an Airplane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19930084657/downloads/19930084657.pdf"},{"link_name":"Flight: My Life in Mission Control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/flight00chri"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-525-94571-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-525-94571-7"},{"link_name":"Kranz, Gene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Kranz"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-425-17987-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-425-17987-7"},{"link_name":"Liebergot, Sy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sy_Liebergot"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-896522-96-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-896522-96-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-671-61101-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-61101-1"},{"link_name":"Report of the Space Shuttle Management Independent Review Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fas.org/spp/kraft.htm"},{"link_name":"NASA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-55750-792-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55750-792-9"},{"link_name":"Chariots for Apollo: A History of Manned Lunar Spacecraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4205/contents.html"},{"link_name":"NASA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA"},{"link_name":"This New Ocean: A History of Project Mercury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070823124845/https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4201/toc.htm"},{"link_name":"NASA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//history.nasa.gov/SP-4201/toc.htm"},{"link_name":"Truly, Richard H.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_H._Truly"},{"link_name":"\"Christopher C. Kraft Jr. 1924–2019\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nae.edu/File.aspx?id=260615"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2016bnws.book.....E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016bnws.book.....E"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1007/978-3-319-28428-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-28428-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-319-28426-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-28426-2"}],"text":"Bilstein, Roger E. (1989). Orders of Magnitude: A History of the NACA and NASA, 1915–1990 (PDF). NASA. SP-4406. Retrieved February 2, 2022.\nBrooks, Courtney G.; Grimwood, James M.; Swenson, Loyd S. Jr. (1979). Chariots for Apollo: A History of Manned Lunar Spacecraft. NASA History Series. Washington, DC: Scientific and Technical Information Branch, NASA. ISBN 978-0-486-46756-6. LCCN 79001042. OCLC 4664449. NASA SP-4205. Retrieved July 20, 2010.\nColumbia Accident Investigation Board (2003). Columbia Accident Investigation Board Report, Volume I. NASA. Archived from the original on December 2, 2006.\nHansen, James R. (1995). Spaceflight Revolution: NASA Langley Research Center From Sputnik to Apollo (PDF). NASA.\nHarland, David M. (2004). How NASA Learned to Fly in Space. Ontario, Canada: Apogee Books. ISBN 1-894959-07-8.\nKraft, Christopher C. Jr. (March 1, 1955). Flight Measurements of the Velocity Distribution and Persistence of the Trailing Vortices of an Airplane (PDF) (Report). Washington, D.C.: NACA. 19930084657. Retrieved March 11, 2022.\nKraft, Chris (2001). Flight: My Life in Mission Control. New York: Dutton. ISBN 0-525-94571-7.\nKranz, Gene (2000). Failure Is Not an Option. New York: Berkley Books. ISBN 0-425-17987-7.\nLiebergot, Sy (2003). Apollo EECOM: Journey of a Lifetime. Burlington, Ontario: Apogee Books. ISBN 1-896522-96-3.\nMurray, Charles; Catherine Bly Cox (1989). Apollo: The Race to the Moon. New York: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0-671-61101-1.\nNASA (1995). Report of the Space Shuttle Management Independent Review Team. NASA.\nSchirra, Wally; Billings, Richard (1988). Schirra's Space. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-792-9.\nSwenson, Loyd S. Jr.; Brooks, Courtney G.; Grimwood, James M. (1979). Chariots for Apollo: A History of Manned Lunar Spacecraft. NASA.\nSwenson, Loyd S. Jr.; James M. Grimwood; Charles C. Alexander (1989). This New Ocean: A History of Project Mercury. NASA. Archived from the original on August 23, 2007.\nTruly, Richard H. (2021). \"Christopher C. Kraft Jr. 1924–2019\". Memorial Tributes. 23: 166–172. Retrieved February 1, 2022.\nvon Ehrenfried, Manfred \"Dutch\" (2016). The Birth of NASA: The Work of the Space Task Group, America's First True Space Pioneers. New York: Springer-Praxis. Bibcode:2016bnws.book.....E. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-28428-6. ISBN 978-3-319-28426-2.","title":"Works cited"}]
[{"image_text":"Mission Control Center as it was during Project Mercury","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Mercury_Control.jpg/220px-Mercury_Control.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kraft works at his console inside the Flight Control area of the Mercury Control Center.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Christopher_Kraft%2C_flight_director_during_Project_Mercury%2C_works_at_his_console_inside_the_Flight_Control_area_at_Mercury_Mission_Control.jpg/220px-Christopher_Kraft%2C_flight_director_during_Project_Mercury%2C_works_at_his_console_inside_the_Flight_Control_area_at_Mercury_Mission_Control.jpg"},{"image_text":"Chris Kraft (seated) confers with Walt Williams and others during Mercury-Atlas 9.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Chris_Kraft_and_Walt_Williams.jpg/220px-Chris_Kraft_and_Walt_Williams.jpg"},{"image_text":"During Gemini 5, Kraft (seated at center of console) confers with flight controllers and astronauts. Malfunctioning fuel cells nearly forced the early end of the mission.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Kranz_on_Console_-_GPN-2000-001406.jpg/220px-Kranz_on_Console_-_GPN-2000-001406.jpg"},{"image_text":"Chris Kraft and Robert R. Gilruth pictured in Mission Control Center","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/S-65-44212.jpg/220px-S-65-44212.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kraft with his new flight directors before the Gemini 4 mission. (Clockwise from lower right: Kraft, Gene Kranz, Glynn Lunney and John Hodge).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Gemini-4_NASA_Mission_Control_Center.jpg/220px-Gemini-4_NASA_Mission_Control_Center.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kraft shows President Ronald Reagan around Mission Control during the STS-2 mission in 1981.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ronald_Reagan_and_Christopher_C._Kraft_Jr.jpg/220px-Ronald_Reagan_and_Christopher_C._Kraft_Jr.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kraft speaks at a ceremony for the renaming of the Mission Control Center in his honor, April 14, 2011","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Christopher_Kraft_at_Dedication_Ceremony.jpg/220px-Christopher_Kraft_at_Dedication_Ceremony.jpg"},{"image_text":"Time capsule placed in Kraft's honor at Air Power Park in Hampton, Virginia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Hampton_Kraft_time_capsule.JPG/220px-Hampton_Kraft_time_capsule.JPG"}]
null
[{"reference":"Lunney, Glynn (March 9, 1998). \"Oral History Transcript\" (PDF). Johnson Space Center Oral History Project (Interview). Interviewed by Neal, Roy. Houston, Texas: NASA. p. 23. Retrieved February 4, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glynn_Lunney","url_text":"Lunney, Glynn"},{"url":"https://historycollection.jsc.nasa.gov/JSCHistoryPortal/history/oral_histories/LunneyGS/GSL_3-9-98.pdf","url_text":"\"Oral History Transcript\""}]},{"reference":"Nystrom, Lynn (April 26, 2002). \"Kraft selected 2002 Ruffner Medal recipient\" (PDF). Virginia Spectrum. Vol. 24, no. 31. Virginia Tech. Retrieved February 1, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/vtpubs/spectrum/2002/sp2002-0426.pdf","url_text":"\"Kraft selected 2002 Ruffner Medal recipient\""}]},{"reference":"Nichols, Bruce (May 1, 1982). \"Chris Kraft: \"A giant among people ...\"\". United Press International. Retrieved February 2, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.upi.com/Archives/1982/05/01/Chris-Kraft-A-giant-among-people-Space-Center-chief-retiring/2356389073600/","url_text":"\"Chris Kraft: \"A giant among people ...\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Meditative Chimponaut\". Time (magazine). December 8, 1961. Retrieved February 3, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,895774,00.html","url_text":"\"Meditative Chimponaut\""}]},{"reference":"\"Results of the Second U.S. Manned Orbital Space Flight, May 24, 1962\". NASA. 1962. Archived from the original on January 4, 2022. 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Retrieved February 3, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Carpenter","url_text":"Carpenter, Scott"},{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/books/01/04/01/letters/letters.html","url_text":"\"Letters\""}]},{"reference":"\"Conductor in a Command Post\". Time (magazine). August 27, 1965. Retrieved November 1, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,828350,00.html","url_text":"\"Conductor in a Command Post\""}]},{"reference":"Cunningham, Walter (May 24, 1999). \"Oral History\" (PDF). Johnson Space Center Oral History Project (Interview). Interviewed by Stone, Ron. Houston, Texas: NASA. pp. 40–42.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Cunningham","url_text":"Cunningham, Walter"},{"url":"https://historycollection.jsc.nasa.gov/JSCHistoryPortal/history/oral_histories/CunninghamRW/RWC_5-24-99.pdf","url_text":"\"Oral History\""}]},{"reference":"Honeycutt, Jay F. (March 22, 1999). \"Oral History\" (PDF) (Interview). Interviewed by Wright, Rebecca. Johnson Space Center Oral History Project. p. 14.","urls":[{"url":"https://historycollection.jsc.nasa.gov/JSCHistoryPortal/history/oral_histories/HoneycuttJF/HoneycuttJF_3-22-00.pdf","url_text":"\"Oral History\""}]},{"reference":"Young, Anthony (November 28, 2005). \"Leadership at Johnson Space Center\". The Space Review. Retrieved November 27, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thespacereview.com/article/503/1","url_text":"\"Leadership at Johnson Space Center\""}]},{"reference":"Lunney, Glynn (January 13, 2000). \"Oral History 9 Transcript\" (PDF). Johnson Space Center Oral History Project (Interview). Interviewed by Butler, Carol. Houston, Texas: NASA. p. 7. Retrieved February 4, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glynn_Lunney","url_text":"Lunney, Glynn"},{"url":"https://historycollection.jsc.nasa.gov/JSCHistoryPortal/history/oral_histories/LunneyGS/GSL_1-13-00.pdf","url_text":"\"Oral History 9 Transcript\""}]},{"reference":"Hutchinson, Neil B. (January 21, 2004). \"Oral History 3 Transcript\" (PDF). Johnson Space Center Oral History Project (Interview). Interviewed by Ross-Nazzal, Jennifer. Houston, Texas: NASA. pp. 3–4. Retrieved February 4, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://historycollection.jsc.nasa.gov/JSCHistoryPortal/history/oral_histories/HutchinsonNB/HutchinsonNB_1-21-04.pdf","url_text":"\"Oral History 3 Transcript\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA","url_text":"NASA"}]},{"reference":"\"Space Pioneer Chris Kraft Resigns\". United Press International. April 15, 1982.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Carreau, Mark; Clayton, William E. Jr. (March 16, 1995). \"Shuttle's managers say go slow; Contractor plan stirs safety fears\". Houston Chronicle. p. A17. Archived from the original on September 29, 2012. Retrieved January 7, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120929061054/http://www.chron.com/CDA/archives/archive.mpl?id=1995_1262378","url_text":"\"Shuttle's managers say go slow; Contractor plan stirs safety fears\""},{"url":"http://www.chron.com/CDA/archives/archive.mpl?id=1995_1262378","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Cooper, Henry S. F. Jr. (March 11, 2001). \"Rocket Man\". Book Review. The New York Times. p. 23. Retrieved December 2, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_S._F._Cooper_Jr.","url_text":"Cooper, Henry S. F. Jr."},{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/books/01/03/11/reviews/010311.11coopert.html","url_text":"\"Rocket Man\""}]},{"reference":"\"From the Critics: Flight, My Life in Mission Control\". Barnes & Noble.com. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved December 2, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070929123341/http://search.barnesandnoble.com/booksearch/isbninquiry.asp?ean=9780452283046&z=y#REV","url_text":"\"From the Critics: Flight, My Life in Mission Control\""},{"url":"http://search.barnesandnoble.com/booksearch/isbninquiry.asp?ean=9780452283046&z=y#REV","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Puffer, Raymond L. (May 2002). \"Flight: my life in mission control—Book Review\". Kliatt. Retrieved December 2, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Kraft,+Chris.+Flight%3A+my+life+in+mission+control.-a0107124440","url_text":"\"Flight: my life in mission control—Book Review\""}]},{"reference":"Bylinsky, Gene (August 15, 1965). \"When the Countdown is 1...\" The New York Times. 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Retrieved July 22, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_D._McFadden","url_text":"McFadden, Robert D."},{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/22/science/christopher-kraft-dead-nasa.html","url_text":"\"Christopher Kraft, NASA's Face and Voice of Mission Control, Dies at 95\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Pearlman, Robert Z. (July 23, 2019). \"Chris Kraft, NASA's First Flight Director and Father of Mission Control, Dies at 95\". Space.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.space.com/chris-kraft-nasa-first-flight-director-obituary.html","url_text":"\"Chris Kraft, NASA's First Flight Director and Father of Mission Control, Dies at 95\""}]},{"reference":"\"Historical Recipient List\" (PDF). NASA. Retrieved April 24, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://searchpub.nssc.nasa.gov/servlet/sm.web.Fetch/Agency_Awards_Historical_Recipient_List.pdf?rhid=1000&did=2120817&type=released","url_text":"\"Historical Recipient List\""}]},{"reference":"\"Christopher C. Kraft Jr\". New Mexico Museum of Space History. Retrieved March 24, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nmspacemuseum.org/inductee/christopher-c-kraft-jr/","url_text":"\"Christopher C. Kraft Jr\""}]},{"reference":"\"ASME Medal\". ASME. Retrieved March 24, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.asme.org/about-asme/honors-awards/achievement-awards/asme-medal","url_text":"\"ASME Medal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASME","url_text":"ASME"}]},{"reference":"\"The Roger W. Jones Awardfor Executive Leadership\" (PDF). American University. Retrieved March 24, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.american.edu/spa/dpap/roger_jones/upload/11-302_rogerjonesprogramv4.pdf","url_text":"\"The Roger W. Jones Awardfor Executive Leadership\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_University","url_text":"American University"}]},{"reference":"Nystrom, Lynn (2006). \"Alumnus Chris Kraft presents Moon rock to College of Engineering\". Virginia Tech. Archived from the original on August 23, 2007. Retrieved December 2, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070823135051/http://www.vtnews.vt.edu/news_print/index.php?relyear=2006&itemno=454","url_text":"\"Alumnus Chris Kraft presents Moon rock to College of Engineering\""},{"url":"http://www.vtnews.vt.edu/news_print/index.php?relyear=2006&itemno=454","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"National Aviation Hall of Fame reveals names of four to be inducted in Class of 2016\". The National Aviation Hall of Fame. 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April 14, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/2011/apr/14/nasa-pioneer-honored-says-he-regrets-shuttle-end/","url_text":"\"NASA pioneer honored; says he regrets shuttle end\""}]},{"reference":"\"History\". Kraft Elementary School. Archived from the original on February 1, 2022. Retrieved February 1, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220201035530/https://kra.hampton.k12.va.us/school-information/history","url_text":"\"History\""},{"url":"https://kra.hampton.k12.va.us/school-information/history","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Murray, Noel (November 27, 2017). \"In one of HBO's finest hours, Tom Hanks recalled the last time we went to the moon\". The A.V. Club. Retrieved July 23, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.avclub.com/in-one-of-hbo-s-finest-hours-tom-hanks-recalled-the-la-1820474389","url_text":"\"In one of HBO's finest hours, Tom Hanks recalled the last time we went to the moon\""}]},{"reference":"\"Apollo 13: To The Edge And Back\". WGBH Media Library and Archives. Retrieved July 23, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://openvault.wgbh.org/catalog/V_55F60B1ED6914AA3BE187C6577B2D1CB","url_text":"\"Apollo 13: To The Edge And Back\""}]},{"reference":"Citron, Cynthia (October 18, 2018). \"Armstrong Makes Good On Kennedy's Promise\". Santa Monica Daily Press. Retrieved July 23, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.smdp.com/armstrong-makes-good-on-kennedys-promise/170100","url_text":"\"Armstrong Makes Good On Kennedy's Promise\""}]},{"reference":"Dansby, Andrew (October 2, 2020). \"Houston actor Eric Ladin plays NASA legend in 'The Right Stuff'\". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved February 3, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://preview.houstonchronicle.com/movies-tv/houston-actor-eric-ladin-plays-nasa-legend-in-15613507","url_text":"\"Houston actor Eric Ladin plays NASA legend in 'The Right Stuff'\""}]},{"reference":"Bilstein, Roger E. (1989). Orders of Magnitude: A History of the NACA and NASA, 1915–1990 (PDF). NASA. SP-4406. Retrieved February 2, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4406.pdf","url_text":"Orders of Magnitude: A History of the NACA and NASA, 1915–1990"}]},{"reference":"Brooks, Courtney G.; Grimwood, James M.; Swenson, Loyd S. Jr. (1979). Chariots for Apollo: A History of Manned Lunar Spacecraft. NASA History Series. Washington, DC: Scientific and Technical Information Branch, NASA. ISBN 978-0-486-46756-6. LCCN 79001042. OCLC 4664449. NASA SP-4205. Retrieved July 20, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4205/cover.html","url_text":"Chariots for Apollo: A History of Manned Lunar Spacecraft"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-46756-6","url_text":"978-0-486-46756-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/79001042","url_text":"79001042"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4664449","url_text":"4664449"}]},{"reference":"Columbia Accident Investigation Board (2003). Columbia Accident Investigation Board Report, Volume I. NASA. Archived from the original on December 2, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Accident_Investigation_Board","url_text":"Columbia Accident Investigation Board"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061202135341/http://caib.nasa.gov/news/report/volume1/default.html","url_text":"Columbia Accident Investigation Board Report, Volume I"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA","url_text":"NASA"},{"url":"http://caib.nasa.gov/news/report/volume1/default.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hansen, James R. (1995). Spaceflight Revolution: NASA Langley Research Center From Sputnik to Apollo (PDF). NASA.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_R._Hansen","url_text":"Hansen, James R."},{"url":"https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4308.pdf","url_text":"Spaceflight Revolution: NASA Langley Research Center From Sputnik to Apollo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA","url_text":"NASA"}]},{"reference":"Harland, David M. (2004). How NASA Learned to Fly in Space. Ontario, Canada: Apogee Books. ISBN 1-894959-07-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-894959-07-8","url_text":"1-894959-07-8"}]},{"reference":"Kraft, Christopher C. Jr. (March 1, 1955). Flight Measurements of the Velocity Distribution and Persistence of the Trailing Vortices of an Airplane (PDF) (Report). Washington, D.C.: NACA. 19930084657. Retrieved March 11, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19930084657/downloads/19930084657.pdf","url_text":"Flight Measurements of the Velocity Distribution and Persistence of the Trailing Vortices of an Airplane"}]},{"reference":"Kraft, Chris (2001). Flight: My Life in Mission Control. New York: Dutton. ISBN 0-525-94571-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/flight00chri","url_text":"Flight: My Life in Mission Control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-525-94571-7","url_text":"0-525-94571-7"}]},{"reference":"Kranz, Gene (2000). Failure Is Not an Option. New York: Berkley Books. ISBN 0-425-17987-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Kranz","url_text":"Kranz, Gene"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-425-17987-7","url_text":"0-425-17987-7"}]},{"reference":"Liebergot, Sy (2003). Apollo EECOM: Journey of a Lifetime. Burlington, Ontario: Apogee Books. ISBN 1-896522-96-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sy_Liebergot","url_text":"Liebergot, Sy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-896522-96-3","url_text":"1-896522-96-3"}]},{"reference":"Murray, Charles; Catherine Bly Cox (1989). Apollo: The Race to the Moon. New York: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0-671-61101-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-61101-1","url_text":"0-671-61101-1"}]},{"reference":"NASA (1995). Report of the Space Shuttle Management Independent Review Team. NASA.","urls":[{"url":"https://fas.org/spp/kraft.htm","url_text":"Report of the Space Shuttle Management Independent Review Team"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA","url_text":"NASA"}]},{"reference":"Schirra, Wally; Billings, Richard (1988). Schirra's Space. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-792-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55750-792-9","url_text":"1-55750-792-9"}]},{"reference":"Swenson, Loyd S. Jr.; Brooks, Courtney G.; Grimwood, James M. (1979). Chariots for Apollo: A History of Manned Lunar Spacecraft. NASA.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4205/contents.html","url_text":"Chariots for Apollo: A History of Manned Lunar Spacecraft"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA","url_text":"NASA"}]},{"reference":"Swenson, Loyd S. Jr.; James M. Grimwood; Charles C. Alexander (1989). This New Ocean: A History of Project Mercury. NASA. Archived from the original on August 23, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070823124845/https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4201/toc.htm","url_text":"This New Ocean: A History of Project Mercury"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA","url_text":"NASA"},{"url":"https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4201/toc.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Truly, Richard H. (2021). \"Christopher C. Kraft Jr. 1924–2019\". Memorial Tributes. 23: 166–172. Retrieved February 1, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_H._Truly","url_text":"Truly, Richard H."},{"url":"https://www.nae.edu/File.aspx?id=260615","url_text":"\"Christopher C. Kraft Jr. 1924–2019\""}]},{"reference":"von Ehrenfried, Manfred \"Dutch\" (2016). The Birth of NASA: The Work of the Space Task Group, America's First True Space Pioneers. New York: Springer-Praxis. Bibcode:2016bnws.book.....E. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-28428-6. ISBN 978-3-319-28426-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016bnws.book.....E","url_text":"2016bnws.book.....E"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-28428-6","url_text":"10.1007/978-3-319-28428-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-28426-2","url_text":"978-3-319-28426-2"}]},{"reference":"Kraft, Chris. Mission Control Operations. Presentation at MIT, November 8, 2005.","urls":[{"url":"http://video.mit.edu/watch/mission-control-operations-9122/","url_text":"Mission Control Operations"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malin,_County_Donegal
Malin, County Donegal
["1 Sport","2 Tidy towns","3 Notable people","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
Coordinates: 55°15′N 7°16′W / 55.25°N 7.27°W / 55.25; -7.27Village in County Donegal, Ireland Village in Ulster, IrelandMalin MálainnVillageMalin BridgeMalinLocation in IrelandCoordinates: 55°15′N 7°16′W / 55.25°N 7.27°W / 55.25; -7.27CountryIrelandProvinceUlsterCountyCounty DonegalGovernment • Dáil constituencyDonegal • EU ParliamentNorth–WestPopulation (2016) • Total92Time zoneUTC+0 (WET) • Summer (DST)UTC-1 (IST (WEST))Irish Grid ReferenceC467453 Malin in 1996 Malin (Irish: Málainn) is a village in County Donegal, Ireland, situated 6 km (4 mi) north of Carndonagh. A further 13 km (8 mi) north further is Malin Head, the most northerly point of the island of Ireland. It was a planned settlement plotted around a triangular green. Malin won the Irish Tidy Towns Competition in 1970 and 1991. Sport The village's GAA club, also called Malin, is considered a senior football club; it is the most northern-located GAA club in Ireland. The Malin 5k run is held annually, and there is also a raft race which takes place to raise funds for the RNLI. Tidy towns Malin has won the Tidy Towns contest twice, and earned a Bronze in 2002. Notable people The Rev. William Elder, politician and clergyman in Canada The Irish folk music trio The Henry Girls are from Malin. Sir William McArthur, Lord Mayor of London See also List of populated places in the Republic of Ireland References ^ "Census 2016 Sapmap Area: Settlements Malin". Central Statistics Office (Ireland). Retrieved 10 June 2018. ^ "Málainn/Malin". Placenames Database of Ireland. Government of Ireland - Department of Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht and Dublin City University. Retrieved 10 June 2018. ^ Homer, Peter. A Brief History of Malin Head. Inishowen Maritime Museum & Planetarium. 2014. ^ "New moon rising for The Henry Girls". Donegal Now. Archived from the original on 9 May 2015. Retrieved 13 April 2012. External links The Tidy Towns of Ireland "Celebrating 50 years" vtePlaces in County DonegalCounty town: LiffordTowns Ballybofey Ballyshannon Buncrana Bundoran Carndonagh Castlefin Donegal Town Dungloe Falcarragh Glenties Killybegs Letterkenny Lifford Ramelton Stranorlar Villages Annagry Ardara Ballindrait Ballintra Ballyliffin Bridgend Bruckless Burnfoot Burtonport Carrick Carrigans Carrigart Churchill Cloghan Clonmany Convoy Cranford Creeslough Crolly Culdaff Doochary Downings Drumkeen Dunfanaghy Dunkineely Dunlewey Fahan Fintown Frosses Glen Glencolmcille Greencastle Inver Kerrykeel Kilcar Killea Killygordon Kilmacrennan Laghy Leabgarrow Lettermacaward Loughanure Malin Malin Beg Manorcunningham Meenlaragh Milford Mountcharles Moville Muff Narin Newtowncunningham Pettigo Porthall Portnablagh Quigley's Point Raphoe Rathmullan Redcastle Rossnowlagh Shrove St Johnston Teelin Termon Townlands Ardagh Bunbeg Burt Carnamoyle Castleforward Demesne Clonglash Derrybeg Drumardagh Drumrainy Gartan Gortahork Kilclooney More Kincasslagh Magheroarty Meenagolan Mullaghduff Portsalon Ranafast Urris Islands Arranmore Cruit Eighter Glashedy Gola Inch Inishbofin Inishcoo Inishdooey Inishfree Inishkeel Inishmeane Inishsirrer Inishtrahull Owey Rathlin O'Birne Rotten Rutland Tory Other regions Cloughaneely Fanad Gweedore Inishowen The Rosses List of townlands in County Donegal Category:Mountains and hills of County Donegal Category:Rivers of County Donegal Category:Geography of County Donegal vteTidy Towns (Ireland) winners1950s 1958: Glenties 1959: Glenties 1960s 1960: Glenties 1961: Rathvilly 1962: Glenties 1963: Rathvilly 1964: Virginia 1965: Virginia 1966: Ballyjamesduff 1967: Ballyjamesduff 1968: Rathvilly 1969: Tyrrellspass 1970s 1970: Malin 1971: Ballyconnell 1972: Trim 1973: Kiltegan 1974: Ballyconnell & Trim 1975: Kilsheelan 1976: Adare 1977: Multyfarnham 1978: Glaslough 1979: Kilsheelan 1980s 1980: Newtowncashel 1981: Mountshannon 1982: Dunmanway 1983: Terryglass 1984: Trim 1985: Kilkenny 1986: Kinsale 1987: Sneem 1988: Carlingford 1989: Ardagh 1990s 1990: Malahide 1991: Malin 1992: Ardmore 1993: Keadue 1994: Galbally 1995: Glenties 1996: Ardagh 1997: Terryglass 1998: Ardagh 1999: Clonakilty 2000s 2000: Kenmare 2001: Westport 2002: Castletown 2003: Keadue 2004: Lismore 2005: Ennis 2006: Westport 2007: Aughrim 2008: Westport 2009: Emly 2010s 2010: Tallanstown 2011: Killarney 2012: Abbeyshrule 2013: Moynalty 2014: Kilkenny 2015: Letterkenny 2016: Skerries 2017: Birdhill 2018: Listowel 2019: Glaslough 2020s 2020: Cancelled 2021: Ennis 2022: Trim This article related to the geography of County Donegal, Ireland is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"title":"List of populated places in the Republic of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_for_Complexity,_Information_and_Design
International Society for Complexity, Information, and Design
["1 Overview","2 PCID peer review controversy","3 Fellows","4 Notes and references","5 External links"]
Creationism advocacy organization International Society for Complexity, Information, and DesignAbbreviationISCIDFormation6 December 2001Executive directorWilliam A. DembskiWebsiteISCID.ORG The International Society for Complexity, Information, and Design (ISCID) was a creationism advocacy organization that described itself as "a cross-disciplinary professional society that investigates complex systems apart from external programmatic constraints like materialism, naturalism, or reductionism." It was founded and led by figures associated with the intelligent design movement, such as William A. Dembski and Michael Behe. Overview Part of a series onIntelligent designWatchmaker analogy Concepts Irreducible complexity Specified complexity Fine-tuned universe Intelligent designer Theistic science Neo-creationism Movement Timeline Wedge strategy Politics Kitzmiller v. Dover Campaigns Discovery Institute campaigns "Teach the controversy" Authors Jonathan Wells William A. Dembski Phillip E. Johnson Michael Behe Organisations Discovery Institute Center for Science and Culture Centre for Intelligent Design International Society for Complexity,Information, and Design (ISCID) Intelligent Design andEvolution Awareness Center Physicians and Surgeons forScientific Integrity Truth in Science Reactions Jewish Roman Catholic Scientific bodies that explicitlyreject intelligent design Creationism Categoryvte The society was launched on 6 December 2001. It was co-founded by William A. Dembski, Micah Sparacio and John Bracht. Dembski served as its executive director. It had about sixty fellows, many of them figures associated with the intelligent design movement and fellows of the Discovery Institute's Center for Science and Culture, including Dembski, Behe, Jonathan Wells, William Lane Craig, and Henry F. Schaefer. Other notable ISCID fellows include philosopher of religion Alvin Plantinga and physics professor and theologian Frank J. Tipler. ISCID hosted its first online symposium in October 2002, titled "The Teleological Origin of Biological Information." ISCID described itself as providing "a forum for formulating, testing, and disseminating research on complex systems through critique, peer review, and publication," with an aim "to pursue the theoretical development, empirical application, and philosophical implications of information- and design-theoretic concepts for complex systems." ISCID maintained an online journal titled Progress in Complexity, Information and Design (PCID). Articles were submitted through its website and could appear in the journal if they had been approved by one of the fellows. Dembski and Tipler believed that this review process was preferable to the process of scholarly peer review commonly used in mainstream journals, citing that peer review "too often degenerates into a vehicle for censoring novel ideas that break with existing frameworks." ISCID also hosted an online forum called Brainstorms and maintains a copyrighted online user-written Internet encyclopedia called the ISCID Encyclopedia of Science and Philosophy. The society featured online chats with intelligent-design proponents and others sympathetic to the movement or interested in aspects of complex systems. Past chats included people such as Ray Kurzweil, David Chalmers, Stuart Kauffman, Christopher Michael Langan and Robert Wright. In May 2011 the society's website stated that "ISCID is no longer being managed as an organization". The last issue of PCID was published in November 2005, its essay contests had been discontinued, and the last moderated chat was in 2004. By 2014, its website was no longer online. PCID peer review controversy ISCID's journal, Progress in Complexity, Information, and Design has been cited as an example of a journal set up by intelligent design proponents to publish articles promoting intelligent design without a peer review process with sufficient impartiality and rigor. ISCID fellows who comprised PCID's reviewers were characterized as "ardent supporters of intelligent design." ISCID's peer review policy for PCID was based on ISCID Fellow Frank Tipler's article covering what he saw as problems with traditional peer review processes. ISCID required that for articles to be accepted into the archive, they "need to meet basic scholarly standards and be relevant to the study of complex systems." Once in the archive, articles only needed to be approved by a single ISCID Fellow in order to be published. ISCID says that this policy is designed to provide peer review for quality without squelching paradigm changing theories. However, the American Association for the Advancement of Science contended that review processes such as PCID's were different from the accepted standard of peer review, where "reviewers are experts in the relevant scientific fields who have no conflict of interest with or especially close personal relationships to the authors or requestors." Fellows In addition to guiding the society's various programs, fellows served as the editorial advisory board that peer-reviewed the society's journal, PCID. Partial list of ISCID Fellows: Michael Behe John Angus Campbell Robin Collins William Lane Craig Bernard d'Abrera William A. Dembski Guillermo Gonzalez Bruce L. Gordon Muzaffar Iqbal Christopher Michael Langan Forrest Mims Scott Minnich Paul Nelson Alvin Plantinga Henry F. Schaefer, III Jeffrey M. Schwartz Richard Sternberg Frank J. Tipler Jonathan Wells Notes and references ^ a b "ISCID - International Society for Complexity Information and Design". 2012-11-01. Archived from the original on November 1, 2012. Retrieved 2015-12-27. ^ a b "ID leaders know the benefits of submitting their work to independent review and have established at least two purportedly "peer-reviewed" journals for ID articles. However, one has languished for want of material and quietly ceased publication, while the other has a more overtly philosophical orientation. Both journals employ a weak standard of "peer review" that amounts to no more than vetting by the editorial board or society fellows. Is It Science Yet?: Intelligent Design Creationism and the Constitution Archived 2006-10-10 at the Wayback Machine Matthew J. Brauer, Barbara Forrest, and Steven G. Gey. Washington University School of Law, Washington University Law Quarterly, Volume 83, Number 1, 2005. ^ a b "ISCID - About". 2013-01-23. Archived from the original on January 23, 2013. Retrieved 2015-12-27. ^ "ISCID - Conferences". 2013-04-05. Archived from the original on April 5, 2013. Retrieved 2015-12-27. ^ "PCID: Progress in Complexity, Information and Design". 2013-04-05. Archived from the original on April 5, 2013. Retrieved 2015-12-27. ^ "PCID - Peer Review or Peer Censorship". 2011-06-07. Archived from the original on June 7, 2011. Retrieved 2015-12-27. ^ Tipler, Frank (June 30, 2003). "Refereed Journals: Do They Insure Quality or Enforce Orthodoxy?" (PDF). ISCID Archive. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 4, 2012. ^ "ISCID - Brainstorms". 2013-04-05. Archived from the original on April 5, 2013. Retrieved 2015-12-27. ^ "ISCID - Contact Information". 2011-05-14. Archived from the original on May 14, 2011. Retrieved 2015-12-27. ^ "ISCID - International Society for Complexity Information and Design". 2013-01-23. Archived from the original on January 23, 2013. Retrieved 2015-12-27. ^ "ISCID - Essay Contests". 2013-01-23. Archived from the original on January 23, 2013. Retrieved 2015-12-27. ^ "ISCID - Live Chat with Carlos Puente". 2012-02-22. Archived from the original on February 22, 2012. Retrieved 2015-12-27. ^ a b Isaak, Mark. Index to Creationist Claims. TalkOrigins archive 2006 ^ Bill Dembski and the case of the unsupported assertion Matt Inlay. Talk Reason. ^ Intelligent Design: Creationism’s Trojan Horse, A Conversation With Barbara Forrest Archived 2006-08-09 at the Wayback Machine Americans United for Separation of Church and State, February, 2005. ^ Frank Tipler, Refereed Journals: Do They Insure Quality or Enforce Orthodoxy?, ISCID Archive, June 30, 2003 ^ PCID Archived 2013-04-05 at the Wayback Machine ^ Peer Review or Peer Censorship? Archived 2011-06-07 at the Wayback Machine William Dembski. ISCID. ^ "AAAS - AAAS Dialogue on Science, Ethics, and Religion - Evolution Resources". 2012-01-14. Archived from the original on January 14, 2012. Retrieved 2015-12-27. ^ "ISCID - Fellows". 2013-05-10. Archived from the original on May 10, 2013. Retrieved 2015-12-27. External links ISCID (old website) Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National United States
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Dembski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_A._Dembski"},{"link_name":"intelligent design movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligent_design_movement"},{"link_name":"Discovery Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_Institute"},{"link_name":"Center for Science and Culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Science_and_Culture"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Wells_(intelligent_design_advocate)"},{"link_name":"William Lane Craig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lane_Craig"},{"link_name":"Henry F. Schaefer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_F._Schaefer"},{"link_name":"Alvin Plantinga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvin_Plantinga"},{"link_name":"Frank J. Tipler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_J._Tipler"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_journal"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"scholarly peer review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholarly_peer_review"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Internet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet"},{"link_name":"encyclopedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Ray Kurzweil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Kurzweil"},{"link_name":"David Chalmers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Chalmers"},{"link_name":"Stuart Kauffman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Kauffman"},{"link_name":"Christopher Michael Langan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Michael_Langan"},{"link_name":"Robert Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Wright_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"The society was launched on 6 December 2001. It was co-founded by William A. Dembski, Micah Sparacio and John Bracht. Dembski served as its executive director. It had about sixty fellows, many of them figures associated with the intelligent design movement and fellows of the Discovery Institute's Center for Science and Culture, including Dembski, Behe, Jonathan Wells, William Lane Craig, and Henry F. Schaefer. Other notable ISCID fellows include philosopher of religion Alvin Plantinga and physics professor and theologian Frank J. Tipler.[3]ISCID hosted its first online symposium in October 2002, titled \"The Teleological Origin of Biological Information.\"[4]ISCID described itself as providing \"a forum for formulating, testing, and disseminating research on complex systems through critique, peer review, and publication,\" with an aim \"to pursue the theoretical development, empirical application, and philosophical implications of information- and design-theoretic concepts for complex systems.\"[1]ISCID maintained an online journal titled Progress in Complexity, Information and Design (PCID). Articles were submitted through its website and could appear in the journal if they had been approved by one of the fellows.[5] Dembski and Tipler believed that this review process was preferable to the process of scholarly peer review commonly used in mainstream journals, citing that peer review \"too often degenerates into a vehicle for censoring novel ideas that break with existing frameworks.\"[6][7]ISCID also hosted an online forum called Brainstorms and maintains a copyrighted online user-written Internet encyclopedia called the ISCID Encyclopedia of Science and Philosophy.[8] The society featured online chats with intelligent-design proponents and others sympathetic to the movement or interested in aspects of complex systems. Past chats included people such as Ray Kurzweil, David Chalmers, Stuart Kauffman, Christopher Michael Langan and Robert Wright.In May 2011 the society's website stated that \"ISCID is no longer being managed as an organization\".[9] The last issue of PCID was published in November 2005,[10] its essay contests had been discontinued,[11] and the last moderated chat was in 2004.[12] By 2014, its website was no longer online.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"intelligent design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligent_design"},{"link_name":"impartiality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impartiality"},{"link_name":"rigor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigour"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-isaak-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inlay_talkreason-14"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wustl-2"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-isaak-13"},{"link_name":"peer review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer_review"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pcid-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"ISCID's journal, Progress in Complexity, Information, and Design has been cited as an example of a journal set up by intelligent design proponents to publish articles promoting intelligent design without a peer review process with sufficient impartiality and rigor.[13][14][2][15] ISCID fellows who comprised PCID's reviewers were characterized as \"ardent supporters of intelligent design.\"[13]ISCID's peer review policy for PCID was based on ISCID Fellow Frank Tipler's article covering what he saw as problems with traditional peer review processes.[16] ISCID required that for articles to be accepted into the archive, they \"need to meet basic scholarly standards and be relevant to the study of complex systems.\" Once in the archive, articles only needed to be approved by a single ISCID Fellow in order to be published.[17] ISCID says that this policy is designed to provide peer review for quality without squelching paradigm changing theories.[18] However, the American Association for the Advancement of Science contended that review processes such as PCID's were different from the accepted standard of peer review, where \"reviewers are experts in the relevant scientific fields who have no conflict of interest with or especially close personal relationships to the authors or requestors.\"[19]","title":"PCID peer review controversy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Michael Behe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Behe"},{"link_name":"John Angus Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Angus_Campbell"},{"link_name":"Robin Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Collins"},{"link_name":"William Lane Craig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lane_Craig"},{"link_name":"Bernard d'Abrera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_d%27Abrera"},{"link_name":"William A. Dembski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_A._Dembski"},{"link_name":"Guillermo Gonzalez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillermo_Gonzalez_(astronomer)"},{"link_name":"Bruce L. Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_L._Gordon"},{"link_name":"Muzaffar Iqbal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzaffar_Iqbal"},{"link_name":"Christopher Michael Langan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Michael_Langan"},{"link_name":"Forrest Mims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forrest_Mims"},{"link_name":"Paul Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Nelson_(creationist)"},{"link_name":"Alvin Plantinga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvin_Plantinga"},{"link_name":"Henry F. Schaefer, III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_F._Schaefer,_III"},{"link_name":"Jeffrey M. Schwartz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_M._Schwartz"},{"link_name":"Richard Sternberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Sternberg"},{"link_name":"Frank J. Tipler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_J._Tipler"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Wells_(intelligent_design_advocate)"}],"text":"In addition to guiding the society's various programs, fellows served as the editorial advisory board that peer-reviewed the society's journal, PCID.Partial list of ISCID Fellows:[20]Michael Behe\nJohn Angus Campbell\nRobin Collins\nWilliam Lane Craig\nBernard d'Abrera\nWilliam A. Dembski\nGuillermo Gonzalez\nBruce L. Gordon\nMuzaffar Iqbal\nChristopher Michael Langan\nForrest Mims\nScott Minnich\nPaul Nelson\nAlvin Plantinga\nHenry F. Schaefer, III\nJeffrey M. Schwartz\nRichard Sternberg\nFrank J. Tipler\nJonathan Wells","title":"Fellows"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_1-1"},{"link_name":"\"ISCID - International Society for Complexity Information and Design\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20121101023839/http://www.iscid.org/"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.iscid.org/"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-wustl_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-wustl_2-1"},{"link_name":"Is It Science Yet?: Intelligent Design Creationism and the Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//law.wustl.edu/WULQ/83-1/p%201%20Brauer%20Forrest%20Gey%20book%20pages.pdf"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20061010171515/http://law.wustl.edu/WULQ/83-1/p%201%20Brauer%20Forrest%20Gey%20book%20pages.pdf"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"Barbara Forrest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Forrest"},{"link_name":"Washington University School of Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_University_School_of_Law"},{"link_name":"Washington University Law Quarterly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_University_Law_Quarterly"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:1_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:1_3-1"},{"link_name":"\"ISCID - About\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20130123000342/http://www.iscid.org/about.php"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.iscid.org/about.php"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"ISCID - Conferences\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20130405165505/http://www.iscid.org/conferences.php"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.iscid.org/conferences.php"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"PCID: Progress in Complexity, Information and Design\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20130405165535/http://www.iscid.org/pcid.php"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.iscid.org/pcid.php"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"PCID - Peer Review or Peer Censorship\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110607111132/http://www.iscid.org/pcid/2003/2/1-2/dembski_pcid_policy.php"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.iscid.org/pcid/2003/2/1-2/dembski_pcid_policy.php"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"Refereed Journals: Do They Insure Quality or Enforce Orthodoxy?\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120204044039/http://www.iscid.org/papers/Tipler_PeerReview_070103.pdf"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.iscid.org/papers/Tipler_PeerReview_070103.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"\"ISCID - Brainstorms\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20130405165540/http://www.iscid.org/brainstorms.php"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.iscid.org/brainstorms.php"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"\"ISCID - Contact Information\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110514103606/http://www.iscid.org/contact.php"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.iscid.org/contact.php"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"\"ISCID - International Society for Complexity Information and Design\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20130123000313/http://www.iscid.org/"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.iscid.org/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"\"ISCID - Essay Contests\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20130123000304/http://www.iscid.org/essaycontests.php"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.iscid.org/essaycontests.php"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"\"ISCID - Live Chat with Carlos Puente\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120222011516/http://www.iscid.org/carlos-puente-chat.php"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.iscid.org/carlos-puente-chat.php"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-isaak_13-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-isaak_13-1"},{"link_name":"Index to Creationist Claims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.talkorigins.org/indexcc/CI/CI001_4.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-inlay_talkreason_14-0"},{"link_name":"Bill Dembski and the case of the unsupported assertion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.talkreason.org/articles/unsupported.cfm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"Intelligent Design: Creationism’s Trojan Horse, A Conversation With Barbara Forrest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.au.org/site/PageServer?pagename=cs_2005_02_special"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20060809155026/http://www.au.org/site/PageServer?pagename=cs_2005_02_special"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"Americans United for Separation of Church and State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americans_United_for_Separation_of_Church_and_State"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"Frank Tipler, Refereed Journals: Do They Insure Quality or Enforce Orthodoxy?, ISCID Archive, June 30, 2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.iscid.org/papers/Tipler_PeerReview_070103.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-pcid_17-0"},{"link_name":"PCID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.iscid.org/pcid.php"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20130405165535/http://www.iscid.org/pcid.php"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"Peer Review or Peer Censorship?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.iscid.org/pcid/2003/2/1-2/dembski_pcid_policy.php"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110607111132/http://www.iscid.org/pcid/2003/2/1-2/dembski_pcid_policy.php"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"\"AAAS - AAAS Dialogue on Science, Ethics, and Religion - Evolution Resources\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120114143309/http://www.aaas.org/spp/dser/03_Areas/evolution/issues/peerreview.shtml"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.aaas.org/spp/dser/03_Areas/evolution/issues/peerreview.shtml"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"\"ISCID - Fellows\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20130510051326/http://www.iscid.org/fellows.php"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.iscid.org/fellows.php"}],"text":"^ a b \"ISCID - International Society for Complexity Information and Design\". 2012-11-01. Archived from the original on November 1, 2012. Retrieved 2015-12-27.\n\n^ a b \"ID leaders know the benefits of submitting their work to independent review and have established at least two purportedly \"peer-reviewed\" journals for ID articles. However, one has languished for want of material and quietly ceased publication, while the other has a more overtly philosophical orientation. Both journals employ a weak standard of \"peer review\" that amounts to no more than vetting by the editorial board or society fellows. Is It Science Yet?: Intelligent Design Creationism and the Constitution Archived 2006-10-10 at the Wayback Machine Matthew J. Brauer, Barbara Forrest, and Steven G. Gey. Washington University School of Law, Washington University Law Quarterly, Volume 83, Number 1, 2005.\n\n^ a b \"ISCID - About\". 2013-01-23. Archived from the original on January 23, 2013. Retrieved 2015-12-27.\n\n^ \"ISCID - Conferences\". 2013-04-05. Archived from the original on April 5, 2013. Retrieved 2015-12-27.\n\n^ \"PCID: Progress in Complexity, Information and Design\". 2013-04-05. Archived from the original on April 5, 2013. Retrieved 2015-12-27.\n\n^ \"PCID - Peer Review or Peer Censorship\". 2011-06-07. Archived from the original on June 7, 2011. Retrieved 2015-12-27.\n\n^ Tipler, Frank (June 30, 2003). \"Refereed Journals: Do They Insure Quality or Enforce Orthodoxy?\" (PDF). ISCID Archive. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 4, 2012.\n\n^ \"ISCID - Brainstorms\". 2013-04-05. Archived from the original on April 5, 2013. Retrieved 2015-12-27.\n\n^ \"ISCID - Contact Information\". 2011-05-14. Archived from the original on May 14, 2011. Retrieved 2015-12-27.\n\n^ \"ISCID - International Society for Complexity Information and Design\". 2013-01-23. Archived from the original on January 23, 2013. Retrieved 2015-12-27.\n\n^ \"ISCID - Essay Contests\". 2013-01-23. Archived from the original on January 23, 2013. Retrieved 2015-12-27.\n\n^ \"ISCID - Live Chat with Carlos Puente\". 2012-02-22. Archived from the original on February 22, 2012. Retrieved 2015-12-27.\n\n^ a b Isaak, Mark. Index to Creationist Claims. TalkOrigins archive 2006\n\n^ Bill Dembski and the case of the unsupported assertion Matt Inlay. Talk Reason.\n\n^ Intelligent Design: Creationism’s Trojan Horse, A Conversation With Barbara Forrest Archived 2006-08-09 at the Wayback Machine Americans United for Separation of Church and State, February, 2005.\n\n^ Frank Tipler, Refereed Journals: Do They Insure Quality or Enforce Orthodoxy?, ISCID Archive, June 30, 2003\n\n^ PCID Archived 2013-04-05 at the Wayback Machine\n\n^ Peer Review or Peer Censorship? Archived 2011-06-07 at the Wayback Machine William Dembski. ISCID.\n\n^ \"AAAS - AAAS Dialogue on Science, Ethics, and Religion - Evolution Resources\". 2012-01-14. Archived from the original on January 14, 2012. Retrieved 2015-12-27.\n\n^ \"ISCID - Fellows\". 2013-05-10. Archived from the original on May 10, 2013. Retrieved 2015-12-27.","title":"Notes and references"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"ISCID - International Society for Complexity Information and Design\". 2012-11-01. Archived from the original on November 1, 2012. Retrieved 2015-12-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121101023839/http://www.iscid.org/","url_text":"\"ISCID - International Society for Complexity Information and Design\""},{"url":"http://www.iscid.org/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"ISCID - About\". 2013-01-23. Archived from the original on January 23, 2013. Retrieved 2015-12-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130123000342/http://www.iscid.org/about.php","url_text":"\"ISCID - About\""},{"url":"http://www.iscid.org/about.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"ISCID - Conferences\". 2013-04-05. Archived from the original on April 5, 2013. Retrieved 2015-12-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130405165505/http://www.iscid.org/conferences.php","url_text":"\"ISCID - Conferences\""},{"url":"http://www.iscid.org/conferences.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"PCID: Progress in Complexity, Information and Design\". 2013-04-05. Archived from the original on April 5, 2013. Retrieved 2015-12-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130405165535/http://www.iscid.org/pcid.php","url_text":"\"PCID: Progress in Complexity, Information and Design\""},{"url":"http://www.iscid.org/pcid.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"PCID - Peer Review or Peer Censorship\". 2011-06-07. Archived from the original on June 7, 2011. Retrieved 2015-12-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110607111132/http://www.iscid.org/pcid/2003/2/1-2/dembski_pcid_policy.php","url_text":"\"PCID - Peer Review or Peer Censorship\""},{"url":"http://www.iscid.org/pcid/2003/2/1-2/dembski_pcid_policy.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Tipler, Frank (June 30, 2003). \"Refereed Journals: Do They Insure Quality or Enforce Orthodoxy?\" (PDF). ISCID Archive. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 4, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120204044039/http://www.iscid.org/papers/Tipler_PeerReview_070103.pdf","url_text":"\"Refereed Journals: Do They Insure Quality or Enforce Orthodoxy?\""},{"url":"http://www.iscid.org/papers/Tipler_PeerReview_070103.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"ISCID - Brainstorms\". 2013-04-05. Archived from the original on April 5, 2013. Retrieved 2015-12-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130405165540/http://www.iscid.org/brainstorms.php","url_text":"\"ISCID - Brainstorms\""},{"url":"http://www.iscid.org/brainstorms.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"ISCID - Contact Information\". 2011-05-14. Archived from the original on May 14, 2011. Retrieved 2015-12-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110514103606/http://www.iscid.org/contact.php","url_text":"\"ISCID - Contact Information\""},{"url":"http://www.iscid.org/contact.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"ISCID - International Society for Complexity Information and Design\". 2013-01-23. Archived from the original on January 23, 2013. Retrieved 2015-12-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130123000313/http://www.iscid.org/","url_text":"\"ISCID - International Society for Complexity Information and Design\""},{"url":"http://www.iscid.org/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"ISCID - Essay Contests\". 2013-01-23. Archived from the original on January 23, 2013. Retrieved 2015-12-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130123000304/http://www.iscid.org/essaycontests.php","url_text":"\"ISCID - Essay Contests\""},{"url":"http://www.iscid.org/essaycontests.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"ISCID - Live Chat with Carlos Puente\". 2012-02-22. Archived from the original on February 22, 2012. Retrieved 2015-12-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120222011516/http://www.iscid.org/carlos-puente-chat.php","url_text":"\"ISCID - Live Chat with Carlos Puente\""},{"url":"http://www.iscid.org/carlos-puente-chat.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"AAAS - AAAS Dialogue on Science, Ethics, and Religion - Evolution Resources\". 2012-01-14. Archived from the original on January 14, 2012. Retrieved 2015-12-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120114143309/http://www.aaas.org/spp/dser/03_Areas/evolution/issues/peerreview.shtml","url_text":"\"AAAS - AAAS Dialogue on Science, Ethics, and Religion - Evolution Resources\""},{"url":"http://www.aaas.org/spp/dser/03_Areas/evolution/issues/peerreview.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"ISCID - Fellows\". 2013-05-10. Archived from the original on May 10, 2013. Retrieved 2015-12-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130510051326/http://www.iscid.org/fellows.php","url_text":"\"ISCID - Fellows\""},{"url":"http://www.iscid.org/fellows.php","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilvoorde,_Belgium
Vilvoorde
["1 History","1.1 Origins","1.2 Middle Ages","1.3 15th century until now","2 Local government","3 Sights","4 Events","5 Demographics","6 Famous inhabitants","7 Twin cities","8 See also","9 References","10 External links"]
Coordinates: 50°56′N 04°25′E / 50.933°N 4.417°E / 50.933; 4.417This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Vilvoorde" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) City and municipality in Flemish Community, BelgiumVilvoorde Vilvorde (French)City and municipalityTown Hall FlagCoat of armsLocation of Vilvoorde VilvoordeLocation in Belgium Location of Vilvoorde in Flemish Brabant Coordinates: 50°56′N 04°25′E / 50.933°N 4.417°E / 50.933; 4.417Country BelgiumCommunityFlemish CommunityRegionFlemish RegionProvinceFlemish BrabantArrondissementHalle VilvoordeGovernment • MayorHans Bonte (Vooruit) • Governing party/iesVooruit, Open Vld, CD&V, GroenArea • Total21.57 km2 (8.33 sq mi)Population (2018-01-01) • Total44,015 • Density2,000/km2 (5,300/sq mi)Postal codes1800NIS code23088Area codes02 - 015Websitewww.vilvoorde.be Vilvoorde (Dutch pronunciation: ⓘ, French: Vilvorde ; historically known as Filford in English) is a Belgian city and municipality in the Halle-Vilvoorde district (arrondissement) of the province of Flemish Brabant. The municipality comprises the city of Vilvoorde proper with its two outlying quarters of Koningslo and Houtem and the small town of Peutie. The official language of Vilvoorde is Dutch. There is a French-speaking minority of about 33.7%, concentrated especially in the Koningslo and Beauval quarter bordering Brussels. The French-speaking minority is represented by 3 members on the 33-seat local council. From 2000 until August 1, 2007, the mayor of Vilvoorde was former Belgian prime minister Jean-Luc Dehaene. The mayor since 2013 is Hans Bonte, also a member of the federal House of Representatives. The nickname for inhabitants of Vilvoorde is Pjeirefretters (horse eaters) because horse meat (especially steak) is a beloved food in Vilvoorde. History Origins The Nervii, and later the Romans, probably already settled in this strategic place near the river Zenne. The name Filfurdo was first mentioned in a 779 document whereby Pippin of Herstal ceded this territory to the Abbey of Chèvremont, near Liège. This name presumably derived from the word equivalents villa at the ford or river crossing. Middle Ages In the 12th century, a small town started to grow, which quickly became a target for the ambitions of the dukes of Brabant and lords of Grimbergen. Henry I, Duke of Brabant granted the city its charter of rights as soon as 1192, mainly to ensure the support of the inhabitants against powerful neighbouring Flanders. The rights to build defensive walls and to export its products gave Vilvoorde a great economic boost, driven mostly by the cloth industry. In the 14th century, thanks to its position on the Zenne, Vilvoorde became an important military centre and could compete against Leuven and Brussels for the title of most important city in Brabant. 15th century until now Jan Luyken's etching (made around 1683–1685) depicting the Anabaptist Anna Utenhoven being buried alive at Vilvoorde in 1597. In the drawing, her head is still above the ground and the priest is exhorting her to recant her faith, while the executioner stands ready to completely cover her up upon her refusal Castle Hyenhoven in Peutie, a borough of Vilvoorde From the 15th to the 19th century, however, Vilvoorde suffered a prolonged decline, mainly because of the competition from Brussels, a general malaise in the textile industry, and the result of epidemics and wars, both political and religious. The translator of the Bible into English, William Tyndale, was executed here in October 1536. In 1597 Anna Utenhoven, an Anabaptist accused of heresy, was buried alive at Vilvoorde – the last of the Protestants suffering martyrdom for their faith in the history of the Habsburg Netherlands. Anthony van Stralen, Lord of Merksem and Jan van Casembroot both were executed in Vilvoorde. The advent of the Industrial Revolution in the late 18th century was a godsend to Vilvoorde, which could quickly capitalize on its proximity to Brussels and its good transportation infrastructure: the deepening of the canals around 1830 and the advent of the railways in 1835. Soon, the medieval buildings gave way to newer and better constructions. The 1489 city hall was replaced by the neo-classical building we see today. In the 1920s, the canal was broadened and deepened again, lined with new industrial zones, and an inland port was built to receive the freightliners. Following its liberation by the British in 1944, Vilvoorde was administered by a joint British and Belgian municipality, with temporary British and Belgian Mayors, Lt Col (then Major) JME Howarth Esq and (Later Prof.) Robert Senelle, before transferring back to a civilian administration. Vilvoorde became (and still is) one of the largest industrial areas around Brussels, with a population that grew to five times what it was 150 years earlier. The recent economic crises have hit the city hard, especially when Renault closed its doors in 1997. The service industry is now taking the lead in 21st century Vilvoorde. Local government Mayors of Vilvoorde: 1983–1993: Laurent Moyson (CVP) 1994–2000: Willy Cortois (VLD) 2001–2007: Jean-Luc Dehaene (CD&V) 2007–2012: Marc Van Asch (CD&V) Since 2013: Hans Bonte (SP.A) Sights Onze-Lieve-Vrouwe-Kerk, Vilvoorde The neo-classical city hall and a covered market hall can be found on the main city square. The statue of a Brabant horse can be found nearby, commemorating the long tradition of horse trading in Vilvoorde. The Kijk-Uit house dates from the 15th or 16th century. The city also has interesting churches, including the Onze-Lieve-Vrouwekerk (Church of Our Lady) that was started in the 14th century, and the basilica of Onze-Lieve-Vrouw-ten-Troost (Our Lady of Consolation), built in the 17th-century Baroque style and adjoining the cloister of the Carmelites. Vilvoorde also has its fair share of parks, such as the Hanssenspark with English gardens and the Domein Drie Fonteinen (the "Domain of the Three Fountains"), which boasts both English and French gardens. The Vilvoorde Viaduct, part of the Brussels beltway. Events Like many other Belgian cities, Vilvoorde has a week-long carnival, which takes place every year in the week of Shrove Tuesday (end of February – beginning of March). Every year, on the Monday three weeks after Easter, a very popular yearly market ("jaarmarkt") is held which features several competitions and exhibitions of farm animals (horses, cows, poultry, ...), and which coincides with the start of the yearly, week-long fair featuring plenty of attractions for children. Demographics 43% of residents in Vilvoorde were born abroad, as of 2015, and 44.89% of residents are non-European, predominantly of Arab and African origin. The city is also home to a large Spanish minority. There is also a large Moroccan community, and many smaller communities of more recent immigrants including Turks, Macedonians and Portuguese. Group of origin Year 2023 Number % Belgians with Belgian background 18,159 38.64% Belgians with foreign background 21,416 45.57% Neighboring country 1,023 2.18% EU27 (excluding neighboring country) 2,490 5.3% Outside EU 27 17,903 38.1% Non-Belgians 7,418 15.79% Neighboring country 888 1.89% EU27 (excluding neighboring country) 3,339 7.11% Outside EU 27 3,191 6.79% Total 46,993 100% Famous inhabitants Jancko Douwama, a Frisian nobleman who fought to free Friesland from Saxon rule, was imprisoned by the Emperor Charles V in Vilvoorde castle from 1523 until his death in 1533 Jan van Essen and Hendrik Vos (d. 1523), shortly before becoming the first Lutherans executed by the Roman Catholic Church, were imprisoned in Vilvoorde in 1523 William Tyndale (1494–1536), English scholar and Bible translator, was strangled and burnt in Vilvoorde, on October 6, 1536, the traditional date, after having been charged with heresy Jean-François Portaels, orientalist painter (1818–1895) Jean-Luc Dehaene (1940–2014), former Belgian Prime Minister, MEP and vice-chair of the Convention on the Future of Europe Danny Devos (b. 1959), artist working in body art and performance art Francis Heylighen (b. 1960), scientist researching complex systems Pascal Duquenne (b. 1970), actor Yannick Carrasco (b. 1993) was raised in Vilvoorde. Jan Baptist van Helmont (1580–1644), pioneer of chemistry Paul Panda Farnana (1888 – 12 May 1930), Congolese intellectual and activist Amelie Lens (b. 1990), DJ and producer Twin cities  Germany: Ennepetal  France: Maubeuge  Netherlands: Middelburg  Spain: Peñarroya-Pueblonuevo, Córdoba  Japan: Komatsu, Ishikawa See also Brussels-Halle-Vilvoorde electoral district References ^ "Wettelijke Bevolking per gemeente op 1 januari 2018". Statbel. Retrieved 9 March 2019. ^ see e.g. "The Martyrdome and burnyng of Maister W. Tyndall, in Flaunders, by filford Castle." in: John Foxe, Actes and Monuments (1570), VIII.1268 ^ "Présence francophone en périphérie bruxelloise". December 14, 2016. ^ "Accueil enfants communes à facilités Bruxelles". www.communauteurbaine.be. ^ "Les projets de statut de Bruxelles". ^ "The Brussels district of Vilvoorde is fighting radicalisation with kindness". The Independent. 2015-12-30. Retrieved 2023-07-03. ^ "Origin | Statbel". statbel.fgov.be. Retrieved 2023-07-04. ^ "Origin | Statbel". statbel.fgov.be. Retrieved 2023-07-04. ^ "Yannick Carrasco, en el nombre de la madre". Elmundo. 27 October 2015. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vilvoorde. Official website – Only available in Dutch Places adjacent to Vilvoorde Zemst Grimbergen Vilvoorde Steenokkerzeel Brussels (BRU), Machelen vteMunicipalities in the province of Flemish Brabant, Flanders, BelgiumHalle-Vilvoorde Affligem Asse Beersel Bever Dilbeek Drogenbos Galmaarden Gooik Grimbergen Halle Herne Hoeilaart Kampenhout Kapelle-op-den-Bos Kraainem Lennik Liedekerke Linkebeek Londerzeel Machelen Meise Merchtem Opwijk Overijse Pepingen Roosdaal Sint-Genesius-Rode Sint-Pieters-Leeuw Steenokkerzeel Ternat Vilvoorde Wemmel Wezembeek-Oppem Zaventem Zemst Leuven Aarschot Begijnendijk Bekkevoort Bertem Bierbeek Boortmeerbeek Boutersem Diest Geetbets Glabbeek Haacht Herent Hoegaarden Holsbeek Huldenberg Keerbergen Kortenaken Kortenberg Landen Leuven Linter Lubbeek Oud-Heverlee Rotselaar Scherpenheuvel-Zichem Tervuren Tielt-Winge Tienen Tremelo Zoutleeuw Bold indicates cities Italic indicates municipalities with language facilities Authority control databases International FAST VIAF National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Geographic MusicBrainz area Other IdRef
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The municipality comprises the city of Vilvoorde proper with its two outlying quarters of Koningslo and Houtem and the small town of Peutie.The official language of Vilvoorde is Dutch. There is a French-speaking minority of about 33.7%,[3][4] concentrated especially in the Koningslo and Beauval[5] quarter bordering Brussels. The French-speaking minority is represented by 3 members on the 33-seat local council.From 2000 until August 1, 2007, the mayor of Vilvoorde was former Belgian prime minister Jean-Luc Dehaene. 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In the drawing, her head is still above the ground and the priest is exhorting her to recant her faith, while the executioner stands ready to completely cover her up upon her refusalCastle Hyenhoven in Peutie, a borough of VilvoordeFrom the 15th to the 19th century, however, Vilvoorde suffered a prolonged decline, mainly because of the competition from Brussels, a general malaise in the textile industry, and the result of epidemics and wars, both political and religious.The translator of the Bible into English, William Tyndale, was executed here in October 1536. In 1597 Anna Utenhoven, an Anabaptist accused of heresy, was buried alive at Vilvoorde – the last of the Protestants suffering martyrdom for their faith in the history of the Habsburg Netherlands. Anthony van Stralen, Lord of Merksem and Jan van Casembroot both were executed in Vilvoorde.The advent of the Industrial Revolution in the late 18th century was a godsend to Vilvoorde, which could quickly capitalize on its proximity to Brussels and its good transportation infrastructure: the deepening of the canals around 1830 and the advent of the railways in 1835. Soon, the medieval buildings gave way to newer and better constructions. The 1489 city hall was replaced by the neo-classical building we see today.In the 1920s, the canal was broadened and deepened again, lined with new industrial zones, and an inland port was built to receive the freightliners. Following its liberation by the British in 1944, Vilvoorde was administered by a joint British and Belgian municipality, with temporary British and Belgian Mayors, Lt Col (then Major) JME Howarth Esq and (Later Prof.) Robert Senelle, before transferring back to a civilian administration. Vilvoorde became (and still is) one of the largest industrial areas around Brussels, with a population that grew to five times what it was 150 years earlier. The recent economic crises have hit the city hard, especially when Renault closed its doors in 1997. The service industry is now taking the lead in 21st century Vilvoorde.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CVP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD%26V"},{"link_name":"VLD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Vld"},{"link_name":"Jean-Luc Dehaene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Luc_Dehaene"},{"link_name":"CD&V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD%26V"},{"link_name":"CD&V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD%26V"},{"link_name":"Hans Bonte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Bonte"},{"link_name":"SP.A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SP.A"}],"text":"Mayors of Vilvoorde:1983–1993: Laurent Moyson (CVP)\n1994–2000: Willy Cortois (VLD)\n2001–2007: Jean-Luc Dehaene (CD&V)\n2007–2012: Marc Van Asch (CD&V)\nSince 2013: Hans Bonte (SP.A)","title":"Local government"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Onze-Lieve-Vrouw_van_Goede_Hoopkerk,_Vilvoorde_(DSCF0943).jpg"},{"link_name":"Brabant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Draught"},{"link_name":"horse trading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_trading"},{"link_name":"basilica of Onze-Lieve-Vrouw-ten-Troost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onze-Lieve-Vrouw_ten_Troost"},{"link_name":"Baroque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque"},{"link_name":"Carmelites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmelites"},{"link_name":"English gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_garden"},{"link_name":"French gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_garden"},{"link_name":"Vilvoorde Viaduct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilvoorde_Viaduct"},{"link_name":"Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels"},{"link_name":"beltway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beltway"}],"text":"Onze-Lieve-Vrouwe-Kerk, VilvoordeThe neo-classical city hall and a covered market hall can be found on the main city square.\nThe statue of a Brabant horse can be found nearby, commemorating the long tradition of horse trading in Vilvoorde.\nThe Kijk-Uit house dates from the 15th or 16th century.\nThe city also has interesting churches, including the Onze-Lieve-Vrouwekerk (Church of Our Lady) that was started in the 14th century, and the basilica of Onze-Lieve-Vrouw-ten-Troost (Our Lady of Consolation), built in the 17th-century Baroque style and adjoining the cloister of the Carmelites.\nVilvoorde also has its fair share of parks, such as the Hanssenspark with English gardens and the Domein Drie Fonteinen (the \"Domain of the Three Fountains\"), which boasts both English and French gardens.\nThe Vilvoorde Viaduct, part of the Brussels beltway.","title":"Sights"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"carnival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnival"},{"link_name":"Shrove Tuesday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrove_Tuesday"},{"link_name":"fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair"}],"text":"Like many other Belgian cities, Vilvoorde has a week-long carnival, which takes place every year in the week of Shrove Tuesday (end of February – beginning of March).\nEvery year, on the Monday three weeks after Easter, a very popular yearly market (\"jaarmarkt\") is held which features several competitions and exhibitions of farm animals (horses, cows, poultry, ...), and which coincides with the start of the yearly, week-long fair featuring plenty of attractions for children.","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_people"},{"link_name":"Turks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_people"},{"link_name":"Macedonians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonians_(ethnic_group)"},{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_people"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"43% of residents in Vilvoorde were born abroad, as of 2015, and 44.89% of residents are non-European, predominantly of Arab and African origin.[6][7]The city is also home to a large Spanish minority. There is also a large Moroccan community, and many smaller communities of more recent immigrants including Turks, Macedonians and Portuguese.[citation needed]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jancko Douwama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jancko_Douwama"},{"link_name":"Emperor Charles V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Charles_V"},{"link_name":"Jan van Essen and Hendrik Vos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_van_Essen_and_Hendrik_Vos"},{"link_name":"William Tyndale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Tyndale"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"scholar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholar"},{"link_name":"Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible"},{"link_name":"translator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translator"},{"link_name":"heresy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heresy"},{"link_name":"Jean-François Portaels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Portaels"},{"link_name":"orientalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orientalism"},{"link_name":"painter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painting"},{"link_name":"Jean-Luc Dehaene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Luc_Dehaene"},{"link_name":"Convention on the Future of Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_on_the_Future_of_Europe"},{"link_name":"Danny Devos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Devos"},{"link_name":"body art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_art"},{"link_name":"performance art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_art"},{"link_name":"Francis Heylighen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Heylighen"},{"link_name":"Pascal Duquenne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_Duquenne"},{"link_name":"Yannick Carrasco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yannick_Carrasco"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Jan Baptist van Helmont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Baptist_van_Helmont"},{"link_name":"Paul Panda Farnana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Panda_Farnana"},{"link_name":"Amelie Lens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amelie_Lens"}],"text":"Jancko Douwama, a Frisian nobleman who fought to free Friesland from Saxon rule, was imprisoned by the Emperor Charles V in Vilvoorde castle from 1523 until his death in 1533\nJan van Essen and Hendrik Vos (d. 1523), shortly before becoming the first Lutherans executed by the Roman Catholic Church, were imprisoned in Vilvoorde in 1523\nWilliam Tyndale (1494–1536), English scholar and Bible translator, was strangled and burnt in Vilvoorde, on October 6, 1536, the traditional date, after having been charged with heresy\nJean-François Portaels, orientalist painter (1818–1895)\nJean-Luc Dehaene (1940–2014), former Belgian Prime Minister, MEP and vice-chair of the Convention on the Future of Europe\nDanny Devos (b. 1959), artist working in body art and performance art\nFrancis Heylighen (b. 1960), scientist researching complex systems\nPascal Duquenne (b. 1970), actor\nYannick Carrasco (b. 1993) was raised in Vilvoorde.[9]\nJan Baptist van Helmont (1580–1644), pioneer of chemistry\nPaul Panda Farnana (1888 – 12 May 1930), Congolese intellectual and activist\nAmelie Lens (b. 1990), DJ and producer","title":"Famous inhabitants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Ennepetal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ennepetal"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Maubeuge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maubeuge"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Middelburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middelburg,_Zeeland"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Peñarroya-Pueblonuevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%C3%B1arroya-Pueblonuevo"},{"link_name":"Córdoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba_(Spanish_province)"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Komatsu, Ishikawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komatsu,_Ishikawa"}],"text":"Germany: Ennepetal\n France: Maubeuge\n Netherlands: Middelburg\n Spain: Peñarroya-Pueblonuevo, Córdoba\n Japan: Komatsu, Ishikawa","title":"Twin cities"}]
[{"image_text":"Jan Luyken's etching (made around 1683–1685) depicting the Anabaptist Anna Utenhoven being buried alive at Vilvoorde in 1597. In the drawing, her head is still above the ground and the priest is exhorting her to recant her faith, while the executioner stands ready to completely cover her up upon her refusal","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Anneken_van_den_Hove_te_Brussel_levend_begraven_%28Jan_Luyken%2C_1597%29.PNG/220px-Anneken_van_den_Hove_te_Brussel_levend_begraven_%28Jan_Luyken%2C_1597%29.PNG"},{"image_text":"Castle Hyenhoven in Peutie, a borough of Vilvoorde","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/70655-Kasteel_Huyenhoven.jpg/220px-70655-Kasteel_Huyenhoven.jpg"},{"image_text":"Onze-Lieve-Vrouwe-Kerk, Vilvoorde","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Onze-Lieve-Vrouw_van_Goede_Hoopkerk%2C_Vilvoorde_%28DSCF0943%29.jpg/220px-Onze-Lieve-Vrouw_van_Goede_Hoopkerk%2C_Vilvoorde_%28DSCF0943%29.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Brussels-Halle-Vilvoorde electoral district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels-Halle-Vilvoorde"}]
[{"reference":"\"Wettelijke Bevolking per gemeente op 1 januari 2018\". Statbel. Retrieved 9 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://statbel.fgov.be/sites/default/files/files/documents/bevolking/5.1%20Structuur%20van%20de%20bevolking/Wettelijke_bevolking_per_gemeente_2011_2017.xls","url_text":"\"Wettelijke Bevolking per gemeente op 1 januari 2018\""}]},{"reference":"\"Présence francophone en périphérie bruxelloise\". December 14, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.citoyensdezaventem.be/presence-francophone-en-peripherie-bruxelloise/","url_text":"\"Présence francophone en périphérie bruxelloise\""}]},{"reference":"\"Accueil enfants communes à facilités Bruxelles\". www.communauteurbaine.be.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.communauteurbaine.be/vivre/les-habitants/enfants","url_text":"\"Accueil enfants communes à facilités Bruxelles\""}]},{"reference":"\"Les projets de statut de Bruxelles\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cairn.info/revue-courrier-hebdomadaire-du-crisp-1966-36-page-1.htm","url_text":"\"Les projets de statut de Bruxelles\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Brussels district of Vilvoorde is fighting radicalisation with kindness\". The Independent. 2015-12-30. Retrieved 2023-07-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/vilvoorde-the-brussels-district-fighting-radicalisation-with-kindness-a6791186.html","url_text":"\"The Brussels district of Vilvoorde is fighting radicalisation with kindness\""}]},{"reference":"\"Origin | Statbel\". statbel.fgov.be. Retrieved 2023-07-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://statbel.fgov.be/en/themes/population/structure-population/origin#figures","url_text":"\"Origin | Statbel\""}]},{"reference":"\"Origin | Statbel\". statbel.fgov.be. Retrieved 2023-07-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://statbel.fgov.be/en/themes/population/structure-population/origin#figures","url_text":"\"Origin | Statbel\""}]},{"reference":"\"Yannick Carrasco, en el nombre de la madre\". Elmundo. 27 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.elmundo.es/deportes/2015/10/27/562e9823ca4741f72f8b45de.html","url_text":"\"Yannick Carrasco, en el nombre de la madre\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney,_Manitoba
Sidney, Manitoba
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 49°54′0″N 99°4′44″W / 49.90000°N 99.07889°W / 49.90000; -99.07889For other uses, see Sydney (disambiguation) and Sidney. Place in Manitoba, CanadaSidneySidneyLocation of Sidney in ManitobaCoordinates: 49°54′0″N 99°4′44″W / 49.90000°N 99.07889°W / 49.90000; -99.07889Country CanadaProvince ManitobaRegionCentral PlainsCensus DivisionNo. 8Government • Governing BodyMunicipality of North Norfolk • MPDan Mazier • MLAJodie ByramTime zoneUTC−6 (CST) • Summer (DST)UTC−5 (CDT)Postal CodeR0H 1L0Area code(s)204, 431NTS Map062G14GNBC CodeGAZFC Sidney is an unincorporated community located in the Municipality of North Norfolk in south central Manitoba, Canada. It is located approximately 57 kilometres (35 miles) west of Portage la Prairie, at the junction of the Trans-Canada Highway (Manitoba Highway 1) and Provincial Road 352. References ^ "Geographical Names of Canada - Querying Distances". nrcan.gc.ca. Retrieved August 28, 2013. vteDivision No. 8, Manitoba (Central Manitoba)TownsFormer towns Gladstone MacGregor Treherne VillagesFormer villages Notre-Dame-de-Lourdes Rural municipalities Glenella–Lansdowne Lorne (part) Norfolk Treherne North Norfolk Victoria WestLake–Gladstone Former RMs Glenella Lakeview Lansdowne North Norfolk South Norfolk Westbourne First Nations Long Plain Sandy Bay Indian reserves Long Plain 6 (part) Sandy Bay 5 Unincorporated communities Arizona Austin Bagot Cypress River Glenella Holland Plumas Rathwell Sidney Waldersee Westbourne See also: Municipalities in Manitoba Census divisions of Manitoba 2015 municipal amalgamations This Manitoba location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sydney (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Sidney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Municipality of North Norfolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipality_of_North_Norfolk"},{"link_name":"Manitoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitoba"},{"link_name":"Portage la Prairie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portage_la_Prairie"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Trans-Canada Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Canada_Highway"},{"link_name":"Manitoba Highway 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitoba_Highway_1"},{"link_name":"Provincial Road 352","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitoba_Provincial_Road_352"}],"text":"For other uses, see Sydney (disambiguation) and Sidney.Place in Manitoba, CanadaSidney is an unincorporated community located in the Municipality of North Norfolk in south central Manitoba, Canada. It is located approximately 57 kilometres (35 miles) west of Portage la Prairie,[1] at the junction of the Trans-Canada Highway (Manitoba Highway 1) and Provincial Road 352.","title":"Sidney, Manitoba"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmot,_Nova_Scotia
Wilmot, Nova Scotia
["1 Notable People","2 References"]
Coordinates: 44°57′24.85″N 65°0′25.68″W / 44.9569028°N 65.0071333°W / 44.9569028; -65.0071333 (Wilmot, Nova Scotia) class=notpageimage| Wilmot in Nova Scotia Wilmot is an unincorporated community located in Annapolis County in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia. The community takes its name from Wilmot Township, one of the early subdivisions of Annapolis County. The township was named after Montague Wilmot, a colonial governor of Nova Scotia. The township, which included what is now Aylesford, was granted in 1764 to New England settlers. In 1768 it had a population of 40; by 1827 it had grown to 2,294. The first major land owner, a magistrate named Philip Richardson, was granted seven lots totaling 2,000 acres (809 ha) in 1777. Brigadier General Timothy Ruggles was granted 10,000 acres (4047 ha) in 1784. Notable People Samuel Vetch Bayard (1757-1832). Military officer. Timothy Ruggles (1711-1795). Politician, jurist, military leader. Joshua Slocum (1844-1909). First man to navigate single-handedly around the world. References ^ "Wilmot". Geographical Names Data Base. Natural Resources Canada. Retrieved 15 February 2018. ^ "Place-names of the Province of Nova Scotia". Halifax, N.S. Royal Print. & Litho. 1922. ^ Place-Names and Places of Nova Scotia. Halifax, NS: Public Archives of Nova Scotia. 1967. p. 736. Retrieved 15 February 2018. ^ Calnek, William Arthur (1897). History of the County of Annapolis: Including Old Port Royal and Acadia : with Memoirs of Its Representatives in the Provincial Parliament, and Biographical and Genealogical Sketches of Its Early English Settlers and Their Families. William Briggs. p. 289. wilmot. ^ Bouchette, Joseph (1832). The British Dominions in North America; or a Topographical and statistical description of the provinces of Lower and Upper Canada, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, the Islands of Newfoundland, Prince Edward, and Cape Breton. London: Longman & Company. p. 38. Retrieved 15 February 2018. Wilmot Township annapolis nova scotia. ^ Calnek, William Arthur (1897). History of the County of Annapolis: Including Old Port Royal and Acadia : with Memoirs of Its Representatives in the Provincial Parliament, and Biographical and Genealogical Sketches of Its Early English Settlers and Their Families. William Briggs. p. 289. wilmot. ^ Volo, James M. (2010-04-09). A History of War Resistance in America. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-313-37625-2. 44°57′24.85″N 65°0′25.68″W / 44.9569028°N 65.0071333°W / 44.9569028; -65.0071333 (Wilmot, Nova Scotia) This Annapolis County, Nova Scotia location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Flores_(footballer,_born_1974)
Carlos Flores (footballer, born 1974)
["1 Early childhood","2 Youth Soccer","3 Club career","4 International career","5 Scandals","6 Trivia","7 Death","8 References","9 External links"]
Peruvian footballer (1974–2019) For other people named Carlos Flores, see Carlos Flores (disambiguation). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Carlos Flores" footballer, born 1974 – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Carlos FloresPersonal informationFull name Carlos Antonio Flores MurilloDate of birth (1974-08-04)August 4, 1974Place of birth Callao, PeruDate of death February 17, 2019(2019-02-17) (aged 44)Place of death San Miguel, Lima, PeruPosition(s) MidfielderTeam informationCurrent team INTI GasSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)1996–1997 Al-Hilal 1998–1999 Aris 21 (2)2000 Paranaense 2001 Sport Boys 9 (0)2001 Belgrano 1 (0)2002 Sport Boys 7 (2)2003 Unión Huaral 7 (1)2004 Sport Boys 6 (0)2004 Deportivo Wanka 2005 Universitario 11 (2)2007–2008 Sport Áncash 2008 Deportivo Pereira 3 (0)2009 INTI Gas International career1998–2000 Peru 2 (0) *Club domestic league appearances and goals Carlos "Kukín" Flores Murillo (August 4, 1974 – February 17, 2019) was a Peruvian Footballer who played for several Clubs. Early childhood Carlos Flores was born in Los Barracones in Callao, Peru, and during his childhood he lived in Chucuito, Castilla, La Perla, Ciudad del Pescador, Atahualpa and the human settlement Canada. He was the youngest of 11 brothers and since he was five years old he had the need to clean cars to be able to watch for himself. About this, Flores commented that he is proud about the work he did with cars as a kid. He thought about it as an honorable job. He even told a story about how he looked after Julio Cesar Uribe’s car some time before Spain’s World Cup in 1982. He also said that he got a tip (he did not remember how much), but said that the best tip he got was the fact that Julio Cesar Uribe was crucial in Peru’s qualification for the world cup. On a Peruvian TV show called "El Valor de la Verdad" (The Value of Truth in English), Flores told Beto Ortiz, the host of the show, that he and his ten brothers were abandoned by their parents when he was very young. It was his oldest sister, Rosario, who took care of the family. According to "Kukin", she played the part of both a father and a mother for him and the rest of his brothers. He also mentioned that she was living in Chile at the time the show was broadcast (2004). Furthermore, he said that one day police officers arrived at the house where he used to live with his brothers to inform them that their parents had sold the house and that they had twenty-four hours to evacuate the place. It was true, they had documents signed by both his parents that proved it. When asked if he knows why his parents did the things they did, he replied no. His father died in the early 1990s. About his mother, he said she was still alive during the time of this interview and that he loved her very much. “I don’t want to judge her”, he said. Youth Soccer Despite not having a long Youth Soccer career, given that he made his professional soccer debut with Sport Boys Association aged 16, it was transcendental for his development as both a person and soccer player. According to a chronicle written by María del Carmen Irigoyen and published by El Comercio, one of Peru's most important newspapers, Academia Deportiva Cantolao was kind of a second family for Flores. Cesar Gonzales, who trained Flores both in Academia Deportiva Cantolao and Sport Boys Association, told the author that the other kid's parents used to take care of him, for example, giving him money for him to be able to fly for the team's international tours. Academia Deportiva Cantolao also matriculated Flores to the Liceo Naval Almirante Guise, a School located in the San Borja district in Lima. However, as Gonzales explained he didn't last long, Flores didn't like rules nor systems.  The same thing happened with soccer and tactics. "You just gave him a jersey and he would do whatever he wanted. . It was all his ideas, his magic", Gonzales said. Club career Flores has played for a number of clubs in Peru, including Alianza Lima, Universitario de Deportes and Sport Boys. He had also had a spell with Aris in the Greek Super League during the 1998-99 season. However, the club where he spent the most time was Sport boys. International career Flores appeared twice for the senior Peru national football team, making his debut in a friendly against the Netherlands on 10 October 1998. His last match was a qualifier for the 2002 FIFA World Cup. This game was Against the Colombia National Football Team in the year 2000. Peru's National Football Team lost the game 1-0 (goalscorer: Juan Pablo Angel), and Flores played the last thirty minutes of the game. According to El Comercio, Flores' performance was good enough for Francisco Maturana, who was Peru's trainer at the time, to put his as a starter in the next game against Uruguay. However, the next training session Flores claimed he injured himself during an exercise. After the team's doctor made some tests, it was clear that Flores's injury was not a soccer injury. It is reported by El Comercio that after investigating the incident it was discovered that Flores had been involved in a street fight and was never summoned for Peru's National Team again. Scandals Flores’ career was marked by a high number of scandals off the pitch. Besides the one previously mentioned, where he got injured during a street fight after the 2002 World Cup Qualifiers match against Colombia, there are some incidents that Peruvians may remember. During 2004 he was found lying on the street half-naked. A video went viral where a woman could be seen trying to help him. During this scandal Flores was smiling and not responsive. He then said that while he was home he saw a woman's ghost and run to the streets to ask for help. Another scandal Kukin starred was when he felt down 4 stories from his apartment window. According to witnesses, he tried to enter through the window after he forgot his keys. Flores was also known for the use of recreational drugs, more precisely cocaine. During the previously mentioned interview in Beto Ortiz's TV show ‘El Valor de la Verdad’, he revealed that he used cocaine while being a soccer player. When asked about how he hid his drug using (professional soccer players are randomly tested for drug use after games), he said that he had a way to beat the test. However, he said he was not going to reveal his trick in order not to foment the use of drugs in kids and athletes. Trivia On 8 January 2009 it was reported that Flores claimed he was being chased by ghosts. He eventually admitted that he had been "engaging with dirty ladies" and that he manufactured the ghost story to try to hide the truth from his wife. Death On February 17, 2019, Flores died from a heart attack and his body was found on his apartment at San Miguel, a district in Lima. He was 44. Hours after his death, a photo went viral that showed Flores lying on the floor dead, with a mysterious package, which was thought to be cocaine by his side. Police reports after the incident showed that Flores was in a paranoia attack and wanted to commit suicide, because he thought he was being followed and that somebody wanted him dead. This report was signed by Liz Contreras, who was the soccer player's girlfriend at the time of his death and the only witness. After a couple of days, Contreras was interviewed by Reporte Semanal, a TV show from Latina Televisión, explaining that she signed the police report because she was on a state of shock after his boyfriend's death and giving her side of the story. During the interview, she said that Flores first suffered a seizure and woke up moments later, not being able to remember details like her name. It is important to mention that they had already been dating for more than three years. More importantly, she said that what was thought to be cocaine was in fact a blister of pills she was taking for some reason she did not mention. As the cause of Flores's death is still not clear, prosecutor Claudia Gutiérrez Aragón started an investigation. References ^ "Kukín Flores". ^ "Ficha Técnica de Carlos Flores". Futbol Peruano. Archived from the original on 2008-09-25. Retrieved 2009-02-09. ^ "Foreign Players in Greece since 1959/60". RSSSF. Retrieved 2009-02-09. ^ "International Matches 1998 - Intercontinental". RSSSF. Retrieved 2009-02-09. ^ Carlos Flores – FIFA competition record (archived) ^ "Footballer claims he was chased by a ghost - MSN News - MSN UK". Archived from the original on 2009-12-19. Retrieved 2010-01-08. External links Carlos Flores at National-Football-Teams.com Peru 21: Murió Kukin Flores El Comercio - Cronica: Kukin y la batalla contra sus demonios Peru 21: La Vida Exagerada de Kukin Flores Peru 21: Muerte de ex futbolista Kukin Flores habría sido por ingesta de sustancias tóxicas El Comercio: Carlos Kukin Flores falleció a los 44 años en vivienda de San Miguel Kukín Flores se llevó 25 mil soles en El Valor De La Verdad El Comercio - Kukin Flores: argucia le costo continuidad selección peruana RPP: Kukin Flores aparece en video semidesnudo y en estado lamentable Depor: cinco grandes escándalos de jugadores peruanos DSN: Kukin Flores, el niño abandonado que fue comparado con Pele Reporte Semanal: habla la única testigo de la muerte de Kukín Flores
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carlos Flores (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Flores_(disambiguation)"}],"text":"For other people named Carlos Flores, see Carlos Flores (disambiguation).Carlos \"Kukín\" Flores Murillo (August 4, 1974 – February 17, 2019) was a Peruvian Footballer who played for several Clubs.","title":"Carlos Flores (footballer, born 1974)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Callao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callao"},{"link_name":"Julio Cesar Uribe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julio_C%C3%A9sar_Uribe"},{"link_name":"Beto Ortiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beto_Ortiz"}],"text":"Carlos Flores was born in Los Barracones in Callao, Peru, and during his childhood he lived in Chucuito, Castilla, La Perla, Ciudad del Pescador, Atahualpa and the human settlement Canada. He was the youngest of 11 brothers and since he was five years old he had the need to clean cars to be able to watch for himself. About this, Flores commented that he is proud about the work he did with cars as a kid. He thought about it as an honorable job. He even told a story about how he looked after Julio Cesar Uribe’s car some time before Spain’s World Cup in 1982. He also said that he got a tip (he did not remember how much), but said that the best tip he got was the fact that Julio Cesar Uribe was crucial in Peru’s qualification for the world cup.On a Peruvian TV show called \"El Valor de la Verdad\" (The Value of Truth in English), Flores told Beto Ortiz, the host of the show, that he and his ten brothers were abandoned by their parents when he was very young. It was his oldest sister, Rosario, who took care of the family. According to \"Kukin\", she played the part of both a father and a mother for him and the rest of his brothers. He also mentioned that she was living in Chile at the time the show was broadcast (2004).Furthermore, he said that one day police officers arrived at the house where he used to live with his brothers to inform them that their parents had sold the house and that they had twenty-four hours to evacuate the place. It was true, they had documents signed by both his parents that proved it. When asked if he knows why his parents did the things they did, he replied no. His father died in the early 1990s. About his mother, he said she was still alive during the time of this interview and that he loved her very much. “I don’t want to judge her”, he said.","title":"Early childhood"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sport Boys Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_Boys"},{"link_name":"El Comercio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Comercio_(Peru)"},{"link_name":"Academia Deportiva Cantolao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia_Deportiva_Cantolao"},{"link_name":"Cesar Gonzales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Gonz%C3%A1lez_(Peruvian_footballer)"}],"text":"Despite not having a long Youth Soccer career, given that he made his professional soccer debut with Sport Boys Association aged 16, it was transcendental for his development as both a person and soccer player. According to a chronicle written by María del Carmen Irigoyen and published by El Comercio, one of Peru's most important newspapers, Academia Deportiva Cantolao was kind of a second family for Flores.Cesar Gonzales, who trained Flores both in Academia Deportiva Cantolao and Sport Boys Association, told the author that the other kid's parents used to take care of him, for example, giving him money for him to be able to fly for the team's international tours. Academia Deportiva Cantolao also matriculated Flores to the Liceo Naval Almirante Guise, a School located in the San Borja district in Lima. However, as Gonzales explained he didn't last long, Flores didn't like rules nor systems.  The same thing happened with soccer and tactics. \"You just gave him a jersey and he would do whatever he wanted. [...]. It was all his ideas, his magic\", Gonzales said.","title":"Youth Soccer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alianza Lima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alianza_Lima"},{"link_name":"Universitario de Deportes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Universitario_de_Deportes"},{"link_name":"Sport Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_Boys"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Aris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aris_Thessaloniki_F.C."},{"link_name":"Greek Super League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Super_League"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Flores has played for a number of clubs in Peru, including Alianza Lima, Universitario de Deportes and Sport Boys.[2] He had also had a spell with Aris in the Greek Super League during the 1998-99 season.[3] However, the club where he spent the most time was Sport boys.","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peru national football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"2002 FIFA World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Colombia National Football Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Peru's National Football Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Juan Pablo Angel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Pablo_%C3%81ngel"},{"link_name":"Francisco Maturana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Maturana"}],"text":"Flores appeared twice for the senior Peru national football team, making his debut in a friendly against the Netherlands on 10 October 1998.[4] His last match was a qualifier for the 2002 FIFA World Cup.[5] This game was Against the Colombia National Football Team in the year 2000. Peru's National Football Team lost the game 1-0 (goalscorer: Juan Pablo Angel), and Flores played the last thirty minutes of the game. According to El Comercio, Flores' performance was good enough for Francisco Maturana, who was Peru's trainer at the time, to put his as a starter in the next game against Uruguay. However, the next training session Flores claimed he injured himself during an exercise. After the team's doctor made some tests, it was clear that Flores's injury was not a soccer injury. It is reported by El Comercio that after investigating the incident it was discovered that Flores had been involved in a street fight and was never summoned for Peru's National Team again.","title":"International career"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Flores’ career was marked by a high number of scandals off the pitch. Besides the one previously mentioned, where he got injured during a street fight after the 2002 World Cup Qualifiers match against Colombia, there are some incidents that Peruvians may remember. During 2004 he was found lying on the street half-naked. A video went viral where a woman could be seen trying to help him. During this scandal Flores was smiling and not responsive. He then said that while he was home he saw a woman's ghost and run to the streets to ask for help. Another scandal Kukin starred was when he felt down 4 stories from his apartment window. According to witnesses, he tried to enter through the window after he forgot his keys.Flores was also known for the use of recreational drugs, more precisely cocaine. During the previously mentioned interview in Beto Ortiz's TV show ‘El Valor de la Verdad’, he revealed that he used cocaine while being a soccer player. When asked about how he hid his drug using (professional soccer players are randomly tested for drug use after games), he said that he had a way to beat the test. However, he said he was not going to reveal his trick in order not to foment the use of drugs in kids and athletes.","title":"Scandals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"On 8 January 2009 it was reported[6] that Flores claimed he was being chased by ghosts. He eventually admitted that he had been \"engaging with dirty ladies\" and that he manufactured the ghost story to try to hide the truth from his wife.","title":"Trivia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima"},{"link_name":"Latina Televisión","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latina_Televisi%C3%B3n"}],"text":"On February 17, 2019, Flores died from a heart attack and his body was found on his apartment at San Miguel, a district in Lima. He was 44. Hours after his death, a photo went viral that showed Flores lying on the floor dead, with a mysterious package, which was thought to be cocaine by his side. Police reports after the incident showed that Flores was in a paranoia attack and wanted to commit suicide, because he thought he was being followed and that somebody wanted him dead. This report was signed by Liz Contreras, who was the soccer player's girlfriend at the time of his death and the only witness. After a couple of days, Contreras was interviewed by Reporte Semanal, a TV show from Latina Televisión, explaining that she signed the police report because she was on a state of shock after his boyfriend's death and giving her side of the story. During the interview, she said that Flores first suffered a seizure and woke up moments later, not being able to remember details like her name. It is important to mention that they had already been dating for more than three years. More importantly, she said that what was thought to be cocaine was in fact a blister of pills she was taking for some reason she did not mention. As the cause of Flores's death is still not clear, prosecutor Claudia Gutiérrez Aragón started an investigation.","title":"Death"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Kukín Flores\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.footballdatabase.eu/en/player/details/48175--","url_text":"\"Kukín Flores\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ficha Técnica de Carlos Flores\". Futbol Peruano. Archived from the original on 2008-09-25. Retrieved 2009-02-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080925223554/http://www.peru.com/FUTBOL/peruanos_exterior/futbolistas/flores_carlos.asp","url_text":"\"Ficha Técnica de Carlos Flores\""},{"url":"http://www.peru.com/FUTBOL/peruanos_exterior/futbolistas/flores_carlos.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Foreign Players in Greece since 1959/60\". RSSSF. Retrieved 2009-02-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rsssf.org/players/foreign-players-in-grk6080.html","url_text":"\"Foreign Players in Greece since 1959/60\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSSSF","url_text":"RSSSF"}]},{"reference":"\"International Matches 1998 - Intercontinental\". RSSSF. Retrieved 2009-02-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rsssf.org/intldetails/1998ic.html","url_text":"\"International Matches 1998 - Intercontinental\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSSSF","url_text":"RSSSF"}]},{"reference":"\"Footballer claims he was chased by a ghost - MSN News - MSN UK\". Archived from the original on 2009-12-19. Retrieved 2010-01-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091219125110/http://news.uk.msn.com/odd-news/features/articles.aspx?cp-documentid=151397215","url_text":"\"Footballer claims he was chased by a ghost - MSN News - MSN UK\""},{"url":"https://news.uk.msn.com/odd-news/features/articles.aspx?cp-documentid=151397215","url_text":"the original"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Carlos+Flores%22+footballer%2C+born+1974","external_links_name":"\"Carlos Flores\" footballer, born 1974"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Carlos+Flores%22+footballer%2C+born+1974+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Carlos+Flores%22+footballer%2C+born+1974&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Carlos+Flores%22+footballer%2C+born+1974+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Carlos+Flores%22+footballer%2C+born+1974","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Carlos+Flores%22+footballer%2C+born+1974&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.footballdatabase.eu/en/player/details/48175--","external_links_name":"\"Kukín Flores\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080925223554/http://www.peru.com/FUTBOL/peruanos_exterior/futbolistas/flores_carlos.asp","external_links_name":"\"Ficha Técnica de Carlos Flores\""},{"Link":"http://www.peru.com/FUTBOL/peruanos_exterior/futbolistas/flores_carlos.asp","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.rsssf.org/players/foreign-players-in-grk6080.html","external_links_name":"\"Foreign Players in Greece since 1959/60\""},{"Link":"https://www.rsssf.org/intldetails/1998ic.html","external_links_name":"\"International Matches 1998 - Intercontinental\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150905/http://www.fifa.com/fifa-tournaments/players-coaches/people=178131/index.html","external_links_name":"Carlos Flores"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091219125110/http://news.uk.msn.com/odd-news/features/articles.aspx?cp-documentid=151397215","external_links_name":"\"Footballer claims he was chased by a ghost - MSN News - MSN UK\""},{"Link":"https://news.uk.msn.com/odd-news/features/articles.aspx?cp-documentid=151397215","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/12592.html","external_links_name":"Carlos Flores"},{"Link":"https://peru21.pe/deportes/murio-carlos-kukin-flores-ex-futbolista-sport-boys-limpiando-autos-ninez-460349","external_links_name":"Peru 21"},{"Link":"https://elcomercio.pe/lima/personajes/batalla-kukin-flores-demonios-cronica-noticia-610805","external_links_name":"El Comercio"},{"Link":"https://peru21.pe/deportes/vida-exagerada-carlos-kukin-flores-460352?foto=1","external_links_name":"Peru 21"},{"Link":"https://peru21.pe/lima/kukin-flores-muerte-ex-futbolista-habria-sido-ingesta-sustancias-toxicas-460593","external_links_name":"Peru 21"},{"Link":"https://elcomercio.pe/deporte-total/futbol-peruano/carlos-kukin-flores-fallecio-44-anos-vivienda-san-miguel-noticia-nndc-608542","external_links_name":"El Comercio"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bveAgjtUVOw","external_links_name":"Kukín Flores se llevó 25 mil soles en El Valor De La Verdad"},{"Link":"https://elcomercio.pe/deporte-total/futbol-peruano/kukin-flores-argucia-le-costo-continuidad-seleccion-peruana-noticia-608566","external_links_name":"El Comercio"},{"Link":"https://rpp.pe/futbol/mas-futbol/carlos-kukin-flores-aparece-en-video-semidesnudo-y-en-estado-lamentable-noticia-708751","external_links_name":"RPP"},{"Link":"http://archivo.depor.com/futbol-peruano/5-grandes-escandalos-jugadores-peruanos-ultimos-cinco-anos-1020984","external_links_name":"Depor"},{"Link":"https://dsn.pe/kukin-flores-el-nino-abandonado-por-sus-padres-que-fue-comparado-con-pele/","external_links_name":"DSN"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=05IsheEpvyg","external_links_name":"Reporte Semanal"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh_School_of_History,_Classics_and_Archaeology
University of Edinburgh School of History, Classics and Archaeology
["1 Location","2 History","3 Notable alumni and former staff","4 Publications","5 External links","6 References"]
Coordinates: 55°56′43″N 3°11′25″W / 55.9454°N 3.1903°W / 55.9454; -3.1903 The School of History, Classics and Archaeology at the University of Edinburgh is a school within the College of Humanities and Social Science. Location The school is located in the William Robertson Wing of the Old Medical School buildings on Teviot Place. History Classics, formerly split between the departments of Humanity (Latin) and Greek, have been taught at the University since its foundation in 1583. The school has the oldest established Chair in Scottish History. Several well-known archaeologists have graduated and taught at the school. Notable alumni and former staff Notable members of Edinburgh University's School of History, Classics and Archaeology: Lord Abercromby – author of distinguished research on Bronze Age pottery. Abercromby Professors of Archaeology Vere Gordon Childe – first holder of the Abercromby Chair Stuart Piggott – second holder of the Abercromby Chair Prof Alexander F. Garvie - Emeritus Professor of Greek at the University of Glasgow and author of distinguished commentaries on Aeschylus' tragedies. Dr Robert Munro – a distinguished medical practitioner who, in his later life, became a keen archaeologist. Sir Tom Devine – an academic celebrity in Scotland for his reinvigorating of interest and research into Scotland's past. Knighted for services to Scottish History. Rt. Hon. Gordon Brown – former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and Member of Parliament for Kirkcaldy and Cowdenbeath who also served as Chancellor Rt. Hon. Amber Rudd – former Member of Parliament for Hastings & Rye who served as Home Secretary and Secretary of State for Work and Pensions. Publications The School of History, Classics and Archaeology currently publishes the Journal of Lithic Studies. External links School of History, Classics and Archaeology Home Page Archaeology Classics History References ^ Journal of Lithic Studies vteUniversity of EdinburghGovernance Chancellor: Anne, Princess Royal Rector: Debora Kayembe Principal: Peter Mathieson University Court Senatus Academicus General Council History Academic dress Robert Reid Robert Rollock Edinburgh Seven Plinian Society Polish School of Medicine Privileged bodies of the United Kingdom Combined Scottish Universities Parliamentary Constituency Edinburgh and St Andrews Universities Parliamentary Constituency People List of notable people List of medical people List of professorships Academicdivisions College of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences Business Economics Edinburgh College of Art Moray House Health in Social Science History, Classics and Archaeology Law Literatures, Languages and Cultures Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences Social and Political Science Centre for Open Learning College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine Medical School Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies College of Science and Engineering Chemistry GeoSciences Informatics Physics and Astronomy Sub-units, centres and institutes AIAI CHB CRM CSWC CTPI DCC ECRC EDI EPCC ESALA Euan MacDonald Centre IASH ICMS ISSTI Koestler Parapsychology Unit LFCS MRC HGU Nursing Studies Roslin Institute Scottish Studies UKCA Places 40 George Square Adam House Appleton Tower Bedlam Theatre BioQuarter Bristo Square Deaconess House Forrest Hill Building Informatics Forum Lady Yester's Kirk Lauriston Building Library George Square Gordon Aikman Lecture Theatre King's Buildings McEwan Hall New College Old College Pleasance Pollock Halls Potterrow Reid Concert Hall Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh Royal Hospital for Children and Young People Royal Observatory Salisbury Green St Cecilia's Hall St Leonard's Hall St Albert's Catholic Chaplaincy Talbot Rice Gallery Teviot Row House Western General Hospital Student life Students' Association Sports Union Men's Football Club Women's Football Club Boat Club Men's Hockey Club Rugby Football Club The Scottish Boat Race The Scottish Varsity Labour Students Meadows Marathon Music Society Royal Medical Society Edinburgh University Theatre Company Socialist Society The Improverts FreshAir (student radio) The Journal (newspaper) The Student (newspaper) University Royal Naval Unit East Scotland Associated Alan Turing Institute Cameron Prize Edinburgh Stanford Link Edinburgh University Press Gifford Lectures James Tait Black Memorial Prize Scotland's Rural College Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute Category Commons Wikinews Wikisource 55°56′43″N 3°11′25″W / 55.9454°N 3.1903°W / 55.9454; -3.1903 Authority control databases ISNI VIAF
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh"}],"text":"The School of History, Classics and Archaeology at the University of Edinburgh is a school within the College of Humanities and Social Science.","title":"University of Edinburgh School of History, Classics and Archaeology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Robertson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Robertson_(historian)"}],"text":"The school is located in the William Robertson Wing of the Old Medical School buildings on Teviot Place.","title":"Location"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Classics, formerly split between the departments of Humanity (Latin) and Greek, have been taught at the University since its foundation in 1583. The school has the oldest established Chair in Scottish History. Several well-known archaeologists have graduated and taught at the school.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lord Abercromby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Abercromby,_Lord_Abercromby"},{"link_name":"Abercromby Professors of Archaeology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abercromby_Professor_of_Archaeology"},{"link_name":"Vere Gordon Childe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vere_Gordon_Childe"},{"link_name":"Stuart Piggott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Piggott"},{"link_name":"Alexander F. Garvie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_F._Garvie"},{"link_name":"University of Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Glasgow"},{"link_name":"Aeschylus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeschylus"},{"link_name":"tragedies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_tragedy"},{"link_name":"Dr Robert Munro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Munro_(archaeologist)"},{"link_name":"Sir Tom Devine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Devine"},{"link_name":"Rt. Hon. Gordon Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Brown"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister of the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Member of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Kirkcaldy and Cowdenbeath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkcaldy_and_Cowdenbeath"},{"link_name":"Chancellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer"},{"link_name":"Rt. Hon. Amber Rudd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amber_Rudd"},{"link_name":"Member of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Hastings & Rye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings_%26_Rye"},{"link_name":"Home Secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Secretary"},{"link_name":"Secretary of State for Work and Pensions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Work_and_Pensions"}],"text":"Notable members of Edinburgh University's School of History, Classics and Archaeology:Lord Abercromby – author of distinguished research on Bronze Age pottery.\nAbercromby Professors of Archaeology\nVere Gordon Childe – first holder of the Abercromby Chair\nStuart Piggott – second holder of the Abercromby Chair\nProf Alexander F. Garvie - Emeritus Professor of Greek at the University of Glasgow and author of distinguished commentaries on Aeschylus' tragedies.\nDr Robert Munro – a distinguished medical practitioner who, in his later life, became a keen archaeologist.\nSir Tom Devine – an academic celebrity in Scotland for his reinvigorating of interest and research into Scotland's past. Knighted for services to Scottish History.\nRt. Hon. Gordon Brown – former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and Member of Parliament for Kirkcaldy and Cowdenbeath who also served as Chancellor\nRt. Hon. Amber Rudd – former Member of Parliament for Hastings & Rye who served as Home Secretary and Secretary of State for Work and Pensions.","title":"Notable alumni and former staff"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Journal of Lithic Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Journal_of_Lithic_Studies&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The School of History, Classics and Archaeology currently publishes the Journal of Lithic Studies.[1]","title":"Publications"}]
[]
null
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodge,_Louisiana
Hodge, Louisiana
["1 Geography","2 Demographics","3 Education","4 Notable person","5 See also","6 References"]
Coordinates: 32°16′19″N 92°43′36″W / 32.27194°N 92.72667°W / 32.27194; -92.72667 Village in Louisiana, United StatesHodge, LouisianaVillageHodge welcome signLocation of Hodge in Jackson Parish, LouisianaLocation of Louisiana in the United StatesCoordinates: 32°16′19″N 92°43′36″W / 32.27194°N 92.72667°W / 32.27194; -92.72667CountryUnited StatesStateLouisianaParishJacksonGovernment • MayorGerald T. Palmer (R)Area • Total1.37 sq mi (3.55 km2) • Land0.97 sq mi (2.50 km2) • Water0.40 sq mi (1.05 km2)Elevation190 ft (60 m)Population (2020) • Total382 • Density395.04/sq mi (152.60/km2)Time zoneUTC-6 (CST) • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT)Area code318FIPS code22-35100 Hodge Town Hall on U.S. Highway 167 WestRock paper mill in Hodge is located at the site of a former Smurfit-Stone mill. Barksdale Federal Credit Union is located off Highway 167 in Hodge. The popular Catfish Inn restaurant is located at 1650 Arcadia Highway just west of Hodge. Hodge is a village in Jackson Parish, Louisiana, United States. The population was 470 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Ruston Micropolitan Statistical Area. Geography Hodge is located in southwestern Jackson Parish at 32°16′19″N 92°43′36″W / 32.27194°N 92.72667°W / 32.27194; -92.72667 (32.272082, -92.726557). It is bordered to the northeast by North Hodge and to the east by East Hodge. According to the United States Census Bureau, Hodge has a total area of 1.4 square miles (3.5 km2), of which 0.97 square miles (2.5 km2) are land and 0.4 square miles (1.0 km2), or 29.48%, are water. Hodge is located on U.S. Highway 167, approximately 2 miles (3 km) north of Jonesboro, the parish seat, and 6 miles (10 km) south of Quitman. SR 147 intersects Highway 167 immediately north of Hodge; it leads northwest 24 miles (39 km) to Arcadia. Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 19301,367—19401,4455.7%19501,386−4.1%1960878−36.7%1970818−6.8%1980708−13.4%1990562−20.6%2000492−12.5%2010470−4.5%2020382−18.7%U.S. Decennial Census As of the census of 2000, there were 492 people, 238 households, and 135 families residing in the village. The population density was 513.6 inhabitants per square mile (198.3/km2). There were 273 housing units at an average density of 285.0 per square mile (110.0/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 76.83% White, 22.15% African American, 0.20% Asian, 0.41% from other races, and 0.41% from two or more races. There were 238 households, out of which 21.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.3% were married couples living together, 10.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 42.9% were non-families. 41.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 21.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.07 and the average family size was 2.83. In the village, the population was spread out, with 20.5% under the age of 18, 6.9% from 18 to 24, 27.4% from 25 to 44, 23.4% from 45 to 64, and 21.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 89.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.8 males. The median income for a household in the village was $22,237, and the median income for a family was $32,750. Males had a median income of $26,953 versus $15,893 for females. The per capita income for the village was $14,192. About 9.9% of families and 17.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17.0% of those under age 18 and 18.4% of those age 65 or over. Education Jackson Parish School Board serves the village. Zoned schools include: Southside Elementary School Jonesboro-Hodge Middle School Jonesboro-Hodge High School Notable person Jerry Huckaby, congressman See also KRLQ References ^ "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 20, 2022. ^ a b "Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Census Summary File 1 (G001): Hodge village, Louisiana". American Factfinder. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved June 28, 2018. ^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ Barone, Michael; and Ujifusa, Grant. The Almanac of American Politics 1988', p. 497. National Journal, 1987. vteMunicipalities and communities of Jackson Parish, Louisiana, United StatesParish seat: JonesboroTowns Chatham Eros Jonesboro Villages East Hodge Hodge North Hodge Quitman Unincorporatedcommunities Ansley Antioch Clay Pleasant Hill Walker Weston Louisiana portal United States portal Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States Geographic MusicBrainz area
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MVI_2671_Hodge_Town_Hall.jpg"},{"link_name":"U.S. Highway 167","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Highway_167"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Container_plant_in_Hodge,_LA_MVI_2666.jpg"},{"link_name":"Smurfit-Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smurfit-Stone"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Barksdale_Federal_Credit_Union_in_Hodge,_LA_MVI_2670.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Catfish_Inn,_Hodge,_LA_IMG_8332.JPG"},{"link_name":"Jackson Parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_Parish,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana"},{"link_name":"2010 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2010-2"},{"link_name":"Ruston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruston,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Micropolitan Statistical Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruston_micropolitan_area"}],"text":"Village in Louisiana, United StatesHodge Town Hall on U.S. Highway 167WestRock paper mill in Hodge is located at the site of a former Smurfit-Stone mill.Barksdale Federal Credit Union is located off Highway 167 in Hodge.The popular Catfish Inn restaurant is located at 1650 Arcadia Highway just west of Hodge.Hodge is a village in Jackson Parish, Louisiana, United States. The population was 470 at the 2010 census.[2] It is part of the Ruston Micropolitan Statistical Area.","title":"Hodge, Louisiana"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"32°16′19″N 92°43′36″W / 32.27194°N 92.72667°W / 32.27194; -92.72667","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hodge,_Louisiana&params=32_16_19_N_92_43_36_W_type:city"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR1-3"},{"link_name":"North Hodge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Hodge,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"East Hodge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Hodge,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2010-2"},{"link_name":"U.S. Highway 167","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Highway_167"},{"link_name":"Jonesboro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonesboro,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"parish seat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parish_seat"},{"link_name":"Quitman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quitman,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Arcadia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcadia,_Louisiana"}],"text":"Hodge is located in southwestern Jackson Parish at 32°16′19″N 92°43′36″W / 32.27194°N 92.72667°W / 32.27194; -92.72667 (32.272082, -92.726557).[3] It is bordered to the northeast by North Hodge and to the east by East Hodge. According to the United States Census Bureau, Hodge has a total area of 1.4 square miles (3.5 km2), of which 0.97 square miles (2.5 km2) are land and 0.4 square miles (1.0 km2), or 29.48%, are water.[2]Hodge is located on U.S. Highway 167, approximately 2 miles (3 km) north of Jonesboro, the parish seat, and 6 miles (10 km) south of Quitman. SR 147 intersects Highway 167 immediately north of Hodge; it leads northwest 24 miles (39 km) to Arcadia.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-5"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"text":"As of the census[5] of 2000, there were 492 people, 238 households, and 135 families residing in the village. The population density was 513.6 inhabitants per square mile (198.3/km2). There were 273 housing units at an average density of 285.0 per square mile (110.0/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 76.83% White, 22.15% African American, 0.20% Asian, 0.41% from other races, and 0.41% from two or more races.There were 238 households, out of which 21.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.3% were married couples living together, 10.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 42.9% were non-families. 41.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 21.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.07 and the average family size was 2.83.In the village, the population was spread out, with 20.5% under the age of 18, 6.9% from 18 to 24, 27.4% from 25 to 44, 23.4% from 45 to 64, and 21.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 89.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.8 males.The median income for a household in the village was $22,237, and the median income for a family was $32,750. Males had a median income of $26,953 versus $15,893 for females. The per capita income for the village was $14,192. About 9.9% of families and 17.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17.0% of those under age 18 and 18.4% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jackson Parish School Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_Parish_School_Board"},{"link_name":"Jonesboro-Hodge High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonesboro-Hodge_High_School"}],"text":"Jackson Parish School Board serves the village.Zoned schools include:Southside Elementary School\nJonesboro-Hodge Middle School\nJonesboro-Hodge High School","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jerry Huckaby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Huckaby"},{"link_name":"congressman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Jerry Huckaby, congressman[6]","title":"Notable person"}]
[{"image_text":"Hodge Town Hall on U.S. Highway 167","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/MVI_2671_Hodge_Town_Hall.jpg/200px-MVI_2671_Hodge_Town_Hall.jpg"},{"image_text":"WestRock paper mill in Hodge is located at the site of a former Smurfit-Stone mill.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Container_plant_in_Hodge%2C_LA_MVI_2666.jpg/200px-Container_plant_in_Hodge%2C_LA_MVI_2666.jpg"},{"image_text":"Barksdale Federal Credit Union is located off Highway 167 in Hodge.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Barksdale_Federal_Credit_Union_in_Hodge%2C_LA_MVI_2670.jpg/200px-Barksdale_Federal_Credit_Union_in_Hodge%2C_LA_MVI_2670.jpg"},{"image_text":"The popular Catfish Inn restaurant is located at 1650 Arcadia Highway just west of Hodge.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Catfish_Inn%2C_Hodge%2C_LA_IMG_8332.JPG/200px-Catfish_Inn%2C_Hodge%2C_LA_IMG_8332.JPG"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Map_of_Louisiana_highlighting_Jackson_Parish.svg/180px-Map_of_Louisiana_highlighting_Jackson_Parish.svg.png"}]
[{"title":"KRLQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRLQ"}]
[{"reference":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 20, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_22.txt","url_text":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""}]},{"reference":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Census Summary File 1 (G001): Hodge village, Louisiana\". American Factfinder. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved June 28, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20200213095757/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/G001/1600000US2235100","url_text":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Census Summary File 1 (G001): Hodge village, Louisiana\""},{"url":"https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/G001/1600000US2235100","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasba,_Kolkata
Kasba, Kolkata
["1 History","2 Geography","2.1 Police district","3 Educational institutions","4 Important establishments","5 Restaurants and eateries","6 References","7 External links"]
Coordinates: 22°31′03″N 88°23′02″E / 22.5176°N 88.3840°E / 22.5176; 88.3840For other uses, see Kasba. Neighbourhood in Kolkata in West Bengal, IndiaKasbaNeighbourhood in Kolkata (Calcutta)Bijon Setu, the connector between Kasba and Ballygunge (Gariahat)KasbaLocation in KolkataCoordinates: 22°31′03″N 88°23′02″E / 22.5176°N 88.3840°E / 22.5176; 88.3840Country IndiaStateWest BengalCityKolkataDistrictKolkataKolkata Suburban RailwayBallygunge JunctionMetro StationVIP Bazaar(under construction) and Hemanta Mukherjee(under construction)Municipal CorporationKolkata Municipal CorporationKMC wards67, 91, 107Elevation20 ft (6 m)Time zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)PIN700039, 700042, 700078, 700107Area code+91 33Lok Sabha constituencyKolkata DakshinVidhan Sabha constituencyKasba Kasba is an upscale and standard locality of South Kolkata, in Kolkata district, West Bengal, India. It is situated in the southern part of the city encircled by the Sealdah South section of the Eastern Railways to the west, Dhakuria and Haltu to the south, the Eastern Metropolitan Bypass to the east and the locality of Tiljala to the north. History 'Kasba' means hamlet in Bengali and that was what it was - a hamlet for the people working in the nearby leather and allied factories of Tiljala and Tangra and also for the people working in various capacities for the residents of their highly prosperous neighbouring locality of Ballygunge just across the railway track to the west. (Incidentally, the word 'kasba', which means the same in Hindi and Bengali, also means the same as the Arabic 'casbah'.) The locality is served by the Ballygunge Junction railway station on Sealdah South lines, giving a boost to its accessibility. The first breakthrough for the locality came with the construction of the Bijon Setu in 1978, a rail overbridge above the railway tracks right next to the Ballygunge Junction railway station. This has brought Kasba closer to the Kolkata mainstream and also resulted in quite a number of people finding the locality habitable. But the rowdy image of the locality persisted when, in 1982, some communists murdered 17 members of the Ananda Marg sect on this bridge. A recent and more remarkable development for Kasba was the linking of the Rash Behari Avenue to the Eastern Metropolitan Bypass via Rash Behari Connector. This link made Kasba an integral part of the growth direction that the city was taking - towards the east (via Bosepukur and Rajdanga). Rash Behari Connector is also connected to Haltu via Banku Bihari Chatterjee Road (Kasba Road) through Kasba Rathtala. Many buses ply along both the roads. Thus Kasba became more than just a passing area and stopover for a whole section of people taking the EM Bypass from Ballygunge and the whole South Kolkata. Cheap availability of land, proximity to the major business areas of the prosperous southern part of the city and excellent commuting facilities combined taking this once volatile area to being one of the most economically viable and visible parts of the city. The first developments took place around the junction of the Rash Behari Connector and the EM Bypass - the Kasba Golpark area. Ruby Hospital, the office of Siemens and a host of government-sponsored housing complexes came up in the area. Then the Meghalaya House shifted lock, stock and barrel to this growth region from their old premises at Russel Street, huge amounts of money began pouring into real-estate activities and this resulted in feverish construction activity all along the stretch of the Rash Behari Connector. Apart from all these, Kasba has also become renowned for two of the biggest and well known Durga Pujas organised nowadays - the Kasba Bosepukur Shitala Mandir and Rajdanga Naba Uday Sangha, which draws thousands of people from across the city and state. Also, Dharmatala United Club's Kali Puja is a very big budget Puja in Kasba. Procession of this Puja is also worth watching. Geography Police district Kasba police station is in the South Suburban division of Kolkata Police. It is located at 27-A, Bosepukur Road, Kolkata-700042. Patuli Women police station has jurisdiction over all police districts under the jurisdiction of South Suburban Division i.e. Netaji Nagar, Jadavpur, Kasba, Regent Park, Bansdroni, Garfa and Patuli. Jadavpur, Thakurpukur, Behala, Purba Jadavpur, Tiljala, Regent Park, Metiabruz, Nadial and Kasba police stations were transferred from South 24 Parganas to Kolkata in 2011. Except Metiabruz, all the police stations were split into two. The new police stations are Parnasree, Haridevpur, Garfa, Patuli, Survey Park, Pragati Maidan, Bansdroni and Rajabagan. Educational institutions Dolna Day School Delhi Public School, Ruby Park Garden High School Academy for Musical Excellence, AMEC Music School Kolkata Silver Point School The Heritage School, Kolkata Naba Ballygange Mahavidyalaya Birla Institute of Technology Meghnad Saha Institute of Technology Chittaranjan High School (Boys & Girls separate schools) Kasba Balika Vidyalaya Vivekananda Vidyaniketan KidZee School Lakshya Educational and Social Activities D. Little Names Joydeep Karmakar Shooting Academy Jagadish Bidyapith for girls and boys separate school Modern high school South Calcutta Law college Important establishments Ruby General Hospital, Kasba Golpark and Desun hospital Siemens, Rash Behari Connector Meghalaya House, Rash Behari Connector beside Siemens office Academy for Musical Excellence, AMEC Music School Kolkata Unitech chambers and mall Genesis Hospital Kasba New Market or South end conclave Purba Abasan Acropolis building (near DPS or Garden High School) with Acropolis mall and Cinepolis movie plex Himalaya opticals Sumit Dey Khadims (shoe shop) Arambag near Narkel bagan Bosepukur shitala mandir GKB Opticals RENE store Druhin Basu Restaurants and eateries Blue's Eatery Ming's Restaurant H2O Restaurant Punjabee Rasoi (Near Acropolis Mall) Aamaze Hotel and Dhaba Machli Baba Fried References ^ "South 24 Parganas district". ^ "Electors Details As On 30-10-2010" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 May 2013. ^ "KMC Wards in South 24 Parganas". ^ "Bijon Setu". ^ "Bridges of Kolkata". ^ "Justice weeps silently and furtively". Archived from the original on 16 March 2006. Retrieved 29 March 2006. ^ Google maps ^ a b "Kolkata Police, South Suburban Division". Kasba police station. KP. Retrieved 13 March 2018. ^ "Midnight change of guard – 17 more police stations come under Lalbazar". The Telegraph, 1 September 2011. Archived from the original on 2 November 2012. Retrieved 2 April 2018. External links Kolkata/South travel guide from Wikivoyage Official site of Ruby General Hospital vteNeighbourhoods in South KolkataKMC Alipore Ballygunge Barisha Behala Bhowanipore Brahmapur Chak Garia Dhakuria Garia Golf Green Jadavpur Jodhpur Park Kasba Kidderpore Naktala Nandi Bagan New Alipore New Garia Park Circus Santoshpur Tollygunge Thakurpukur Joka KMDA Baruipur Batanagar Budge Budge Harinavi Jaynagar Majilpur Kamalgazi Maheshtala Mallikpur Narendrapur Nungi Pujali Rajpur Sonarpur Subhashgram Streets of Kolkata Kolkata topics  India portal vteNeighbourhoods in Kolkata Metropolitan AreaKolkata Municipal Corporation Alipore Anandapur B.B.D. Bagh Badartala Bagbazar Baghajatin Baishnabghata Patuli Township Ballygunge Bansdroni Bantala Barisha Bartala Behala Belgachia Beliaghata Beniapukur Bhowanipore Bowbazar Bow Barracks Brahmapur Burrabazar Burtolla Chak Garia New Market Chetla Chitpur Chowringhee Cossipore Dhakuria Dhapa Dharmatala Ekbalpur Entally Esplanade Garden Reach Garfa Garia Gariahat Golf Green Haltu Haridevpur Hastings Hatibagan Jadavpur Janbazar Jodhpur Park Joka Jorabagan Jorasanko Kalighat Kankurgachi Kasba Kidderpore Kudghat Kumortuli Lake Gardens Lalbazar Maniktala Mukundapur Naktala Narkeldanga Nandi Bagan Netaji Nagar New Alipore New Garia Panchasayar Park Circus Parnasree Pally Pathuriaghata Phoolbagan Picnic Garden Posta Rajabagan Rajabazar Ranikuthi Rashbehari Regent Park Santoshpur Sarsuna Sealdah Shyambazar Shyampukur Shobhabazar Sinthee Sonagachi Survey Park Tala Taltala Tangra Taratala Thakurpukur Tiljala Tiretta Bazaar Tollygunge Topsia Ultadanga Watgunge KolkataUrban AgglomerationOutside KMC Babanpur Baguiati Baidyabati Bally Bandipur Bansberia Baranagar Barrackpore Barrackpur Cantonment Barasat Baruipur Batanagar Belur Bhadreswar Bhatpara (Jagatdal, Shyamnagar) Budge Budge Chandannagar Chandpur Dankuni Dum Dum (Durganagar East) Garulia Halisahar Harinavi Howrah Hugli-Chuchura Ichhapur Defence Estate Jaynagar Majilpur Kalyani Kamalgazi Kamarhati (Belgharia, Dakshineswar) Kanchrapara (Bijpur) Kestopur Khardaha (Rahara) Konnagar Liluah Madhyamgram Maheshtala Mallikpur Muragachha Naihati Narendrapur New Barrackpore Noapara, India Noapara, West Bengal North Barrackpur (Ichapore, Nawabganj, Palta) North Dumdum (Birati, Durganagar West, Nimta) Nungi Panihati (Agarpara, Ghola, Sodepur, Sukchar) Pujali Rajarhat (New Tow arpur Rishra Salt Lake/Bidhannagar Serampore South Dumdum (Bangur Avenue, Dum Dum Park, Lake Town, Nagerbazar) Subhashgram Teghari Talbandha Titagarh Uluberia Uttarpara Kolkata topics Template:Kolkata Municipal Corporation wards  India portal
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kasba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasba_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"South Kolkata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Kolkata"},{"link_name":"Kolkata district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata_district"},{"link_name":"West Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengal"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Sealdah South section","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata_Suburban_Railway#Sealdah_South_lines"},{"link_name":"Eastern Railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Railway_(India)"},{"link_name":"Dhakuria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhakuria"},{"link_name":"Haltu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haltu"},{"link_name":"Eastern Metropolitan Bypass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Metropolitan_Bypass"},{"link_name":"Tiljala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiljala"}],"text":"For other uses, see Kasba.Neighbourhood in Kolkata in West Bengal, IndiaKasba is an upscale and standard locality of South Kolkata, in Kolkata district, West Bengal, India. It is situated in the southern part of the city encircled by the Sealdah South section of the Eastern Railways to the west, Dhakuria and Haltu to the south, the Eastern Metropolitan Bypass to the east and the locality of Tiljala to the north.","title":"Kasba, Kolkata"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bengali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language"},{"link_name":"Tiljala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiljala"},{"link_name":"Tangra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangra,_Calcutta"},{"link_name":"Ballygunge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballygunge"},{"link_name":"Hindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic"},{"link_name":"Ballygunge Junction railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballygunge_Junction_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Sealdah South lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sealdah_South_lines"},{"link_name":"Bijon Setu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijon_Setu"},{"link_name":"Ballygunge Junction railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballygunge_Junction_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Ananda Marg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ananda_Marg"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Rash Behari Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rash_Behari_Avenue"},{"link_name":"Eastern Metropolitan Bypass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Metropolitan_Bypass"},{"link_name":"Haltu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haltu"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"EM Bypass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EM_Bypass"},{"link_name":"Ballygunge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballygunge"},{"link_name":"EM Bypass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EM_Bypass"},{"link_name":"Siemens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siemens_AG"},{"link_name":"Meghalaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meghalaya"},{"link_name":"Durga Pujas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durga_Puja"},{"link_name":"Kali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali"},{"link_name":"Puja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)"}],"text":"'Kasba' means hamlet in Bengali and that was what it was - a hamlet for the people working in the nearby leather and allied factories of Tiljala and Tangra and also for the people working in various capacities for the residents of their highly prosperous neighbouring locality of Ballygunge just across the railway track to the west. (Incidentally, the word 'kasba', which means the same in Hindi and Bengali, also means the same as the Arabic 'casbah'.)The locality is served by the Ballygunge Junction railway station on Sealdah South lines, giving a boost to its accessibility. The first breakthrough for the locality came with the construction of the Bijon Setu in 1978, a rail overbridge above the railway tracks right next to the Ballygunge Junction railway station. This has brought Kasba closer to the Kolkata mainstream and also resulted in quite a number of people finding the locality habitable.[4][5]But the rowdy image of the locality persisted when, in 1982, some communists murdered 17 members of the Ananda Marg sect on this bridge.[6]A recent and more remarkable development for Kasba was the linking of the Rash Behari Avenue to the Eastern Metropolitan Bypass via Rash Behari Connector. This link made Kasba an integral part of the growth direction that the city was taking - towards the east (via Bosepukur and Rajdanga). Rash Behari Connector is also connected to Haltu via Banku Bihari Chatterjee Road (Kasba Road) through Kasba Rathtala. Many buses ply along both the roads.[7] Thus Kasba became more than just a passing area and stopover for a whole section of people taking the EM Bypass from Ballygunge and the whole South Kolkata. Cheap availability of land, proximity to the major business areas of the prosperous southern part of the city and excellent commuting facilities combined taking this once volatile area to being one of the most economically viable and visible parts of the city.The first developments took place around the junction of the Rash Behari Connector and the EM Bypass - the Kasba Golpark area. Ruby Hospital, the office of Siemens and a host of government-sponsored housing complexes came up in the area. Then the Meghalaya House shifted lock, stock and barrel to this growth region from their old premises at Russel Street, huge amounts of money began pouring into real-estate activities and this resulted in feverish construction activity all along the stretch of the Rash Behari Connector.Apart from all these, Kasba has also become renowned for two of the biggest and well known Durga Pujas organised nowadays - the Kasba Bosepukur Shitala Mandir and Rajdanga Naba Uday Sangha, which draws thousands of people from across the city and state. Also, Dharmatala United Club's Kali Puja is a very big budget Puja in Kasba. Procession of this Puja is also worth watching.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Map/14/22.5156/88.384/en"},{"link_name":"[fullscreen map]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Map/14/22.5156/88.384/en"}],"text":"[fullscreen map]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South Suburban division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divisions_of_Kolkata_Police"},{"link_name":"Kolkata Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata_Police"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-police-8"},{"link_name":"Patuli Women police station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baishnabghata_Patuli_Township#Police_district"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-police-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Police district","text":"Kasba police station is in the South Suburban division of Kolkata Police. It is located at 27-A, Bosepukur Road, Kolkata-700042.[8]Patuli Women police station has jurisdiction over all police districts under the jurisdiction of South Suburban Division i.e. Netaji Nagar, Jadavpur, Kasba, Regent Park, Bansdroni, Garfa and Patuli.[8]Jadavpur, Thakurpukur, Behala, Purba Jadavpur, Tiljala, Regent Park, Metiabruz, Nadial and Kasba police stations were transferred from South 24 Parganas to Kolkata in 2011. Except Metiabruz, all the police stations were split into two. The new police stations are Parnasree, Haridevpur, Garfa, Patuli, Survey Park, Pragati Maidan, Bansdroni and Rajabagan.[9]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dolna Day School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolna_Day_School"},{"link_name":"Garden High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_High_School"},{"link_name":"Silver Point School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Point_School"},{"link_name":"The Heritage School, Kolkata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Heritage_School,_Kolkata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Naba Ballygange Mahavidyalaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naba_Ballygunge_Mahavidyalaya"},{"link_name":"Birla Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birla_Institute_of_Technology_and_Science,_Pilani_%E2%80%93_Goa_Campus"},{"link_name":"Meghnad Saha Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meghnad_Saha_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"Chittaranjan High School (Boys & Girls separate schools)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittaranjan_High_School"},{"link_name":"Lakshya Educational and Social Activities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lakshya_Educational_and_Social_Activities&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"D. Little Names","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=D._Little_Names&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"South Calcutta Law college","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Calcutta_Law_College"}],"text":"Dolna Day School\nDelhi Public School, Ruby Park\nGarden High School\nAcademy for Musical Excellence, AMEC Music School Kolkata\nSilver Point School\nThe Heritage School, Kolkata\nNaba Ballygange Mahavidyalaya\nBirla Institute of Technology\nMeghnad Saha Institute of Technology\nChittaranjan High School (Boys & Girls separate schools)\nKasba Balika Vidyalaya\nVivekananda Vidyaniketan\nKidZee School\nLakshya Educational and Social Activities\nD. Little Names\nJoydeep Karmakar Shooting Academy\nJagadish Bidyapith for girls and boys separate school\nModern high school\nSouth Calcutta Law college","title":"Educational institutions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Siemens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siemens"},{"link_name":"Khadims (shoe shop)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khadim%27s"},{"link_name":"GKB Opticals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GKB_Opticals"}],"text":"Ruby General Hospital, Kasba Golpark and Desun hospital\nSiemens, Rash Behari Connector\nMeghalaya House, Rash Behari Connector beside Siemens office\nAcademy for Musical Excellence, AMEC Music School Kolkata\nUnitech chambers and mall\nGenesis Hospital\nKasba New Market or South end conclave\nPurba Abasan\nAcropolis building (near DPS or Garden High School) with Acropolis mall and Cinepolis movie plex\nHimalaya opticals\nSumit Dey\nKhadims (shoe shop)\nArambag near Narkel bagan\nBosepukur shitala mandir\nGKB Opticals\nRENE store\nDruhin Basu","title":"Important establishments"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Blue's Eatery\nMing's Restaurant\nH2O Restaurant\nPunjabee Rasoi (Near Acropolis Mall)\nAamaze Hotel and Dhaba\nMachli Baba Fried","title":"Restaurants and eateries"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"South 24 Parganas district\".","urls":[{"url":"http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/ACName?DCID=10","url_text":"\"South 24 Parganas district\""}]},{"reference":"\"Electors Details As On 30-10-2010\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130529011629/http://www.s24pgs.gov.in/election/doc/electors%20details.pdf","url_text":"\"Electors Details As On 30-10-2010\""},{"url":"http://www.s24pgs.gov.in/election/doc/electors%20details.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"KMC Wards in South 24 Parganas\".","urls":[{"url":"http://s24pgs.gov.in/s24p/page.php?nm=SubDivision","url_text":"\"KMC Wards in South 24 Parganas\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bijon Setu\".","urls":[{"url":"https://m.timesofindia.com/city/kolkata/bijon-setu-to-remain-shut-from-may-14-18/amp_articleshow/75704677.cms","url_text":"\"Bijon Setu\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bridges of Kolkata\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/the-ill-health-of-calcutta-bridges-spells-much-more-than-logistical-doom/cid/1719743","url_text":"\"Bridges of Kolkata\""}]},{"reference":"\"Justice weeps silently and furtively\". Archived from the original on 16 March 2006. Retrieved 29 March 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060316002657/http://news.indiainfo.com/publicopinion/anandamarga-justice.html","url_text":"\"Justice weeps silently and furtively\""},{"url":"http://news.indiainfo.com/publicopinion/anandamarga-justice.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Kolkata Police, South Suburban Division\". Kasba police station. KP. Retrieved 13 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kolkatapolice.gov.in/division.asp?ID=8&Division=J","url_text":"\"Kolkata Police, South Suburban Division\""}]},{"reference":"\"Midnight change of guard – 17 more police stations come under Lalbazar\". The Telegraph, 1 September 2011. Archived from the original on 2 November 2012. Retrieved 2 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121102181555/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110901/jsp/calcutta/story_14449897.jsp","url_text":"\"Midnight change of guard – 17 more police stations come under Lalbazar\""},{"url":"https://www.telegraphindia.com/1110901/jsp/calcutta/story_14449897.jsp","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumbull,_Texas
Trumbull, Texas
["1 Geography","2 History","3 Education","4 References"]
Coordinates: 32°29′25″N 96°39′56″W / 32.49028°N 96.66556°W / 32.49028; -96.66556 Unincorporated community in Texas, United StatesTrumbull, TexasUnincorporated communityCountryUnited StatesStateTexasCountyEllisTime zoneUTC-6 (Central (CST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT) Trumbull is an unincorporated community in Ellis County, Texas, United States. Geography The community is located on Interstate 45, approximately 23 miles (37 km) southeast of Downtown Dallas. History In 1872, the Houston and Texas Central Railway developed a railroad switch south of Dallas, along its 1872 rail line extension from Houston to Dallas. Known simply as "Switch", the area would later be called by a variety of names: "Ghost Hill", then "Mackie", then "Clemma", before becoming "Trumbull" in 1904. A post office was established in 1896, but was discontinued in 1967. Education Trumbull is serviced by the Ferris Independent School District. References ^ HART, BRIAN (June 15, 2010). "TRUMBULL, TX". tshaonline.org. ^ "Trumbull, Texas". Ellis County Genealogical Society. vteMunicipalities and communities of Ellis County, Texas, United StatesCounty seat: WaxahachieCities Bardwell Cedar Hill‡ Ennis Ferris‡ Glenn Heights‡ Grand Prairie‡ Mansfield‡ Maypearl Midlothian Oak Leaf Ovilla‡ Pecan Hill Red Oak Waxahachie Ellis County mapTowns Alma Garrett Italy Milford Palmer Venus‡ CDP Bristol Othercommunities Auburn Avalon Boz Crisp Five Points Forreston Ike India Ozro Rankin Rockett Telico Trumbull Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Texas portal United States portal 32°29′25″N 96°39′56″W / 32.49028°N 96.66556°W / 32.49028; -96.66556 This article about a location in Ellis County, Texas is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"unincorporated community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unincorporated_area"},{"link_name":"Ellis County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellis_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"}],"text":"Unincorporated community in Texas, United StatesTrumbull is an unincorporated community in Ellis County, Texas, United States.","title":"Trumbull, Texas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Interstate 45","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_45"},{"link_name":"Downtown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Dallas"},{"link_name":"Dallas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas"}],"text":"The community is located on Interstate 45, approximately 23 miles (37 km) southeast of Downtown Dallas.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Houston and Texas Central Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_and_Texas_Central_Railway"},{"link_name":"railroad switch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railroad_switch"},{"link_name":"Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"In 1872, the Houston and Texas Central Railway developed a railroad switch south of Dallas, along its 1872 rail line extension from Houston to Dallas. Known simply as \"Switch\", the area would later be called by a variety of names: \"Ghost Hill\", then \"Mackie\", then \"Clemma\", before becoming \"Trumbull\" in 1904.[1] A post office was established in 1896, but was discontinued in 1967.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ferris Independent School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferris_Independent_School_District"}],"text":"Trumbull is serviced by the Ferris Independent School District.","title":"Education"}]
[{"image_text":"Ellis County map","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Map_of_Texas_highlighting_Ellis_County.svg/100px-Map_of_Texas_highlighting_Ellis_County.svg.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"HART, BRIAN (June 15, 2010). \"TRUMBULL, TX\". tshaonline.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/hnt30","url_text":"\"TRUMBULL, TX\""}]},{"reference":"\"Trumbull, Texas\". Ellis County Genealogical Society.","urls":[{"url":"https://sites.rootsweb.com/~txellis/_ghost_towns/Trumbull_Texas.html","url_text":"\"Trumbull, Texas\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chariton_County,_Missouri
Chariton County, Missouri
["1 History","2 Geography","2.1 Adjacent counties","2.2 Major highways","2.3 National protected area","3 Demographics","3.1 2020 Census","4 Education","4.1 Public schools","4.2 Private schools","4.3 Public libraries","5 Communities","5.1 Cities and Towns","5.2 Unincorporated Communities","5.3 Former Settlement","6 Notable people","7 Politics","7.1 Local","7.2 State","7.3 Federal","7.4 Missouri presidential preference primary (2008)","8 See also","9 References","10 Further reading","11 External links"]
Coordinates: 39°31′N 92°58′W / 39.52°N 92.96°W / 39.52; -92.96County in Missouri, United States County in MissouriChariton CountyCountyThe Chariton County Courthouse in KeytesvilleLocation within the U.S. state of MissouriMissouri's location within the U.S.Coordinates: 39°31′N 92°58′W / 39.52°N 92.96°W / 39.52; -92.96Country United StatesState MissouriFoundedNovember 16, 1820Named forThe Chariton RiverSeatKeytesvilleLargest citySalisburyArea • Total767 sq mi (1,990 km2) • Land751 sq mi (1,950 km2) • Water16 sq mi (40 km2)  2.0%Population (2020) • Total7,408 • Density9.7/sq mi (3.7/km2)Time zoneUTC−6 (Central) • Summer (DST)UTC−5 (CDT)Congressional district6th Chariton County is a county located in the north-central portion of the U.S. state of Missouri. As of the 2020 census, the population was 7,408. Its county seat is Keytesville. The county was organized November 16, 1820, from part of Howard County and is named for the Chariton River. History The second Chariton County Courthouse 1867–1973. It replaced one destroyed by Confederate raiders in September 1864. Chariton County was settled primarily from the states of the Upper South, especially Kentucky and Tennessee. They brought slaves and slaveholding traditions with them, and they quickly started cultivating crops similar to those in Middle Tennessee and Kentucky: hemp and tobacco. Chariton was one of several counties settled mostly by southerners to the north and south of the Missouri River. Given their culture and traditions, this area became known as Little Dixie and Chariton County was at its heart. It was heavily pro-Confederate during the American Civil War. Geography According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 767 square miles (1,990 km2), of which 751 square miles (1,950 km2) is land and 16 square miles (41 km2) (2.0%) is water. Adjacent counties Linn County (north) Macon County (northeast) Randolph County (east) Howard County (southeast) Saline County (southwest) Carroll County (west) Livingston County (northwest) Major highways U.S. Route 24 Route 5 Route 11 Route 129 Route 139 National protected area Swan Lake National Wildlife Refuge Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 18301,780—18404,746166.6%18507,51458.3%186012,56267.2%187019,13652.3%188025,22431.8%189026,2544.1%190026,8262.2%191023,503−12.4%192021,769−7.4%193019,588−10.0%194018,084−7.7%195014,944−17.4%196012,720−14.9%197011,084−12.9%198010,489−5.4%19909,202−12.3%20008,438−8.3%20107,831−7.2%20207,408−5.4%U.S. Decennial Census1790-1960 1900-19901990-2000 2010-2015 As of the census of 2000, there were 8,438 people, 3,469 households, and 2,345 families residing in the county. The population density was 11 people per square mile (4.2 people/km2). There were 4,250 housing units at an average density of 6 units per square mile (2.3/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 95.99% White, 3.19% Black or African American, 0.17% Native American, 0.13% Asian, 0.11% from other races, and 0.41% from two or more races. Approximately 0.56% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 38.8% were of German, 25.5% American, 9.7% English and 7.8% Irish ancestry. There were 3,469 households, out of which 28.40% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.30% were married couples living together, 6.50% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.40% were non-families. 29.80% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17.30% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.38 and the average family size was 2.94. In the county, the population was spread out, with 23.70% under the age of 18, 6.50% from 18 to 24, 23.70% from 25 to 44, 23.80% from 45 to 64, and 22.30% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females there were 91.90 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.30 males. The median income for a household in the county was $32,285, and the median income for a family was $39,176. Males had a median income of $25,263 versus $19,068 for females. The per capita income for the county was $15,515. About 8.80% of families and 11.60% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.40% of those under age 18 and 14.00% of those age 65 or over. 2020 Census Chariton County Racial Composition Race Num. Perc. White (NH) 6,925 93.5% Black or African American (NH) 144 2% Native American (NH) 15 0.2% Asian (NH) 3 0.04% Pacific Islander (NH) 3 0.04% Other/Mixed (NH) 217 3% Hispanic or Latino 101 1.36% Education Public schools Brunswick R-II School District – Brunswick Brunswick Elementary School (PK-06) Brunswick High School (07-12) Keytesville R-III School District – Keytesville Keytesville Elementary School (PK-06) Keytesville High School (07-12) Northwestern R-I School District – Mendon Northwestern Elementary School (PK-06) Northwestern High School (07-12) Salisbury R-IV School District – Salisbury Salisbury Elementary School (K-06) Salisbury High School (07-12) Private schools St. Joseph School – Salisbury (K-09) – Roman Catholic Public libraries Brunswick Area Library Dulany Memorial Library Keytesville Public Library Communities Cities and Towns Brunswick Dalton Keytesville (county seat) Marceline Mendon Rothville Salisbury Sumner Triplett Unincorporated Communities Bynumville Cunningham Forest Green Guthridge Hamden Indian Grove Lagonda Lewis Mill Louisville Mike Musselfork Newcomer Prairie Hill Rockford Shannondale Snyder Westville Wien Former Settlement Fort Orleans Notable people Jane Hadley Barkley—former 2nd Lady of the U.S., wife of Alben Barkley. (Keytesville) Walt Disney—Film producer, animator, business leader. (Marceline) John Donaldson – Negro league baseball pitcher. Known for pitching a large number of no-hitters. (Glasgow) J. William Fulbright—Longtime U.S. Senator and namesake of the Fulbright Scholarship. (Sumner) Cal Hubbard, – Pro Football Hall of Fame member and former Major League Baseball umpire. (Keytesville) Vern Kennedy—Former Major League Baseball pitcher. (Mendon) Darold Knowles—Former MLB relief pitcher. First pitcher to ever appear in all seven games of a World Series. The baseball field at Brunswick R-II school is named in his honor. (Brunswick) Wayne E. Meyer—U.S. Navy admiral, "Father of the Aegis weapons system". (Brunswick) W. James Morgan—Union Army officer, responsible for the Burning of Platte City during the American Civil War. (Brunswick) Floyd B. Parks – U.S. Marine aviator who earned the Navy Cross posthumously for his actions leading Marine fighter squadron VMF-221 during the Battle of Midway. (Salisbury) Sterling Price, - 11th Governor of Missouri. Confederate General in the Civil War (Keytesville) Sol Smith Russell—Comic stage actor of the late 19th century. Russell Opera House in Brunswick is named for him. (Brunswick) Wilbur Sweatman – Ragtime and Dixieland jazz composer and performer. (Brunswick) Maxwell D. Taylor - U.S. Army general and diplomat. (Keytesville) Politics Local Chariton County, MissouriElected countywide officialsAssessor Darrin E. Gladbach DemocraticCircuit Clerk Eric Stallo DemocraticCounty Clerk Mitzi Schuchmann RepublicanCollector Darlene Shipp DemocraticCommissioner(Presiding) Evan Emmerich RepublicanCommissioner(District 1) Jared Meyer RepublicanCommissioner(District 2) Terry Milford RepublicanCoroner Nyle Bowyer RepublicanProsecuting Attorney Cliff Thornburg DemocraticPublic Administrator Regina Emmerich DemocraticRecorder Eric Stallo DemocraticSheriff Erick Billups RepublicanTreasurer Darlene Shipp Democratic State Past Gubernatorial Elections Results Year Republican Democratic Third Parties 2020 76.13% 3,100 22.35% 910 1.52% 62 2016 59.61% 2,364 38.40% 1,523 1.99% 79 2012 46.59% 1,770 50.99% 1,937 2.42% 92 2008 46.54% 1,951 51.67% 2,166 1.79% 75 2004 54.32% 2,350 44.87% 1,941 0.81% 35 2000 48.47% 1,998 50.39% 2,077 1.14% 47 1996 33.31% 1,326 65.16% 2,594 1.53% 61 Chariton County is split between two districts in the Missouri House of Representatives, with both electing Republicans. District 39 – Joe Don McGaugh (R-Carrollton). Consists of the northern part of the county. Missouri House of Representatives — District 39 — Chariton County (2016) Party Candidate Votes % ±% Republican Joe Don McGaugh 2,507 100.00% Missouri House of Representatives — District 39 — Chariton County (2014) Party Candidate Votes % ±% Republican Joe Don McGaugh 1,420 100.00% +45.73 Missouri House of Representatives — District 39 — Chariton County (2012) Party Candidate Votes % ±% Republican Joe Don McHaugh 1,562 54.27% Democratic Will Talbert 1,316 45.73% District 48 – Dave Muntzel (R-Boonville). Consists of the southern part of the county. Missouri House of Representatives — District 48 — Chariton County (2016) Party Candidate Votes % ±% Republican Dave Muntzel 676 81.06% -18.94 Independent Debra Dilks 158 18.94% Missouri House of Representatives — District 48 — Chariton County (2014) Party Candidate Votes % ±% Republican Dave Muntzel 401 100.00% +51.07 Missouri House of Representatives — District 48 — Chariton County (2012) Party Candidate Votes % ±% Republican Dave Muntzel 413 48.93% Democratic Ron Monnig 431 51.07% All of Chariton County is a part of Missouri's 18th District in the Missouri Senate and is currently represented by Cindy O'Laughlin (R-Shelbina). Missouri Senate — District 18 — Chariton County (2014) Party Candidate Votes % ±% Republican Brian Munzlinger 1,781 100.00% Federal U.S. Senate — Missouri — Chariton County (2016) Party Candidate Votes % ±% Republican Roy Blunt 2,322 58.64% +13.93 Democratic Jason Kander 1,465 36.99% -12.11 Libertarian Jonathan Dine 94 2.37% -3.82 Green Johnathan McFarland 35 0.88% +0.88 Constitution Fred Ryman 44 1.11% +1.11 U.S. Senate — Missouri — Chariton County (2012) Party Candidate Votes % ±% Republican Todd Akin 1,690 44.71% Democratic Claire McCaskill 1,856 49.10% Libertarian Jonathan Dine 234 6.19% All of Chariton County is included in Missouri's 6th Congressional District and is currently represented by Sam Graves (R-Tarkio) in the U.S. House of Representatives. U.S. House of Representatives – Missouri’s 6th Congressional District – Chariton County (2016) Party Candidate Votes % ±% Republican Sam Graves 2,889 74.17% +3.56 Democratic David M. Blackwell 894 22.95 -2.32 Libertarian Russ Lee Monchil 72 1.85% -2.27 Green Mike Diel 40 1.03% +1.03 U.S. House of Representatives — Missouri's 6th Congressional District — Chariton County (2014) Party Candidate Votes % ±% Republican Sam Graves 1,643 70.61% +2.53 Democratic Bill Hedge 588 25.27% -4.78 Libertarian Russ Lee Monchil 96 4.12% +2.25 U.S. House of Representatives — Missouri's 6th Congressional District — Chariton County (2012) Party Candidate Votes % ±% Republican Sam Graves 2,546 68.08% Democratic Kyle Yarber 1,124 30.05% Libertarian Russ Lee Monchil 70 1.87% United States presidential election results for Chariton County, Missouri Year Republican Democratic Third party No.  % No.  % No.  % 2020 3,111 76.31% 916 22.47% 50 1.23% 2016 2,950 74.33% 888 22.37% 131 3.30% 2012 2,402 62.86% 1,339 35.04% 80 2.09% 2008 2,339 55.51% 1,799 42.69% 76 1.80% 2004 2,421 55.78% 1,892 43.59% 27 0.62% 2000 2,300 55.37% 1,792 43.14% 62 1.49% 1996 1,508 37.40% 2,072 51.39% 452 11.21% 1992 1,378 29.95% 2,141 46.53% 1,082 23.52% 1988 2,193 48.14% 2,347 51.53% 15 0.33% 1984 2,744 55.01% 2,244 44.99% 0 0.00% 1980 2,641 53.11% 2,250 45.24% 82 1.65% 1976 2,128 40.89% 3,055 58.70% 21 0.40% 1972 2,812 58.45% 1,999 41.55% 0 0.00% 1968 2,404 45.50% 2,371 44.87% 509 9.63% 1964 1,932 33.34% 3,862 66.66% 0 0.00% 1960 3,102 46.63% 3,550 53.37% 0 0.00% 1956 3,459 48.51% 3,671 51.49% 0 0.00% 1952 3,883 50.91% 3,730 48.91% 14 0.18% 1948 2,615 38.51% 4,170 61.40% 6 0.09% 1944 3,802 49.12% 3,930 50.78% 8 0.10% 1940 4,439 46.74% 5,053 53.21% 5 0.05% 1936 3,433 38.33% 5,490 61.29% 34 0.38% 1932 1,835 24.91% 5,498 74.63% 34 0.46% 1928 3,929 46.22% 4,559 53.63% 13 0.15% 1924 3,173 38.72% 4,795 58.52% 226 2.76% 1920 4,331 47.68% 4,675 51.46% 78 0.86% 1916 2,183 40.60% 3,135 58.30% 59 1.10% 1912 1,528 27.94% 3,112 56.90% 829 15.16% 1908 2,249 39.78% 3,352 59.30% 52 0.92% 1904 2,064 39.39% 3,058 58.36% 118 2.25% 1900 2,138 35.27% 3,828 63.16% 95 1.57% 1896 2,359 35.21% 4,321 64.49% 20 0.30% 1892 2,057 35.98% 3,463 60.57% 197 3.45% 1888 2,345 39.71% 3,452 58.45% 109 1.85% Missouri presidential preference primary (2008) Main articles: 2008 Missouri Democratic presidential primary and 2008 Missouri Republican presidential primary Former U.S. Senator Hillary Clinton (D-New York) received more votes, a total of 786, than any candidate from either party in Chariton County during the 2008 presidential primary. She also received more votes than the total number of votes cast in the entire Republican primary in Chariton County. See also Mormon War (1838) National Register of Historic Places listings in Chariton County, Missouri References ^ "Explore Census Data". data.census.gov. Retrieved December 21, 2021. ^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on May 31, 2011. Retrieved June 7, 2011. ^ "The Story of Little Dixie, Missouri" Archived 2012-07-17 at the Wayback Machine, Missouri Division - Sons of Confederate Veterans, accessed 3 June 2008 ^ "2010 Census Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. August 22, 2012. Archived from the original on October 21, 2013. Retrieved November 14, 2014. ^ "U.S. Decennial Census". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved November 14, 2014. ^ "Historical Census Browser". University of Virginia Library. Archived from the original on August 11, 2012. Retrieved November 14, 2014. ^ "Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved November 14, 2014. ^ "Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 27, 2010. Retrieved November 14, 2014. ^ "State & County QuickFacts". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on September 5, 2015. Retrieved September 7, 2013. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 14, 2011. ^ "P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Chariton County, Missouri". ^ Breeding, Marshall. "Brunswick Area Library". Libraries.org. Retrieved May 8, 2017. ^ Breeding, Marshall. "Dulany Memorial Library". Libraries.org. Retrieved May 8, 2017. ^ Breeding, Marshall. "Keytesville Public Library". Libraries.org. Retrieved May 8, 2017. ^ Leip, David. "Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections". uselectionatlas.org. Retrieved March 24, 2018. Further reading History of Howard and Chariton Counties, Missouri (1883) full text External links Digitized 1930 Plat Book of Chariton County Archived 2011-08-16 at the Wayback Machine from University of Missouri Division of Special Collections, Archives, and Rare Books Places adjacent to Chariton County, Missouri Livingston County Linn County Macon County Carroll County Chariton County, Missouri Randolph County Saline County Howard County vteMunicipalities and communities of Chariton County, Missouri, United StatesCounty seat: KeytesvilleCities Brunswick Keytesville Glasgow‡ Marceline‡ Mendon Salisbury Sumner Triplett Map of Missouri highlighting Chariton CountyVillages Dalton Rothville Townships Bee Branch Bowling Green Brunswick Chariton Clark Cockrell Cunningham Keytesville Mendon Musselfork Salisbury Salt Creek Triplett Wayland Yellow Creek CDP Prairie Hill Othercommunities Bynumville Cunningham Forest Green Guthridge Hamden Indian Grove Lagonda Lewis Mill Louisville Mike Musselfork Newcomer Rockford Shannondale Snyder Westville Wien Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Missouri portal United States portal vteState of MissouriJefferson City (capital)Topics Index Climate change Geography Government Delegations History Battles Civil War People Symbols Tourist attractions Transportation Society Abortion Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Gun laws LGBT rights Politics Regions Boonslick Bootheel Four State Area Honey Lands Lead Belt Lincoln Hills Little Dixie Loess Hills Mid-Missouri Mississippi Embayment Missouri Rhineland Northern Plains Osage Plains The Ozarks Platte Purchase Pony Express St. Francois Mountains Metro areas Columbia Jefferson City Joplin Kansas City Springfield St. Joseph St. Louis Largest cities Kansas City St. Louis Springfield Columbia Independence Lee's Summit O'Fallon St. Joseph St. Charles Blue Springs St. Peters Florissant Joplin Chesterfield Wentzville Jefferson City Cape Girardeau Wildwood University City Ballwin Liberty Raytown Kirkwood Maryland Heights Gladstone Grandview Hazelwood Counties and independent cities Adair Andrew Atchison Audrain Barry Barton Bates Benton Bollinger Boone Buchanan Butler Caldwell Callaway Camden Cape Girardeau Carroll Carter Cass Cedar Chariton Christian Clark Clay Clinton Cole Cooper Crawford Dade Dallas Daviess DeKalb Dent Douglas Dunklin Franklin Gasconade Gentry Greene Grundy Harrison Henry Hickory Holt Howard Howell Iron Jackson Jasper Jefferson Johnson Knox Laclede Lafayette Lawrence Lewis Lincoln Linn Livingston Macon Madison Maries Marion McDonald Mercer Miller Mississippi Moniteau Monroe Montgomery Morgan New Madrid Newton Nodaway Oregon Osage Ozark Pemiscot Perry Pettis Phelps Pike Platte Polk Pulaski Putnam Ralls Randolph Ray Reynolds Ripley St. Charles St. Clair St. Francois St. Louis (City) St. Louis (County) Ste. Genevieve Saline Schuyler Scotland Scott Shannon Shelby Stoddard Stone Sullivan Taney Texas Vernon Warren Washington Wayne Webster Worth Wright  Missouri portal Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States Geographic MusicBrainz area 39°31′N 92°58′W / 39.52°N 92.96°W / 39.52; -92.96
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"county","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"U.S. state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"},{"link_name":"Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri"},{"link_name":"2020 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"county seat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_seat"},{"link_name":"Keytesville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keytesville,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR6-2"},{"link_name":"Howard County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_County,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Chariton River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chariton_River"}],"text":"County in Missouri, United StatesCounty in MissouriChariton County is a county located in the north-central portion of the U.S. state of Missouri. As of the 2020 census, the population was 7,408.[1] Its county seat is Keytesville.[2] The county was organized November 16, 1820, from part of Howard County and is named for the Chariton River.","title":"Chariton County, Missouri"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CharitonCoCourthouse.JPG"},{"link_name":"Upper South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_South"},{"link_name":"Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee"},{"link_name":"slaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaves"},{"link_name":"Middle Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"hemp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemp"},{"link_name":"tobacco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco"},{"link_name":"Missouri River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_River"},{"link_name":"Little Dixie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Dixie_(Missouri)"},{"link_name":"Confederate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The second Chariton County Courthouse 1867–1973. It replaced one destroyed by Confederate raiders in September 1864.Chariton County was settled primarily from the states of the Upper South, especially Kentucky and Tennessee. They brought slaves and slaveholding traditions with them, and they quickly started cultivating crops similar to those in Middle Tennessee and Kentucky: hemp and tobacco. Chariton was one of several counties settled mostly by southerners to the north and south of the Missouri River. Given their culture and traditions, this area became known as Little Dixie and Chariton County was at its heart. It was heavily pro-Confederate during the American Civil War.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR1-4"}],"text":"According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 767 square miles (1,990 km2), of which 751 square miles (1,950 km2) is land and 16 square miles (41 km2) (2.0%) is water.[4]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Linn County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linn_County,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Macon County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macon_County,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Randolph County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randolph_County,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Howard County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_County,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Saline County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saline_County,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Carroll County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_County,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Livingston County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livingston_County,_Missouri"}],"sub_title":"Adjacent counties","text":"Linn County (north)\nMacon County (northeast)\nRandolph County (east)\nHoward County (southeast)\nSaline County (southwest)\nCarroll County (west)\nLivingston County (northwest)","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_24.svg"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_24_(Missouri)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MO-5.svg"},{"link_name":"Route 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_Route_5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MO-11.svg"},{"link_name":"Route 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_Route_11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MO-129.svg"},{"link_name":"Route 129","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_Route_129"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MO-139.svg"},{"link_name":"Route 139","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_Route_139"}],"sub_title":"Major highways","text":"U.S. Route 24\n Route 5\n Route 11\n Route 129\n Route 139","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Swan Lake National Wildlife Refuge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swan_Lake_National_Wildlife_Refuge"}],"sub_title":"National protected area","text":"Swan Lake National Wildlife Refuge","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR8-10"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_people"},{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_people"},{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_people"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"text":"As of the census[10] of 2000, there were 8,438 people, 3,469 households, and 2,345 families residing in the county. The population density was 11 people per square mile (4.2 people/km2). There were 4,250 housing units at an average density of 6 units per square mile (2.3/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 95.99% White, 3.19% Black or African American, 0.17% Native American, 0.13% Asian, 0.11% from other races, and 0.41% from two or more races. Approximately 0.56% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 38.8% were of German, 25.5% American, 9.7% English and 7.8% Irish ancestry.There were 3,469 households, out of which 28.40% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.30% were married couples living together, 6.50% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.40% were non-families. 29.80% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17.30% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.38 and the average family size was 2.94.In the county, the population was spread out, with 23.70% under the age of 18, 6.50% from 18 to 24, 23.70% from 25 to 44, 23.80% from 45 to 64, and 22.30% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females there were 91.90 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.30 males.The median income for a household in the county was $32,285, and the median income for a family was $39,176. Males had a median income of $25,263 versus $19,068 for females. The per capita income for the county was $15,515. About 8.80% of families and 11.60% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.40% of those under age 18 and 14.00% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2020 Census","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brunswick R-II School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.brunswick.k12.mo.us/"},{"link_name":"Brunswick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunswick,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Keytesville R-III School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//keytesville.k12.mo.us/"},{"link_name":"Keytesville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keytesville,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Mendon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendon,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Salisbury R-IV School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.salisbury.k12.mo.us/"},{"link_name":"Salisbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salisbury,_Missouri"}],"sub_title":"Public schools","text":"Brunswick R-II School District – Brunswick\nBrunswick Elementary School (PK-06)\nBrunswick High School (07-12)\nKeytesville R-III School District – Keytesville\nKeytesville Elementary School (PK-06)\nKeytesville High School (07-12)\nNorthwestern R-I School District – Mendon\nNorthwestern Elementary School (PK-06)\nNorthwestern High School (07-12)\nSalisbury R-IV School District – Salisbury\nSalisbury Elementary School (K-06)\nSalisbury High School (07-12)","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Salisbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salisbury,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"}],"sub_title":"Private schools","text":"St. Joseph School – Salisbury (K-09) – Roman Catholic","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Public libraries","text":"Brunswick Area Library[12]\nDulany Memorial Library[13]\nKeytesville Public Library[14]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Communities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brunswick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunswick,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Dalton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalton,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Keytesville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keytesville,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Marceline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marceline,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Mendon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendon,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Rothville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rothville,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Salisbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salisbury,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Sumner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumner,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Triplett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triplett,_Missouri"}],"sub_title":"Cities and Towns","text":"Brunswick\nDalton\nKeytesville (county seat)\nMarceline\nMendon\nRothville\nSalisbury\nSumner\nTriplett","title":"Communities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bynumville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bynumville,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Cunningham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cunningham,_Chariton_County,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Forest Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_Green,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Guthridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guthridge,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Hamden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamden,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Indian Grove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Grove,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Lagonda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagonda,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Lewis Mill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Mill,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Louisville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisville,_Chariton_County,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Mike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Musselfork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musselfork,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Newcomer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcomer,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Prairie Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prairie_Hill,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Rockford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockford,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Shannondale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shannondale,_Chariton_County,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Snyder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snyder,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Westville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westville,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Wien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wien,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chariton_County,_Missouri&action=edit&section=15"},{"link_name":"Fort Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Orleans"}],"sub_title":"Unincorporated Communities","text":"Bynumville\nCunningham\nForest Green\nGuthridge\nHamden\nIndian Grove\nLagonda\nLewis Mill\nLouisville\nMike\nMusselfork\nNewcomer\nPrairie Hill\nRockford\nShannondale\nSnyder\nWestville\nWien\nFormer Settlement[edit]\nFort Orleans","title":"Communities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jane Hadley Barkley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Hadley_Barkley"},{"link_name":"Alben Barkley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alben_Barkley"},{"link_name":"Walt Disney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney"},{"link_name":"John Donaldson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Donaldson_(pitcher)"},{"link_name":"Negro league baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negro_league_baseball"},{"link_name":"no-hitters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No-hitter"},{"link_name":"J. William Fulbright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._William_Fulbright"},{"link_name":"U.S. Senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"Fulbright Scholarship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulbright_Program"},{"link_name":"Cal Hubbard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cal_Hubbard"},{"link_name":"Pro Football Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro_Football_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"Vern Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vern_Kennedy"},{"link_name":"Darold Knowles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darold_Knowles"},{"link_name":"MLB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"Wayne E. Meyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_E._Meyer"},{"link_name":"W. James Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._James_Morgan"},{"link_name":"Burning of Platte City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burning_of_Platte_City"},{"link_name":"Floyd B. Parks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floyd_B._Parks"},{"link_name":"U.S. Marine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps"},{"link_name":"Navy Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_Cross"},{"link_name":"VMF-221","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VMF-221"},{"link_name":"Battle of Midway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Midway"},{"link_name":"Sterling Price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterling_Price"},{"link_name":"Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Sol Smith Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sol_Smith_Russell"},{"link_name":"Wilbur Sweatman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilbur_Sweatman"},{"link_name":"Ragtime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragtime"},{"link_name":"Dixieland jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixieland"},{"link_name":"Maxwell D. Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell_D._Taylor"}],"text":"Jane Hadley Barkley—former 2nd Lady of the U.S., wife of Alben Barkley. (Keytesville)\nWalt Disney—Film producer, animator, business leader. (Marceline)\nJohn Donaldson – Negro league baseball pitcher. Known for pitching a large number of no-hitters. (Glasgow)\nJ. William Fulbright—Longtime U.S. Senator and namesake of the Fulbright Scholarship. (Sumner)\nCal Hubbard, – Pro Football Hall of Fame member and former Major League Baseball umpire. (Keytesville)\nVern Kennedy—Former Major League Baseball pitcher. (Mendon)\nDarold Knowles—Former MLB relief pitcher. First pitcher to ever appear in all seven games of a World Series. The baseball field at Brunswick R-II school is named in his honor. (Brunswick)\nWayne E. Meyer—U.S. Navy admiral, \"Father of the Aegis weapons system\". (Brunswick)\nW. James Morgan—Union Army officer, responsible for the Burning of Platte City during the American Civil War. (Brunswick)\nFloyd B. Parks – U.S. Marine aviator who earned the Navy Cross posthumously for his actions leading Marine fighter squadron VMF-221 during the Battle of Midway. (Salisbury)\nSterling Price, - 11th Governor of Missouri. Confederate General in the Civil War (Keytesville)\nSol Smith Russell—Comic stage actor of the late 19th century. Russell Opera House in Brunswick is named for him. (Brunswick)\nWilbur Sweatman – Ragtime and Dixieland jazz composer and performer. (Brunswick)\nMaxwell D. Taylor - U.S. Army general and diplomat. (Keytesville)","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Local","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Missouri House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Joe Don McGaugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//house.mo.gov/member.aspx?year=2017&district=039"},{"link_name":"Carrollton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrollton,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Dave Muntzel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//house.mo.gov/member.aspx?year=2017&district=048"},{"link_name":"Boonville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boonville,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Missouri Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_Senate"},{"link_name":"Cindy O'Laughlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.senate.mo.gov/mem18/"},{"link_name":"Shelbina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelbina,_Missouri"}],"sub_title":"State","text":"Chariton County is split between two districts in the Missouri House of Representatives, with both electing Republicans.District 39 – Joe Don McGaugh (R-Carrollton). Consists of the northern part of the county.District 48 – Dave Muntzel (R-Boonville). Consists of the southern part of the county.All of Chariton County is a part of Missouri's 18th District in the Missouri Senate and is currently represented by Cindy O'Laughlin (R-Shelbina).","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Missouri's 6th Congressional District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MO-06"},{"link_name":"Sam Graves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Graves"},{"link_name":"Tarkio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarkio,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"U.S. House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"}],"sub_title":"Federal","text":"All of Chariton County is included in Missouri's 6th Congressional District and is currently represented by Sam Graves (R-Tarkio) in the U.S. House of Representatives.","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Senator"},{"link_name":"Hillary Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_Clinton"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"}],"sub_title":"Missouri presidential preference primary (2008)","text":"Former U.S. Senator Hillary Clinton (D-New York) received more votes, a total of 786, than any candidate from either party in Chariton County during the 2008 presidential primary. She also received more votes than the total number of votes cast in the entire Republican primary in Chariton County.","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"full text","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//digital.library.umsystem.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?sid=2eb3977dac6e01be233d3e8ddf7526ca;c=umlib;iel=1;view=toc;idno=umlc000011"}],"text":"History of Howard and Chariton Counties, Missouri (1883) full text","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"The second Chariton County Courthouse 1867–1973. It replaced one destroyed by Confederate raiders in September 1864.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/CharitonCoCourthouse.JPG/220px-CharitonCoCourthouse.JPG"},{"image_text":"Map of Missouri highlighting Chariton County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Map_of_Missouri_highlighting_Chariton_County.svg/75px-Map_of_Missouri_highlighting_Chariton_County.svg.png"}]
[{"title":"Mormon War (1838)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mormon_War_(1838)"},{"title":"National Register of Historic Places listings in Chariton County, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Chariton_County,_Missouri"}]
[{"reference":"\"Explore Census Data\". data.census.gov. Retrieved December 21, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/profile?g=0500000US29041","url_text":"\"Explore Census Data\""}]},{"reference":"\"Find a County\". National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on May 31, 2011. Retrieved June 7, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110531210815/http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx","url_text":"\"Find a County\""},{"url":"http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"2010 Census Gazetteer Files\". United States Census Bureau. August 22, 2012. Archived from the original on October 21, 2013. Retrieved November 14, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131021170230/http://www.census.gov/geo/maps-data/data/docs/gazetteer/counties_list_29.txt","url_text":"\"2010 Census Gazetteer Files\""},{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geo/maps-data/data/docs/gazetteer/counties_list_29.txt","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Decennial Census\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved November 14, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"U.S. Decennial Census\""}]},{"reference":"\"Historical Census Browser\". University of Virginia Library. Archived from the original on August 11, 2012. Retrieved November 14, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120811110448/http://mapserver.lib.virginia.edu/","url_text":"\"Historical Census Browser\""},{"url":"http://mapserver.lib.virginia.edu/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved November 14, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/population/cencounts/mo190090.txt","url_text":"\"Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990\""}]},{"reference":"\"Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000\" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 27, 2010. Retrieved November 14, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/briefs/phc-t4/tables/tab02.pdf","url_text":"\"Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100327165705/http://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/briefs/phc-t4/tables/tab02.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"State & County QuickFacts\". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on September 5, 2015. Retrieved September 7, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150905082318/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/29/29041.html","url_text":"\"State & County QuickFacts\""},{"url":"http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/29/29041.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 14, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Chariton County, Missouri\".","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=Chariton%20County,%20Missouri&t=Race%20and%20Ethnicity&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2","url_text":"\"P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Chariton County, Missouri\""}]},{"reference":"Breeding, Marshall. \"Brunswick Area Library\". Libraries.org. Retrieved May 8, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://librarytechnology.org/library/20446","url_text":"\"Brunswick Area Library\""}]},{"reference":"Breeding, Marshall. \"Dulany Memorial Library\". Libraries.org. Retrieved May 8, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://librarytechnology.org/library/20358","url_text":"\"Dulany Memorial Library\""}]},{"reference":"Breeding, Marshall. \"Keytesville Public Library\". Libraries.org. Retrieved May 8, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://librarytechnology.org/library/20413","url_text":"\"Keytesville Public Library\""}]},{"reference":"Leip, David. \"Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections\". uselectionatlas.org. Retrieved March 24, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS","url_text":"\"Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chariton_County,_Missouri&params=39.52_N_92.96_W_type:adm2nd_region:US-MO_source:UScensus1990","external_links_name":"39°31′N 92°58′W / 39.52°N 92.96°W / 39.52; -92.96"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chariton_County,_Missouri&params=39.52_N_92.96_W_type:city(7408)","external_links_name":"39°31′N 92°58′W / 39.52°N 92.96°W / 39.52; -92.96"},{"Link":"http://www.brunswick.k12.mo.us/","external_links_name":"Brunswick R-II School District"},{"Link":"http://keytesville.k12.mo.us/","external_links_name":"Keytesville R-III School District"},{"Link":"http://www.salisbury.k12.mo.us/","external_links_name":"Salisbury R-IV School District"},{"Link":"http://house.mo.gov/member.aspx?year=2017&district=039","external_links_name":"Joe Don McGaugh"},{"Link":"http://house.mo.gov/member.aspx?year=2017&district=048","external_links_name":"Dave Muntzel"},{"Link":"http://www.senate.mo.gov/mem18/","external_links_name":"Cindy O'Laughlin"},{"Link":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/profile?g=0500000US29041","external_links_name":"\"Explore Census Data\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110531210815/http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Find a County\""},{"Link":"http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.missouridivision-scv.org/littledixie.htm","external_links_name":"\"The Story of Little Dixie, Missouri\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120717050109/http://www.missouridivision-scv.org/littledixie.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131021170230/http://www.census.gov/geo/maps-data/data/docs/gazetteer/counties_list_29.txt","external_links_name":"\"2010 Census Gazetteer Files\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/geo/maps-data/data/docs/gazetteer/counties_list_29.txt","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Decennial Census\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120811110448/http://mapserver.lib.virginia.edu/","external_links_name":"\"Historical Census Browser\""},{"Link":"http://mapserver.lib.virginia.edu/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/population/cencounts/mo190090.txt","external_links_name":"\"Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/briefs/phc-t4/tables/tab02.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100327165705/http://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/briefs/phc-t4/tables/tab02.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150905082318/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/29/29041.html","external_links_name":"\"State & County QuickFacts\""},{"Link":"http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/29/29041.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"Link":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=Chariton%20County,%20Missouri&t=Race%20and%20Ethnicity&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2","external_links_name":"\"P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Chariton County, Missouri\""},{"Link":"https://librarytechnology.org/library/20446","external_links_name":"\"Brunswick Area Library\""},{"Link":"https://librarytechnology.org/library/20358","external_links_name":"\"Dulany Memorial Library\""},{"Link":"https://librarytechnology.org/library/20413","external_links_name":"\"Keytesville Public Library\""},{"Link":"http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS","external_links_name":"\"Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections\""},{"Link":"http://digital.library.umsystem.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?sid=2eb3977dac6e01be233d3e8ddf7526ca;c=umlib;iel=1;view=toc;idno=umlc000011","external_links_name":"full text"},{"Link":"http://mulibraries.missouri.edu/specialcollections/platbooks.htm","external_links_name":"Digitized 1930 Plat Book of Chariton County"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110816173126/http://mulibraries.missouri.edu/specialcollections/platbooks.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/136055120","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007559774505171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81119862","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/area/48e72b2d-5f76-4693-bccf-7f7548118429","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz area"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chariton_County,_Missouri&params=39.52_N_92.96_W_type:adm2nd_region:US-MO_source:UScensus1990","external_links_name":"39°31′N 92°58′W / 39.52°N 92.96°W / 39.52; -92.96"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elcano,_Navarre
Elcano, Navarre
["1 Geography","2 References"]
Council in Navarre, SpainElcanoCouncilElcanoShow map of NavarreElcanoShow map of SpainCoordinates: 42°49′52″N 1°32′46″W / 42.83111°N 1.54611°W / 42.83111; -1.54611Country SpainCommunity NavarreProvinceNavarreMunicipalityValle de EgüésElevation529 m (1,736 ft)Population • Total200 Elcano is a locality and council located in the municipality of Valle de Egüés, in Navarre province, Spain. As of 2020, it has a population of 200. Geography Elcano is located 11km east-northeast of Pamplona. References ^ Mapa de Elcano, Valle de Egüés, Navarra, España ^ "Nomenclátor: Población del Padrón Continuo por Unidad Poblacional" (in Spanish). Instituto Nacional de Estadística (España). Retrieved 2 December 2021. This article about a location in Navarre, Spain, is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Valle de Egüés","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valle_de_Eg%C3%BC%C3%A9s"},{"link_name":"Navarre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navarre"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Elcano is a locality and council located in the municipality of Valle de Egüés, in Navarre province, Spain. As of 2020, it has a population of 200.[2]","title":"Elcano, Navarre"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pamplona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamplona"}],"text":"Elcano is located 11km east-northeast of Pamplona.","title":"Geography"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Nomenclátor: Población del Padrón Continuo por Unidad Poblacional\" (in Spanish). Instituto Nacional de Estadística (España). Retrieved 2 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ine.es/nomen2/index.do","url_text":"\"Nomenclátor: Población del Padrón Continuo por Unidad Poblacional\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Elcano,_Navarre&params=42_49_52_N_1_32_46_W_type:city(200)_region:ES-NC","external_links_name":"42°49′52″N 1°32′46″W / 42.83111°N 1.54611°W / 42.83111; -1.54611"},{"Link":"https://2ua.org/es/esp/nc/elcano/mapa/","external_links_name":"Mapa de Elcano, Valle de Egüés, Navarra, España"},{"Link":"http://www.ine.es/nomen2/index.do","external_links_name":"\"Nomenclátor: Población del Padrón Continuo por Unidad Poblacional\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elcano,_Navarre&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alipur,_Delhi
Alipur, Delhi
["1 Demographics","2 Education","2.1 University","2.2 University","2.3 College","2.4 Govt. Schools","2.5 Private Schools","2.6 Institutions","3 Neighborhood Villages","4 Places to visit","5 References","6 External links"]
Coordinates: 28°48′00″N 77°09′00″E / 28.80°N 77.150°E / 28.80; 77.150For other uses, see Alipur, India (disambiguation). Village in Delhi, IndiaHaripurVillageHaripurLocation in IndiaCoordinates: 28°48′00″N 77°09′00″E / 28.80°N 77.150°E / 28.80; 77.150Country IndiaStateDelhiDistrictNorth DelhiElevation209 m (686 ft)Population (2001) • Total16,623Languages • OfficialHindi, EnglishTime zoneUTC+5:30 (IST) Map of Delhi showing location of Alipur Alipur is the administrative headquarters and a sub-division of North Delhi district in the state of Delhi, India. It is surrounded by the localities of Bawana, Narela, Budhpur, Bakoli and Mukhmelpur. Alipur comes under the Narela constituency. The nearest metro station is Jahangirpuri Metro Station. Alipur is situated on the Delhi-Amritsar National Highway 1. Sharad Chauhan is the present MLA of Narela constituency. Yogesh Rana is the present Nigam Parshad of Alipur. Demographics Historical populationYearPop.±%1981 6,735—    1991 9,256+37.4%2001 16,631+79.7%2011 20,332+22.3%Source: Government of India As of 2001 India census, Alipur had a population of 16,623. Males constitute 58% of the population and females, 42%. It has an average literacy rate of 68%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; 63% for males and 37% for females. 15% of the population is below six years of age. Alipur is home to many migrants from all over India, similar to the rest of Delhi, which has led to a spike in the population in the last decade. Education Alipur has many types of education with various government schools, public or private schools, colleges, university and institutions. University Swami Sharadhanand College DELHI UNIVERSITY University AIIPPHS STATE GOVERNMENT UNIVERSITY DELHI College Swami Shraddhanand College Govt. Schools Government Boys Senior Secondary School Government Sarvodaya boys and girls Sr Sec School Municipal Corporation Primary (Boys) Model School Municipal Corporation Primary Model (Girls) School Private Schools Rishikul Vidyapeeth Sant Gyaneshwar Public School Gyanodaya Model Public School Gulzari Lal Public School Institutions ALL INDIA INSTITUTE OF PUBLIC & PHYSICAL HEALTH SCIENCES (AIIPPHS) NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION DEVELOPMENT SOCIETY & SPORTS COUNCIL (NIEDSSC) AIIPPHS INSTITUTE ALIPUR DELHI SANITARY INSPECTOR DIPLOMA INSTITUTE DELHI NIEDSSC SPORTS INSTITUTE ALIPUR DELHI INTERNATIONAL SCOUT GUIDE & ADVENTURE ASSOCIATION (ISGAA)DELHI INTERNATIONAL SCOUT GUIDE & ADVENTURE SPORTS COUNCIL (ISGASC) DELHI WORLD CRICKET COUNCIL (WCC) UNIQUE EDUCATIONAL WELFARE CENTRE, DELHI Nist Computer Education The Flow (Spoken English) Institute Mahavir group of institutions (MGI) Inspire Leading Education American Institute of English Language Rashtriya Sarv Shiksha Abhiyan SC KDR Dance Academy Classroom Coaching Neighborhood Villages BudhPur BijaPur Holambi Khurd Kham Pur Kureni Palla Bakhtawar Pur Bakoli Bhor Garh Hamid Pur Hiranki Holambi Kalan Khera Kalan Khera Khurd Zind Pur Taj Pur Kalan Tikri Khurd Shah Pur Garhi Mukhmel Pur Singhola Siras Pur Narela Singhu Kadipur Places to visit Khatu Shyam Delhi Dham Shri Sai Mandir Dayal Market AIIPPHS UNIVERSITY, DELHI Alipur City Forest Turning Point Foundation NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION DEVELOPMENT & SOCIETY SPORTS COUNCIL (NIEDSSC) ALL INDIA INSTITUTE OF PUBLIC & PHYSICAL HEALTH SCIENCES(AIIPPHS) ALL INDIA INSTITUTE OF OPEN SCHOOLING BOARD (AIIOS) WORLD CRICKET COUNCIL(WCC) NATIONAL UNIVERSITY SCHOOL & GAMES ASSOCIATION (NUSGA) INTERNATIONAL SCOUT GUIDE & ADVENTURE ASSOCIATION (ISGAA) INTERNATIONAL SCOUT GUIDE & ADVENTURE SPORTS COUNCIL(ISGASC) UNIQUE EDUCATION WELFARE CENTER (UEWC) Yoga Vatika Bada Shiv Mandir Budhe Baba Mandir Children Home Complex Alipur Splash water park References ^ "Census Tables". censusindia.gov.in. Retrieved 6 January 2024. ^ "Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)". Census Commission of India. Archived from the original on 16 June 2004. Retrieved 1 November 2008. External links Alipur, Delhi at Wikimapia This article related to a location in the Indian state of Delhi is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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It is surrounded by the localities of Bawana, Narela, Budhpur, Bakoli and Mukhmelpur. Alipur comes under the Narela constituency. The nearest metro station is Jahangirpuri Metro Station. Alipur is situated on the Delhi-Amritsar National Highway 1. Sharad Chauhan is the present MLA of Narela constituency. Yogesh Rana is the present Nigam Parshad of Alipur.","title":"Alipur, Delhi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alipur,_Delhi&action=edit"},{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"As of 2001[update] India census,[2] Alipur had a population of 16,623. Males constitute 58% of the population and females, 42%. It has an average literacy rate of 68%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; 63% for males and 37% for females. 15% of the population is below six years of age. Alipur is home to many migrants from all over India, similar to the rest of Delhi, which has led to a spike in the population in the last decade.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Alipur has many types of education with various government schools, public or private schools, colleges, university and institutions.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"University","text":"Swami Sharadhanand College\nDELHI UNIVERSITY","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"University","text":"AIIPPHS STATE GOVERNMENT\nUNIVERSITY DELHI","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Swami Shraddhanand College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swami_Shraddhanand_College,_Delhi"}],"sub_title":"College","text":"Swami Shraddhanand College","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Govt. Schools","text":"Government Boys Senior Secondary SchoolGovernment Sarvodaya boys and girls Sr Sec SchoolMunicipal Corporation Primary (Boys) Model SchoolMunicipal Corporation Primary Model (Girls) School","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rishikul Vidyapeeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rishikul_Vidyapeeth"},{"link_name":"Sant Gyaneshwar Public School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sant_Gyaneshwar_Public_School&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gyanodaya Model Public School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gyanodaya_Model_Public_School&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gulzari Lal Public School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gulzari_Lal_Public_School&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Private Schools","text":"Rishikul VidyapeethSant Gyaneshwar Public SchoolGyanodaya Model Public SchoolGulzari Lal Public School","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nist Computer Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nist_Computer_Education&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The Flow (Spoken English) Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Flow_(Spoken_English)_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mahavir group of institutions (MGI)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mahavir_group_of_institutions_(MGI)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rashtriya Sarv Shiksha Abhiyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rashtriya_Sarv_Shiksha_Abhiyan&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Institutions","text":"ALL INDIA INSTITUTE OF PUBLIC & PHYSICAL HEALTH SCIENCES (AIIPPHS)NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION DEVELOPMENT SOCIETY & SPORTS COUNCIL (NIEDSSC)AIIPPHS INSTITUTE ALIPUR DELHISANITARY INSPECTOR DIPLOMA INSTITUTE DELHINIEDSSC SPORTS INSTITUTE ALIPUR DELHIINTERNATIONAL SCOUT GUIDE & ADVENTURE ASSOCIATION (ISGAA)DELHIINTERNATIONAL SCOUT GUIDE & ADVENTURE SPORTS COUNCIL (ISGASC) DELHIWORLD CRICKET COUNCIL (WCC)UNIQUE EDUCATIONAL WELFARE CENTRE, DELHINist Computer EducationThe Flow (Spoken English) InstituteMahavir group of institutions (MGI)Inspire Leading EducationAmerican Institute of English LanguageRashtriya Sarv Shiksha AbhiyanSC KDR Dance AcademyClassroom Coaching","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BudhPur BijaPur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BudhPur_BijaPur&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Holambi Khurd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holambi_Khurd"},{"link_name":"Bakhtawar Pur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakhtawar_Pur"},{"link_name":"Bakoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakoli,_Delhi"},{"link_name":"Bhor Garh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhor_Garh"},{"link_name":"Hamid Pur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamidpur,_Delhi"},{"link_name":"Holambi Kalan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holambi_Kalan"},{"link_name":"Khera Kalan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khera_Kalan"},{"link_name":"Khera Khurd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khera_Khurd"},{"link_name":"Zind Pur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zind_Pur"},{"link_name":"Taj Pur Kalan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taj_Pur_Kalan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tikri Khurd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tikri_Khurd"},{"link_name":"Mukhmel Pur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukhmel_Pur"},{"link_name":"Siras Pur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siras_Pur"},{"link_name":"Narela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narela"},{"link_name":"Singhu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singhu"},{"link_name":"Kadipur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadipur"}],"text":"BudhPur BijaPur\nHolambi Khurd\nKham Pur\nKureni\nPalla\nBakhtawar Pur\nBakoli\nBhor Garh\nHamid Pur\nHiranki\nHolambi Kalan\nKhera Kalan\nKhera Khurd\nZind Pur\nTaj Pur Kalan\nTikri Khurd\nShah Pur Garhi\nMukhmel Pur\nSinghola\nSiras Pur\nNarela\nSinghu\nKadipur","title":"Neighborhood Villages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Khatu Shyam Delhi Dham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khatu_Shyam_Delhi_Dham&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dayal Market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dayal_Market&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Alipur City Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alipur_City_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Yoga Vatika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yoga_Vatika&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bada Shiv Mandir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bada_Shiv_Mandir&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Budhe Baba Mandir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Budhe_Baba_Mandir&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Children Home Complex Alipur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Children_Home_Complex_Alipur&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Khatu Shyam Delhi Dham\nShri Sai Mandir\nDayal Market\nAIIPPHS UNIVERSITY, DELHI\nAlipur City Forest\nTurning Point Foundation\nNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION DEVELOPMENT & SOCIETY SPORTS COUNCIL (NIEDSSC)\nALL INDIA INSTITUTE OF PUBLIC & PHYSICAL HEALTH SCIENCES(AIIPPHS)\nALL INDIA INSTITUTE OF OPEN SCHOOLING BOARD (AIIOS)\nWORLD CRICKET COUNCIL(WCC)\nNATIONAL UNIVERSITY SCHOOL & GAMES ASSOCIATION (NUSGA)\nINTERNATIONAL SCOUT GUIDE & ADVENTURE ASSOCIATION (ISGAA)\nINTERNATIONAL SCOUT GUIDE & ADVENTURE SPORTS COUNCIL(ISGASC)\nUNIQUE EDUCATION WELFARE CENTER (UEWC)\nYoga Vatika\nBada Shiv Mandir\nBudhe Baba Mandir\nChildren Home Complex Alipur\nSplash water park","title":"Places to visit"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debra_Messing
Debra Messing
["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Personal life","3.1 Activism","4 Filmography","4.1 Film","4.2 Television","5 Awards and nominations","5.1 Honors","5.2 Accolades","6 References","7 External links"]
American actress (born 1968) Debra MessingDebra Lynn Messing in 2009BornDebra Lynn Messing (1968-08-15) August 15, 1968 (age 55)New York City, U.S.EducationBrandeis University (BA)New York University (MFA)OccupationActressYears active1994–presentPolitical partyDemocraticSpouse Daniel Zelman ​ ​(m. 2000; div. 2016)​Children1 Debra Lynn Messing (born August 15, 1968) is an American actress. After graduating from New York University's Tisch School of the Arts, Messing starred in the shortlived television series, Ned and Stacey on Fox (1995–1997), and Prey on ABC (1998). She achieved her breakthrough role as Grace Adler, an interior designer, on the NBC sitcom Will & Grace (1998–2006, 2017–2020), for which she received seven Golden Globe Award nominations and five Primetime Emmy Award nominations for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series, winning once, in 2003. From 2007 to 2008, Messing starred as Molly Kagan, the ex-wife of a Hollywood film mogul, on the television miniseries The Starter Wife, for which she received two Golden Globe nominations, a Primetime Emmy Award nomination, and a Screen Actors Guild Award nomination. Thereafter, she appeared as Broadway playwright Julia Houston on the NBC musical drama Smash (2012–2013) and as homicide detective Laura Diamond on the NBC police-procedural comedy The Mysteries of Laura (2014–2016). From 2017 to 2020, Messing reprised her role as Grace Adler on NBC's three season revival of Will & Grace, garnering a ninth Golden Globe nomination for her performance. Messing's film work includes A Walk in the Clouds (1995), Jesus (1999), The Mothman Prophecies (2002), Hollywood Ending (2002), Along Came Polly (2004), The Wedding Date (2005), Lucky You (2007), The Women (2008), Nothing Like the Holidays (2008), Searching (2018), and 13: The Musical (2022). She has also lent her voice to animated films such as Garfield (2004) and Open Season (2006). Early life Messing was born in Brooklyn, New York, the daughter of Sandra (née Simons), who worked as a professional singer, banker, and travel and real estate agent, and Brian Messing, a sales executive for a costume jewelry packaging manufacturer. Messing is Jewish and had a Bat Mitzvah ceremony. Her Jewish ancestors emigrated from Poland and Russia. When Messing was three, she moved with her parents and her older brother, Brett, to East Greenwich, Rhode Island. While Messing's parents encouraged her dream of becoming an actress, they also urged her to complete a liberal arts education before deciding on acting as a career. Following their advice, she attended Brandeis University, where, at her parents' request, three-quarters of her courses were not theater-related. In 1990, after graduating summa cum laude from Brandeis with a Bachelor of Arts in Theater Arts, Messing gained admission to the elite Grad Acting Program at New York University's Tisch School of the Arts, which accepts 16 new students annually. She earned a Master of Fine Arts after three years. Career In 1993, Messing won acclaim for her performance as Harper in the pre-Broadway workshop production of Tony Kushner's play Angels in America: Perestroika. Subsequently, she appeared in several episodes of the television series NYPD Blue during 1994 and 1995. Messing at the Tribeca Film Festival 2009 premiere of Whatever Works In 1995, Messing made her film debut in Alfonso Arau's A Walk in the Clouds playing the unfaithful wife of main character Paul Sutton (Keanu Reeves). This exposure led Fox to make her the co-star of the television sitcom Ned & Stacey. The series lasted for two seasons, from 1995 to 1997. Messing appeared as Jerry Seinfeld's romantic interest in two episodes of the series Seinfeld: "The Wait Out" in 1996 and "The Yada Yada" in 1997. Messing turned down a starring role in another television sitcom to appear in Donald Margulies's two-character play Collected Stories, which opened at the off-Broadway Manhattan Theatre Club. She also co-starred in the Tom Arnold vehicle McHale's Navy in 1997. In 1998, Messing played a lead role as the bioanthropologist Sloan Parker on ABC's dramatic science-fiction television series Prey. During this time, her agent approached her with the pilot script for the television show Will & Grace. Messing was inclined to take some time off, but the script intrigued her, and she auditioned for the role of Grace Adler, beating Nicollette Sheridan, who later guest-starred on the show as Grace's romantic rival. Will & Grace became a ratings success, and Messing received critical acclaim for her performance. Director Woody Allen cast Messing in a supporting role in his film Hollywood Ending (2002). Her film roles since include Richard Gere's ill-fated wife in the supernatural thriller The Mothman Prophecies (2002) and a supporting role as an unfaithful bride in Along Came Polly (2004). The Wedding Date (2005) was Messing's first leading role in a high-profile film. It received mixed reviews but performed fairly well at the box office. Messing was featured as a judge on the season finale of the second season of Bravo's reality show Project Runway. Also in 2005, along with Megan Mullally, she was awarded the Women in Film Lucy Award in recognition of her excellence and innovation in her creative works that have enhanced the perception of women through the medium of television. She also starred in the television miniseries The Starter Wife (2007), which was nominated for ten Emmy Awards, including one for Messing for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or Movie. In 2008, Messing reprised her role as Molly Kagan in the television series The Starter Wife, consisting of 10 episodes. In early 2010, Messing starred in the ABC comedy pilot Wright vs. Wrong for the 2010–2011 primetime season, but ABC did not pick-up the pilot. In July 2011, Messing was ranked no. 22 on the TV Guide Network special, Funniest Women on TV. In February 2011, producers announced that Messing would star in a new NBC musical pilot called Smash for the 2011–2012 primetime season. In May 2011, it was reported that NBC picked up the show as a series for the 2011–2012 season. The show premiered on February 6, 2012. The show was later renewed for a second season after which it was cancelled. Messing appeared with Green Day singer Billie Joe Armstrong and Leighton Meester in Frank Whaley's drama film Like Sunday, Like Rain in 2014. For her performance, Messing won the 2014 Best Actress Award at The Williamsburg Independent Film Festival. She made her Broadway debut in John Patrick Shanley's play Outside Mullingar alongside Tony Award winner Brían F. O'Byrne, which began previews at the Samuel J. Friedman Theatre on January 3, 2014. Outside Mullingar was nominated for Best Play for the 2014 (68th Annual) Tony Awards. Messing starred in The Mysteries of Laura, a police procedural television show that premiered in September 2014. The series lasted for two seasons and ended in 2016. Messing portrayed Marjorie Houseman in the television remake of the film Dirty Dancing (1987). It aired on ABC in May 2017. She starred again as Grace Adler in the revival of Will & Grace on NBC. The revival aired for three seasons, from September 2017 to April 2020. Personal life Messing met Daniel Zelman, an actor and screenwriter, on their first day as graduate students at New York University in 1990. They were married on September 3, 2000, and lived in Manhattan. On April 7, 2004, Messing gave birth to their son, Roman. In December 2011, she and her husband separated after 11 years of marriage. Messing filed for divorce on June 5, 2012, and the divorce became official on March 1, 2016. Messing dated her Smash co-star Will Chase from the end of 2011 to October 2014. In 2012, she posed nude for the May issue of Allure magazine. Activism Politically, Messing supports the Democratic Party. In 2004, Messing started working on campaigns by knocking on doors and making phone calls. In 2018, Messing co-founded I am a voter. with Mandana Dayani, a nonpartisan civic movement to educate and mobilize voters. Before the runoff election in Georgia in 2021, Messing posted a message on Instagram directing followers to VoteRiders for information on voter ID requirements and assistance with obtaining an ID to vote. In October 2023, following the outbreak of the 2023 Israel-Hamas War in Gaza, Messing was one of the signatories of an open letter supporting the Israeli military, published by the pro-Israel organization Creative Community For Peace. In November 2023, amid growing criticism of the Israeli military, Messing was among more than a dozen creators and celebrities who confronted TikTok executives in a private phone call, during which she accused the site of being "the main platform for the dissemination of Jew hate". The company reportedly pushed back against claims that it was promoting pro-Palestine, anti-Israel content through its feeds, stating instead that while the platform regularly moderates anti-semitic, anti-Arab racist, and Islamophobic content, it does not moderate or amplify the spread of content that accuses Zionism of being settler colonialism, the alleged apartheid, or the ethnic cleansing and genocide of Palestinians. In December 2023, Messing was photographed supporting the Israeli military in the company of political commentator Douglas Murray. Filmography Film Year Title Role Notes 1995 A Walk in the Clouds Betty Sutton 1997 McHale's Navy Lt. Penelope Carpenter 1998 Celebrity TV reporter 2002 The Mothman Prophecies Mary Klein Hollywood Ending Lori 2003 Marion's Triumph Narrator 2004 Along Came Polly Lisa Kramer Garfield Arlene Voice role 2005 The Wedding Date Kat Ellis 2006 Open Season Beth Voice role 2007 Purple Violets Kate Scott Lucky You Suzanne Offer 2008 The Women Edie Cohen Nothing like the Holidays Sarah Rodriguez 2014 Like Sunday, Like Rain Barbara 2016 Albion: The Enchanted Stallion The Queen 2018 Searching Detective Sergeant Rosemary Vick 2020 Irresistible Babs Garnett The Dark Divide Thea Linnea Pyle 2022 13: The Musical Jessica Goldman Bros Herself 2025 Alto Knights Bobbie Costello Post-production Television Year Title Role Notes 1994–1995 NYPD Blue Dana Abandando 3 episodes 1995 Partners Stacey Episode: "City Hall" 1995–1997 Ned & Stacey Stacey Colbert Main role 1996, 1997 Seinfeld Beth Lookner Episodes: "The Wait Out" & "The Yada Yada" 1998 Prey Dr. Sloan Parker Main role 1998–20062017–2020 Will & Grace Grace Adler Main role 1999 Jesus Mary Magdalene Television film 2002 King of the Hill Mrs. Hilgren-Bronson Episode: "Get Your Freak Off" 2006, 2012 Project Runway Herself / Guest judge Season 2, Episode: "Finale – Part 2"Season 10, Episode: "I Get a Kick Out of Fashion" 2007 The Starter Wife Molly Kagan Miniseries (6 episodes) 2008 The Starter Wife Molly Kagan Main role 2009 Sesame Street Herself Episode #4190 2011 Law & Order: Special Victims Unit Alicia Harding Episode: "Pursuit" 2012–2013 Smash Julia Houston Main role 2014, 2016, 2019 Project Runway All Stars Herself / Guest judge 3 episodes 2014–2016 The Mysteries of Laura Detective Laura Diamond Lead role 2015 Jeopardy! Herself 4 episodes 2016 Match Game Herself 1 episode 2016–17 Nightcap Herself 2 episodes 2017 Dirty Dancing Marjorie Houseman Television film Awards and nominations Messing's most honored role is as Grace Adler on Will & Grace, which earned her seven Golden Globe Award nominations for Best Lead Actress in a Television Series – Comedy or Musical; five Primetime Emmy Award nominations for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series, one of which she won in 2003; and seven Screen Actors Guild Award nominations: two for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series and five for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series – winning one in 2001. Honors 2005: Nominated for Favorite Funny Female Star by the People's Choice Awards. 2005: Honored with the Lucy Award, by the Women in Film Crystal + Lucy Awards – to recognize women and men and their creative works that have enhanced the perception of women through the medium of television. 2017: Honored with the Excellence in Media Award by the GLAAD (Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation) – to individuals in the media and entertainment industries who through their work have increased the visibility and understanding of the LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender) community. 2017, October 6: Inducted into the Hollywood Walk of Fame and received a star for her contribution to Television – located at 6201 Hollywood Blvd. Accolades Organizations Year Category Work Result American Comedy Awards 2000 Funniest Female Performer in a Television Series Will & Grace Nominated 2001 Nominated Audie Awards 2010 Audiobook of the Year Nelson Mandela's Favorite African Folktales Won Multi-Voiced Performance Critics' Choice Movie Awards 2019 Best Actress in a Comedy Television Series Will & Grace Nominated Emmy Awards (Primetime) 2000 Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series Nominated 2001 Nominated 2002 Nominated 2003 Won 2006 Nominated 2007 Outstanding Lead Actress in a Limited Series or Television Movie The Starter Wife Nominated Gold Derby Awards 2004 Best TV Comedy Lead Actress Will & Grace Nominated 2007 Best TV Movie/Miniseries Actress The Starter Wife Nominated Golden Globe Awards 2000 Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy Will & Grace Nominated 2001 Nominated 2002 Nominated 2003 Nominated 2004 Nominated 2005 Nominated 2008 Best Actress – Miniseries or Television Film The Starter Wife Nominated 2009 Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy Nominated 2019 Will & Grace Nominated Gracie Awards 2008 Outstanding Female Lead – Miniseries The Starter Wife Won Online Film & Television Association Awards 1999 Best Actress in a New Comedy Series Will & Grace Nominated Best Ensemble in a New Comedy Series Nominated Best Actress in a Comedy Series Nominated 2000 Nominated Best Ensemble in a Comedy Series Won 2001 Best Actress in a Comedy Series Nominated Best Ensemble in a Comedy Series Won 2002 Best Actress in a Comedy Series Nominated Best Ensemble in a Comedy Series Nominated 2003 Best Actress in a Comedy Series Nominated 2006 Won 2007 Best Actress in a Miniseries or Motion Picture Made for Television The Starter Wife Nominated Outer Critics Circle Awards 2022 Outstanding Actress in a Play Birthday Candles Nominated People's Choice Awards 2005 Favorite Female Television Star Will & Grace Nominated 2015 Favorite Actress in a New Television Series The Mysteries of Laura Nominated Satellite Awards 2002 Best Actress in a TV Series Comedy or Musical Will & Grace Won 2003 Won 2004 Nominated 2007 Best Actress in a Miniseries or TV Film The Starter Wife Nominated 2008 Best Actress in a Motion Picture Comedy or Musical Nothing like the Holidays Nominated Screen Actors Guild Awards 2001 Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series Will & Grace Nominated Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Won 2002 Nominated 2003 Nominated 2004 Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series Nominated Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Nominated 2005 Nominated 2008 Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Television Movie or Miniseries The Starter Wife Nominated Teen Choice Awards 2001 Choice TV Actress Will & Grace Nominated 2002 Choice TV Actress – Comedy Nominated 2006 Nominated TV Guide Awards 2001 Best Actress of the Year in a Comedy Series Won 2006 Editor's Choice Award Won 2012 Favorite Comeback Smash Nominated Viewers for Quality Television Awards 1999 Best Actress in a Quality Comedy Series Will & Grace Nominated 2000 Nominated Williamsburg Independent Film Festival 2014 Best Featured Actress Like Sunday, Like Rain Won References ^ "Rotten Tomatoes: Movies | TV Shows | Movie Trailers | Reviews - Rotten Tomatoes". Rotten Tomatoes. Archived from the original on April 16, 2022. Retrieved March 29, 2022. ^ a b c Stated in interview on Inside the Actors Studio ^ a b Ouzounian, Richard (March 9, 2012). "Debra Messing in Smash". Toronto Star. Archived from the original on February 5, 2013. Retrieved March 9, 2012. ^ a b "The Calling". The Gentlewoman. March 2020. Archived from the original on July 23, 2021. Retrieved July 23, 2021. ^ "Debra Messing Biography". www.debramessing.com. Archived from the original on April 30, 2021. Retrieved July 23, 2021. ^ Miller, Gerri (March–April 2006). "Lady of Grace". American Jewish Life Magazine. Archived from the original on January 9, 2010. Retrieved April 7, 2010. ^ Pfefferman, Naomi (May 2, 2002). "Messing Up Stereotypes". The Jewish Journal of Greater Los Angeles. Archived from the original on February 22, 2008. Retrieved January 6, 2021. ^ "Debra Messing: Actress". People. May 13, 2002. Archived from the original on June 6, 2021. Retrieved June 6, 2021. ^ Williams, Jeannie (May 3, 2002). "Debra Messing yells 'Hooray!' for 'Hollywood'". USA Today. Archived from the original on January 31, 2008. Retrieved December 9, 2007. ^ "Select Alumni Bios". NYU Tisch School of the Arts. Archived from the original on January 9, 2021. Retrieved January 6, 2021. ^ "Past Recipients". Women In Film. Archived from the original on August 30, 2011. Retrieved February 20, 2013. ^ Nordyke, Kimberly (October 17, 2007). "Messing returns in "Starter Wife" series". Yahoo! Entertainment. Archived from the original on October 23, 2007. ^ Abrhams, Natalie (March 24, 2010). "Cheryl Hines, Carrie Fisher Join Wright vs. Wrong". Archived from the original on September 6, 2014. Retrieved January 6, 2021. ^ Ross, Robyn (February 7, 2011). "Debra Messing to Headline NBC's Musical Pilot – Today's News: Our Take". TV Guide. Archived from the original on February 17, 2013. Retrieved February 20, 2013. ^ Andreeva, Nellie (May 11, 2011). "NBC Picks Up Whitney Cummings & Emily Spivey Pilots, 'Smash' & 'Prime Suspect'". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on May 16, 2014. Retrieved February 20, 2013. ^ Roots, Kimberly (May 10, 2013). "It's Curtains: NBC Officially Cancels Smash". TVLine. Archived from the original on September 6, 2013. Retrieved September 8, 2013. ^ "2014 Winners". Williamsburg Independent Film Festival. Archived from the original on May 16, 2018. Retrieved May 15, 2018. ^ Voss, Brandon (January 4, 2014). "Gracing Broadway — Debra Messing Returns to the Stage in MTC's Outside Mullingar". Playbill. Archived from the original on June 7, 2021. Retrieved June 6, 2021. ^ Andreeva, Nellie (January 14, 2016). "'Dirty Dancing' ABC Remake Casts Debra Messing, Gets Firm Green Light". Deadline Hollywood. New York City. Archived from the original on March 16, 2016. Retrieved March 19, 2016. ^ "The Debra Messing Picture Pages". Superiorpics.com. Retrieved April 7, 2010. ^ Finn, Natalie (December 20, 2011). "The Finished Wife: Debra Messing and Husband Separate". E! News. Archived from the original on April 9, 2012. Retrieved December 20, 2011. ^ Shira, Dahvi (June 5, 2012). "Debra Messing Files for Divorce". People. Archived from the original on June 6, 2021. Retrieved June 6, 2021. ^ "Judge ends Debra Messing's marriage to writer-producer". The Charlotte Observer. Associated Press. March 2, 2016. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved March 3, 2016. ^ Chiu, Melody (October 27, 2014). "Debra Messing and Will Chase Split". People. Archived from the original on April 21, 2016. Retrieved March 7, 2018. ^ "The Naked Truth: Five Celebrities Go Nude for Allure". Allure. April 17, 2012. Archived from the original on July 10, 2016. Retrieved March 18, 2014. ^ Dovere, Edward-Isaac (July 5, 2022). "After string of Supreme Court setbacks, Democrats wonder whether Biden White House is capable of urgency moment demands". CNN. Archived from the original on July 5, 2022. Retrieved July 5, 2022. ^ "'Register a Friend' Day seeks to boost civic engagement". Morning Joe (MSNBC). September 18, 2023. Archived from the original on September 19, 2023. Retrieved September 20, 2023. ^ "Debra Messing and Mandana Dayani want to make voting sexy". Good Morning America. October 7, 2020. Archived from the original on November 15, 2023. Retrieved September 20, 2023. ^ "Debra Messing on Instagram: "Georgia is one of the strictest voter ID states in the country. For Georgians voting in person- ID is required to cast a ballot and 820,000 Georgians currently do not have govn't issued ID. Most likely to be affected by ID rules: Black voters, young voters, women, Latinx voters, voters with disabilities, Trans voters, voters over 65, voters with lower income @thevoteriders provides FREE HELP to ALL Georgians who need to get their ID in check! Go to VoteRiders.org for more information. #idcheck #Georgia #georgiaonmymind #election #vote #voterid #senate #jonossoff #raphaelwarnock #johnlewis #votingrights #civil rights #Atlanta #GwinnettCounty #CobbCounty"". Instagram. December 19, 2020. Archived from the original on February 3, 2023. Retrieved June 23, 2023. ^ Nolan, Alia Chughtai,Marium Ali,Delaney. "Boycotts and protests – how are people around the world defying Israel?". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on December 29, 2023. Retrieved December 29, 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ Maheshwari, Sapna (November 16, 2023). "Jewish Celebrities and Influencers Confront TikTok Executives in Private Call". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 20, 2023. Retrieved November 20, 2023. ^ Froim, Yoni (December 21, 2023). "American actor Debora Messing visits in Israel: 'Wouldn't want to be anywhere else'". Ynetnews. Archived from the original on December 27, 2023. Retrieved December 27, 2023. ^ Thalen, Mikael (January 25, 2024). "'You sit inside your luxury home': Debra Messing sparks furor for mocking Palestinian journalist's decision to leave Gaza". The Daily Dot. Retrieved February 19, 2024. ^ Soloski, Alexis (May 18, 2022). "Crafting a Rom-Com That's True to 21st-Century Gay Life". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 18, 2022. Retrieved June 16, 2022. ^ "Debra Messing". Hollywood Walk of Fame. Archived from the original on October 3, 2018. Retrieved October 2, 2018. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Debra Messing. Debra Messing at IMDb Debra Messing Video produced by Makers: Women Who Make America Debra Messing at the Internet Off-Broadway Database Debra Messing on Instagram Awards for Debra Messing vtePrimetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series1950–1975 Gertrude Berg (1950) Imogene Coca (1951) Lucille Ball (1952) Eve Arden (1953) Lucille Ball (1955) Nanette Fabray (1956) Jane Wyatt (1957) Jane Wyatt (1959) Jane Wyatt (1960) Barbara Stanwyck (1961) Shirley Booth (1962) Shirley Booth (1963) Mary Tyler Moore (1964) No award (1965) Mary Tyler Moore (1966) Lucille Ball (1967) Lucille Ball (1968) Hope Lange (1969) Hope Lange (1970) Jean Stapleton (1971) Jean Stapleton (1972) Mary Tyler Moore (1973) Mary Tyler Moore (1974) Valerie Harper (1975) 1976–2000 Mary Tyler Moore (1976) Bea Arthur (1977) Jean Stapleton (1978) Ruth Gordon (1979) Cathryn Damon (1980) Isabel Sanford (1981) Carol Kane (1982) Shelley Long (1983) Jane Curtin (1984) Jane Curtin (1985) Betty White (1986) Rue McClanahan (1987) Bea Arthur (1988) Candice Bergen (1989) Candice Bergen (1990) Kirstie Alley (1991) Candice Bergen (1992) Roseanne Barr (1993) Candice Bergen (1994) Candice Bergen (1995) Helen Hunt (1996) Helen Hunt (1997) Helen Hunt (1998) Helen Hunt (1999) Patricia Heaton (2000) 2001–present Patricia Heaton (2001) Jennifer Aniston (2002) Debra Messing (2003) Sarah Jessica Parker (2004) Felicity Huffman (2005) Julia Louis-Dreyfus (2006) America Ferrera (2007) Tina Fey (2008) Toni Collette (2009) Edie Falco (2010) Melissa McCarthy (2011) Julia Louis-Dreyfus (2012) Julia Louis-Dreyfus (2013) Julia Louis-Dreyfus (2014) Julia Louis-Dreyfus (2015) Julia Louis-Dreyfus (2016) Julia Louis-Dreyfus (2017) Rachel Brosnahan (2018) Phoebe Waller-Bridge (2019) Catherine O'Hara (2020) Jean Smart (2021) Jean Smart (2022) Quinta Brunson (2023) vteSatellite Award for Best Actress in a Television Series – Musical or Comedy Jane Curtin (1996) Tracey Ullman (1997) Ellen DeGeneres (1998) Illeana Douglas (1999) Lisa Kudrow (2000) Debra Messing (2001) Debra Messing (2002) Jane Kaczmarek (2003) Portia de Rossi (2004) Felicity Huffman / Mary-Louise Parker (2005) Marcia Cross (2006) America Ferrera (2007) Tracey Ullman (2008) Lea Michele (2009) Laura Linney (2010) Martha Plimpton (2011) Kaley Cuoco (2012) Taylor Schilling (2013) Mindy Kaling (2014) Taylor Schilling (2015) Taylor Schilling (2016) Niecy Nash (2017) Issa Rae (2018) Phoebe Waller-Bridge (2019) Elle Fanning (2020) Jean Smart (2021) Selena Gomez (2022) Jennifer Coolidge (2023) Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Spain France BnF data Catalonia Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Australia Korea Netherlands Poland Artists MusicBrainz People Deutsche Synchronkartei Deutsche Biographie Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_University"},{"link_name":"Tisch School of the Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tisch_School_of_the_Arts"},{"link_name":"Ned and Stacey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ned_and_Stacey"},{"link_name":"Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"Prey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prey_(American_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"Grace Adler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Adler"},{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"},{"link_name":"Will & Grace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_%26_Grace"},{"link_name":"Golden Globe Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award"},{"link_name":"Primetime Emmy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Lead_Actress_in_a_Comedy_Series"},{"link_name":"The Starter Wife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Starter_Wife_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Screen Actors Guild Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild_Award"},{"link_name":"Smash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smash_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Mysteries of Laura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mysteries_of_Laura"},{"link_name":"A Walk in the Clouds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Walk_in_the_Clouds"},{"link_name":"Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_(1999_film)"},{"link_name":"The Mothman Prophecies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mothman_Prophecies_(film)"},{"link_name":"Hollywood Ending","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_Ending"},{"link_name":"Along Came Polly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Along_Came_Polly"},{"link_name":"The Wedding Date","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wedding_Date"},{"link_name":"Lucky You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucky_You_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Women_(2008_film)"},{"link_name":"Nothing Like the Holidays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nothing_like_the_Holidays"},{"link_name":"Searching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Searching_(film)"},{"link_name":"13: The Musical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13:_The_Musical"},{"link_name":"Garfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garfield:_The_Movie"},{"link_name":"Open Season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Season_(2006_film)"}],"text":"Debra Lynn Messing (born August 15, 1968) is an American actress. After graduating from New York University's Tisch School of the Arts, Messing starred in the shortlived television series, Ned and Stacey on Fox (1995–1997), and Prey on ABC (1998). She achieved her breakthrough role as Grace Adler, an interior designer, on the NBC sitcom Will & Grace (1998–2006, 2017–2020), for which she received seven Golden Globe Award nominations and five Primetime Emmy Award nominations for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series, winning once, in 2003.From 2007 to 2008, Messing starred as Molly Kagan, the ex-wife of a Hollywood film mogul, on the television miniseries The Starter Wife, for which she received two Golden Globe nominations, a Primetime Emmy Award nomination, and a Screen Actors Guild Award nomination. Thereafter, she appeared as Broadway playwright Julia Houston on the NBC musical drama Smash (2012–2013) and as homicide detective Laura Diamond on the NBC police-procedural comedy The Mysteries of Laura (2014–2016). From 2017 to 2020, Messing reprised her role as Grace Adler on NBC's three season revival of Will & Grace, garnering a ninth Golden Globe nomination for her performance.Messing's film work includes A Walk in the Clouds (1995), Jesus (1999), The Mothman Prophecies (2002), Hollywood Ending (2002), Along Came Polly (2004), The Wedding Date (2005), Lucky You (2007), The Women (2008), Nothing Like the Holidays (2008), Searching (2018), and 13: The Musical (2022). She has also lent her voice to animated films such as Garfield (2004) and Open Season (2006).","title":"Debra Messing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brooklyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-actors-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SmashStar-3"},{"link_name":"travel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travel_Agent"},{"link_name":"real estate agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_estate_agent"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Bat Mitzvah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_and_bat_mitzvah"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"East Greenwich, Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Greenwich,_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usatoday-9"},{"link_name":"liberal arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_arts"},{"link_name":"Brandeis University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandeis_University"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SmashStar-3"},{"link_name":"summa cum laude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_honors"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"Grad Acting Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_University_Tisch_School_of_the_Arts#Departments_and_programs"},{"link_name":"New York University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_University"},{"link_name":"Tisch School of the Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_University_Tisch_School_of_the_Arts"},{"link_name":"Master of Fine Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Fine_Arts"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Messing was born in Brooklyn, New York,[2][3] the daughter of Sandra (née Simons), who worked as a professional singer, banker, and travel and real estate agent, and Brian Messing, a sales executive for a costume jewelry packaging manufacturer.[4][5] Messing is Jewish and had a Bat Mitzvah ceremony. Her Jewish ancestors emigrated from Poland and Russia.[6][7][8] When Messing was three, she moved with her parents and her older brother, Brett, to East Greenwich, Rhode Island.[9]While Messing's parents encouraged her dream of becoming an actress, they also urged her to complete a liberal arts education before deciding on acting as a career. Following their advice, she attended Brandeis University, where, at her parents' request, three-quarters of her courses were not theater-related.[3]In 1990, after graduating summa cum laude from Brandeis with a Bachelor of Arts in Theater Arts, Messing gained admission to the elite Grad Acting Program at New York University's Tisch School of the Arts, which accepts 16 new students annually. She earned a Master of Fine Arts after three years.[10]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_theatre"},{"link_name":"Tony Kushner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Kushner"},{"link_name":"Angels in America: Perestroika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angels_in_America#Part_Two:_Perestroika"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-actors-2"},{"link_name":"NYPD Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NYPD_Blue"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Debra_Messing_(April_2009)_4.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tribeca Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribeca_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"Whatever Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whatever_Works"},{"link_name":"Alfonso Arau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_Arau"},{"link_name":"A Walk in the Clouds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Walk_in_the_Clouds"},{"link_name":"Keanu 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Meester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leighton_Meester"},{"link_name":"Frank Whaley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Whaley"},{"link_name":"Like Sunday, Like Rain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Like_Sunday,_Like_Rain"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_theatre"},{"link_name":"John Patrick Shanley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Patrick_Shanley"},{"link_name":"Outside Mullingar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outside_Mullingar"},{"link_name":"Tony Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Awards"},{"link_name":"Brían F. O'Byrne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%ADan_F._O%27Byrne"},{"link_name":"Samuel J. Friedman Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_J._Friedman_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"2014 (68th Annual) Tony Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/68th_Tony_Awards"},{"link_name":"The Mysteries of Laura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mysteries_of_Laura"},{"link_name":"television remake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirty_Dancing_(2017_film)"},{"link_name":"Dirty Dancing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirty_Dancing"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dirty_Dancing-19"}],"text":"In 1993, Messing won acclaim for her performance as Harper in the pre-Broadway workshop production of Tony Kushner's play Angels in America: Perestroika.[2] Subsequently, she appeared in several episodes of the television series NYPD Blue during 1994 and 1995.Messing at the Tribeca Film Festival 2009 premiere of Whatever WorksIn 1995, Messing made her film debut in Alfonso Arau's A Walk in the Clouds playing the unfaithful wife of main character Paul Sutton (Keanu Reeves). This exposure led Fox to make her the co-star of the television sitcom Ned & Stacey. The series lasted for two seasons, from 1995 to 1997. Messing appeared as Jerry Seinfeld's romantic interest in two episodes of the series Seinfeld: \"The Wait Out\" in 1996 and \"The Yada Yada\" in 1997. Messing turned down a starring role in another television sitcom to appear in Donald Margulies's two-character play Collected Stories, which opened at the off-Broadway Manhattan Theatre Club. She also co-starred in the Tom Arnold vehicle McHale's Navy in 1997.In 1998, Messing played a lead role as the bioanthropologist Sloan Parker on ABC's dramatic science-fiction television series Prey. During this time, her agent approached her with the pilot script for the television show Will & Grace. Messing was inclined to take some time off, but the script intrigued her, and she auditioned for the role of Grace Adler, beating Nicollette Sheridan, who later guest-starred on the show as Grace's romantic rival. Will & Grace became a ratings success, and Messing received critical acclaim for her performance.[2]Director Woody Allen cast Messing in a supporting role in his film Hollywood Ending (2002). Her film roles since include Richard Gere's ill-fated wife in the supernatural thriller The Mothman Prophecies (2002) and a supporting role as an unfaithful bride in Along Came Polly (2004). The Wedding Date (2005) was Messing's first leading role in a high-profile film. It received mixed reviews but performed fairly well at the box office.Messing was featured as a judge on the season finale of the second season of Bravo's reality show Project Runway. Also in 2005, along with Megan Mullally, she was awarded the Women in Film Lucy Award in recognition of her excellence and innovation in her creative works that have enhanced the perception of women through the medium of television.[11]She also starred in the television miniseries The Starter Wife (2007), which was nominated for ten Emmy Awards, including one for Messing for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or Movie. In 2008, Messing reprised her role as Molly Kagan in the television series The Starter Wife, consisting of 10 episodes.[12] In early 2010, Messing starred in the ABC comedy pilot Wright vs. Wrong for the 2010–2011 primetime season, but ABC did not pick-up the pilot.[13]In July 2011, Messing was ranked no. 22 on the TV Guide Network special, Funniest Women on TV. In February 2011, producers announced that Messing would star in a new NBC musical pilot called Smash for the 2011–2012 primetime season.[14] In May 2011, it was reported that NBC picked up the show as a series for the 2011–2012 season.[15] The show premiered on February 6, 2012. The show was later renewed for a second season after which it was cancelled.[16]Messing appeared with Green Day singer Billie Joe Armstrong and Leighton Meester in Frank Whaley's drama film Like Sunday, Like Rain in 2014. For her performance, Messing won the 2014 Best Actress Award at The Williamsburg Independent Film Festival.[17]She made her Broadway debut in John Patrick Shanley's play Outside Mullingar alongside Tony Award winner Brían F. O'Byrne, which began previews at the Samuel J. Friedman Theatre on January 3, 2014.[18] Outside Mullingar was nominated for Best Play for the 2014 (68th Annual) Tony Awards.Messing starred in The Mysteries of Laura, a police procedural television show that premiered in September 2014. The series lasted for two seasons and ended in 2016. Messing portrayed Marjorie Houseman in the television remake of the film Dirty Dancing (1987). It aired on ABC in May 2017.[19] She starred again as Grace Adler in the revival of Will & Grace on NBC. The revival aired for three seasons, from September 2017 to April 2020.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Daniel Zelman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Zelman"},{"link_name":"New York University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_University"},{"link_name":"Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Will Chase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Chase"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Allure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allure_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"Messing met Daniel Zelman, an actor and screenwriter, on their first day as graduate students at New York University in 1990. They were married on September 3, 2000, and lived in Manhattan. On April 7, 2004, Messing gave birth to their son, Roman.[20] In December 2011, she and her husband separated after 11 years of marriage.[21] Messing filed for divorce on June 5, 2012,[22] and the divorce became official on March 1, 2016.[23] Messing dated her Smash co-star Will Chase from the end of 2011 to October 2014.[24] In 2012, she posed nude for the May issue of Allure magazine.[25]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Mandana Dayani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandana_Dayani"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"runoff election in Georgia in 2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Georgia_runoff_election"},{"link_name":"VoteRiders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VoteRiders"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"2023 Israel-Hamas War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war"},{"link_name":"Gaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_Strip"},{"link_name":"open letter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_letter"},{"link_name":"Israeli military","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces"},{"link_name":"pro-Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism"},{"link_name":"Creative Community For Peace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_Community_For_Peace"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"growing criticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war_protests"},{"link_name":"creators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Content_creator"},{"link_name":"TikTok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TikTok"},{"link_name":"anti-semitic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitism"},{"link_name":"anti-Arab racist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Arab_racism"},{"link_name":"Islamophobic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamophobia"},{"link_name":"moderate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Content_moderation"},{"link_name":"content","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Content_creation"},{"link_name":"apartheid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_and_apartheid"},{"link_name":"ethnic cleansing and genocide of Palestinians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_genocide_accusation"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Douglas Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Murray_(author)"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"sub_title":"Activism","text":"Politically, Messing supports the Democratic Party.[26] In 2004, Messing started working on campaigns by knocking on doors and making phone calls.[27] In 2018, Messing co-founded I am a voter. with Mandana Dayani, a nonpartisan civic movement to educate and mobilize voters.[28] Before the runoff election in Georgia in 2021, Messing posted a message on Instagram directing followers to VoteRiders for information on voter ID requirements and assistance with obtaining an ID to vote.[29]In October 2023, following the outbreak of the 2023 Israel-Hamas War in Gaza, Messing was one of the signatories of an open letter supporting the Israeli military, published by the pro-Israel organization Creative Community For Peace.[4]In November 2023, amid growing criticism of the Israeli military, Messing was among more than a dozen creators and celebrities who confronted TikTok executives in a private phone call, during which she accused the site of being \"the main platform for the dissemination of Jew hate\". The company reportedly pushed back against claims that it was promoting pro-Palestine, anti-Israel content through its feeds, stating instead that while the platform regularly moderates anti-semitic, anti-Arab racist, and Islamophobic content, it does not moderate or amplify the spread of content that accuses \nZionism of being settler colonialism, the alleged apartheid, or the ethnic cleansing and genocide of Palestinians.[30][31] In December 2023, Messing was photographed supporting the Israeli military in the company of political commentator Douglas Murray.[32][33]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Film","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grace Adler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Adler"},{"link_name":"Will & Grace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_%26_Grace"},{"link_name":"Golden Globe Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award"},{"link_name":"Best Lead Actress in a Television Series – Comedy or Musical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Actress_%E2%80%93_Television_Series_Musical_or_Comedy"},{"link_name":"Primetime Emmy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award"},{"link_name":"Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Lead_Actress_in_a_Comedy_Series"},{"link_name":"Screen Actors Guild Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild_Award"},{"link_name":"Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild_Award_for_Outstanding_Performance_by_a_Female_Actor_in_a_Comedy_Series"},{"link_name":"Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild_Award_for_Outstanding_Performance_by_an_Ensemble_in_a_Comedy_Series"}],"text":"Messing's most honored role is as Grace Adler on Will & Grace, which earned her seven Golden Globe Award nominations for Best Lead Actress in a Television Series – Comedy or Musical; five Primetime Emmy Award nominations for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series, one of which she won in 2003; and seven Screen Actors Guild Award nominations: two for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series and five for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series – winning one in 2001.","title":"Awards and nominations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"People's Choice Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Choice_Awards"},{"link_name":"Women in Film Crystal + Lucy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_Film_Crystal_%2B_Lucy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Excellence in Media Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLAAD_Excellence_in_Media_Award"},{"link_name":"GLAAD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLAAD"},{"link_name":"LGBT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT"},{"link_name":"Hollywood Walk of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_Walk_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"6201 Hollywood Blvd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_stars_on_the_Hollywood_Walk_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"sub_title":"Honors","text":"2005: Nominated for Favorite Funny Female Star by the People's Choice Awards.\n2005: Honored with the Lucy Award, by the Women in Film Crystal + Lucy Awards – to recognize women and men and their creative works that have enhanced the perception of women through the medium of television.\n2017: Honored with the Excellence in Media Award by the GLAAD (Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation) – to individuals in the media and entertainment industries who through their work have increased the visibility and understanding of the LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender) community.\n2017, October 6: Inducted into the Hollywood Walk of Fame and received a star for her contribution to Television – located at 6201 Hollywood Blvd.[35]","title":"Awards and nominations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Accolades","title":"Awards and nominations"}]
[{"image_text":"Messing at the Tribeca Film Festival 2009 premiere of Whatever Works","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Debra_Messing_%28April_2009%29_4.jpg/220px-Debra_Messing_%28April_2009%29_4.jpg"}]
null
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Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved March 3, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160307184903/http://www.charlotteobserver.com/entertainment/tv/article63641017.html","url_text":"\"Judge ends Debra Messing's marriage to writer-producer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Charlotte_Observer","url_text":"The Charlotte Observer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"},{"url":"http://www.charlotteobserver.com/entertainment/tv/article63641017.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Chiu, Melody (October 27, 2014). \"Debra Messing and Will Chase Split\". People. Archived from the original on April 21, 2016. 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Retrieved March 18, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160710011836/http://www.allure.com/celebrity-trends/2012/the-naked-truth-celebrities-go-nude#slide=3","url_text":"\"The Naked Truth: Five Celebrities Go Nude for Allure\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allure_(magazine)","url_text":"Allure"},{"url":"http://www.allure.com/celebrity-trends/2012/the-naked-truth-celebrities-go-nude#slide=3","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Dovere, Edward-Isaac (July 5, 2022). \"After string of Supreme Court setbacks, Democrats wonder whether Biden White House is capable of urgency moment demands\". CNN. Archived from the original on July 5, 2022. Retrieved July 5, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://edition.cnn.com/2022/07/05/politics/democrats-frustrated-biden-lack-of-urgency-supreme-court-setbacks/index.html","url_text":"\"After string of Supreme Court setbacks, Democrats wonder whether Biden White House is capable of urgency moment demands\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220705203800/https://edition.cnn.com/2022/07/05/politics/democrats-frustrated-biden-lack-of-urgency-supreme-court-setbacks/index.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"'Register a Friend' Day seeks to boost civic engagement\". Morning Joe (MSNBC). September 18, 2023. Archived from the original on September 19, 2023. Retrieved September 20, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.msnbc.com/morning-joe/watch/-register-a-friend-day-seeks-to-boost-civic-engagement-193197637510","url_text":"\"'Register a Friend' Day seeks to boost civic engagement\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230919203552/https://www.msnbc.com/morning-joe/watch/-register-a-friend-day-seeks-to-boost-civic-engagement-193197637510","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Debra Messing and Mandana Dayani want to make voting sexy\". Good Morning America. October 7, 2020. Archived from the original on November 15, 2023. Retrieved September 20, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.goodmorningamerica.com/gma3/video/debra-messing-mandana-dayani-make-voting-sexy-73481354","url_text":"\"Debra Messing and Mandana Dayani want to make voting sexy\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231115121103/https://www.goodmorningamerica.com/gma3/video/debra-messing-mandana-dayani-make-voting-sexy-73481354","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Debra Messing on Instagram: \"Georgia is one of the strictest voter ID states in the country. For Georgians voting in person- ID is required to cast a ballot and 820,000 Georgians currently do not have govn't issued ID. Most likely to be affected by ID rules: Black voters, young voters, women, Latinx voters, voters with disabilities, Trans voters, voters over 65, voters with lower income @thevoteriders provides FREE HELP to ALL Georgians who need to get their ID in check! 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Retrieved November 20, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/16/technology/tiktok-jewish-open-letter-antisemitism.html","url_text":"\"Jewish Celebrities and Influencers Confront TikTok Executives in Private Call\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231120132323/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/16/technology/tiktok-jewish-open-letter-antisemitism.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Froim, Yoni (December 21, 2023). \"American actor Debora Messing visits in Israel: 'Wouldn't want to be anywhere else'\". Ynetnews. Archived from the original on December 27, 2023. Retrieved December 27, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ynetnews.com/culture/article/bjzw00zmvp","url_text":"\"American actor Debora Messing visits in Israel: 'Wouldn't want to be anywhere else'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ynetnews","url_text":"Ynetnews"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231227065001/https://www.ynetnews.com/culture/article/bjzw00zmvp","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Thalen, Mikael (January 25, 2024). \"'You sit inside your luxury home': Debra Messing sparks furor for mocking Palestinian journalist's decision to leave Gaza\". The Daily Dot. Retrieved February 19, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dailydot.com/debug/debra-messing-motaz-azaiza-evacuate-gaza-controversy/","url_text":"\"'You sit inside your luxury home': Debra Messing sparks furor for mocking Palestinian journalist's decision to leave Gaza\""}]},{"reference":"Soloski, Alexis (May 18, 2022). \"Crafting a Rom-Com That's True to 21st-Century Gay Life\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 18, 2022. Retrieved June 16, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/18/movies/bros-billy-eichner.html","url_text":"\"Crafting a Rom-Com That's True to 21st-Century Gay Life\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220518090919/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/18/movies/bros-billy-eichner.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Debra Messing\". Hollywood Walk of Fame. Archived from the original on October 3, 2018. Retrieved October 2, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.walkoffame.com/debra-messing","url_text":"\"Debra Messing\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181003014834/http://www.walkoffame.com/debra-messing","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_thick-knee
Spotted thick-knee
["1 Description","2 Behaviour","3 Breeding","4 Distribution","5 Status","6 Gallery","7 References","8 External links"]
Species of bird Spotted thick-knee Conservation status Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Charadriiformes Family: Burhinidae Genus: Burhinus Species: B. capensis Binomial name Burhinus capensis(Lichtenstein, MHC, 1823)      range The spotted thick-knee (Burhinus capensis), also known as the spotted dikkop or Cape thick-knee, is a wader in the family Burhinidae. It is native to tropical regions of central and southern Africa. Description The spotted thick-knee, which can reach up to 45.5 cm (17.9 in) in height, has long legs and brown-and-white speckled plumage which provides camouflage, making it difficult to spot the bird in the grasslands and savannas where it roams. Its head is large and round with a prominent yellow eye and a short, stout beak. When in flight or standing in a characteristic position with its wings raised, it shows a striking contrasting pattern. Its legs are long and yellow and the tibiotarsal joint is expanded, giving it the name "thick-knee". Behaviour Calling at night in a suburban area The spotted thick-knee is nocturnal and squats on the ground during the daytime, making it difficult to spot. It hunts exclusively on the ground, feeding on insects, small mammals and lizards. Breeding Usually 2 eggs are laid at a two-day interval. They measure some 5.2 cm × 3.8 cm. They are marked with sepia brown and ash grey on a pale, clay-coloured background. It nests on the ground, lining a scrape with grasses, feathers, pebbles and twigs. The female typically lays two eggs, and males and females rear the offspring together, with both bringing food back to the nest. The birds will defend the nest and adopt a defensive pose with wings spread and tail cocked and will even peck an intruder. Sometimes they will fake injuries to lead predators away from the nest. Distribution The spotted thick-knee is native to the grasslands and savannas of sub-Saharan Africa. Its range extends from Senegal, Mali and Mauritania in the west to Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania and South Africa in the east and south, and south Yemen. Status The spotted thick-knee has a very extensive range, and its population is believed to be stable. For these reasons, the IUCN has rated it as being of "Least Concern". Gallery A five day old chick Adult's defensive pose Scanning the sky for raptors Cooling down by panting References ^ a b c BirdLife International (2016). "Burhinus capensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22693589A93414268. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22693589A93414268.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021. ^ a b "Spotted Dikkop Fact Sheet". Lincoln Park Zoo. ^ a b Broekhuysen, GJ (1836). A description and discussion of threat- and anxiety-behaviour of Burhinus capensis (Lichtenstein) during incubation. Brill Archive. pp. 240–1. ^ Keith, Stuart; Urban, Emil K.; Fry, C. Hilary (1986). The Birds of Africa, Volume II. Academic Press. pp. 204–205. ISBN 0-12-137302-9. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Burhinus capensis. Wikispecies has information related to Burhinus capensis. BirdLife species factsheet for Burhinus capensis "Burhinus capensis". Avibase. "Spotted dikkop media". Internet Bird Collection. Spotted thick-knee photo gallery at VIREO (Drexel University) Interactive range map of Burhinus capensis at IUCN Red List maps Audio recordings of Spotted thick-knee on Xeno-canto. Spotted thick-knee Species text in The Atlas of Southern African Birds Taxon identifiersBurhinus capensis Wikidata: Q1002588 Wikispecies: Burhinus capensis Avibase: 862F6F04186871A8 BirdLife: 22693589 BOLD: 71665 BOW: sptkne1 CoL: NXG4 eBird: sptkne1 EURING: 4610 GBIF: 2482097 IBC: spotted-dikkop-burhinus-capensis iNaturalist: 4922 IRMNG: 10717937 ITIS: 176747 IUCN: 22693589 NCBI: 227234 Observation.org: 72950 Open Tree of Life: 427706 Paleobiology Database: 372757 TSA: 2953 Xeno-canto: Burhinus-capensis
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_citril
African citril
["1 Phylogeny","2 Habitat","3 References"]
Species of bird African citril Conservation status Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Passeriformes Family: Fringillidae Subfamily: Carduelinae Genus: Crithagra Species: C. citrinelloides Binomial name Crithagra citrinelloides(Rüppell, 1840) Synonyms Serinus citrinelloides The African citril (Crithagra citrinelloides), also known as the Abyssinian citril, is a species of finch. It is found from Ethiopia, Eritrea to western Kenya. It is closely related to the western and southern citril, to which it was formerly considered conspecific. Phylogeny The African citril was formerly placed in the genus Serinus but phylogenetic analysis using mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences found that the genus was polyphyletic. The genus was therefore split and a number of species including the African citril were moved to the resurrected genus Crithagra. Habitat This bird was studied in the Degua Tembien massif, and observed to be a breeding resident of woodland edges, scrubland and forest edges. References ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Crithagra citrinelloides". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22720084A94656945. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22720084A94656945.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021. ^ Zuccon, Dario; Prŷs-Jones, Robert; Rasmussen, Pamela C.; Ericson, Per G.P. (2012). "The phylogenetic relationships and generic limits of finches (Fringillidae)" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 62 (2): 581–596. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.10.002. PMID 22023825. ^ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David (eds.). "Finches, euphonias". World Bird List Version 5.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 5 June 2015. ^ Swainson, William (1827). "On several forms in ornithology not hitherto defined". Zoological Journal. 3: 348. ^ Aerts, R.; Lerouge, F.; November, E. (2019). Birds of forests and open woodlands in the highlands of Dogu'a Tembien. In: Nyssen J., Jacob, M., Frankl, A. (Eds.). Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6. Taxon identifiersCrithagra citrinelloides Wikidata: Q27075797 Wikispecies: Crithagra citrinelloides Avibase: D419E3A5B4A2B6E6 BirdLife: 22720084 BOW: afrcit1 CoL: 6BGL5 eBird: afrcit1 GBIF: 6100986 iNaturalist: 558602 ITIS: 997815 IUCN: 22720084 NCBI: 2546078 Observation.org: 199315 Open Tree of Life: 328908 Xeno-canto: Crithagra-citrinelloides Serinus citrinelloides Wikidata: Q1271903 BirdLife: 22731322 CoL: 4WV6R GBIF: 5231536 iNaturalist: 9233 IRMNG: 10596979 ITIS: 562943 NCBI: 163850 Observation.org: 78246 This Fringillidae-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"finch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finch"},{"link_name":"Ethiopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"Eritrea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea"},{"link_name":"Kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya"},{"link_name":"western","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_citril"},{"link_name":"southern citril","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_citril"},{"link_name":"conspecific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspecific"}],"text":"The African citril (Crithagra citrinelloides), also known as the Abyssinian citril, is a species of finch. It is found from Ethiopia, Eritrea to western Kenya. It is closely related to the western and southern citril, to which it was formerly considered conspecific.","title":"African citril"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"Serinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serinus"},{"link_name":"mitochondrial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial"},{"link_name":"polyphyletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphyletic"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Crithagra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crithagra"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ioc-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The African citril was formerly placed in the genus Serinus but phylogenetic analysis using mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences found that the genus was polyphyletic.[2] The genus was therefore split and a number of species including the African citril were moved to the resurrected genus Crithagra.[3][4]","title":"Phylogeny"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Degua Tembien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degua_Tembien"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ALN2019-5"}],"text":"This bird was studied in the Degua Tembien massif, and observed to be a breeding resident of woodland edges, scrubland and forest edges.[5]","title":"Habitat"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"BirdLife International (2016). \"Crithagra citrinelloides\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22720084A94656945. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22720084A94656945.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22720084/94656945","url_text":"\"Crithagra citrinelloides\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22720084A94656945.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22720084A94656945.en"}]},{"reference":"Zuccon, Dario; Prŷs-Jones, Robert; Rasmussen, Pamela C.; Ericson, Per G.P. (2012). \"The phylogenetic relationships and generic limits of finches (Fringillidae)\" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 62 (2): 581–596. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.10.002. PMID 22023825.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nrm.se/download/18.9ff3752132fdaeccb6800010935/Zuccon%20et%20al%202012.pdf","url_text":"\"The phylogenetic relationships and generic limits of finches (Fringillidae)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2011.10.002","url_text":"10.1016/j.ympev.2011.10.002"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22023825","url_text":"22023825"}]},{"reference":"Gill, Frank; Donsker, David (eds.). \"Finches, euphonias\". World Bird List Version 5.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 5 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/finches/","url_text":"\"Finches, euphonias\""}]},{"reference":"Swainson, William (1827). \"On several forms in ornithology not hitherto defined\". Zoological Journal. 3: 348.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_John_Swainson","url_text":"Swainson, William"},{"url":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2339407","url_text":"\"On several forms in ornithology not hitherto defined\""}]},{"reference":"Aerts, R.; Lerouge, F.; November, E. (2019). Birds of forests and open woodlands in the highlands of Dogu'a Tembien. In: Nyssen J., Jacob, M., Frankl, A. (Eds.). Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546","url_text":"Birds of forests and open woodlands in the highlands of Dogu'a Tembien. In: Nyssen J., Jacob, M., Frankl, A. (Eds.). Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6","url_text":"978-3-030-04954-6"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purampokku_Engira_Podhuvudamai
Purampokku Engira Podhuvudamai
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","3.1 Development","3.2 Casting","3.3 Filming","4 Soundtrack","5 Release","5.1 Critical reception","6 Controversies","7 References","8 External links"]
2015 Indian filmPurampokku Engira PodhuvudamaiTheatrical release posterDirected byS. P. JananathanWritten byS. P. Jananathan (Dialogue)Screenplay byRoghanthStory byS. P. JananathanProduced bySiddharth Roy KapurS. P. JananathanStarringAryaShaamVijay SethupathiKarthikaCinematographyN. K. EkambaramEdited byN. Ganesh KumarMusic bySoundtrack:Varshan SathishScore:Srikanth DevaProductioncompaniesBinary PicturesUTV Motion PicturesDistributed byUTV Motion PicturesRelease date 15 May 2015 (2015-05-15) Running time159 minutesCountryIndiaLanguageTamil Purampokku Engira Podhuvudamai (transl. Common land for the greater good) is a 2015 Indian Tamil-language political thriller film co-produced, written and directed by S. P. Jananathan, which stars Arya, Shaam, Vijay Sethupathi, and Karthika. Also produced by UTV Motion Pictures, the film features cinematography by N. K. Ekambaram and a score by Srikanth Deva, while the soundtrack was composed by newcomer Varshan. The film, which was earlier titled Purampokku, a term used for a piece of land that is common to all, revolves around the relevance of capital punishment in a democratic and free society. The film released on 15 May 2015 to mixed reviews. It also marked Karthika's last official acting performance, as she'd cited of not enjoying acting much and a bright chance to mark her future endeavours. Plot This article's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (November 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The film begins with a narration on how India has been turned into a landfill site for domestic and foreign countries, with the countries dumping even ammunition waste on Indian soil. In Delhi, Balusamy, a communist leader who is convicted by court on counts of robbery, murder, and treason, is given the death sentence. Despite Balu's request to execute him as a martyr by shooting, the court orders that he be hanged within a month's time by a professional executioner or hangman. He is escorted to a high security prison complex in Chennai by Macaulay, an honest, law-abiding police officer who is given the charge of monitoring him until his execution. The prison provides freedom to all prisoners, including Balu, to do whatever they want, as long as they do not cause unrest. Balu is instantly admired by the inmates for his patriotism and philosophy, as well as his empathy with the inmates. They view him as a spokesperson to the prison officials on behalf of them. Meanwhile, Macaulay searches for a hangman and learns of Yamalingam, an executioner who has had a disdain of execution since his teens due to remorse of hanging an innocent man who was wrongly accused. Macaulay tries to convince Yamalingam to carry out the duty of executing Balu, to which he agrees after much coercion by Macaulay that Balu is a convict. Yamalingam is given a special phone tuned to a certain frequency where Macaulay can contact him. Elsewhere, Kuyili, Balu's trusted comrade, learns about his conviction and assembles a group of computer hackers to hack into the prison's surveillance system. She befriends Yamalingam and uses him as a messenger to convey their escape plan to Balu. Kuyili also explains to Yamalingam that Balu was a communist leader in North India who wanted to prevent India from turning into a landfill site. To justify his actions, Balu took to violence and tried suicide bombing the Indian Army but failed due to Kuyili's reluctance to kill him. He was apprehended and jailed in Delhi. Kuyili tells Yamalingam that her refusal to kill Balu and his past guilt of executing an innocent person were the reasons that made them allies. Yamalingam becomes impressed by Balu's ideologies and decides to stop Balu from being executed. He requests Macaulay to meet Balu in person, to which he agrees. Yamalingam makes a mannequin based on Balu's likeness to test the rope for hanging, with Balu conveying the escape plan to him, unknown to Macaulay, through a sheet of paper. Soon, with the help of two inmates, Balu escapes from jail in the place of a South African convict, but he surrenders upon seeing the convict being battered by the police. Macaulay and the police beat Balu up and lock him up in a secured prison cell, chained. Kuyili disguises herself as a fiancee of Balu and visits him in prison to convey the escape plan to him in Sanskrit. She later devises a plan with Yamalingam to aid Balu's escape at the execution chamber. Meanwhile, Macaulay learns that Yamalingam has been in contact with Kuyili but decides to deal with him after Balu's execution. He holds a press conference along with the government officials allotting the date of Balu's execution, but changes plans that night by detaining the officials, including Yamalingam, and seizing their phones until Balu is executed the day before the officially announced date, while enforcing strict security around the prison premises with the help of soldiers. Macaulay goes to Balu's cell and takes him out into the prison ground, where he tells him of his execution date as a prisoner's right to information. He also discusses with Balu on the irony that how he was looked upon as a traitor by the public despite his crusade for the people, to which Balu retorts by saying that the police works for a corrupt government. Macaulay informs Balu that Yamalingam had been in contact with Kuyili and sends a message to Yamalingam's phone as Kuyili to assure him that they know the changed date of the execution. He tells Balu that no one would come to save him but asks if he was valiant enough to give up his life as a martyr, to which Balu replies that he see it for himself at the execution chamber. On the day of his execution, Balu delivers a speech saying that Indian people have the rights to their own land and they should not allow foreign countries to abuse it. Yamalingam looks at Balu's eyes and winks at him, assuring him that he shall escape, covers his face and places the noose on him, then proceeds to hang him, being tensed after the process. Unbeknownst to Yamalingam, Kuyili had not been informed of the execution. When Balu's body is retrieved from the trapdoor, Yamalingam becomes remorseful and demands the officials that he keep the body, but to no avail. Balu's body is cremated at the prison complex by Macaulay and the police. Yamalingam mentally breaks down, out of guilt of executing Balu, and carries the mannequin he made earlier and sees it as Balu himself. Kuyili, upon hearing Balu's execution, leaves India with her comrades on a boat. Some years later, Yamalingam, now a beggar with mental illness, converses with Balu's mannequin on a railway track and tells it the impact of Balu's ideology on the public, then salutes it as the film ends. Cast Arya as Balusamy Shaam as Macaulay Vijay Sethupathi as Yamalingam Karthika as Kuyili Rama as Yamalingam's mother Krishnamoorthy as Chellakunjan Bharathi Murugesh as Vedigundu Naveen as Naathampidichavan Sri Vetri as Vetri TSK as Saravanakumar Vishwa Kumar as Vishwa Udayabhanu as Prisoner Ashok Pandian as Retired Judge Annadurai Kannadasan as himself Yaar Kannan as himself Production Development Three years after his last directorial Peranmai (2009), Jananathan announced that his next directorial would feature Jiiva and Jayam Ravi, who both starred in Jananathan's earlier films, playing lead roles. Yuvan Shankar Raja was reported to be the composer of the film, which was to begin in mid-January 2013. Since the actors were busy with other commitments, the project failed to take off. In 2013, Jananathan announced the project titled Purampokku with Arya and Vijay Sethupathi in lead roles, with newcomer Varshan handling the music direction instead of Yuvan Shankar Raja and N. K. Ekambaram wielding the camera. Casting Jananathan revealed that the film would be a political action thriller with Arya portraying role as a social and financial analyst, while Vijay Sethupathi would appear as a railway Khalasi. Posters released from the production unit revealed Arya with a resemblance of Bhagat Singh. In December 2013, Karthika was signed to play the lead female role. Her role was said to be an action-packed one where she would perform her stunt sequences herself. As part of her role, she learnt how to ride a motorcycle. Jananathan stated that though there are two heroes in the film, there will be just one heroine. Later Shaam, who earlier appeared in director's debut film Iyarkai (2003), was selected to play the role of police officer. A promotional photo-shoot with Arya, Vijay Sethupathi, and Shaam was held in December. Filming Principal photography of the film started on 11 January 2014 in Kulu Manali. The film was shot extensively around Himachal Pradesh, Rajasthan and Chennai. When filming an emotional scene involving Shaam and Vijay Sethupathi, Jananathan shot the scene in a unique way such that he allowed the actors to enact the entire sequence at one stretch. Though it was tough to shoot, the method ensured that the improvisations the actors had in mind were implemented on the spot. Later, the director broke the sequence into shots and got exactly what he wanted and made the actors enact certain portions again. The shooting was postponed for a while in June 2014 as the lead actors went to complete their other projects. The lead actors had to learn to ride a camel for a few scenes in the film shot in Jaisalmer. Arya had to perform the risky stunt of running on top of a moving train in an important sequence in the film. A huge prison set was erected in Chennai where an extensive 45-day production schedule was shot with the lead actors of the film. On 4 August 2014, the shooting of the film was temporarily cancelled by the production unit and joined the protest declared by the Tamil Nadu Film Director's union against the Government of Sri Lanka's army for writing articles on their official website degrading the then Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, J. Jayalalitha. The principal photography of the film was completed on 17 December 2014. Soundtrack The songs are composed by debutant Varshan, while the background score was composed by Srikanth Deva. The lyrics are written by Parinaman, Vijay Sagar and Na. Muthukumar. TracklistNo.TitleLyricsSinger(s)Length1."Marina Beachula"ParinamanDiwakar, Mukesh Mohamed 2."Kalaasi Kalaasi"Vijaya SagarMLR Karthikeyan, Malathy Lakshman, Tirukumar Thiagarajah & Diwakar 3."Orea Oru Murai"Na. MuthukumarVijay Prakash, Sunitha Sarathy & Ranjana 4."Dhaegam Thaakkum"EknaathK. Krishna Kumar & Ramya NSK 5."Aaja O Re"MunnahAbhay Jodhpurkar, Amirthavarshini & Haritha  Release The teaser of the film was released on 15 August 2014 in theatres across the country. The trailer of the film was released on 4 February 2015 in theaters and social media platforms. The film was listed in the "Top 10 most anticipated films of 2014". The film released on 15 May 2015 alongside Jyothika's 36 Vayadhinile. Star Vijay were acquires for the television rights of this film. Critical reception The film received mixed-to-positive reviews, with praise for Arya and Vijay Sethupathi's performances, while Shaam's portrayal of a police officer was regarded as the film's highlight. A critic from The Hindu wrote, "The greatness of Purampokku lies not in the fact that it takes complex issues such as death penalty and privatisation to create a superb, entertaining film. On the contrary, Purampokku provides a blue print – evidence, if you like – for filmmakers to show how one can deal with controversial topics without watering down the complexity of the issue or settling for a silly compromise". A critic from The Times of India gave the film 3 stars out of 5 and wrote, "Jhananthan takes his own sweet time to get to the crux of the story, spending too much time on songs and establishing the grandness of the prison set, but once the plot gets moving, Purampokku is completely engaging. That the director manages to make it a solid political commentary and also an effective thriller at once is an accomplishment". A critic from The New Indian Express wrote, "Informative and entertaining, Purampokku... is one film where the characters and moments linger in the mind, even after one leaves the theatre". A critic from Rediff gave the film 3 stars out of 5 and wrote, "Purampokku Engira Podhuvudamai is an honest and compelling political thriller that debates the arbitrary nature of capital punishment against the backdrop of a communist revolution". A critic from Sify, however, wrote, "SP Jananathan's dialogues are splendid, he casually spill all his communism ideologies in every possible scenes but as the concept of the film itself is universal, the execution should have been top notch and flawless but here things are progressively poor and amateurish". Controversies In August 2013, cinematographer Natarajan Subramanian claimed that he had already registered the title Purampokku for a future film, and claiming that he did not give anyone permission to use the title, threatened to take legal action against anyone who did so. In November 2013, UTV Motion Pictures confirmed that the title Purampokku will be retained for the film as confirmed by the South Indian Film Chamber, Tamil Film Producers Council and Film & Television Producers's Guild. However, the film was later retitled Purampokku Engira Podhuvudamai, with the director saying, "the word 'Purampokku' has become abusive today...the title was needed to stress upon the forgotten fact that everything is common for all". References ^ "PEP to release on the 15th May". Behindwoods.com. 16 April 2015. Archived from the original on 16 April 2015. Retrieved 16 April 2015. ^ Naig, Udhav (7 May 2015). "His political perspective to films". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 22 December 2021. Retrieved 2 November 2021. ^ Arya and Vijay Sethupathi in 'Purampokku' Archived 21 August 2013 at the Wayback Machine. The Times of India. Retrieved 22 August 2013. ^ UTV Motion Picture and Binary Pictures to produce 'Purampokku' Archived 20 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Yahoo. 22 August 2013. Retrieved 22 August 2013. ^ Jananathan reveals the real meaning of 'Purampokku' Archived 22 December 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Indiaglitz. 17 May 2014. Retrieved 20 July 2014. ^ Naig, Udhav; Kannan, Ramya (20 July 2014). 'Purampokku' delves deep into death penalty Archived 4 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine. The Hindu. Retrieved 20 July 2014. ^ Jeeva & Jayam Ravi in SP Jananathan direction! Archived 26 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Kollysinder. 28 September 2012. Retrieved 20 July 2014. ^ Shaam joins the cast of Jananathan’s 'Purampokku' Archived 23 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Kollytalk. 30 December 2013. Retrieved 20 July 2014. ^ SP Jananathan to begin his next. The Times of India. 27 September 2012. Retrieved 20 July 2014. ^ Arya, Vijay Sethupathi team up for 'Purampokku' Archived 22 December 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Business Standard. 22 August 2013. Retrieved 22 August 2013. ^ Vijay Sethupathi's connection in Arya's arrest Archived 26 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Indiaglitz. 24 July 2014. Retrieved 30 July 2014. ^ Raghavan, Nikhil (23 December 2013). Shot Cuts: Double dhamaka in 'Purampokku' Archived 27 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine. The Hindu. Retrieved 20 July 2014. ^ Arya as Bhagat Singh? Archived 17 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Indiaglitz. 16 January 2014. Retrieved 17 January 2014. ^ 'Purampokku' stills create a buzz Archived 9 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Sify. 16 December 2013. Retrieved 7 August 2014. ^ Karthika is Arya & Vijay Sethupathi’s girl. Sify. 16 December 2013. Retrieved 20 July 2014. ^ Kumar, Hemanth (17 August 2014). An action-packed year ahead for Karthika Archived 19 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine. The Times of India. Retrieved 20 August 2014. ^ Subramanian, Anupama (15 December 2013). Jhana brings Karthika on board for 'Purampokku' . Deccan Chronicle. Retrieved 20 July 2014. ^ V. Lkshmi (1 January 2014). Shaam joins Arya and Vijay Sethupathi Archived 1 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine. The Times of India. Retrieved 20 July 2014. ^ Naig, Udhav (31 December 2013). Three for a team Archived 2 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine. The Hindu. Retrieved 20 July 2014. ^ a b 'Purampokku' shoot starts in freezing conditions! Archived 10 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Sify. 14 January 2014. Retrieved 7 August 2014. ^ Jananathan's unique way of shooting with Vijay Sethupathi and Shaam Archived 12 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Indiaglitz. 17 May 2014. Retrieved 31 July 2014. ^ 'Purampokku' Shooting Postponed Archived 26 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine. International Business Times. 23 June 2014. Retrieved 23 August 2014. ^ Vipin, Manu (30 June 2014). Karthika rides a camel Archived 9 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine. The Times of India. Retrieved 1 July 2014. ^ Naig, Udhav (26 July 2014). Big Bang Theory Archived 22 December 2021 at the Wayback Machine. The Hindu. Retrieved 31 July 2014. ^ 'Purampokku' next schedule starts Archived 5 September 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Sify. 17 July 2014. Retrieved 23 August 2014. ^ Prison set in 'Purampokku' monumental: Makers Archived 3 September 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Business Standard. 19 July 2014. Retrieved 28 August 2014. ^ Arya, Vijay Sethupathi in prison for 45 days Archived 18 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine. The Times of India. 17 July 2014. Retrieved 20 July 2014. ^ 'Purampokku' shooting stalled Archived 7 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine. The Times of India. 4 August 2014. Retrieved 7 August 2014. ^ Arya-Vijay Sethupathi's 'Purampokku' wrapped Archived 22 December 2021 at the Wayback Machine. The Times of India. 18 December 2014. ^ M. K. Surendhar (16 August 2014). 'Purampokku' first look visuals receive good response from netizens Archived 20 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Onlykollywood. Retrieved 23 August 2014. ^ Vandhana (16 August 2014). 'PURAMPOKKU' TEASER OUT Archived 26 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Siverscreen. 16 August 2014. Retrieved 23 August 2014. ^ 'Purampokku' Trailer Archived 10 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine. The Times of India. 5 February 2015. ^ 7. PURAMPOKKU Archived 8 June 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Behindwoods. 7 August 2014. Retrieved 14 August 2014. ^ Purampokku satellite rights bagged by Vijay Tv ^ Naig, Udhav (15 May 2015). "Purampokku Engira Podhuvudamai: A story of an uncompromising communist rebel". Archived from the original on 21 December 2019. Retrieved 21 December 2019 – via www.thehindu.com. ^ "Purampokku Engira Podhuvudamai Movie Review {3/5}: Critic Review of Purampokku Engira Podhuvudamai by Times of India" – via timesofindia.indiatimes.com. ^ "Characters Will Linger Even After the Show". The New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 22 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2019. ^ "Review: Purampokku... is a compelling political thriller". Rediff. Archived from the original on 21 December 2019. Retrieved 21 December 2019. ^ "Review : Purampokku Engira Podhuvudamai (2015)". www.sify.com. Archived from the original on 18 December 2019. Retrieved 21 December 2019. ^ 'Purampokku' is my title, says Natraj Subramaniam!. Sify. 26 August 2013. Retrieved 30 August 2013. ^ Natarajan Subramaniam (aka) Natraj Subramaniyan claims that 'Purampokku' (aka) 'Porambokku' is his title Archived 29 August 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Behindwoods. 26 August 2013. Retrieved 30 August 2013. ^ 'Purampokku' title clash ends Archived 18 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine. The Times of India. 15 November 2013. Retrieved 20 July 2014. ^ "Purampokku Engira Podhuvudamai is the new title". Sify. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 1 April 2015. ^ "Purampokku is abusive,says director". The Times of India. 2 April 2015. Archived from the original on 22 December 2021. Retrieved 2 April 2015. External links Purampokku Engira Podhuvudamai on Facebook Purampokku Engira Podhuvudamai at IMDb vteS. P. JananathanWritten and Directed Iyarkai (2003) E (2006) Peranmai (2009) Purampokku Engira Podhuvudamai (2015) Laabam (2021) Written only Bhooloham (2015) Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"political thriller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_thriller"},{"link_name":"S. P. Jananathan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._P._Jananathan"},{"link_name":"Arya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arya_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Shaam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaam_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Vijay Sethupathi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijay_Sethupathi"},{"link_name":"Karthika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karthika_Nair"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"UTV Motion Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTV_Motion_Pictures"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"N. K. Ekambaram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N._K._Ekambaram"},{"link_name":"Srikanth Deva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srikanth_Deva"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"2015 Indian filmPurampokku Engira Podhuvudamai (transl. Common land for the greater good)[2] is a 2015 Indian Tamil-language political thriller film co-produced, written and directed by S. P. Jananathan, which stars Arya, Shaam, Vijay Sethupathi, and Karthika.[3] Also produced by UTV Motion Pictures,[4] the film features cinematography by N. K. Ekambaram and a score by Srikanth Deva, while the soundtrack was composed by newcomer Varshan. The film, which was earlier titled Purampokku, a term used for a piece of land that is common to all,[5] revolves around the relevance of capital punishment in a democratic and free society.[6] The film released on 15 May 2015 to mixed reviews. It also marked Karthika's last official acting performance, as she'd cited of not enjoying acting much and a bright chance to mark her future endeavours.","title":"Purampokku Engira Podhuvudamai"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The film begins with a narration on how India has been turned into a landfill site for domestic and foreign countries, with the countries dumping even ammunition waste on Indian soil.In Delhi, Balusamy, a communist leader who is convicted by court on counts of robbery, murder, and treason, is given the death sentence. Despite Balu's request to execute him as a martyr by shooting, the court orders that he be hanged within a month's time by a professional executioner or hangman. He is escorted to a high security prison complex in Chennai by Macaulay, an honest, law-abiding police officer who is given the charge of monitoring him until his execution. The prison provides freedom to all prisoners, including Balu, to do whatever they want, as long as they do not cause unrest. Balu is instantly admired by the inmates for his patriotism and philosophy, as well as his empathy with the inmates. They view him as a spokesperson to the prison officials on behalf of them.Meanwhile, Macaulay searches for a hangman and learns of Yamalingam, an executioner who has had a disdain of execution since his teens due to remorse of hanging an innocent man who was wrongly accused. Macaulay tries to convince Yamalingam to carry out the duty of executing Balu, to which he agrees after much coercion by Macaulay that Balu is a convict. Yamalingam is given a special phone tuned to a certain frequency where Macaulay can contact him.Elsewhere, Kuyili, Balu's trusted comrade, learns about his conviction and assembles a group of computer hackers to hack into the prison's surveillance system. She befriends Yamalingam and uses him as a messenger to convey their escape plan to Balu. Kuyili also explains to Yamalingam that Balu was a communist leader in North India who wanted to prevent India from turning into a landfill site. To justify his actions, Balu took to violence and tried suicide bombing the Indian Army but failed due to Kuyili's reluctance to kill him. He was apprehended and jailed in Delhi. Kuyili tells Yamalingam that her refusal to kill Balu and his past guilt of executing an innocent person were the reasons that made them allies.Yamalingam becomes impressed by Balu's ideologies and decides to stop Balu from being executed. He requests Macaulay to meet Balu in person, to which he agrees. Yamalingam makes a mannequin based on Balu's likeness to test the rope for hanging, with Balu conveying the escape plan to him, unknown to Macaulay, through a sheet of paper. Soon, with the help of two inmates, Balu escapes from jail in the place of a South African convict, but he surrenders upon seeing the convict being battered by the police. Macaulay and the police beat Balu up and lock him up in a secured prison cell, chained. Kuyili disguises herself as a fiancee of Balu and visits him in prison to convey the escape plan to him in Sanskrit. She later devises a plan with Yamalingam to aid Balu's escape at the execution chamber.Meanwhile, Macaulay learns that Yamalingam has been in contact with Kuyili but decides to deal with him after Balu's execution. He holds a press conference along with the government officials allotting the date of Balu's execution, but changes plans that night by detaining the officials, including Yamalingam, and seizing their phones until Balu is executed the day before the officially announced date, while enforcing strict security around the prison premises with the help of soldiers. Macaulay goes to Balu's cell and takes him out into the prison ground, where he tells him of his execution date as a prisoner's right to information. He also discusses with Balu on the irony that how he was looked upon as a traitor by the public despite his crusade for the people, to which Balu retorts by saying that the police works for a corrupt government. Macaulay informs Balu that Yamalingam had been in contact with Kuyili and sends a message to Yamalingam's phone as Kuyili to assure him that they know the changed date of the execution. He tells Balu that no one would come to save him but asks if he was valiant enough to give up his life as a martyr, to which Balu replies that he see it for himself at the execution chamber.On the day of his execution, Balu delivers a speech saying that Indian people have the rights to their own land and they should not allow foreign countries to abuse it. Yamalingam looks at Balu's eyes and winks at him, assuring him that he shall escape, covers his face and places the noose on him, then proceeds to hang him, being tensed after the process. Unbeknownst to Yamalingam, Kuyili had not been informed of the execution. When Balu's body is retrieved from the trapdoor, Yamalingam becomes remorseful and demands the officials that he keep the body, but to no avail. Balu's body is cremated at the prison complex by Macaulay and the police. Yamalingam mentally breaks down, out of guilt of executing Balu, and carries the mannequin he made earlier and sees it as Balu himself. Kuyili, upon hearing Balu's execution, leaves India with her comrades on a boat. Some years later, Yamalingam, now a beggar with mental illness, converses with Balu's mannequin on a railway track and tells it the impact of Balu's ideology on the public, then salutes it as the film ends.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arya_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Shaam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaam_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Vijay Sethupathi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijay_Sethupathi"},{"link_name":"Karthika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karthika_Nair"},{"link_name":"Rama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Krishnamoorthy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishnamoorthy_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Yaar Kannan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaar_Kannan"}],"text":"Arya as Balusamy\nShaam as Macaulay\nVijay Sethupathi as Yamalingam\nKarthika as Kuyili\nRama as Yamalingam's mother\nKrishnamoorthy as Chellakunjan\nBharathi Murugesh as Vedigundu\nNaveen as Naathampidichavan\nSri Vetri as Vetri\nTSK as Saravanakumar\nVishwa Kumar as Vishwa\nUdayabhanu as Prisoner\nAshok Pandian as Retired Judge\nAnnadurai Kannadasan as himself\nYaar Kannan as himself","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peranmai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peranmai"},{"link_name":"Jiiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiiva"},{"link_name":"Jayam Ravi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayam_Ravi"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Yuvan Shankar Raja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuvan_Shankar_Raja"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Arya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arya_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Vijay Sethupathi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijay_Sethupathi"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"N. K. Ekambaram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N._K._Ekambaram"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PP1-11"}],"sub_title":"Development","text":"Three years after his last directorial Peranmai (2009), Jananathan announced that his next directorial would feature Jiiva and Jayam Ravi, who both starred in Jananathan's earlier films, playing lead roles.[7] Yuvan Shankar Raja was reported to be the composer of the film,[8] which was to begin in mid-January 2013.[9] Since the actors were busy with other commitments, the project failed to take off. In 2013, Jananathan announced the project titled Purampokku with Arya and Vijay Sethupathi in lead roles,[10] with newcomer Varshan handling the music direction instead of Yuvan Shankar Raja and N. K. Ekambaram wielding the camera.[11]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Khalasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalasi"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Bhagat Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagat_Singh"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Karthika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karthika_Nair"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Shaam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaam_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Iyarkai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iyarkai"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Casting","text":"Jananathan revealed that the film would be a political action thriller with Arya portraying role as a social and financial analyst, while Vijay Sethupathi would appear as a railway Khalasi.[12] Posters released from the production unit revealed Arya with a resemblance of Bhagat Singh.[13][14] In December 2013, Karthika was signed to play the lead female role.[15] Her role was said to be an action-packed one where she would perform her stunt sequences herself. As part of her role, she learnt how to ride a motorcycle.[16] Jananathan stated that though there are two heroes in the film, there will be just one heroine.[17] Later Shaam, who earlier appeared in director's debut film Iyarkai (2003), was selected to play the role of police officer.[18] A promotional photo-shoot with Arya, Vijay Sethupathi, and Shaam was held in December.[19]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Principal photography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal_photography"},{"link_name":"Kulu Manali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manali,_Himachal_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PP2-20"},{"link_name":"Himachal Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"Rajasthan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasthan"},{"link_name":"Chennai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PP2-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Jaisalmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaisalmer"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Government of Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Sri_Lanka"},{"link_name":"Tamil Nadu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu"},{"link_name":"J. Jayalalitha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Jayalalitha"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"Filming","text":"Principal photography of the film started on 11 January 2014 in Kulu Manali.[20] The film was shot extensively around Himachal Pradesh, Rajasthan and Chennai.[20] When filming an emotional scene involving Shaam and Vijay Sethupathi, Jananathan shot the scene in a unique way such that he allowed the actors to enact the entire sequence at one stretch. Though it was tough to shoot, the method ensured that the improvisations the actors had in mind were implemented on the spot. Later, the director broke the sequence into shots and got exactly what he wanted and made the actors enact certain portions again.[21] The shooting was postponed for a while in June 2014 as the lead actors went to complete their other projects.[22] The lead actors had to learn to ride a camel for a few scenes in the film shot in Jaisalmer.[23] Arya had to perform the risky stunt of running on top of a moving train in an important sequence in the film.[24] A huge prison set was erected in Chennai where an extensive 45-day production schedule was shot with the lead actors of the film.[25][26][27] On 4 August 2014, the shooting of the film was temporarily cancelled by the production unit and joined the protest declared by the Tamil Nadu Film Director's union against the Government of Sri Lanka's army for writing articles on their official website degrading the then Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, J. Jayalalitha.[28] The principal photography of the film was completed on 17 December 2014.[29]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Srikanth Deva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srikanth_Deva"},{"link_name":"Na. Muthukumar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na._Muthukumar"},{"link_name":"Diwakar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwakar"},{"link_name":"Mukesh Mohamed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukesh_Mohamed"},{"link_name":"Malathy Lakshman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malathy_Lakshman"},{"link_name":"Vijay Prakash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijay_Prakash"},{"link_name":"Sunitha Sarathy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunitha_Sarathy"},{"link_name":"Ramya NSK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramya_NSK"},{"link_name":"Abhay Jodhpurkar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhay_Jodhpurkar"}],"text":"The songs are composed by debutant Varshan, while the background score was composed by Srikanth Deva. The lyrics are written by Parinaman, Vijay Sagar and Na. Muthukumar.TracklistNo.TitleLyricsSinger(s)Length1.\"Marina Beachula\"ParinamanDiwakar, Mukesh Mohamed 2.\"Kalaasi Kalaasi\"Vijaya SagarMLR Karthikeyan, Malathy Lakshman, Tirukumar Thiagarajah & Diwakar 3.\"Orea Oru Murai\"Na. MuthukumarVijay Prakash, Sunitha Sarathy & Ranjana 4.\"Dhaegam Thaakkum\"EknaathK. Krishna Kumar & Ramya NSK 5.\"Aaja O Re\"MunnahAbhay Jodhpurkar, Amirthavarshini & Haritha","title":"Soundtrack"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Jyothika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jyothika"},{"link_name":"36 Vayadhinile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/36_Vayadhinile"},{"link_name":"Star Vijay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Vijay"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"text":"The teaser of the film was released on 15 August 2014 in theatres across the country.[30][31] The trailer of the film was released on 4 February 2015 in theaters and social media platforms.[32] The film was listed in the \"Top 10 most anticipated films of 2014\".[33] The film released on 15 May 2015 alongside Jyothika's 36 Vayadhinile. Star Vijay were acquires for the television rights of this film.[34]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Hindu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hindu"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"The Times of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"The New Indian Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Indian_Express"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Rediff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rediff"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Sify","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sify"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"sub_title":"Critical reception","text":"The film received mixed-to-positive reviews, with praise for Arya and Vijay Sethupathi's performances, while Shaam's portrayal of a police officer was regarded as the film's highlight. A critic from The Hindu wrote, \"The greatness of Purampokku lies not in the fact that it takes complex issues such as death penalty and privatisation to create a superb, entertaining film. On the contrary, Purampokku provides a blue print – evidence, if you like – for filmmakers to show how one can deal with controversial topics without watering down the complexity of the issue or settling for a silly compromise\".[35] A critic from The Times of India gave the film 3 stars out of 5 and wrote, \"Jhananthan takes his own sweet time to get to the crux of the story, spending too much time on songs and establishing the grandness of the prison set, but once the plot gets moving, Purampokku is completely engaging. That the director manages to make it a solid political commentary and also an effective thriller at once is an accomplishment\".[36] A critic from The New Indian Express wrote, \"Informative and entertaining, Purampokku... is one film where the characters and moments linger in the mind, even after one leaves the theatre\".[37] A critic from Rediff gave the film 3 stars out of 5 and wrote, \"Purampokku Engira Podhuvudamai is an honest and compelling political thriller that debates the arbitrary nature of capital punishment against the backdrop of a communist revolution\".[38]A critic from Sify, however, wrote, \"SP Jananathan's dialogues are splendid, he casually spill all his communism ideologies in every possible scenes but as the concept of the film itself is universal, the execution should have been top notch and flawless but here things are progressively poor and amateurish\".[39]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Natarajan Subramanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natarajan_Subramaniam"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-title_change-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"text":"In August 2013, cinematographer Natarajan Subramanian claimed that he had already registered the title Purampokku for a future film, and claiming that he did not give anyone permission to use the title, threatened to take legal action against anyone who did so.[40][41] In November 2013, UTV Motion Pictures confirmed that the title Purampokku will be retained for the film as confirmed by the South Indian Film Chamber, Tamil Film Producers Council and Film & Television Producers's Guild.[42] However, the film was later retitled Purampokku Engira Podhuvudamai,[43] with the director saying, \"the word 'Purampokku' has become abusive today...the title was needed to stress upon the forgotten fact that everything is common for all\".[44]","title":"Controversies"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"PEP to release on the 15th May\". Behindwoods.com. 16 April 2015. Archived from the original on 16 April 2015. Retrieved 16 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-15/purampokku-to-release-on-the-15th-may.html","url_text":"\"PEP to release on the 15th May\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150416213858/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-15/purampokku-to-release-on-the-15th-may.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Naig, Udhav (7 May 2015). \"His political perspective to films\". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 22 December 2021. Retrieved 2 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/interview-with-sp-jhananathan/article7180749.ece","url_text":"\"His political perspective to films\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211222141538/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/interview-with-sp-jhananathan/article7180749.ece","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Naig, Udhav (15 May 2015). \"Purampokku Engira Podhuvudamai: A story of an uncompromising communist rebel\". Archived from the original on 21 December 2019. Retrieved 21 December 2019 – via www.thehindu.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/purampokku-engira-podhuvudamai-a-story-of-an-uncompromising-communist-rebel/article7210345.ece","url_text":"\"Purampokku Engira Podhuvudamai: A story of an uncompromising communist rebel\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191221163613/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/purampokku-engira-podhuvudamai-a-story-of-an-uncompromising-communist-rebel/article7210345.ece","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Purampokku Engira Podhuvudamai Movie Review {3/5}: Critic Review of Purampokku Engira Podhuvudamai by Times of India\" – via timesofindia.indiatimes.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/purampokku-engira-podhuvudamai/movie-review/47301397.cms","url_text":"\"Purampokku Engira Podhuvudamai Movie Review {3/5}: Critic Review of Purampokku Engira Podhuvudamai by Times of India\""}]},{"reference":"\"Characters Will Linger Even After the Show\". The New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 22 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2015/may/17/characters-will-linger-even-after-the-show-761810.html","url_text":"\"Characters Will Linger Even After the Show\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211222141526/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2015/may/17/Characters-Will-Linger-Even-After-the-Show-761810.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Review: Purampokku... is a compelling political thriller\". Rediff. Archived from the original on 21 December 2019. Retrieved 21 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-purampokku-is-a-compelling-political-thriller-south/20150518.htm","url_text":"\"Review: Purampokku... is a compelling political thriller\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191221163615/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-purampokku-is-a-compelling-political-thriller-south/20150518.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Review : Purampokku Engira Podhuvudamai (2015)\". www.sify.com. Archived from the original on 18 December 2019. Retrieved 21 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191218124637/https://www.sify.com/movies/purampokku-engira-podhuvudamai-review-tamil-pfpqczaaffcbd.html","url_text":"\"Review : Purampokku Engira Podhuvudamai (2015)\""},{"url":"https://www.sify.com/movies/purampokku-engira-podhuvudamai-review-tamil-pfpqczaaffcbd.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Purampokku Engira Podhuvudamai is the new title\". Sify. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 1 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150402053802/http://www.sify.com/movies/purampokku-engira-podhuvudamai-is-the-new-title-news-tamil-pebqxCjjbhefg.html","url_text":"\"Purampokku Engira Podhuvudamai is the new title\""},{"url":"http://www.sify.com/movies/purampokku-engira-podhuvudamai-is-the-new-title-news-tamil-pebqxCjjbhefg.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Purampokku is abusive,says director\". The Times of India. 2 April 2015. Archived from the original on 22 December 2021. Retrieved 2 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Purampokku-is-abusive-says-director/articleshow/46780914.cms","url_text":"\"Purampokku is abusive,says director\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India","url_text":"The Times of India"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211222141531/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Purampokku-is-abusive-says-director/articleshow/46780914.cms","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tow_Law_Town_A.F.C.
Tow Law Town F.C.
["1 History","2 Colours and crest","3 Supporters and rivalries","4 Club records","5 Current staff","6 Honours","6.1 League","6.2 Cup","7 Former players","8 References","9 External links"]
Coordinates: 54°44′49.58″N 1°49′07.04″W / 54.7471056°N 1.8186222°W / 54.7471056; -1.8186222English football club Football clubTow Law TownFull nameTow Law Town Association Football ClubNickname(s)The LawyersFounded1890 (as Tow Law)GroundIronworks RoadTow LawCounty DurhamCapacity3,000ChairmanSteve MoraleeManagerLee Walker/Lee PrattLeagueNorthern League Division One2023–24Northern League Division One, 19th of 20WebsiteClub website Home colours Away colours Tow Law Town Association Football Club is an English non-league football club from Tow Law, County Durham, currently playing in the Northern League Division One, in the ninth level of the English football league system. The team, nicknamed "The Lawyers", play their home games at Ironworks Road. The club's fans are known as "The Misfits". The club was founded in 1890 as Tow Law F.C., before adding the Town to their name in 1905, and throughout their history they have played in a number of local leagues including the Auckland and District League, the South Durham Alliance and the Crook and District League, before joining the Northern League in 1920. They have won the Northern League's Division Two twice—in 1988 and 1992—and its Division One on three occasions—in 1924, 1925 and 1995—but they have never been promoted or demoted from the Northern League since joining it more than 90 years ago. Tow Law reached the final of the FA Vase in 1998, having progressed all the way from the first round, but were beaten by Tiverton Town in the final at Wembley Stadium. History There was a football team operating in Tow Law as early as 1881, when a vicar captained the team. However, the club still playing today was founded as Tow Law in 1890. The club became one of the founding teams of the Auckland and District League in 1892, and won the Durham Amateur Cup the following year. They then joined the Northern League in 1894. In 1896 they won the Durham Challenge Cup. They left the Northern League, and played in the South Durham Alliance from 1900 to 1905. In 1905 the club changed its name to Tow Law Town which they have stuck with ever since. The club played in the Crook and District League from 1912 until 1914. After the end of World War I in 1918, the club again played in the Auckland and District League until 1920, when they returned to the Northern League where they have played ever since. The club were league winners two seasons in a row, in 1923–24 and 1924–25. They were runners up in 1928–29. In the Second World War they resigned from the Northern League on 20 March 1940 and their record of the season was deleted. They rejoined the league in 1945 on its resumption after the War. In the 1967–68 season, the club had their best ever run in the FA Cup. After reaching the first round proper, they beat Mansfield Town 5–1 at Ironworks Road, and took Shrewsbury Town to a second round replay after a 1–1 draw at home. The team went into the third round draw and were drawn against Arsenal at home. However this never happened because they were beaten 6–2 by Shrewsbury in the replay. Arsenal were said to be "saved from a fate worse than death – a trip to Tow Law in January." In 1974, they won the Northern League Cup, beating Ashington 2–1 in the final at Crook. In the summer of 1978, Chris Waddle started playing for the club. In the summer of 1980, while Waddle was working in a sausage factory, he was sold to Newcastle United for the fee of £1,000. Tow Law Town were runners-up in the 1988–89 season, before finally winning the league again in 1994–95, sitting 14 points clear at the end of the season. They missed out on the runners up spot the following year on goal difference. Harry Hodgson had long served as Chairman of the club, but stood down at the end of 1995–96, but as of 2011 he still remains a member of the committee. John Flynn took over as chairman. At the end of 1996–97, Harry Dixon, another long standing official at the club, stood down as treasurer, but stayed on as the club's president. Kevin McCormick took over as treasurer. The club made their first and so far only visit to Wembley Stadium on 9 May 1998, by winning through to the final of the FA Vase, under the management of Peter Quigley and his assistant Tony Heslop. They reached the final, beating Taunton Town 5–4 on aggregate in a two legged semi-final. In reaching the final, Tow Law, with its population of only 2,200, became the smallest town to ever reach a Wembley final. The team took around 4,000 supporters with them down to London, about twice the population of Tow Law at the time. They were beaten in the final 1–0 by Tiverton Town. Tow Law Town (black and white stripe shirts) playing Whitley Bay in January 2009 They finished second in the league in 1998–99 and 2001–02. With Harry Dixon's death in 2002, Harry Hodgson took up the post of President. In 2004, John Flynn stood down as chairman, and so for a year long period, Hodgson took up the title of club chairman as well. At the end of the 2004–05 season, he retired from the club. His replacement, Sandra Gordon, is still chair at the club. She is the first ever female chair of the club, and only the third in the history of the Northern League. In 2007, Bernard Fairbairn, who had followed his father and grandfather into the job, stood down as club secretary, a post he had held since 1961, giving him a total of 46 years in his position. Stephen Moralee has now taken over as club secretary. Sir Bobby Robson was raised a few miles away from Tow Law, in the village of Langley Park. He had held the title of life president at the club, and had helped them out when they hit financial difficulties after the 2001 foot and mouth crisis, which devastated the local area. He was known to spend a lot of time on the club, attending fund raisers and giving talks. On 1 August 2009, the club held a minute's silence before their game with Workington, following his death the day before. At the end of the 2009–10 season, manager Dave Hagan and his assistant Eric Tate left the club. Hagan felt he could not operate a competitive team on the team's small budget, and so took up an assistant job at Consett. Ian Davison, a player at the club, took up managerial duties, acting as a player-manager, and appointing Gary Innes as his assistant. Steve Murray is the current Tow Law manager, taking up the role in December 2014. Colours and crest Tow Law Town's home colours have traditionally been vertical black and white stripes with black shorts and socks. This is common amongst clubs in the North East of England; Premier League club Newcastle United play in black and white, but locally Spennymoor Town, Darlington, Ponteland United and Ashington also wear black and white kits. Tow Law Town's away strips consist of blue and red halves with blue shorts and socks. Between 2006 and 2009, the club were sponsored by McInerney Homes, in a £5,000 a year deal. In August 2010, local company Bodywork Direct took over the club shirt sponsorship deal. The club was then sponsored by local firm Tow Law Plastering Services ltd. As of January 2020, the club's shirt sponsor is Tow Law Plastering Services Ltd. From June 2020 onwards the YouTuber WorkTheSpace is the shirt sponsor. The club's crest features a colliery headframe, reflecting the strong history of coal mining in County Durham. Supporters and rivalries Followers of Tow Law Town are known as the Misfits. In the club's run up to the FA Vase final in 1998, they left a "trail of devastation" in towns as they progressed through the rounds of competition. In 2007, a group of hooligans affiliating themselves with the Misfits caused trouble in Tow Law. However, not all of the club's fans are hooligans and on a number of occasions supporters have partaken in fund raising activities to raise money for the club. In April 2003, two supporters took part in a coast to coast bike ride in the hope of raising around £800 for the club. In July 2010, a group of the club's supporters took part in a ten-mile sponsored walk to raise £3,000 for the club, which at the time was in financial difficulty. In April 2011, two fans of the club from Genoa, Italy, traveled over 1,000 miles to Tow Law to see the club play. They said the club had "captured imagination" with their cup runs in 1967 and 1998. Tow Law's main local rivals are Consett, based only 7.5 miles (12.1 km) away from each other, the two having played together in the Northern League since 1970. Club records Tow Law Town's results since joining the Northern League in 1920. Football was not played from 1939 until 1945 because of the Second World War Tow Law Town's best ever league finish has been three wins of the Northern League Division One (level 9 of the overall English football league system) in 1923–24, 1924–25 and 1994–95. The Lawyers have only ever progressed as far as the rounds proper of the FA Cup four times, reaching the first round in 1968–69, 1984–85 and 1989–90, and the second round in 1967–68 where they held Shrewsbury Town to a 1–1 draw at home but lost the replay 2–6. The club have only reached the rounds proper of the FA Trophy on four occasions, the first round in 1977–78 and 1990–91, and the second round in 1982–83, where they were beaten 0–3 by Altrincham after taking them to a replay, and in 1989–90, when they were beaten 0–2 by Bath City. They have twice reached the third round of the FA Amateur Cup, the first in 1969–70 when they were beaten 0–4 by St Albans City, and the second the following year in 1970–71 when they took Skelmersdale United to a replay and were beaten 0–1. Tow Law reached the final of the FA Vase in 1997–98 but lost 1–0 to Tiverton Town at Wembley Stadium. The highest attendance figure recorded at Ironworks Road came when the team played Mansfield Town in the FA Cup first round in the 1967–68 season in front of a crowd of 5,500 people. Current staff A list of the current backroom staff at the club. Position Name Manager Lee Walker/Lee Pratt Assistant Manager Chairperson Steve Moralee President Lady Elsie Robson Vice-president Vacant Honours The following are the honours Tow Law have achieved since their foundation in 1890. League Northern League Division One: 3 1923–24, 1924–25, 1994–95 Runners-up (4): 1928–29, 1988–89, 1998–99, 2001–02 Cup FA Vase Runners-up (1): 1997–98 Northern League Cup: 1 1973–74 Runners-up (5): 1947–48, 1951–52, 1968–69, 1988–89, 1997–98 Durham Challenge Cup: 1 1895–96 Durham Amateur Cup: 1 1892–93 J.R. Cleator Memorial Cup: 1 1994–95 Ernest Armstrong Memorial Trophy: 5 1997–98, 1998–99, 1999–2000, 2000–01, 2001–02 Rothmans Overseas Cup: 1 1976–77 Former players 1. Players that have played/managed in the Football League or any foreign equivalent to this level (i.e. fully professional league). 2. Players with full international caps. 3. Players that hold a club record or have captained the club. Kevin Dixon Steve Howard Chris Waddle Brian Wake Joe Wilson For a full list see the category page - Category:Tow Law Town F.C. players References ^ Matthew, Taylor (2008). The association game: a history of British football. Pearson Education. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-582-50596-4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Moralee, Stephen. "Tow Law Town AFC History". www.towlawafc.co.uk/. Retrieved 16 January 2011. ^ "Tow Law". Football Club History Database. Retrieved 16 January 2010. ^ a b c d e f g "Tow Law Town". Football Club History Database. Retrieved 16 January 2010. ^ "Goal.com's Top 50 English Players: Chris Waddle (35)". Goal.com. 12 May 2009. Retrieved 21 January 2011. ^ a b Turnbull, Simon (3 May 1998). "Football: Wembley rises for Law men". The Independent. Retrieved 18 January 2011. ^ Harry, Pearson (2006). Power Corruption and Pies. Vol. 2. WSC Books Limited. p. 53. ISBN 0-9540134-8-4. ^ McKay, Neil (4 August 2009). "Sir Bobby Robson remembered by Langley Park residents". The Journal. Retrieved 18 January 2010. ^ "Club news". towlawafc.co.uk. 22 July 2010. Retrieved 21 January 2011. ^ "They also play in Black and White - Introduction". nufc.com. 24 June 2009. Retrieved 8 April 2011. ^ "Tow Law Town AFC Scores A Winner". McInerney Homes. 4 December 2006. Retrieved 24 January 2011. ^ Simpson, Ray (17 August 2010). "RAY SIMPSON'S NORTHERN LEAGUE ROUND-UP". nonleaguedaily.com. Retrieved 18 February 2011. ^ "Tow Law Town AFC Sponsors, "www.pitchero.com", 3 January 2020 ^ "Tow Law Badge". Retrieved 8 April 2011. ^ Goodbody, John (18 February 1999). "Hooligans put the boot in non-leaguers". barrowfc.com. Retrieved 24 January 2011. ^ "Tough stance urged on 'the Misfits'". thefreelibrary.com. 7 March 2007. Retrieved 24 January 2011. ^ "Fans on fundraising bike ride". BBC News. 22 April 2003. Retrieved 8 April 2011. ^ McKay, Neil (22 August 2010). "Tow Law vicar's wife in unique fundraiser". sundaysun.co.uk. Retrieved 31 March 2011. ^ McKay, Neil (7 April 2011). "Italian fans travel 1,000 miles to support Tow Law Town Football Club". The Journal. Retrieved 8 April 2011. ^ "Consett 2 Tow Law Town 1". consettafc.com. 7 August 2010. Retrieved 21 January 2011. ^ "Club information". towlawafc.co.uk. Retrieved 18 January 2011. ^ "Tow Law Town AFC Team 2015–2016". towlawafc.co.uk. Retrieved 17 September 2015. ^ "Tow Law Town Details". northernleague.org. Retrieved 21 January 2011. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tow Law Town AFC. Official website Tow Law at the Football Club History Database Tow Law Town at the Football Club History Database Tow Law Town at footballdatabase.eu Interview with manager Ian Davison and secretary Stephen Moralee vteNorthern League2023–24clubsDivision One Birtley Town Bishop Auckland Boro Rangers Carlisle City Crook Town Guisborough Town Heaton Stannington Newcastle Benfield North Shields Northallerton Town Penrith Redcar Athletic Seaham Red Star Shildon Sunderland Ryhope CA Tow Law Town West Allotment Celtic West Auckland Town Whickham Whitley Bay Division Two Bedlington Terriers Billingham Synthonia Billingham Town Blyth Town Boldon Community Association Brandon United Chester-le-Street Town Chester-le-Street United Easington Colliery Esh Winning FC Hartlepool Horden Community Welfare Jarrow Newcastle Blue Star Newcastle University Prudhoe Youth Club Redcar Town Ryton & Crawcrook Albion Sunderland West End Thornaby Washington Yarm & Eaglescliffe Seasons 1889–90 1890–91 1891–92 1892–93 1893–94 1894–95 1895–96 1896–97 1897–98 1898–99 1899–1900 1900–01 1901–02 1902–03 1903–04 1904–05 1905–06 1906–07 1907–08 1908–09 1909–10 1910–11 1911–12 1912–13 1913–14 1914–15 1915–16 1916–17 1917–18 1918–19 1919–20 1920–21 1921–22 1922–23 1923–24 1924–25 1925–26 1926–27 1927–28 1928–29 1929–30 1930–31 1931–32 1932–33 1933–34 1934–35 1935–36 1936–37 1937–38 1938–39 1939–40 1940–41 1941–42 1942–43 1943–44 1944–45 1945–46 1946–47 1947–48 1948–49 1949–50 1950–51 1951–52 1952–53 1953–54 1954–55 1955–56 1956–57 1957–58 1958–59 1959–60 1960–61 1961–62 1962–63 1963–64 1964–65 1965–66 1966–67 1967–68 1968–69 1969–70 1970–71 1971–72 1972–73 1973–74 1974–75 1975–76 1976–77 1977–78 1978–79 1979–80 1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 1984–85 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1989–90 1990–91 1991–92 1992–93 1993–94 1994–95 1995–96 1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 1999–2000 2000–01 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 54°44′49.58″N 1°49′07.04″W / 54.7471056°N 1.8186222°W / 54.7471056; -1.8186222
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"non-league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-league"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Tow Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tow_Law"},{"link_name":"County Durham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Durham"},{"link_name":"Northern League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_League_(football)"},{"link_name":"English football league system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_football_league_system"},{"link_name":"Northern League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_League_(football)"},{"link_name":"FA Vase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Vase"},{"link_name":"Tiverton Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiverton_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"Wembley Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wembley_Stadium_(1923)"}],"text":"English football clubFootball clubTow Law Town Association Football Club is an English non-league football club from Tow Law, County Durham, currently playing in the Northern League Division One, in the ninth level of the English football league system. The team, nicknamed \"The Lawyers\", play their home games at Ironworks Road. The club's fans are known as \"The Misfits\".The club was founded in 1890 as Tow Law F.C., before adding the Town to their name in 1905, and throughout their history they have played in a number of local leagues including the Auckland and District League, the South Durham Alliance and the Crook and District League, before joining the Northern League in 1920. They have won the Northern League's Division Two twice—in 1988 and 1992—and its Division One on three occasions—in 1924, 1925 and 1995—but they have never been promoted or demoted from the Northern League since joining it more than 90 years ago. Tow Law reached the final of the FA Vase in 1998, having progressed all the way from the first round, but were beaten by Tiverton Town in the final at Wembley Stadium.","title":"Tow Law Town F.C."},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Northern League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Football_League_(England)"},{"link_name":"Durham Challenge Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durham_Challenge_Cup"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"1923–24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1923%E2%80%9324_in_English_football"},{"link_name":"1924–25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924%E2%80%9325_in_English_football"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-2"},{"link_name":"1928–29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1928%E2%80%9329_in_English_football"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-towlawt-4"},{"link_name":"1967–68","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1967%E2%80%9368_in_English_football"},{"link_name":"FA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"Mansfield Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansfield_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"Shrewsbury 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Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitley_Bay_F.C."},{"link_name":"1998–99","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998%E2%80%9399_in_English_football"},{"link_name":"2001–02","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001%E2%80%9302_in_English_football"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-towlawt-4"},{"link_name":"2004–05","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004%E2%80%9305_in_English_football"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-2"},{"link_name":"Sir Bobby Robson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Bobby_Robson"},{"link_name":"Langley Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langley_Park,_County_Durham"},{"link_name":"2001 foot and mouth crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_foot_and_mouth_crisis"},{"link_name":"minute's silence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minute%27s_silence"},{"link_name":"Workington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workington_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"2009–10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_in_English_football"},{"link_name":"Consett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consett_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"player-manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Player-manager"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"There was a football team operating in Tow Law as early as 1881, when a vicar captained the team.[1] However, the club still playing today was founded as Tow Law in 1890. The club became one of the founding teams of the Auckland and District League in 1892, and won the Durham Amateur Cup the following year. They then joined the Northern League in 1894. In 1896 they won the Durham Challenge Cup. They left the Northern League, and played in the South Durham Alliance from 1900 to 1905.[2] In 1905 the club changed its name to Tow Law Town which they have stuck with ever since.[3] The club played in the Crook and District League from 1912 until 1914. After the end of World War I in 1918, the club again played in the Auckland and District League until 1920, when they returned to the Northern League where they have played ever since. The club were league winners two seasons in a row, in 1923–24 and 1924–25.[2] They were runners up in 1928–29. In the Second World War they resigned from the Northern League on 20 March 1940 and their record of the season was deleted. They rejoined the league in 1945 on its resumption after the War.[4]In the 1967–68 season, the club had their best ever run in the FA Cup. After reaching the first round proper, they beat Mansfield Town 5–1 at Ironworks Road, and took Shrewsbury Town to a second round replay after a 1–1 draw at home. The team went into the third round draw and were drawn against Arsenal at home. However this never happened because they were beaten 6–2 by Shrewsbury in the replay. Arsenal were said to be \"saved from a fate worse than death – a trip to Tow Law in January.\"[2]In 1974, they won the Northern League Cup, beating Ashington 2–1 in the final at Crook.[2] In the summer of 1978, Chris Waddle started playing for the club. In the summer of 1980, while Waddle was working in a sausage factory, he was sold to Newcastle United for the fee of £1,000.[5] Tow Law Town were runners-up in the 1988–89 season, before finally winning the league again in 1994–95, sitting 14 points clear at the end of the season.[2][4] They missed out on the runners up spot the following year on goal difference.[4] Harry Hodgson had long served as Chairman of the club, but stood down at the end of 1995–96, but as of 2011 he still remains a member of the committee. John Flynn took over as chairman. At the end of 1996–97, Harry Dixon, another long standing official at the club, stood down as treasurer, but stayed on as the club's president. Kevin McCormick took over as treasurer.[2]The club made their first and so far only visit to Wembley Stadium on 9 May 1998, by winning through to the final of the FA Vase, under the management of Peter Quigley and his assistant Tony Heslop.[2] They reached the final, beating Taunton Town 5–4 on aggregate in a two legged semi-final.[6] In reaching the final, Tow Law, with its population of only 2,200, became the smallest town to ever reach a Wembley final.[7] The team took around 4,000 supporters with them down to London, about twice the population of Tow Law at the time.[6] They were beaten in the final 1–0 by Tiverton Town.[2]Tow Law Town (black and white stripe shirts) playing Whitley Bay in January 2009They finished second in the league in 1998–99 and 2001–02.[4] With Harry Dixon's death in 2002, Harry Hodgson took up the post of President. In 2004, John Flynn stood down as chairman, and so for a year long period, Hodgson took up the title of club chairman as well. At the end of the 2004–05 season, he retired from the club. His replacement, Sandra Gordon, is still chair at the club. She is the first ever female chair of the club, and only the third in the history of the Northern League. In 2007, Bernard Fairbairn, who had followed his father and grandfather into the job, stood down as club secretary, a post he had held since 1961, giving him a total of 46 years in his position. Stephen Moralee has now taken over as club secretary.[2]Sir Bobby Robson was raised a few miles away from Tow Law, in the village of Langley Park. He had held the title of life president at the club, and had helped them out when they hit financial difficulties after the 2001 foot and mouth crisis, which devastated the local area. He was known to spend a lot of time on the club, attending fund raisers and giving talks. On 1 August 2009, the club held a minute's silence before their game with Workington, following his death the day before.[8]At the end of the 2009–10 season, manager Dave Hagan and his assistant Eric Tate left the club. Hagan felt he could not operate a competitive team on the team's small budget, and so took up an assistant job at Consett. Ian Davison, a player at the club, took up managerial duties, acting as a player-manager, and appointing Gary Innes as his assistant. Steve Murray is the current Tow Law manager, taking up the role in December 2014.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North East of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_East_of_England"},{"link_name":"Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Newcastle United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Spennymoor Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spennymoor_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"Darlington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darlington_F.C."},{"link_name":"Ponteland United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponteland_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Ashington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashington_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"McInerney Homes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McInerney_Holdings_PLC"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.towlawtown.co.uk/online-store/Home-Kit-Jersey-p198207569"},{"link_name":"headframe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headframe"},{"link_name":"coal mining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_mining"},{"link_name":"County Durham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Durham"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Tow Law Town's home colours have traditionally been vertical black and white stripes with black shorts and socks. This is common amongst clubs in the North East of England; Premier League club Newcastle United play in black and white, but locally Spennymoor Town, Darlington, Ponteland United and Ashington also wear black and white kits.[10] Tow Law Town's away strips consist of blue and red halves with blue shorts and socks. Between 2006 and 2009, the club were sponsored by McInerney Homes, in a £5,000 a year deal.[11] In August 2010, local company Bodywork Direct took over the club shirt sponsorship deal.\nThe club was then sponsored by local firm Tow Law Plastering Services ltd.[12] As of January 2020, the club's shirt sponsor is Tow Law Plastering Services Ltd.[13] From June 2020 onwards the YouTuber WorkTheSpace is the shirt sponsor.\n[1]The club's crest features a colliery headframe, reflecting the strong history of coal mining in County Durham.[14]","title":"Colours and crest"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"coast to coast bike ride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_to_Sea_Cycle_Route"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"sponsored walk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sponsored_walk"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Genoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genoa"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Consett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consett_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"Followers of Tow Law Town are known as the Misfits. In the club's run up to the FA Vase final in 1998, they left a \"trail of devastation\" in towns as they progressed through the rounds of competition.[15] In 2007, a group of hooligans affiliating themselves with the Misfits caused trouble in Tow Law.[16] However, not all of the club's fans are hooligans and on a number of occasions supporters have partaken in fund raising activities to raise money for the club. In April 2003, two supporters took part in a coast to coast bike ride in the hope of raising around £800 for the club.[17] In July 2010, a group of the club's supporters took part in a ten-mile sponsored walk to raise £3,000 for the club, which at the time was in financial difficulty.[18] In April 2011, two fans of the club from Genoa, Italy, traveled over 1,000 miles to Tow Law to see the club play. They said the club had \"captured [their] imagination\" with their cup runs in 1967 and 1998.[19]Tow Law's main local rivals are Consett, based only 7.5 miles (12.1 km) away from each other, the two having played together in the Northern League since 1970.[20]","title":"Supporters and rivalries"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tow_law_town_results_graph.tif"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football_during_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Northern League Division One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Football_League_(England)"},{"link_name":"English football league system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_football_league_system"},{"link_name":"1923–24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1923%E2%80%9324_in_English_football"},{"link_name":"1924–25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924%E2%80%9325_in_English_football"},{"link_name":"1994–95","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994%E2%80%9395_in_English_football"},{"link_name":"FA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"1968–69","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968%E2%80%9369_in_English_football"},{"link_name":"1984–85","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984%E2%80%9385_in_English_football"},{"link_name":"1989–90","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989%E2%80%9390_in_English_football"},{"link_name":"1967–68","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1967%E2%80%9368_in_English_football"},{"link_name":"Shrewsbury Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrewsbury_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-towlawt-4"},{"link_name":"FA Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Trophy"},{"link_name":"1977–78","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977%E2%80%9378_in_English_football"},{"link_name":"1990–91","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990%E2%80%9391_in_English_football"},{"link_name":"1982–83","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982%E2%80%9383_in_English_football"},{"link_name":"Altrincham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altrincham_F.C."},{"link_name":"1989–90","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989%E2%80%9390_in_English_football"},{"link_name":"Bath City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bath_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"FA Amateur Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Amateur_Cup"},{"link_name":"1969–70","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969%E2%80%9370_in_English_football"},{"link_name":"St Albans City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Albans_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"1970–71","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970%E2%80%9371_in_English_football"},{"link_name":"Skelmersdale United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skelmersdale_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"FA Vase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Vase"},{"link_name":"1997–98","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997%E2%80%9398_in_English_football"},{"link_name":"Tiverton Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiverton_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"Wembley Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wembley_Stadium"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-towlawt-4"},{"link_name":"Mansfield Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansfield_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"1967–68","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1967%E2%80%9368_in_English_football"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-info-21"}],"text":"Tow Law Town's results since joining the Northern League in 1920. Football was not played from 1939 until 1945 because of the Second World WarTow Law Town's best ever league finish has been three wins of the Northern League Division One (level 9 of the overall English football league system) in 1923–24, 1924–25 and 1994–95. The Lawyers have only ever progressed as far as the rounds proper of the FA Cup four times, reaching the first round in 1968–69, 1984–85 and 1989–90, and the second round in 1967–68 where they held Shrewsbury Town to a 1–1 draw at home but lost the replay 2–6.[4]The club have only reached the rounds proper of the FA Trophy on four occasions, the first round in 1977–78 and 1990–91, and the second round in 1982–83, where they were beaten 0–3 by Altrincham after taking them to a replay, and in 1989–90, when they were beaten 0–2 by Bath City. They have twice reached the third round of the FA Amateur Cup, the first in 1969–70 when they were beaten 0–4 by St Albans City, and the second the following year in 1970–71 when they took Skelmersdale United to a replay and were beaten 0–1. Tow Law reached the final of the FA Vase in 1997–98 but lost 1–0 to Tiverton Town at Wembley Stadium.[4]The highest attendance figure recorded at Ironworks Road came when the team played Mansfield Town in the FA Cup first round in the 1967–68 season in front of a crowd of 5,500 people.[21]","title":"Club records"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-2"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-squad-22"}],"text":"A list of the current backroom staff at the club.[2][22]","title":"Current staff"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-towlawt-4"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"The following are the honours Tow Law have achieved since their foundation in 1890.[2][4][23]","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Northern League Division One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Football_League_(England)"}],"sub_title":"League","text":"Northern League Division One: 31923–24, 1924–25, 1994–95\nRunners-up (4): 1928–29, 1988–89, 1998–99, 2001–02","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FA Vase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Vase"},{"link_name":"Northern League Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Football_League_(England)"},{"link_name":"Durham Challenge Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durham_Challenge_Cup"},{"link_name":"Ernest Armstrong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Armstrong"}],"sub_title":"Cup","text":"FA VaseRunners-up (1): 1997–98Northern League Cup: 11973–74\nRunners-up (5): 1947–48, 1951–52, 1968–69, 1988–89, 1997–98Durham Challenge Cup: 11895–96Durham Amateur Cup: 11892–93J.R. Cleator Memorial Cup: 11994–95Ernest Armstrong Memorial Trophy: 51997–98, 1998–99, 1999–2000, 2000–01, 2001–02Rothmans Overseas Cup: 11976–77","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Kevin Dixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Dixon_(footballer,_born_1960)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Steve Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Howard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Chris Waddle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Waddle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Brian Wake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Wake"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Joe Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Wilson_(footballer,_born_1911)"}],"text":"1. Players that have played/managed in the Football League or any foreign equivalent to this level (i.e. fully professional league).\n2. Players with full international caps.\n3. Players that hold a club record or have captained the club.Kevin Dixon\n Steve Howard\n Chris Waddle\n Brian Wake\n Joe WilsonFor a full list see the category page - Category:Tow Law Town F.C. players","title":"Former players"}]
[{"image_text":"Tow Law Town (black and white stripe shirts) playing Whitley Bay in January 2009","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Tow_Law_Town_Whitley_Bay.jpg/300px-Tow_Law_Town_Whitley_Bay.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tow Law Town's results since joining the Northern League in 1920. Football was not played from 1939 until 1945 because of the Second World War","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Tow_law_town_results_graph.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Tow_law_town_results_graph.tif.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Matthew, Taylor (2008). The association game: a history of British football. Pearson Education. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-582-50596-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=J5oqBHq0XrEC","url_text":"The association game: a history of British football"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-50596-4","url_text":"978-0-582-50596-4"}]},{"reference":"Moralee, Stephen. \"Tow Law Town AFC History\". www.towlawafc.co.uk/. Retrieved 16 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.towlawafc.co.uk/history.htm","url_text":"\"Tow Law Town AFC History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tow Law\". Football Club History Database. Retrieved 16 January 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fchd.info/TOW-LAW.HTM","url_text":"\"Tow Law\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tow Law Town\". Football Club History Database. Retrieved 16 January 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fchd.info/TOW-LAWT.HTM","url_text":"\"Tow Law Town\""}]},{"reference":"\"Goal.com's Top 50 English Players: Chris Waddle (35)\". Goal.com. 12 May 2009. Retrieved 21 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.goal.com/en/news/2274/goalcoms-top-50-english-players/2009/05/12/1260468/goalcoms-top-50-english-players-chris-waddle-35","url_text":"\"Goal.com's Top 50 English Players: Chris Waddle (35)\""}]},{"reference":"Turnbull, Simon (3 May 1998). \"Football: Wembley rises for Law men\". The Independent. Retrieved 18 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football-wembley-rises-for-law-men-1161618.html","url_text":"\"Football: Wembley rises for Law men\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent","url_text":"The Independent"}]},{"reference":"Harry, Pearson (2006). Power Corruption and Pies. Vol. 2. WSC Books Limited. p. 53. ISBN 0-9540134-8-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HuTdMMRxFucC","url_text":"Power Corruption and Pies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When_Saturday_Comes","url_text":"WSC Books Limited"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9540134-8-4","url_text":"0-9540134-8-4"}]},{"reference":"McKay, Neil (4 August 2009). \"Sir Bobby Robson remembered by Langley Park residents\". The Journal. Retrieved 18 January 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.journallive.co.uk/north-east-news/todays-news/2009/08/04/sir-bobby-robson-remembered-by-langley-park-residents-61634-24310324/","url_text":"\"Sir Bobby Robson remembered by Langley Park residents\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Journal_(Newcastle_upon_Tyne_newspaper)","url_text":"The Journal"}]},{"reference":"\"Club news\". towlawafc.co.uk. 22 July 2010. Retrieved 21 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.towlawafc.co.uk/news.htm","url_text":"\"Club news\""}]},{"reference":"\"They also play in Black and White - Introduction\". nufc.com. 24 June 2009. Retrieved 8 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nufc.com/html/blackandwhite.html","url_text":"\"They also play in Black and White - Introduction\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tow Law Town AFC Scores A Winner\". McInerney Homes. 4 December 2006. Retrieved 24 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://mcinerneyhomes.aws.net/news?actv_news_latest_news_id=75&actv_news_latest_news_page=10","url_text":"\"Tow Law Town AFC Scores A Winner\""}]},{"reference":"Simpson, Ray (17 August 2010). \"RAY SIMPSON'S NORTHERN LEAGUE ROUND-UP\". nonleaguedaily.com. Retrieved 18 February 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nonleaguedaily.com/news/index.php?&newsmode=FULL&nid=69120","url_text":"\"RAY SIMPSON'S NORTHERN LEAGUE ROUND-UP\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tow Law Badge\". Retrieved 8 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.northernleague.org/league/image_window.php?emblem=towlaw_logo.jpg","url_text":"\"Tow Law Badge\""}]},{"reference":"Goodbody, John (18 February 1999). \"Hooligans put the boot in non-leaguers\". barrowfc.com. Retrieved 24 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://barrowfc.com/index.php?inc=hsn&version=294","url_text":"\"Hooligans put the boot in non-leaguers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tough stance urged on 'the Misfits'\". thefreelibrary.com. 7 March 2007. Retrieved 24 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Tough+stance+urged+on+'the+Misfits'.-a0160197914","url_text":"\"Tough stance urged on 'the Misfits'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fans on fundraising bike ride\". BBC News. 22 April 2003. Retrieved 8 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/wear/2966221.stm","url_text":"\"Fans on fundraising bike ride\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"McKay, Neil (22 August 2010). \"Tow Law vicar's wife in unique fundraiser\". sundaysun.co.uk. Retrieved 31 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sundaysun.co.uk/news/north-east-news/2010/08/22/tow-law-vicar-s-wife-in-unique-fundraiser-79310-27110932/","url_text":"\"Tow Law vicar's wife in unique fundraiser\""}]},{"reference":"McKay, Neil (7 April 2011). \"Italian fans travel 1,000 miles to support Tow Law Town Football Club\". The Journal. Retrieved 8 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.journallive.co.uk/north-east-news/todays-news/2011/04/07/italian-fans-travel-1-000-miles-to-support-tow-law-town-football-club-61634-28474941/","url_text":"\"Italian fans travel 1,000 miles to support Tow Law Town Football Club\""}]},{"reference":"\"Consett 2 Tow Law Town 1\". consettafc.com. 7 August 2010. Retrieved 21 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.consettafc.com/2010-11/towlaw-h.html","url_text":"\"Consett 2 Tow Law Town 1\""}]},{"reference":"\"Club information\". towlawafc.co.uk. Retrieved 18 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.towlawafc.co.uk/clubinfo.htm","url_text":"\"Club information\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tow Law Town AFC Team 2015–2016\". towlawafc.co.uk. Retrieved 17 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.towlawafc.co.uk/seniors.htm","url_text":"\"Tow Law Town AFC Team 2015–2016\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tow Law Town Details\". northernleague.org. Retrieved 21 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.northernleague.org/league/view_club_details.php?type=33&submit=Go%21","url_text":"\"Tow Law Town Details\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyriakos_Sfetsas
Kyriakos Sfetsas
["1 Early life","2 Composition","3 Critical response","4 External links"]
Greek composer This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (May 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Kyriakos Sfetsas (Greek: Κυριάκος Σφέτσας; born September 29, 1945) is a Greek composer. His body of work consists of a large number of compositions: symphonic, choral, ballet and theatre music, chamber, electronic, film scores, pieces for solo instruments, pieces in jazz and fusion style, songs in Greek and world poems. Early life Sfetsas was born in Amfilochia and raised in Lefkada where, at an early age, he studied music for the first time at the Philharmonic Band and the National Conservatory of the city with the late Fotis Vlachos. He continued his studies at the National Conservatory of Athens (1963–1966), where he studied the piano with Krino Kalomiri and theory of music with Michalis Vourtsis. On August 30, 1964, in Lefkada, he accompanied Maria Callas on the piano in her last performance in Greece. A few months after the 1967 dictatorship, he moved to Paris. There, on a French State scholarship (1969–1972), he pursued further studies with the composer and educator Max Deutsch (composition, analysis, orchestral conducting), while seeking the mentorship and advice of Iannis Xenakis, Luigi Nono and Henri Dutilleux. Composition The first public performance of his work ("Episodes for piano solo") took place just after the uprising of May '68 at the "Latin America Hall" in Paris, receiving favourable reviews. After that, his music was often performed and he had his first commissions (by French Radio and TV, the Ars Nova Orchestra and the Dance Group of Vitry). After that period, several of his works are performed in renowned international contemporary music festivals (Royan, Reims, Bordeaux and Paris); at the same time, he works on a regular basis with the contemporary dance group of Vitry and the choreographer Michel Cazerta. A portion of his Paris works were published by Editions Transatlantiques, and it was in Paris in 1974 that he released for the first time one of his works on record: Four-channel electro-acoustic music for the "Ballet Smog", one of the first pieces written for four-channel tape in the world. In Greece, he made his debut as a composer at the 4th Hellenic Week of Contemporary Music (Athens, 19–26 September 1971) with his work "Docimology". He returned to Greece in autumn of 1975, this time to stay. At the invitation of Manos Hatzidakis, he worked at the Third Programme of the Hellenic Radio (1975–1976) as a freelance producer. In 1977, as a regular employee of the Hellenic Radio, he served as head of the music departments of the 2nd and 1st Programmes, and from the summer of 1982 to January 1994 as director of the 3rd Programme. In 1980, his music for Pavlos Tassios' "Parangelia" receives first prize at the Film Festival of Thessaloniki. He also writes the music for Stigma, by the same director (1982), D. Panagiotatos' The night with Silena (1986), M. Ditsas' Night Exit (1991), N. Grammatikos' U Turn (1991) and "A time to kill" (1993). Since the recording of "Without Boundaries" (1980), several recordings of his work have been released on several labels (EMI, CBS, ENM, PRAXIS etc.), with favourable reviews. In the spring of 1991, he released his first digital recording (on CD), Silent Days, on UTOPIA; and in 1993, the CD Colours in Double, a tribute to the art of the great traditional music performer Vassilis Soukas, containing the works Colours in Double and Lyrical Suite (recorded live at the Festivals of Irakleion ('88) and Patra ('87)), in which the late musician had substantial solo parts. In 1999, his entire recordings were re-released in 8 CDs on FINEAS, a record label owned by S. Gavrielides Publications. Most of his work in the last few years has been commissioned by Greek and other cultural authorities and organizations, and has been performed in Europe, Australia and America by renowned music ensembles, such as the Bolshoi Soloists, the Ensemble Modern of Frankfurt, Polyrhythmia of Sofia, the Okada percussion ensemble of Tokyo, the Russo and Mlada Quartets, the Symphony Orchestras of Leipzig, Ljubljana, ABC (Australian Radio), ALEA (Boston University), the Orchestra of the Hellenic Radio and the State Orchestra of Thessaloniki. In addition, from its very early days, the Athens Concert Hall (Megaron) has on numerous occasions commissioned and hosted works by Kyriakos Sfetsas, performed by famous Greek and other soloists and ensembles, including the organist Daniel Chorzempa and the Camerata Orchestra. Critical response In volume 9B of the Dictionary of World Biography, the music critic Giorgos Leotsakos notes, among other things: "No other Greek 'avant-garde' composer's return to tradition was more impressive than that of Sfetsas. Before 1977, in France, he was distinguished by a sound 'pointillisme': a marked harmonic sensitivity, with which he organized imaginative soundcolour combinations into 'microstructures' spread out in an imaginary sound canvas, bringing to mind the paintings of Joan Miró, who had charmed the composer at the time. (Docimology, one of his more beautiful and characteristic works, is from this period.) Chronologically, his musical turn Concert Music Slides, 1977 follows his coming home (1975): melody (tonal, modal, atonal), themes, elaboration as well as improvisation, 'physical' rhythms (sometimes asymmetrical and folkish), chords contradicted by unisoni, elements or inspirations from folk music (from Greece and Eastern cultures, either traditional or elaborated through 'ethnic' schools) and Byzantine music (his Love Song is performed by a cantor), and other codes or techniques of communication (e.g. jazz, rock). However, by replacing this 'hermetic' idiom with authenticated codes of communication, the music of Sfetsas expands sometimes into great lengths, and reveals a painful loneliness and a quest for the other, in which it is difficult to distinguish between the personal and the socio-environmental factors. Behind the persistence of his writing one can guess a dramatic need for communication. Despite the ruggedness of the themes and some instances of classical 'elaboration', the three parts of his gigantic (duration: 61'46"!) piano suite Cactus Light ('80-'83) often give the impression of one lonely pianist improvising. One of the most fascinating of his latest works is Moments of a Lonesome Town: within the aloneness and inhumanity of the modern world, the quest for the other continues, with a more emphatic lyricism. So, hope still persists." External links Kyriakos Sfetsas official webpage Kyriakos Sfetsas personal webpage at the Wayback Machine (archived October 27, 2009) classical composers database on Kyriakos Sfetsas Musicians Gallery on Kyriakos Sfetsas Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany United States Greece Netherlands Academics CiNii Artists MusicBrainz
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"composer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composer"},{"link_name":"symphonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony"},{"link_name":"choral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choral_music"},{"link_name":"ballet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballet"},{"link_name":"chamber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber_music"},{"link_name":"electronic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_music"},{"link_name":"jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"}],"text":"Kyriakos Sfetsas (Greek: Κυριάκος Σφέτσας; born September 29, 1945) is a Greek composer. His body of work consists of a large number of compositions: symphonic, choral, ballet and theatre music, chamber, electronic, film scores, pieces for solo instruments, pieces in jazz and fusion style, songs in Greek and world poems.","title":"Kyriakos Sfetsas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amfilochia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amfilochia"},{"link_name":"Lefkada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lefkada"},{"link_name":"piano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano"},{"link_name":"theory of music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_theory"},{"link_name":"Maria Callas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Callas"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Max Deutsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Deutsch"},{"link_name":"orchestral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchestra"},{"link_name":"Iannis Xenakis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iannis_Xenakis"},{"link_name":"Luigi Nono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Nono_(composer)"},{"link_name":"Dutilleux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutilleux"}],"text":"Sfetsas was born in Amfilochia and raised in Lefkada where, at an early age, he studied music for the first time at the Philharmonic Band and the National Conservatory of the city with the late Fotis Vlachos. He continued his studies at the National Conservatory of Athens (1963–1966), where he studied the piano with Krino Kalomiri and theory of music with Michalis Vourtsis. On August 30, 1964, in Lefkada, he accompanied Maria Callas on the piano in her last performance in Greece. A few months after the 1967 dictatorship, he moved to Paris. There, on a French State scholarship (1969–1972), he pursued further studies with the composer and educator Max Deutsch (composition, analysis, orchestral conducting), while seeking the mentorship and advice of Iannis Xenakis, Luigi Nono and Henri Dutilleux.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"May '68","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_%2768"},{"link_name":"Royan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royan"},{"link_name":"Reims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reims"},{"link_name":"Bordeaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordeaux"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Vitry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitry-sur-Seine"},{"link_name":"Michel Cazerta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michel_Cazerta&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens"},{"link_name":"Manos Hatzidakis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manos_Hatzidakis"},{"link_name":"Hellenic Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenic_Radio"},{"link_name":"Pavlos Tassios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavlos_Tassios"},{"link_name":"Parangelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parangelia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"D. Panagiotatos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=D._Panagiotatos&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"M. Ditsas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M._Ditsas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"N. Grammatikos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=N._Grammatikos&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"EMI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMI"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Bolshoi Soloists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bolshoi_Soloists&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Frankfurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt"},{"link_name":"Boston University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_University"}],"text":"The first public performance of his work (\"Episodes for piano solo\") took place just after the uprising of May '68 at the \"Latin America Hall\" in Paris, receiving favourable reviews. After that, his music was often performed and he had his first commissions (by French Radio and TV, the Ars Nova Orchestra and the Dance Group of Vitry). After that period, several of his works are performed in renowned international contemporary music festivals (Royan, Reims, Bordeaux and Paris); at the same time, he works on a regular basis with the contemporary dance group of Vitry and the choreographer Michel Cazerta. A portion of his Paris works were published by Editions Transatlantiques, and it was in Paris in 1974 that he released for the first time one of his works on record: Four-channel electro-acoustic music for the \"Ballet Smog\", one of the first pieces written for four-channel tape in the world. In Greece, he made his debut as a composer at the 4th Hellenic Week of Contemporary Music (Athens, 19–26 September 1971) with his work \"Docimology\".He returned to Greece in autumn of 1975, this time to stay. At the invitation of Manos Hatzidakis, he worked at the Third Programme of the Hellenic Radio (1975–1976) as a freelance producer. In 1977, as a regular employee of the Hellenic Radio, he served as head of the music departments of the 2nd and 1st Programmes, and from the summer of 1982 to January 1994 as director of the 3rd Programme. In 1980, his music for Pavlos Tassios' \"Parangelia\" receives first prize at the Film Festival of Thessaloniki. He also writes the music for Stigma, by the same director (1982), D. Panagiotatos' The night with Silena (1986), M. Ditsas' Night Exit (1991), N. Grammatikos' U Turn (1991) and \"A time to kill\" (1993).Since the recording of \"Without Boundaries\" (1980), several recordings of his work have been released on several labels (EMI, CBS, ENM, PRAXIS etc.), with favourable reviews. In the spring of 1991, he released his first digital recording (on CD), Silent Days, on UTOPIA; and in 1993, the CD Colours in Double, a tribute to the art of the great traditional music performer Vassilis Soukas, containing the works Colours in Double and Lyrical Suite (recorded live at the Festivals of Irakleion ('88) and Patra ('87)), in which the late musician had substantial solo parts. In 1999, his entire recordings were re-released in 8 CDs on FINEAS, a record label owned by S. Gavrielides Publications.Most of his work in the last few years has been commissioned by Greek and other cultural authorities and organizations, and has been performed in Europe, Australia and America by renowned music ensembles, such as the Bolshoi Soloists, the Ensemble Modern of Frankfurt, Polyrhythmia of Sofia, the Okada percussion ensemble of Tokyo, the Russo and Mlada Quartets, the Symphony Orchestras of Leipzig, Ljubljana, ABC (Australian Radio), ALEA (Boston University), the Orchestra of the Hellenic Radio and the State Orchestra of Thessaloniki. In addition, from its very early days, the Athens Concert Hall (Megaron) has on numerous occasions commissioned and hosted works by Kyriakos Sfetsas, performed by famous Greek and other soloists and ensembles, including the organist Daniel Chorzempa and the Camerata Orchestra.","title":"Composition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dictionary of World Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dictionary_of_World_Biography&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Giorgos Leotsakos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giorgos_Leotsakos&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Joan Miró","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Mir%C3%B3"},{"link_name":"tonal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonality"},{"link_name":"modal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mode_(music)"},{"link_name":"atonal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atonality"},{"link_name":"chords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chord_(music)"},{"link_name":"folk music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_music"}],"text":"In volume 9B of the Dictionary of World Biography, the music critic Giorgos Leotsakos notes, among other things: \"No other Greek 'avant-garde' composer's return to tradition was more impressive than that of Sfetsas. Before 1977, in France, he was distinguished by a sound 'pointillisme': a marked harmonic sensitivity, with which he organized imaginative soundcolour combinations into 'microstructures' spread out in an imaginary sound canvas, bringing to mind the paintings of Joan Miró, who had charmed the composer at the time. (Docimology, one of his more beautiful and characteristic works, is from this period.) Chronologically, his musical turn Concert Music Slides, 1977 follows his coming home (1975): melody (tonal, modal, atonal), themes, elaboration as well as improvisation, 'physical' rhythms (sometimes asymmetrical and folkish), chords contradicted by unisoni, elements or inspirations from folk music (from Greece and Eastern cultures, either traditional or elaborated through 'ethnic' schools) and Byzantine music (his Love Song is performed by a cantor), and other codes or techniques of communication (e.g. jazz, rock). However, by replacing this 'hermetic' idiom with authenticated codes of communication, the music of Sfetsas expands sometimes into great lengths, and reveals a painful loneliness and a quest for the other, in which it is difficult to distinguish between the personal and the socio-environmental factors. Behind the persistence of his writing one can guess a dramatic need for communication. Despite the ruggedness of the themes and some instances of classical 'elaboration', the three parts of his gigantic (duration: 61'46\"!) piano suite Cactus Light ('80-'83) often give the impression of one lonely pianist improvising. One of the most fascinating of his latest works is Moments of a Lonesome Town: within the aloneness and inhumanity of the modern world, the quest for the other continues, with a more emphatic lyricism. So, hope still persists.\"","title":"Critical response"}]
[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_Stars_Don%27t_Die_in_Liverpool
Film Stars Don't Die in Liverpool
["1 Synopsis","2 Cast","3 Production","4 Release","5 Reception","5.1 Box office","5.2 Critical response","6 Accolades","7 References","8 External links"]
2017 biographical romantic drama film by Paul McGuigan Film Stars Don't Die in LiverpoolBritish release posterDirected byPaul McGuiganScreenplay byMatt GreenhalghBased onFilm Stars Don't Die in Liverpoolby Peter TurnerProduced by Barbara Broccoli Colin Vaines Starring Annette Bening Jamie Bell Vanessa Redgrave Julie Walters Kenneth Cranham Stephen Graham Frances Barber Leanne Best CinematographyUla PontikosEdited byNick EmersonMusic byJ. RalphProductioncompanies Eon Productions Danjaq LLC IM Global Synchronistic Pictures Distributed by Lionsgate (United Kingdom) Sony Pictures Classics (United States) Release dates 1 September 2017 (2017-09-01) (Telluride) 16 November 2017 (2017-11-16) (United Kingdom) 29 December 2017 (2017-12-29) (United States) Running time106 minutesCountries United Kingdom United States LanguageEnglishBudget$10 millionBox office$3.9 million Film Stars Don't Die in Liverpool is a 2017 biographical romantic drama film directed by Paul McGuigan and starring Annette Bening and Jamie Bell, with a cast that includes Vanessa Redgrave and Julie Walters. It is based on the memoir of the same name by Peter Turner, which tells of his relationship with Academy Award-winning American actress Gloria Grahame in 1970s Liverpool and, some years later, her death from stomach cancer. The film premiered at the Telluride Film Festival on 1 September 2017. It was released in the United Kingdom on 16 November by Lionsgate and in the United States on 29 December by Sony Pictures Classics. At the 71st British Academy Film Awards, it received three nominations: Best Actress (Bening), Best Actor (Bell) and Best Adapted Screenplay. The film received generally positive reviews. Synopsis In medias res, in October 1981, Gloria Grahame is playing the role of Amanda in The Glass Menagerie in Lancaster and takes ill. She calls upon a former lover, Peter Turner, who reluctantly takes her to his parents' home in Liverpool to recuperate. Back in 1979, in the twilight of her once-prolific and Academy Award-winning career, Gloria is playing the role of Sadie in W. Somerset Maugham's Rain in London and asks another tenant at her boarding house—Peter—to practise dancing disco with her. Gloria is flirtatious with Peter, who is also an actor. They see Alien together, have a drink together afterward, and strike up a friendship. After an argument, their relationship becomes intimate, despite their noticeable age difference. In October 1981, Peter's parents are still expressing support for Peter and Gloria's friendship. Peter and his parents acknowledge that Gloria needs more attentive medical attention for whatever is ailing her. However, Gloria insists that her illness isn't serious. In 1979, Peter visits Gloria in Los Angeles and their romance continues at Gloria's modest Malibu trailer park home. Gloria's mother, Jeanne, demonstrates support for Peter and Gloria's romance, but Gloria's older sister, Joy, is hostile. Both encourage Peter not to marry Gloria, given Gloria's earlier and scandalous marriage to her former stepson Anthony Ray who was also significantly her junior. Peter and Gloria reveal to each other that they've both experimented with same-sex attraction. In October 1981, once contacting Gloria's doctor in Lancaster, Peter learns that Gloria's breast cancer has returned after initial remission in 1975. Gloria has refused any further treatment. Peter eventually confronts Gloria with what he knows, but Gloria insists she'll get better. Peter reluctantly shares the prognosis with his family, Gloria's hosts. Peter tells his friend Eileen that he still loves Gloria. From 1979, Gloria and Peter's romance continues until the spring of 1981, and Peter spends time with Gloria in New York City, including a visit from Eileen. Gloria invites Peter to live with her in America full-time. However, shortly thereafter, Gloria suddenly cools to the relationship without explanation, distancing herself from Peter. Gloria kicks him out of her New York City apartment, and he returns to Liverpool for an acting job in an Alan Bleasdale play. It is revealed that Gloria's sudden change of heart in New York City was driven by her learning that her cancer had returned. Her earlier refusal of chemotherapy in 1975 has contributed to the cancer's return. Her distance from Peter and keeping of secrets was because of ongoing tests and doctor appointments. She doesn't share this with Peter and instead hopes to drive him away as the cancer is diagnosed as terminal. In October 1981, Peter struggles with his family on how to approach care of Gloria. As she becomes increasingly weak, Gloria decides to allow Peter to inform her family of her illness. Peter surprises Gloria by taking her to a theatre to read from Romeo and Juliet (a scene in which the real actor Peter Turner makes a cameo appearance as stage hand Jack). They reconcile. Gloria's oldest son Timothy arrives from the US to assist Gloria in returning home. Peter gently packs her belongings as Gloria sleeps. Gloria says goodbye to Peter and his family and departs for the U.S. They share a final kiss. The film concludes with footage of Gloria winning the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her portrayal of Rosemary Bartlow in The Bad and the Beautiful at the 25th Academy Awards. Cast Annette Bening as Gloria Grahame Jamie Bell as Peter Turner Julie Walters as Bella Turner Kenneth Cranham as Joe Turner Stephen Graham as Joe Turner Jr. Vanessa Redgrave as Jeanne McDougall Frances Barber as Joy Hallward Leanne Best as Eileen Isabella Laughland as Vanessa Suzanne Bertish as Fifi Oscard Tom Brittney as Tim Production On 6 May 2016, it was reported that Annette Bening, Jamie Bell, and Julie Walters would star in an adaptation of Film Stars Don't Die in Liverpool by Peter Turner, a memoir about Turner's relationship with actress Gloria Grahame in the last years of her life. Paul McGuigan would direct from a script written by Matt Greenhalgh, and Barbara Broccoli and Colin Vaines would produce. On 27 June 2016, Vanessa Redgrave joined the cast. On 27 June 2016, the film began filming in Liverpool and London. It then moved to Pinewood Studios, where it wrapped on 8 August 2016. To fill in for scenes set in New York City and Malibu, California, the crew used rear-screen projections. On 11 November 2017, Elvis Costello released an original song entitled "You Shouldn't Look at Me That Way", composed specifically for the film. Production company Eon Productions is best known for producing the James Bond film franchise; Film Stars Don't Die in Liverpool was the second non-Bond film to be released under the Eon banner since the farcical comedy Call Me Bwana in 1963. Release In August 2017, Sony Pictures Classics acquired U.S. distribution rights to the film. The film had its world premiere at the Telluride Film Festival on 1 September 2017. It also screened at the Toronto International Film Festival on 9 September 2017. The film was released in the United Kingdom on 16 November 2017 by Lionsgate and in the United States on 29 December 2017. Reception Box office Film Stars Don't Die in Liverpool grossed $1 million in North America and $2.9 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $4 million, against a budget of $10 million. Critical response On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 80% based on 169 reviews, with an average rating of 6.7/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Film Stars Don't Die in Liverpool showcases brilliant work from Annette Bening, whose performance is more than enough to outweigh this biopic's basic narrative." On Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average rating to reviews, the film has a normalised score of 65 out of 100, based on 34 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Accolades Award Date of ceremony Category Recipients Result Ref. Hollywood Film Awards 6 November 2017 New Hollywood Award Jamie Bell Won British Independent Film Awards 10 December 2017 Best Actor Jamie Bell Nominated Best Casting Debbie McWilliams Nominated Best Production Design Eve Stewart Nominated Best Supporting Actress Julie Walters Nominated San Francisco Film Critics Circle 10 December 2017 Best Actress Annette Bening Nominated London Film Critics Circle 28 January 2018 Actress of the Year Annette Bening Nominated AARP's Movies for Grownups Awards 5 February 2018 Best Actress Annette Bening Won Best Grownup Love Story Film Stars Don't Die in Liverpool Nominated Women's Image Network Awards 6 February 2018 Best Feature Film Film Stars Don't Die in Liverpool Nominated Best Actress in a Feature Film Annette Bening Nominated Evening Standard British Film Awards 8 February 2018 Best Actor Jamie Bell Nominated Technical Achievement Eve Stewart Nominated Guild of Music Supervisors Awards 8 February 2018 Best Music Supervision for Film: Budgeted Under 10 Million Dollars Ian Neil Nominated British Academy Film Awards 18 February 2018 Best Actor in a Leading Role Jamie Bell Nominated Best Actress in a Leading Role Annette Bening Nominated Best Adapted Screenplay Matt Greenhalgh Nominated References ^ a b c "Film Stars Don't Die in Liverpool (2017)". The Numbers. Nash Information Services, LCC. Retrieved 23 October 2019. ^ "Film Stars Don't Die in Liverpool (15)". British Board of Film Classification. 6 November 2017. Retrieved 18 November 2017. ^ a b c Thompson, Anne (14 December 2017). "Annette Bening Finds the Truth in the Very Strange Tale of Gloria Grahame and Film Stars Don't Die in Liverpool". IndieWire. Penske Business Media. Retrieved 9 January 2018. ^ "The Shape of Water leads BAFTA nominations". BBC News. BBC. 9 January 2018. Retrieved 9 January 2018. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Review: Film Stars Don't Die in Liverpool". slantmagazine.com. 20 December 2017. ^ McNary, Dave (6 May 2016). "Annette Bening Starring in Romance for Bond Producer Barbara Broccoli". Variety. Retrieved 22 December 2016. ^ McNary, Dave (27 June 2016). "Vanessa Redgrave Joins Annette Bening's Film Stars Don't Die in Liverpool". Variety. Retrieved 22 December 2016. ^ Parry, Josh (28 June 2016). "Hollywood actors spotted filming in city centre". Liverpool Echo. Reach plc. Retrieved 11 October 2017. ^ Mitchell, Wendy (18 July 2016). "First look: Annette Bening and Jamie Bell in Film Stars Don't Die in Liverpool". Screen Daily. Screen International. Retrieved 22 December 2016. ^ O'Connor, Roisin (9 November 2017). "Elvis Costello reveals new song and video 'You Shouldn't Look at Me That Way' - premiere". The Independent. Retrieved 23 March 2018. ^ Fleming, Mike Jr. (7 August 2017). "Sony Pictures Classics Confirms Acquisition Of Annette Bening Starrer Film Stars Don't Die in Liverpool – Update". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Retrieved 1 September 2017. ^ Hammond, Pete (31 August 2017). "'Darkest Hour', 'Battle of the Sexes', 'Lady Bird' Among World Premieres in 2017 Lineup – Telluride Film Festival". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Retrieved 31 August 2017. ^ "Toronto Film Festival 2017 Unveils Strong Slate". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. 25 July 2017. Retrieved 25 July 2017. ^ "Film Stars Don't Die in Liverpool". Toronto International Film Festival. Archived from the original on 17 October 2017. Retrieved 1 September 2017. ^ "Lionsgate Unveil the Debut Poster for Paul McGuigan's Adaptation of Peter Turner's memoir FILM STARS DON'T DIE IN LIVERPOOL". The Fan Carpet. 18 August 2017. Retrieved 1 September 2017. ^ Lee, Ashley (7 August 2017). "Annette Bening's Film Stars Don't Die in Liverpool Goes to Sony Pictures Classics". The Hollywood Reporter. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 1 September 2017. ^ "Film Stars Don't Die in Liverpool". Box Office Mojo. IMDb. Retrieved 23 October 2019. ^ "Film Stars Don't Die in Liverpool (2017)". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango Media. Retrieved 23 October 2019. ^ "Film Stars Don't Die in Liverpool Reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 11 February 2018. ^ Swertlow, Meg (5 November 2017). "2017 Hollywood Film Awards: The Complete List of Winners". E! Online. E! Entertainment Television. Retrieved 2 December 2017. ^ Clarke, Stewart (1 November 2017). "'Lady Macbeth' Tops Nominations for British Independent Film Awards". Variety. Retrieved 2 December 2017. ^ "2017 San Francisco Film Critics Circle Awards". San Francisco Film Critics Circle. 10 December 2017. Archived from the original on 11 December 2017. Retrieved 10 December 2017. ^ Tartaglione, Nancy (19 December 2017). ""Three Billboards" Leads London Critics' Circle Film Award Nominations". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Retrieved 19 December 2017. ^ Lee, Ashley (17 January 2018). "AARP's Movies for Grownups Awards: 'The Post' Leads Nominees". The Hollywood Reporter. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 17 January 2018. ^ Appelo, Tim (5 February 2018). "Gary Oldman and Annette Bening Among 2018 Movies for Grownups Winners". AARP. Retrieved 23 March 2018. ^ Anderson, Erik (14 November 2017). "American Gods, Outlander, Novitiate, The Post Among 19th Women's Image Awards Film and Television Nominees". Awards Watch. Archived from the original on 25 November 2017. Retrieved 2 December 2017. ^ Dex, Robert (13 January 2018). "Discover all the nominations for this year's Evening Standard British Film Awards". London Evening Standard. Retrieved 13 January 2018. ^ "Sufjan Stevens, Greatest Showman, Girls Among Guild of Music Supervisors Awards Nominees". Variety. 11 January 2018. Retrieved 12 January 2018. ^ Ritman, Alex (8 January 2018). "BAFTA Awards: Shape of Water, Three Billboards, Darkest Hour Lead Pack of Nominations". The Hollywood Reporter. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 8 January 2018. External links Film Stars Don't Die in Liverpool at IMDb Film Stars Don't Die in Liverpool at AllMovie vteFilms directed by Paul McGuigan The Acid House (1998) Gangster No. 1 (2000) The Reckoning (2004) Wicker Park (2004) Lucky Number Slevin (2006) Push (2009) Victor Frankenstein (2015) Film Stars Don't Die in Liverpool (2017) vteTennessee Williams's The Glass Menagerie (1944)Performances The Glass Menagerie (1950 film) The Glass Menagerie (1966 TV movie) The Glass Menagerie (1973 TV movie) The Glass Menagerie (1987 film) Adaptations Akale (2004 Malayalam film) Here Without Me (2010 Iranian film) Related "The Catastrophe of Success" Film Stars Don't Die in Liverpool
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"biographical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_film"},{"link_name":"romantic drama film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_drama_film"},{"link_name":"Paul McGuigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_McGuigan_(filmmaker)"},{"link_name":"Annette Bening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annette_Bening"},{"link_name":"Jamie Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Bell"},{"link_name":"Vanessa Redgrave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanessa_Redgrave"},{"link_name":"Julie Walters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie_Walters"},{"link_name":"Academy Award-winning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actress"},{"link_name":"Gloria Grahame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Grahame"},{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool"},{"link_name":"Telluride Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telluride_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"Lionsgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionsgate_Films"},{"link_name":"Sony Pictures Classics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Pictures_Classics"},{"link_name":"71st British Academy Film Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/71st_British_Academy_Film_Awards"},{"link_name":"Best Actress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAFTA_Award_for_Best_Actress_in_a_Leading_Role"},{"link_name":"Best Actor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAFTA_Award_for_Best_Actor_in_a_Leading_Role"},{"link_name":"Best Adapted Screenplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAFTA_Award_for_Best_Adapted_Screenplay"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Film Stars Don't Die in Liverpool is a 2017 biographical romantic drama film directed by Paul McGuigan and starring Annette Bening and Jamie Bell, with a cast that includes Vanessa Redgrave and Julie Walters. It is based on the memoir of the same name by Peter Turner, which tells of his relationship with Academy Award-winning American actress Gloria Grahame in 1970s Liverpool and, some years later, her death from stomach cancer.The film premiered at the Telluride Film Festival on 1 September 2017. It was released in the United Kingdom on 16 November by Lionsgate and in the United States on 29 December by Sony Pictures Classics. At the 71st British Academy Film Awards, it received three nominations: Best Actress (Bening), Best Actor (Bell) and Best Adapted Screenplay.[4] The film received generally positive reviews.","title":"Film Stars Don't Die in Liverpool"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"In medias res","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_medias_res"},{"link_name":"The Glass Menagerie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Glass_Menagerie"},{"link_name":"Lancaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancaster,_Lancashire"},{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool"},{"link_name":"W. Somerset Maugham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._Somerset_Maugham"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Alien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien_(film)"},{"link_name":"intimate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intimate_relationship"},{"link_name":"same-sex attraction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homosexuality"},{"link_name":"breast cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_cancer"},{"link_name":"remission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remission_(medicine)"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Alan Bleasdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Bleasdale"},{"link_name":"chemotherapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemotherapy"},{"link_name":"Romeo and Juliet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romeo_and_Juliet"},{"link_name":"Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actress"},{"link_name":"The Bad and the Beautiful","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bad_and_the_Beautiful"},{"link_name":"25th Academy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/25th_Academy_Awards"}],"text":"In medias res, in October 1981, Gloria Grahame is playing the role of Amanda in The Glass Menagerie in Lancaster and takes ill. She calls upon a former lover, Peter Turner, who reluctantly takes her to his parents' home in Liverpool to recuperate.Back in 1979, in the twilight of her once-prolific and Academy Award-winning career, Gloria is playing the role of Sadie in W. Somerset Maugham's Rain in London and asks another tenant at her boarding house—Peter—to practise dancing disco with her. Gloria is flirtatious with Peter, who is also an actor. They see Alien together, have a drink together afterward, and strike up a friendship. After an argument, their relationship becomes intimate, despite their noticeable age difference.In October 1981, Peter's parents are still expressing support for Peter and Gloria's friendship. Peter and his parents acknowledge that Gloria needs more attentive medical attention for whatever is ailing her. However, Gloria insists that her illness isn't serious.In 1979, Peter visits Gloria in Los Angeles and their romance continues at Gloria's modest Malibu trailer park home. Gloria's mother, Jeanne, demonstrates support for Peter and Gloria's romance, but Gloria's older sister, Joy, is hostile. Both encourage Peter not to marry Gloria, given Gloria's earlier and scandalous marriage to her former stepson Anthony Ray who was also significantly her junior. Peter and Gloria reveal to each other that they've both experimented with same-sex attraction.In October 1981, once contacting Gloria's doctor in Lancaster, Peter learns that Gloria's breast cancer has returned after initial remission in 1975. Gloria has refused any further treatment. Peter eventually confronts Gloria with what he knows, but Gloria insists she'll get better. Peter reluctantly shares the prognosis with his family, Gloria's hosts. Peter tells his friend Eileen that he still loves Gloria.From 1979, Gloria and Peter's romance continues until the spring of 1981, and Peter spends time with Gloria in New York City, including a visit from Eileen. Gloria invites Peter to live with her in America full-time. However, shortly thereafter, Gloria suddenly cools to the relationship without explanation, distancing herself from Peter. Gloria kicks him out of her New York City apartment, and he returns to Liverpool for an acting job in an Alan Bleasdale play.It is revealed that Gloria's sudden change of heart in New York City was driven by her learning that her cancer had returned. Her earlier refusal of chemotherapy in 1975 has contributed to the cancer's return. Her distance from Peter and keeping of secrets was because of ongoing tests and doctor appointments. She doesn't share this with Peter and instead hopes to drive him away as the cancer is diagnosed as terminal.In October 1981, Peter struggles with his family on how to approach care of Gloria. As she becomes increasingly weak, Gloria decides to allow Peter to inform her family of her illness. Peter surprises Gloria by taking her to a theatre to read from Romeo and Juliet (a scene in which the real actor Peter Turner makes a cameo appearance as stage hand Jack). They reconcile. Gloria's oldest son Timothy arrives from the US to assist Gloria in returning home. Peter gently packs her belongings as Gloria sleeps. Gloria says goodbye to Peter and his family and departs for the U.S. They share a final kiss.The film concludes with footage of Gloria winning the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her portrayal of Rosemary Bartlow in The Bad and the Beautiful at the 25th Academy Awards.","title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Annette Bening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annette_Bening"},{"link_name":"Gloria Grahame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Grahame"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slant-5"},{"link_name":"Jamie Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Bell"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slant-5"},{"link_name":"Julie Walters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie_Walters"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slant-5"},{"link_name":"Kenneth Cranham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Cranham"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slant-5"},{"link_name":"Stephen Graham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Graham"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slant-5"},{"link_name":"Vanessa Redgrave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanessa_Redgrave"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slant-5"},{"link_name":"Frances Barber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Barber"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slant-5"},{"link_name":"Leanne Best","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leanne_Best"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slant-5"},{"link_name":"Isabella Laughland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_Laughland"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slant-5"},{"link_name":"Suzanne Bertish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzanne_Bertish"},{"link_name":"Tom Brittney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Brittney"}],"text":"Annette Bening as Gloria Grahame[5]\nJamie Bell as Peter Turner[5]\nJulie Walters as Bella Turner[5]\nKenneth Cranham as Joe Turner[5]\nStephen Graham as Joe Turner Jr.[5]\nVanessa Redgrave as Jeanne McDougall[5]\nFrances Barber as Joy Hallward[5]\nLeanne Best as Eileen[5]\nIsabella Laughland as Vanessa[5]\nSuzanne Bertish as Fifi Oscard\nTom Brittney as Tim","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Annette Bening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annette_Bening"},{"link_name":"Jamie Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Bell"},{"link_name":"Julie Walters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie_Walters"},{"link_name":"Gloria Grahame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Grahame"},{"link_name":"Paul McGuigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_McGuigan_(filmmaker)"},{"link_name":"Matt Greenhalgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Greenhalgh"},{"link_name":"Barbara Broccoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Broccoli"},{"link_name":"Colin Vaines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Vaines"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Vanessa Redgrave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanessa_Redgrave"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Pinewood Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinewood_Studios"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Malibu, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malibu,_California"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-indie-3"},{"link_name":"Elvis Costello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis_Costello"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Eon Productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eon_Productions"},{"link_name":"James Bond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bond"},{"link_name":"Call Me Bwana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_Me_Bwana"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"On 6 May 2016, it was reported that Annette Bening, Jamie Bell, and Julie Walters would star in an adaptation of Film Stars Don't Die in Liverpool by Peter Turner, a memoir about Turner's relationship with actress Gloria Grahame in the last years of her life. Paul McGuigan would direct from a script written by Matt Greenhalgh, and Barbara Broccoli and Colin Vaines would produce.[6] On 27 June 2016, Vanessa Redgrave joined the cast.[7]On 27 June 2016, the film began filming in Liverpool and London.[8] It then moved to Pinewood Studios, where it wrapped on 8 August 2016.[9] To fill in for scenes set in New York City and Malibu, California, the crew used rear-screen projections.[3] On 11 November 2017, Elvis Costello released an original song entitled \"You Shouldn't Look at Me That Way\", composed specifically for the film.[10]Production company Eon Productions is best known for producing the James Bond film franchise; Film Stars Don't Die in Liverpool was the second non-Bond film to be released under the Eon banner since the farcical comedy Call Me Bwana in 1963.[citation needed]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sony Pictures Classics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Pictures_Classics"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Telluride Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telluride_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Toronto International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TIFF-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Lionsgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionsgate_Films"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"In August 2017, Sony Pictures Classics acquired U.S. distribution rights to the film.[11] The film had its world premiere at the Telluride Film Festival on 1 September 2017.[12] It also screened at the Toronto International Film Festival on 9 September 2017.[13][14]The film was released in the United Kingdom on 16 November 2017 by Lionsgate[15] and in the United States on 29 December 2017.[16]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NUM-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-indie-3"}],"sub_title":"Box office","text":"Film Stars Don't Die in Liverpool grossed $1 million in North America[17] and $2.9 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $4 million,[1] against a budget of $10 million.[3]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"review aggregator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Review_aggregator"},{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Critical response","text":"On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 80% based on 169 reviews, with an average rating of 6.7/10. The website's critical consensus reads, \"Film Stars Don't Die in Liverpool showcases brilliant work from Annette Bening, whose performance is more than enough to outweigh this biopic's basic narrative.\"[18] On Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average rating to reviews, the film has a normalised score of 65 out of 100, based on 34 critics, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\".[19]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Accolades"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Film Stars Don't Die in Liverpool (2017)\". The Numbers. Nash Information Services, LCC. Retrieved 23 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Film-Stars-Dont-Die-in-Liverpool-(UK)#tab=summary","url_text":"\"Film Stars Don't Die in Liverpool (2017)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Numbers_(website)","url_text":"The Numbers"}]},{"reference":"\"Film Stars Don't Die in Liverpool (15)\". British Board of Film Classification. 6 November 2017. Retrieved 18 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbfc.co.uk/AVF355869","url_text":"\"Film Stars Don't Die in Liverpool (15)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Board_of_Film_Classification","url_text":"British Board of Film Classification"}]},{"reference":"Thompson, Anne (14 December 2017). \"Annette Bening Finds the Truth in the Very Strange Tale of Gloria Grahame and Film Stars Don't Die in Liverpool\". IndieWire. Penske Business Media. Retrieved 9 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indiewire.com/2017/12/film-stars-dont-die-in-liverpool-annette-bening-gloria-graham-1201906575/","url_text":"\"Annette Bening Finds the Truth in the Very Strange Tale of Gloria Grahame and Film Stars Don't Die in Liverpool\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IndieWire","url_text":"IndieWire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penske_Business_Media","url_text":"Penske Business Media"}]},{"reference":"\"The Shape of Water leads BAFTA nominations\". BBC News. BBC. 9 January 2018. Retrieved 9 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-42618187","url_text":"\"The Shape of Water leads BAFTA nominations\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC","url_text":"BBC"}]},{"reference":"\"Review: Film Stars Don't Die in Liverpool\". slantmagazine.com. 20 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.slantmagazine.com/film/film-stars-dont-die-in-liverpool/","url_text":"\"Review: Film Stars Don't Die in Liverpool\""}]},{"reference":"McNary, Dave (6 May 2016). \"Annette Bening Starring in Romance for Bond Producer Barbara Broccoli\". Variety. Retrieved 22 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2016/film/news/annette-bening-film-stars-dont-die-in-liverpool-1201768389/","url_text":"\"Annette Bening Starring in Romance for Bond Producer Barbara Broccoli\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"}]},{"reference":"McNary, Dave (27 June 2016). \"Vanessa Redgrave Joins Annette Bening's Film Stars Don't Die in Liverpool\". Variety. Retrieved 22 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2016/film/news/vanessa-redgrave-annette-bening-film-stars-dont-die-in-liverpool-1201804220/","url_text":"\"Vanessa Redgrave Joins Annette Bening's Film Stars Don't Die in Liverpool\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"}]},{"reference":"Parry, Josh (28 June 2016). \"Hollywood actors spotted filming in city centre\". Liverpool Echo. Reach plc. Retrieved 11 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/hollywood-actors-spotted-filming-liverpool-11534290","url_text":"\"Hollywood actors spotted filming in city centre\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reach_plc","url_text":"Reach plc"}]},{"reference":"Mitchell, Wendy (18 July 2016). \"First look: Annette Bening and Jamie Bell in Film Stars Don't Die in Liverpool\". Screen Daily. Screen International. Retrieved 22 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.screendaily.com/news/production/first-look-annette-bening-and-jamie-bell-in-film-stars-dont-die-in-liverpool/5106820.article","url_text":"\"First look: Annette Bening and Jamie Bell in Film Stars Don't Die in Liverpool\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_International","url_text":"Screen International"}]},{"reference":"O'Connor, Roisin (9 November 2017). \"Elvis Costello reveals new song and video 'You Shouldn't Look at Me That Way' - premiere\". The Independent. Retrieved 23 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/elvis-costello-new-music-you-shouldnt-look-at-me-that-way-video-premiere-album-tour-dates-a8045976.html","url_text":"\"Elvis Costello reveals new song and video 'You Shouldn't Look at Me That Way' - premiere\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent","url_text":"The Independent"}]},{"reference":"Fleming, Mike Jr. (7 August 2017). \"Sony Pictures Classics Confirms Acquisition Of Annette Bening Starrer Film Stars Don't Die in Liverpool – Update\". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Retrieved 1 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2017/08/annette-bening-film-stars-dont-die-in-liverpool-sony-pictures-classics-distribution-deal-1202136294/","url_text":"\"Sony Pictures Classics Confirms Acquisition Of Annette Bening Starrer Film Stars Don't Die in Liverpool – Update\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood","url_text":"Deadline Hollywood"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penske_Business_Media","url_text":"Penske Business Media"}]},{"reference":"Hammond, Pete (31 August 2017). \"'Darkest Hour', 'Battle of the Sexes', 'Lady Bird' Among World Premieres in 2017 Lineup – Telluride Film Festival\". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Retrieved 31 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2017/08/telluride-film-festival-2017-lineup-list-batle-of-the-sexes-1202158843/","url_text":"\"'Darkest Hour', 'Battle of the Sexes', 'Lady Bird' Among World Premieres in 2017 Lineup – Telluride Film Festival\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood","url_text":"Deadline Hollywood"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penske_Business_Media","url_text":"Penske Business Media"}]},{"reference":"\"Toronto Film Festival 2017 Unveils Strong Slate\". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. 25 July 2017. Retrieved 25 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2017/07/toronto-film-festival-2017-margot-robbie-gary-oldman-jake-gyllenhaal-emma-stone-christian-bale-1202135285/","url_text":"\"Toronto Film Festival 2017 Unveils Strong Slate\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood","url_text":"Deadline Hollywood"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penske_Business_Media","url_text":"Penske Business Media"}]},{"reference":"\"Film Stars Don't Die in Liverpool\". Toronto International Film Festival. Archived from the original on 17 October 2017. Retrieved 1 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171017015655/http://www.tiff.net/tiff/film-stars-dont-die-in-liverpool/","url_text":"\"Film Stars Don't Die in Liverpool\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_International_Film_Festival","url_text":"Toronto International Film Festival"},{"url":"http://www.tiff.net/tiff/film-stars-dont-die-in-liverpool/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Lionsgate Unveil the Debut Poster for Paul McGuigan's Adaptation of Peter Turner's memoir FILM STARS DON'T DIE IN LIVERPOOL\". The Fan Carpet. 18 August 2017. Retrieved 1 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://thefancarpet.com/movie_news/lionsgate-unveil-debut-poster-paul-mcguigans-adaptation-peter-turners-memoir-film-stars-dont-die-liverpool/","url_text":"\"Lionsgate Unveil the Debut Poster for Paul McGuigan's Adaptation of Peter Turner's memoir FILM STARS DON'T DIE IN LIVERPOOL\""}]},{"reference":"Lee, Ashley (7 August 2017). \"Annette Bening's Film Stars Don't Die in Liverpool Goes to Sony Pictures Classics\". The Hollywood Reporter. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 1 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/annette-benings-film-stars-dont-die-liverpool-goes-sony-pictures-classics-1027362","url_text":"\"Annette Bening's Film Stars Don't Die in Liverpool Goes to Sony Pictures Classics\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter","url_text":"The Hollywood Reporter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometheus_Global_Media","url_text":"Prometheus Global Media"}]},{"reference":"\"Film Stars Don't Die in Liverpool\". Box Office Mojo. IMDb. Retrieved 23 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=filmstarsdontdieinliverpool.htm","url_text":"\"Film Stars Don't Die in Liverpool\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_Office_Mojo","url_text":"Box Office Mojo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb","url_text":"IMDb"}]},{"reference":"\"Film Stars Don't Die in Liverpool (2017)\". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango Media. Retrieved 23 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/film_stars_dont_die_in_liverpool/","url_text":"\"Film Stars Don't Die in Liverpool (2017)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes","url_text":"Rotten Tomatoes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fandango_Media","url_text":"Fandango Media"}]},{"reference":"\"Film Stars Don't Die in Liverpool Reviews\". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 11 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/movie/film-stars-dont-die-in-liverpool","url_text":"\"Film Stars Don't Die in Liverpool Reviews\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Interactive","url_text":"CBS Interactive"}]},{"reference":"Swertlow, Meg (5 November 2017). \"2017 Hollywood Film Awards: The Complete List of Winners\". E! Online. E! Entertainment Television. Retrieved 2 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eonline.com/news/891749/2017-hollywood-film-awards-the-complete-list-of-winners","url_text":"\"2017 Hollywood Film Awards: The Complete List of Winners\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E!","url_text":"E! Entertainment Television"}]},{"reference":"Clarke, Stewart (1 November 2017). \"'Lady Macbeth' Tops Nominations for British Independent Film Awards\". Variety. Retrieved 2 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2017/film/news/british-independent-film-awards-nominations-1202604245/","url_text":"\"'Lady Macbeth' Tops Nominations for British Independent Film Awards\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"}]},{"reference":"\"2017 San Francisco Film Critics Circle Awards\". San Francisco Film Critics Circle. 10 December 2017. Archived from the original on 11 December 2017. Retrieved 10 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://sffcc.org/2017/12/2017-san-francisco-film-critics-circle-awards/","url_text":"\"2017 San Francisco Film Critics Circle Awards\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Film_Critics_Circle","url_text":"San Francisco Film Critics Circle"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171211053516/http://sffcc.org/2017/12/2017-san-francisco-film-critics-circle-awards/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Tartaglione, Nancy (19 December 2017). \"\"Three Billboards\" Leads London Critics' Circle Film Award Nominations\". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Retrieved 19 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2017/12/london-critics-circle-nominations-2017-three-billboards-phantom-thread-lady-macbeth-1202229652/","url_text":"\"\"Three Billboards\" Leads London Critics' Circle Film Award Nominations\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood","url_text":"Deadline Hollywood"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penske_Business_Media","url_text":"Penske Business Media"}]},{"reference":"Lee, Ashley (17 January 2018). \"AARP's Movies for Grownups Awards: 'The Post' Leads Nominees\". The Hollywood Reporter. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 17 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/aarps-movies-grownups-awards-2018-post-leads-nominees-1075285/item/","url_text":"\"AARP's Movies for Grownups Awards: 'The Post' Leads Nominees\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter","url_text":"The Hollywood Reporter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometheus_Global_Media","url_text":"Prometheus Global Media"}]},{"reference":"Appelo, Tim (5 February 2018). \"Gary Oldman and Annette Bening Among 2018 Movies for Grownups Winners\". AARP. Retrieved 23 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aarp.org/entertainment/movies-for-grownups/info-2018/award-winners-photo.html?intcmp=AE-ENT-M4G-FLXSLDR-SLIDE2","url_text":"\"Gary Oldman and Annette Bening Among 2018 Movies for Grownups Winners\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AARP","url_text":"AARP"}]},{"reference":"Anderson, Erik (14 November 2017). \"American Gods, Outlander, Novitiate, The Post Among 19th Women's Image Awards Film and Television Nominees\". Awards Watch. Archived from the original on 25 November 2017. Retrieved 2 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171125170817/https://awardswatch.com/2017/11/13/american-gods-outlander-novitiate-the-post-among-19th-womens-image-awards-film-and-television-nominees/","url_text":"\"American Gods, Outlander, Novitiate, The Post Among 19th Women's Image Awards Film and Television Nominees\""},{"url":"http://awardswatch.com/2017/11/13/american-gods-outlander-novitiate-the-post-among-19th-womens-image-awards-film-and-television-nominees/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Dex, Robert (13 January 2018). \"Discover all the nominations for this year's Evening Standard British Film Awards\". London Evening Standard. Retrieved 13 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.standard.co.uk/go/london/film/discover-all-the-nominations-for-this-years-evening-standard-british-film-awards-a3738446.html","url_text":"\"Discover all the nominations for this year's Evening Standard British Film Awards\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Evening_Standard","url_text":"London Evening Standard"}]},{"reference":"\"Sufjan Stevens, Greatest Showman, Girls Among Guild of Music Supervisors Awards Nominees\". Variety. 11 January 2018. Retrieved 12 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2018/music/news/guild-of-music-supervisors-awards-nominations-1202661480/","url_text":"\"Sufjan Stevens, Greatest Showman, Girls Among Guild of Music Supervisors Awards Nominees\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"}]},{"reference":"Ritman, Alex (8 January 2018). \"BAFTA Awards: Shape of Water, Three Billboards, Darkest Hour Lead Pack of Nominations\". The Hollywood Reporter. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 8 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/bafta-2018-complete-list-nominations-1067881","url_text":"\"BAFTA Awards: Shape of Water, Three Billboards, Darkest Hour Lead Pack of Nominations\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter","url_text":"The Hollywood Reporter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometheus_Global_Media","url_text":"Prometheus Global Media"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_for_the_Treatment_of_Sexual_Offenders
International Association for the Treatment of Sexual Offenders
["1 History","1.1 Lifetime Achievement Awards","2 References","3 External links"]
Organization The International Association for the Treatment of Sexual Offenders (IATSO) is an international non-profit professional organization based in Vienna committed to the promotion of research of and treatment for sex offenders throughout the world. History IATSO was founded on March 24, 1998 in Caracas, Venezuela during the 5th International Conference on the Treatment of Sex Offenders. They publish Sex Offender Treatment, an international peer-reviewed journal open to all scientists and practitioners researching sexual abuse. Lifetime Achievement Awards In 2014, the first ever Lifetime Achievement Award was awarded to William L. Marshall at the 13th IATSO Conference in Porto, Portugal. Marshall was the Director of Rockwood Psychological Services, and president of the IATSO from 2008 to 2012. In 2016, Friedemann Pfafflin was awarded the second Lifetime Achievement Award at the 14th IATSO Conference in Copenhagen, Denmark. He was the founding President of IATSO. References ^ Eher, Reinhard; Craig, Leam A.; Miner, Michael H.; Pfäfflin, Friedemann (2011). International Perspectives on the Assessment and Treatment of Sexual Offenders: Theory, Practice and Research. John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 9781119996200 ^ "Awards". External links International Association for the Treatment of Sexual Offenders website Authority control databases International VIAF National Czech Republic
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[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Awards\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iatso.org/index.php/iatso-awards/iatso-lifetime-achievement-awards","url_text":"\"Awards\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Conway
Cape Conway
["1 Location","2 See also","3 Maps","4 References","5 External links"]
Cape in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica Cape ConwayLocation of Cape ConwayCape ConwayShow map of Antarctic PeninsulaCape ConwayShow map of AntarcticaGeographyLocationAntarcticaCoordinates62°50′30″S 61°25′43″W / 62.84167°S 61.42861°W / -62.84167; -61.42861ArchipelagoSouth Shetland IslandsAdministrationAntarcticaAdministered under the Antarctic Treaty SystemDemographicsPopulationuninhabited Cape Conway is the rounded low and ice-free tipped cape forming the south extremity of Snow Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. It is a south entrance point for Boyd Strait. Tooth Rock (62°51′32.4″S 61°25′33.9″W / 62.859000°S 61.426083°W / -62.859000; -61.426083) rising to 85 m (279 ft) and lying 1.94 km (1.21 mi) to the south is the largest in a group of rocks extending 2.7 km (1.7 mi) from the cape. The area was visited by 19th century sealers. Cape Conway was charted in 1829 by the British naval expedition under Captain Henry Foster and named after HMS Conway in which Foster had previously served. Tooth Rock was descriptively named following a survey from RRS John Biscoe in 1951–52. Location The cape is located at 62°50′30″S 61°25′43″W / 62.84167°S 61.42861°W / -62.84167; -61.42861 which is 10.58 km (6.57 mi) south-southeast of Byewater Point, 17.3 km (10.7 mi) southwest of President Head, 11.75 km (7.30 mi) southwest of Hall Peninsula and 44.46 km (27.63 mi) east by north of Cape Smith, Smith Island (British mapping in 1821–22, 1935, 1951-51 and 1968, Argentine in 1946, Chilean in 1974, and Bulgarian in 2009). Topographic map of Livingston Island, Greenwich, Robert, Snow and Smith Islands. See also Composite Antarctic Gazetteer List of Antarctic islands south of 60° S SCAR Territorial claims in Antarctica Maps L.L. Ivanov. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich, Robert, Snow and Smith Islands. Scale 1:120000 topographic map. Troyan: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2009. ISBN 978-954-92032-6-4 References External links SCAR Composite Antarctic Gazetteer. Portals: Islands Geography vteSouth Shetland IslandsMain islands Clarence Deception Elephant Greenwich King George Livingston Low Nelson Robert Smith Snow Other islands Afala Aitcho Barrientos Bilyana Cecilia Emeline Jorge Kilifarevo Pasarel Riksa Akin Alfeus Araguez Astor Aurelia Barlow Basso Beslen Biruni Boatin Borceguí Bridgeman Cacho Chiprovtsi Cornwall Cornwallis Craggy Dee Desolation Island (South Shetland Islands) Dinea Dioptra Dufayel Dunbar Aspis Balsha Melyane Pogledets Zavala Eadie Express Fregata Gergini Gibbs Glumche Gnomon González Half Moon Heywood Kabile Kaliman Kondor Korsis Låvebrua Meade Cave Pisanitsa Zverino Miladinovi Montufar Ogygia Ongley Onogur Churicheni Grod Kovach Leeve Oescus Osenovlag Redina Svetulka Vilare Penguin Pindarev Pordim Presnakov Prisad Prosechen Pyramid Rogozen Romeo Rotalia Rowett Rugged Saffar San Telmo Seal Sierra Square End Stoker Sugarloaf Table Tatul Tirizis Toledo Treklyano Two Summit Valchedram Window Withem Wood Yrvind Zebil Zed Esperanto Koshava Lesidren Phanagoria Rocks, stacks, reefsspits and banks Aim Rocks Alepu Avren Baktriana Ballestilla Bekas Belchin Besson Bizone Bonert Borda Bowler Brahe Bris Buchino Caraquet Chabrier Channel Chaos Chapman Cheshire Chorobates Cone Cosmolabe Cove Cutler Dlagnya Dovizio Dzhegov Eddystone Elemag Eliza Emm Enchantress Folger Frederick Galiche Glozhene Goritsa Grace Graovo Groma Growler Habermehl Hauken Henfield Hetty Hole Holmes Ibar Indian Keep Kianida Knight Koynare Lenoir Letelier Liberty Lientur Limit Livonia Long Low Lynx Lyutibrod Maglizh Makresh Martello Tower Meldia Mellona Milev Mónica Morris Nancy Napier Nessie Nikudin Odometer Okol Opaka Ørnen Orsini Orsoya Parry Patch Passage Patresh Perivol Pig Pingvin Potmess Asses Ears Priboy Rabisha Ramsden Raquelia Reyes Ritchie Rongel Rosales Rusokastro Sail Rock Salient Sally Sewing-Machine Needles Shearer Simms Simpson Sinbad Skrino Stackpole Stewart Suhache Syrezol Telefon Telish Tenorio The Pointers Tooth Triznatsi Troughton Tu Turmoil Tvarditsa Twin Pinnacles Upton Vardim Vergilov Vidal Vietor Vodoley Voluyak Waldseemüller ‎ ‎ Weeks Straits Boyd English Fildes Glogovo Hell Gates Iglika Izgrev Klimash McFarlane Morton Mugla Neck or Nothing Nelson Orión Osmar Smolensk Villalón Undersea andsubglacial features Bransfield Trough Macheret Trench Orca Seamount Quiroga Ridge South Shetland Trough Vergilov Ridge Wordie Seamount This Snow Island location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantar_fasciitis
Plantar fasciitis
["1 Signs and symptoms","2 Risk factors","3 Pathophysiology","4 Diagnosis","4.1 Imaging","4.2 Differential diagnosis","5 Treatment","5.1 Non-surgical","5.2 Surgery","5.3 Unproven treatments","6 Epidemiology","6.1 Prognosis","7 References","8 Further reading","9 External links"]
Connective tissue disorder of the heel Medical conditionPlantar fasciitisOther namesPlantar fasciosis, plantar fasciopathy, jogger's heel, heel spur syndromeMost common areas of pain in plantar fasciitisSpecialtyOrthopedics, sports medicine, plastic surgery, podiatrySymptomsPain in the heel and bottom of the footUsual onsetGradualCausesUnclearRisk factorsOveruse (long periods of standing), obesity, inward rolling of the footDiagnostic methodBased on symptoms, ultrasoundDifferential diagnosisOsteoarthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, heel pad syndrome, reactive arthritisTreatmentConservative managementFrequency~4% Plantar fasciitis or plantar heel pain is a disorder of the plantar fascia, which is the connective tissue that supports the arch of the foot. It results in pain in the heel and bottom of the foot that is usually most severe with the first steps of the day or following a period of rest. Pain is also frequently brought on by bending the foot and toes up towards the shin. The pain typically comes on gradually, and it affects both feet in about one-third of cases. The cause of plantar fasciitis is not entirely clear. Risk factors include overuse, such as from long periods of standing, an increase in exercise, and obesity. It is also associated with inward rolling of the foot, a tight Achilles tendon, and a sedentary lifestyle. It is unclear if heel spurs have a role in causing plantar fasciitis even though they are commonly present in people who have the condition. Plantar fasciitis is a disorder of the insertion site of the ligament on the bone characterized by micro tears, breakdown of collagen, and scarring. Since inflammation plays either a lesser or no role, a review proposed it be renamed plantar fasciosis. The presentation of the symptoms is generally the basis for diagnosis; with ultrasound sometimes being useful if there is uncertainty. Other conditions with similar symptoms include osteoarthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, heel pad syndrome, and reactive arthritis. Most cases of plantar fasciitis resolve with time and conservative methods of treatment. For the first few weeks, those affected are usually advised to rest, change their activities, take pain medications, and stretch. If this is not sufficient, physiotherapy, orthotics, splinting, or steroid injections may be options. If these measures are not effective, additional measures may include extracorporeal shockwave therapy or surgery. Between 4% and 7% of the general population has heel pain at any given time: about 80% of these are due to plantar fasciitis. Approximately 10% of people have the disorder at some point during their life. It becomes more common with age. It is unclear if one sex is more affected than the other. Signs and symptoms When plantar fasciitis occurs, the pain is typically sharp and usually unilateral (70% of cases). Bearing weight on the heel after long periods of rest worsens heel pain in affected individuals. Individuals with plantar fasciitis often report their symptoms are most intense during their first steps after getting out of bed or after prolonged periods of sitting. Symptoms typically improve with continued walking. Rare, but reported symptoms include numbness, tingling, swelling, or radiating pain. Typically there are no fevers or night sweats. If the plantar fascia is overused in the setting of plantar fasciitis, the plantar fascia can rupture. Typical signs and symptoms of plantar fascia rupture include a clicking or snapping sound, significant local swelling, and acute pain in the bottom of the foot. Risk factors Identified risk factors for plantar fasciitis include excessive running, standing on hard surfaces for prolonged periods, high arches of the feet, the presence of a leg length inequality, and flat feet. The tendency of flat feet to excessively roll inward during walking or running makes them more susceptible to plantar fasciitis. Obesity is seen in 70% of individuals who present with plantar fasciitis and is an independent risk factor. Plantar fasciitis is commonly a result of some biomechanical imbalance that causes an increased amount of tension placed along the plantar fascia. Studies consistently find a strong association between increased body mass index and plantar fasciitis in the non-athletic population. This association between weight and plantar fasciitis is not present in the athletic population. Achilles tendon tightness and inappropriate footwear have also been identified as significant risk factors. Pathophysiology Drawing of the plantar fascia The cause of plantar fasciitis is poorly understood and appears to have several contributing factors. The plantar fascia is a thick fibrous band of connective tissue that originates from the medial tubercle and anterior aspect of the heel bone. From there, the fascia extends along the sole of the foot before inserting at the base of the toes and supports the arch of the foot. Plantar fasciitis is a non-inflammatory condition of the plantar fascia. Within the last decade, studies have observed microscopic anatomical changes indicating that plantar fasciitis is due to a non-inflammatory structural breakdown of the plantar fascia rather than an inflammatory process. Many in the academic community have stated the condition should be renamed plantar fasciosis in light of these newer findings. Repetitive microtrauma (small tears) appears to cause a structural breakdown of the plantar fascia. Microscopic examination of the plantar fascia often shows myxomatous degeneration, connective tissue calcium deposits, and disorganized collagen fibers. Disruptions in the plantar fascia's normal mechanical movement during standing and walking (known as the Windlass mechanism) place excess strain on the calcaneal tuberosity and seem to contribute to the development of plantar fasciitis. Other studies have also suggested that plantar fasciitis is not due to the inflamed plantar fascia but maybe a tendon injury involving the flexor digitorum brevis muscle located immediately deep to the plantar fascia. Diagnosis Achilles tendon tightness is a risk factor for plantar fasciitis. It can lead to decreased dorsiflexion of the foot. Heel bone with heel spur (red arrow) Thickened plantar fascia in ultrasound Plantar fasciitis is usually diagnosed by a health care provider after consideration of a person's presenting history, risk factors, and clinical examination. Palpation along the inner aspect of the heel bone on the sole may elicit tenderness during the physical examination. The foot may have limited dorsiflexion due to excessive tightness of the calf muscles or the Achilles tendon. Dorsiflexion of the foot may elicit the pain due to stretching of the plantar fascia with this motion. Diagnostic imaging studies are not usually needed to diagnose plantar fasciitis. Occasionally, a physician may decide imaging studies (such as X-rays, diagnostic ultrasound, or MRI) are warranted to rule out serious causes of foot pain. Other diagnoses that are typically considered include fractures, tumors, or systemic disease if plantar fasciitis pain fails to respond appropriately to conservative medical treatments. Bilateral heel pain or heel pain in the context of a systemic illness may indicate a need for a more in-depth diagnostic investigation. Under these circumstances, diagnostic tests such as a CBC or serological markers of inflammation, infection, or autoimmune disease such as C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, anti-nuclear antibodies, rheumatoid factor, HLA-B27, uric acid, or Lyme disease antibodies may also be obtained. Neurological deficits may prompt an investigation with electromyography to check for damage to the nerves or muscles. An incidental finding associated with this condition is a heel spur, a small bony calcification on the calcaneus (heel bone), which can be found in up to 50% of those with plantar fasciitis. In such cases, it is the underlying plantar fasciitis that produces the heel pain, and not the spur itself. The condition is responsible for the creation of the spur though the clinical significance of heel spurs in plantar fasciitis remains unclear. Imaging Medical imaging is not routinely needed. It is expensive and does not typically change how plantar fasciitis is managed. When the diagnosis is not clinically apparent, lateral view X-rays of the ankle are the recommended imaging modality to assess for other causes of heel pain, such as stress fractures or bone spur development. The plantar fascia has three fascicles-the central fascicle being the thickest at 4 mm, the lateral fascicle at 2 mm, and the medial less than a millimeter thick. In theory, plantar fasciitis becomes more likely as the plantar fascia's thickness at the calcaneal insertion increases. A thickness of more than 4.5 mm ultrasound and 4 mm on MRI are useful for diagnosis. Other imaging findings, such as thickening of the plantar aponeurosis, are nonspecific and have limited usefulness in diagnosing plantar fasciitis. Three-phase bone scan is a sensitive modality to detect active plantar fasciitis. Furthermore, a 3-phase bone scan can be used to monitor response to therapy, as demonstrated by decreased uptake after corticosteroid injections. Differential diagnosis The differential diagnosis for heel pain is extensive and includes pathological entities including, but not limited to, the following: calcaneal stress fracture, septic arthritis, calcaneal bursitis, osteoarthritis, spinal stenosis involving the nerve roots of lumbar spinal nerve 5 (L5) or sacral spinal nerve 1 (S1), calcaneal fat pad syndrome, metastasized cancers from elsewhere in the body, hypothyroidism, gout, seronegative spondyloparthopathies such as reactive arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, or rheumatoid arthritis (more likely if pain is present in both heels), plantar fascia rupture, and compression neuropathies such as tarsal tunnel syndrome or impingement of the medial calcaneal nerve. A determination about a diagnosis of plantar fasciitis can usually be made based on a person's medical history and physical examination. When a physician suspects a fracture, infection, or some other serious underlying condition, they may order an X-ray to investigate. X-rays are unnecessary to screen for plantar fasciitis for people who stand or walk a lot at work unless imaging is otherwise indicated. Treatment Non-surgical About 90% of plantar fasciitis cases improve within six months with conservative treatment, and within a year regardless of treatment. The recommended first treatment is a 4-6 week course which combines three elements: daily stretching, daily foot taping (using a special tape around the foot for supporting the arch) and individually tailored education on choosing footwear and other ways of managing the condition. Gastrocnemius recession is another non-surgical method that involves stretching of the gastrocnemius muscle along with the tendons in the back of the leg, which allows people to return to work, sports and weight-bearing activities faster, along with improving the ankles range of motion, power and reduction of pain. Reduction in pain and stress on the plantar fascia can be done by strengthening the muscles in the foot that support the arches through barefoot exercising, without footwear, compared to exercising in common footwear. If plantar fasciitis fails to respond to conservative treatment for at least three months, then extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) may be considered. Evidence from meta-analyses suggests significant pain relief lasts up to one year after the procedure. However, debate about the therapy's efficacy has persisted. ESWT is performed with or without anesthesia though studies suggest giving anesthesia diminishes the procedure's effectiveness. Complications from ESWT are rare and typically benign when present. Known complications of ESWT include the development of a mild hematoma or an ecchymosis, redness around the site of the procedure, or migraine. Customised foot orthoses can offer short-term pain relief The third line of treatment, if shockwave therapy is not effective after around 8 weeks, is using customised foot orthoses which can offer short-term relief from pain. Affected people use further different treatments for plantar fasciitis but many have little evidence to support their use and are not adequately studied. Other conservative approaches include rest, massage, heat, ice, and calf-strengthening exercises, weight reduction in the overweight or obese, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as aspirin or ibuprofen. The use of NSAIDs to treat plantar fasciitis is common, but their use fails to resolve the pain in 20% of people. Corticosteroid injections are sometimes used for cases of plantar fasciitis that have proven resistant to more conservative measures. There is tentative evidence that injected corticosteroids are effective for short-term pain relief up to one month, but not after that. Another treatment technique is known as plantar iontophoresis. This technique involves applying anti-inflammatory substances such as dexamethasone or acetic acid topically to the foot and transmitting these substances through the skin with an electric current. Some evidence supports the use of night splints for 1–3 months to relieve plantar fasciitis pain that has persisted for six months. The night splints are designed to position and maintain the ankle in a neutral position, thereby passively stretching the calf and plantar fascia during sleep. Surgery Plantar fasciotomy is a surgical treatment and the last resort for refractory plantar fasciitis pain. If plantar fasciitis does not resolve after six months of conservative treatment, then the procedure is considered as a last resort. Minimally invasive and endoscopic approaches to plantar fasciotomy exist but require a specialist who is familiar with specific equipment. The availability of these surgical techniques is limited as of 2012. A 2012 study found 76% of people who underwent endoscopic plantar fasciotomy had complete relief of their symptoms and had few complications (level IV evidence). Heel spur removal during plantar fasciotomy does not appear to improve the surgical outcome. Plantar heel pain may occur for multiple reasons. In select cases, surgeons may perform a release of the lateral plantar nerve alongside the plantar fasciotomy. Possible complications of plantar fasciotomy include nerve injury, instability of the medial longitudinal arch of the foot, fracture of the calcaneus, prolonged recovery time, infection, rupture of the plantar fascia, and failure to improve the pain. Coblation surgery has recently been proposed as an alternative surgical approach for the treatment of recalcitrant plantar fasciitis. Unproven treatments Botulinum toxin A injections as well as similar techniques such as platelet-rich plasma injections and prolotherapy remain controversial. Dry needling is also being researched for treatment of plantar fasciitis. A systematic review of available research found limited evidence of effectiveness for this technique. The studies were reported to be inadequate in quality and too diverse in methodology for a firm conclusion. With a combination of plantar fasciitis stretching and the use of botulinum toxin showed an increase in improvement and functionability in patients. Epidemiology Plantar fasciitis is the most common type of plantar fascia injury and is the most common reason for heel pain, responsible for 80% of cases. The condition tends to occur more often in women, military recruits, older athletes, dancers, people with obesity, and young male athletes. Plantar fasciitis is estimated to affect 1 in 10 people at some point during their lifetime and most commonly affects people between 40 and 60 years of age. In the United States alone, more than two million people receive treatment for plantar fasciitis. The cost of treating plantar fasciitis in the United States is estimated to be $284 million each year. Prognosis According to studies following patients with plantar fasciitis over several years, 20% to 75% of individuals no longer have any symptoms within a maximum of one year after the onset of symptoms. Having a heel spur (bony protrusion at the heel) in addition to heel pain does not worsen the prognosis of recovery. Individuals with or without a heel spur recover at the same rate. References ^ a b Kim J, Mukovozov I (2017). Toronto Notes 2017: Comprehensive Medical Reference and Review for the Medical Council of Canada Qualifying Exam Part I and the United States Medical Licensing Exam Step 2. Toronto Notes for Medical Students Incorporated. ISBN 978-1-927363-34-8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Beeson P (September 2014). "Plantar fasciopathy: revisiting the risk factors" (PDF). Foot and Ankle Surgery. 20 (3): 160–165. doi:10.1016/j.fas.2014.03.003. PMID 25103701. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Rosenbaum AJ, DiPreta JA, Misener D (March 2014). "Plantar heel pain". The Medical Clinics of North America. 98 (2): 339–352. doi:10.1016/j.mcna.2013.10.009. PMID 24559879. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Goff JD, Crawford R (September 2011). "Diagnosis and treatment of plantar fasciitis". American Family Physician. 84 (6): 676–682. PMID 21916393. ^ a b c d e f g h i Cutts S, Obi N, Pasapula C, Chan W (November 2012). "Plantar fasciitis". Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. 94 (8): 539–542. doi:10.1308/003588412X13171221592456. PMC 3954277. PMID 23131221. ^ a b c d e f g Tu P, Bytomski JR (October 2011). "Diagnosis of heel pain". American Family Physician. 84 (8): 909–916. PMID 22010770. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Tahririan MA, Motififard M, Tahmasebi MN, Siavashi B (August 2012). "Plantar fasciitis". Journal of Research in Medical Sciences. 17 (8): 799–804. PMC 3687890. PMID 23798950. ^ a b c d e f Lareau CR, Sawyer GA, Wang JH, DiGiovanni CW (June 2014). "Plantar and medial heel pain: diagnosis and management". The Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 22 (6): 372–380. doi:10.5435/JAAOS-22-06-372. PMID 24860133. S2CID 43241954. ^ a b c Zhiyun L, Tao J, Zengwu S (July 2013). "Meta-analysis of high-energy extracorporeal shock wave therapy in recalcitrant plantar fasciitis". Swiss Medical Weekly. 143: w13825. doi:10.4414/smw.2013.13825. PMID 23832373. ^ a b c d Jeswani T, Morlese J, McNally EG (September 2009). "Getting to the heel of the problem: plantar fascia lesions". Clinical Radiology. 64 (9): 931–939. doi:10.1016/j.crad.2009.02.020. PMID 19664484. ^ a b c d e f g h i Molloy LA (November 2012). "Managing chronic plantar fasciitis: when conservative strategies fail". JAAPA. 25 (11): 48, 50, 52–48, 50, 53. doi:10.1097/01720610-201211000-00009. PMID 23620924. S2CID 36296481. ^ a b c d e f Monto RR (December 2013). "Platelet-rich plasma and plantar fasciitis". Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review. 21 (4): 220–224. doi:10.1097/JSA.0b013e318297fa8d. PMID 24212370. S2CID 5968932. ^ a b c d e f g Orchard J (October 2012). "Plantar fasciitis". BMJ. 345 (oct10 1): e6603. doi:10.1136/bmj.e6603. PMID 23054045. S2CID 27948691. ^ Barrett SJ, O'Malley R (April 1999). "Plantar fasciitis and other causes of heel pain". American Family Physician. 59 (8): 2200–2206. PMID 10221305. ^ a b c d e Yin MC, Ye J, Yao M, Cui XJ, Xia Y, Shen QX, et al. (August 2014). "Is extracorporeal shock wave therapy clinical efficacy for relief of chronic, recalcitrant plantar fasciitis? A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized placebo or active-treatment controlled trials". Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 95 (8): 1585–1593. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2014.01.033. PMID 24662810. ^ Dubner S. "These Shoes Are Killing Me!". Freakonomics. Retrieved 12 June 2020. ^ Buchbinder R (May 2004). "Clinical practice. Plantar fasciitis". The New England Journal of Medicine. 350 (21): 2159–2166. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp032745. PMID 15152061. ^ Cole C, Seto C, Gazewood J (December 2005). "Plantar fasciitis: evidence-based review of diagnosis and therapy". American Family Physician. 72 (11): 2237–2242. PMID 16342847. ^ Ehrmann C, Maier M, Mengiardi B, Pfirrmann CW, Sutter R (September 2014). "Calcaneal attachment of the plantar fascia: MR findings in asymptomatic volunteers". Radiology. 272 (3): 807–814. doi:10.1148/radiol.14131410. PMID 24814176. ^ League AC (March 2008). "Current concepts review: plantar fasciitis". Foot & Ankle International. 29 (3): 358–366. doi:10.3113/fai.2008.0358. PMID 18348838. S2CID 6734497. ^ Pelletier-Galarneau M, Martineau P, Gaudreault M, Pham X (2015). "Review of running injuries of the foot and ankle: clinical presentation and SPECT-CT imaging patterns". American Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging. 5 (4): 305–316. PMC 4529586. PMID 26269770. ^ a b c American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine (February 2014), "Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question", Choosing Wisely: an initiative of the ABIM Foundation, American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, archived from the original on 11 September 2014, retrieved 24 February 2014, which cites Haas N, Beecher P, Easly M, et al. (2011). "Ankle and foot disorders". In Hegmann KT (ed.). Occupational medicine practice guidelines : evaluation and management of common health problems and functional recovery in workers (3rd ed.). Elk Grove Village, IL: American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. p. 1182. ISBN 978-0615452272. ^ a b c "A best practice guide for managing plantar heel pain". NIHR Evidence (Plain English summary). National Institute for Health and Care Research. 2022-07-21. doi:10.3310/nihrevidence_52045. S2CID 251780089. ^ a b c Morrissey D, Cotchett M, Said J'Bari A, Prior T, Griffiths IB, Rathleff MS, et al. (October 2021). "Management of plantar heel pain: a best practice guide informed by a systematic review, expert clinical reasoning and patient values". British Journal of Sports Medicine. 55 (19): 1106–1118. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2019-101970. PMC 8458083. PMID 33785535. ^ Arshad Z, Aslam A, Razzaq MA, Bhatia M (April 2022). "Gastrocnemius Release in the Management of Chronic Plantar Fasciitis: A Systematic Review". Foot & Ankle International. 43 (4): 568–575. doi:10.1177/10711007211052290. PMC 8996295. PMID 34766860. ^ Kamalakannan M, Dass D (2019). "Efficacy of Bare foot Exercise Versus Common Footwear Exercise in Subjects with Plantar Fasciitis". Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 12 (3): 1039. doi:10.5958/0974-360X.2019.00171.9. ISSN 0974-3618. S2CID 181730696. ^ Aqil A, Siddiqui MR, Solan M, Redfern DJ, Gulati V, Cobb JP (November 2013). "Extracorporeal shock wave therapy is effective in treating chronic plantar fasciitis: a meta-analysis of RCTs". Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 471 (11): 3645–3652. doi:10.1007/s11999-013-3132-2. PMC 3792262. PMID 23813184. ^ a b c Wang CJ (March 2012). "Extracorporeal shockwave therapy in musculoskeletal disorders". Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research. 7 (1): 11. doi:10.1186/1749-799X-7-11. PMC 3342893. PMID 22433113. ^ "Plantar Fasciitis and Bone Spurs". American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 2010. Archived from the original on 16 June 2014. Retrieved 24 June 2014. ^ David JA, Sankarapandian V, Christopher PR, Chatterjee A, Macaden AS (June 2017). "Injected corticosteroids for treating plantar heel pain in adults". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2017 (6): CD009348. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009348.pub2. PMC 6481652. PMID 28602048. ^ a b c Thomas JL, Christensen JC, Kravitz SR, Mendicino RW, Schuberth JM, Vanore JV, et al. (May–June 2010). "The diagnosis and treatment of heel pain: a clinical practice guideline-revision 2010". The Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery. 49 (3 Suppl): S1-19. doi:10.1053/j.jfas.2010.01.001. PMID 20439021. S2CID 3199352. ^ Tweed JL, Barnes MR, Allen MJ, Campbell JA (September–October 2009). "Biomechanical consequences of total plantar fasciotomy: a review of the literature". Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association. 99 (5): 422–430. doi:10.7547/0990422. PMID 19767549. ^ Monto RR (April 2014). "Platelet-rich plasma efficacy versus corticosteroid injection treatment for chronic severe plantar fasciitis". Foot & Ankle International. 35 (4): 313–318. doi:10.1177/1071100713519778. PMID 24419823. S2CID 206652513. ^ Cotchett MP, Landorf KB, Munteanu SE, Raspovic A (January 2011). "Effectiveness of trigger point dry needling for plantar heel pain: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial". Journal of Foot and Ankle Research. 4 (1): 5. doi:10.1186/1757-1146-4-5. PMC 3035595. PMID 21255460. ^ a b Cotchett MP, Landorf KB, Munteanu SE (September 2010). "Effectiveness of dry needling and injections of myofascial trigger points associated with plantar heel pain: a systematic review". Journal of Foot and Ankle Research. 3 (1): 18. doi:10.1186/1757-1146-3-18. PMC 2942821. PMID 20807448. ^ Elizondo-Rodriguez, Jorge; Araujo-Lopez, Yariel; Moreno-Gonzalez, J. Alberto; Cardenas-Estrada, Eloy; Mendoza-Lemus, Oscar; Acosta-Olivo, Carlos (January 2013). "A Comparison of Botulinum Toxin A and Intralesional Steroids for the Treatment of Plantar Fasciitis: A Randomized, Double-Blinded Study". Foot & Ankle International. 34 (1): 8–14. doi:10.1177/1071100712460215. ISSN 1071-1007. ^ a b Hansen L, Krogh TP, Ellingsen T, Bolvig L, Fredberg U (March 2018). "Long-Term Prognosis of Plantar Fasciitis: A 5- to 15-Year Follow-up Study of 174 Patients With Ultrasound Examination". Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine. 6 (3): 2325967118757983. doi:10.1177/2325967118757983. PMC 5844527. PMID 29536022. ^ Buchanan BK, Kushner D (2023). Plantar Fasciitis. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. PMID 28613727. Retrieved 2023-07-15. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) Further reading Lee SY, McKeon P, Hertel J (February 2009). "Does the use of orthoses improve self-reported pain and function measures in patients with plantar fasciitis? A meta-analysis". Physical Therapy in Sport. 10 (1): 12–18. doi:10.1016/j.ptsp.2008.09.002. PMID 19218074. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Plantar fasciitis. "Plantar fasciitis and bone spurs". American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons. ClassificationDICD-10: M72.2ICD-9-CM: 728.71MeSH: D036981DiseasesDB: 10114External resourcesMedlinePlus: 007021eMedicine: pmr/107 orthoped/142Patient UK: Plantar fasciitis vteSoft tissue disordersCapsularjointSynoviopathy Synovitis/Tenosynovitis Calcific tendinitis Stenosing tenosynovitis (Trigger finger) De Quervain syndrome Transient synovitis Ganglion cyst osteochondromatosis Synovial osteochondromatosis Plica syndrome villonodular synovitis Tenosynovial giant cell tumor Bursopathy Bursitis Olecranon Prepatellar Trochanteric Subacromial Achilles Retrocalcaneal Ischial Iliopsoas Synovial cyst Baker's cyst Calcific bursitis NoncapsularjointSymptoms Ligamentous laxity Hypermobility Enthesopathy/Enthesitis/Tendinopathyupper limb Adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder Shoulder impingement syndrome Shoulder injury related to vaccine administration Rotator cuff tear Golfer's elbow Tennis elbow lower limb Iliotibial band syndrome Patellar tendinitis Achilles tendinitis Calcaneal spur Metatarsalgia Bone spur other/general: Tendinitis/Tendinosis NonjointFasciopathy Fasciitis: Plantar Nodular Necrotizing Eosinophilic Fibromatosis/contracture Dupuytren's contracture Plantar fibromatosis Aggressive fibromatosis Knuckle pads
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"plantar fascia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantar_fascia"},{"link_name":"connective tissue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connective_tissue"},{"link_name":"arch of the foot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arches_of_the_foot"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bee_2014-2"},{"link_name":"heel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heel"},{"link_name":"bottom of the foot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sole_(foot)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bee_2014-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goff_2011-4"},{"link_name":"bending the foot and toes up towards the shin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsiflexion"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rosenbaum_2014-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goff_2011-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bee_2014-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rosenbaum_2014-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bee_2014-2"},{"link_name":"obesity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obesity"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bee_2014-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goff_2011-4"},{"link_name":"inward rolling of the foot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronation_of_the_foot"},{"link_name":"Achilles tendon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilles_tendon"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bee_2014-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goff_2011-4"},{"link_name":"heel spurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcaneal_spur"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bee_2014-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bee_2014-2"},{"link_name":"inflammation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflammation"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bee_2014-2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lareau_2014-8"},{"link_name":"ultrasound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrasound"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bee_2014-2"},{"link_name":"osteoarthritis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteoarthritis"},{"link_name":"ankylosing spondylitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankylosing_spondylitis"},{"link_name":"heel pad syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heel_pad_syndrome"},{"link_name":"reactive arthritis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactive_arthritis"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cutts_2012-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tu_2011-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goff_2011-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tahririan_2012-7"},{"link_name":"pain medications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analgesics"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goff_2011-4"},{"link_name":"physiotherapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiotherapy"},{"link_name":"orthotics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthotics"},{"link_name":"splinting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splint_(medicine)"},{"link_name":"steroid injections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corticosteroid"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goff_2011-4"},{"link_name":"extracorporeal shockwave therapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extracorporeal_shockwave_therapy"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goff_2011-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bee_2014-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cutts_2012-5"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zhiyun_2013-9"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bee_2014-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bee_2014-2"}],"text":"Connective tissue disorder of the heelMedical conditionPlantar fasciitis or plantar heel pain is a disorder of the plantar fascia, which is the connective tissue that supports the arch of the foot.[2] It results in pain in the heel and bottom of the foot that is usually most severe with the first steps of the day or following a period of rest.[2][4] Pain is also frequently brought on by bending the foot and toes up towards the shin.[3][4] The pain typically comes on gradually, and it affects both feet in about one-third of cases.[2][3]The cause of plantar fasciitis is not entirely clear.[2] Risk factors include overuse, such as from long periods of standing, an increase in exercise, and obesity.[2][4] It is also associated with inward rolling of the foot, a tight Achilles tendon, and a sedentary lifestyle.[2][4] It is unclear if heel spurs have a role in causing plantar fasciitis even though they are commonly present in people who have the condition.[2] Plantar fasciitis is a disorder of the insertion site of the ligament on the bone characterized by micro tears, breakdown of collagen, and scarring.[2] Since inflammation plays either a lesser or no role, a review proposed it be renamed plantar fasciosis.[2][8] The presentation of the symptoms is generally the basis for diagnosis; with ultrasound sometimes being useful if there is uncertainty.[2] Other conditions with similar symptoms include osteoarthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, heel pad syndrome, and reactive arthritis.[5][6]Most cases of plantar fasciitis resolve with time and conservative methods of treatment.[4][7] For the first few weeks, those affected are usually advised to rest, change their activities, take pain medications, and stretch.[4] If this is not sufficient, physiotherapy, orthotics, splinting, or steroid injections may be options.[4] If these measures are not effective, additional measures may include extracorporeal shockwave therapy or surgery.[4]Between 4% and 7% of the general population has heel pain at any given time: about 80% of these are due to plantar fasciitis.[2][5] Approximately 10% of people have the disorder at some point during their life.[9] It becomes more common with age.[2] It is unclear if one sex is more affected than the other.[2]","title":"Plantar fasciitis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jeswani_2009-10"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tahririan_2012-7"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Molloy_2012-11"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goff_2011-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goff_2011-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tu_2011-6"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jeswani_2009-10"},{"link_name":"numbness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoesthesia"},{"link_name":"tingling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paresthesia"},{"link_name":"swelling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edema"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Monto_2013-12"},{"link_name":"fevers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fever"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rosenbaum_2014-3"},{"link_name":"plantar fascia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantar_fascia"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jeswani_2009-10"}],"text":"When plantar fasciitis occurs, the pain is typically sharp[10] and usually unilateral (70% of cases).[7] Bearing weight on the heel after long periods of rest worsens heel pain in affected individuals.[11] Individuals with plantar fasciitis often report their symptoms are most intense during their first steps after getting out of bed or after prolonged periods of sitting.[4] Symptoms typically improve with continued walking.[4][6][10] Rare, but reported symptoms include numbness, tingling, swelling, or radiating pain.[12] Typically there are no fevers or night sweats.[3]If the plantar fascia is overused in the setting of plantar fasciitis, the plantar fascia can rupture. Typical signs and symptoms of plantar fascia rupture include a clicking or snapping sound, significant local swelling, and acute pain in the bottom of the foot.[10]","title":"Signs and symptoms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"high arches of the feet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pes_cavus"},{"link_name":"leg length inequality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leg_length_inequality"},{"link_name":"flat feet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pes_planus"},{"link_name":"roll inward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronation_of_the_foot"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goff_2011-4"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Molloy_2012-11"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Orchard_2012-13"},{"link_name":"Obesity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obesity"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rosenbaum_2014-3"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"body mass index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_mass_index"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tahririan_2012-7"},{"link_name":"Achilles tendon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilles_tendon"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yin_2014-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Freakonomics-16"}],"text":"Identified risk factors for plantar fasciitis include excessive running, standing on hard surfaces for prolonged periods, high arches of the feet, the presence of a leg length inequality, and flat feet. The tendency of flat feet to excessively roll inward during walking or running makes them more susceptible to plantar fasciitis.[4][11][13] Obesity is seen in 70% of individuals who present with plantar fasciitis and is an independent risk factor.[3]Plantar fasciitis is commonly a result of some biomechanical imbalance that causes an increased amount of tension placed along the plantar fascia.[14]Studies consistently find a strong association between increased body mass index and plantar fasciitis in the non-athletic population. This association between weight and plantar fasciitis is not present in the athletic population.[7] Achilles tendon tightness and inappropriate footwear have also been identified as significant risk factors.[15][16]","title":"Risk factors"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PF-PlantarDesignCrop.jpg"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yin_2014-15"},{"link_name":"thick fibrous band of connective tissue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aponeurosis"},{"link_name":"medial tubercle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubercle_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"heel bone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcaneus"},{"link_name":"sole of the foot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sole_(foot)"},{"link_name":"toes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toe"},{"link_name":"arch of the foot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arches_of_the_foot"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rosenbaum_2014-3"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Molloy_2012-11"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Orchard_2012-13"},{"link_name":"microscopic anatomical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histology"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tahririan_2012-7"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yin_2014-15"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tu_2011-6"},{"link_name":"microtrauma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microtrauma"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Monto_2013-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Orchard_2012-13"},{"link_name":"myxomatous degeneration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myxomatous_degeneration"},{"link_name":"calcium deposits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcification"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lareau_2014-8"},{"link_name":"calcaneal tuberosity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcaneal_tuberosity"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yin_2014-15"},{"link_name":"tendon injury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tendinopathy"},{"link_name":"flexor digitorum brevis muscle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexor_digitorum_brevis_muscle"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Orchard_2012-13"}],"text":"Drawing of the plantar fasciaThe cause of plantar fasciitis is poorly understood and appears to have several contributing factors.[15] The plantar fascia is a thick fibrous band of connective tissue that originates from the medial tubercle and anterior aspect of the heel bone. From there, the fascia extends along the sole of the foot before inserting at the base of the toes and supports the arch of the foot.[3][11][13]Plantar fasciitis is a non-inflammatory condition of the plantar fascia. Within the last decade, studies have observed microscopic anatomical changes indicating that plantar fasciitis is due to a non-inflammatory structural breakdown of the plantar fascia rather than an inflammatory process.[7][15]Many in the academic community have stated the condition should be renamed plantar fasciosis in light of these newer findings.[6] Repetitive microtrauma (small tears) appears to cause a structural breakdown of the plantar fascia.[12][13] Microscopic examination of the plantar fascia often shows myxomatous degeneration, connective tissue calcium deposits, and disorganized collagen fibers.[8]Disruptions in the plantar fascia's normal mechanical movement during standing and walking (known as the Windlass mechanism) place excess strain on the calcaneal tuberosity and seem to contribute to the development of plantar fasciitis.[15] Other studies have also suggested that plantar fasciitis is not due to the inflamed plantar fascia but maybe a tendon injury involving the flexor digitorum brevis muscle located immediately deep to the plantar fascia.[13]","title":"Pathophysiology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dorsiplantar.jpg"},{"link_name":"Achilles tendon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilles_tendon"},{"link_name":"dorsiflexion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsiflexion"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Projectional_radiography_of_calcaneal_spur.jpg"},{"link_name":"Heel bone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcaneus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plantarfascia.png"},{"link_name":"health care provider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_care_provider"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goff_2011-4"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Buchbinder_2014-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goff_2011-4"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Molloy_2012-11"},{"link_name":"dorsiflexion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsiflexion"},{"link_name":"calf muscles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triceps_surae_muscle"},{"link_name":"Achilles tendon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilles_tendon"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tahririan_2012-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goff_2011-4"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Monto_2013-12"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tahririan_2012-7"},{"link_name":"X-rays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiography"},{"link_name":"diagnostic ultrasound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_ultrasonography"},{"link_name":"MRI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goff_2011-4"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Molloy_2012-11"},{"link_name":"CBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complete_blood_count"},{"link_name":"autoimmune disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoimmune_disease"},{"link_name":"C-reactive protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-reactive_protein"},{"link_name":"erythrocyte sedimentation rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythrocyte_sedimentation_rate"},{"link_name":"anti-nuclear antibodies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-nuclear_antibody"},{"link_name":"rheumatoid factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheumatoid_factor"},{"link_name":"HLA-B27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HLA-B27"},{"link_name":"uric acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uric_acid"},{"link_name":"Lyme disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyme_disease"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cutts_2012-5"},{"link_name":"electromyography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromyography"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Monto_2013-12"},{"link_name":"heel spur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heel_spur"},{"link_name":"calcification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcification"},{"link_name":"calcaneus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcaneus"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tu_2011-6"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Orchard_2012-13"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Monto_2013-12"}],"text":"Achilles tendon tightness is a risk factor for plantar fasciitis. It can lead to decreased dorsiflexion of the foot.Heel bone with heel spur (red arrow)Thickened plantar fascia in ultrasoundPlantar fasciitis is usually diagnosed by a health care provider after consideration of a person's presenting history, risk factors, and clinical examination.[4][17][18] Palpation along the inner aspect of the heel bone on the sole may elicit tenderness during the physical examination.[4][11] The foot may have limited dorsiflexion due to excessive tightness of the calf muscles or the Achilles tendon.[7] Dorsiflexion of the foot may elicit the pain due to stretching of the plantar fascia with this motion.[4][12] Diagnostic imaging studies are not usually needed to diagnose plantar fasciitis.[7] Occasionally, a physician may decide imaging studies (such as X-rays, diagnostic ultrasound, or MRI) are warranted to rule out serious causes of foot pain.Other diagnoses that are typically considered include fractures, tumors, or systemic disease if plantar fasciitis pain fails to respond appropriately to conservative medical treatments.[4][11] Bilateral heel pain or heel pain in the context of a systemic illness may indicate a need for a more in-depth diagnostic investigation. Under these circumstances, diagnostic tests such as a CBC or serological markers of inflammation, infection, or autoimmune disease such as C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, anti-nuclear antibodies, rheumatoid factor, HLA-B27, uric acid, or Lyme disease antibodies may also be obtained.[5] Neurological deficits may prompt an investigation with electromyography to check for damage to the nerves or muscles.[12]An incidental finding associated with this condition is a heel spur, a small bony calcification on the calcaneus (heel bone), which can be found in up to 50% of those with plantar fasciitis.[6] In such cases, it is the underlying plantar fasciitis that produces the heel pain, and not the spur itself.[13] The condition is responsible for the creation of the spur though the clinical significance of heel spurs in plantar fasciitis remains unclear.[12]","title":"Diagnosis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yin_2014-15"},{"link_name":"stress fractures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_fracture"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tahririan_2012-7"},{"link_name":"lateral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"medial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medial_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"ultrasound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrasound"},{"link_name":"MRI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Orchard_2012-13"},{"link_name":"Three-phase bone scan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_scan"},{"link_name":"3-phase bone scan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_scan"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Imaging","text":"Medical imaging is not routinely needed. It is expensive and does not typically change how plantar fasciitis is managed.[15] When the diagnosis is not clinically apparent, lateral view X-rays of the ankle are the recommended imaging modality to assess for other causes of heel pain, such as stress fractures or bone spur development.[7]The plantar fascia has three fascicles-the central fascicle being the thickest at 4 mm, the lateral fascicle at 2 mm, and the medial less than a millimeter thick.[19] In theory, plantar fasciitis becomes more likely as the plantar fascia's thickness at the calcaneal insertion increases. A thickness of more than 4.5 mm ultrasound and 4 mm on MRI are useful for diagnosis.[20] Other imaging findings, such as thickening of the plantar aponeurosis, are nonspecific and have limited usefulness in diagnosing plantar fasciitis.[13]Three-phase bone scan is a sensitive modality to detect active plantar fasciitis. Furthermore, a 3-phase bone scan can be used to monitor response to therapy, as demonstrated by decreased uptake after corticosteroid injections.[21]","title":"Diagnosis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"calcaneal stress fracture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcaneal_fracture"},{"link_name":"septic arthritis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septic_arthritis"},{"link_name":"calcaneal bursitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policeman%27s_heel"},{"link_name":"osteoarthritis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteoarthritis"},{"link_name":"spinal stenosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_stenosis"},{"link_name":"lumbar spinal nerve 5 (L5)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumbar_spinal_nerve_5"},{"link_name":"sacral spinal nerve 1 (S1)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacral_spinal_nerve_1"},{"link_name":"hypothyroidism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothyroidism"},{"link_name":"gout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gout"},{"link_name":"seronegative spondyloparthopathies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seronegative_spondyloarthropathy"},{"link_name":"reactive arthritis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactive_arthritis"},{"link_name":"ankylosing spondylitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankylosing_spondylitis"},{"link_name":"rheumatoid arthritis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheumatoid_arthritis"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cutts_2012-5"},{"link_name":"compression neuropathies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compression_neuropathy"},{"link_name":"tarsal tunnel syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarsal_tunnel_syndrome"},{"link_name":"medial calcaneal nerve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medial_calcaneal_branches_of_the_tibial_nerve"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rosenbaum_2014-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cutts_2012-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tahririan_2012-7"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ACOEMfive-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ACOEMfive-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ACOEMfive-22"}],"sub_title":"Differential diagnosis","text":"The differential diagnosis for heel pain is extensive and includes pathological entities including, but not limited to, the following: calcaneal stress fracture, septic arthritis, calcaneal bursitis, osteoarthritis, spinal stenosis involving the nerve roots of lumbar spinal nerve 5 (L5) or sacral spinal nerve 1 (S1), calcaneal fat pad syndrome, metastasized cancers from elsewhere in the body, hypothyroidism, gout, seronegative spondyloparthopathies such as reactive arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, or rheumatoid arthritis (more likely if pain is present in both heels),[5] plantar fascia rupture, and compression neuropathies such as tarsal tunnel syndrome or impingement of the medial calcaneal nerve.[3][5][7]A determination about a diagnosis of plantar fasciitis can usually be made based on a person's medical history and physical examination.[22] When a physician suspects a fracture, infection, or some other serious underlying condition, they may order an X-ray to investigate.[22] X-rays are unnecessary to screen for plantar fasciitis for people who stand or walk a lot at work unless imaging is otherwise indicated.[22]","title":"Diagnosis"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Treatment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zhiyun_2013-9"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goff_2011-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tahririan_2012-7"},{"link_name":"stretching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stretching"},{"link_name":"arch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arches_of_the_foot"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NIHR_2021-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Morrissey_2021-24"},{"link_name":"gastrocnemius muscle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrocnemius_muscle"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"extracorporeal shockwave therapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extracorporeal_shockwave_therapy"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NIHR_2021-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Morrissey_2021-24"},{"link_name":"meta-analyses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta_analysis"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zhiyun_2013-9"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aqil_2013-27"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lareau_2014-8"},{"link_name":"anesthesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anesthesia"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wang_2012-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wang_2012-28"},{"link_name":"hematoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hematoma"},{"link_name":"ecchymosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecchymosis"},{"link_name":"redness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythema"},{"link_name":"migraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migraine"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wang_2012-28"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Orthese_am_Strand.jpg"},{"link_name":"orthoses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthotics"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NIHR_2021-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Morrissey_2021-24"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goff_2011-4"},{"link_name":"massage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massage"},{"link_name":"calf-strengthening exercises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calf_raises"},{"link_name":"nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonsteroidal_anti-inflammatory_drugs"},{"link_name":"aspirin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirin"},{"link_name":"ibuprofen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibuprofen"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tu_2011-6"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Molloy_2012-11"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Molloy_2012-11"},{"link_name":"Corticosteroid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corticosteroid"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"iontophoresis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iontophoresis"},{"link_name":"dexamethasone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dexamethasone"},{"link_name":"acetic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetic_acid"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Molloy_2012-11"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tahririan_2012-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tahririan_2012-7"}],"sub_title":"Non-surgical","text":"About 90% of plantar fasciitis cases improve within six months with conservative treatment,[9] and within a year regardless of treatment.[4][7]The recommended first treatment is a 4-6 week course which combines three elements: daily stretching, daily foot taping (using a special tape around the foot for supporting the arch) and individually tailored education on choosing footwear and other ways of managing the condition.[23][24] Gastrocnemius recession is another non-surgical method that involves stretching of the gastrocnemius muscle along with the tendons in the back of the leg, which allows people to return to work, sports and weight-bearing activities faster, along with improving the ankles range of motion, power and reduction of pain.[25]Reduction in pain and stress on the plantar fascia can be done by strengthening the muscles in the foot that support the arches through barefoot exercising, without footwear, compared to exercising in common footwear.[26]If plantar fasciitis fails to respond to conservative treatment for at least three months, then extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) may be considered.[23][24] Evidence from meta-analyses suggests significant pain relief lasts up to one year after the procedure.[9][27] However, debate about the therapy's efficacy has persisted.[8] ESWT is performed with or without anesthesia though studies suggest giving anesthesia diminishes the procedure's effectiveness.[28] Complications from ESWT are rare and typically benign when present.[28] Known complications of ESWT include the development of a mild hematoma or an ecchymosis, redness around the site of the procedure, or migraine.[28]Customised foot orthoses can offer short-term pain reliefThe third line of treatment, if shockwave therapy is not effective after around 8 weeks, is using customised foot orthoses which can offer short-term relief from pain.[23][24]Affected people use further different treatments for plantar fasciitis but many have little evidence to support their use and are not adequately studied.[4]Other conservative approaches include rest, massage, heat, ice, and calf-strengthening exercises, weight reduction in the overweight or obese, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as aspirin or ibuprofen.[6][11][29] The use of NSAIDs to treat plantar fasciitis is common, but their use fails to resolve the pain in 20% of people.[11]Corticosteroid injections are sometimes used for cases of plantar fasciitis that have proven resistant to more conservative measures. There is tentative evidence that injected corticosteroids are effective for short-term pain relief up to one month, but not after that.[30]Another treatment technique is known as plantar iontophoresis. This technique involves applying anti-inflammatory substances such as dexamethasone or acetic acid topically to the foot and transmitting these substances through the skin with an electric current.[11] Some evidence supports the use of night splints for 1–3 months to relieve plantar fasciitis pain that has persisted for six months.[7] The night splints are designed to position and maintain the ankle in a neutral position, thereby passively stretching the calf and plantar fascia during sleep.[7]","title":"Treatment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fasciotomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasciotomy"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goff_2011-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tu_2011-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cutts_2012-5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lareau_2014-8"},{"link_name":"Heel spur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heel_spur"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thomas_2010-31"},{"link_name":"lateral plantar nerve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_plantar_nerve"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cutts_2012-5"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thomas_2010-31"},{"link_name":"medial longitudinal arch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medial_longitudinal_arch"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tweed_2009-32"},{"link_name":"calcaneus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcaneus"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goff_2011-4"},{"link_name":"Coblation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiofrequency_ablation"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thomas_2010-31"}],"sub_title":"Surgery","text":"Plantar fasciotomy is a surgical treatment and the last resort for refractory plantar fasciitis pain. If plantar fasciitis does not resolve after six months of conservative treatment, then the procedure is considered as a last resort.[4][6] Minimally invasive and endoscopic approaches to plantar fasciotomy exist but require a specialist who is familiar with specific equipment. The availability of these surgical techniques is limited as of 2012.[5] A 2012 study found 76% of people who underwent endoscopic plantar fasciotomy had complete relief of their symptoms and had few complications (level IV evidence).[8] Heel spur removal during plantar fasciotomy does not appear to improve the surgical outcome.[31]Plantar heel pain may occur for multiple reasons. In select cases, surgeons may perform a release of the lateral plantar nerve alongside the plantar fasciotomy.[5][31] Possible complications of plantar fasciotomy include nerve injury, instability of the medial longitudinal arch of the foot,[32] fracture of the calcaneus, prolonged recovery time, infection, rupture of the plantar fascia, and failure to improve the pain.[4] Coblation surgery has recently been proposed as an alternative surgical approach for the treatment of recalcitrant plantar fasciitis.[31]","title":"Treatment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Botulinum toxin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botulinum_toxin"},{"link_name":"platelet-rich plasma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platelet-rich_plasma"},{"link_name":"prolotherapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolotherapy"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tahririan_2012-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lareau_2014-8"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Molloy_2012-11"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Monto-33"},{"link_name":"Dry needling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_needling"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"systematic review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systematic_review"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cotchett-35"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cotchett-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"sub_title":"Unproven treatments","text":"Botulinum toxin A injections as well as similar techniques such as platelet-rich plasma injections and prolotherapy remain controversial.[7][8][11][33]Dry needling is also being researched for treatment of plantar fasciitis.[34] A systematic review of available research found limited evidence of effectiveness for this technique.[35] The studies were reported to be inadequate in quality and too diverse in methodology for a firm conclusion.[35]With a combination of plantar fasciitis stretching and the use of botulinum toxin showed an increase in improvement and functionability in patients.[36]","title":"Treatment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jeswani_2009-10"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Toronto_2017-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tahririan_2012-7"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Monto_2013-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Orchard_2012-13"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rosenbaum_2014-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lareau_2014-8"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rosenbaum_2014-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rosenbaum_2014-3"}],"text":"Plantar fasciitis is the most common type of plantar fascia injury[10] and is the most common reason for heel pain, responsible for 80% of cases. The condition tends to occur more often in women, military recruits, older athletes, dancers,[1] people with obesity, and young male athletes.[7][12][13]Plantar fasciitis is estimated to affect 1 in 10 people at some point during their lifetime and most commonly affects people between 40 and 60 years of age.[3][8] In the United States alone, more than two million people receive treatment for plantar fasciitis.[3] The cost of treating plantar fasciitis in the United States is estimated to be $284 million each year.[3]","title":"Epidemiology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hansen_2018-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"heel spur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heel_Spur"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hansen_2018-37"}],"sub_title":"Prognosis","text":"According to studies following patients with plantar fasciitis over several years, 20% to 75% of individuals no longer have any symptoms within a maximum of one year after the onset of symptoms.[37][38]Having a heel spur (bony protrusion at the heel) in addition to heel pain does not worsen the prognosis of recovery. Individuals with or without a heel spur recover at the same rate.[37]","title":"Epidemiology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/j.ptsp.2008.09.002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ptsp.2008.09.002"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"19218074","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19218074"}],"text":"Lee SY, McKeon P, Hertel J (February 2009). \"Does the use of orthoses improve self-reported pain and function measures in patients with plantar fasciitis? A meta-analysis\". Physical Therapy in Sport. 10 (1): 12–18. doi:10.1016/j.ptsp.2008.09.002. PMID 19218074.","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Drawing of the plantar fascia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/PF-PlantarDesignCrop.jpg/220px-PF-PlantarDesignCrop.jpg"},{"image_text":"Achilles tendon tightness is a risk factor for plantar fasciitis. It can lead to decreased dorsiflexion of the foot.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Dorsiplantar.jpg/170px-Dorsiplantar.jpg"},{"image_text":"Heel bone with heel spur (red arrow)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Projectional_radiography_of_calcaneal_spur.jpg/220px-Projectional_radiography_of_calcaneal_spur.jpg"},{"image_text":"Thickened plantar fascia in ultrasound","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Plantarfascia.png/220px-Plantarfascia.png"},{"image_text":"Customised foot orthoses can offer short-term pain relief","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Orthese_am_Strand.jpg/180px-Orthese_am_Strand.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Kim J, Mukovozov I (2017). Toronto Notes 2017: Comprehensive Medical Reference and Review for the Medical Council of Canada Qualifying Exam Part I and the United States Medical Licensing Exam Step 2. Toronto Notes for Medical Students Incorporated. ISBN 978-1-927363-34-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-927363-34-8","url_text":"978-1-927363-34-8"}]},{"reference":"Beeson P (September 2014). \"Plantar fasciopathy: revisiting the risk factors\" (PDF). Foot and Ankle Surgery. 20 (3): 160–165. doi:10.1016/j.fas.2014.03.003. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warn_That_Man
Warn That Man
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Critical reception","4 References","5 External links"]
1943 British film by Lawrence Huntington Warn That ManDirected byLawrence HuntingtonWritten byLawrence Huntington Vernon SylvaineBased onWarn That Man! by Vernon SylvaineProduced byWarwick WardStarringGordon Harker Raymond Lovell Jean Kent Finlay CurrieCinematographyGünther KrampfEdited byFlora NewtonMusic byCharles WilliamsProductioncompanyAssociated British Picture CorporationDistributed byPathé PicturesRelease date 13 July 1943 (1943-07-13) Running time82 minutesCountryUnited KingdomLanguageEnglish Warn That Man is a 1943 British comedy thriller film directed by Lawrence Huntington and starring Gordon Harker, Raymond Lovell and Finlay Currie. It was based on the 1941 play Warn That Man! by Vernon Sylvaine which had run for ten months on the West End stage, with Harker reprising his original role. The film was made at Welwyn Studios, with sets designed by the art director Charles Gilbert. The plot is similar to the later film The Eagle Has Landed (1976) which also concerns a plot to kidnap Winston Churchill from rural England. Plot At a country house during the Second World War, a German actor, who looks uncannily like a British peer, takes his place as part of a German attempt to kidnap the Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, when he visits the estate. Unfortunately for their plans, the niece of the peer arrives unannounced, along with her RAF pilot fiancé, and two of his new friends, who had rescued him at sea when he was shot down. Cast Gordon Harker as George Hawkins Raymond Lovell as Hausemann / Lord Buckley Finlay Currie as Captain Andrew Fletcher Philip Friend as John Cooper Jean Kent as Frances Lane Frederick Cooper as Charles / Frampton Carl Jaffe as Schultz John Salew as Wilson Veronica Rose as Miss Conway Anthony Hawtrey as Brent Anthony Holles as waiter Patrick Aherne as Mellows Frank Bagnall as Lehmann Ferdy Mayne as German radio operator Friedrich Richter as Wolheim Leonard Sharp as Miles Critical reception The Monthly Film Bulletin called the film "exciting and most entertaining", adding: "Raymond Lovell, in the dual role of Lord Buckley and the German actor impersonating him, does a difficult job excellently, as do all the other members of the cast. The photography throughout the film is clever, and especially so in those parts where Raymond Lovell appears on the screen as the real and bogus Lord Buckley at the same time." In British Sound Films: The Studio Years 1928–1959 David Quinlan rated the film as "average", writing: "Thriller thrills but can't overcome its unlikeliness." References ^ "Warn That Man". British Film Institute Collections Search. Retrieved 23 February 2024. ^ "Warn That Man". British Film Institute. Archived from the original on 14 January 2009. Retrieved 1 June 2014. ^ "Warn That Man". The Monthly Film Bulletin. 10 (109): 74. 1 January 1943 – via ProQuest. ^ Quinlan, David (1984). British Sound Films: The Studio Years 1928–1959. London: B.T. Batsford Ltd. p. 258. ISBN 0-7134-1874-5. External links Warn That Man at IMDb Warn That Man then-and-now location photographs at ReelStreets vteFilms directed by Lawrence Huntington After Many Years (1930) Romance in Rhythm (1934) The Bank Messenger Mystery (1936) Strange Cargo (1936) Two on a Doorstep (1936) Cafe Mascot (1936) Full Speed Ahead (1936) Passenger to London (1937) Screen Struck (short, 1937) Twin Faces (1937) Dial 999 (1938) Bad Boy (1938) This Man Is Dangerous aka The Patient Vanishes (1941) Tower of Terror (1941) Suspected Person (1942) Women Aren't Angels (1943) Warn That Man (1943) Night Boat to Dublin (1946) Wanted for Murder (1946) The Upturned Glass (1947) When the Bough Breaks (1947) Mr. Perrin and Mr. Traill (1948) Man on the Run (1949) The Franchise Affair (1951) There Was a Young Lady (1953) The Accused (1953) The Genie (1953) Thought to Kill (1954) The Red Dress (1954) Destination Milan (1954) Eight Witnesses (TV film, 1954) Contraband Spain (1955) Deadly Record (1959) The Fur Collar (1962) Stranglehold (1963) Death Drums Along the River (1963) The Vulture (1967) This article related to a British film of the 1940s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a 1940s thriller film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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The film was made at Welwyn Studios, with sets designed by the art director Charles Gilbert.The plot is similar to the later film The Eagle Has Landed (1976) which also concerns a plot to kidnap Winston Churchill from rural England.","title":"Warn That Man"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"country house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_house"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"}],"text":"At a country house during the Second World War, a German actor, who looks uncannily like a British peer, takes his place as part of a German attempt to kidnap the Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, when he visits the estate. Unfortunately for their plans, the niece of the peer arrives unannounced, along with her RAF pilot fiancé, and two of his new friends, who had rescued him at sea when he was shot down.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gordon Harker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Harker"},{"link_name":"Raymond Lovell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Lovell"},{"link_name":"Finlay Currie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlay_Currie"},{"link_name":"Philip Friend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Friend"},{"link_name":"Jean Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Kent"},{"link_name":"Carl Jaffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Jaffe"},{"link_name":"John Salew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Salew"},{"link_name":"Veronica Rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veronica_Rose"},{"link_name":"Anthony Hawtrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Hawtrey"},{"link_name":"Anthony Holles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Holles_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Patrick Aherne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Aherne"},{"link_name":"Ferdy Mayne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdy_Mayne"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Richter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Richter_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Leonard Sharp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Sharp_(actor)"}],"text":"Gordon Harker as George Hawkins\nRaymond Lovell as Hausemann / Lord Buckley\nFinlay Currie as Captain Andrew Fletcher\nPhilip Friend as John Cooper\nJean Kent as Frances Lane\nFrederick Cooper as Charles / Frampton\nCarl Jaffe as Schultz\nJohn Salew as Wilson\nVeronica Rose as Miss Conway\nAnthony Hawtrey as Brent\nAnthony Holles as waiter\nPatrick Aherne as Mellows\nFrank Bagnall as Lehmann\nFerdy Mayne as German radio operator\nFriedrich Richter as Wolheim\nLeonard Sharp as Miles","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Monthly Film Bulletin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Monthly_Film_Bulletin"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"David Quinlan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Quinlan_(film_critic)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The Monthly Film Bulletin called the film \"exciting and most entertaining\", adding: \"Raymond Lovell, in the dual role of Lord Buckley and the German actor impersonating him, does a difficult job excellently, as do all the other members of the cast. The photography throughout the film is clever, and especially so in those parts where Raymond Lovell appears on the screen as the real and bogus Lord Buckley at the same time.\"[3]In British Sound Films: The Studio Years 1928–1959 David Quinlan rated the film as \"average\", writing: \"Thriller thrills but can't overcome its unlikeliness.\"[4]","title":"Critical reception"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilachal
Nilachala
["1 Description","2 Hypotheses","2.1 Hypothesis 1","2.2 Hypothesis 2","3 See also","4 References","5 Sources"]
The Jagannath Temple at Puri, NilachalaRegion of religious significance in Odisha Nilachala (Sanskrit: नीलाचल, romanized: Nīlācala, lit. 'blue mountain'), also rendered Niladri (Sanskrit: नीलाद्रि, romanized: Nīlādri) refers to a region corresponding to Puri, in the Indian state of Odisha. Description See also: Neela Madhava Nilachala is a place of religious significance in Hinduism and is one of the four centres of pilgrimage called the Char Dhams. Religious teachers like Ramanuja and Vishnuswami are regarded to have visited Nilachala in the twelfth-century and established monasteries, referred to as mathas. The theologian Nimbarka is believed to have visited the city of Purti, and the saint Chaitanya is believed to have spent eighteen years at Nilachala. According to the Skanda Purana, King Indradyumna of Avanti is said to have dreamt of the deity Nilamadhava. The king is regarded to have dispatched many priests and messengers in the search of this elusive deity, regarded as a form of Vishnu. Finally, Vidyapati, one of the priests of Indradyumna, located the image of Nilamadhava at Nilachala, at the sacred region of Purushottama Kshetra, and took the news back to the king. The image of the deity vanished before Indradyumna's arrival. After being propitiated, Vishnu is stated to have offered instructions for the construction of the Jagannath temple of Puri, also in Nilachala. Geographically, though, there is no such apparent geographic structure at Puri, the township being located at the coastal plains of eastern Odisha. Such a reference to a seemingly non-existent mountain has been a matter of debate. Hypotheses Hypothesis 1 Indologist and Jagannath cult researcher, Heinrich von Stietencron in "The Advent of Vishnuism in Orissa: An Outline of its History According to Archaeological and Epigraphical Sources from the Gupta Period up to 1135 AD." in A. Eschmann et al., The Cult of Jagannath and the Regional Tradition of Orissa, Delhi: Manohar, pp. 1–30, hypothesizes the actual existence of a mountain at Puri in the past and notes the following: 'No real mountain exists in the Puri town. Yet it is true that the Jagannath temple was actually built on a hill which receded sharply on its western side. Drifting sands and the sediments of continuous settlement have combined to raise the ground at the foot of the hill considerably so that the difference in level to the temple is no longer striking. It can be noticed, however, when approaching the ancient Siva temples which were situated to the west and to the north of the Hill.' Yet contrary to such an opinion, the platform of the Jagannath temple, seems to be a totally man-made monument, not a modified natural hill. The Nilachala consists almost entirely of a platform, and at its north—western foot lies an artificial cave. This is approximately 25 feet below the level of the inner enclosure, for a staircase of about twenty two steps leads down to the sanctum of deity Pataleshvara Shiva, and gives some idea of the level of the original terrain. The site was obviously exposed to flooding during the monsoon season as once the river touched its lowest steps when it flowed in the broad road just in front of the temp Hypothesis 2 Another hypothesis regarding the naming of Puri as 'Nilachala' has been advanced by the noted historian, Dr. Krushna Chandra Panigrahi, in his "History of Orissa", pp. 338–339. It has been argued that no mountain existed at the Jagannath shrine, and: ""Then the Bhaumas came from Assam in the first part of the eighth century A.D., ruled over Orissa, obtained the shrine from the Savaras, got the temple built on the spot and gave it the name Nilachala, which was the name of the famous shrine of Kamakhya in their homeland of Assam."." In the 19th century, certain scholars have imagined that the Nilachala (Blue Hill) concealed the debris of a former Buddhist monument named Dantapura. However, Puri cannot be identified with Dantapura and so far no Buddhist remains have been discovered there. See also "Nilachaley Mahaprabhu" – biopic of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu References ^ Devadevan, Manu V. (2020-12-03). The 'Early Medieval' Origins of India. Cambridge University Press. p. 177. ISBN 978-1-108-49457-1. ^ Manti, J. C. (2014-08-22). The Saga of Jagannatha and Badadeula at Puri (: Story of Lord Jagannatha and his Temple). Vij Books India Pvt Ltd. p. 29. ISBN 978-93-82652-45-8. ^ Parmeshwaranand, Swami (2001). Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Puranas. Sarup & Sons. p. 322. ISBN 978-81-7625-226-3. Archived from the original on 2023-03-08. Retrieved 2023-06-16. ^ Silva, Jose Carlos Gomes da (2010-01-01). The Cult of Jagannatha: Myths and Rituals. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 129. ISBN 978-81-208-3462-0. Archived from the original on 2023-03-08. Retrieved 2023-06-16. ^ Stietencron, pp. 1-30. Sources Shri Jaganath, official website Shri Jaganath Temple at Puri Das, Bikram: Domain Of Jagannath - A Historical Study, BR Publishing Corporation. Das, Suryanarayan: Jagannath Through the Ages, Sanbun Publishers, New Delhi. (2010) Eschmann, A., H. Kulke and G.C. Tripathi (Ed.): The Cult of Jagannath and the Regional Tradition of Orissa, 1978, Manohar, Delhi. Hunter, W.W. Orissa: The Vicissitudes of an Indian Province under Native and British Rule, Vol. I, Chapter-III, 1872. Kulke, Hermann in The Anthropology of Values, Berger Peter (ed.): Yayati Kesari revisited, Dorling Kindrsley Pvt. Ltd., (2010). Mahapatra, K.N.: Antiquity of Jagannath Puri as a place of pilgrimage, OHRJ, Vol.III, No.1, April, 1954, p. 17. Mishra, K.C.: The Cult of Jagannath, Calcutta, 1971. Mishra, Narayan and Durga Nandan: Annals and antiquities of the temple of Jagannath, Sarup & Sons, New Delhi, 2005. Panigrahi, K. C.: History of Orissa, Kitab Mahal, Cuttack, 2nd ed. (1981) Patnaik, H.S.: Jagannath, His Temple, Cult and Festivals, Aryan Books International, New Delhi, 1994, ISBN 81-7305-051-1. Patnaik, N.: Sacred Geography of Puri : Structure and Organisation and Cultural Role of a Pilgrim Centre, Year: 2006, ISBN 81-7835-477-2 Starza-Majewski, Olgierd M. L: The Jagannatha temple at Puri and its Deities, Amsterdam, 1983. Starza-Majewski, Olgierd Maria Ludwik: The Jagannatha Temple At Puri: Its Architecture, Art And Cult, E.J. Brill (Leiden and New York). Stietencron, Heinrich von: "The Advent of Vishnuism in Orissa: An Outline of its History According to Archaeological and Epigraphical Sources from the Gupta Period up to 1135 AD." in Eschmann, A. et al., The Cult of Jagannath and the Regional Tradition of Orissa, Delhi: Manohar, pp. 1–30 vteJagannath worshipDeities Jagannath Balabhadra Subhadra Sudarshana Chakra TemplesOdisha Puri Gundicha Baripada Gunupur Koraput Nayagarh Bhubaneswar Kendrapara Chhatia Bata Dharakote Patali Srikhetra Barbil Rest of India Agartala Ahmedabad Alwar Bangalore Chennai Delhi Digha Hajo Hyderabad Ranchi Medinipur Mahesh Abroad Comilla Dhamrai Pabna South Africa Sialkot Festivals Chandan Yatra Dola Yatra Panchaka Nabakalebara 2015 Rath Yatra Snana Yatra Besha Suna Besha Texts Bhagavata Purana Brahma Purana Gita Govinda Kapila Purana Madala Panji Skanda Purana Dahuka boli Devotees Indradyumna Jayadeva Sarala Dasa Balarama Dasa Atibadi Jagannatha Dasa Jasobanta Dasa Ananta Dasa Achyutananda Salabega Chaitanya Mahaprabhu Madhavi Pattanayak Dinakrushna Das Banamali Dasa Upendra Bhanja Kabisurjya Baladeba Ratha Gopalakrusna Pattanayaka See also Odissi music Gahana Vije Mahaprasad Nilachal Nila Chakra Neela Madhava Samkha Kshetra Shri Jagannath Temple Act, 1955 ISKCON Category vteKrishnaForms Bala Krishna Gopala-Krishna Govinda Jagannath Radha Krishna Shrinathji Vāsudeva-Krishna Vithoba Other names Consorts Radha Ashtabharya Rukmini Satyabhama Jambavati Kalindi Nagnajiti Mitravinda Lakshmana Bhadra Other 16000 - 16100 Junior wives Rohini Other relatives Aniruddha Arjuna Balarama Devaki Kamsa Kunti Nanda Pradyumna Samba Subhadra Ugrasena Vasudeva Yashoda More Worship Sects Krishnaism Vaishnavism Festivals Krishna Janmashtami Gita Mahotsav Holi Pilgrimage circuits 48 Kos Parikrama of Kurukshetra Vraja Parikrama Holy sites Associated with Krishna's life Mathura Gokul Govardhan Hill Vrindavan Dvaraka Kurukshetra Jyotisar Bhalka Other sites: Guruvayur Nathdwara Pandharpur Puri Udupi Epigraphy Hathibada Ghosundi Heliodorus pillar Mora Well Naneghat Vasu Doorjamb Texts Bhagavata Purana Gita Govinda Mahabharata Bhagavad Gita Krishna's role Brahma Samhita Uddhava Gita See also Svayam Bhagavan Avatar Dashavatara Vishnu Guru–shishya tradition
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sanskrit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Sanskrit"},{"link_name":"lit.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literal_translation"},{"link_name":"Sanskrit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Sanskrit"},{"link_name":"Puri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puri"},{"link_name":"Odisha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odisha"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Region of religious significance in OdishaNilachala (Sanskrit: नीलाचल, romanized: Nīlācala, lit. 'blue mountain'), also rendered Niladri (Sanskrit: नीलाद्रि, romanized: Nīlādri) refers to a region corresponding to Puri, in the Indian state of Odisha.[1][2]","title":"Nilachala"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Neela Madhava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neela_Madhava"},{"link_name":"Hinduism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism"},{"link_name":"Char Dhams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Char_Dham"},{"link_name":"Ramanuja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramanuja"},{"link_name":"Vishnuswami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnuswami"},{"link_name":"mathas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matha"},{"link_name":"Nimbarka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimbarka"},{"link_name":"Chaitanya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu"},{"link_name":"Skanda Purana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skanda_Purana"},{"link_name":"Indradyumna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indradyumna"},{"link_name":"Avanti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avanti_Kingdom_(Mahabharata)"},{"link_name":"Nilamadhava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nila_Madhava"},{"link_name":"Vishnu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnu"},{"link_name":"Vidyapati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidyapati"},{"link_name":"image","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murti"},{"link_name":"Jagannath temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagannath_Temple,_Puri"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Odisha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odisha,_India"}],"text":"See also: Neela MadhavaNilachala is a place of religious significance in Hinduism and is one of the four centres of pilgrimage called the Char Dhams. Religious teachers like Ramanuja and Vishnuswami are regarded to have visited Nilachala in the twelfth-century and established monasteries, referred to as mathas. The theologian Nimbarka is believed to have visited the city of Purti, and the saint Chaitanya is believed to have spent eighteen years at Nilachala.According to the Skanda Purana, King Indradyumna of Avanti is said to have dreamt of the deity Nilamadhava. The king is regarded to have dispatched many priests and messengers in the search of this elusive deity, regarded as a form of Vishnu. Finally, Vidyapati, one of the priests of Indradyumna, located the image of Nilamadhava at Nilachala, at the sacred region of Purushottama Kshetra, and took the news back to the king. The image of the deity vanished before Indradyumna's arrival. After being propitiated, Vishnu is stated to have offered instructions for the construction of the Jagannath temple of Puri, also in Nilachala.[3][4]Geographically, though, there is no such apparent geographic structure at Puri, the township being located at the coastal plains of eastern Odisha. Such a reference to a seemingly non-existent mountain has been a matter of debate.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Hypotheses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indologist"},{"link_name":"Heinrich von Stietencron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_von_Stietencron"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Shiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva"}],"sub_title":"Hypothesis 1","text":"Indologist and Jagannath cult researcher, Heinrich von Stietencron in \"The Advent of Vishnuism in Orissa: An Outline of its History According to Archaeological and Epigraphical Sources from the Gupta Period up to 1135 AD.\" in A. Eschmann et al., The Cult of Jagannath and the Regional Tradition of Orissa, Delhi: Manohar, pp. 1–30, hypothesizes the actual existence of a mountain at Puri in the past and notes the following:'No real mountain exists in the Puri town. Yet it is true that the Jagannath temple was actually built on a hill which receded sharply on its western side. Drifting sands and the sediments of continuous settlement have combined to raise the ground at the foot of the hill considerably so that the difference in level to the temple is no longer striking. It can be noticed, however, when approaching the ancient Siva temples which were situated to the west and to the north of the Hill.'[5]Yet contrary to such an opinion, the platform of the Jagannath temple, seems to be a totally man-made monument, not a modified natural hill. The Nilachala consists almost entirely of a platform, and at its north—western foot lies an artificial cave. This is approximately 25 feet below the level of the inner enclosure, for a staircase of about twenty two steps leads down to the sanctum of deity Pataleshvara Shiva, and gives some idea of the level of the original terrain. The site was obviously exposed to flooding during the monsoon season as once the river touched its lowest steps when it flowed in the broad road just in front of the temp","title":"Hypotheses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Assam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam"},{"link_name":"Orissa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orissa,_India"},{"link_name":"Savaras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sora_people"},{"link_name":"Nilachala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamakhya_Temple"},{"link_name":"Kamakhya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamakhya_Temple"},{"link_name":"Assam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam"},{"link_name":"Dantapura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dantapura"}],"sub_title":"Hypothesis 2","text":"Another hypothesis regarding the naming of Puri as 'Nilachala' has been advanced by the noted historian, Dr. Krushna Chandra Panigrahi, in his \"History of Orissa\", pp. 338–339. It has been argued that no mountain existed at the Jagannath shrine, and:\"\"Then the Bhaumas came from Assam in the first part of the eighth century A.D., ruled over Orissa, obtained the shrine from the Savaras, got the temple built on the spot and gave it the name Nilachala, which was the name of the famous shrine of Kamakhya in their homeland of Assam.\".\"In the 19th century, certain scholars have imagined that the Nilachala (Blue Hill) concealed the debris of a former Buddhist monument named Dantapura. However, Puri cannot be identified with Dantapura and so far no Buddhist remains have been discovered there.","title":"Hypotheses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shri Jaganath, official website","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.jagannath.nic.in/"},{"link_name":"Shri Jaganath Temple at 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Janmashtami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami"},{"link_name":"Gita Mahotsav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gita_Mahotsav"},{"link_name":"Holi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holi"},{"link_name":"Pilgrimage circuits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yatra"},{"link_name":"48 Kos Parikrama of Kurukshetra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/48_Kos_Parikrama_of_Kurukshetra"},{"link_name":"Vraja Parikrama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vraja_Parikrama"},{"link_name":"Holy sites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites"},{"link_name":"Mathura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathura,_Uttar_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"Gokul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gokul"},{"link_name":"Govardhan Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Govardhan_Hill"},{"link_name":"Vrindavan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrindavan"},{"link_name":"Dvaraka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dv%C4%81rak%C4%81"},{"link_name":"Kurukshetra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurukshetra"},{"link_name":"Jyotisar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jyotisar"},{"link_name":"Bhalka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhalka"},{"link_name":"Guruvayur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guruvayur_Temple"},{"link_name":"Nathdwara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathdwara"},{"link_name":"Pandharpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vithoba_Temple,_Pandharpur"},{"link_name":"Puri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagannath_Temple,_Puri"},{"link_name":"Udupi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udupi_Krishna_Temple"},{"link_name":"Epigraphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Indian_epigraphy"},{"link_name":"Hathibada Ghosundi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hathibada_Ghosundi_Inscriptions"},{"link_name":"Heliodorus pillar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliodorus_pillar"},{"link_name":"Mora Well","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mora_Well_Inscription"},{"link_name":"Naneghat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naneghat"},{"link_name":"Vasu Doorjamb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasu_Doorjamb_Inscription"},{"link_name":"Texts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_texts"},{"link_name":"Bhagavata Purana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana"},{"link_name":"Gita Govinda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gita_Govinda"},{"link_name":"Mahabharata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahabharata"},{"link_name":"Bhagavad Gita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita"},{"link_name":"Krishna's role","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna_in_the_Mahabharata"},{"link_name":"Brahma Samhita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahma_Samhita"},{"link_name":"Uddhava Gita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uddhava_Gita"},{"link_name":"Svayam Bhagavan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svayam_Bhagavan"},{"link_name":"Avatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avatar"},{"link_name":"Dashavatara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dashavatara"},{"link_name":"Vishnu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnu"},{"link_name":"Guru–shishya tradition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru%E2%80%93shishya_tradition"}],"text":"Shri Jaganath, official website\nShri Jaganath Temple at Puri\nDas, Bikram: Domain Of Jagannath - A Historical Study, BR Publishing Corporation.\nDas, Suryanarayan: Jagannath Through the Ages, Sanbun Publishers, New Delhi. (2010) [1]\nEschmann, A., H. Kulke and G.C. Tripathi (Ed.): The Cult of Jagannath and the Regional Tradition of Orissa, 1978, Manohar, Delhi.\nHunter, W.W. Orissa: The Vicissitudes of an Indian Province under Native and British Rule, Vol. I, Chapter-III, 1872.\nKulke, Hermann in The Anthropology of Values, Berger Peter (ed.): Yayati Kesari revisited, Dorling Kindrsley Pvt. Ltd., (2010).\nMahapatra, K.N.: Antiquity of Jagannath Puri as a place of pilgrimage, OHRJ, Vol.III, No.1, April, 1954, p. 17.\nMishra, K.C.: The Cult of Jagannath, Calcutta, 1971.\nMishra, Narayan and Durga Nandan: Annals and antiquities of the temple of Jagannath, Sarup & Sons, New Delhi, 2005. [2]\nPanigrahi, K. C.: History of Orissa, Kitab Mahal, Cuttack, 2nd ed. (1981)\nPatnaik, H.S.: Jagannath, His Temple, Cult and Festivals, Aryan Books International, New Delhi, 1994, ISBN 81-7305-051-1.\nPatnaik, N.: Sacred Geography of Puri : Structure and Organisation and Cultural Role of a Pilgrim Centre, Year: 2006, ISBN 81-7835-477-2\nStarza-Majewski, Olgierd M. L: The Jagannatha temple at Puri and its Deities, Amsterdam, 1983.\nStarza-Majewski, Olgierd Maria Ludwik: The Jagannatha Temple At Puri: Its Architecture, Art And Cult, E.J. Brill (Leiden and New York). [1993] [3]\nStietencron, Heinrich von: \"The Advent of Vishnuism in Orissa: An Outline of its History According to Archaeological and Epigraphical Sources from the Gupta Period up to 1135 AD.\" in Eschmann, A. et al., The Cult of Jagannath and the Regional Tradition of Orissa, Delhi: Manohar, pp. 1–30vteJagannath worshipDeities\nJagannath\nBalabhadra\nSubhadra\nSudarshana Chakra\nTemplesOdisha\nPuri\nGundicha\nBaripada\nGunupur\nKoraput\nNayagarh\nBhubaneswar\nKendrapara\nChhatia Bata\nDharakote\nPatali Srikhetra\nBarbil\nRest of India\nAgartala\nAhmedabad\nAlwar\nBangalore\nChennai\nDelhi\nDigha\nHajo\nHyderabad\nRanchi\nMedinipur\nMahesh\nAbroad\nComilla\nDhamrai\nPabna\nSouth Africa\nSialkot\nFestivals\nChandan Yatra\nDola Yatra\nPanchaka\nNabakalebara\n2015\nRath Yatra\nSnana Yatra\nBesha\nSuna Besha\nTexts\nBhagavata Purana\nBrahma Purana\nGita Govinda\nKapila Purana\nMadala Panji\nSkanda Purana\nDahuka boli\nDevotees\nIndradyumna\nJayadeva\nSarala Dasa\nBalarama Dasa\nAtibadi Jagannatha Dasa\nJasobanta Dasa\nAnanta Dasa\nAchyutananda\nSalabega\nChaitanya Mahaprabhu\nMadhavi Pattanayak\nDinakrushna Das\nBanamali Dasa\nUpendra Bhanja\nKabisurjya Baladeba Ratha\nGopalakrusna Pattanayaka\nSee also\nOdissi music\nGahana Vije\nMahaprasad\nNilachal\nNila Chakra\nNeela Madhava\nSamkha Kshetra\nShri Jagannath Temple Act, 1955\nISKCON\n\n CategoryvteKrishnaForms\nBala Krishna\nGopala-Krishna\nGovinda\nJagannath\nRadha Krishna\nShrinathji\nVāsudeva-Krishna\nVithoba\nOther names\nConsorts\nRadha\nAshtabharya\nRukmini\nSatyabhama\nJambavati\nKalindi\nNagnajiti\nMitravinda\nLakshmana\nBhadra\nOther 16000 - 16100 Junior wives\nRohini\nOther relatives\nAniruddha\nArjuna\nBalarama\nDevaki\nKamsa\nKunti\nNanda\nPradyumna\nSamba\nSubhadra\nUgrasena\nVasudeva\nYashoda\nMore\nWorship\nSects\nKrishnaism\nVaishnavism\nFestivals\nKrishna Janmashtami\nGita Mahotsav\nHoli\nPilgrimage circuits\n48 Kos Parikrama of Kurukshetra\nVraja Parikrama\nHoly sites\nAssociated with Krishna's life\nMathura\nGokul\nGovardhan Hill\nVrindavan\nDvaraka\nKurukshetra\nJyotisar\nBhalka\nOther sites:\nGuruvayur\nNathdwara\nPandharpur\nPuri\nUdupi\nEpigraphy\nHathibada Ghosundi\nHeliodorus pillar\nMora Well\nNaneghat\nVasu Doorjamb\nTexts\nBhagavata Purana\nGita Govinda\nMahabharata\nBhagavad Gita\nKrishna's role\nBrahma Samhita\nUddhava Gita\nSee also\nSvayam Bhagavan\nAvatar\nDashavatara\nVishnu\nGuru–shishya tradition","title":"Sources"}]
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[{"title":"Nilachaley Mahaprabhu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilachaley_Mahaprabhu"}]
[{"reference":"Devadevan, Manu V. (2020-12-03). The 'Early Medieval' Origins of India. Cambridge University Press. p. 177. ISBN 978-1-108-49457-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=exzhDwAAQBAJ&dq=N%C4%ABl%C4%81cala&pg=PA177","url_text":"The 'Early Medieval' Origins of India"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-49457-1","url_text":"978-1-108-49457-1"}]},{"reference":"Manti, J. C. (2014-08-22). The Saga of Jagannatha and Badadeula at Puri (: Story of Lord Jagannatha and his Temple). Vij Books India Pvt Ltd. p. 29. ISBN 978-93-82652-45-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QweqCQAAQBAJ&dq=Nilachala+Puri&pg=PR29","url_text":"The Saga of Jagannatha and Badadeula at Puri (: Story of Lord Jagannatha and his Temple)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-82652-45-8","url_text":"978-93-82652-45-8"}]},{"reference":"Parmeshwaranand, Swami (2001). Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Puranas. Sarup & Sons. p. 322. ISBN 978-81-7625-226-3. Archived from the original on 2023-03-08. Retrieved 2023-06-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6F0ZIBIL2ZAC&dq=indradyumna+Avanti&pg=PA322","url_text":"Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Puranas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7625-226-3","url_text":"978-81-7625-226-3"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230308040351/https://books.google.com/books?id=6F0ZIBIL2ZAC&dq=indradyumna+Avanti&pg=PA322","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Silva, Jose Carlos Gomes da (2010-01-01). The Cult of Jagannatha: Myths and Rituals. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 129. ISBN 978-81-208-3462-0. Archived from the original on 2023-03-08. Retrieved 2023-06-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yChREAAAQBAJ&dq=Nilamadhava+sapphire&pg=PA129","url_text":"The Cult of Jagannatha: Myths and Rituals"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-3462-0","url_text":"978-81-208-3462-0"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230308040355/https://books.google.com/books?id=yChREAAAQBAJ&dq=Nilamadhava+sapphire&pg=PA129","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ondangwa_Railway_Station
Ondangwa railway station
["1 History","2 Trains","3 Station layout","4 Nearest Airport","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
Railway station in Ondangwa, Namibia Ondangwa railway stationNamibian Railway stationGeneral informationLocationOndangwa NamibiaCoordinates17°53′59″S 15°58′47″E / 17.8998°S 15.9797°E / -17.8998; 15.9797Elevation1,100 metres (3,600 ft)Operated byTransNamibLine(s)Oshikango Walvis Bay linePlatforms2Tracks5ConstructionStructure typeAt Ground Single-trackParkingAvailableAccessibleYesOther informationStatusFunctionalHistoryElectrifiedNo. Ondangwa railway station is a railway station serving the town of Ondangwa in Namibia. It is part of the TransNamib Railway. History This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (August 2017) Trains This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (August 2017) Station layout G Street Level Exit/Entrance & Ticket Counter P1 Side platform, No-1 doors will open on the left/right Track 1 Track 2 Track 3 Track 4 Track 5 P2 Side platform, No- 2 doors will open on the left/right Nearest Airport The nearest airports are Ondangwa Airport at Ondangwa, Otjiwarongo Airport at Otjiwarongo. List of airports in Namibia See also Rail transport in Namibia Transport in Namibia Oshana Region Ondangwa List of countries by rail transport network size Portals: Africa Trains Transport Engineering References External links Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Namibia. Google. "Ondangwa station" (Map). Google Maps. Google. vte Railway stations on the TransNamib RailwayWindhoek-Tsumeb Windhoek Okahandja Karibib Kranzberg Omaruru Otjiwarongo Otavi Tsumeb Northern Extension Tsumeb Ondangwa Oshikango Windhoek-Walvis Bay Windhoek Okahandja Karibib Kranzberg Usakos Swakopmund Walvis Bay Windhoek-Gobabis Windhoek Neudamm Omitara Gobabis Windhoek-Upington Windhoek Rehoboth Mariental Gibeon Asab Tses Keetmanshoop Seeheim Grünau Karasburg Upington Keetmanshoop-Lüderitz Keetmanshoop Seeheim Aus Lüderitz This article about a Namibian railroad station is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Ericsson_Xperia_Mini_Pro
Sony Ericsson Xperia Mini Pro
["1 Overview","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
Not to be confused with Sony Ericsson Xperia X10 Mini Pro. Android and Sony smartphone Sony Ericsson Xperia Mini ProAn image of the Sony Ericsson Xperia Mini ProManufacturerSony Mobile CommunicationsSeriesSony Ericsson XperiaAvailability by region"Europe" August 2011 (2011-08)PredecessorXperia X10 Mini ProForm factorSlider smartphone (black, white, blue, dark pink)Dimensions92 mm (3.6 in) H 53 mm (2.1 in) W 18 mm (0.71 in) DMass136 g (4.8 oz)Operating systemAndroid 2.3.4 (Gingerbread); officially upgradeable up to Android 4.0.4 (Ice Cream Sandwich). Unofficially upgradeable to: Android 4.0.4 (Ice Cream Sandwich) via CyanogenMod 9, Android 4.1.2 (JellyBean) via CyanogenMod 10, Android 4.2.2 (JellyBean) via CyanogenMod 10.1, Android 4.3.1 (JellyBean) via CyanogenMod 10.2, Android 4.4.2 (Kitkat) via CyanogenMod 11. CPUQualcomm MSM8255 1 GHz Scorpion (Snapdragon S2)GPUAdreno 205Memory512 MB of RAMStorage1 GB ROM, 320 MB user-availableRemovable storagemicroSD, 2 GB (supports up to 32 GB)BatteryEP500 1,200 mAh 4.5 Wh, 3.7 V Internal rechargeable li-po User replaceableDisplayLED-backlit LCD "Reality Display" with Mobile BRAVIA Engine, 3.0 in (76 mm) diagonal 320×480 (192 ppi) px HVGA 3:2 aspect-ratio 16M colorsRear camera5 MP 2592×1944 px 8× digital zoom Autofocus Flash LED illumination 720p video recording Face recognition Geo-tagging Image stabilization Smile detection Touch focus,Video 720pFront camera0.3 MP 640×480 pxConnectivityWi-Fi (802.11 b/g/n) Bluetooth 2.1 with A2DP Quad-band GSM/GPRS/EDGE 850/900/1800/1900 MHzData inputsMulti-touch, capacitive touchscreen, accelerometerReferences The Sony Ericsson Xperia Mini Pro (model SK17i) is an Android smartphone from Sony Ericsson, released in August 2011. The Xperia Mini Pro has a "mobile BRAVIA engine" driving a 320×480 pixels 3-inch (76 mm) capacitive touch-screen, a 1 GHz Snapdragon S2 processor, a 5 megapixel camera, 512 MB of onboard RAM, a hardware keyboard and comes stock with a 2 GB microSD card (compatible with up to 32 GB). Overview The Xperia Mini Pro runs Android 4.0, "Ice Cream Sandwich." It was touted as being an ultra-small smartphone that still retained higher-end specifications and performance. See also List of Android devices List of Xperia devices Galaxy Nexus References ^ "Sony Ericsson Xperia Mini Pro white paper". Sony Ericsson Mobile Communications AB. May 2011. Retrieved 30 August 2011. External links Official website vteEricsson and Sony Ericsson mobile productsFeature phonesA A1018 A2618/A2628 A3618 C C510 C702 C901 C902 C903 C905 CK txt (CK13) text Pro (CK15) CMD CMD C1 CMD C5 CMD J5 CMD J6 CMD J7 CMD J70 CMD MZ5 CMD Z1 CMD Z1 Plus CMD Z5 CM-D 200 CM-DX 1000 CM-DX 2000 F F305 F500i (K500i) G (non-Symbian) G502 G705 J Elm (J10) Hazel (J20i) J100 Naite (J105) Cedar (J108i) J110 J120 J132 J200 J210 J220 J230 J300 K K200 K210 K220 K300i K310i K320i K330i K500i K510i K530i K550i K600/K608 K610i K630 K660 K700i K750i K770i K790/K800i K810i K850i R R250 R290 R310s R320s R380 R520 R600 S S302 S312 S500 S600 S700i S710 T T10 T18 T20 T28 T29 T39 T60 T65 T66 T68 T68i T100/T105 T200 T230 T250 T270/T280 T290 T300 T310 T610/T616/T618 T628/T630/T637 T650 T700 T707 T715 U (non-Symbian) Aino (U10i) Yari (U100i) W (non-Symbian) Spiro (W100) Yendo (W150) Zylo (W20i) W200 W205 W300i W302 W350i W380a W395 W518a W580i W595 W550/W600 W610i W660 W700 W705 W710 W715 W760 W800 W810 W850i W880 W890 W900i W902 W910i W980 W995 WT Mix Walkman (WT13) Xperia Pureness Z Z200 Z300i Z310i Z320i Z500a Z520a/Z520i Z525 Z530 Z550 Z555 Z600 Z610 Z710 Z750 Z770 Z780 Z800 Z1010 SmartphonesG (Symbian) G700 G900 M Aspen (M1i) M600 P P800 P900 P910 P990 P1 U (Symbian) Satio (U1) Vivaz (U5i) W (Symbian) W950i W960 Xperia X1 X2 X8 X10 X10 mini / X10 mini pro arc acro PLAY pro neo mini / mini pro ray arc S neo V active acro S/HD Walkman W8 Live with Walkman (Xperia-based) Telephones portal ^ "Blog on features of Jellybean 4.3". Archived from the original on 2018-09-20. Retrieved 2018-09-20.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyadic_rationals
Dyadic rational
["1 Applications","1.1 In measurement","1.2 In computing","1.3 In music","1.4 In mathematics education","2 Definitions and arithmetic","3 Additional properties","4 In advanced mathematics","4.1 Algebraic structure","4.2 Dyadic solenoid","4.3 Functions with dyadic rationals as distinguished points","4.4 Other related constructions","5 References"]
Fraction with denominator a power of two Dyadic rationals in the interval from 0 to 1 In mathematics, a dyadic rational or binary rational is a number that can be expressed as a fraction whose denominator is a power of two. For example, 1/2, 3/2, and 3/8 are dyadic rationals, but 1/3 is not. These numbers are important in computer science because they are the only ones with finite binary representations. Dyadic rationals also have applications in weights and measures, musical time signatures, and early mathematics education. They can accurately approximate any real number. The sum, difference, or product of any two dyadic rational numbers is another dyadic rational number, given by a simple formula. However, division of one dyadic rational number by another does not always produce a dyadic rational result. Mathematically, this means that the dyadic rational numbers form a ring, lying between the ring of integers and the field of rational numbers. This ring may be denoted Z [ 1 2 ] {\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} } . In advanced mathematics, the dyadic rational numbers are central to the constructions of the dyadic solenoid, Minkowski's question-mark function, Daubechies wavelets, Thompson's group, Prüfer 2-group, surreal numbers, and fusible numbers. These numbers are order-isomorphic to the rational numbers; they form a subsystem of the 2-adic numbers as well as of the reals, and can represent the fractional parts of 2-adic numbers. Functions from natural numbers to dyadic rationals have been used to formalize mathematical analysis in reverse mathematics. Applications In measurement Kitchen weights measuring dyadic fractions of a pound from 2 lb down to 1/64 lb (1/4 oz) Many traditional systems of weights and measures are based on the idea of repeated halving, which produces dyadic rationals when measuring fractional amounts of units. The inch is customarily subdivided in dyadic rationals rather than using a decimal subdivision. The customary divisions of the gallon into half-gallons, quarts, pints, and cups are also dyadic. The ancient Egyptians used dyadic rationals in measurement, with denominators up to 64. Similarly, systems of weights from the Indus Valley civilisation are for the most part based on repeated halving; anthropologist Heather M.-L. Miller writes that "halving is a relatively simple operation with beam balances, which is likely why so many weight systems of this time period used binary systems". In computing Dyadic rationals are central to computer science as a type of fractional number that many computers can manipulate directly. In particular, as a data type used by computers, floating-point numbers are often defined as integers multiplied by positive or negative powers of two. The numbers that can be represented precisely in a floating-point format, such as the IEEE floating-point datatypes, are called its representable numbers. For most floating-point representations, the representable numbers are a subset of the dyadic rationals. The same is true for fixed-point datatypes, which also use powers of two implicitly in the majority of cases. Because of the simplicity of computing with dyadic rationals, they are also used for exact real computing using interval arithmetic, and are central to some theoretical models of computable numbers. Generating a random variable from random bits, in a fixed amount of time, is possible only when the variable has finitely many outcomes whose probabilities are all dyadic rational numbers. For random variables whose probabilities are not dyadic, it is necessary either to approximate their probabilities by dyadic rationals, or to use a random generation process whose time is itself random and unbounded. In music Audio playback is not supported in your browser. You can download the audio file.Five bars from Igor Stravinski's The Rite of Springshowing time signatures 316, 216, 316, and 28 Time signatures in Western musical notation traditionally are written in a form resembling fractions (for example: 22, 44, or 68), although the horizontal line of the musical staff that separates the top and bottom number is usually omitted when writing the signature separately from its staff. As fractions they are generally dyadic, although non-dyadic time signatures have also been used. The numeric value of the signature, interpreted as a fraction, describes the length of a measure as a fraction of a whole note. Its numerator describes the number of beats per measure, and the denominator describes the length of each beat. In mathematics education In theories of childhood development of the concept of a fraction based on the work of Jean Piaget, fractional numbers arising from halving and repeated halving are among the earliest forms of fractions to develop. This stage of development of the concept of fractions has been called "algorithmic halving". Addition and subtraction of these numbers can be performed in steps that only involve doubling, halving, adding, and subtracting integers. In contrast, addition and subtraction of more general fractions involves integer multiplication and factorization to reach a common denominator. Therefore, dyadic fractions can be easier for students to calculate with than more general fractions. Definitions and arithmetic The dyadic numbers are the rational numbers that result from dividing an integer by a power of two. A rational number p / q {\displaystyle p/q} in simplest terms is a dyadic rational when q {\displaystyle q} is a power of two. Another equivalent way of defining the dyadic rationals is that they are the real numbers that have a terminating binary representation. Addition, subtraction, and multiplication of any two dyadic rationals produces another dyadic rational, according to the following formulas: a 2 b + c 2 d = 2 d − min ( b , d ) a + 2 b − min ( b , d ) c 2 max ( b , d ) a 2 b − c 2 d = 2 d − min ( b , d ) a − 2 b − min ( b , d ) c 2 max ( b , d ) a 2 b ⋅ c 2 d = a c 2 b + d {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\frac {a}{2^{b}}}+{\frac {c}{2^{d}}}&={\frac {2^{d-\min(b,d)}a+2^{b-\min(b,d)}c}{2^{\max(b,d)}}}\\{\frac {a}{2^{b}}}-{\frac {c}{2^{d}}}&={\frac {2^{d-\min(b,d)}a-2^{b-\min(b,d)}c}{2^{\max(b,d)}}}\\{\frac {a}{2^{b}}}\cdot {\frac {c}{2^{d}}}&={\frac {ac}{2^{b+d}}}\end{aligned}}} However, the result of dividing one dyadic rational by another is not necessarily a dyadic rational. For instance, 1 and 3 are both dyadic rational numbers, but 1/3 is not. Additional properties Dyadic rational approximations to the square root of 2 ( 2 ≈ 1.4142 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {2}}\approx 1.4142} ), found by rounding to the nearest smaller integer multiple of 1 / 2 i {\displaystyle 1/2^{i}} for i = 0 , 1 , 2 , … {\displaystyle i=0,1,2,\dots } The height of the pink region above each approximation is its error. Real numbers with no unusually-accurate dyadic rational approximations. The red circles surround numbers that are approximated within error 1 6 / 2 i {\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{6}}/2^{i}} by n / 2 i {\displaystyle n/2^{i}} . For numbers in the fractal Cantor set outside the circles, all dyadic rational approximations have larger errors. Every integer, and every half-integer, is a dyadic rational. They both meet the definition of being an integer divided by a power of two: every integer is an integer divided by one (the zeroth power of two), and every half-integer is an integer divided by two. Every real number can be arbitrarily closely approximated by dyadic rationals. In particular, for a real number x {\displaystyle x} , consider the dyadic rationals of the form ⌊ 2 i x ⌋ / 2 i {\textstyle \lfloor 2^{i}x\rfloor /2^{i}} , where i {\displaystyle i} can be any integer and ⌊ … ⌋ {\displaystyle \lfloor \dots \rfloor } denotes the floor function that rounds its argument down to an integer. These numbers approximate x {\displaystyle x} from below to within an error of 1 / 2 i {\displaystyle 1/2^{i}} , which can be made arbitrarily small by choosing i {\displaystyle i} to be arbitrarily large. For a fractal subset of the real numbers, this error bound is within a constant factor of optimal: for these numbers, there is no approximation n / 2 i {\displaystyle n/2^{i}} with error smaller than a constant times 1 / 2 i {\displaystyle 1/2^{i}} . The existence of accurate dyadic approximations can be expressed by saying that the set of all dyadic rationals is dense in the real line. More strongly, this set is uniformly dense, in the sense that the dyadic rationals with denominator 2 i {\displaystyle 2^{i}} are uniformly spaced on the real line. The dyadic rationals are precisely those numbers possessing finite binary expansions. Their binary expansions are not unique; there is one finite and one infinite representation of each dyadic rational other than 0 (ignoring terminal 0s). For example, 0.112 = 0.10111...2, giving two different representations for 3/4. The dyadic rationals are the only numbers whose binary expansions are not unique. In advanced mathematics Algebraic structure Because they are closed under addition, subtraction, and multiplication, but not division, the dyadic rationals are a ring but not a field. The ring of dyadic rationals may be denoted Z [ 1 2 ] {\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} } , meaning that it can be generated by evaluating polynomials with integer coefficients, at the argument 1/2. As a ring, the dyadic rationals are a subring of the rational numbers, and an overring of the integers. Algebraically, this ring is the localization of the integers with respect to the set of powers of two. As well as forming a subring of the real numbers, the dyadic rational numbers form a subring of the 2-adic numbers, a system of numbers that can be defined from binary representations that are finite to the right of the binary point but may extend infinitely far to the left. The 2-adic numbers include all rational numbers, not just the dyadic rationals. Embedding the dyadic rationals into the 2-adic numbers does not change the arithmetic of the dyadic rationals, but it gives them a different topological structure than they have as a subring of the real numbers. As they do in the reals, the dyadic rationals form a dense subset of the 2-adic numbers, and are the set of 2-adic numbers with finite binary expansions. Every 2-adic number can be decomposed into the sum of a 2-adic integer and a dyadic rational; in this sense, the dyadic rationals can represent the fractional parts of 2-adic numbers, but this decomposition is not unique. Addition of dyadic rationals modulo 1 (the quotient group Z [ 1 2 ] / Z {\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} /\mathbb {Z} } of the dyadic rationals by the integers) forms the Prüfer 2-group. Dyadic solenoid Considering only the addition and subtraction operations of the dyadic rationals gives them the structure of an additive abelian group. Pontryagin duality is a method for understanding abelian groups by constructing dual groups, whose elements are characters of the original group, group homomorphisms to the multiplicative group of the complex numbers, with pointwise multiplication as the dual group operation. The dual group of the additive dyadic rationals, constructed in this way, can also be viewed as a topological group. It is called the dyadic solenoid, and is isomorphic to the topological product of the real numbers and 2-adic numbers, quotiented by the diagonal embedding of the dyadic rationals into this product. It is an example of a protorus, a solenoid, and an indecomposable continuum. Functions with dyadic rationals as distinguished points Minkowski's question-mark function maps rational numbers to dyadic rationalsA Daubechies wavelet, showing points of non-smoothness at dyadic rationals Because they are a dense subset of the real numbers, the dyadic rationals, with their numeric ordering, form a dense order. As with any two unbounded countable dense linear orders, by Cantor's isomorphism theorem, the dyadic rationals are order-isomorphic to the rational numbers. In this case, Minkowski's question-mark function provides an order-preserving bijection between the set of all rational numbers and the set of dyadic rationals. The dyadic rationals play a key role in the analysis of Daubechies wavelets, as the set of points where the scaling function of these wavelets is non-smooth. Similarly, the dyadic rationals parameterize the discontinuities in the boundary between stable and unstable points in the parameter space of the Hénon map. The set of piecewise linear homeomorphisms from the unit interval to itself that have power-of-2 slopes and dyadic-rational breakpoints forms a group under the operation of function composition. This is Thompson's group, the first known example of an infinite but finitely presented simple group. The same group can also be represented by an action on rooted binary trees, or by an action on the dyadic rationals within the unit interval. Other related constructions In reverse mathematics, one way of constructing the real numbers is to represent them as functions from unary numbers to dyadic rationals, where the value of one of these functions for the argument i {\displaystyle i} is a dyadic rational with denominator 2 i {\displaystyle 2^{i}} that approximates the given real number. Defining real numbers in this way allows many of the basic results of mathematical analysis to be proven within a restricted theory of second-order arithmetic called "feasible analysis" (BTFA). The surreal numbers are generated by an iterated construction principle which starts by generating all finite dyadic rationals, and then goes on to create new and strange kinds of infinite, infinitesimal and other numbers. This number system is foundational to combinatorial game theory, and dyadic rationals arise naturally in this theory as the set of values of certain combinatorial games. The fusible numbers are a subset of the dyadic rationals, the closure of the set { 0 } {\displaystyle \{0\}} under the operation x , y ↦ ( x + y + 1 ) / 2 {\displaystyle x,y\mapsto (x+y+1)/2} , restricted to pairs x , y {\displaystyle x,y} with | x − y | < 1 {\displaystyle |x-y|<1} . They are well-ordered, with order type equal to the epsilon number ε 0 {\displaystyle \varepsilon _{0}} . For each integer n {\displaystyle n} the smallest fusible number that is greater than n {\displaystyle n} has the form n + 1 / 2 k {\displaystyle n+1/2^{k}} . The existence of k {\displaystyle k} for each n {\displaystyle n} cannot be proven in Peano arithmetic, and k {\displaystyle k} grows so rapidly as a function of n {\displaystyle n} that for n = 3 {\displaystyle n=3} it is (in Knuth's up-arrow notation for large numbers) already larger than 2 ↑ 9 16 {\displaystyle 2\uparrow ^{9}16} . The usual proof of Urysohn's lemma utilizes the dyadic fractions for constructing the separating function from the lemma. References ^ Rudman, Peter S. (2009), How Mathematics Happened: The First 50,000 Years, Prometheus Books, p. 148, ISBN 978-1-61592-176-8 ^ Barnes, John (2016), Nice Numbers, Springer International Publishing, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-46831-0, ISBN 978-3-319-46830-3, Note that binary measures (2, 4, 8, 16) are very common indeed. This is particularly obvious with volumes. ^ Curtis, Lorenzo J. (1978), "Concept of the exponential law prior to 1900", American Journal of Physics, 46 (9): 896–906, Bibcode:1978AmJPh..46..896C, doi:10.1119/1.11512 ^ Miller, Heather M.-L. (2013), "Weighty matters: evidence for unity and regional diversity from the Indus civilization weights", in Abraham, Shinu Anna; Gullapalli, Praveena; Raczek, Teresa P.; Rizvi, Uzma Z. (eds.), Connections and Complexity: New Approaches to the Archaeology of South Asia, Left Coast Press, pp. 161–177, doi:10.4324/9781315431857, ISBN 978-1-59874-686-0; see in particular p. 166 ^ Resnikoff, Howard L.; Wells, Raymond O. Jr. (1998), "2.2.1: Digital computers and measurement", Wavelet Analysis: The Scalable Structure of Information, New York: Springer-Verlag, pp. 17–18, doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-0593-7, ISBN 0-387-98383-X, MR 1712468 ^ Kirk, David B.; Hwu, Wen-mei W. (2013), "7.2 Representable numbers", Programming Massively Parallel Processors: A Hands-on Approach (2nd ed.), Morgan Kaufmann, pp. 155–159, ISBN 978-0-12-391418-7 ^ Kneusel, Ronald T. (2017), "Chapter 6: Fixed-point numbers", Numbers and Computers (2nd ed.), Springer International Publishing, pp. 183–214, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-50508-4_6 ^ van der Hoeven, Joris (2006), "Computations with effective real numbers", Theoretical Computer Science, 351 (1): 52–60, doi:10.1016/j.tcs.2005.09.060, MR 2201092 ^ a b c d e f g Ko, Ker-I (1991), Complexity Theory of Real Functions, Progress in Theoretical Computer Science, Boston, Massachusetts: Birkhäuser Boston, Inc., pp. 41–43, doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-6802-1, ISBN 0-8176-3586-6, MR 1137517, S2CID 11758381 ^ Zheng, Xizhong; Rettinger, Robert (2004), "Weak computability and representation of reals", Mathematical Logic Quarterly, 50 (4–5): 431–442, doi:10.1002/malq.200310110, MR 2090389, S2CID 15815720 ^ Ambos-Spies, Klaus; Zheng, Xizhong (2019), "On the differences and sums of strongly computably enumerable real numbers", in Manea, Florin; Martin, Barnaby; Paulusma, Daniël; Primiero, Giuseppe (eds.), Computing with Foresight and Industry: 15th Conference on Computability in Europe, CiE 2019, Durham, UK, July 15–19, 2019, Proceedings, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 11558, Cham: Springer, pp. 310–322, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-22996-2_27, MR 3981892, S2CID 195795492 ^ Jerrum, Mark R.; Valiant, Leslie G.; Vazirani, Vijay V. (1986), "Random generation of combinatorial structures from a uniform distribution", Theoretical Computer Science, 43 (2–3): 169–188, doi:10.1016/0304-3975(86)90174-X, MR 0855970 ^ a b Jones, Shelly M.; Pearson, Dunn (May 2013), "Music: highly engaged students connect music to math", General Music Today, 27 (1): 18–23, doi:10.1177/1048371313486478, S2CID 220604326 ^ a b Libbey, Theodore (2006), "Time signature", The NPR Listener's Encyclopedia of Classical Music, Workman Publishing, p. 873, ISBN 978-0-7611-2072-8 ^ Yanakiev, Ivan K. (2020), "Mathematical devices in aid of music theory, composition, and performance", in Bozhikova, Milena (ed.), Music between Ontology and Ideology, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, pp. 35–62, ISBN 978-1-5275-4758-2; see in particular p. 37. ^ Hiebert, James; Tonnessen, Lowell H. (November 1978), "Development of the fraction concept in two physical contexts: an exploratory investigation", Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, 9 (5): 374–378, doi:10.2307/748774, JSTOR 748774 ^ Pothier, Yvonne; Sawada, Daiyo (November 1983), "Partitioning: the emergence of rational number ideas in young children", Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, 14 (5): 307–317, doi:10.2307/748675, JSTOR 748675 ^ Wells, David Graham (2015), Motivating Mathematics: Engaging Teachers And Engaged Students, World Scientific, pp. 32–33, ISBN 978-1-78326-755-2 ^ a b Uiterwijk, Jos W. H. M.; Barton, Michael (2015), "New results for Domineering from combinatorial game theory endgame databases", Theoretical Computer Science, 592: 72–86, arXiv:1506.03949, doi:10.1016/j.tcs.2015.05.017, MR 3367582, S2CID 5899577 ^ Equivalent formulas to these, written in the language of the Coq interactive theorem prover, are given by Krebbers, Robbert; Spitters, Bas (2013), "Type classes for efficient exact real arithmetic in Coq", Logical Methods in Computer Science, 9 (1): 1:01, 27, arXiv:1106.3448, doi:10.2168/LMCS-9(1:1)2013, MR 3029087, S2CID 218627153 ^ O'Connor, Russell (2007), "A monadic, functional implementation of real numbers", Mathematical Structures in Computer Science, 17 (1): 129–159, arXiv:cs/0605058, doi:10.1017/S0960129506005871, MR 2311089, S2CID 221168970 ^ a b Sabin, Malcolm (2010), Analysis and Design of Univariate Subdivision Schemes, Geometry and Computing, vol. 6, Springer, p. 51, ISBN 9783642136481 ^ More precisely, for small positive values of ε {\displaystyle \varepsilon } , the set of real numbers that have no approximation n / 2 i {\displaystyle n/2^{i}} with error smaller than a constant times ε / 2 i {\displaystyle \varepsilon /2^{i}} forms a Cantor set whose Hausdorff dimension, as a function of ε {\displaystyle \varepsilon } , goes to one as ε {\displaystyle \varepsilon } approaches zero. The illustration shows this set for ε = 1 6 {\displaystyle \varepsilon ={\tfrac {1}{6}}} . ^ Nilsson, Johan (2009), "On numbers badly approximable by dyadic rationals", Israel Journal of Mathematics, 171: 93–110, doi:10.1007/s11856-009-0042-9, MR 2520103 ^ Kac, Mark (1959), Statistical Independence in Probability, Analysis and Number Theory, Carus Mathematical Monographs, vol. 12, New York: John Wiley & Sons for the Mathematical Association of America, pp. 2–3, MR 0110114 ^ a b Pollen, David (1992), "Daubechies' scaling function on ", Wavelets, Wavelet Analysis and Its Applications, vol. 2, Boston, Massachusetts: Academic Press, pp. 3–13, MR 1161245 ^ Bajnok, Béla (2013), An Invitation to Abstract Mathematics, Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics, New York: Springer, p. 186, doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-6636-9, ISBN 978-1-4614-6635-2 ^ In the notation of Estes and Ohm for rings that are both subrings of Q {\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} } and overrings of Z {\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} } , the dyadic rationals are the ring Z { 2 } {\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} _{\{2\}}} . See section 7 of Estes, Dennis; Ohm, Jack (1967), "Stable range in commutative rings" (PDF), Journal of Algebra, 7 (3): 343–362, doi:10.1016/0021-8693(67)90075-0, MR 0217052 ^ Lucyshyn-Wright, Rory B. B. (2018), "Convex spaces, affine spaces, and commutants for algebraic theories", Applied Categorical Structures, 26 (2): 369–400, arXiv:1603.03351, doi:10.1007/s10485-017-9496-9, MR 3770912, S2CID 3743682 ^ a b Manners, Freddie (2015), "A solution to the pyjama problem", Inventiones Mathematicae, 202 (1): 239–270, arXiv:1305.1514, Bibcode:2015InMat.202..239M, doi:10.1007/s00222-014-0571-7, MR 3402799, S2CID 119148680; see section 6.2.1, "A model case: Z [ 1 / 2 ] ^ {\displaystyle {\widehat {\mathbb {Z} }}} ", pp. 255–257. ^ Robert, Alain M. (2000), "5.4 Fractional and integral parts of p {\displaystyle p} -adic numbers", A Course in p {\displaystyle p} -adic Analysis, Graduate Texts in Mathematics, vol. 198, New York: Springer-Verlag, pp. 40–43, doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-3254-2, ISBN 0-387-98669-3, MR 1760253 ^ a b de Cornulier, Yves; Guyot, Luc; Pitsch, Wolfgang (2007), "On the isolated points in the space of groups" (PDF), Journal of Algebra, 307 (1): 254–277, arXiv:math/0511714, doi:10.1016/j.jalgebra.2006.02.012, MR 2278053, S2CID 11566447 ^ Nadler, S. B. Jr. (1973), "The indecomposability of the dyadic solenoid", The American Mathematical Monthly, 80 (6): 677–679, doi:10.2307/2319174, JSTOR 2319174 ^ Bhattacharjee, Meenaxi; Macpherson, Dugald; Möller, Rögnvaldur G.; Neumann, Peter M. (1997), "Rational numbers", Notes on Infinite Permutation Groups, Texts and Readings in Mathematics, vol. 12, Berlin: Springer-Verlag, pp. 77–86, doi:10.1007/978-93-80250-91-5_9, ISBN 81-85931-13-5, MR 1632579 ^ Girgensohn, Roland (1996), "Constructing singular functions via Farey fractions", Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications, 203 (1): 127–141, doi:10.1006/jmaa.1996.0370, MR 1412484 ^ Cvitanović, Predrag; Gunaratne, Gemunu H.; Procaccia, Itamar (1988), "Topological and metric properties of Hénon-type strange attractors", Physical Review A, Third Series, 38 (3): 1503–1520, Bibcode:1988PhRvA..38.1503C, doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.38.1503, MR 0970237, PMID 9900529 ^ Brin, Matthew G. (1999), "The ubiquity of Thompson's group F in groups of piecewise linear homeomorphisms of the unit interval", Journal of the London Mathematical Society, Second Series, 60 (2): 449–460, arXiv:math/9705205, doi:10.1112/S0024610799007905, MR 1724861, S2CID 14490692 ^ Cannon, J. W.; Floyd, W. J. (2011), "What is … Thompson's group?" (PDF), Notices of the American Mathematical Society, 58 (8): 1112–1113, MR 2856142 ^ Fernandes, António M.; Ferreira, Fernando (2005), "Basic applications of weak König's lemma in feasible analysis" (PDF), Reverse Mathematics 2001, Lecture Notes in Logic, vol. 21, La Jolla, California: Association for Symbolic Logic, pp. 175–188, MR 2185433 ^ Conway, J. H. (2001), On Numbers and Games (Second ed.), Natick, Massachusetts: A K Peters, ISBN 1-56881-127-6, MR 1803095; for the dyadic rationals, see "The numbers 1 4 {\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{4}}} , 3 4 {\displaystyle {\tfrac {3}{4}}} , 1 1 2 {\displaystyle 1\,{\tfrac {1}{2}}} , 3 {\displaystyle 3} , and so on", pp. 10–12 ^ Mauldon, J. G. (1978), "Num, a variant of Nim with no first-player win", The American Mathematical Monthly, 85 (7): 575–578, doi:10.2307/2320870, JSTOR 2320870, MR 0503877 ^ Flanigan, J. A. (1982), "A complete analysis of black-white Hackendot", International Journal of Game Theory, 11 (1): 21–25, doi:10.1007/BF01771244, MR 0665515, S2CID 119964871 ^ Erickson, Jeff; Nivasch, Gabriel; Xu, Junyan (June 2021), "Fusible numbers and Peano arithmetic", Proceedings of the 36th Annual ACM/IEEE Symposium on Logic in Computer Science (LICS 2021), IEEE, pp. 1–13, arXiv:2003.14342, doi:10.1109/lics52264.2021.9470703, S2CID 214727767 ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.), "Sequence A188545", The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, OEIS Foundation vteFractions and ratiosDivision and ratio Dividend ÷ Divisor = Quotient Fraction Numerator/Denominator = Quotient Algebraic Aspect Binary Continued Decimal Dyadic Egyptian Golden Silver Integer Irreducible Reduction Just intonation LCD Musical interval Paper size Percentage Unit vteRational numbers Integer Dedekind cut Dyadic rational Half-integer Superparticular ratio Algebraic structure → Ring theoryRing theory Basic conceptsRings • Subrings • Ideal • Quotient ring • Fractional ideal • Total ring of fractions • Product of rings • Free product of associative algebras • Tensor product of algebras Ring homomorphisms • Kernel • Inner automorphism • Frobenius endomorphism Algebraic structures • Module • Associative algebra • Graded ring • Involutive ring • Category of rings • Initial ring Z {\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} } • Terminal ring 0 = Z / 1 Z {\displaystyle 0=\mathbb {Z} /1\mathbb {Z} } Related structures • Field • Finite field • Non-associative ring • Lie ring • Jordan ring • Semiring • Semifield Commutative algebraCommutative rings • Integral domain • Integrally closed domain • GCD domain • Unique factorization domain • Principal ideal domain • Euclidean domain • Field • Finite field • Composition ring • Polynomial ring • Formal power series ring Algebraic number theory • Algebraic number field • Ring of integers • Algebraic independence • Transcendental number theory • Transcendence degree p-adic number theory and decimals • Direct limit/Inverse limit • Zero ring Z / 1 Z {\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} /1\mathbb {Z} } • Integers modulo pn Z / p n Z {\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} /p^{n}\mathbb {Z} } • Prüfer p-ring Z ( p ∞ ) {\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} (p^{\infty })} • Base-p circle ring T {\displaystyle \mathbb {T} } • Base-p integers Z {\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} } • p-adic rationals Z [ 1 / p ] {\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} } • Base-p real numbers R {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} } • p-adic integers Z p {\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} _{p}} • p-adic numbers Q p {\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} _{p}} • p-adic solenoid T p {\displaystyle \mathbb {T} _{p}} Algebraic geometry • Affine variety Noncommutative algebraNoncommutative rings • Division ring • Semiprimitive ring • Simple ring • Commutator Noncommutative algebraic geometry Free algebra Clifford algebra • Geometric algebra Operator algebra vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dyadic_rational.svg"},{"link_name":"fraction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraction"},{"link_name":"denominator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denominator"},{"link_name":"power of two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_of_two"},{"link_name":"computer science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_science"},{"link_name":"binary representations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_representation"},{"link_name":"real number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_number"},{"link_name":"ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"integers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integer"},{"link_name":"field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"rational numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rational_number"},{"link_name":"dyadic solenoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solenoid_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"Minkowski's question-mark function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minkowski%27s_question-mark_function"},{"link_name":"Daubechies wavelets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daubechies_wavelet"},{"link_name":"Thompson's group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thompson_groups"},{"link_name":"Prüfer 2-group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%BCfer_group"},{"link_name":"surreal numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surreal_number"},{"link_name":"fusible numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusible_number"},{"link_name":"order-isomorphic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_isomorphism"},{"link_name":"2-adic numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-adic_number"},{"link_name":"fractional parts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional_part"},{"link_name":"mathematical analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_analysis"},{"link_name":"reverse mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_mathematics"}],"text":"Fraction with denominator a power of twoDyadic rationals in the interval from 0 to 1In mathematics, a dyadic rational or binary rational is a number that can be expressed as a fraction whose denominator is a power of two. For example, 1/2, 3/2, and 3/8 are dyadic rationals, but 1/3 is not. These numbers are important in computer science because they are the only ones with finite binary representations. Dyadic rationals also have applications in weights and measures, musical time signatures, and early mathematics education. They can accurately approximate any real number.The sum, difference, or product of any two dyadic rational numbers is another dyadic rational number, given by a simple formula. However, division of one dyadic rational number by another does not always produce a dyadic rational result. Mathematically, this means that the dyadic rational numbers form a ring, lying between the ring of integers and the field of rational numbers. This ring may be denoted \n \n \n \n \n Z\n \n [\n \n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {Z} [{\\tfrac {1}{2}}]}\n \n.In advanced mathematics, the dyadic rational numbers are central to the constructions of the dyadic solenoid, Minkowski's question-mark function, Daubechies wavelets, Thompson's group, Prüfer 2-group, surreal numbers, and fusible numbers. These numbers are order-isomorphic to the rational numbers; they form a subsystem of the 2-adic numbers as well as of the reals, and can represent the fractional parts of 2-adic numbers. Functions from natural numbers to dyadic rationals have been used to formalize mathematical analysis in reverse mathematics.","title":"Dyadic rational"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kitchen_weights_metric_imperial.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kitchen_weights_metric_imperial.jpg"},{"link_name":"pound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound_(mass)"},{"link_name":"inch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inch"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rudman-1"},{"link_name":"gallon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallon"},{"link_name":"quarts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quart"},{"link_name":"pints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pint"},{"link_name":"cups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cup_(unit)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-barnes-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-curtis-3"},{"link_name":"Indus Valley civilisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilisation"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-miller-4"}],"sub_title":"In measurement","text":"Kitchen weights measuring dyadic fractions of a pound from 2 lb down to 1/64 lb (1/4 oz)Many traditional systems of weights and measures are based on the idea of repeated halving, which produces dyadic rationals when measuring fractional amounts of units. The inch is customarily subdivided in dyadic rationals rather than using a decimal subdivision.[1] The customary divisions of the gallon into half-gallons, quarts, pints, and cups are also dyadic.[2] The ancient Egyptians used dyadic rationals in measurement, with denominators up to 64.[3] Similarly, systems of weights from the Indus Valley civilisation are for the most part based on repeated halving; anthropologist Heather M.-L. Miller writes that \"halving is a relatively simple operation with beam balances, which is likely why so many weight systems of this time period used binary systems\".[4]","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"computer science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_science"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reswel-5"},{"link_name":"floating-point numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floating-point_arithmetic"},{"link_name":"IEEE floating-point datatypes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_floating_point"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kirk-hwu-6"},{"link_name":"fixed-point datatypes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed-point_arithmetic"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kneusel-7"},{"link_name":"interval arithmetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interval_arithmetic"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vdh-8"},{"link_name":"computable numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computable_number"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ko-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zr-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-asz-11"},{"link_name":"random variable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_variable"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jvv-12"}],"sub_title":"In computing","text":"Dyadic rationals are central to computer science as a type of fractional number that many computers can manipulate directly.[5] In particular, as a data type used by computers, floating-point numbers are often defined as integers multiplied by positive or negative powers of two. The numbers that can be represented precisely in a floating-point format, such as the IEEE floating-point datatypes, are called its representable numbers. For most floating-point representations, the representable numbers are a subset of the dyadic rationals.[6] The same is true for fixed-point datatypes, which also use powers of two implicitly in the majority of cases.[7] Because of the simplicity of computing with dyadic rationals, they are also used for exact real computing using interval arithmetic,[8] and are central to some theoretical models of computable numbers.[9][10][11]Generating a random variable from random bits, in a fixed amount of time, is possible only when the variable has finitely many outcomes whose probabilities are all dyadic rational numbers. For random variables whose probabilities are not dyadic, it is necessary either to approximate their probabilities by dyadic rationals, or to use a random generation process whose time is itself random and unbounded.[12]","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"download the audio file","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/score/1/z/1zzwtstcg7ijflwa0wr9fnxe9tbf3yo/1zzwtstc.mp3"},{"link_name":"Igor Stravinski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor_Stravinski"},{"link_name":"The Rite of Spring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rite_of_Spring"},{"link_name":"Time signatures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_signature"},{"link_name":"musical notation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_notation"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jon-pea-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-libbey-14"},{"link_name":"non-dyadic time signatures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_signature#Irrational_meters"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yanakiev-15"},{"link_name":"whole note","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole_note"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jon-pea-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-libbey-14"}],"sub_title":"In music","text":"Audio playback is not supported in your browser. You can download the audio file.Five bars from Igor Stravinski's The Rite of Springshowing time signatures 316, 216, 316, and 28Time signatures in Western musical notation traditionally are written in a form resembling fractions (for example: 22, 44, or 68),[13] although the horizontal line of the musical staff that separates the top and bottom number is usually omitted when writing the signature separately from its staff. As fractions they are generally dyadic,[14] although non-dyadic time signatures have also been used.[15] The numeric value of the signature, interpreted as a fraction, describes the length of a measure as a fraction of a whole note. Its numerator describes the number of beats per measure, and the denominator describes the length of each beat.[13][14]","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jean Piaget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Piaget"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hie-ton-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pot-saw-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wells-18"}],"sub_title":"In mathematics education","text":"In theories of childhood development of the concept of a fraction based on the work of Jean Piaget, fractional numbers arising from halving and repeated halving are among the earliest forms of fractions to develop.[16] This stage of development of the concept of fractions has been called \"algorithmic halving\".[17] Addition and subtraction of these numbers can be performed in steps that only involve doubling, halving, adding, and subtracting integers. In contrast, addition and subtraction of more general fractions involves integer multiplication and factorization to reach a common denominator. Therefore, dyadic fractions can be easier for students to calculate with than more general fractions.[18]","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rational numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rational_number"},{"link_name":"integer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integer"},{"link_name":"power of two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_of_two"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ko-9"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uit-bar-19"},{"link_name":"real numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_number"},{"link_name":"binary representation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_representation"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ko-9"},{"link_name":"Addition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addition"},{"link_name":"subtraction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtraction"},{"link_name":"multiplication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplication"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kreb-spit-20"},{"link_name":"dividing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oconnor-21"}],"text":"The dyadic numbers are the rational numbers that result from dividing an integer by a power of two.[9] A rational number \n \n \n \n p\n \n /\n \n q\n \n \n {\\displaystyle p/q}\n \n in simplest terms is a dyadic rational when \n \n \n \n q\n \n \n {\\displaystyle q}\n \n is a power of two.[19] Another equivalent way of defining the dyadic rationals is that they are the real numbers that have a terminating binary representation.[9]Addition, subtraction, and multiplication of any two dyadic rationals produces another dyadic rational, according to the following formulas:[20]a\n \n 2\n \n b\n \n \n \n \n +\n \n \n c\n \n 2\n \n d\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n \n 2\n \n d\n −\n min\n (\n b\n ,\n d\n )\n \n \n a\n +\n \n 2\n \n b\n −\n min\n (\n b\n ,\n d\n )\n \n \n c\n \n \n 2\n \n max\n (\n b\n ,\n d\n )\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n 2\n \n b\n \n \n \n \n −\n \n \n c\n \n 2\n \n d\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n \n 2\n \n d\n −\n min\n (\n b\n ,\n d\n )\n \n \n a\n −\n \n 2\n \n b\n −\n min\n (\n b\n ,\n d\n )\n \n \n c\n \n \n 2\n \n max\n (\n b\n ,\n d\n )\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n 2\n \n b\n \n \n \n \n ⋅\n \n \n c\n \n 2\n \n d\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n a\n c\n \n \n 2\n \n b\n +\n d\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}{\\frac {a}{2^{b}}}+{\\frac {c}{2^{d}}}&={\\frac {2^{d-\\min(b,d)}a+2^{b-\\min(b,d)}c}{2^{\\max(b,d)}}}\\\\[6px]{\\frac {a}{2^{b}}}-{\\frac {c}{2^{d}}}&={\\frac {2^{d-\\min(b,d)}a-2^{b-\\min(b,d)}c}{2^{\\max(b,d)}}}\\\\[6px]{\\frac {a}{2^{b}}}\\cdot {\\frac {c}{2^{d}}}&={\\frac {ac}{2^{b+d}}}\\end{aligned}}}However, the result of dividing one dyadic rational by another is not necessarily a dyadic rational.[21] For instance, 1 and 3 are both dyadic rational numbers, but 1/3 is not.","title":"Definitions and arithmetic"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dyadic_sqrt2_approximation.svg"},{"link_name":"square root of 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_root_of_2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bad_dyadic_approximation.svg"},{"link_name":"Cantor set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantor_set"},{"link_name":"half-integer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-integer"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sabin-22"},{"link_name":"real number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_number"},{"link_name":"floor function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floor_function"},{"link_name":"fractal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractal"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nilsson-24"},{"link_name":"dense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dense_set"},{"link_name":"real line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_line"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sabin-22"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ko-9"},{"link_name":"binary expansions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_number"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ko-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ko-9"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kac-25"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ko-9"}],"text":"Dyadic rational approximations to the square root of 2 (\n \n \n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n ≈\n 1.4142\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\sqrt {2}}\\approx 1.4142}\n \n), found by rounding to the nearest smaller integer multiple of \n \n \n \n 1\n \n /\n \n \n 2\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle 1/2^{i}}\n \n for \n \n \n \n i\n =\n 0\n ,\n 1\n ,\n 2\n ,\n …\n \n \n {\\displaystyle i=0,1,2,\\dots }\n \n The height of the pink region above each approximation is its error.Real numbers with no unusually-accurate dyadic rational approximations. The red circles surround numbers that are approximated within error \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 1\n 6\n \n \n \n \n /\n \n \n 2\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\tfrac {1}{6}}/2^{i}}\n \n by \n \n \n \n n\n \n /\n \n \n 2\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle n/2^{i}}\n \n. For numbers in the fractal Cantor set outside the circles, all dyadic rational approximations have larger errors.Every integer, and every half-integer, is a dyadic rational.[22] They both meet the definition of being an integer divided by a power of two: every integer is an integer divided by one (the zeroth power of two), and every half-integer is an integer divided by two.Every real number can be arbitrarily closely approximated by dyadic rationals. In particular, for a real number \n \n \n \n x\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x}\n \n, consider the dyadic rationals of the form \n \n \n \n ⌊\n \n 2\n \n i\n \n \n x\n ⌋\n \n /\n \n \n 2\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\textstyle \\lfloor 2^{i}x\\rfloor /2^{i}}\n \n, where \n \n \n \n i\n \n \n {\\displaystyle i}\n \n can be any integer and \n \n \n \n ⌊\n …\n ⌋\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\lfloor \\dots \\rfloor }\n \n denotes the floor function that rounds its argument down to an integer. These numbers approximate \n \n \n \n x\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x}\n \n from below to within an error of \n \n \n \n 1\n \n /\n \n \n 2\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle 1/2^{i}}\n \n, which can be made arbitrarily small by choosing \n \n \n \n i\n \n \n {\\displaystyle i}\n \n to be arbitrarily large. For a fractal subset of the real numbers, this error bound is within a constant factor of optimal: for these numbers, there is no approximation \n \n \n \n n\n \n /\n \n \n 2\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle n/2^{i}}\n \n with error smaller than a constant times \n \n \n \n 1\n \n /\n \n \n 2\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle 1/2^{i}}\n \n.[23][24] The existence of accurate dyadic approximations can be expressed by saying that the set of all dyadic rationals is dense in the real line.[22] More strongly, this set is uniformly dense, in the sense that the dyadic rationals with denominator \n \n \n \n \n 2\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle 2^{i}}\n \n are uniformly spaced on the real line.[9]The dyadic rationals are precisely those numbers possessing finite binary expansions.[9] Their binary expansions are not unique; there is one finite and one infinite representation of each dyadic rational other than 0 (ignoring terminal 0s). For example, 0.112 = 0.10111...2, giving two different representations for 3/4.[9][25] The dyadic rationals are the only numbers whose binary expansions are not unique.[9]","title":"Additional properties"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"In advanced mathematics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pollen-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bajnok-27"},{"link_name":"subring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subring"},{"link_name":"overring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overring"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-est-ohm-28"},{"link_name":"localization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Localization_of_a_ring"},{"link_name":"powers of two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_of_two"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lucy-29"},{"link_name":"real numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_number"},{"link_name":"2-adic numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-adic_number"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-manners-30"},{"link_name":"fractional parts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional_part"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-robert-31"},{"link_name":"quotient group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quotient_group"},{"link_name":"Prüfer 2-group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%BCfer_group"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cor-guy-pit-32"}],"sub_title":"Algebraic structure","text":"Because they are closed under addition, subtraction, and multiplication, but not division, the dyadic rationals are a ring but not a field.[26] The ring of dyadic rationals may be denoted \n \n \n \n \n Z\n \n [\n \n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {Z} [{\\tfrac {1}{2}}]}\n \n, meaning that it can be generated by evaluating polynomials with integer coefficients, at the argument 1/2.[27] As a ring, the dyadic rationals are a subring of the rational numbers, and an overring of the integers.[28] Algebraically, this ring is the localization of the integers with respect to the set of powers of two.[29]As well as forming a subring of the real numbers, the dyadic rational numbers form a subring of the 2-adic numbers, a system of numbers that can be defined from binary representations that are finite to the right of the binary point but may extend infinitely far to the left. The 2-adic numbers include all rational numbers, not just the dyadic rationals. Embedding the dyadic rationals into the 2-adic numbers does not change the arithmetic of the dyadic rationals, but it gives them a different topological structure than they have as a subring of the real numbers. As they do in the reals, the dyadic rationals form a dense subset of the 2-adic numbers,[30] and are the set of 2-adic numbers with finite binary expansions. Every 2-adic number can be decomposed into the sum of a 2-adic integer and a dyadic rational; in this sense, the dyadic rationals can represent the fractional parts of 2-adic numbers, but this decomposition is not unique.[31]Addition of dyadic rationals modulo 1 (the quotient group \n \n \n \n \n Z\n \n [\n \n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n ]\n \n /\n \n \n Z\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {Z} [{\\tfrac {1}{2}}]/\\mathbb {Z} }\n \n of the dyadic rationals by the integers) forms the Prüfer 2-group.[32]","title":"In advanced mathematics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"abelian group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abelian_group"},{"link_name":"Pontryagin duality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontryagin_duality"},{"link_name":"characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"group homomorphisms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_homomorphism"},{"link_name":"complex numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_number"},{"link_name":"topological group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topological_group"},{"link_name":"quotiented","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quotient_group"},{"link_name":"diagonal embedding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagonal_morphism"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-manners-30"},{"link_name":"protorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protorus"},{"link_name":"solenoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solenoid_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"indecomposable continuum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indecomposable_continuum"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nadler-33"}],"sub_title":"Dyadic solenoid","text":"Considering only the addition and subtraction operations of the dyadic rationals gives them the structure of an additive abelian group. Pontryagin duality is a method for understanding abelian groups by constructing dual groups, whose elements are characters of the original group, group homomorphisms to the multiplicative group of the complex numbers, with pointwise multiplication as the dual group operation. The dual group of the additive dyadic rationals, constructed in this way, can also be viewed as a topological group. It is called the dyadic solenoid, and is isomorphic to the topological product of the real numbers and 2-adic numbers, quotiented by the diagonal embedding of the dyadic rationals into this product.[30] It is an example of a protorus, a solenoid, and an indecomposable continuum.[33]","title":"In advanced mathematics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Minkowski_question_mark.svg"},{"link_name":"Minkowski's question-mark function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minkowski%27s_question-mark_function"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Daubechies4-functions.svg"},{"link_name":"Daubechies wavelet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daubechies_wavelet"},{"link_name":"dense order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dense_order"},{"link_name":"Cantor's isomorphism theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantor%27s_isomorphism_theorem"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bmmn-34"},{"link_name":"order-isomorphic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_isomorphism"},{"link_name":"Minkowski's question-mark function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minkowski%27s_question-mark_function"},{"link_name":"bijection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijection"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-girgensohn-35"},{"link_name":"Daubechies wavelets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daubechies_wavelet"},{"link_name":"scaling function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavelet#Scaling_function"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pollen-26"},{"link_name":"Hénon map","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9non_map"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cvi-gun-pro-36"},{"link_name":"piecewise linear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piecewise_linear_function"},{"link_name":"homeomorphisms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeomorphism"},{"link_name":"unit interval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_interval"},{"link_name":"function composition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Function_composition"},{"link_name":"Thompson's group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thompson_groups"},{"link_name":"finitely presented","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presentation_of_a_group"},{"link_name":"simple group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_group"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brin-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-can-flo-38"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cor-guy-pit-32"}],"sub_title":"Functions with dyadic rationals as distinguished points","text":"Minkowski's question-mark function maps rational numbers to dyadic rationalsA Daubechies wavelet, showing points of non-smoothness at dyadic rationalsBecause they are a dense subset of the real numbers, the dyadic rationals, with their numeric ordering, form a dense order. As with any two unbounded countable dense linear orders, by Cantor's isomorphism theorem,[34] the dyadic rationals are order-isomorphic to the rational numbers. In this case, Minkowski's question-mark function provides an order-preserving bijection between the set of all rational numbers and the set of dyadic rationals.[35]The dyadic rationals play a key role in the analysis of Daubechies wavelets, as the set of points where the scaling function of these wavelets is non-smooth.[26] Similarly, the dyadic rationals parameterize the discontinuities in the boundary between stable and unstable points in the parameter space of the Hénon map.[36]The set of piecewise linear homeomorphisms from the unit interval to itself that have power-of-2 slopes and dyadic-rational breakpoints forms a group under the operation of function composition. This is Thompson's group, the first known example of an infinite but finitely presented simple group.[37] The same group can also be represented by an action on rooted binary trees,[38] or by an action on the dyadic rationals within the unit interval.[32]","title":"In advanced mathematics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"reverse mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_mathematics"},{"link_name":"real numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_number"},{"link_name":"unary numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unary_numeral_system"},{"link_name":"mathematical analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_analysis"},{"link_name":"second-order arithmetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second-order_arithmetic"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fer-fer-39"},{"link_name":"surreal numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surreal_number"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conway-40"},{"link_name":"combinatorial game theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combinatorial_game_theory"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mauldon-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-flanigan-42"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uit-bar-19"},{"link_name":"fusible numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusible_number"},{"link_name":"well-ordered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Well-order"},{"link_name":"order type","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_type"},{"link_name":"epsilon number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsilon_numbers_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"Peano arithmetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peano_arithmetic"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eri-niv-xu-43"},{"link_name":"Knuth's up-arrow notation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knuth%27s_up-arrow_notation"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A188545-44"},{"link_name":"Urysohn's lemma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urysohn%27s_lemma"}],"sub_title":"Other related constructions","text":"In reverse mathematics, one way of constructing the real numbers is to represent them as functions from unary numbers to dyadic rationals, where the value of one of these functions for the argument \n \n \n \n i\n \n \n {\\displaystyle i}\n \n is a dyadic rational with denominator \n \n \n \n \n 2\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle 2^{i}}\n \n that approximates the given real number. Defining real numbers in this way allows many of the basic results of mathematical analysis to be proven within a restricted theory of second-order arithmetic called \"feasible analysis\" (BTFA).[39]The surreal numbers are generated by an iterated construction principle which starts by generating all finite dyadic rationals, and then goes on to create new and strange kinds of infinite, infinitesimal and other numbers.[40] This number system is foundational to combinatorial game theory, and dyadic rationals arise naturally in this theory as the set of values of certain combinatorial games.[41][42][19]The fusible numbers are a subset of the dyadic rationals, the closure of the set \n \n \n \n {\n 0\n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\{0\\}}\n \n under the operation \n \n \n \n x\n ,\n y\n ↦\n (\n x\n +\n y\n +\n 1\n )\n \n /\n \n 2\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x,y\\mapsto (x+y+1)/2}\n \n, restricted to pairs \n \n \n \n x\n ,\n y\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x,y}\n \n with \n \n \n \n \n |\n \n x\n −\n y\n \n |\n \n <\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle |x-y|<1}\n \n. They are well-ordered, with order type equal to the epsilon number \n \n \n \n \n ε\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\varepsilon _{0}}\n \n. For each integer \n \n \n \n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n}\n \n the smallest fusible number that is greater than \n \n \n \n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n}\n \n has the form \n \n \n \n n\n +\n 1\n \n /\n \n \n 2\n \n k\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle n+1/2^{k}}\n \n. The existence of \n \n \n \n k\n \n \n {\\displaystyle k}\n \n for each \n \n \n \n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n}\n \n cannot be proven in Peano arithmetic,[43] and \n \n \n \n k\n \n \n {\\displaystyle k}\n \n grows so rapidly as a function of \n \n \n \n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n}\n \n that for \n \n \n \n n\n =\n 3\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n=3}\n \n it is (in Knuth's up-arrow notation for large numbers) already larger than \n \n \n \n 2\n \n ↑\n \n 9\n \n \n 16\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 2\\uparrow ^{9}16}\n \n.[44]The usual proof of Urysohn's lemma utilizes the dyadic fractions for constructing the separating function from the lemma.","title":"In advanced mathematics"}]
[{"image_text":"Dyadic rationals in the interval from 0 to 1","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Dyadic_rational.svg/260px-Dyadic_rational.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Dyadic rational approximations to the square root of 2 (\n \n \n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n ≈\n 1.4142\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\sqrt {2}}\\approx 1.4142}\n \n), found by rounding to the nearest smaller integer multiple of \n \n \n \n 1\n \n /\n \n \n 2\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle 1/2^{i}}\n \n for \n \n \n \n i\n =\n 0\n ,\n 1\n ,\n 2\n ,\n …\n \n \n {\\displaystyle i=0,1,2,\\dots }\n \n The height of the pink region above each approximation is its error.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Dyadic_sqrt2_approximation.svg/220px-Dyadic_sqrt2_approximation.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Real numbers with no unusually-accurate dyadic rational approximations. The red circles surround numbers that are approximated within error \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 1\n 6\n \n \n \n \n /\n \n \n 2\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\tfrac {1}{6}}/2^{i}}\n \n by \n \n \n \n n\n \n /\n \n \n 2\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle n/2^{i}}\n \n. For numbers in the fractal Cantor set outside the circles, all dyadic rational approximations have larger errors.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Bad_dyadic_approximation.svg/260px-Bad_dyadic_approximation.svg.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"Rudman, Peter S. (2009), How Mathematics Happened: The First 50,000 Years, Prometheus Books, p. 148, ISBN 978-1-61592-176-8","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=BtcQq4RUfkUC&pg=PA148","url_text":"How Mathematics Happened: The First 50,000 Years"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61592-176-8","url_text":"978-1-61592-176-8"}]},{"reference":"Barnes, John (2016), Nice Numbers, Springer International Publishing, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-46831-0, ISBN 978-3-319-46830-3, Note that binary measures (2, 4, 8, 16) are very common indeed. This is particularly obvious with volumes.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6l2XDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA10","url_text":"Nice Numbers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-46831-0","url_text":"10.1007/978-3-319-46831-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-46830-3","url_text":"978-3-319-46830-3"}]},{"reference":"Curtis, Lorenzo J. (1978), \"Concept of the exponential law prior to 1900\", American Journal of Physics, 46 (9): 896–906, Bibcode:1978AmJPh..46..896C, doi:10.1119/1.11512","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Journal_of_Physics","url_text":"American Journal of Physics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978AmJPh..46..896C","url_text":"1978AmJPh..46..896C"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1119%2F1.11512","url_text":"10.1119/1.11512"}]},{"reference":"Miller, Heather M.-L. (2013), \"Weighty matters: evidence for unity and regional diversity from the Indus civilization weights\", in Abraham, Shinu Anna; Gullapalli, Praveena; Raczek, Teresa P.; Rizvi, Uzma Z. (eds.), Connections and Complexity: New Approaches to the Archaeology of South Asia, Left Coast Press, pp. 161–177, doi:10.4324/9781315431857, ISBN 978-1-59874-686-0","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzma_Z._Rizvi","url_text":"Rizvi, Uzma Z."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315431857","url_text":"10.4324/9781315431857"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59874-686-0","url_text":"978-1-59874-686-0"}]},{"reference":"Resnikoff, Howard L.; Wells, Raymond O. Jr. (1998), \"2.2.1: Digital computers and measurement\", Wavelet Analysis: The Scalable Structure of Information, New York: Springer-Verlag, pp. 17–18, doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-0593-7, ISBN 0-387-98383-X, MR 1712468","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_L._Resnikoff","url_text":"Resnikoff, Howard L."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_O._Wells_Jr.","url_text":"Wells, Raymond O. Jr."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jrvkBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA17","url_text":"\"2.2.1: Digital computers and measurement\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4612-0593-7","url_text":"10.1007/978-1-4612-0593-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-387-98383-X","url_text":"0-387-98383-X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=1712468","url_text":"1712468"}]},{"reference":"Kirk, David B.; Hwu, Wen-mei W. (2013), \"7.2 Representable numbers\", Programming Massively Parallel Processors: A Hands-on Approach (2nd ed.), Morgan Kaufmann, pp. 155–159, ISBN 978-0-12-391418-7","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Kirk_(scientist)","url_text":"Kirk, David B."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wen-mei_Hwu","url_text":"Hwu, Wen-mei W."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=E0Uaag8qicUC&pg=PA155","url_text":"\"7.2 Representable numbers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-391418-7","url_text":"978-0-12-391418-7"}]},{"reference":"Kneusel, Ronald T. (2017), \"Chapter 6: Fixed-point numbers\", Numbers and Computers (2nd ed.), Springer International Publishing, pp. 183–214, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-50508-4_6","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-50508-4_6","url_text":"10.1007/978-3-319-50508-4_6"}]},{"reference":"van der Hoeven, Joris (2006), \"Computations with effective real numbers\", Theoretical Computer Science, 351 (1): 52–60, doi:10.1016/j.tcs.2005.09.060, MR 2201092","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoretical_Computer_Science_(journal)","url_text":"Theoretical Computer Science"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tcs.2005.09.060","url_text":"10.1016/j.tcs.2005.09.060"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=2201092","url_text":"2201092"}]},{"reference":"Ko, Ker-I (1991), Complexity Theory of Real Functions, Progress in Theoretical Computer Science, Boston, Massachusetts: Birkhäuser Boston, Inc., pp. 41–43, doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-6802-1, ISBN 0-8176-3586-6, MR 1137517, S2CID 11758381","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QJnVBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA41","url_text":"Complexity Theory of Real Functions"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4684-6802-1","url_text":"10.1007/978-1-4684-6802-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8176-3586-6","url_text":"0-8176-3586-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=1137517","url_text":"1137517"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11758381","url_text":"11758381"}]},{"reference":"Zheng, Xizhong; Rettinger, Robert (2004), \"Weak computability and representation of reals\", Mathematical Logic Quarterly, 50 (4–5): 431–442, doi:10.1002/malq.200310110, MR 2090389, S2CID 15815720","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fmalq.200310110","url_text":"10.1002/malq.200310110"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=2090389","url_text":"2090389"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15815720","url_text":"15815720"}]},{"reference":"Ambos-Spies, Klaus; Zheng, Xizhong (2019), \"On the differences and sums of strongly computably enumerable real numbers\", in Manea, Florin; Martin, Barnaby; Paulusma, Daniël; Primiero, Giuseppe (eds.), Computing with Foresight and Industry: 15th Conference on Computability in Europe, CiE 2019, Durham, UK, July 15–19, 2019, Proceedings, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 11558, Cham: Springer, pp. 310–322, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-22996-2_27, MR 3981892, S2CID 195795492","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-22996-2_27","url_text":"10.1007/978-3-030-22996-2_27"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=3981892","url_text":"3981892"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:195795492","url_text":"195795492"}]},{"reference":"Jerrum, Mark R.; Valiant, Leslie G.; Vazirani, Vijay V. (1986), \"Random generation of combinatorial structures from a uniform distribution\", Theoretical Computer Science, 43 (2–3): 169–188, doi:10.1016/0304-3975(86)90174-X, MR 0855970","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Jerrum","url_text":"Jerrum, Mark R."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Valiant","url_text":"Valiant, Leslie G."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijay_Vazirani","url_text":"Vazirani, Vijay V."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoretical_Computer_Science_(journal)","url_text":"Theoretical Computer Science"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0304-3975%2886%2990174-X","url_text":"10.1016/0304-3975(86)90174-X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0855970","url_text":"0855970"}]},{"reference":"Jones, Shelly M.; Pearson, Dunn (May 2013), \"Music: highly engaged students connect music to math\", General Music Today, 27 (1): 18–23, doi:10.1177/1048371313486478, S2CID 220604326","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelly_M._Jones","url_text":"Jones, Shelly M."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Music_Today","url_text":"General Music Today"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1048371313486478","url_text":"10.1177/1048371313486478"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220604326","url_text":"220604326"}]},{"reference":"Libbey, Theodore (2006), \"Time signature\", The NPR Listener's Encyclopedia of Classical Music, Workman Publishing, p. 873, ISBN 978-0-7611-2072-8","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lE8R56pksxEC&pg=PA873","url_text":"\"Time signature\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7611-2072-8","url_text":"978-0-7611-2072-8"}]},{"reference":"Yanakiev, Ivan K. (2020), \"Mathematical devices in aid of music theory, composition, and performance\", in Bozhikova, Milena (ed.), Music between Ontology and Ideology, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, pp. 35–62, ISBN 978-1-5275-4758-2","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5275-4758-2","url_text":"978-1-5275-4758-2"}]},{"reference":"Hiebert, James; Tonnessen, Lowell H. 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(1997), \"Rational numbers\", Notes on Infinite Permutation Groups, Texts and Readings in Mathematics, vol. 12, Berlin: Springer-Verlag, pp. 77–86, doi:10.1007/978-93-80250-91-5_9, ISBN 81-85931-13-5, MR 1632579","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_M._Neumann","url_text":"Neumann, Peter M."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-93-80250-91-5_9","url_text":"10.1007/978-93-80250-91-5_9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-85931-13-5","url_text":"81-85931-13-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=1632579","url_text":"1632579"}]},{"reference":"Girgensohn, Roland (1996), \"Constructing singular functions via Farey fractions\", Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications, 203 (1): 127–141, doi:10.1006/jmaa.1996.0370, MR 1412484","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Mathematical_Analysis_and_Applications","url_text":"Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fjmaa.1996.0370","url_text":"10.1006/jmaa.1996.0370"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=1412484","url_text":"1412484"}]},{"reference":"Cvitanović, Predrag; Gunaratne, Gemunu H.; Procaccia, Itamar (1988), \"Topological and metric properties of Hénon-type strange attractors\", Physical Review A, Third Series, 38 (3): 1503–1520, Bibcode:1988PhRvA..38.1503C, doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.38.1503, MR 0970237, PMID 9900529","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_Review_A","url_text":"Physical Review A"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988PhRvA..38.1503C","url_text":"1988PhRvA..38.1503C"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevA.38.1503","url_text":"10.1103/PhysRevA.38.1503"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0970237","url_text":"0970237"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9900529","url_text":"9900529"}]},{"reference":"Brin, Matthew G. (1999), \"The ubiquity of Thompson's group F in groups of piecewise linear homeomorphisms of the unit interval\", Journal of the London Mathematical Society, Second Series, 60 (2): 449–460, arXiv:math/9705205, doi:10.1112/S0024610799007905, MR 1724861, S2CID 14490692","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_the_London_Mathematical_Society","url_text":"Journal of the London Mathematical Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/math/9705205","url_text":"math/9705205"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1112%2FS0024610799007905","url_text":"10.1112/S0024610799007905"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=1724861","url_text":"1724861"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14490692","url_text":"14490692"}]},{"reference":"Cannon, J. W.; Floyd, W. J. (2011), \"What is … Thompson's group?\" (PDF), Notices of the American Mathematical Society, 58 (8): 1112–1113, MR 2856142","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_W._Cannon","url_text":"Cannon, J. W."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Floyd_(mathematician)","url_text":"Floyd, W. 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H. (2001), On Numbers and Games (Second ed.), Natick, Massachusetts: A K Peters, ISBN 1-56881-127-6, MR 1803095","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Horton_Conway","url_text":"Conway, J. H."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_Numbers_and_Games","url_text":"On Numbers and Games"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56881-127-6","url_text":"1-56881-127-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=1803095","url_text":"1803095"}]},{"reference":"Mauldon, J. G. (1978), \"Num, a variant of Nim with no first-player win\", The American Mathematical Monthly, 85 (7): 575–578, doi:10.2307/2320870, JSTOR 2320870, MR 0503877","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_American_Mathematical_Monthly","url_text":"The American Mathematical Monthly"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2320870","url_text":"10.2307/2320870"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2320870","url_text":"2320870"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0503877","url_text":"0503877"}]},{"reference":"Flanigan, J. A. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rehn%E2%80%93Meidner_model
Rehn–Meidner model
["1 Overview","2 Inside and Outside Sweden","3 Decline and legacy","4 See also","5 References"]
Economic and wage policy model Part of a series onSocial democracy History Age of Enlightenment Frankfurt Declaration French Revolution Godesberg Program Humanism Internationalist–defencist schism Keynesianism Labor movement Marxism Orthodox Revisionist Nordic model Reformist–revolutionary dispute Socialism Revolutions of 1848 Utopian socialism Welfare capitalism Concepts Civil liberties Critical theory Democracy Economic Industrial Representative Dirigisme Environmentalism Environmental protection Fair trade Gradualism Institutional abuse Internationalism Land reform Labor rights Left-wing nationalism Mixed economy Nationalization Negative and positive rights Progressivism Reformism Left Socialism Revolutionary socialism Secularism Social corporatism Social justice Social market economy Socialist state Capitalism Socialism Structural abuse Structural violence Trade union Tripartism Welfare Welfare state Variants Democratic socialism Ethical socialism Evolutionary socialism Liberal socialism Socialism of the 21st century Third Way People Ambedkar Allende Ardern Attlee Awolowo Batlle y Ordóñez Bebel Ben-Gurion Bernstein Betancourt Bhutto Blair Blanc Brandt Branting Brown Callaghan Cárdenas Clark Craxi Crosland Corbyn Curtin Daszyński Debs Douglas Drees Ebert Ecevit Engels Fraser Gaitskell Gandhi González Goulart Hardie Hilferding İnönü Jaurès Jenkins Jumblatt Junmai Katayama Kautsky Kerensky Kéthly Kirk Lagos Lassalle Layton Lenin Lévesque Liebknecht (father) Liebknecht (son) Luxemburg MacDonald Mandela Marx Myrdal Nehru Palme Plekhanov Prodi Russell Sanders Savage Stauning Thomas Den Uyl Webb Whitlam Wilson Zhordania Organizations International Trade Union Confederation International Union of Socialist Youth Party of European Socialists Progressive Alliance Socialist International Young European Socialists Network of Social Democracy in Asia By region Austria Germany United States Related Communism "The Internationale" Socialism Types of socialism Economics portal Politics portal Socialism portalvte This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "Rehn–Meidner model" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2021) Gösta Rehn (1913–1996) and Rudolf Meidner (1914–2005) The Rehn–Meidner model is an economic and wage policy model developed in 1951 by two economists at the research department of the Swedish Trade Union Confederation (LO), Gösta Rehn and Rudolf Meidner. The four main goals to be achieved were: Low inflation Full employment High growth Income equality Overview The model is based upon an interaction between fiscal- and monetary policies, active labour market policies, and solidaristic wage policy. The purpose is to simultaneously achieve all four goals of the model. Fiscal and monetary policies shall be restrictive in the medium term to ensure low inflation. The policies are particularly meant to prevent wage-price spirals by squeezing profit margins in the business sector. Solidaristic wage policy will threaten the profitability of companies and industries with low productivity. To survive, these companies have to raise productivity by rationalization and innovation or leave the market. All of this will enhance productivity growth at the aggregate level and freed labour resources facilitating the expansion of high-productive companies and industries. Their expansion is also stimulated by the solidaristic wage policy. Without this policy, wages would have been higher in dynamic companies and industries leading to larger wage differentials and higher inflation. In the Rehn-Meidner model, active labour market policy shall sustain full employment but also speed up the transfer of labour to dynamic companies and industries. Rehn argued for mobility-enhancing labor-market policies, including high unemployment benefits, based on a notion of "security by wings" rather than "security under shells." This aimed to make workers less dependent on a specific job, such that they would find new jobs as structural changes caused by productivity growth will reduce the need for workers in existing jobs. Rehn also recognized that high unemployment benefits may lead to longer job search periods, suggesting this would lead to more efficient labor markets by matching workers with jobs better fitting their skills and abilities; modern research has found evidence of this improved matching effect. Inside and Outside Sweden The Rehn-Meidner Model was utilized in somewhat different shapes in Sweden, and partly in other Nordic countries, as well and proved successful in achieving its goals, as was shown in the prosperous time of the early post-war Golden Age of Capitalism. The model was made possible, and nations were incentivized to implement it, through the Bretton Woods system, which was the name for the postwar international financial order that regulated currencies, exchange rates, and capital flows, partly through the use of mutual capital controls. In Sweden, the implementation of the Rehn-Meidner model in the 1960s and early 1970s was made possible by the centralization of collective wage bargaining. Decline and legacy In Sweden, by the mid-1960s, the Swedish Confederation of Trade Unions (LO) moved toward a preference for job security, and successfully lobbied the Swedish government to pass the Job Security Act of 1974. This effectively shifted Swedish macroeconomic policy from the Rehn-Meidner notion of "security by wings" to "security under shells." Further economic and political developments, including the oil supply crises of the 1970s and 1980s and increased international competition, pushed Sweden further from the Rehn-Meidner model and drew increasing focus onto pre-Keynesian economic-policy ideas. See also Nordic model Flexicurity Economic democracy References ^ Bengtsson, Erik (2022). "The Origins of the Swedish Wage Bargaining Model". International Labor and Working-Class History: 1–17. doi:10.1017/S0147547922000047. ISSN 0147-5479. S2CID 159323864. ^ a b Erixon, Lennart (2010). "The Rehn-Meidner Model in Sweden: Its Rise, Challenges and Survival" (PDF). Journal of Economic Issues. 44 (3): 677–715. doi:10.2753/jei0021-3624440306. ISSN 0021-3624. S2CID 152919312. ^ Nekoei, Arash; Weber, Andrea (2017). "Does Extending Unemployment Benefits Improve Job Quality?". American Economic Review. 107 (2): 527–561. doi:10.1257/aer.20150528. hdl:10419/110757. ISSN 0002-8282. S2CID 54075373. ^ Farooq, Ammar; Kugler, Adriana; Muratori, Umberto. "Do Unemployement Insurance Benefits Improve Match and Employer Quality? Evidence from Recent U.S. Recessions" (PDF). National Bureau of Economic Research. vteSweden articlesHistory Prehistory 800–1521 Kalmar Union 1523–1611 Rise to become Great Power Swedish Empire Great Northern War Age of Liberty Coup of 1756 December Crisis (1768) Revolution of 1772 Gustavian era Coup of 1809 Sweden–Norway union Famine of 1867–1869 Modernization Industrialization World War I World War II timeline 1945–1967 1967–1991 Since 1991 Geography Cities Counties Extreme points Forests Islands Lakes Lands Metropolitan areas National parks Provinces Rivers Wildlife Politics Administrative division Constitution Elections Foreign relations Human rights LGBT rights Government State agencies Judiciary Law Law enforcement Legislature Military Monarchy Neutrality Political parties Economy Agriculture Automotive industry Energy Income inequality Krona (currency) Labour unions Nordic model Rehn–Meidner model Stock exchange Taxation Telecommunications Transport Tourism Society Abortion Censorship Crime Demographics Education Healthcare Homelessness Human trafficking Immigration Languages People Prostitution Welfare Women Culture Anthem Architecture Art Cinema Coat of arms Cuisine Wine Fashion Flag Irreligion Literature Media Music National Day Public holidays Religion Sport World Heritage Sites Outline Category Portal vteSocial democracyHistory Age of Enlightenment Frankfurt Declaration French Revolution Godesberg Program Humanism Internationalist–defencist schism Keynesianism Labor movement Marxism Orthodox Revisionist Nordic model Reformist–revolutionary dispute Socialism Revolutions of 1848 Utopian socialism Welfare capitalism Concepts Civil liberties Democracy Economic Industrial Representative Marxist Dirigisme Environmentalism Environmental protection Fair trade Gradualism Internationalism Land reform Labor rights Left-wing nationalism Mixed economy Nationalization Negative and positive rights Progressivism Reformism Left Socialism Revolutionary socialism Secularism Social corporatism Social justice Social market economy Socialist state Capitalism Socialism Trade union Tripartisme Welfare Welfare state Variants Democratic socialism Ethical socialism Evolutionary socialism Liberal socialism Socialism of the 21st century Third Way People Ambedkar Allende Ardern Attlee Awolowo Batlle y Ordóñez Bebel Ben-Gurion Bernstein Betancourt Bhutto Blair Blanc Brandt Branting Brown Callaghan Cárdenas Chávez Clark Craxi Crosland Corbyn Curtin Daszyński Debs Douglas Drees Ebert Ecevit Engels Fraser Gaitskell Gandhi González Goulart Hardie Hilferding Jaurès Jenkins Junmai Katayama Kautsky Kerensky Kéthly Kirk Lagos Lassalle Layton Lenin Lévesque Liebknecht (father) Liebknecht (son) Luxemburg MacDonald Mandela Marx Morales Myrdal Nehru Palme Plekhanov Prodi Russell Sanders Savage Stauning Thomas Den Uyl Webb Whitlam Wilson Woodsworth Zhordania Organizations International Trade Union Confederation International Union of Socialist Youth Party of European Socialists Progressive Alliance Socialist International Young European Socialists By region Austria Germany United States Related Communism "The Internationale" Socialism Types of socialism Economics portal Politics portal Socialism portal
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gosta_rehn.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rudolf-Meidner-143458166346.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gösta Rehn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6sta_Rehn"},{"link_name":"Rudolf Meidner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Meidner"},{"link_name":"Swedish Trade Union Confederation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Trade_Union_Confederation"},{"link_name":"Gösta Rehn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6sta_Rehn"},{"link_name":"Rudolf Meidner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Meidner"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"inflation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation"},{"link_name":"employment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employment"},{"link_name":"growth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_growth"},{"link_name":"Income equality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_inequality"}],"text":"Gösta Rehn (1913–1996) and Rudolf Meidner (1914–2005)The Rehn–Meidner model is an economic and wage policy model developed in 1951 by two economists at the research department of the Swedish Trade Union Confederation (LO), Gösta Rehn and Rudolf Meidner.[1] The four main goals to be achieved were:Low inflation\nFull employment\nHigh growth\nIncome equality","title":"Rehn–Meidner model"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"active labour market policies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_labour_market_policies"},{"link_name":"solidaristic wage policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solidaristic_wage_policy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"wage-price spirals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wage-price_spiral"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Erixon_2010-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nekoei_Weber_2017-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Farooq_2022-4"}],"text":"The model is based upon an interaction between fiscal- and monetary policies, active labour market policies, and solidaristic wage policy. The purpose is to simultaneously achieve all four goals of the model.Fiscal and monetary policies shall be restrictive in the medium term to ensure low inflation. The policies are particularly meant to prevent wage-price spirals by squeezing profit margins in the business sector.Solidaristic wage policy will threaten the profitability of companies and industries with low productivity. To survive, these companies have to raise productivity by rationalization and innovation or leave the market. All of this will enhance productivity growth at the aggregate level and freed labour resources facilitating the expansion of high-productive companies and industries. Their expansion is also stimulated by the solidaristic wage policy. Without this policy, wages would have been higher in dynamic companies and industries leading to larger wage differentials and higher inflation.In the Rehn-Meidner model, active labour market policy shall sustain full employment but also speed up the transfer of labour to dynamic companies and industries. Rehn argued for mobility-enhancing labor-market policies, including high unemployment benefits, based on a notion of \"security by wings\" rather than \"security under shells.\"[2] This aimed to make workers less dependent on a specific job, such that they would find new jobs as structural changes caused by productivity growth will reduce the need for workers in existing jobs. Rehn also recognized that high unemployment benefits may lead to longer job search periods, suggesting this would lead to more efficient labor markets by matching workers with jobs better fitting their skills and abilities; modern research has found evidence of this improved matching effect.[3][4]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Golden Age of Capitalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Capitalism"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Bretton Woods system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretton_Woods_system"},{"link_name":"currencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Currencies"},{"link_name":"exchange rates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exchange_rate"},{"link_name":"capital flows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_flows"},{"link_name":"capital controls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_controls"}],"text":"The Rehn-Meidner Model was utilized in somewhat different shapes in Sweden, and partly in other Nordic countries, as well and proved successful in achieving its goals, as was shown in the prosperous time of the early post-war Golden Age of Capitalism.[citation needed] The model was made possible, and nations were incentivized to implement it, through the Bretton Woods system, which was the name for the postwar international financial order that regulated currencies, exchange rates, and capital flows, partly through the use of mutual capital controls. In Sweden, the implementation of the Rehn-Meidner model in the 1960s and early 1970s was made possible by the centralization of collective wage bargaining.","title":"Inside and Outside Sweden"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"job security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job_security"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Erixon_2010-2"}],"text":"In Sweden, by the mid-1960s, the Swedish Confederation of Trade Unions (LO) moved toward a preference for job security, and successfully lobbied the Swedish government to pass the Job Security Act of 1974. This effectively shifted Swedish macroeconomic policy from the Rehn-Meidner notion of \"security by wings\" to \"security under shells.\"[2] Further economic and political developments, including the oil supply crises of the 1970s and 1980s and increased international competition, pushed Sweden further from the Rehn-Meidner model and drew increasing focus onto pre-Keynesian economic-policy ideas.","title":"Decline and legacy"}]
[]
[{"title":"Nordic model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_model"},{"title":"Flexicurity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexicurity"},{"title":"Economic democracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_democracy"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_High_School_Athletic_Conferences
Ohio high school athletic conferences
["1 Central Region","2 East/Southeast Regions","3 Northeast Region","4 Northwest Region","5 Southwest Region","6 Defunct conferences","7 Notes and references"]
The six OHSAA regions with the Central in red, the East in orange, Northeast in green, Northwest in purple, Southeast in yellow, and Southwest in blue. Counties that are in gray are split between two regions. This is a list of high school athletic conferences in Ohio, separated by Ohio High School Athletic Association (OHSAA) region. Some conferences have schools in multiple regions, and will be listed in all applicable regions. However, the conference information is on the region page where the most schools are classified in. Conference membership in Ohio is voluntary, rather than assigned by the state association like in some states. While this ensures that many rivalries stay intact regardless of classification changes, it also means schools can choose to change conferences pending acceptance into a different conference, or in rare cases, can be forced out of a conference. This can explain why some conferences have a lengthy list of former members, and the number of defunct conferences. Central Region Main article: OHSAA Central Region athletic conferences This region includes the counties of Delaware, Franklin, Knox, Licking, Madison, Morrow, and Union, as well as schools within Fairfield, Marion, and Pickaway counties. While the Central Region includes a small number of conferences, many of these leagues contain many schools with multiple divisions. Central Catholic League Columbus City League Knox-Morrow Athletic Conference Licking County League Mid-Ohio Athletic Conference Mid-Ohio Christian Athletic League Mid-State League Ohio Capital Conference East/Southeast Regions Main article: OHSAA East/Southeast Regions athletic conferences The East region includes the counties of Belmont, Carroll, Coshocton, Guernsey, Harrison, Holmes, Jefferson, Monroe, Morgan, Muskingum, Noble, and Tuscarawas, as well as schools within Washington County. The Southeast region includes the counties of Adams, Athens, Fayette, Gallia, Highland, Hocking, Jackson, Lawrence, Meigs, Perry, Pike, Ross, Scioto, and Vinton, as well as schools within Brown, Fairfield, Pickaway, and Washington counties. Due to the low amount of conferences separately, and the number of conferences that contain members of both regions, these two regions are combined onto one page. Buckeye 8 Athletic League East Central Ohio League Frontier Athletic Conference Independents Inter-Valley Conference Muskingum Valley League Ohio Valley Athletic Conference Ohio Valley Conference Pioneer Valley Conference Scioto Valley Conference Southern Hills Athletic Conference Southern Ohio Conference Tri-Valley Conference Northeast Region Main article: OHSAA Northeast Region athletic conferences This region includes the counties of Ashtabula, Columbiana, Cuyahoga, Geauga, Lake, Lorain, Mahoning, Medina, Portage, Stark, Summit, Trumbull, and Wayne, as well as schools within Ashland and Erie counties. Akron City Series All-American Conference Chagrin Valley Conference Cleveland Senate Athletic League Eastern Buckeye Conference Eastern Ohio Athletic Conference Federal League Great Lakes Conference Greater Cleveland Conference Independents Lake Erie League Lorain County 8 Metro Athletic Conference Mahoning Valley Athletic Conference North Coast League Northeastern Athletic Conference Northeast 8 Athletic Conference Portage Trail Conference Principals Athletic Conference Southwestern Conference Suburban League Wayne County Athletic League Western Reserve Conference Northwest Region Main article: OHSAA Northwest Region athletic conferences This region includes the counties of Allen, Auglaize, Crawford, Defiance, Fulton, Hancock, Hardin, Henry, Huron, Lucas, Mercer, Ottawa, Paulding, Putnam, Richland, Sandusky, Seneca, Van Wert, Williams, Wood, and Wyandot, as well as schools within Ashland, Erie, and Marion counties. Blanchard Valley Conference Buckeye Border Conference Firelands Conference Green Meadows Conference Mid-Buckeye Conference Midwest Athletic Conference Northern 10 Athletic Conference Northern Buckeye Conference Northern Lakes League Northwest Central Conference Northwest Conference Northwest Ohio Athletic League Ohio Cardinal Conference Putnam County League Sandusky Bay Conference Sandusky River League Three Rivers Athletic Conference Toledo Area Athletic Conference Toledo City League Western Buckeye League Southwest Region Main article: OHSAA Southwest Region athletic conferences This region includes the counties of Butler, Champaign, Clark, Clermont, Clinton, Darke, Greene, Hamilton, Logan, Miami, Montgomery, Preble, Shelby, and Warren, as well as schools within Brown County. Central Buckeye Conference Cincinnati Hills League Cincinnati Metro Athletic Conference Cross County Conference Dayton City League Eastern Cincinnati Conference Greater Catholic League Greater Miami Conference Greater Western Ohio Conference Independents Metro Buckeye Conference Miami Valley Conference Miami Valley League Ohio Heritage Conference Shelby County Athletic League Southern Buckeye Athletic/Academic Conference Southwest Ohio Conference Southwestern Buckeye League Western Ohio Athletic Conference Defunct conferences Main article: Defunct Ohio high school athletic conferences Notes and references ^ OHSAA. "Ohio High School Athletic Association Web site". Retrieved 2006-12-31. ^ "District Athletic Boards". ohsaa.org. Retrieved July 18, 2022. vteState of OhioColumbus (capital)Topics Outline Climate change Geography Government administrative divisions congressional delegations elections History Law People Symbols motto Tourist attractions Portal Society Abortion Culture Crime Demographics African Americans Economy Education colleges and universities Gun laws Homelessness LGBT rights Politics Sports Regions Allegheny Plateau Appalachian Ohio The Bluegrass Glacial till plains Great Black Swamp Lake Erie (List of Lake Erie Islands) Mahoning Valley Miami Valley Northeast Ohio Northwest Ohio Vacationland Western Reserve Metro areas Akron Canton Cincinnati Cleveland Columbus Dayton Huntington–Ashland Lima Mansfield Sandusky Steubenville Toledo Youngstown–Warren Largest cities Akron Canton Cincinnati Cleveland Columbus Cuyahoga Falls Dayton Dublin Elyria Euclid Hamilton Kettering Lakewood Lorain Middletown Newark Parma Springfield Toledo Youngstown Counties Adams Allen Ashland Ashtabula Athens Auglaize Belmont Brown Butler Carroll Champaign Clark Clermont Clinton Columbiana Coshocton Crawford Cuyahoga Darke Defiance Delaware Erie Fairfield Fayette Franklin Fulton Gallia Geauga Greene Guernsey Hamilton Hancock Hardin Harrison Henry Highland Hocking Holmes Huron Jackson Jefferson Knox Lake Lawrence Licking Logan Lorain Lucas Madison Mahoning Marion Medina Meigs Mercer Miami Monroe Montgomery Morgan Morrow Muskingum Noble Ottawa Paulding Perry Pickaway Pike Portage Preble Putnam Richland Ross Sandusky Scioto Seneca Shelby Stark Summit Trumbull Tuscarawas Union Van Wert Vinton Warren Washington Wayne Williams Wood Wyandot Ohio portal
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_OHSAA_Regions.png"},{"link_name":"Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OHSAA_Central_Region_athletic_conferences"},{"link_name":"East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OHSAA_East/Southeast_Regions_athletic_conferences"},{"link_name":"Northeast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OHSAA_Northeast_Region_athletic_conferences"},{"link_name":"Northwest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OHSAA_Northwest_Region_athletic_conferences"},{"link_name":"Southeast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OHSAA_Southwest_Region_athletic_conferences"},{"link_name":"Southwest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OHSAA_Southwest_Region_athletic_conferences"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio"},{"link_name":"Ohio High School Athletic Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_High_School_Athletic_Association"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ohio_High_School_Athletic_Association-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The six OHSAA regions with the Central in red, the East in orange, Northeast in green, Northwest in purple, Southeast in yellow, and Southwest in blue. Counties that are in gray are split between two regions.This is a list of high school athletic conferences in Ohio, separated by Ohio High School Athletic Association (OHSAA) region.[1][2] Some conferences have schools in multiple regions, and will be listed in all applicable regions. However, the conference information is on the region page where the most schools are classified in.Conference membership in Ohio is voluntary, rather than assigned by the state association like in some states. While this ensures that many rivalries stay intact regardless of classification changes, it also means schools can choose to change conferences pending acceptance into a different conference, or in rare cases, can be forced out of a conference. This can explain why some conferences have a lengthy list of former members, and the number of defunct conferences.","title":"Ohio high school athletic conferences"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Central Catholic League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Catholic_League"},{"link_name":"Columbus City League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus_City_League"},{"link_name":"Knox-Morrow Athletic Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knox-Morrow_Athletic_Conference"},{"link_name":"Licking County League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licking_County_League"},{"link_name":"Mid-Ohio Athletic Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-Ohio_Athletic_Conference"},{"link_name":"Mid-Ohio Christian Athletic League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-Ohio_Christian_Athletic_League"},{"link_name":"Mid-State League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-State_League"},{"link_name":"Ohio Capital Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_Capital_Conference"}],"text":"This region includes the counties of Delaware, Franklin, Knox, Licking, Madison, Morrow, and Union, as well as schools within Fairfield, Marion, and Pickaway counties. While the Central Region includes a small number of conferences, many of these leagues contain many schools with multiple divisions.Central Catholic League\nColumbus City League\nKnox-Morrow Athletic Conference\nLicking County League\nMid-Ohio Athletic Conference\nMid-Ohio Christian Athletic League\nMid-State League\nOhio Capital Conference","title":"Central Region"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Buckeye 8 Athletic League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckeye_8_Athletic_League"},{"link_name":"East Central Ohio League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Central_Ohio_League"},{"link_name":"Frontier Athletic Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontier_Athletic_Conference"},{"link_name":"Independents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OHSAA_East/Southeast_Regions_athletic_conferences#Independents"},{"link_name":"Inter-Valley Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-Valley_Conference"},{"link_name":"Muskingum Valley League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskingum_Valley_League"},{"link_name":"Ohio Valley Athletic Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_Valley_Athletic_Conference"},{"link_name":"Pioneer Valley Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Valley_Conference"},{"link_name":"Scioto Valley Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scioto_Valley_Conference"},{"link_name":"Southern Hills Athletic Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Hills_Athletic_Conference"},{"link_name":"Southern Ohio Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Ohio_Conference"},{"link_name":"Tri-Valley Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tri-Valley_Conference_(Ohio)"}],"text":"The East region includes the counties of Belmont, Carroll, Coshocton, Guernsey, Harrison, Holmes, Jefferson, Monroe, Morgan, Muskingum, Noble, and Tuscarawas, as well as schools within Washington County. The Southeast region includes the counties of Adams, Athens, Fayette, Gallia, Highland, Hocking, Jackson, Lawrence, Meigs, Perry, Pike, Ross, Scioto, and Vinton, as well as schools within Brown, Fairfield, Pickaway, and Washington counties. Due to the low amount of conferences separately, and the number of conferences that contain members of both regions, these two regions are combined onto one page.Buckeye 8 Athletic League\nEast Central Ohio League\nFrontier Athletic Conference\nIndependents\nInter-Valley Conference\nMuskingum Valley League\nOhio Valley Athletic Conference\nOhio Valley Conference\nPioneer Valley Conference\nScioto Valley Conference\nSouthern Hills Athletic Conference\nSouthern Ohio Conference\nTri-Valley Conference","title":"East/Southeast Regions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Akron City Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akron_City_Series"},{"link_name":"All-American Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-American_Conference"},{"link_name":"Chagrin Valley Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chagrin_Valley_Conference"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Senate Athletic League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Senate_Athletic_League"},{"link_name":"Eastern Buckeye Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OHSAA_Northeast_Region_athletic_conferences#Eastern_Buckeye_Conference"},{"link_name":"Eastern Ohio Athletic Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Ohio_Athletic_Conference"},{"link_name":"Federal League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_League_(OHSAA)"},{"link_name":"Great Lakes Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lakes_Conference"},{"link_name":"Greater Cleveland Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Cleveland_Conference"},{"link_name":"Independents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OHSAA_Northeast_Region_athletic_conferences#Independents"},{"link_name":"Lake Erie League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Erie_League"},{"link_name":"Lorain County 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorain_County_League"},{"link_name":"Metro Athletic Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Athletic_Conference_(Ohio)"},{"link_name":"Mahoning Valley Athletic Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahoning_Valley_Athletic_Conference"},{"link_name":"North Coast League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Coast_League"},{"link_name":"Northeastern Athletic Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeastern_Athletic_Conference_(OHSAA)"},{"link_name":"Northeast 8 Athletic Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_8_Athletic_Conference"},{"link_name":"Portage Trail Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portage_Trail_Conference"},{"link_name":"Principals Athletic Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principals_Athletic_Conference"},{"link_name":"Southwestern Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwestern_Conference_(Ohio)"},{"link_name":"Suburban League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suburban_League"},{"link_name":"Wayne County Athletic League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_County_Athletic_League"},{"link_name":"Western Reserve Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Reserve_Conference"}],"text":"This region includes the counties of Ashtabula, Columbiana, Cuyahoga, Geauga, Lake, Lorain, Mahoning, Medina, Portage, Stark, Summit, Trumbull, and Wayne, as well as schools within Ashland and Erie counties.Akron City Series\nAll-American Conference\nChagrin Valley Conference\nCleveland Senate Athletic League\nEastern Buckeye Conference\nEastern Ohio Athletic Conference\nFederal League\nGreat Lakes Conference\nGreater Cleveland Conference\nIndependents\nLake Erie League\nLorain County 8\nMetro Athletic Conference\nMahoning Valley Athletic Conference\nNorth Coast League\nNortheastern Athletic Conference\nNortheast 8 Athletic Conference\nPortage Trail Conference\nPrincipals Athletic Conference\nSouthwestern Conference\nSuburban League\nWayne County Athletic League\nWestern Reserve Conference","title":"Northeast Region"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Blanchard Valley Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanchard_Valley_Conference"},{"link_name":"Buckeye Border Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckeye_Border_Conference"},{"link_name":"Firelands Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firelands_Conference"},{"link_name":"Green Meadows Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Meadows_Conference"},{"link_name":"Mid-Buckeye Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-Buckeye_Conference"},{"link_name":"Midwest Athletic Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwest_Athletic_Conference"},{"link_name":"Northern 10 Athletic Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_10_Athletic_Conference"},{"link_name":"Northern Buckeye Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Buckeye_Conference"},{"link_name":"Northern Lakes League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Lakes_League"},{"link_name":"Northwest Central Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Central_Conference"},{"link_name":"Northwest Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Conference_(OHSAA)"},{"link_name":"Northwest Ohio Athletic League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Ohio_Athletic_League"},{"link_name":"Ohio Cardinal Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_Cardinal_Conference"},{"link_name":"Putnam County League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putnam_County_League"},{"link_name":"Sandusky Bay Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandusky_Bay_Conference"},{"link_name":"Sandusky River League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandusky_River_League"},{"link_name":"Three Rivers Athletic Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Rivers_Athletic_Conference"},{"link_name":"Toledo Area Athletic Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toledo_Area_Athletic_Conference"},{"link_name":"Toledo City League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toledo_City_League"},{"link_name":"Western Buckeye League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Buckeye_League"}],"text":"This region includes the counties of Allen, Auglaize, Crawford, Defiance, Fulton, Hancock, Hardin, Henry, Huron, Lucas, Mercer, Ottawa, Paulding, Putnam, Richland, Sandusky, Seneca, Van Wert, Williams, Wood, and Wyandot, as well as schools within Ashland, Erie, and Marion counties.Blanchard Valley Conference\nBuckeye Border Conference\nFirelands Conference\nGreen Meadows Conference\nMid-Buckeye Conference\nMidwest Athletic Conference\nNorthern 10 Athletic Conference\nNorthern Buckeye Conference\nNorthern Lakes League\nNorthwest Central Conference\nNorthwest Conference\nNorthwest Ohio Athletic League\nOhio Cardinal Conference\nPutnam County League\nSandusky Bay Conference\nSandusky River League\nThree Rivers Athletic Conference\nToledo Area Athletic Conference\nToledo City League\nWestern Buckeye League","title":"Northwest Region"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Central Buckeye Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Buckeye_Conference"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati Hills League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati_Hills_League"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati Metro Athletic Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati_Metro_Athletic_Conference"},{"link_name":"Cross County Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_County_Conference"},{"link_name":"Dayton City League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayton_City_League"},{"link_name":"Eastern Cincinnati Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Cincinnati_Conference"},{"link_name":"Greater Catholic League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Catholic_League"},{"link_name":"Greater Miami Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Miami_Conference"},{"link_name":"Greater Western Ohio Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Western_Ohio_Conference"},{"link_name":"Independents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OHSAA_Southwest_Region_athletic_conferences#Independents"},{"link_name":"Metro Buckeye Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Buckeye_Conference"},{"link_name":"Miami Valley Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Valley_Conference"},{"link_name":"Miami Valley League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OHSAA_Southwest_Region_athletic_conferences#Miami_Valley_League"},{"link_name":"Ohio Heritage Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_Heritage_Conference"},{"link_name":"Shelby County Athletic League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelby_County_Athletic_League"},{"link_name":"Southern Buckeye Athletic/Academic Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Buckeye_Athletic/Academic_Conference"},{"link_name":"Southwest Ohio Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_Ohio_Conference"},{"link_name":"Southwestern Buckeye League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwestern_Buckeye_League"},{"link_name":"Western Ohio Athletic Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Western_Ohio_Athletic_Conference&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"This region includes the counties of Butler, Champaign, Clark, Clermont, Clinton, Darke, Greene, Hamilton, Logan, Miami, Montgomery, Preble, Shelby, and Warren, as well as schools within Brown County.Central Buckeye Conference\nCincinnati Hills League\nCincinnati Metro Athletic Conference\nCross County Conference\nDayton City League\nEastern Cincinnati Conference\nGreater Catholic League\nGreater Miami Conference\nGreater Western Ohio Conference\nIndependents\nMetro Buckeye Conference\nMiami Valley Conference\nMiami Valley League\nOhio Heritage Conference\nShelby County Athletic League\nSouthern Buckeye Athletic/Academic Conference\nSouthwest Ohio Conference\nSouthwestern Buckeye League\nWestern Ohio Athletic Conference","title":"Southwest Region"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Defunct conferences"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Ohio_High_School_Athletic_Association_1-0"},{"link_name":"\"Ohio High School Athletic Association Web site\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ohsaa.org/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"District Athletic Boards\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ohsaa.org/about/districtboards"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Ohio"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Ohio"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ohio"},{"link_name":"State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio"},{"link_name":"Columbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Topics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_Ohio-related_articles"},{"link_name":"Outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Climate change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Geography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio#Geography"},{"link_name":"Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Ohio"},{"link_name":"administrative divisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Ohio"},{"link_name":"congressional delegations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Ohio"},{"link_name":"elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Ohio"},{"link_name":"History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_Ohio"},{"link_name":"People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_from_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Symbols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ohio_state_symbols"},{"link_name":"motto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/With_God,_all_things_are_possible"},{"link_name":"Tourist attractions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Ohio"},{"link_name":"Abortion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion_in_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Ohio_culture"},{"link_name":"Crime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_in_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Demographics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio#Demographics"},{"link_name":"African Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Americans_in_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Ohio"},{"link_name":"colleges and universities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Gun laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_laws_in_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Homelessness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homelessness_in_Ohio"},{"link_name":"LGBT rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Politics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_in_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Regions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States#Ohio"},{"link_name":"Allegheny Plateau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegheny_Plateau"},{"link_name":"Appalachian Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appalachian_Ohio"},{"link_name":"The Bluegrass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluegrass_region"},{"link_name":"Glacial till plains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacial_till_plains_(Ohio)"},{"link_name":"Great Black Swamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Black_Swamp"},{"link_name":"Lake Erie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Erie"},{"link_name":"List of Lake Erie Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Lake_Erie_Islands"},{"link_name":"Mahoning Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahoning_Valley"},{"link_name":"Miami Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Valley"},{"link_name":"Northeast Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Northwest Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Vacationland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacationland_(Ohio)"},{"link_name":"Western Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut_Western_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Metro areas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_statistical_areas"},{"link_name":"Akron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akron_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"Canton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton%E2%80%93Massillon,_Ohio,_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"Cleveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Cleveland"},{"link_name":"Columbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus_metropolitan_area,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Dayton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayton_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"Huntington–Ashland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%E2%80%93Ashland_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"Lima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima%E2%80%93Van_Wert%E2%80%93Wapakoneta,_OH,_combined_statistical_area"},{"link_name":"Mansfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansfield%E2%80%93Ashland%E2%80%93Bucyrus,_OH_Combined_Statistical_Area"},{"link_name":"Sandusky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erie_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Steubenville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weirton%E2%80%93Steubenville_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"Toledo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toledo_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"Youngstown–Warren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahoning_Valley"},{"link_name":"Largest cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Akron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akron,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Canton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati"},{"link_name":"Cleveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland"},{"link_name":"Columbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Cuyahoga Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuyahoga_Falls,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Dayton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayton,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Elyria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elyria,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Euclid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclid,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Kettering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kettering,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Lakewood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakewood,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Lorain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorain,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Middletown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middletown,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Newark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newark,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Parma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Springfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Toledo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toledo,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Youngstown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youngstown,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Counties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adams_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Ashland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashland_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Ashtabula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashtabula_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Auglaize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auglaize_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Belmont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belmont_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butler_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Carroll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Champaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champaign_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Clermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clermont_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinton_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Columbiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbiana_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Coshocton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coshocton_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Crawford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crawford_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Cuyahoga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuyahoga_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Darke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darke_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Defiance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defiance_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Erie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erie_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Fairfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairfield_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Fayette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fayette_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Fulton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulton_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Gallia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallia_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Geauga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geauga_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Greene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greene_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Guernsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guernsey_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Hancock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hancock_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Hardin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardin_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrison_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Highland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highland_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Hocking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hocking_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holmes_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Huron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huron_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Jefferson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Knox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knox_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Lawrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Licking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licking_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Logan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logan_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Lorain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorain_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Lucas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucas_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Madison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Mahoning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahoning_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Marion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Medina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Meigs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meigs_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Mercer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercer_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Miami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Monroe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monroe_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Montgomery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgomery_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Morrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morrow_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Muskingum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskingum_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Noble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noble_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Ottawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Paulding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulding_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Perry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perry_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Pickaway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pickaway_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Pike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pike_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Portage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portage_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Preble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preble_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Putnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putnam_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Richland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richland_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Sandusky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandusky_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Scioto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scioto_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Seneca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seneca_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Shelby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelby_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Stark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stark_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Summit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summit_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Trumbull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumbull_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Tuscarawas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuscarawas_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Van Wert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Wert_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Vinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinton_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Warren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Wayne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williams_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Wyandot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyandot_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Ohio portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Ohio"}],"text":"^ OHSAA. \"Ohio High School Athletic Association Web site\". Retrieved 2006-12-31.\n\n^ \"District Athletic Boards\". ohsaa.org. Retrieved July 18, 2022.vteState of OhioColumbus (capital)Topics\nOutline\nClimate change\nGeography\nGovernment\nadministrative divisions\ncongressional delegations\nelections\nHistory\nLaw\nPeople\nSymbols\nmotto\nTourist attractions\nPortal\nSociety\nAbortion\nCulture\nCrime\nDemographics\nAfrican Americans\nEconomy\nEducation\ncolleges and universities\nGun laws\nHomelessness\nLGBT rights\nPolitics\nSports\nRegions\nAllegheny Plateau\nAppalachian Ohio\nThe Bluegrass\nGlacial till plains\nGreat Black Swamp\nLake Erie (List of Lake Erie Islands)\nMahoning Valley\nMiami Valley\nNortheast Ohio\nNorthwest Ohio\nVacationland\nWestern Reserve\nMetro areas\nAkron\nCanton\nCincinnati\nCleveland\nColumbus\nDayton\nHuntington–Ashland\nLima\nMansfield\nSandusky\nSteubenville\nToledo\nYoungstown–Warren\nLargest cities\nAkron\nCanton\nCincinnati\nCleveland\nColumbus\nCuyahoga Falls\nDayton\nDublin\nElyria\nEuclid\nHamilton\nKettering\nLakewood\nLorain\nMiddletown\nNewark\nParma\nSpringfield\nToledo\nYoungstown\nCounties\nAdams\nAllen\nAshland\nAshtabula\nAthens\nAuglaize\nBelmont\nBrown\nButler\nCarroll\nChampaign\nClark\nClermont\nClinton\nColumbiana\nCoshocton\nCrawford\nCuyahoga\nDarke\nDefiance\nDelaware\nErie\nFairfield\nFayette\nFranklin\nFulton\nGallia\nGeauga\nGreene\nGuernsey\nHamilton\nHancock\nHardin\nHarrison\nHenry\nHighland\nHocking\nHolmes\nHuron\nJackson\nJefferson\nKnox\nLake\nLawrence\nLicking\nLogan\nLorain\nLucas\nMadison\nMahoning\nMarion\nMedina\nMeigs\nMercer\nMiami\nMonroe\nMontgomery\nMorgan\nMorrow\nMuskingum\nNoble\nOttawa\nPaulding\nPerry\nPickaway\nPike\nPortage\nPreble\nPutnam\nRichland\nRoss\nSandusky\nScioto\nSeneca\nShelby\nStark\nSummit\nTrumbull\nTuscarawas\nUnion\nVan Wert\nVinton\nWarren\nWashington\nWayne\nWilliams\nWood\nWyandot\n Ohio portal","title":"Notes and references"}]
[{"image_text":"The six OHSAA regions with the Central in red, the East in orange, Northeast in green, Northwest in purple, Southeast in yellow, and Southwest in blue. Counties that are in gray are split between two regions.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Map_of_OHSAA_Regions.png/310px-Map_of_OHSAA_Regions.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"OHSAA. \"Ohio High School Athletic Association Web site\". Retrieved 2006-12-31.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ohsaa.org/","url_text":"\"Ohio High School Athletic Association Web site\""}]},{"reference":"\"District Athletic Boards\". ohsaa.org. Retrieved July 18, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ohsaa.org/about/districtboards","url_text":"\"District Athletic Boards\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.ohsaa.org/","external_links_name":"\"Ohio High School Athletic Association Web site\""},{"Link":"https://www.ohsaa.org/about/districtboards","external_links_name":"\"District Athletic Boards\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominique_Lorentz
Dominique Lorentz
["1 Eurodif and Iran's nuclear program","2 Bibliography","3 Film documentary","4 See also","5 References","5.1 Notes","5.2 External links"]
French journalist You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in French. (June 2019) Click for important translation instructions. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|fr|Dominique Lorentz}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Dominique Lorentz" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Dominique Lorentz is a French investigative journalist who has written books on the stakes and reality of nuclear proliferation, as well as a film documentary, La République Atomique ("The Atomic Republic"), which related terrorist acts in France in the 1980s to the nuclear program of Iran. Her work details various types of state cooperation (economic, technological, military and diplomatic) over the years, and a systematic analysis of foreign leaders' and analysts' speeches and writings. She mainly analyze open sources (newspaper, specialized reviews, official reports, news agencies' cables, biographies, etc.) in order to put facts in perspective and retrace the thread of the history of nuclear proliferation. Lorentz demonstrates that proliferation is not mainly the work of isolated individuals, but is an explicit result of the geopolitical strategy of various governments. She shows that after World War II, when the United States considered it too dangerous to directly help other countries in developing nuclear technology (which was thought as a deterrent to any Soviet offensive), it charged France with the job. Thus, France helped other countries in developing nuclear technology, starting with Israel. This, according to Lorentz, explains how 44 states today have the capacity of developing weapons of mass destruction. Eurodif and Iran's nuclear program One of the important points of her investigation concerns the link between the Eurodif (European Gaseous Diffusion Uranium Enrichment Consortium) affair and a series of terrorist acts in France. Eurodif is a joint stock company created in the 1970s, involved in uranium enrichment, in which Iran had a 10% share. According to Dominique Lorentz, the (mainly) French-Iranian civil nuclear partnership, started in 1974, dissimulated a military aspect which was supposed to help Iran acquire the atomic bomb through its investment which guaranteed Tehran enriched uranium supply. However, after the 1979 Iranian revolution, France ended this cooperation program and blocked Iran's investment. Following this perspective, 1985 and 1986 events such as the French hostage affair in Lebanon; bombings in Paris (in the FNAC store at the Hôtel de Ville and at Pub Renault); the 17 November 1986 assassination of Georges Besse (one of the most important responsible of the French nuclear program, who finally became Eurodif's leader) and the February 1987 death of Michel Baroin, president of the GMF (Garantie Mutuelle des Fonctionnaires) in a plane crash, were all allegedly part of a terrorist Iranian campaign to blackmail France in order to recover its debt from the Eurodif's investment. The first French payment back to Iran of 330 million dollars was done on the same day that Georges Besse was murdered, and the second one on December 1987, after Michel Baroin's death. On 5 May 1988 the last French hostages from Lebanon arrived in Paris. The first ones had been taken hostage in spring of 1985. The next day, Matignon published an accord signed by French premier Jacques Chirac and his Iranian counterpart. Against the return of the last hostages, Paris agreed to accept Tehran back in its share-holder status of Eurodif and to deliver it enriched uranium "without restrictions". On 3 February 1989 Roland Dumas, minister of Foreign Affairs, officially visited Tehran. In September 1989, president François Mitterrand charged François Scheer of negotiating an accord putting a definitive end to the Eurodif disagreement. On 29 December 1991 this secret accord was signed by president Mitterrand, definitively reestablishing Iran in its Eurodif's share-holder rights, notably of the right to perceive 10% of the enriched uranium. During this ten-years crisis, Iran acquired various nuclear installations (reactors, equipment to enrich uranium, etc.) from states such as Germany, Argentina, China or Pakistan. On 8 January 1995 Russia signed a nuclear cooperation treaty with Iran, concerning in particular the Bushehr Nuclear Power Facility. Two years later, France signed an accord to deliver enriched uranium to Russia, while the Russian cooperation with Iran was being enforced. Bibliography Une guerre (June 1997) (about the Eurodif affair, the French hostage affair and the murder of Georges Besse and Michel Baroin) ISBN 2-912485-00-2 Affaires Atomiques (February 2001) (why 44 countries have the capacity to create a nuclear bomb) ISBN 2-912485-22-3 Secret Atomiques (March 2002) ISBN 2-912485-41-X Film documentary Lorentz, Dominique and Carr-Brown, David, La République atomique ("The Atomic Republic"), broadcast on 14 November 2001 on Arte TV, about Tehran's blackmail to Paris in the 1980s. On-line See also Nuclear program of Iran Nuclear proliferation References Notes External links Chronology of events related to Iran's nuclear program and France cooperation Presentation of Dominique Lorentz on Arènes Editing house Resume of Affaires Atomiques Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data United States Netherlands Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"investigative journalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investigative_journalist"},{"link_name":"nuclear proliferation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_proliferation"},{"link_name":"film documentary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_documentary"},{"link_name":"terrorist acts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorism"},{"link_name":"nuclear program of Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Iran"},{"link_name":"geopolitical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geopolitics"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Soviet offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"weapons of mass destruction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weapon_of_mass_destruction"}],"text":"Dominique Lorentz is a French investigative journalist who has written books on the stakes and reality of nuclear proliferation, as well as a film documentary, La République Atomique (\"The Atomic Republic\"), which related terrorist acts in France in the 1980s to the nuclear program of Iran.Her work details various types of state cooperation (economic, technological, military and diplomatic) over the years, and a systematic analysis of foreign leaders' and analysts' speeches and writings. She mainly analyze open sources (newspaper, specialized reviews, official reports, news agencies' cables, biographies, etc.) in order to put facts in perspective and retrace the thread of the history of nuclear proliferation. Lorentz demonstrates that proliferation is not mainly the work of isolated individuals, but is an explicit result of the geopolitical strategy of various governments. She shows that after World War II, when the United States considered it too dangerous to directly help other countries in developing nuclear technology (which was thought as a deterrent to any Soviet offensive), it charged France with the job. Thus, France helped other countries in developing nuclear technology, starting with Israel. This, according to Lorentz, explains how 44 states today have the capacity of developing weapons of mass destruction.","title":"Dominique Lorentz"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eurodif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurodif"},{"link_name":"Consortium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consortium"},{"link_name":"joint stock company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_stock_company"},{"link_name":"uranium enrichment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium_enrichment"},{"link_name":"atomic bomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_bomb"},{"link_name":"enriched uranium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enriched_uranium"},{"link_name":"Iranian revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_revolution"},{"link_name":"French hostage affair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=French_hostage_affair&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon"},{"link_name":"FNAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fnac"},{"link_name":"Hôtel de Ville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Ville,_Paris"},{"link_name":"Georges Besse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Besse"},{"link_name":"Michel Baroin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michel_Baroin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Matignon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_Matignon"},{"link_name":"Jacques Chirac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chirac"},{"link_name":"Roland Dumas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_Dumas"},{"link_name":"François Mitterrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand"},{"link_name":"François Scheer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Scheer"},{"link_name":"reactors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_reactors"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Bushehr Nuclear Power Facility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushehr_Nuclear_Power_Facility"}],"text":"One of the important points of her investigation concerns the link between the Eurodif (European Gaseous Diffusion Uranium Enrichment Consortium) affair and a series of terrorist acts in France. Eurodif is a joint stock company created in the 1970s, involved in uranium enrichment, in which Iran had a 10% share. According to Dominique Lorentz, the (mainly) French-Iranian civil nuclear partnership, started in 1974, dissimulated a military aspect which was supposed to help Iran acquire the atomic bomb through its investment which guaranteed Tehran enriched uranium supply.However, after the 1979 Iranian revolution, France ended this cooperation program and blocked Iran's investment. Following this perspective, 1985 and 1986 events such as the French hostage affair in Lebanon; bombings in Paris (in the FNAC store at the Hôtel de Ville and at Pub Renault); the 17 November 1986 assassination of Georges Besse (one of the most important responsible of the French nuclear program, who finally became Eurodif's leader) and the February 1987 death of Michel Baroin, president of the GMF (Garantie Mutuelle des Fonctionnaires) in a plane crash, were all allegedly part of a terrorist Iranian campaign to blackmail France in order to recover its debt from the Eurodif's investment. The first French payment back to Iran of 330 million dollars was done on the same day that Georges Besse was murdered, and the second one on December 1987, after Michel Baroin's death.On 5 May 1988 the last French hostages from Lebanon arrived in Paris. The first ones had been taken hostage in spring of 1985. The next day, Matignon published an accord signed by French premier Jacques Chirac and his Iranian counterpart. Against the return of the last hostages, Paris agreed to accept Tehran back in its share-holder status of Eurodif and to deliver it enriched uranium \"without restrictions\".On 3 February 1989 Roland Dumas, minister of Foreign Affairs, officially visited Tehran. In September 1989, president François Mitterrand charged François Scheer of negotiating an accord putting a definitive end to the Eurodif disagreement. On 29 December 1991 this secret accord was signed by president Mitterrand, definitively reestablishing Iran in its Eurodif's share-holder rights, notably of the right to perceive 10% of the enriched uranium. During this ten-years crisis, Iran acquired various nuclear installations (reactors, equipment to enrich uranium, etc.) from states such as Germany, Argentina, China or Pakistan.On 8 January 1995 Russia signed a nuclear cooperation treaty with Iran, concerning in particular the Bushehr Nuclear Power Facility. Two years later, France signed an accord to deliver enriched uranium to Russia, while the Russian cooperation with Iran was being enforced.","title":"Eurodif and Iran's nuclear program"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Une guerre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20081229180324/http://www.arenes.fr/spip.php?article228"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-912485-00-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-912485-00-2"},{"link_name":"Affaires Atomiques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20081229085321/http://www.arenes.fr/spip.php?article237"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-912485-22-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-912485-22-3"},{"link_name":"Secret Atomiques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20081229085311/http://www.arenes.fr/spip.php?article219"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-912485-41-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-912485-41-X"}],"text":"Une guerre (June 1997) (about the Eurodif affair, the French hostage affair and the murder of Georges Besse and Michel Baroin) ISBN 2-912485-00-2\nAffaires Atomiques (February 2001) (why 44 countries have the capacity to create a nuclear bomb) ISBN 2-912485-22-3\nSecret Atomiques (March 2002) ISBN 2-912485-41-X","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arte TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte"},{"link_name":"On-line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20071130031649/http://keep-smiling-through.typepad.com/bgdoc/2007/09/david-carr-brow.html"}],"text":"Lorentz, Dominique and Carr-Brown, David, La République atomique (\"The Atomic Republic\"), broadcast on 14 November 2001 on Arte TV, about Tehran's blackmail to Paris in the 1980s. On-line","title":"Film documentary"}]
[]
[{"title":"Nuclear program of Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Iran"},{"title":"Nuclear proliferation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_proliferation"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salamandra_lanzai
Lanza's alpine salamander
["1 History","2 Description","3 Distribution","4 Ecology","5 Habitat","6 Mating and reproduction","7 Toxicology","8 Predators","9 Conservation","10 References","11 External links"]
Species of amphibian Lanza's alpine salamander Conservation status Critically Endangered  (IUCN 3.1) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Amphibia Order: Urodela Family: Salamandridae Genus: Salamandra Species: S. lanzai Binomial name Salamandra lanzaiNascetti, Andreone, Capula & Bullini, 1988 Lanza's alpine salamander or the large alpine salamander (Salamandra lanzai) is a species of salamander in the family Salamandridae, found in France and Italy. Its natural habitats are forests, grasslands, and pasturelands, all of which are temperate. It is threatened by habitat loss and potentially in the future by the fungal disease Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans. History It was described by Nascetti, Andreone, Capula and Bullini in 1988. The generic name is from Greek which translates as "salamander", and the specific name is for Benedetto Lanza, an Italian herpetologist. Description The species has a flat head and measures between 115 and 160 millimetres (4.5 and 6.3 in) in length. Its tail's tip is either rounded or pointed, with or without paravertebral glands. Due to its black colour, it is similar to the other alpine salamander (Salamandra atra). Distribution The species can be found in the Cottian Alps near Monviso, and in Guil Valley of southeastern France. It can also be found in northwestern Italy, the Germanasca, Pellice Valleys, and the Po River. It is doubtful in Chisone Valley. An old sample of the species in Museo La Specola in Florence suggests it is also found in the Maritime Alps. Ecology They feed on various insects, spiders, and various species of slugs. Habitat They are found at elevations of 1,200–2,600 m (3,900–8,500 ft), with the maximum altitude of 2,800 m (9,200 ft). In France, the species can be found at 1,800–2,300 metres (5,900–7,500 ft), while in Italy it is found at 1,450–2,100 metres (4,760–6,890 ft) in altitude. A subalpine prairie is considered to be home for them. It also lives in fresh humid woods and forests and on the edges of mountainous streams. Mating and reproduction They start mating on land, from May to October. During that time, they become nocturnal, but during heavy rains, they may become diurnal. Mating happens on land mostly in May, but it depends on the climate of any given year. They give birth from two to six young, which are born completely formed, after their mating act is successfully fulfilled, which is as long as three to four years. Toxicology They are toxic species. When under threat, they release a liquid toxin through the small openings on their bodies. The liquid is strong and may cause irritation if in contact with the eyes. They warn predators by raising their bodies and dipping their heads downwards when threatened. Predators Various birds and vipers are a threat to Lanza's alpine salamander. Conservation This species is common within its very limited range, but due to its small distribution, it was previously classified as vulnerable on the IUCN Red List. However, in 2022 it was precautionarily listed as critically endangered by the IUCN due to potential threats from the fungal disease Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans, which has been recorded in nearby regions of Germany. If the fungus is allowed to spread naturally, it may be at risk of extinction within the next 40 years, and possibly sooner if humans introduce the disease nearby. References ^ a b IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2022). "Salamandra lanzai". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022: e.T19845A89699123. ^ a b c d e f g h "Lanza's Alpine Salamander, Salamandra lanzai". Reptiles and Amphibiens de France. Retrieved February 26, 2013. ^ a b c d "Salamandra lanzai". Retrieved February 27, 2013. ^ "Salamandra lanzai Nascetti, Andreone, Capula & Bullini, 1988 Lanza's Alpine Salamander". Retrieved February 27, 2013. External links Media related to Salamandra lanzai at Wikimedia Commons Lanza's alpine salamander vteSalamanders in the Salamandra genus Salamandra algira Salamandra atra Salamandra corsica Salamandra infraimmaculata Salamandra lanzai Salamandra salamandra vteCaudate families by suborder Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Subphylum Craniata Superclass Tetrapoda Class Amphibia Cryptobranchoidea Cryptobranchidae Hynobiidae Salamandroidea Ambystomatidae Amphiumidae Plethodontidae Proteidae Rhyacotritonidae Salamandridae Sirenoidea Sirenidae Taxon identifiersSalamandra lanzai Wikidata: Q1452325 Wikispecies: Salamandra lanzai AmphibiaWeb: 4283 ASW: Salamandra-lanzai CoL: 6WZLG EoL: 331870 EUNIS: 791 Fauna Europaea: 177848 Fauna Europaea (new): a5231557-6b86-4dd4-b70d-32e745f29e60 GBIF: 2431780 iNaturalist: 27732 IRMNG: 11164196 ITIS: 668394 IUCN: 19845 NBN: NHMSYS0000376043 NCBI: 177059 Open Tree of Life: 873622 Paleobiology Database: 415411 uBio: 4810319
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"salamander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salamander"},{"link_name":"Salamandridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salamandridae"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-herpfrance-2"},{"link_name":"habitats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat"},{"link_name":"forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest"},{"link_name":"grasslands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grassland"},{"link_name":"pasturelands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasture"},{"link_name":"habitat loss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat_destruction"},{"link_name":"Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batrachochytrium_salamandrivorans"}],"text":"Lanza's alpine salamander or the large alpine salamander (Salamandra lanzai) is a species of salamander in the family Salamandridae, found in France and Italy.[2] Its natural habitats are forests, grasslands, and pasturelands, all of which are temperate. It is threatened by habitat loss and potentially in the future by the fungal disease Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans.","title":"Lanza's alpine salamander"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Benedetto Lanza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedetto_Lanza"},{"link_name":"herpetologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herpetology"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-herpfrance-2"}],"text":"It was described by Nascetti, Andreone, Capula and Bullini in 1988. The generic name is from Greek which translates as \"salamander\", and the specific name is for Benedetto Lanza, an Italian herpetologist.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-amphibiaweb-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-herpfrance-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-amphibiaweb-3"},{"link_name":"alpine salamander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_salamander"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The species has a flat head[3] and measures between 115 and 160 millimetres (4.5 and 6.3 in) in length.[2] Its tail's tip is either rounded or pointed, with or without paravertebral glands.[3] Due to its black colour, it is similar to the other alpine salamander (Salamandra atra).[4]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cottian Alps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cottian_Alps"},{"link_name":"Monviso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Viso"},{"link_name":"Guil Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guil_Valley&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Germanasca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanasca"},{"link_name":"Pellice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pellice"},{"link_name":"Po River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po_(river)"},{"link_name":"Chisone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chisone"},{"link_name":"Museo La Specola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_La_Specola,_Florence"},{"link_name":"Maritime Alps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_Alps"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-amphibiaweb-3"}],"text":"The species can be found in the Cottian Alps near Monviso, and in Guil Valley of southeastern France. It can also be found in northwestern Italy, the Germanasca, Pellice Valleys, and the Po River. It is doubtful in Chisone Valley. An old sample of the species in Museo La Specola in Florence suggests it is also found in the Maritime Alps.[3]","title":"Distribution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"insects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect"},{"link_name":"spiders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider"},{"link_name":"slugs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slug"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-herpfrance-2"}],"text":"They feed on various insects, spiders, and various species of slugs.[2]","title":"Ecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-amphibiaweb-3"},{"link_name":"woods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood"},{"link_name":"forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest"},{"link_name":"mountainous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain"},{"link_name":"streams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stream"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-herpfrance-2"}],"text":"They are found at elevations of 1,200–2,600 m (3,900–8,500 ft), with the maximum altitude of 2,800 m (9,200 ft).[3] In France, the species can be found at 1,800–2,300 metres (5,900–7,500 ft), while in Italy it is found at 1,450–2,100 metres (4,760–6,890 ft) in altitude. A subalpine prairie is considered to be home for them. It also lives in fresh humid woods and forests and on the edges of mountainous streams.[2]","title":"Habitat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"diurnal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diurnality"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-herpfrance-2"}],"text":"They start mating on land, from May to October. During that time, they become nocturnal, but during heavy rains, they may become diurnal. Mating happens on land mostly in May, but it depends on the climate of any given year. They give birth from two to six young, which are born completely formed, after their mating act is successfully fulfilled, which is as long as three to four years.[2]","title":"Mating and reproduction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"toxin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxin"},{"link_name":"irritation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irritation"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-herpfrance-2"}],"text":"They are toxic species. When under threat, they release a liquid toxin through the small openings on their bodies. The liquid is strong and may cause irritation if in contact with the eyes. They warn predators by raising their bodies and dipping their heads downwards when threatened.[2]","title":"Toxicology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"birds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird"},{"link_name":"vipers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pit_viper"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-herpfrance-2"}],"text":"Various birds and vipers are a threat to Lanza's alpine salamander.[2]","title":"Predators"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"vulnerable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulnerable_species"},{"link_name":"IUCN Red List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List"},{"link_name":"critically endangered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critically_Endangered"},{"link_name":"Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batrachochytrium_salamandrivorans"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn-1"}],"text":"This species is common within its very limited range, but due to its small distribution, it was previously classified as vulnerable on the IUCN Red List. However, in 2022 it was precautionarily listed as critically endangered by the IUCN due to potential threats from the fungal disease Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans, which has been recorded in nearby regions of Germany. If the fungus is allowed to spread naturally, it may be at risk of extinction within the next 40 years, and possibly sooner if humans introduce the disease nearby.[1]","title":"Conservation"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WXLV-TV
WXLV-TV
["1 As an independent station and Fox affiliate","1.1 WGNN-TV and WJTM-TV: Establishment","1.2 1984 hostage situation and call sign change to WNRW","1.3 Act III ownership and Fox affiliation","2 WXLV-TV: ABC affiliate","2.1 Switch to ABC and news launch","2.2 Sinclair acquisition; news department closure","2.3 News Central","2.4 News 14 Carolina/Time Warner Cable News on ABC 45","2.5 Return of in-house newscasts","3 Technical information","3.1 Subchannels","4 Notes","5 References","6 External links"]
ABC affiliate in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, U.S. WXLV-TVWinston-Salem–Greensboro–High Point, North CarolinaUnited StatesCityWinston-Salem, North CarolinaChannelsDigital: 29 (UHF)Virtual: 45BrandingABC 45ProgrammingAffiliations45.1: ABCfor others, see § SubchannelsOwnershipOwnerSinclair Broadcast Group(WXLV Licensee, LLC)Sister stationsWMYVHistoryFirst air dateSeptember 22, 1979(44 years ago) (1979-09-22)Former call signsWGNN-TV (1979–1980)WJTM-TV (1980–1984)WNRW (1984–1995)Former channel number(s)Analog: 45 (UHF, 1979–2009)Former affiliationsIndependent (1979–1986)Fox (1986–1995)UPN (secondary, 1995–1996)Call sign meaningXLV = Roman numeral 45Technical informationLicensing authorityFCCFacility ID414ERP990 kWHAAT576 m (1,890 ft)Transmitter coordinates35°52′2.6″N 79°49′25.4″W / 35.867389°N 79.823722°W / 35.867389; -79.823722LinksPublic license information Public fileLMSWebsiteabc45.com WXLV-TV (channel 45) is a television station licensed to Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States, serving as the ABC affiliate for the Piedmont Triad region. It is owned by Sinclair Broadcast Group alongside Greensboro-licensed MyNetworkTV affiliate WMYV (channel 48). The two stations share studios on Myer Lee Drive (along US 421) in Winston-Salem; WXLV-TV's transmitter is located in Randleman (along I-73/US 220). Channel 45 went on the air in 1979 as WGNN-TV, a Christian-oriented TV station. It was sold to Television Corporation Stations—later renamed TVX Broadcast Group—in 1980 and changed its call sign to WJTM-TV, becoming the Triad's first general-entertainment independent station. After a gunman killed the general sales manager in 1984, TVX renamed the station WNRW, incorporating his initials. WNRW became the market's first Fox affiliate in 1986; TVX then sold it to Act III Broadcasting in 1986 in order to acquire a station in the adjacent Raleigh market. Act III combined the station's schedule and programming with Greensboro independent WGGT in 1991, creating a simulcast. In 1995, as a result of regional ABC affiliate WGHP switching to Fox, channel 45 became an ABC affiliate under new WXLV call letters and began broadcasting local news programming. It also picked up a secondary affiliation with UPN, which became channel 48's primary programming when the simulcast was split the next year. Sinclair acquired WXLV in 1998. The station's local newscasts failed to make headway against the established stations in the Triad. Sinclair shuttered the local news department in January 2002. Since then, Sinclair has implemented smaller-scale news programs for the station, first as part of the News Central service, then with cable news channel News 14 Carolina (later Spectrum News North Carolina) and since 2021 with local reporters and anchors at a Sinclair station in Texas. As an independent station and Fox affiliate WGNN-TV and WJTM-TV: Establishment In February 1976, Good News TV Network filed with the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) for a construction permit to build a new commercial TV station in Winston-Salem, which the commission granted in August 1977. Good News TV had been formed after the local Calvary Baptist Church voted to set aside $139,000 (equivalent to $744,000 in 2023) for the construction of the proposed outlet; one of the directors was Stuart Epperson, the founder of Salem Communications. The station was originally proposed to operate on a non-commercial basis with Christian religious programs and some secular classic films, though it eventually decided to accept some commercial advertising. Delays in equipment delivery and installation pushed the station's start from 1978 back into 1979; the station also had to settle a payment dispute with an equipment installer. From a transmitter on the Wachovia Building in Winston-Salem and studios on its top floor, program testing for WGNN-TV began on September 22, 1979. Shortly before going on air, Good News TV Network had sold the construction permit for the station to a subsidiary of Piece Goods Stores, a chain of fabric stores in Winston-Salem. Piece Goods had stepped in when Good News TV Network ran out of cash to put the station on the air. The proprietors of Piece Goods, twin brothers Dudley and John Simms, also appeared on air giving editorials that were strongly conservative in character. The station's programming turned out to be more middle-of-the-road than the religion-heavy, family-friendly lineup once advertised, including films with sexual mentions and violence, as the Simms brothers sought to make channel 45 profitable. However, the station never attracted more than one percent of the audience. In 1980, Piece Goods sold 85 percent of WGNN-TV and operational control to the Television Corporation of North Carolina, a company controlled by investors from the Hampton Roads area of Virginia. After WTVZ in Norfolk, it was the second station to be owned by Television Corporation Stations (abbreviated TVX and later changed to TVX Broadcast Group). The Simms brothers disappeared from the airwaves, while TVX announced it would seek better programming and build a more powerful transmitter facility on Sauratown Mountain. The call letters were changed to WJTM-TV on October 20, 1980, as TVX sought to bring to Winston-Salem the programming style that had made WTVZ immediately competitive in Norfolk. Immediately, and even before the transmitter move to Sauratown in April 1981, ratings ticked up slightly; at the same time, the studios moved to their present site. Even as TVX took over, Piece Goods found itself facing lawsuits for debts the station had owed to a bank prior to the sale. 1984 hostage situation and call sign change to WNRW On June 5, 1984, 32-year-old Ronnell Leverne Jackson drove to the studios of WJTM-TV in Winston-Salem. He fatally shot 48-year-old William Norbert Rismiller, the station's general sales manager, then kidnapped a secretary and took her to his great-aunt's house, where he lived. Having previously made an unsuccessful demand of the station, the hostage-taker agreed to surrender if Winston-Salem station WXII-TV apologized to him. Jackson believed that the two stations and the Christian television program The 700 Club, which they aired, were spying on him through his TV set. WXII broadcast a fake apology to his house in cooperation with a local cable system, and he released the hostage that afternoon after more than six hours. Two days after the murder, TVX applied to change WJTM-TV's call sign to WNRW (William Norbert Rismiller, Winston-Salem), which became effective on June 25 and was accompanied by memorial advertising in such publications as Broadcasting. It also increased security at the station. Act III ownership and Fox affiliation TVX announced in August 1985 that it would acquire WLFL, an independent station in Raleigh, and that it expected to have to sell the smaller-market WNRW to complete the purchase, as the two stations had overlapping signals; FCC rules of the time generally prohibited ownership of stations that shared a portion of their coverage areas. The FCC approved the WLFL transaction in February 1986 and gave TVX 12 months to divest itself of WNRW. In November, TVX filed with the FCC to sell the station for $11 million (equivalent to $31 million in 2023) to a new broadcasting group, Act III Broadcasting, owned by television producer Norman Lear. During 1986, WNRW also became the market's first Fox affiliate when the network launched on October 9, 1986. As an independent station in the Triad, WNRW was not alone. In 1981, WGGT had reactivated channel 48 from Greensboro. However, beginning at the end of 1986, that station began to fight through a years-long bankruptcy proceeding, burdened by expensive purchases of syndicated programming. It did not emerge from bankruptcy until July 1991; two months later, in September, WNRW and WGGT signed an agreement to simulcast almost all of the broadcast day, a combination billed as a "super station". WNRW–WGGT also became a secondary affiliate of UPN in January 1995. WXLV-TV: ABC affiliate Switch to ABC and news launch On May 23, 1994, as part of a deal between Fox and New World Communications, it was announced that High Point-based ABC affiliate WGHP (channel 8) would change from ABC to Fox. The deal left WNRW–WGGT as a Fox affiliate with an uncertain future once the network moved and ABC without an affiliate in the Triad. In the meantime, during the first season of the NFL on Fox, the station took the step of allowing fans to vote by telephone on which NFC football game it would telecast each week. This was particularly unusual because Fox assigned games to stations; when the Greensboro News & Record interviewed the director of media relations for Fox Sports, he reacted, "They're doing what?" The timing of the affiliation switch in the Triad market was mostly driven by the station ownership juggling that New World had to conduct with WGHP. With 15 stations under option, New World was three stations over the 12-station limit then in force. In February 1995, WGHP finally gave ABC its six months' notice of its plan to disaffiliate from the network, with WNRW–WGGT immediately earmarked as the new ABC affiliate in the market. The arrival of ABC to channels 45 and 48 came with plans to start a local newsroom. In May 1995, the station hired its first news director, and a total of 33 people—mostly from out of the market, with the notable exception of sportscaster Johnny Phelps—were hired to produce and present the station's newscasts. As channel 45 staffed up its newsroom, the station was sold. In June, Act III Broadcasting merged with ABRY Broadcast Partners; the firm named Dan Sullivan, president of the TV division of Clear Channel Communications, to run Sullivan Broadcasting, a joint venture with ABRY to manage the former Act III portfolio. Eleven years after the murder of William Rismiller, the station also sought to change its call letters in order to establish a new identity for the station as an ABC affiliate. After discussions with Rismiller's widow, the station announced it would change its call sign to WXLV-TV on September 3, 1995, the date it would become an ABC affiliate; simultaneously, plans were announced to establish a scholarship in his name and dedicate the newsroom in his memory. To obtain permission to share the WXLV call sign from its existing user, the FM radio station at Lehigh Carbon Community College in Pennsylvania, it donated a used audio board. Founding news director Chris Huston promised a focus on regional coverage and issues, hoping to leave aside a perceived focus on Winston-Salem, Greensboro, or High Point. However, despite ABC's strong national standing, viewers did not flock to WXLV's new 6 a.m., 6 p.m., and 11 p.m. local newscasts. Where WFMY and WXII drew 28 and 25 percent of the news audience at 11, WXLV attracted just 5 percent. An 11:30 a.m. newscast was tested but failed to draw ratings and was canceled after 13 weeks. After five years, the simulcast of channels 45 and 48 was unwound on September 1, 1996, when channel 48 regained separate programming as full-time UPN affiliate WUPN. Sinclair acquisition; news department closure In 1998, Sinclair Broadcast Group bought Sullivan Broadcasting; it also assumed Sullivan's local marketing agreement to program WUPN on behalf of its owner, Mission Broadcasting. Sinclair initially invested in the WXLV news operation. To save money, WXLV had discontinued its morning newscast in March 1997. After the sale to Sinclair, the company restored the morning news and bought new equipment for the station. New lead-in The Jerry Springer Show beat the other three stations' 5 p.m. newscasts and also helped the station lift its 6 p.m. news ratings slightly. However, as the station continued to make little progress at challenging the existing stations in the ratings, Sinclair cut back in the newsroom. In November 2000, the station discontinued its morning and weekend newscasts and laid off 10 full-time employees in hopes of focusing attention on its 6 and 11 p.m. broadcasts. A new news set and two new vehicles were acquired during the course of 2001, and WXLV-TV also hoped to move from Pilot Mountain to a site in Greensboro in hopes of adding 25,000 additional viewers. It needed the viewers: the station's 6 p.m. newscast was being outrated by reruns of The Drew Carey Show on WTWB-TV. It was not to be. On January 2, 2002, the station announced that it would air its last newscast on January 11, laying off another 35 employees. General manager Will Davis noted that the news department had not turned a profit in 2001 due to a soft economy and its low ratings. News Central Main article: News Central (American TV program) While a full-scale news department was scrapped, a new corporate initiative at Sinclair put the restoration of news programming to its Triad stations on the table before 2002 had concluded. The company launched News Central, a hybrid national-local news service designed to service Sinclair's stations that were not producing news. In July 2003, WUPN debuted its News Central newscast; as with others of its type, the newscasts combined local news coverage read by anchors in Winston-Salem with national news and weather from Sinclair's corporate headquarters in Hunt Valley, Maryland. In January 2004, a second News Central newscast debuted, this time an 11 p.m. broadcast for WXLV. The newscasts aired until August 10, 2005, when the newsroom was shut down and 22 people lost their jobs. At 10 p.m., the WUPN newscast attracted two percent of the audience compared with 15 percent viewing WGHP; the 11 p.m. newscast also attracted two percent of the audience, while 19 percent watched WXII and 16 percent watched WFMY. News 14 Carolina/Time Warner Cable News on ABC 45 In February 2011, Sinclair resolved a retransmission consent dispute with Time Warner Cable (TWC) covering 28 stations in 17 markets, including WXLV-TV and WMYV; the group's carriage contract had lapsed, though no stations were temporarily removed. As part of the multiyear agreement, News 14 Carolina, Time Warner Cable's local news channel, would begin producing 6:30 a.m. and 6 and 11 p.m. local newscasts for WXLV-TV beginning in 2012. The goal for the News 14 broadcasts, which were produced in Raleigh with Triad-area reporters and weather and sports from Charlotte, was to provide news programming for channel 45 while advertising the cable news service to non-Time Warner subscribers. News 14 Carolina was renamed Time Warner Cable News North Carolina in 2013 and Spectrum News North Carolina in 2016. During this time, the future ownership of WXLV came into question. On May 8, 2017, Sinclair entered into an agreement to acquire WGHP owner Tribune Media. It intended to keep WGHP and WMYV, selling WXLV-TV and eight other stations to Standard Media Group. The transaction was designated in July 2018 for hearing by an FCC administrative law judge, and Tribune moved to terminate the deal the next month. Return of in-house newscasts In anticipation of taking news production in house, the Spectrum News newscast ceased airing in 2019. Sinclair announced the return of local news to WXLV to air weeknights at 6 and 11 p.m. in January 2021. The newscasts are produced out of San Antonio sister station KABB and featured KABB anchor Camilla Rambaldi until her departure from Sinclair in January 2024. 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External links Official website vteBroadcast television in the North Carolina Piedmont Triad region This region includes the following cities: Greensboro High Point Winston-Salem BurlingtonReception may vary by location and some stations may only be viewable with cable television Full power WFMY-TV (2.1 CBS, 2.2 Crime, 2.3 Mystery, 2.4 Quest, 2.5 The365, 2.6 Outlaw, 2.7 QVC, 2.8 HSN) WGHP (8.1 Fox, 8.2 ANT, 8.3 Grit, 8.4 Dabl) WXII-TV (12.1 NBC, 12.2 MeTV, 12.3 Story) WGPX-TV (16.1 Ion, 16.2 Grit, 16.3 Court, 16.4 Laff, 16.5 Defy, 16.6 Scripps News, 16.7 Get, 16.8 JTV, 16.9 HSN2) WCWG (20.1 CW, 20.2 Mystery, 20.3 Laff, 20.4 Bounce) WUNL-TV (26.1 PBS, 26.2 Kids, 26.3 Explorer, 26.4 North Carolina) WLXI (43.1 TCT) WXLV-TV (45.1 ABC, 45.2 TBD, 45.3 Charge!, 45.4 Nest) WMYV (48.1 MNTV, 48.2 REW, 48.3 Comet) Low power WGSR-LD (19.1 IND) WMDV-LD (23.1/23.2 IND) ATSC 3.0 WMYV (8.1 Fox, 12.1 NBC, 45.1 ABC, 45.10 T2, 48.1 MNTV) Cable Spectrum News Defunct WTOB-TV 26 WUBC 48 See also Charlotte TV Raleigh/Durham TV Roanoke TV vteBroadcast television stations by affiliation in the state of North CarolinaABC WWAY 3 (Wilmington)* WSOC-TV 9 (Charlotte)* WTVD 11 (Durham/Raleigh/Fayetteville)* WCTI-TV 12 (New Bern/Greenville)* WLOS 13 (Asheville/Greenville/Spartanburg/Anderson, SC)* WVEC 13 (Hampton/Norfolk, VA)** WPDE-TV 15 (Florence/Myrtle Beach, SC)** WXLV-TV 45 (Winston-Salem/Greensboro/High Point)* CBS WFMY-TV 2 (Greensboro/High Point/Winston-Salem)* WBTV 3 (Charlotte)* WTKR 3 (Norfolk, VA)** WWAY-DT 3.2 (Wilmington)* WSPA-TV 7 (Spartanburg/Greenville/Anderson, SC/Asheville)* WNCT-TV 9 (Greenville/New Bern)* WBTW 13 (Florence/Myrtle Beach, SC)** WNCN 17 (Goldsboro/Raleigh/Durham/Fayetteville)* Fox WGHP 8 (High Point/Greensboro/Winston-Salem)* WYDO 14 (Greenville/New Bern)* WHNS 21 (Greenville/Spartanburg/Anderson, SC/Asheville)* WSFX-TV 26 (Wilmington)* WFXB 43 (Myrtle Beach/Florence, SC)** WVBT 43 (Virginia Beach/Norfolk, VA)** WJZY 46 (Belmont/Charlotte)* WRAZ 50 (Raleigh/Durham/Fayetteville)* NBC WYFF 4 (Greenville/Spartanburg/Anderson, SC/Asheville)* WRAL-TV 5 (Raleigh/Durham/Fayetteville)* WECT 6 (Wilmington)* WITN-TV 7 (Washington/Greenville/New Bern)* WAVY-TV 10 (Portsmouth/Norfolk, VA)** WXII-TV 12 (Winston-Salem/Greensboro/High Point)* WMBF-TV 32 (Myrtle Beach/Florence, SC)** WCNC-TV 36 (Charlotte)* The CW WWAY-DT 3.3 (Wilmington)* WNCT-DT 9.2 (Greenville/New Bern)* WPDE-DT 15.2 (Florence/Myrtle Beach, SC)** WCCB 18 (Charlotte)* WCWG 20 (Lexington/Greensboro/High Point/Winston-Salem)* WLFL 22 (Raleigh/Durham/Fayetteville)* WGNT 27 (Portsmouth/Norfolk, VA)** WYCW 62 (Asheville/Greenville/Spartanburg/Anderson, SC)* MyNetworkTV WITN-DT 7.2 (Washington/Greenville/New Bern)* WBTW-DT 13.2 (Florence/Myrtle Beach, SC)** WLOS-DT 13.2 (Asheville/Greenville/Spartanburg/Anderson, SC)* WRDC 28ATSC 3.0 (Durham/Raleigh/Fayetteville)* WTVZ-TV 33 (Norfolk, VA)** WMYV 48ATSC 3.0 (Greensboro/High Point/Winston-Salem)* WMYT-TV 55 (Rock Hill, SC/Charlotte)* Ion Television WSPA-DT 7.3 (Spartanburg/Greenville/Anderson, SC/Asheville)* WBTW-DT 13.3 (Florence/Myrtle Beach, SC)** WGPX-TV 16 (Burlington/Greensboro/High Point/Winston-Salem)* WSFX-DT 26.4 (Wilmington)* WPXU-TV 35 / WEPX-TV 38 (Jacksonville/Greenville)* WJZY-DT 46.6 (Belmont/Charlotte)* WRPX-TV 47 (Rocky Mount/Raleigh/Durham)* WPXV-TV 49 (Norfolk, VA)** PBS WTVI 42 (Charlotte) PBS NC WUND-TV 2 (Edenton) WUNC-TV 4 (Chapel Hill) WUNE-TV 17 (Linville) WUNM-TV 19 (Jacksonville) WUNK-TV 25 (Greenville) WUNL-TV 26 (Winston-Salem) WUNW 27 (Canton) WUNU 31 (Lumberton) WUNF-TV 33 (Asheville) WUNP-TV 36 (Roanoke Rapids) WUNJ-TV 39 (Wilmington) WUNG-TV 58 (Concord) Other WSKY-TV 4 (Ind., Manteo/Norfolk, VA)** WSOC-DT 9.2 (TMD, Charlotte)* WILM-LD 10 (Ind., Wilmington)* WWJS 14 (SBN, Hickory/Charlotte)* WGGS-TV 16 (Rel., Greenville, SC)* WGSR-LD 19 (Ind., Reidsville)* WARZ-LD 21 (3ABN, Smithfield)* WTPC-TV 21 (TBN, Virginia Beach/Norfolk, VA)** WWMB 21 (Dabl, Florence/Myrtle Beach, SC)** WRAY-TV 30 / WLXI 43 (TCT, Wake Forest/Greensboro)* WDKT-LD 31 (GEB, Hendersonville)* WNGT-CD 34ATSC 3.0 (WHT, Smithfield)* WMYA-TV 40ATSC 3.0 (Dabl, Anderson/Greenville/Spartanburg, SC/Asheville)* WUVC-DT 40 / WTNC-LD 26 (UNI, Fayetteville/Raleigh/Durham)* WHFL-CD 43 (Worship, Goldsboro)* WQDH-LD 49 (Azteca, Wilmington)* WRTD-CD 54 (TMD, Raleigh)* WFPX-TV 62 (Bounce, Archer Lodge/Raleigh/Durham)* WAXN-TV 64ATSC 3.0 (Ind., Kannapolis/Charlotte)* (*) – indicates station is in one of North Carolina's primary TV markets(**) – indicates station is in an out-of-state TV market, but reaches a small portion of North Carolina vteABC network affiliates licensed to and serving the Commonwealth of VirginiaPrimary* WHSV-TV 3 (Harrisonburg) WJLA-TV 7 (Washington, D.C.) WRIC-TV 8 (Petersburg/Richmond) WJHL-DT 11.2 (Johnson City/Kingsport/Bristol, TN/VA) WSET-TV 13 (Lynchburg/Roanoke) WVEC 13 (Hampton/Norfolk) WVAW-LD 16 (Charlottesville) Secondary** WOAY-TV 4 (Oak Hill/Beckley/Bluefield, WV, serving Tazewell County) WTVD 11 (Durham/Raleigh/Fayetteville, NC, serving Mecklenburg County) WXLV-TV 45 (Winston-Salem/Greensboro/High Point, NC, serving Patrick County) (*) – indicates station is in one of Virginia's primary TV markets(**) – indicates station is in an out-of-state TV market, but reaches a small portion of Virginia See also ABC CBS CW Fox Ion MyNetworkTV NBC PBS Other stations in Virginia vteSinclair Broadcast GroupBroadcastTV stationsSorted by primary channel network affiliationsABC KAEF-TV KATU KATV KDNL-TV KHGI-TV / KWNB-TV KOMO-TV KRCR-TV KTUL KTVO KTXS-TV / KTXE-LD KVII-TV / KVIH-TV WATM-TV WBMA-LD WCHS-TV WCTI-TV WEAR-TV WGTU / WGTQ 1 WHAM-TV 1 WICD WICS WKEF WJLA-TV WLOS WPDE-TV WSET-TV WSYX WTVC WXLV-TV CBS KBAK-TV KBOI-TV KDBC-TV KEYE-TV KFDM KGAN KHQA-TV KIMA-TV / KEPR-TV KLEW-TV KRCG KTVL KUTV KVAL-TV / KCBY-TV / KPIC WGFL 1 WGME-TV WHP-TV WKRC-TV WPEC WRGB WSBT-TV WTVH 1 WWMT The CW KECA-LD KFRE-TV KUNS-TV KVCW KYUU-LD WBSF 1 WBUI 1 WCWF WCWN WFLI-TV 1 WLFL WNUV 1 WPNT WSTM-DT2 WSWB 1 WTTO / WDBB WTVX WUCW WVTV WWHO 1 Fox KABB KBFX-CD KBVU 1 KCVU 1 KDSM-TV KFOX-TV KFXL-TV KMPH-TV KOKH-TV KPTH KPTM KRXI-TV KSAS-TV / KAAS-TV / KOCW KSCC WACH WBFF WEMT 1 WFXL WGXA WLUK-TV WMSN-TV WOLF-TV 1 WPFO 1 WPGH-TV WRLH-TV WRSP-TV / WCCU 1 WSMH WTAT-TV 1 WTGS WUHF WUTV WWCP-TV WYDO 1 WZTV NBC KECI-TV / KCFW-TV / KTVM-TV / KDBZ-CD KMTR / KMCB / KTCW 1 KRNV-DT 1 KSNV WCYB-TV WEYI-TV 1 WJAC-TV WJAR WNBW-DT 1 WNWO-TV WOAI-TV WPBN-TV / WTOM-TV WPMI-TV 1 WSTM-TV WTOV-TV WTWC-TV MyNetworkTV KMYU KNSN-TV 1 KRVU-LD / KZVU-LD WABM WCIV WFGX WMYV WNYO-TV WQMY 1 WRDC WSTR-TV 1 WTCN-CD WTVZ-TV WUXP-TV WVTV-DT2 2 Spanish Azteca WWHB-CD Univision KEUV-LD KUCO-LD KUNP KUNW-CD / KVVK-CD / KORX-CA UniMás KKTF-LD Otherstations Antenna TV KXVU-LD WYME-CD1 Comet KTES-LD Dabl KBTV-TV 1 KFXA 1 KMEG 1 KMTW 1 KMYS 1 WMYA-TV 1 WNAB 1 WRGT-TV 1 WWMB 1 Catchy Comedy WVAH-TV 1 TBD KENV-DT 1 KXVO 1 WDCO-CD / WIAV-CD WHOI WTTE 1 WUTB 1 Ind. KJZZ-TV WJTC 1 KOCB Defunct KTOV-LP KXPX-LP WCGV-TV ChannelsSubchannelnetworks Charge! Comet TBD The Nest Defunct American Sports Network Cable channels Bally Sports Regional NetworksJV Bally Sports app Marquee Sports NetworkJV Tennis Channel Tennis (magazine) WJLA 24/7 News (DC metro) YES NetworkJV Defunct Stadium College SportsJV Streaming services NewsONJV Programming News Full Measure w/ Sharyl Attkisson The National Desk Defunct Circa News KidsClick News Central Ring of Honor Wrestling Acquisitions Act III Broadcasting Allbritton Communications Barrington Broadcasting Bonten Media Group Dielectric Communications Fisher Communications Four Points Media Group Fox Sports Networks Freedom Communications Guy Gannett Communications Heritage Media Newport Television River City Broadcasting 1 Operated by Sinclair under an LMA. 2 Formerly separately licensed as WCGV-TV and merged with WVTV's spectrum, but remains on its former channel number as a separate station JV Joint Venture
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"television station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_station"},{"link_name":"Winston-Salem, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston-Salem,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"Piedmont Triad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piedmont_Triad"},{"link_name":"Sinclair Broadcast Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinclair_Broadcast_Group"},{"link_name":"Greensboro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greensboro"},{"link_name":"MyNetworkTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MyNetworkTV"},{"link_name":"WMYV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WMYV"},{"link_name":"US 421","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_421_in_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Randleman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randleman,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"I-73","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-73"},{"link_name":"US 220","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_220_in_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"TVX Broadcast Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TVX_Broadcast_Group"},{"link_name":"independent station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_station"},{"link_name":"Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"Act III Broadcasting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_III_Broadcasting"},{"link_name":"Raleigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raleigh"},{"link_name":"WGHP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WGHP"},{"link_name":"UPN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UPN"},{"link_name":"News Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_Central_(American_TV_program)"},{"link_name":"Spectrum News North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum_News_North_Carolina"}],"text":"ABC affiliate in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, U.S.WXLV-TV (channel 45) is a television station licensed to Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States, serving as the ABC affiliate for the Piedmont Triad region. It is owned by Sinclair Broadcast Group alongside Greensboro-licensed MyNetworkTV affiliate WMYV (channel 48). The two stations share studios on Myer Lee Drive (along US 421) in Winston-Salem; WXLV-TV's transmitter is located in Randleman (along I-73/US 220).Channel 45 went on the air in 1979 as WGNN-TV, a Christian-oriented TV station. It was sold to Television Corporation Stations—later renamed TVX Broadcast Group—in 1980 and changed its call sign to WJTM-TV, becoming the Triad's first general-entertainment independent station. After a gunman killed the general sales manager in 1984, TVX renamed the station WNRW, incorporating his initials. WNRW became the market's first Fox affiliate in 1986; TVX then sold it to Act III Broadcasting in 1986 in order to acquire a station in the adjacent Raleigh market. Act III combined the station's schedule and programming with Greensboro independent WGGT in 1991, creating a simulcast.In 1995, as a result of regional ABC affiliate WGHP switching to Fox, channel 45 became an ABC affiliate under new WXLV call letters and began broadcasting local news programming. It also picked up a secondary affiliation with UPN, which became channel 48's primary programming when the simulcast was split the next year. Sinclair acquired WXLV in 1998. The station's local newscasts failed to make headway against the established stations in the Triad. Sinclair shuttered the local news department in January 2002. Since then, Sinclair has implemented smaller-scale news programs for the station, first as part of the News Central service, then with cable news channel News 14 Carolina (later Spectrum News North Carolina) and since 2021 with local reporters and anchors at a Sinclair station in Texas.","title":"WXLV-TV"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"As an independent station and Fox affiliate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Federal Communications Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission"},{"link_name":"construction permit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction_permit"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hc-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inflation-US-4"},{"link_name":"Stuart Epperson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Epperson"},{"link_name":"Salem Communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salem_Communications"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wins760528-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gree790530-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wins790825-8"},{"link_name":"Wachovia Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Tower"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wins790529-9"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gree790530-7"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wins790925-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FB84-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wins800213-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gree800904-16"},{"link_name":"Hampton Roads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampton_Roads"},{"link_name":"WTVZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTVZ"},{"link_name":"Norfolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"TVX Broadcast Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TVX_Broadcast_Group"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gree800904-16"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hc-3"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"WGNN-TV and WJTM-TV: Establishment","text":"In February 1976, Good News TV Network filed with the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) for a construction permit to build a new commercial TV station in Winston-Salem, which the commission granted in August 1977.[3] Good News TV had been formed after the local Calvary Baptist Church voted to set aside $139,000 (equivalent to $744,000 in 2023[4]) for the construction of the proposed outlet; one of the directors was Stuart Epperson, the founder of Salem Communications.[5] The station was originally proposed to operate on a non-commercial basis with Christian religious programs and some secular classic films, though it eventually decided to accept some commercial advertising. Delays in equipment delivery and installation pushed the station's start from 1978 back into 1979;[6][7] the station also had to settle a payment dispute with an equipment installer.[8] From a transmitter on the Wachovia Building in Winston-Salem and studios on its top floor,[9][7] program testing for WGNN-TV began on September 22, 1979.[10][11][12]Shortly before going on air, Good News TV Network had sold the construction permit for the station to a subsidiary of Piece Goods Stores, a chain of fabric stores in Winston-Salem.[13] Piece Goods had stepped in when Good News TV Network ran out of cash to put the station on the air. The proprietors of Piece Goods, twin brothers Dudley and John Simms, also appeared on air giving editorials that were strongly conservative in character.[14] The station's programming turned out to be more middle-of-the-road than the religion-heavy, family-friendly lineup once advertised, including films with sexual mentions and violence, as the Simms brothers sought to make channel 45 profitable.[15] However, the station never attracted more than one percent of the audience.[16]In 1980, Piece Goods sold 85 percent of WGNN-TV and operational control to the Television Corporation of North Carolina, a company controlled by investors from the Hampton Roads area of Virginia. After WTVZ in Norfolk, it was the second station to be owned by Television Corporation Stations (abbreviated TVX and later changed to TVX Broadcast Group). The Simms brothers disappeared from the airwaves, while TVX announced it would seek better programming and build a more powerful transmitter facility on Sauratown Mountain.[16] The call letters were changed to WJTM-TV[a] on October 20, 1980,[3] as TVX sought to bring to Winston-Salem the programming style that had made WTVZ immediately competitive in Norfolk.[18] Immediately, and even before the transmitter move to Sauratown in April 1981, ratings ticked up slightly; at the same time, the studios moved to their present site.[19][20] Even as TVX took over, Piece Goods found itself facing lawsuits for debts the station had owed to a bank prior to the sale.[21]","title":"As an independent station and Fox affiliate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"WXII-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WXII-TV"},{"link_name":"The 700 Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_700_Club"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Broadcasting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting_%26_Cable"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gree840607-17"}],"sub_title":"1984 hostage situation and call sign change to WNRW","text":"On June 5, 1984, 32-year-old Ronnell Leverne Jackson drove to the studios of WJTM-TV in Winston-Salem. He fatally shot 48-year-old William Norbert Rismiller, the station's general sales manager, then kidnapped a secretary and took her to his great-aunt's house, where he lived. Having previously made an unsuccessful demand of the station, the hostage-taker agreed to surrender if Winston-Salem station WXII-TV apologized to him. Jackson believed that the two stations and the Christian television program The 700 Club, which they aired, were spying on him through his TV set. WXII broadcast a fake apology to his house in cooperation with a local cable system, and he released the hostage that afternoon after more than six hours.[22] Two days after the murder, TVX applied to change WJTM-TV's call sign to WNRW (William Norbert Rismiller, Winston-Salem), which became effective on June 25 and was accompanied by memorial advertising in such publications as Broadcasting.[23] It also increased security at the station.[17]","title":"As an independent station and Fox affiliate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"WLFL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WLFL"},{"link_name":"Raleigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raleigh"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-News850814-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inflation-US-4"},{"link_name":"Act III Broadcasting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_III_Broadcasting"},{"link_name":"Norman Lear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Lear"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"WGGT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WMYV"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"UPN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UPN"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"Act III ownership and Fox affiliation","text":"TVX announced in August 1985 that it would acquire WLFL, an independent station in Raleigh, and that it expected to have to sell the smaller-market WNRW to complete the purchase, as the two stations had overlapping signals; FCC rules of the time generally prohibited ownership of stations that shared a portion of their coverage areas.[24] The FCC approved the WLFL transaction in February 1986 and gave TVX 12 months to divest itself of WNRW.[25] In November, TVX filed with the FCC to sell the station for $11 million (equivalent to $31 million in 2023[4]) to a new broadcasting group, Act III Broadcasting, owned by television producer Norman Lear.[26] During 1986, WNRW also became the market's first Fox affiliate when the network launched on October 9, 1986.[27]As an independent station in the Triad, WNRW was not alone. In 1981, WGGT had reactivated channel 48 from Greensboro. However, beginning at the end of 1986, that station began to fight through a years-long bankruptcy proceeding, burdened by expensive purchases of syndicated programming.[28] It did not emerge from bankruptcy until July 1991; two months later, in September, WNRW and WGGT signed an agreement to simulcast almost all of the broadcast day, a combination billed as a \"super station\".[29] WNRW–WGGT also became a secondary affiliate of UPN in January 1995.[30]","title":"As an independent station and Fox affiliate"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"WXLV-TV: ABC affiliate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New World Communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_World_Pictures#New_World_Communications"},{"link_name":"WGHP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WGHP"},{"link_name":"NFL on Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFL_on_Fox"},{"link_name":"NFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_Conference"},{"link_name":"News & Record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_%26_Record"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"news director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_director"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-saletoabry-37"},{"link_name":"Clear Channel Communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clear_Channel_Communications"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"FM radio station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WLHI"},{"link_name":"Lehigh Carbon Community College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehigh_Carbon_Community_College"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"sub_title":"Switch to ABC and news launch","text":"On May 23, 1994, as part of a deal between Fox and New World Communications, it was announced that High Point-based ABC affiliate WGHP (channel 8) would change from ABC to Fox. The deal left WNRW–WGGT as a Fox affiliate with an uncertain future once the network moved and ABC without an affiliate in the Triad. In the meantime, during the first season of the NFL on Fox, the station took the step of allowing fans to vote by telephone on which NFC football game it would telecast each week. This was particularly unusual because Fox assigned games to stations; when the Greensboro News & Record interviewed the director of media relations for Fox Sports, he reacted, \"They're doing what?\"[31]The timing of the affiliation switch in the Triad market was mostly driven by the station ownership juggling that New World had to conduct with WGHP. With 15 stations under option, New World was three stations over the 12-station limit then in force.[32] In February 1995, WGHP finally gave ABC its six months' notice of its plan to disaffiliate from the network, with WNRW–WGGT immediately earmarked as the new ABC affiliate in the market.[33]The arrival of ABC to channels 45 and 48 came with plans to start a local newsroom. In May 1995, the station hired its first news director,[34] and a total of 33 people—mostly from out of the market, with the notable exception of sportscaster Johnny Phelps—were hired to produce and present the station's newscasts.[35] As channel 45 staffed up its newsroom, the station was sold. In June, Act III Broadcasting merged with ABRY Broadcast Partners;[36] the firm named Dan Sullivan, president of the TV division of Clear Channel Communications, to run Sullivan Broadcasting, a joint venture with ABRY to manage the former Act III portfolio.[37]Eleven years after the murder of William Rismiller, the station also sought to change its call letters in order to establish a new identity for the station as an ABC affiliate.[38] After discussions with Rismiller's widow, the station announced it would change its call sign to WXLV-TV on September 3, 1995, the date it would become an ABC affiliate; simultaneously, plans were announced to establish a scholarship in his name and dedicate the newsroom in his memory. To obtain permission to share the WXLV call sign from its existing user, the FM radio station at Lehigh Carbon Community College in Pennsylvania, it donated a used audio board.[39]Founding news director Chris Huston promised a focus on regional coverage and issues, hoping to leave aside a perceived focus on Winston-Salem, Greensboro, or High Point.[40] However, despite ABC's strong national standing, viewers did not flock to WXLV's new 6 a.m., 6 p.m., and 11 p.m. local newscasts. Where WFMY and WXII drew 28 and 25 percent of the news audience at 11, WXLV attracted just 5 percent.[41] An 11:30 a.m. newscast was tested but failed to draw ratings and was canceled after 13 weeks.[42]After five years, the simulcast of channels 45 and 48 was unwound on September 1, 1996, when channel 48 regained separate programming as full-time UPN affiliate WUPN.[43]","title":"WXLV-TV: ABC affiliate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"local marketing agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_marketing_agreement"},{"link_name":"Mission Broadcasting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_Broadcasting"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"The Jerry Springer Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jerry_Springer_Show"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"The Drew Carey Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Drew_Carey_Show"},{"link_name":"WTWB-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTWB-TV"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"}],"sub_title":"Sinclair acquisition; news department closure","text":"In 1998, Sinclair Broadcast Group bought Sullivan Broadcasting; it also assumed Sullivan's local marketing agreement to program WUPN on behalf of its owner, Mission Broadcasting.[44][45] Sinclair initially invested in the WXLV news operation. To save money, WXLV had discontinued its morning newscast in March 1997. After the sale to Sinclair, the company restored the morning news and bought new equipment for the station.[46] New lead-in The Jerry Springer Show beat the other three stations' 5 p.m. newscasts and also helped the station lift its 6 p.m. news ratings slightly.[47]However, as the station continued to make little progress at challenging the existing stations in the ratings, Sinclair cut back in the newsroom. In November 2000, the station discontinued its morning and weekend newscasts and laid off 10 full-time employees in hopes of focusing attention on its 6 and 11 p.m. broadcasts.[48][49] A new news set and two new vehicles were acquired during the course of 2001, and WXLV-TV also hoped to move from Pilot Mountain to a site in Greensboro in hopes of adding 25,000 additional viewers. It needed the viewers: the station's 6 p.m. newscast was being outrated by reruns of The Drew Carey Show on WTWB-TV. It was not to be. On January 2, 2002, the station announced that it would air its last newscast on January 11, laying off another 35 employees. General manager Will Davis noted that the news department had not turned a profit in 2001 due to a soft economy and its low ratings.[50][51]","title":"WXLV-TV: ABC affiliate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Hunt Valley, Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunt_Valley,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tbj-55"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"}],"sub_title":"News Central","text":"While a full-scale news department was scrapped, a new corporate initiative at Sinclair put the restoration of news programming to its Triad stations on the table before 2002 had concluded.[52] The company launched News Central, a hybrid national-local news service designed to service Sinclair's stations that were not producing news. In July 2003, WUPN debuted its News Central newscast; as with others of its type, the newscasts combined local news coverage read by anchors in Winston-Salem with national news and weather from Sinclair's corporate headquarters in Hunt Valley, Maryland. In January 2004, a second News Central newscast debuted, this time an 11 p.m. broadcast for WXLV.[53] The newscasts aired until August 10, 2005, when the newsroom was shut down and 22 people lost their jobs. At 10 p.m., the WUPN newscast attracted two percent of the audience compared with 15 percent viewing WGHP; the 11 p.m. newscast also attracted two percent of the audience, while 19 percent watched WXII and 16 percent watched WFMY.[54][55]","title":"WXLV-TV: ABC affiliate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"retransmission consent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retransmission_consent"},{"link_name":"Time Warner Cable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Warner_Cable"},{"link_name":"News 14 Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_14_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tvnc-dealreached-57"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tbj-wxlvnews14-59"},{"link_name":"Charlotte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"an agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attempted_acquisition_of_Tribune_Media_by_Sinclair_Broadcast_Group"},{"link_name":"Tribune Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribune_Media"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Standard Media Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_General#Standard_Media"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"administrative law judge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_law_judge"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"}],"sub_title":"News 14 Carolina/Time Warner Cable News on ABC 45","text":"In February 2011, Sinclair resolved a retransmission consent dispute with Time Warner Cable (TWC) covering 28 stations in 17 markets, including WXLV-TV and WMYV; the group's carriage contract had lapsed, though no stations were temporarily removed. As part of the multiyear agreement, News 14 Carolina, Time Warner Cable's local news channel, would begin producing 6:30 a.m. and 6 and 11 p.m. local newscasts for WXLV-TV beginning in 2012.[56][57][58] The goal for the News 14 broadcasts, which were produced in Raleigh with Triad-area reporters and weather and sports from Charlotte, was to provide news programming for channel 45 while advertising the cable news service to non-Time Warner subscribers.[59] News 14 Carolina was renamed Time Warner Cable News North Carolina in 2013[60] and Spectrum News North Carolina in 2016.[61]During this time, the future ownership of WXLV came into question. On May 8, 2017, Sinclair entered into an agreement to acquire WGHP owner Tribune Media.[62] It intended to keep WGHP and WMYV, selling WXLV-TV and eight other stations to Standard Media Group.[63] The transaction was designated in July 2018 for hearing by an FCC administrative law judge, and Tribune moved to terminate the deal the next month.[64]","title":"WXLV-TV: ABC affiliate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"San Antonio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Antonio"},{"link_name":"KABB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KABB"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"}],"sub_title":"Return of in-house newscasts","text":"In anticipation of taking news production in house, the Spectrum News newscast ceased airing in 2019. Sinclair announced the return of local news to WXLV to air weeknights at 6 and 11 p.m. in January 2021.[65] The newscasts are produced out of San Antonio sister station KABB and featured KABB anchor Camilla Rambaldi until her departure from Sinclair in January 2024.[66][67]","title":"WXLV-TV: ABC affiliate"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Technical information"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"multiplexed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplex_(TV)"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"virtual channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_channel"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Analog_to_Digital-70"}],"sub_title":"Subchannels","text":"The station's signal is multiplexed:Broadcast on behalf of another stationWXLV-TV and WMYV were the first stations in the market to convert to digital-only broadcast transmissions, shutting down on February 17, 2009.[68] The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 29, using virtual channel 45.[69]","title":"Technical information"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gree840607-17"},{"link_name":"KJTM-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KASN"},{"link_name":"Pine Bluff, Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine_Bluff,_Arkansas"}],"text":"^ For John Trinder and Tim McDonald, the executive vice president and president of TVX.[17] After WJTM-TV became WNRW, TVX built KJTM-TV in Pine Bluff, Arkansas, in 1986.","title":"Notes"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Digital TV Market Listing for WXLV\". RabbitEars. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved January 12, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rabbitears.info/market.php?request=station_search&callsign=WXLV#station","url_text":"\"Digital TV Market Listing for WXLV\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RabbitEars","url_text":"RabbitEars"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304063147/http://www.rabbitears.info/market.php?request=station_search&callsign=WXLV#station","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Facility Technical Data for WXLV-TV\". Licensing and Management System. Federal Communications Commission.","urls":[{"url":"https://enterpriseefiling.fcc.gov/dataentry/public/tv/publicFacilityTechDetails.html?facilityId=414","url_text":"\"Facility Technical Data for WXLV-TV\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission","url_text":"Federal Communications Commission"}]},{"reference":"\"FCC History Cards for WXLV-TV\". Federal Communications Commission.","urls":[{"url":"https://enterpriseefiling.fcc.gov/dataentry/api/download/attachment/55ea56f3-0e31-4b9e-cd52-dc1439d1b0fd","url_text":"\"FCC History Cards for WXLV-TV\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission","url_text":"Federal Communications Commission"}]},{"reference":"McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antiquarian Society.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._McCusker","url_text":"McCusker, J. J."},{"url":"https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44525121.pdf","url_text":"How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society","url_text":"American Antiquarian Society"}]},{"reference":"McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States (PDF). American Antiquarian Society.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._McCusker","url_text":"McCusker, J. J."},{"url":"https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44517778.pdf","url_text":"How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society","url_text":"American Antiquarian Society"}]},{"reference":"Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. \"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–\". Retrieved February 29, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.minneapolisfed.org/about-us/monetary-policy/inflation-calculator/consumer-price-index-1800-","url_text":"\"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–\""}]},{"reference":"Carr, Howard (May 28, 1976). \"Religious TV Station Formed\". Winston-Salem Journal. p. 24. Archived from the original on April 7, 2023. Retrieved April 7, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/122425510/religious-tv-station-formed/","url_text":"\"Religious TV Station Formed\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230407034531/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/122425510/religious-tv-station-formed/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kenion, Jerry (January 11, 1979). \"Another Station Slated\". Greensboro Daily News. p. D13. Archived from the original on March 22, 2023. Retrieved March 22, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.genealogybank.com/newspaper-clippings/another-station-slated/qkqwxgfgwyhzditxxngofopgpxtagagp_wma-gateway001_1679329383697","url_text":"\"Another Station Slated\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230322074752/https://www.genealogybank.com/newspaper-clippings/another-station-slated/qkqwxgfgwyhzditxxngofopgpxtagagp_wma-gateway001_1679329383697","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kenion, Jerry (May 30, 1979). \"Station Hopes For June\". Greensboro Daily News. p. A12. Archived from the original on March 22, 2023. Retrieved March 22, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.genealogybank.com/newspaper-clippings/station-hopes-june/rsgcftggdsxpyyzbqimekaaukmezdixa_wma-gateway014_1668581927263","url_text":"\"Station Hopes For June\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230322074751/https://www.genealogybank.com/newspaper-clippings/station-hopes-june/rsgcftggdsxpyyzbqimekaaukmezdixa_wma-gateway014_1668581927263","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Poindexter, Jesse (August 25, 1979). \"Contract Dispute Settled\". Winston-Salem Journal. p. 13. Archived from the original on April 12, 2023. Retrieved April 12, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/122701294/contract-dispute-settled/","url_text":"\"Contract Dispute Settled\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230412003657/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/122701294/contract-dispute-settled/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Plans Many Religious TV Shows: Station May Be Operating Soon\". Winston-Salem Journal. May 29, 1979. pp. 1, 2. Retrieved April 12, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/122679862/plans-many-religious-tv-shows-station-m/","url_text":"\"Plans Many Religious TV Shows: Station May Be Operating Soon\""},{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/122679892/new-tv-station-may-be-broadcasting-soon/","url_text":"2"}]},{"reference":"\"Religious Station Begins Operation\". Winston-Salem Journal. September 25, 1979. p. 3. Archived from the original on April 12, 2023. Retrieved April 12, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/122752559/religious-station-begins-operation/","url_text":"\"Religious Station Begins Operation\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230412201131/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/122752559/religious-station-begins-operation/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kenion, Jerry (October 1, 1979). \"New Station Testing\". Greensboro Daily News. p. A12. Archived from the original on March 22, 2023. Retrieved March 22, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.genealogybank.com/newspaper-clippings/new-station-testing/kvrkgejogkrluevflcfpmuysnhjnwhfc_wma-gateway003_1668883752639","url_text":"\"New Station Testing\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230322074751/https://www.genealogybank.com/newspaper-clippings/new-station-testing/kvrkgejogkrluevflcfpmuysnhjnwhfc_wma-gateway003_1668883752639","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"WJTM-TV\" (PDF). Television Factbook. 1984. p. 666. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 31, 2023. Retrieved March 22, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC-YB/1984-TV-Factbook/TV-Factbook-1984-NEB-USVI.pdf","url_text":"\"WJTM-TV\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230131092751/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC-YB/1984-TV-Factbook/TV-Factbook-1984-NEB-USVI.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Changing Hands\" (PDF). Broadcasting. July 30, 1979. p. 56. ProQuest 1014688678. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 31, 2023. Retrieved March 22, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1979/BC-1979-07-30.pdf","url_text":"\"Changing Hands\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/1014688678","url_text":"1014688678"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230131031303/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1979/BC-1979-07-30.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Jenkins, Jim (September 7, 1980). \"TV Station Reflects Brothers' Philosophy\". Greensboro Daily News. pp. F-1, F-5. Archived from the original on March 22, 2023. Retrieved March 22, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.genealogybank.com/newspaper-clippings/tv-station-reflects-brothers-philosophy/ofkqofbdacgmzvcyflfptluojtfzitsx_wma-gateway013_1679329892302","url_text":"\"TV Station Reflects Brothers' Philosophy\""},{"url":"https://www.genealogybank.com/newspaper-clippings/brothers-stay-tune/rmqbegjwzsryjacwlxkmjlswufpyfkav_wma-gateway001_1679330061331","url_text":"F-5"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230322074752/https://www.genealogybank.com/newspaper-clippings/tv-station-reflects-brothers-philosophy/ofkqofbdacgmzvcyflfptluojtfzitsx_wma-gateway013_1679329892302","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Byrd, John (February 13, 1980). \"'Good News' TV Is Now Boldly Out to Make a Profit\". Winston-Salem Journal. p. 27. Retrieved April 12, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/122752607/good-news-tv-is-now-boldly-out-to-make/","url_text":"\"'Good News' TV Is Now Boldly Out to Make a Profit\""}]},{"reference":"Kenion, Jerry (September 4, 1980). \"Channel 45 To Seek More Viewers Under New Owners\". Greensboro Daily News. pp. D-1, D-4. Archived from the original on March 22, 2023. Retrieved March 22, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.genealogybank.com/newspaper-clippings/channel-45-seek-more-viewers-under-new-owners/oatlaoewjydkcfdgbqkdevkmgzdjyzpn_wma-gateway011_1679329821945","url_text":"\"Channel 45 To Seek More Viewers Under New Owners\""},{"url":"https://www.genealogybank.com/newspaper-clippings/channel-45-sale-approved-fcc/bfqfhsimirqwqpdwfqqlooiuynxwlmpo_wma-gateway012_1679329771137","url_text":"D-4"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230322074752/https://www.genealogybank.com/newspaper-clippings/channel-45-seek-more-viewers-under-new-owners/oatlaoewjydkcfdgbqkdevkmgzdjyzpn_wma-gateway011_1679329821945","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Gilberto, Julie (June 7, 1984). \"Faced with dangerous gunman, station workers acted heroically; Call letters would be memorial\". Greensboro News & Record. p. C3. Archived from the original on March 22, 2023. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephanocircidae
Stephanocircidae
["1 Genera","2 References"]
Family of fleas Stephanocircidae Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Order: Siphonaptera Suborder: Hystrichopsyllomorpha Superfamily: StephanocircidoideaWagner, 1928 Family: StephanocircidaeWagner, 1928 Genera See text Stephanocircidae is a family of fleas native to South America and Australia, where they are found on rodents. Genera Subfamily Craneopsyllinae Wagner, 1939 Tribe Barreropsyllini Jordan, 1953 Genus Barreropsylla Jordan, 1953 Tribe Craneopsyllini Wagner, 1939 Genus Cleopsylla Rothschild, 1914 Genus Craneopsylla Rothschild, 1911 Genus Nonnapsylla Wagner, 1938 Genus Plocopsylla Jordan, 1931 Genus Sphinctopsylla Jordan, 1931 Genus Tiarapsylla Wagner, 1937 Subfamily Stephanocircinae Wagner, 1928 Genus Coronapsylla Traub et Dunnet, 1973 Genus Stephanocircus Skuse, 1893 References Family STEPHANOCIRCIDOIDEA – FLEAS classification zin.ru vteExtant Mecoptera and Siphonaptera families Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Subclass: Pterygota Infraclass: Neoptera Superorder: Holometabola Mecoptera(scorpionflies) Eomeropidae (Notiothauma reedi) Meropeidae (earwigflies or forcepflies) Apteropanorpidae (Tasmanian snow scorpionflies) Boreidae (snow scorpionflies) Choristidae Bittacidae (hangingflies) Nannochoristidae Panorpidae (common scorpionflies) Panorpodidae (short-faced scorpionflies) Siphonaptera(fleas)PulicomorphaPulicoidea Pulicidae (common fleas) Hectopsyllidae (chigoe and sticktight fleas) Ancistropsylloidea Ancistropsyllidae Coptopsylloidea Coptopsyllidae Malacopsylloidea Malacopsyllidae Rhopalopsyllidae Vermipsylloidea Vermipsyllidae CeratophyllomorphaCeratophylloidea Ceratophyllidae Ischnopsyllidae Leptopsyllidae Xiphiopsyllidae HystrichopsyllomorphaStephanocircidoidea Stephanocircidae Hystrichopsylloidea Chimaeropsyllidae Hystrichopsyllidae Macropsylloidea Macropsyllidae PygiopsyllomorphaPygiopsylloidea Lycopsyllidae Pygiopsyllidae Stivaliidae Classification is based on Whiting, M. F. (2002) Taxon identifiersStephanocircidae Wikidata: Q1946621 Wikispecies: Stephanocircidae AFD: Stephanocircidae BOLD: 524412 CoL: GNP EoL: 1085 GBIF: 5330 IRMNG: 111120 NCBI: 140730 Open Tree of Life: 849745 Authority control databases: National Israel This flea-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fleas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flea"},{"link_name":"South America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America"},{"link_name":"rodents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodents"}],"text":"Stephanocircidae is a family of fleas native to South America and Australia, where they are found on rodents.","title":"Stephanocircidae"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Barreropsylla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barreropsylla&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleopsylla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleopsylla"},{"link_name":"Craneopsylla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Craneopsylla&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nonnapsylla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nonnapsylla&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Plocopsylla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plocopsylla&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sphinctopsylla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sphinctopsylla&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tiarapsylla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tiarapsylla&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Coronapsylla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coronapsylla&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Stephanocircus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stephanocircus&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Subfamily Craneopsyllinae Wagner, 1939\nTribe Barreropsyllini Jordan, 1953\nGenus Barreropsylla Jordan, 1953\nTribe Craneopsyllini Wagner, 1939\nGenus Cleopsylla Rothschild, 1914\nGenus Craneopsylla Rothschild, 1911\nGenus Nonnapsylla Wagner, 1938\nGenus Plocopsylla Jordan, 1931\nGenus Sphinctopsylla Jordan, 1931\nGenus Tiarapsylla Wagner, 1937\nSubfamily Stephanocircinae Wagner, 1928\nGenus Coronapsylla Traub et Dunnet, 1973\nGenus Stephanocircus Skuse, 1893","title":"Genera"}]
[]
null
[]
[{"Link":"https://www.zin.ru/Animalia/Siphonaptera/fleasfam.asp?tHIERC=111313&tName=STEPHANOCIRCIDOIDEA","external_links_name":"Family STEPHANOCIRCIDOIDEA – FLEAS classification"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.0300-3256.2001.00095.x","external_links_name":"Whiting, M. F. (2002)"},{"Link":"https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Stephanocircidae","external_links_name":"Stephanocircidae"},{"Link":"http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=524412","external_links_name":"524412"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/GNP","external_links_name":"GNP"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/1085","external_links_name":"1085"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/5330","external_links_name":"5330"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=111120","external_links_name":"111120"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=140730","external_links_name":"140730"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=849745","external_links_name":"849745"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007534175505171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stephanocircidae&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Iberia_(1954)
SS Iberia (1954)
["1 Background and construction","2 Career","3 Notable passengers","4 See also","5 References"]
Postcard of SS Iberia, date unknown History United Kingdom NameIberia OwnerPeninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company Ordered1951 BuilderHarland and Wolff Yard number1476 Laid down8 February 1952 Launched21 January 1954 Acquired10 September 1954 Maiden voyage28 September 1954 In service1954 Out of service1972 IdentificationIMO number: 5157781 FateScrapped in Kaohsiung, Taiwan in October 1973 General characteristics Class and typeHimalaya-class ocean liner Tonnage29,614 GRT Length718.8 ft (219.1 m) Beam90.1 ft (27.5 m) Draft36.6 ft (11.2 m) Depth36.2 ft (11.0 m) Decks8 Installed powerTwin single reduction geared steam turbines rated 42,500 HP PropulsionTwin propellers Speed24.9 kn (46.11 km/h; 28.65 mph) Capacity1,414 passengers (679 first class, 735 tourist class) Crew711 SS Iberia was an ocean liner completed in 1954 for the Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company (P&O). Along with her fleetmates Himalaya, Arcadia and Chusan, Iberia mainly provided passenger service between the United Kingdom and Australasia. Iberia was constructed at the Belfast shipyard of Harland and Wolff and originally provided service between London and Sydney via the Suez Canal. Later, Iberia went on to carry passengers across the Pacific Ocean, as far as San Francisco and back to the UK via the Panama Canal. Iberia eventually ran into numerous problems, including collisions with other ships, frequent machinery breakdowns, and fuel leaks. For this reason, Iberia was taken out of service in 1972, a full year before her sister ships were decommissioned; all of them were scrapped at a breaker in southern Taiwan. Background and construction During World War II, several passenger ships of the Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company had been sunk carrying troops for the Allies. After the war, four ships were commissioned by P&O to provide replacements for the lost ships. Of these, Iberia was the last to be constructed, ordered in late 1951, a few months after her near sister Arcadia. The keel of Iberia was laid down in Harland and Wolff shipyards in Belfast, Northern Ireland on February 8, 1952. Her name was derived from an earlier ship that was built around 1833, in turn named after the Iberian Peninsula, the westernmost portion of the European continent. Iberia was launched on January 21, 1954 by the Lady McGrigor, wife of First Sea Lord Rhoderick McGrigor. She underwent sea trials in early September, and began sailing for P&O on September 10. Iberia was 29,614 GRT, 718.8 feet (219.1 m) long with a beam of 90.1 feet (27.5 m). Her passenger capacity was roughly 1,414, with 679 in first class and 735 in second (tourist) class. Her crew numbered 711, and cargo capacity was approximately 239,800 cubic feet (6,790 m3). There were twelve main lifeboats, with six on either side of the top deck. Iberia had twin single-reduction geared steam turbines and twin propellers rated at 42,500 horsepower each, that could power the ship at a speed of 24.9 knots (46.1 km/h) with a normal operating speed of 21 knots (39 km/h). Career Iberia departed London on her maiden voyage on 28 September 1954. From there, she crossed the Mediterranean Sea, calling in at Port Said before passing through the Suez Canal. It was here that she had her first mishap, grounding on the sandy bottom. Breakfast was being served at the time and passengers in the 1st Class Dining Room were given a fine view of the waters of the Canal as she listed about 15 degrees to port. She continued into the Red Sea and, after calling in at Aden, she traversed the Indian Ocean calling in at Mumbai (known as Bombay then), Colombo, Fremantle, Western Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, and Melbourne, Victoria, before arriving at Sydney in New South Wales, Australia on 1 November 1954. Iberia operated on this route for most of her working life. On 27 March 1956, while on her standard itinerary from London to Sydney and offshore of the island of Sri Lanka, she collided with the tanker SS Stanvec Pretoria, resulting in a gash amidships in her upper port decks, as well as damage to the bow of Stanvec Pretoria. Fortuitously, neither of the ships was put in danger of sinking. It was only after 17 days of repairs in Sydney that Iberia resumed her normal schedule. In 1958, P&O and the associated Orient Steam Navigation Company (which was 51% owned by P&O), began a new venture called the Orient and Pacific Line, which extended Iberia's route from Sydney to ports on the other side of the Pacific, as far as San Francisco, California and Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Along with Chusan, Iberia was refitted in 1961 by John I. Thornycroft & Company in Southampton, Hampshire, UK, where she was fitted with air conditioning. Just a few months later Iberia suffered a blackout near Auckland, New Zealand and, in 1962, grounded again in the Suez Canal damaging her port screw. Also in 1962 she lost a lifeboat while in the Suez Canal, killing a sailor. Later, as the ship was leaving Auckland harbour, salt water got into the pipes of the cooling system and one of the electric generators broke down. After one week in Auckland she was given permission by Lloyd's of London to proceed without air conditioning to Honolulu where a new generator would be waiting. In 1964, her port stabilizers (a technology pioneered on Chusan) broke down, causing her to nearly roll over. Through the rest of her working life Iberia continued to suffer one accident after another. On 10 June 1966 her turbine couplings failed off the coast of Kobe, Japan, and in 1967, in Funchal, Madeira Island, Portugal, she collided with the dock. In 1968, in the same port, Iberia suffered the same blackout incident she had had in Auckland, New Zealand. P&O switched the London-Sydney route to a Southampton-Sydney route, and on her first run from Sydney to Southampton, Iberia caught fire, went through a third electric blackout, had an engine failure and suffered a fuel leak. At Southampton, she was temporarily laid up for repairs. In 1969, she had a second stabilizer breakdown. In 1971, Iberia sailed on her last voyage from Southampton to Sydney. Because of her frequent breakdowns and mechanical problems, Iberia was taken out of service in 1972, a year earlier than Chusan and Himalaya. In October 1973, she was scrapped in Kaohsiung, Taiwan, alongside Chusan. Arcadia remained in operation until 1979. Notable passengers Australian skeptic Richard Saunders sailed on the Iberia as a 2-year old with his father Reverend Saunders for a mission in British Columbia, Canada in 1967. See also SS Canberra Port of Tilbury References ^ "Launching of P. and O. Ship". The Age. 18 December 1953. p. 9. Retrieved 23 February 2021 – via National Library of Australia. ^ a b c d Goossens, Reuben. "SS Iberia". ssMaritime. Retrieved 26 December 2009. ^ "Statistics". The Ships of P&O. Retrieved 26 December 2009. ^ a b "SS Iberia". The Ships of P&O. Retrieved 26 December 2009. ^ a b c "Ship's History". The Ships of P&O. Retrieved 26 December 2009. ^ "SS Arcadia". The Ships of P&O. Retrieved 26 December 2009. ^ "Canada their home for the next three years". The Advertiser. 14 December 1967.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ocean liner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_liner"},{"link_name":"Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsular_and_Oriental_Steam_Navigation_Company"},{"link_name":"Himalaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Himalaya_(1948)"},{"link_name":"Arcadia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Arcadia_(1953)"},{"link_name":"Chusan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Chusan"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Australasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australasia"},{"link_name":"Harland and Wolff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harland_and_Wolff"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London,_England"},{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney,_Australia"},{"link_name":"Suez Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Canal"},{"link_name":"Pacific Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco,_California"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"}],"text":"SS Iberia was an ocean liner completed in 1954 for the Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company (P&O). Along with her fleetmates Himalaya, Arcadia and Chusan, Iberia mainly provided passenger service between the United Kingdom and Australasia.Iberia was constructed at the Belfast shipyard of Harland and Wolff and originally provided service between London and Sydney via the Suez Canal. Later, Iberia went on to carry passengers across the Pacific Ocean, as far as San Francisco and back to the UK via the Panama Canal. Iberia eventually ran into numerous problems, including collisions with other ships, frequent machinery breakdowns, and fuel leaks. For this reason, Iberia was taken out of service in 1972, a full year before her sister ships were decommissioned; all of them were scrapped at a breaker in southern Taiwan.","title":"SS Iberia (1954)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Allies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Harland and Wolff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harland_and_Wolff"},{"link_name":"Belfast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Iberian Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"First Sea Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Sea_Lord"},{"link_name":"Rhoderick McGrigor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhoderick_McGrigor"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"sea trials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_trials"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SSMaritime-2"},{"link_name":"GRT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_register_tonnage"},{"link_name":"beam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beam_(nautical)"},{"link_name":"lifeboats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifeboat_(shipboard)"},{"link_name":"steam turbines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_turbine"},{"link_name":"horsepower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsepower"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-POStatistics-3"}],"text":"During World War II, several passenger ships of the Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company had been sunk carrying troops for the Allies. After the war, four ships were commissioned by P&O to provide replacements for the lost ships. Of these, Iberia was the last to be constructed, ordered in late 1951, a few months after her near sister Arcadia. The keel of Iberia was laid down in Harland and Wolff shipyards in Belfast, Northern Ireland on February 8, 1952. Her name was derived from an earlier ship that was built around 1833, in turn named after the Iberian Peninsula, the westernmost portion of the European continent. Iberia was launched on January 21, 1954 by the Lady McGrigor, wife of First Sea Lord Rhoderick McGrigor.[1] She underwent sea trials in early September, and began sailing for P&O on September 10.[2]Iberia was 29,614 GRT, 718.8 feet (219.1 m) long with a beam of 90.1 feet (27.5 m). Her passenger capacity was roughly 1,414, with 679 in first class and 735 in second (tourist) class. Her crew numbered 711, and cargo capacity was approximately 239,800 cubic feet (6,790 m3). There were twelve main lifeboats, with six on either side of the top deck. Iberia had twin single-reduction geared steam turbines and twin propellers rated at 42,500 horsepower each, that could power the ship at a speed of 24.9 knots (46.1 km/h) with a normal operating speed of 21 knots (39 km/h).[3]","title":"Background and construction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London,_England"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea"},{"link_name":"Port Said","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Said"},{"link_name":"Suez Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Canal"},{"link_name":"Red Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Sea"},{"link_name":"Aden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aden"},{"link_name":"Indian Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Mumbai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai"},{"link_name":"Colombo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombo"},{"link_name":"Fremantle, Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fremantle,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Adelaide, South Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide"},{"link_name":"Melbourne, Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney"},{"link_name":"New South Wales, Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales,_Australia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-P&O-4"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka"},{"link_name":"tanker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanker_(ship)"},{"link_name":"SS Stanvec Pretoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS_Stanvec_Pretoria&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SSMaritime-2"},{"link_name":"Orient Steam Navigation Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orient_Steam_Navigation_Company"},{"link_name":"San Francisco, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco,_California"},{"link_name":"Vancouver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver"},{"link_name":"John I. Thornycroft & Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_I._Thornycroft_%26_Company"},{"link_name":"Southampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton"},{"link_name":"Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampshire"},{"link_name":"air conditioning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning"},{"link_name":"Auckland, New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-POHist-5"},{"link_name":"stabilizers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stabilizer_(ship)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-P&O-4"},{"link_name":"Kobe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobe"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Funchal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funchal"},{"link_name":"Madeira Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeira_Island"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-POHist-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SSMaritime-2"},{"link_name":"Kaohsiung, Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaohsiung,_Taiwan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SSMaritime-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-POHist-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Iberia departed London on her maiden voyage on 28 September 1954. From there, she crossed the Mediterranean Sea, calling in at Port Said before passing through the Suez Canal. It was here that she had her first mishap, grounding on the sandy bottom. Breakfast was being served at the time and passengers in the 1st Class Dining Room were given a fine view of the waters of the Canal as she listed about 15 degrees to port. She continued into the Red Sea and, after calling in at Aden, she traversed the Indian Ocean calling in at Mumbai (known as Bombay then), Colombo, Fremantle, Western Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, and Melbourne, Victoria, before arriving at Sydney in New South Wales, Australia on 1 November 1954. Iberia operated on this route for most of her working life.[4] On 27 March 1956, while on her standard itinerary from London to Sydney and offshore of the island of Sri Lanka, she collided with the tanker SS Stanvec Pretoria, resulting in a gash amidships in her upper port decks, as well as damage to the bow of Stanvec Pretoria. Fortuitously, neither of the ships was put in danger of sinking. It was only after 17 days of repairs in Sydney that Iberia resumed her normal schedule.[2]In 1958, P&O and the associated Orient Steam Navigation Company (which was 51% owned by P&O), began a new venture called the Orient and Pacific Line, which extended Iberia's route from Sydney to ports on the other side of the Pacific, as far as San Francisco, California and Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Along with Chusan, Iberia was refitted in 1961 by John I. Thornycroft & Company in Southampton, Hampshire, UK, where she was fitted with air conditioning. Just a few months later Iberia suffered a blackout near Auckland, New Zealand and, in 1962, grounded again in the Suez Canal damaging her port screw. Also in 1962 she lost a lifeboat while in the Suez Canal, killing a sailor. Later, as the ship was leaving Auckland harbour, salt water got into the pipes of the cooling system and one of the electric generators broke down. After one week in Auckland she was given permission by Lloyd's of London to proceed without air conditioning to Honolulu where a new generator would be waiting.[5] In 1964, her port stabilizers (a technology pioneered on Chusan) broke down, causing her to nearly roll over. Through the rest of her working life Iberia continued to suffer one accident after another.[4]On 10 June 1966 her turbine couplings failed off the coast of Kobe, Japan, and in 1967, in Funchal, Madeira Island, Portugal, she collided with the dock.[5] In 1968, in the same port, Iberia suffered the same blackout incident she had had in Auckland, New Zealand. P&O switched the London-Sydney route to a Southampton-Sydney route, and on her first run from Sydney to Southampton, Iberia caught fire, went through a third electric blackout, had an engine failure and suffered a fuel leak.[2] At Southampton, she was temporarily laid up for repairs. In 1969, she had a second stabilizer breakdown. In 1971, Iberia sailed on her last voyage from Southampton to Sydney. Because of her frequent breakdowns and mechanical problems, Iberia was taken out of service in 1972, a year earlier than Chusan and Himalaya. In October 1973, she was scrapped in Kaohsiung, Taiwan, alongside Chusan.[2][5] Arcadia remained in operation until 1979.[6]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Richard Saunders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Saunders_(skeptic)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Australian skeptic Richard Saunders sailed on the Iberia as a 2-year old with his father Reverend Saunders for a mission in British Columbia, Canada in 1967.[7]","title":"Notable passengers"}]
[]
[{"title":"SS Canberra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Canberra"},{"title":"Port of Tilbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Tilbury"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermi_contact_interaction
Fermi contact interaction
["1 Use in magnetic resonance spectroscopy","2 History","3 References"]
Magnetic interaction between an electron and a nucleus Not to be confused with Fermi's interaction. The Fermi contact interaction is the magnetic interaction between an electron and an atomic nucleus. Its major manifestation is in electron paramagnetic resonance and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies, where it is responsible for the appearance of isotropic hyperfine coupling. This requires that the electron occupy an s-orbital. The interaction is described with the parameter A, which takes the units megahertz. The magnitude of A is given by this relationships A = − 8 3 π ⟨ μ n ⋅ μ e ⟩ | Ψ ( 0 ) | 2 (cgs) {\displaystyle A=-{\frac {8}{3}}\pi \left\langle {\boldsymbol {\mu }}_{n}\cdot {\boldsymbol {\mu }}_{e}\right\rangle |\Psi (0)|^{2}\qquad {\mbox{(cgs)}}} and A = − 2 3 μ 0 ⟨ μ n ⋅ μ e ⟩ | Ψ ( 0 ) | 2 , (SI) {\displaystyle A=-{\frac {2}{3}}\mu _{0}\left\langle {\boldsymbol {\mu }}_{n}\cdot {\boldsymbol {\mu }}_{e}\right\rangle |\Psi (0)|^{2},\qquad {\mbox{(SI)}}} where A is the energy of the interaction, μn is the nuclear magnetic moment, μe is the electron magnetic dipole moment, Ψ(0) is the value of the electron wavefunction at the nucleus, and ⟨ ⋯ ⟩ {\textstyle \left\langle \cdots \right\rangle } denotes the quantum mechanical spin coupling. It has been pointed out that it is an ill-defined problem because the standard formulation assumes that the nucleus has a magnetic dipolar moment, which is not always the case. Simplified view of the Fermi contact interaction in the terms of nuclear (green arrow) and electron spins (blue arrow). 1: in H2, 1H spin polarizes electron spin antiparallel. This in turn polarizes the other electron of the σ-bond antiparallel as demanded by Pauli's exclusion principle. Electron polarizes the other 1H. 1H nuclei are antiparallel and 1JHH has a positive value. 2: 1H nuclei are parallel. This form is unstable (has higher energy E) than the form 1. 3: vicinal 1H J-coupling via 12C or 13C nuclei. Same as before, but electron spins on p-orbitals are parallel due to Hund's 1. rule. 1H nuclei are antiparallel and 3JHH has a positive value. Use in magnetic resonance spectroscopy Main article: Paramagnetic nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy 1H NMR spectrum of 1,1'-dimethylnickelocene, illustrating the dramatic chemical shifts observed in some paramagnetic compounds. The sharp signals near 0 ppm are from solvent. Roughly, the magnitude of A indicates the extent to which the unpaired spin resides on the nucleus. Thus, knowledge of the A values allows one to map the singly occupied molecular orbital. History The interaction was first derived by Enrico Fermi in 1930. A classical derivation of this term is contained in "Classical Electrodynamics" by J. D. Jackson. In short, the classical energy may be written in terms of the energy of one magnetic dipole moment in the magnetic field B(r) of another dipole. This field acquires a simple expression when the distance r between the two dipoles goes to zero, since ∫ S ( r ) B ( r ) d 3 r = − 2 3 μ 0 μ . {\displaystyle \int _{S(r)}\mathbf {B} (\mathbf {r} )\,d^{3}\mathbf {r} =-{\frac {2}{3}}\mu _{0}{\boldsymbol {\mu }}.} References ^ Bucher, M. (2000). "The electron inside the nucleus: An almost classical derivation of the isotropic hyperfine interaction". European Journal of Physics. 21 (1): 19. Bibcode:2000EJPh...21...19B. doi:10.1088/0143-0807/21/1/303. S2CID 250871770. ^ Soliverez, C. E. (1980). "The contact hyperfine interaction: An ill-defined problem". Journal of Physics C. 13 (34): L1017. Bibcode:1980JPhC...13.1017S. doi:10.1088/0022-3719/13/34/002. ^ a b M, Balcı (2005). Basic ¹H- and ¹³C-NMR spectroscopy (1st ed.). Elsevier. pp. 103–105. ISBN 9780444518118. ^ Macomber, R. S. (1998). A complete introduction to modern NMR spectroscopy. Wiley. pp. 135. ISBN 9780471157366. ^ Köhler, F. H., "Paramagnetic Complexes in Solution: The NMR Approach," in eMagRes, 2007, John Wiley. doi:10.1002/9780470034590.emrstm1229 ^ Drago, R. S. (1992). Physical Methods for Chemists (2nd ed.). Saunders College Publishing. ISBN 978-0030751769. ^ Fermi, E. (1930). "Über die magnetischen Momente der Atomkerne". Zeitschrift für Physik. 60 (5–6): 320. Bibcode:1930ZPhy...60..320F. doi:10.1007/BF01339933. S2CID 122962691. ^ Jackson, J. D. (1998). Classical Electrodynamics (3rd ed.). Wiley. p. 184. ISBN 978-0471309321.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fermi's interaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermi%27s_interaction"},{"link_name":"magnetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetism"},{"link_name":"electron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron"},{"link_name":"atomic nucleus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_nucleus"},{"link_name":"electron paramagnetic resonance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_paramagnetic_resonance"},{"link_name":"nuclear magnetic resonance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance"},{"link_name":"hyperfine coupling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_paramagnetic_resonance#Hyperfine_coupling"},{"link_name":"nuclear magnetic moment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_moment"},{"link_name":"electron magnetic dipole moment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_magnetic_dipole_moment"},{"link_name":"wavefunction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavefunction"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:J-coupling_Fermi_contact_mechanism.svg"},{"link_name":"spins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_(physics)"},{"link_name":"H2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen"},{"link_name":"1H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_hydrogen"},{"link_name":"σ-bond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3-bond"},{"link_name":"Pauli's exclusion principle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauli%27s_exclusion_principle"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"12C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon-12"},{"link_name":"13C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13C"},{"link_name":"p-orbitals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-orbitals"},{"link_name":"Hund's 1. rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hund%27s_rule_of_maximum_multiplicity"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Fermi's interaction.The Fermi contact interaction is the magnetic interaction between an electron and an atomic nucleus. Its major manifestation is in electron paramagnetic resonance and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies, where it is responsible for the appearance of isotropic hyperfine coupling.This requires that the electron occupy an s-orbital. The interaction is described with the parameter A, which takes the units megahertz. The magnitude of A is given by this relationshipsA\n =\n −\n \n \n 8\n 3\n \n \n π\n \n ⟨\n \n \n \n μ\n \n \n n\n \n \n ⋅\n \n \n μ\n \n \n e\n \n \n \n ⟩\n \n \n |\n \n Ψ\n (\n 0\n )\n \n \n |\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n (cgs)\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle A=-{\\frac {8}{3}}\\pi \\left\\langle {\\boldsymbol {\\mu }}_{n}\\cdot {\\boldsymbol {\\mu }}_{e}\\right\\rangle |\\Psi (0)|^{2}\\qquad {\\mbox{(cgs)}}}andA\n =\n −\n \n \n 2\n 3\n \n \n \n μ\n \n 0\n \n \n \n ⟨\n \n \n \n μ\n \n \n n\n \n \n ⋅\n \n \n μ\n \n \n e\n \n \n \n ⟩\n \n \n |\n \n Ψ\n (\n 0\n )\n \n \n |\n \n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n (SI)\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle A=-{\\frac {2}{3}}\\mu _{0}\\left\\langle {\\boldsymbol {\\mu }}_{n}\\cdot {\\boldsymbol {\\mu }}_{e}\\right\\rangle |\\Psi (0)|^{2},\\qquad {\\mbox{(SI)}}}where A is the energy of the interaction, μn is the nuclear magnetic moment, μe is the electron magnetic dipole moment, Ψ(0) is the value of the electron wavefunction at the nucleus, and \n \n \n \n \n ⟨\n ⋯\n ⟩\n \n \n \n {\\textstyle \\left\\langle \\cdots \\right\\rangle }\n \n denotes the quantum mechanical spin coupling.[1]It has been pointed out that it is an ill-defined problem because the standard formulation assumes that the nucleus has a magnetic dipolar moment, which is not always the case.[2]Simplified view of the Fermi contact interaction in the terms of nuclear (green arrow) and electron spins (blue arrow). 1: in H2, 1H spin polarizes electron spin antiparallel. This in turn polarizes the other electron of the σ-bond antiparallel as demanded by Pauli's exclusion principle. Electron polarizes the other 1H. 1H nuclei are antiparallel and 1JHH has a positive value.[3] 2: 1H nuclei are parallel. This form is unstable (has higher energy E) than the form 1.[4] 3: vicinal 1H J-coupling via 12C or 13C nuclei. Same as before, but electron spins on p-orbitals are parallel due to Hund's 1. rule. 1H nuclei are antiparallel and 3JHH has a positive value.[3]","title":"Fermi contact interaction"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NMRMeCp2Ni.png"},{"link_name":"nickelocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickelocene"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FK-5"},{"link_name":"molecular orbital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_orbital"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"1H NMR spectrum of 1,1'-dimethylnickelocene, illustrating the dramatic chemical shifts observed in some paramagnetic compounds. The sharp signals near 0 ppm are from solvent.[5]Roughly, the magnitude of A indicates the extent to which the unpaired spin resides on the nucleus. Thus, knowledge of the A values allows one to map the singly occupied molecular orbital.[6]","title":"Use in magnetic resonance spectroscopy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Enrico Fermi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrico_Fermi"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"J. D. Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_David_Jackson_(physicist)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"magnetic dipole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_dipole"}],"text":"The interaction was first derived by Enrico Fermi in 1930.[7] A classical derivation of this term is contained in \"Classical Electrodynamics\" by J. D. Jackson.[8] In short, the classical energy may be written in terms of the energy of one magnetic dipole moment in the magnetic field B(r) of another dipole. This field acquires a simple expression when the distance r between the two dipoles goes to zero, since∫\n \n S\n (\n r\n )\n \n \n \n B\n \n (\n \n r\n \n )\n \n \n d\n \n 3\n \n \n \n r\n \n =\n −\n \n \n 2\n 3\n \n \n \n μ\n \n 0\n \n \n \n μ\n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\int _{S(r)}\\mathbf {B} (\\mathbf {r} )\\,d^{3}\\mathbf {r} =-{\\frac {2}{3}}\\mu _{0}{\\boldsymbol {\\mu }}.}","title":"History"}]
[{"image_text":"Simplified view of the Fermi contact interaction in the terms of nuclear (green arrow) and electron spins (blue arrow). 1: in H2, 1H spin polarizes electron spin antiparallel. This in turn polarizes the other electron of the σ-bond antiparallel as demanded by Pauli's exclusion principle. Electron polarizes the other 1H. 1H nuclei are antiparallel and 1JHH has a positive value.[3] 2: 1H nuclei are parallel. This form is unstable (has higher energy E) than the form 1.[4] 3: vicinal 1H J-coupling via 12C or 13C nuclei. Same as before, but electron spins on p-orbitals are parallel due to Hund's 1. rule. 1H nuclei are antiparallel and 3JHH has a positive value.[3]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/J-coupling_Fermi_contact_mechanism.svg/450px-J-coupling_Fermi_contact_mechanism.svg.png"},{"image_text":"1H NMR spectrum of 1,1'-dimethylnickelocene, illustrating the dramatic chemical shifts observed in some paramagnetic compounds. The sharp signals near 0 ppm are from solvent.[5]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/NMRMeCp2Ni.png/284px-NMRMeCp2Ni.png"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenny_Miller
Jenny Miller
["1 Career","2 Personal life","3 Filmography","3.1 Television","3.2 Movies","4 Notes","5 References","6 External links"]
Filipino actress For the Filipino actor, see Allan Paule. This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Jenny Miller" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2007) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Jenny MillerBornJennifer A. Rances (1980-02-05) February 5, 1980 (age 44)Lucena, Quezon, PhilippinesOccupationActressYears active1999–presentSpouse Cupid Feril ​(m. 2010)​ Jenny Miller (born February 5, 1980) is a Filipino actress. She is known on her role as Beverly Castro in the TV remake of the 1989 film Babangon Ako't Dudurugin Kita that aired on GMA Network in 2008 and she is currently a freelance artist. Career Miller started her acting career on ABS-CBN in the Philippines. She first appeared in the show Buttercup (2003) and then got a spot in the supporting cast on the series Marina as Vyxia in 2004. Then followed her role as a Fire Fairy on the horror series Spirits (2005). Her last show on ABS-CBN was Kokey, a fantasy kids series. Miller changed to the rival GMA Network in 2007. Her first role was on Impostora co-starring with Iza Calzado, Sunshine Dizon and Jean Garcia. She became one of the main cast of the drama Babangon Ako't Dudurugin Kita in the role of Beverly, which aired in 2008. In 2009 Miller guest starred on the series All About Eve. She is an additional cast member on the series Luna Mystica as one of the villains. Presently she is also a regular cast member of the horror drama series Midnight DJ aired on TV5 in the role of Trixie, and she is in the supporting cast on the TV show All My Life on the GMA Network. In 2010, she also appears in the GMA made-for-TV movie Tinik Sa Dibdib. Personal life Miller has a brother, actor and Kumu livestreamer Eian Rances, who gained prominence after joining Pinoy Big Brother: Kumunity Season 10 as a celebrity housemate. Filmography Television Year Title Role Note Network 2024 Pamilya Sagrado Janette Solis Supporting Cast Kapamilya Channel 2023 Tadhana: Reunion Vanessa GMA Network 2022 The Fake Life Margaux Nova Supporting role / Protagonist 2 Good 2 Be True Tara Inocencio Special Participation Kapamilya Channel 2021 Marry Me, Marry You Grace Dionisio Guest role / Protagonist 2020 Bagong Umaga Jenny Ponce Special Participation / Protagonist Magkaagaw Nora Tan Guest Cast / Anti-Hero GMA Network 2019 It's Showtime: KapareWho Herself as I Like to Movie Movie Segment guest ABS-CBN Maalaala Mo Kaya: Dyip Lisa Episode guest Magpakailanman: Babaeng Ama Milet GMA Network Ipaglaban Mo: Labandera Sheila Episode guest / Antagonist ABS-CBN 2017–2018 Hanggang Saan Atty. Katrina Salvador Supporting role 2017 Kambal, Karibal Lerma Guest Antagonist GMA Network G.R.I.N.D.: Get Ready, It's a New Day Loretta "Lorry" Diomendes Episode guest Maalaala Mo Kaya: Sketch Pad Aging ABS-CBN 2016 Ipaglaban Mo!: Bugaw Shiela Episode guest / Antagonist Oh, My Mama! Sabrina Cruz Supporting role / Antagonist GMA Network Maalaala Mo Kaya: Family Picture Amalia Episode guest ABS-CBN FPJ's Ang Probinsyano Eric and Edwin's stepmother Guest appearance Tubig at Langis Abigail 2015–2016 Princess in the Palace Ms. Maria Ysabelle "Mai" Cordova GMA Network 2015 Ipaglaban Mo!: Sa Dulo ng Daan Sonia Episode guest ABS-CBN Healing Hearts Emily Fuentes Special participation GMA Network Maalaala Mo Kaya: Mangga at Bagoong Lita Episode guest / Antagonist ABS-CBN 2014 Maalaala Mo Kaya: Bonnet Mercy Episode guest Magpakailanman: Ang Babaeng May Dalawang Buhay: The Monica Salazar Alias Baby Face Story General's Wife GMA Network Maalaala Mo Kaya: Marriage Contract Lydia ABS-CBN 2013 Magpakailanman: Kislap ng Parol Elsa GMA Network Pyra: Babaeng Apoy Osang Guest Antagonist Cassandra: Warrior Angel Sonia de Vera (cross-over character on Third Eye) Recurring role TV5 Mundo Mo'y Akin Krizzy Ferreira Recurring role / Antagonist GMA Network 2012 Third Eye Sonia de Vera Main role TV5 2012–2013 Kahit Puso'y Masugatan Salve Gerona Supporting role ABS-CBN 2012 Be Careful With My Heart Betsy Guest appearance Isang Dakot na Luha Fiona Supporting role / Antagonist TV5 2011–2012 Glamorosa Cristy Supporting role / Protagonist Growing Up Stella Supporting role ABS-CBN 2011 Nita Negrita Pia Antonio GMA Network 2010 Rosalka Marlene Extended role ABS-CBN 2009–2010 Sine Novela: Tinik sa Dibdib Nini Reyes Supporting role / Antagonist GMA Network 2009 All My Life Nurse Dessa Supporting role All About Eve Nicole's Co-Worker Guest appearance 2008–2011 Midnight DJ Trixie Main role / Protagonist TV5 2008–2009 Luna Mystika Aligwa Extended role / Antagonist GMA Network 2008 Codename: Asero Greta / Lady Dragon Supporting role / Antagonist Babangon Ako't Dudurugin Kita Beverly Castro Extended role / Antagonist Carlo J. Caparas' Joaquin Bordado Queen Elixera Guest Antagonist Maalaala Mo Kaya: Bibliya Aleks Episode guest ABS-CBN 2007–2008 La Vendetta Mariel Guest appearance GMA Network 2007 Kokey Divina Special participation ABS-CBN Impostora Fritzie Supporting role / Antagonist GMA Network Komiks: Pedro Penduko at ang mga Engkantao Belle Episode guest ABS-CBN 2006 Your Song: Kung Paano Rizza Komiks: Paa ni Isabella Isabella Maalaala Mo Kaya: Radyo Josephine 2005–2006 Mga Anghel na Walang Langit young Gaudencia "Gude" Redondo-Hawkins Special participation 2005 Quizon Avenue Herself Guest appearance Kamao: Matira and Matibay Episode guest 2004–2005 Spirits Diwatang Apoy Supporting role / Protagonist 2002–2004 Berks Gwyneth's Stepmother Recurring role 2004 Marina Vexia Supporting role / Protagonist 2003–2004 Buttercup Rochelle Supporting role 2002–2005 Bida si Mister, Bida si Misis Lovely Main role 2002 Maalaala Mo Kaya: Treehouse Episode guest Maalaala Mo Kaya: Singsing 2001–2004 Whattamen Main role 2001 Kakabakaba Jim's mistress Supporting role GMA Network This list is complete and up to date as of February 2020. Movies Year Title Role Production Company 2003 Pinay Pie Greta Regal Entertainment Noon at Ngayon..Pagsasamang Kayganda cameo Star Cinema 2004 Feng Shui Dina Star Cinema 2006 I Wanna Be Happy Lisa Regal Entertainment 2015 Etiquette for Mistresses Tara Star Cinema 2020 Four Sisters Before the Wedding Rosa Star Cinema Notes ^ a b Jenny Miller's real name is Jennifer A. Rances. References ^ www.igma.tv External links Jenny Miller at IMDb
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Allan Paule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Paule"},{"link_name":"[fn 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sur-1"},{"link_name":"Filipino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"actress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actress"},{"link_name":"Babangon Ako't Dudurugin Kita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babangon_Ako%27t_Dudurugin_Kita"},{"link_name":"GMA Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GMA_Network"}],"text":"For the Filipino actor, see Allan Paule.Jenny Miller[fn 1] (born February 5, 1980) is a Filipino actress. She is known on her role as Beverly Castro in the TV remake of the 1989 film Babangon Ako't Dudurugin Kita that aired on GMA Network in 2008 and she is currently a freelance artist.","title":"Jenny Miller"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ABS-CBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABS-CBN_(television_network)"},{"link_name":"Buttercup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buttercup"},{"link_name":"Marina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marina_(Philippine_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Spirits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirits_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Kokey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokey_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"GMA Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GMA_Network"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Impostora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impostora"},{"link_name":"Iza Calzado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iza_Calzado"},{"link_name":"Sunshine Dizon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_Dizon"},{"link_name":"Jean Garcia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Garcia"},{"link_name":"Babangon Ako't Dudurugin Kita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babangon_Ako%27t_Dudurugin_Kita"},{"link_name":"All About Eve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_About_Eve_(Philippine_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Luna Mystica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_Mystica"},{"link_name":"Midnight DJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midnight_DJ"},{"link_name":"TV5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV5_(Philippines)"},{"link_name":"All My Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_My_Life_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"GMA Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GMA_Network"},{"link_name":"Tinik Sa Dibdib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinik_Sa_Dibdib"}],"text":"Miller started her acting career on ABS-CBN in the Philippines. She first appeared in the show Buttercup (2003) and then got a spot in the supporting cast on the series Marina as Vyxia in 2004. Then followed her role as a Fire Fairy on the horror series Spirits (2005). Her last show on ABS-CBN was Kokey, a fantasy kids series.Miller changed to the rival GMA Network in 2007.[1] Her first role was on Impostora co-starring with Iza Calzado, Sunshine Dizon and Jean Garcia. She became one of the main cast of the drama Babangon Ako't Dudurugin Kita in the role of Beverly, which aired in 2008. In 2009 Miller guest starred on the series All About Eve.She is an additional cast member on the series Luna Mystica as one of the villains. Presently she is also a regular cast member of the horror drama series Midnight DJ aired on TV5 in the role of Trixie, and she is in the supporting cast on the TV show All My Life on the GMA Network. In 2010, she also appears in the GMA made-for-TV movie Tinik Sa Dibdib.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kumu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumu_(social_network)"},{"link_name":"livestreamer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livestreamer"},{"link_name":"Pinoy Big Brother: Kumunity Season 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinoy_Big_Brother:_Kumunity_Season_10"}],"text":"Miller has a brother, actor and Kumu livestreamer Eian Rances, who gained prominence after joining Pinoy Big Brother: Kumunity Season 10 as a celebrity housemate.","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","text":"This list is complete and up to date as of February 2020.","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Movies","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-sur_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-sur_1-1"}],"text":"^ a b Jenny Miller's real name is Jennifer A. Rances.","title":"Notes"}]
[]
null
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Brimeu
House of Brimeu
["1 History","2 Members","2.1 Branch of the Lords of Poederlée, (Poyelles)","3 Notes","4 References","5 Bibliography"]
Noble family (de) Brimeunoble familyD'argent, à trois aigles de gueules, 2 et 1 membrées et becquées d azurCountry Spanish Netherlands Austrian Netherlands FounderJean I of BrimeauTitlesLords of HumbercourtLords of PoederléeCounts of Meghem Execution of Guy of Brimeu, Ghent 1477 David I of Brimeu, Lord of Ligny Brimeu is a noble family, some members belonging to the Flemish aristocracy. Brimeux, previously in Flanders, is now in France. History The family originated from the county of Ponthieu. The oldest known member is Jean I of Brimeau, in whose memory his son, Jean II, knight, built a chapel in 1151. Five members of the House of Brimeu were Knights of the Golden Fleece. Amongst the lands owned we find Humbercourt, Chaulnes, Poederlee, Ligny, Meghen and Wesemael. Charles of Brimeu sold Wesemael to Gaspar Schetz, and it became the property to the house of Ursel. The last generations of the House of Brimeu, intermarried with important Flemish noble families like the houses of Glymes, Croy, Ursel, Schetz, Van de Werve, Snoy and Tucher von Simmelsdorf. Members Guillaume I of Brimeu Louis of Brimeu, died in 1415 during the battle of Agincourt. Marguerite, Dame of Brimeu:married to Jean of Mélun. Guillaume II of Brimeu, Lord of Humbercourt. Denis of Brimeu, Lord of Humbercourt Colinet of Brimeu. Jean of Brimeu, Lord of Humbercourt: Governor of St Valery;Married to Mary of Mailly. Guy (Gui) de Brimeu, known as the great:knight of the Golden Fleece, by Charles Duke of Burgundy, beheaded in Ghent, 1476:married to Antonia de Rambures. Adrien de Brimeu, Lord of Humbercourt, Count of Meghem: Died in the Battle of Marignan, 1515. Eustache of Brimeu, Lord of Humbercourt, Count of Meghem;married Barbara of Hillery (daughter of François Baron de Hillery & Margaret of Austria) Charles de Brimeu, Lord of Humbercourt, Count of Meghem, knight of the Golden Fleece in 1556. Died without heirs. Georges de Brimeu, Lord of Quinry:married to Anne, daughter of the Count of Silen. Marie de Brimeu, Countess of Meghem, married:1st/ Lancelot of Berlaymont, Lord of Beaurain, son of Charles de Berlaymont, 15722nd/ Charles III of Croÿ, 5th Prince of Chimay 1580; divorced in 1584. Marguerite de Brimeu;married Claude of Berlaimont. Anne (Adrienne) of Brimeu, ;married to Jean de Berges (John III of Glymes, Knight of the Golden Fleece. John of Glymes, (1489–1514): killed in a duel. Anna of Glymes, (1492–1541):married to Adolf of Burgundy. Maximilian II of Burgundy. Adriana of Glymes, (1495–1524): married Philip I, Count of Nassau-Wiesbaden-Idstein. Philip II, Count of Nassau-Wiesbaden Philip of Glymes, (1498–1525) Anthony of Glymes, (1500–1541): married to Jacqueline of Croÿ. Robert of Glymes, died 1565: prince-bishop of Liège. John IV of Glymes, (1528) Lamberte of Brimeu, married Ferry of Croy. Guyotte of Brimeu, n. Jean de Bos David I of Brimeu, Lord of Ligny, knight of the Golden Fleece: governor of Artois;married Joanne of Chastillon, daughter of James, Lord of Dampierre and Admiral of France. Florimond of Brimeu, Lord of Massincourt: Knight of the Golden Fleece. Jacques I of Brimeu, Lord of Grigny, died 1447: Knight of the Golden Fleece and esquire of Philip the Good. Archimbault of Brimeu, died in the Siege of Compiègne. Jean of Brimeu, married Marie de Bossye Jeanne of Brimeu Branch of the Lords of Poederlée, (Poyelles) Bastard branch descending of Garin of Brimeu. Matthieu de Brimeu, son of Garin:married Cornélie van Beerse. Peter de Brimeu:married Magdalene of Vriessele, Lady of Poederlee. Jacques de Brimeu, Lord of Poederlee:married Anna van de Werve, daughter of Martin. Maria of Brimeu, Lady of Poederlee:married Conrad II Schetz, son of Erasmus II Schetz, Lord of Grobbendoncq. Julianne Schetz: married Robrecht Tucher, knight and mayor of Antwerp. Philippine de Brimeu: married Michel van de Werve, Lord of Hovorst and Vierseldyck. Jean de Brimeu, Lord of Poederlee: married Clara of Thuyl (Claire Van Serooskercke). Charles de Brimeu, Lord of Poederlee Eleonora or Florentia de Brimeu, Lady of Poederlee:married Philip Snoy, Lord of Oppuers. Walburga Snoy, lady of Poederlee:married Philippe-Guillaume de Steenhuys, 1st Baron de Poederlé. Notes ^ Chevalier de la Toison' d'or l'an References ^ a b c Roger 1843. ^ Le Carpentier 1664. ^ Navorscher 1852. ^ Galesloot 1870, p. 217 ^ Blaes 1860. ^ Galesloot 1870, p. 197 ^ Lille gemeente 2017. ^ Galesloot 1870, p. 175 ^ Galesloot 1870, p. 20 ^ Galesloot 1870, p. 327 Bibliography Blaes, Jean Baptiste François; Henne, Alexandre (1860). Mémoires anonymes sur les troubles des Pays-Bas 2.: 1565–1580. Heussner. Le Carpentier, Jean (1664). "Brimeu". Histoire généalogique des Païs-Bas, ou histoire de Cambray, et du Cambresis, contenant ce qui s'y est passé sous les empereurs, et les rois de France et d'Espagne; enrichie des généalogies, éloges, et armes des comtes, ... Le tout divisé en IV part. III (in French). pp. 325–329. Galesloot, Louis (1870). Inventaire des archives de la cour féodale de Brabant. I (in French). Brussels: Hayez. Roger, Paul (1843). "Brimeu". Noblesse et chevalerie du comté de Flandre, d'Artois et de Pacardie (in French). Duval et Herment. p. 229. De navorscher-Nederlands archief voor genealogie en heraldiek, heemkunde en geschiedenis (in Dutch). Amsterdam: Frederik Muller. 1852. pp. 140–141. "Geschiedenis" . Lille gemeente (in Dutch). Retrieved 23 September 2017.
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Brimeux, previously in Flanders, is now in France.","title":"House of Brimeu"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ponthieu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponthieu"},{"link_name":"Golden Fleece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Fleece"},{"link_name":"Charles of Brimeu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Brimeu"},{"link_name":"Gaspar Schetz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspar_Schetz"},{"link_name":"house of Ursel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursel_family"},{"link_name":"Glymes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Glymes"},{"link_name":"Croy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Cro%C3%BF"},{"link_name":"Schetz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schetz"},{"link_name":"Van de Werve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_de_Werve"},{"link_name":"Snoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Snoy"},{"link_name":"Tucher von Simmelsdorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tucher_von_Simmelsdorf"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoger1843-1"}],"text":"The family originated from the county of Ponthieu. The oldest known member is Jean I of Brimeau, in whose memory his son, Jean II, knight, built a chapel in 1151.Five members of the House of Brimeu were Knights of the Golden Fleece. Amongst the lands owned we find Humbercourt, Chaulnes, Poederlee, Ligny, Meghen and Wesemael. Charles of Brimeu sold Wesemael to Gaspar Schetz, and it became the property to the house of Ursel.The last generations of the House of Brimeu, intermarried with important Flemish noble families like the houses of Glymes, Croy, Ursel, Schetz, Van de Werve, Snoy and Tucher von Simmelsdorf.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"battle of Agincourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Agincourt"},{"link_name":"Jean of Brimeu, Lord of Humbercourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean_of_Brimeu,_Lord_of_Humbercourt&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Guy (Gui) de Brimeu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_de_Brimeu"},{"link_name":"Golden Fleece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Charles Duke of Burgundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Duke_of_Burgundy"},{"link_name":"Ghent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghent"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoger1843-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELe_Carpentier1664-3"},{"link_name":"Battle of Marignan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Marignan"},{"link_name":"Margaret of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Margaret_of_Austria_(wife_of_Fran%C3%A7ois_Baron_de_Hillery)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Charles de Brimeu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Brimeu"},{"link_name":"Golden Fleece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Fleece"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENavorscher1852-4"},{"link_name":"Marie de Brimeu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_de_Brimeu"},{"link_name":"Charles de Berlaymont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Berlaymont"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Galesloot217-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlaes1860-6"},{"link_name":"Charles III of Croÿ, 5th Prince of Chimay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_III_of_Cro%C3%BF,_5th_Prince_of_Chimay"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Galesloot197-7"},{"link_name":"John III of Glymes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_III_of_Glymes"},{"link_name":"Golden Fleece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Fleece"},{"link_name":"Adolf of Burgundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_of_Burgundy"},{"link_name":"Maximilian II of Burgundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximilian_II_of_Burgundy"},{"link_name":"Philip I, Count of Nassau-Wiesbaden-Idstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_I,_Count_of_Nassau-Wiesbaden-Idstein"},{"link_name":"Philip II, Count of Nassau-Wiesbaden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_II,_Count_of_Nassau-Wiesbaden"},{"link_name":"Anthony of Glymes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_of_Glymes"},{"link_name":"Robert of Glymes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_of_Glymes"},{"link_name":"John IV of Glymes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_IV_of_Glymes"},{"link_name":"David I of Brimeu, Lord of Ligny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_I_of_Brimeu,_Lord_of_Ligny&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Golden Fleece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Fleece"},{"link_name":"Artois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artois"},{"link_name":"Florimond of Brimeu, Lord of Massincourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Florimond_of_Brimeu,_Lord_of_Massincourt&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Golden Fleece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Fleece"},{"link_name":"Jacques I of Brimeu, Lord of Grigny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jacques_I_of_Brimeu,_Lord_of_Grigny&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Golden Fleece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Fleece"},{"link_name":"Archimbault of Brimeu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Archimbault_of_Brimeu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Siege of Compiègne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Compi%C3%A8gne"}],"text":"Guillaume I of Brimeu\n\nLouis of Brimeu, died in 1415 during the battle of Agincourt.\nMarguerite, Dame of Brimeu:married to Jean of Mélun.\nGuillaume II of Brimeu, Lord of Humbercourt.\nDenis of Brimeu, Lord of Humbercourt\nColinet of Brimeu.\nJean of Brimeu, Lord of Humbercourt: Governor of St Valery;Married to Mary of Mailly.\nGuy (Gui) de Brimeu, known as the great:knight of the Golden Fleece,[a] by Charles Duke of Burgundy, beheaded in Ghent, 1476:married to Antonia de Rambures. [1][2]\nAdrien de Brimeu, Lord of Humbercourt, Count of Meghem: Died in the Battle of Marignan, 1515.\nEustache of Brimeu, Lord of Humbercourt, Count of Meghem;married Barbara of Hillery (daughter of François Baron de Hillery & Margaret of Austria)\nCharles de Brimeu, Lord of Humbercourt, Count of Meghem, knight of the Golden Fleece in 1556. Died without heirs.\nGeorges de Brimeu, Lord of Quinry:married to Anne, daughter of the Count of Silen.[3]\nMarie de Brimeu, Countess of Meghem, married:1st/ Lancelot of Berlaymont, Lord of Beaurain, son of Charles de Berlaymont, 1572[4][5]2nd/ Charles III of Croÿ, 5th Prince of Chimay 1580; divorced in 1584.\nMarguerite de Brimeu;married Claude of Berlaimont.\nAnne (Adrienne) of Brimeu, [6];married to Jean de Berges (John III of Glymes, Knight of the Golden Fleece.\nJohn of Glymes, (1489–1514): killed in a duel.\nAnna of Glymes, (1492–1541):married to Adolf of Burgundy.\nMaximilian II of Burgundy.\nAdriana of Glymes, (1495–1524): married Philip I, Count of Nassau-Wiesbaden-Idstein.\nPhilip II, Count of Nassau-Wiesbaden\nPhilip of Glymes, (1498–1525)\nAnthony of Glymes, (1500–1541): married to Jacqueline of Croÿ.\nRobert of Glymes, died 1565: prince-bishop of Liège.\nJohn IV of Glymes, (1528)\nLamberte of Brimeu, married Ferry of Croy.\nGuyotte of Brimeu, n. Jean de Bos\nDavid I of Brimeu, Lord of Ligny, knight of the Golden Fleece: governor of Artois;married Joanne of Chastillon, daughter of James, Lord of Dampierre and Admiral of France.\nFlorimond of Brimeu, Lord of Massincourt: Knight of the Golden Fleece.\nJacques I of Brimeu, Lord of Grigny, died 1447: Knight of the Golden Fleece and esquire of Philip the Good.\nArchimbault of Brimeu, died in the Siege of Compiègne.\nJean of Brimeu, married Marie de Bossye\nJeanne of Brimeu","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELille_gemeente2017-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Galesloot175-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Galesloot20-10"},{"link_name":"Conrad II Schetz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conrad_II_Schetz&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Erasmus II Schetz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasmus_II_Schetz"},{"link_name":"Robrecht Tucher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tucher_von_Simmelsdorf"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Galesloot327-11"},{"link_name":"Philip Snoy, Lord of Oppuers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Snoy"},{"link_name":"Philippe-Guillaume de Steenhuys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe-Guillaume_de_Steenhuys"}],"sub_title":"Branch of the Lords of Poederlée, (Poyelles)","text":"Bastard branch descending of Garin of Brimeu.[7]Matthieu de Brimeu, son of Garin:married Cornélie van Beerse.[8]\n\nPeter de Brimeu:married Magdalene of Vriessele, Lady of Poederlee.[9]\nJacques de Brimeu, Lord of Poederlee:married Anna van de Werve, daughter of Martin.\nMaria of Brimeu, Lady of Poederlee:married Conrad II Schetz, son of Erasmus II Schetz, Lord of Grobbendoncq.\nJulianne Schetz: married Robrecht Tucher, knight and mayor of Antwerp.\nPhilippine de Brimeu: married Michel van de Werve, Lord of Hovorst and Vierseldyck.\nJean de Brimeu, Lord of Poederlee: married Clara of Thuyl (Claire Van Serooskercke).[10]\nCharles de Brimeu, Lord of Poederlee\nEleonora or Florentia de Brimeu, Lady of Poederlee:married Philip Snoy, Lord of Oppuers.\nWalburga Snoy, lady of Poederlee:married Philippe-Guillaume de Steenhuys, 1st Baron de Poederlé.","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"}],"text":"^ Chevalier de la Toison' d'or l'an","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mémoires anonymes sur les troubles des Pays-Bas 2.: 1565–1580","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/bub_gb_7W86AAAAcAAJ"},{"link_name":"\"Brimeu\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=eiRmAAAAcAAJ&pg=RA1-PA325"},{"link_name":"Inventaire des archives de la cour féodale de Brabant. I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=WLNBAAAAcAAJ"},{"link_name":"Noblesse et chevalerie du comté de Flandre, d'Artois et de Pacardie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/bub_gb_7P0aAAAAYAAJ"},{"link_name":"229","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/bub_gb_7P0aAAAAYAAJ/page/n219"},{"link_name":"De navorscher-Nederlands archief voor genealogie en heraldiek, heemkunde en geschiedenis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=qpMSAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA140"},{"link_name":"\"Geschiedenis\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.lille.be/Geschiedenis/default.aspx?id=284"}],"text":"Blaes, Jean Baptiste François; Henne, Alexandre (1860). Mémoires anonymes sur les troubles des Pays-Bas 2.: 1565–1580. Heussner.\nLe Carpentier, Jean (1664). \"Brimeu\". Histoire généalogique des Païs-Bas, ou histoire de Cambray, et du Cambresis, contenant ce qui s'y est passé sous les empereurs, et les rois de France et d'Espagne; enrichie des généalogies, éloges, et armes des comtes, ... Le tout divisé en IV part. III (in French). pp. 325–329.\nGalesloot, Louis (1870). Inventaire des archives de la cour féodale de Brabant. I (in French). Brussels: Hayez.\nRoger, Paul (1843). \"Brimeu\". Noblesse et chevalerie du comté de Flandre, d'Artois et de Pacardie (in French). Duval et Herment. p. 229.\nDe navorscher-Nederlands archief voor genealogie en heraldiek, heemkunde en geschiedenis (in Dutch). Amsterdam: Frederik Muller. 1852. pp. 140–141.\n\"Geschiedenis\" [History]. Lille gemeente (in Dutch). Retrieved 23 September 2017.","title":"Bibliography"}]
[{"image_text":"Execution of Guy of Brimeu, Ghent 1477","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Terechtstelling_van_Willem_Hugonet_en_Guy_van_Brimeu.jpg/220px-Terechtstelling_van_Willem_Hugonet_en_Guy_van_Brimeu.jpg"},{"image_text":"David I of Brimeu, Lord of Ligny","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Blason_David_de_Brimeu.svg/220px-Blason_David_de_Brimeu.svg.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"Blaes, Jean Baptiste François; Henne, Alexandre (1860). Mémoires anonymes sur les troubles des Pays-Bas 2.: 1565–1580. Heussner.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_7W86AAAAcAAJ","url_text":"Mémoires anonymes sur les troubles des Pays-Bas 2.: 1565–1580"}]},{"reference":"Le Carpentier, Jean (1664). \"Brimeu\". Histoire généalogique des Païs-Bas, ou histoire de Cambray, et du Cambresis, contenant ce qui s'y est passé sous les empereurs, et les rois de France et d'Espagne; enrichie des généalogies, éloges, et armes des comtes, ... Le tout divisé en IV part. III (in French). pp. 325–329.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=eiRmAAAAcAAJ&pg=RA1-PA325","url_text":"\"Brimeu\""}]},{"reference":"Galesloot, Louis (1870). Inventaire des archives de la cour féodale de Brabant. I (in French). Brussels: Hayez.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WLNBAAAAcAAJ","url_text":"Inventaire des archives de la cour féodale de Brabant. I"}]},{"reference":"Roger, Paul (1843). \"Brimeu\". Noblesse et chevalerie du comté de Flandre, d'Artois et de Pacardie (in French). Duval et Herment. p. 229.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_7P0aAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"Noblesse et chevalerie du comté de Flandre, d'Artois et de Pacardie"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_7P0aAAAAYAAJ/page/n219","url_text":"229"}]},{"reference":"De navorscher-Nederlands archief voor genealogie en heraldiek, heemkunde en geschiedenis (in Dutch). Amsterdam: Frederik Muller. 1852. pp. 140–141.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qpMSAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA140","url_text":"De navorscher-Nederlands archief voor genealogie en heraldiek, heemkunde en geschiedenis"}]},{"reference":"\"Geschiedenis\" [History]. Lille gemeente (in Dutch). Retrieved 23 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lille.be/Geschiedenis/default.aspx?id=284","url_text":"\"Geschiedenis\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WLNBAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA217","external_links_name":"p. 217"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WLNBAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA197","external_links_name":"p. 197"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WLNBAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA175","external_links_name":"p. 175"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WLNBAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA20","external_links_name":"p. 20"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WLNBAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA327","external_links_name":"p. 327"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_7W86AAAAcAAJ","external_links_name":"Mémoires anonymes sur les troubles des Pays-Bas 2.: 1565–1580"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=eiRmAAAAcAAJ&pg=RA1-PA325","external_links_name":"\"Brimeu\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WLNBAAAAcAAJ","external_links_name":"Inventaire des archives de la cour féodale de Brabant. I"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_7P0aAAAAYAAJ","external_links_name":"Noblesse et chevalerie du comté de Flandre, d'Artois et de Pacardie"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_7P0aAAAAYAAJ/page/n219","external_links_name":"229"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qpMSAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA140","external_links_name":"De navorscher-Nederlands archief voor genealogie en heraldiek, heemkunde en geschiedenis"},{"Link":"http://www.lille.be/Geschiedenis/default.aspx?id=284","external_links_name":"\"Geschiedenis\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_McDonald_(disambiguation)
Francis MacDonald (disambiguation)
["1 See also"]
Francis MacDonald is a British musician and composer, best known as the drummer of Teenage Fanclub. Francis or Frances MacDonald or McDonald may also refer to: Francis McDonald (1891–1968), American film actor Francis McDonald (politician) (1860–1938), Australian member of parliament F. James McDonald (1922–2010), engineer Frances MacDonald (1873–1921), Scottish artist Frances Macdonald (English artist) (1914–2002), English artist Francis McDonald (footballer) (born 1975), Saint Lucian footballer and football manager See also Frank McDonald (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same termThis disambiguation page lists articles about people with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Francis McDonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_McDonald"},{"link_name":"Francis McDonald (politician)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_McDonald_(politician)"},{"link_name":"F. James McDonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._James_McDonald"},{"link_name":"Frances MacDonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_MacDonald"},{"link_name":"Frances Macdonald (English artist)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Macdonald_(English_artist)"},{"link_name":"Francis McDonald (footballer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_McDonald_(footballer)"}],"text":"Francis or Frances MacDonald or McDonald may also refer to:Francis McDonald (1891–1968), American film actor\nFrancis McDonald (politician) (1860–1938), Australian member of parliament\nF. James McDonald (1922–2010), engineer\nFrances MacDonald (1873–1921), Scottish artist\nFrances Macdonald (English artist) (1914–2002), English artist\nFrancis McDonald (footballer) (born 1975), Saint Lucian footballer and football manager","title":"Francis MacDonald (disambiguation)"}]
[]
[{"title":"Frank McDonald (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_McDonald_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"title":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"title":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere/Francis_MacDonald_(disambiguation)&namespace=0"}]
[]
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere/Francis_MacDonald_(disambiguation)&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anugraheethan_Antony
Anugraheethan Antony
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","3.1 Filming","4 Soundtrack","4.1 Track listing","5 Release","5.1 Theatrical","5.2 Home media","6 References","7 External links"]
2021 film directed by Prince Joy Anugraheethan AntonyTheaterical release posterഅനുഗ്രഹീതൻ ആന്റണിDirected byPrince JoyWritten byNaveen T. ManilalStory byJishnu S. RameshAswin PrakashProduced byM. Shijith & Thushar S.StarringSunny WayneGouri G. KishanSiddiqueIndransSuraj VenjaramooduCinematographyS. SelvakumarEdited byAppu BhattathiriMusic byArun MuraleedharanRelease date 1 April 2021 (2021-04-01) CountryIndiaLanguageMalayalam Anugraheethan Antony (transl. Blessed Antony) is a 2021 Indian Malayalam-language romantic comedy fantasy film directed by director Prince Joy in his directorial debut. It stars Sunny Wayne and Gouri G. Kishan in lead roles, with Siddique, Indrans, Suraj Venjaramoodu and Baiju Santhosh in the supporting roles and also a dog with equal prominence. The film is produced by M. Shijith and Thushar S. under the banner of Lekshya Entertainments in association with Retconncinemas. Plot The film starts with the death of a man, Antony, whose ghost watches over the funeral proceedings. His father's pet dog Rony is the only one who can see him, and he is unable to talk to or touch anyone else who is alive. On the first day following his death, he meets Antappan, an alcoholic who dies before cashing in his winning lottery ticket. Antony stays with Antappan on his last day as Antappan's family finds the ticket, and Antappan reveals that spirits will only be on the earth for 7 days. The film then moves into a flashback, where Antony is an engineering drop out and has a photo studio of his own. Fed up with his son's antics, Antony's father, a retired schoolteacher, decides to buy 2 pet dogs, RUBY and RONY, to give him company – much to Antony's annoyance. Antony sells RUBY to another man without his father's permission. Meanwhile, Antony meets and falls in love with a girl named Sanjana, who seems to reciprocate his love. But just before confessing his love to her, he meets with an accident and dies. Now his spirit wishes to convey the news of his death and his love for her, but is unable to do so. As he struggles to figure out a way to get this news to Sanjana, RONY faithfully keeps him company and follows him around. Eventually, on his 7th and last day, RONY brings a flyer announcing Antony's death to Sanjana, successfully revealing to her that he is dead. She visits his house and realizes his true love for her, thus fulfilling Antony's last wish. At the very end, Antony finds RUBY, who reunites with RONY. Together they return to his house to keep Antony's grieving father company, and look up at a star in the night sky who is implied to be Antony. Cast Sunny Wayne as Antony Varghese Gouri G. Kishan as Sanjana Madhavan Siddique as Varghese Maashu, Antony's Father Indrans as Madhavan, Sanjana's Father Suraj Venjaramoodu as Antappan Baiju Santhosh as Pichathipidi Dasappan Jaffar Idukki as Paulettan Manikandan R. Achari as Sudharmman Shine Tom Chacko as Sanjay Madhav, Sanjana's Brother Dain Davis as Roy Maala Parvathi as Thankamani Prasanth Alexander as Francis Muthumani as Shalet Lukman as Ramanan Nandan Unni as Laalan Harish Pengan as Bento Mash Aroop as Subheesh Seban as Naveen Naveen Calicut as Lottery Agent Biju Bernad as SI Bernad Naveen as Photographer Manoj Unni Karthikeyan as Unni Mish Shoji as Shiny Vedha Lakshmi as Kingini Melvin G Babu as Kuttan Production Filming Principal photography began in Jan 2019 in Thodupuzha with a pooja function in the presence of Midhun Manuel Thomas. Filming was completed on 2 August 2019. Soundtrack Anugrahethan AntonySoundtrack album by Arun MuraleedharanReleased22 December 2020Recorded2019GenreFeature film soundtrackLength9:04LanguageMalayalamLabelMuzik247Kamini Full Video song on YouTube Bow Bow Video song on YouTube The song is composed by Arun Muraleedharan on Malayalam, lyrics by Manu Manjith. The soundtrack album was distributed by Muzik247. Track listing No.TitleLyricsMusicSingerLength1."Kamini..."Manu ManjithArun MuraleedharanK. S. Harisankar3:592."Kamini Teaser"Manu ManjithArun MuraleedharanK. S. Harisankar1:063."Bow Bow..."Manu ManjithArun MuraleedharanAnannya Nair, Kaushik Menon3:594."Neeye Marayukayaano"Manu ManjithArun MuraleedharanVineeth Sreenivasan, Haritha Balakrishnan4:205."Neeye Teaser"Manu ManjithArun MuraleedharanVineeth Sreenivasan, Haritha Balakrishnan0:406."Ee Nadhi"Manu ManjithArun MuraleedharanAnne Amie, Adheef Muhamed5:30Total length:19:34 Release Theatrical The movie was released in theatres on 1 April 2021. Due to the second wave of COVID-19 in India, it only had a restricted theatre release. Home media The film started streaming on Amazon Prime Video from 23 July 2021. It was premiered on Mazhavil Manorama on 8 August 2021. References ^ TNIE Staff (13 December 2018). "'Anugraheethan Antony is a universal story'". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 18 August 2020. ^ "Thushar S", Wikipedia, 28 September 2023, retrieved 28 September 2023 ^ TNIE Staff (3 December 2018). "Sunny Wayne announces Anugraheethan Antony". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 18 August 2020. ^ TOI Staff (25 January 2019). "Sunny Wanye's next Anugraheethan Antony Pooja stills are here". The Times of India. Retrieved 18 August 2020. ^ TOI Reporter (25 January 2019). "'Anugraheethan Antony' shoot starts in Thodupuzha". The Times of India. Retrieved 18 August 2020. ^ TOI Reporter (5 August 2019). "Sunny Wayne and Gouri Kishan wrap up the shoot of 'Anugraheethan Antony'". The Times of India. Retrieved 18 August 2020. ^ CE Staff (7 August 2019). "Sunny Wayne's Anugraheethan Antony moves into post-production". Cinema Express. Retrieved 18 August 2020. ^ Mathrubhumi Reporter (24 December 2019). "ആ തോന്നലില്ലായിരുന്നെങ്കില്‍ കാമിനി എന്ന ഗാനം പിറക്കില്ലായിരുന്നു..." Mathrubhumi. Retrieved 22 August 2020. ^ Asianet News Web Team (23 December 2019). "കുട്ടി ജാനുവും സണ്ണി വെയ്നും; അനുഗ്രഹീതന്‍ ആന്റണി'യിലെ ആദ്യ ഗാനം എത്തി..." Asianet News. Retrieved 22 August 2020. ^ Mathrubhumi Reporter (28 March 2021). "'Anugraheethan Antony' to hit theatres on April 1". Mathrubhumi. Retrieved 31 March 2021. ^ Manorama Reporter (30 March 2021). "അനുഗ്രഹീതൻ ആന്റണി ഏപ്രിൽ ഒന്നിന് തിയറ്ററുകളില്‍..." Malayala Manorama. Retrieved 31 March 2021. External links Anugraheethan Antony at IMDb
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Malayalam_films_of_2021"},{"link_name":"Malayalam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayalam_cinema"},{"link_name":"romantic comedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_comedy"},{"link_name":"fantasy film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasy_film"},{"link_name":"Sunny Wayne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunny_Wayne"},{"link_name":"Gouri G. Kishan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouri_G._Kishan"},{"link_name":"Siddique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddique_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Indrans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indrans"},{"link_name":"Suraj Venjaramoodu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suraj_Venjaramoodu"},{"link_name":"Baiju Santhosh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baiju_Santhosh"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NIE1-1"},{"link_name":"Thushar S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thushar_S&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NIE2-3"}],"text":"Anugraheethan Antony (transl. Blessed Antony) is a 2021 Indian Malayalam-language romantic comedy fantasy film directed by director Prince Joy in his directorial debut. It stars Sunny Wayne and Gouri G. Kishan in lead roles, with Siddique, Indrans, Suraj Venjaramoodu and Baiju Santhosh in the supporting roles and also a dog with equal prominence.[1] The film is produced by M. Shijith and Thushar S.[2] under the banner of Lekshya Entertainments in association with Retconncinemas.[3]","title":"Anugraheethan Antony"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The film starts with the death of a man, Antony, whose ghost watches over the funeral proceedings. His father's pet dog Rony is the only one who can see him, and he is unable to talk to or touch anyone else who is alive. On the first day following his death, he meets Antappan, an alcoholic who dies before cashing in his winning lottery ticket. Antony stays with Antappan on his last day as Antappan's family finds the ticket, and Antappan reveals that spirits will only be on the earth for 7 days.The film then moves into a flashback, where Antony is an engineering drop out and has a photo studio of his own. Fed up with his son's antics, Antony's father, a retired schoolteacher, decides to buy 2 pet dogs, RUBY and RONY, to give him company – much to Antony's annoyance. Antony sells RUBY to another man without his father's permission. Meanwhile, Antony meets and falls in love with a girl named Sanjana, who seems to reciprocate his love. But just before confessing his love to her, he meets with an accident and dies.Now his spirit wishes to convey the news of his death and his love for her, but is unable to do so. As he struggles to figure out a way to get this news to Sanjana, RONY faithfully keeps him company and follows him around. Eventually, on his 7th and last day, RONY brings a flyer announcing Antony's death to Sanjana, successfully revealing to her that he is dead. She visits his house and realizes his true love for her, thus fulfilling Antony's last wish. At the very end, Antony finds RUBY, who reunites with RONY. Together they return to his house to keep Antony's grieving father company, and look up at a star in the night sky who is implied to be Antony.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sunny Wayne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunny_Wayne"},{"link_name":"Gouri G. Kishan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouri_G._Kishan"},{"link_name":"Siddique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddique_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Indrans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indrans"},{"link_name":"Suraj Venjaramoodu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suraj_Venjaramoodu"},{"link_name":"Baiju Santhosh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baiju_Santhosh"},{"link_name":"Jaffar Idukki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaffar_Idukki"},{"link_name":"Manikandan R. Achari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manikandan_R._Achari"},{"link_name":"Shine Tom Chacko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shine_Tom_Chacko"},{"link_name":"Dain Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dain_Davis"},{"link_name":"Maala Parvathi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maala_Parvathi"},{"link_name":"Prasanth Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prasanth_Alexander"},{"link_name":"Muthumani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muthumani"},{"link_name":"Melvin G Babu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melvin_G_Babu"}],"text":"Sunny Wayne as Antony Varghese\nGouri G. Kishan as Sanjana Madhavan\nSiddique as Varghese Maashu, Antony's Father\nIndrans as Madhavan, Sanjana's Father\nSuraj Venjaramoodu as Antappan\nBaiju Santhosh as Pichathipidi Dasappan\nJaffar Idukki as Paulettan\nManikandan R. Achari as Sudharmman\nShine Tom Chacko as Sanjay Madhav, Sanjana's Brother\nDain Davis as Roy\nMaala Parvathi as Thankamani\nPrasanth Alexander as Francis\nMuthumani as Shalet\nLukman as Ramanan\nNandan Unni as Laalan\nHarish Pengan as Bento Mash\nAroop as Subheesh\nSeban as Naveen\nNaveen Calicut as Lottery Agent\nBiju Bernad as SI Bernad\nNaveen as Photographer Manoj\nUnni Karthikeyan as Unni\nMish Shoji as Shiny\nVedha Lakshmi as Kingini\nMelvin G Babu as Kuttan","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Principal photography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal_photography"},{"link_name":"pooja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)"},{"link_name":"Midhun Manuel Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midhun_Manuel_Thomas"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TOI1-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TOI2-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TOI3-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CE-7"}],"sub_title":"Filming","text":"Principal photography began in Jan 2019 in Thodupuzha with a pooja function in the presence of Midhun Manuel Thomas.[4][5] Filming was completed on 2 August 2019.[6][7]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arun Muraleedharan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arun_Muraleedharan"},{"link_name":"Manu Manjith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manu_Manjith"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mathrubhumi-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Asianet_News-9"}],"text":"The song is composed by Arun Muraleedharan on Malayalam, lyrics by Manu Manjith.[8] The soundtrack album was distributed by Muzik247.[9]","title":"Soundtrack"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Manu Manjith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manu_Manjith"},{"link_name":"Arun Muraleedharan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arun_Muraleedharan"},{"link_name":"K. S. Harisankar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._S._Harisankar"},{"link_name":"Kaushik Menon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaushik_Menon"},{"link_name":"Vineeth Sreenivasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vineeth_Sreenivasan"},{"link_name":"Haritha Balakrishnan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haritha_Balakrishnan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Haritha Balakrishnan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haritha_Balakrishnan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Anne Amie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Amie"}],"sub_title":"Track listing","text":"No.TitleLyricsMusicSingerLength1.\"Kamini...\"Manu ManjithArun MuraleedharanK. S. Harisankar3:592.\"Kamini Teaser\"Manu ManjithArun MuraleedharanK. S. Harisankar1:063.\"Bow Bow...\"Manu ManjithArun MuraleedharanAnannya Nair, Kaushik Menon3:594.\"Neeye Marayukayaano\"Manu ManjithArun MuraleedharanVineeth Sreenivasan, Haritha Balakrishnan4:205.\"Neeye Teaser\"Manu ManjithArun MuraleedharanVineeth Sreenivasan, Haritha Balakrishnan0:406.\"Ee Nadhi\"Manu ManjithArun MuraleedharanAnne Amie, Adheef Muhamed5:30Total length:19:34","title":"Soundtrack"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"COVID-19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_India"}],"sub_title":"Theatrical","text":"The movie was released in theatres on 1 April 2021. Due to the second wave of COVID-19 in India, it only had a restricted theatre release.","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amazon Prime Video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Prime_Video"},{"link_name":"Mazhavil Manorama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazhavil_Manorama"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mathrubhumi2-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ManoramaOnline-11"}],"sub_title":"Home media","text":"The film started streaming on Amazon Prime Video from 23 July 2021. It was premiered on Mazhavil Manorama[10][11] on 8 August 2021.","title":"Release"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"TNIE Staff (13 December 2018). \"'Anugraheethan Antony is a universal story'\". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 18 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2018/dec/13/anugraheethan-antony-is-a-universal-story-1910675.html","url_text":"\"'Anugraheethan Antony is a universal story'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Indian_Express","url_text":"The New Indian Express"}]},{"reference":"\"Thushar S\", Wikipedia, 28 September 2023, retrieved 28 September 2023","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thushar_S&oldid=1177593720","url_text":"\"Thushar S\""}]},{"reference":"TNIE Staff (3 December 2018). \"Sunny Wayne announces Anugraheethan Antony\". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 18 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2018/dec/03/sunny-wayne-announces-anugraheethan-antony-1906373.html","url_text":"\"Sunny Wayne announces Anugraheethan Antony\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Indian_Express","url_text":"The New Indian Express"}]},{"reference":"TOI Staff (25 January 2019). \"Sunny Wanye's next Anugraheethan Antony Pooja stills are here\". The Times of India. Retrieved 18 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/kochi/sunny-wanyes-next-anugraheethan-antony-pooja-stills-are-here/articleshow/67686962.cms","url_text":"\"Sunny Wanye's next Anugraheethan Antony Pooja stills are here\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India","url_text":"The Times of India"}]},{"reference":"TOI Reporter (25 January 2019). \"'Anugraheethan Antony' shoot starts in Thodupuzha\". The Times of India. Retrieved 18 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/anugraheethan-antony-shoot-starts-in-thodupuzha/articleshow/67683164.cms","url_text":"\"'Anugraheethan Antony' shoot starts in Thodupuzha\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India","url_text":"The Times of India"}]},{"reference":"TOI Reporter (5 August 2019). \"Sunny Wayne and Gouri Kishan wrap up the shoot of 'Anugraheethan Antony'\". The Times of India. Retrieved 18 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/anugraheethan-antony-shoot-starts-in-thodupuzha/articleshow/67683164.cms","url_text":"\"Sunny Wayne and Gouri Kishan wrap up the shoot of 'Anugraheethan Antony'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India","url_text":"The Times of India"}]},{"reference":"CE Staff (7 August 2019). \"Sunny Wayne's Anugraheethan Antony moves into post-production\". Cinema Express. Retrieved 18 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/aug/07/sunny-waynes-anugraheethan-antony-moves-into-post-production-13496.html","url_text":"\"Sunny Wayne's Anugraheethan Antony moves into post-production\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_Express","url_text":"Cinema Express"}]},{"reference":"Mathrubhumi Reporter (24 December 2019). \"ആ തോന്നലില്ലായിരുന്നെങ്കില്‍ കാമിനി എന്ന ഗാനം പിറക്കില്ലായിരുന്നു...\" Mathrubhumi. Retrieved 22 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/interview/interview-of-arun-muraleedharan-music-director-of-anugraheethan-antony-movie-1.4388511","url_text":"\"ആ തോന്നലില്ലായിരുന്നെങ്കില്‍ കാമിനി എന്ന ഗാനം പിറക്കില്ലായിരുന്നു...\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathrubhumi","url_text":"Mathrubhumi"}]},{"reference":"Asianet News Web Team (23 December 2019). \"കുട്ടി ജാനുവും സണ്ണി വെയ്നും; അനുഗ്രഹീതന്‍ ആന്റണി'യിലെ ആദ്യ ഗാനം എത്തി...\" Asianet News. Retrieved 22 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.asianetnews.com/music/anugraheethan-antony-kamini-song-q2ynov","url_text":"\"കുട്ടി ജാനുവും സണ്ണി വെയ്നും; അനുഗ്രഹീതന്‍ ആന്റണി'യിലെ ആദ്യ ഗാനം എത്തി...\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asianet_News","url_text":"Asianet News"}]},{"reference":"Mathrubhumi Reporter (28 March 2021). \"'Anugraheethan Antony' to hit theatres on April 1\". Mathrubhumi. Retrieved 31 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/-anugraheethan-antony-to-hit-theatres-on-april-1-1.5551493","url_text":"\"'Anugraheethan Antony' to hit theatres on April 1\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathrubhumi","url_text":"Mathrubhumi"}]},{"reference":"Manorama Reporter (30 March 2021). \"അനുഗ്രഹീതൻ ആന്റണി ഏപ്രിൽ ഒന്നിന് തിയറ്ററുകളില്‍...\" Malayala Manorama. Retrieved 31 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2021/03/30/anugraheethan-antony-release-finalised.html","url_text":"\"അനുഗ്രഹീതൻ ആന്റണി ഏപ്രിൽ ഒന്നിന് തിയറ്ററുകളില്‍...\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayala_Manorama","url_text":"Malayala Manorama"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_M._Weiss
Andrew Weiss (economist)
["1 Early years and education","2 Academic career","3 Professional career","3.1 In the Press","4 Other Involvements","5 Personal life","6 References","7 External links"]
American economist Andy WeissBorn (1947-01-02) January 2, 1947 (age 77)New York City, New York, U.S.EducationWilliams College (BA)Stanford University (MA, PhD)SpouseBonnie Weiss Andrew M. Weiss (born January 2, 1947) is Founder and Chief Executive Officer of Weiss Asset Management, a Boston-based investment firm, and Professor Emeritus Boston University. Early years and education Weiss was born in New York in 1947. He graduated with Honors from Williams College in 1968 with a BA in Political Economy. In 1977, he received his PhD in Economics from Stanford University. Academic career Weiss began his career in 1976 as an assistant professor at Columbia University, as well as a Research Economist in the Mathematics Center at Bell Laboratories. He has served as a consultant to the World Bank and the United States National Research Council, the research arm of the United States National Academy of Sciences. In 1989, Weiss was elected a Fellow of the Econometric Society. Weiss is the author of 49 published papers and the book, Efficiency Wages: Models of Unemployment, Layoffs and Wage Dispersion. The Nobel Prize in Economics to Joseph Stiglitz in 2001 cited Weiss' research with Stiglitz as having had "a substantial impact in the domains of corporate finance, monetary theory and macroeconomics." As of January 2021, Weiss was ranked in the top one percent of published economists by the number of citations to his papers. Weiss has articles published in top economic journals such as The Journal of Political Economy, The American Economic Association, The Journal of Labor Economics, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, and The Review of Economic Studies. Professional career Andrew Weiss is the Founder and Chief Executive Officer of Weiss Asset Management, a Boston-based investment firm. Weiss and the investment strategies of Weiss Asset Management have been the subject of numerous U.S. and European newspaper and magazine articles, including features in Forbes, Outstanding Investor Digest, Micropal, and The Motley Fool. In the Press During a CNBC program, Michael Metz, the Chief Investment Strategist for Oppenheimer Holdings, proclaimed Weiss to be "one of the most brilliant money managers that I know." Bruce Greenwald, the Robert Heilbrunn Professor of Finance and Asset Management at Columbia University and author of Value Investing, said of Weiss in an interview with The Motley Fool, "If I had one person to pick and one guy to put the money in, I would pick him." Robert Solow, a Nobel Prize Laureate in Economics and an Institute Professor at MIT, said at a press conference on March 15, 2005 " is a significant person among US economists. I have known him personally for 30 years and I have the highest respect for him." Laurence Kotlikoff, Professor of Economics at Boston University, was quoted in The Boston Globe article Nighmare in Prague as saying Weiss is "a brilliant economist, and he’s an outstanding investor. He's scrupulously honest, and I'd trust him with anything". Other Involvements In addition to his professional and academic activities, Weiss currently serves on the Advisory Board for the University of Global Health Equity in Rwanda, The Center for Effective Global Action (at UC Berkeley), Last Mile Health, and the UBS Optimus Foundation. He is a senior fellow at the Niskanen Center and is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations. He is also a co-founder of CRI Foundation, Inc.(f/k/a Child Relief International) and a former board member of the American Jewish World Service. The three 2019 Economics Nobel Laureates donated their prize to the Weiss Fund for Research in Development Economics. Personal life Weiss lives in Boston, Massachusetts with his wife Bonnie. They have three daughters. References ^ "Weiss Asset Management | Internships & Jobs". ^ a b Green, William (October 8, 2008). "One Financial Doomsayer Sees More Doom Ahead". Time. Archived from the original on October 13, 2008. Retrieved December 24, 2010. ^ "List of the Fellows of Econometric Society". Archived from the original on December 10, 2008. Retrieved April 16, 2023. ^ "Andrew Weiss CV" (PDF). bepress.com. Retrieved April 16, 2023. ^ Weiss, Andrew (1990). Efficiency Wages: Models of Unemployment, Layoffs, and Wage Dispersion. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691003882. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 29, 2017. Retrieved June 13, 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ "Economist Rankings, Number of Citations | IDEAS/RePEc". ideas.repec.org. Retrieved April 16, 2023. ^ "In Journal: Journal of Political Economy : Search". ^ Weiss, Andrew (1995). "Human Capital vs. Signalling Explanations of Wages". Journal of Economic Perspectives. 9 (4): 133–154. doi:10.1257/jep.9.4.133. S2CID 54091386. ^ "in Journal: Journal of Labor Economics : Search". Retrieved April 16, 2023. ^ Guasch, J. Luis; Weiss, Andrew (May 1980). "Adverse Selection by Markets and the Advantage of Being Late". The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 94 (3): 453–466. doi:10.2307/1884579. JSTOR 1884579. ^ Rosenthal, Robert W.; Weiss, Andrew (April 1984). "Mixed-Strategy Equilibrium in a Market with Asymmetric Information". The Review of Economic Studies. 51 (2): 333–342. doi:10.2307/2297696. JSTOR 2297696. ^ a b "The One Investor to Bet on". August 13, 2004. ^ "Boston Globe". Retrieved April 16, 2023. ^ "University of Global Health Equity". UGHE. Retrieved January 9, 2020. ^ "Advisory Board | CEGA | Center for Effective Global Action". Archived from the original on May 10, 2013. Retrieved September 15, 2014. ^ "Advisory Council". Advisory Council. Retrieved December 4, 2019. ^ "Andrew Weiss, Author at Niskanen Center". Niskanen Center. Retrieved December 4, 2019. ^ "2019 Economics Laureates to donate Nobel Prize money to next generation of economists - the Boston Globe". The Boston Globe. External links Mystery shrouds Prague building, Sunday Business Post American Jewish World Service, American Jewish World Service Williams CDE, Williams CDE BU Econ,Boston University Department of Economics Selected Works of Andrew M. Weiss Archived August 19, 2010, at the Wayback Machine CV, Curriculum Vitae Stiglitz Nobel, "Nobel Website" Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Germany Israel Belgium United States Czech Republic Netherlands Other IdRef
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In 1977, he received his PhD in Economics from Stanford University.","title":"Early years and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Columbia University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University"},{"link_name":"Bell Laboratories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Laboratories"},{"link_name":"World Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank"},{"link_name":"United States National Research Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_National_Research_Council"},{"link_name":"United States National Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_National_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Econometric Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Econometric_Society"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Nobel Prize in Economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Economics"},{"link_name":"Joseph Stiglitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stiglitz"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Weiss began his career in 1976 as an assistant professor at Columbia University, as well as a Research Economist in the Mathematics Center at Bell Laboratories. He has served as a consultant to the World Bank and the United States National Research Council, the research arm of the United States National Academy of Sciences. In 1989, Weiss was elected a Fellow[3] of the Econometric Society. Weiss is the author of 49 published papers[4] and the book, Efficiency Wages: Models of Unemployment, Layoffs and Wage Dispersion.[5] The Nobel Prize in Economics to Joseph Stiglitz in 2001 cited Weiss' research with Stiglitz as having had \"a substantial impact in the domains of corporate finance, monetary theory and macroeconomics.\"[6] As of January 2021, Weiss was ranked in the top one percent of published economists by the number of citations to his papers.[7] Weiss has articles published in top economic journals such as The Journal of Political Economy,[8] The American Economic Association,[9] The Journal of Labor Economics,[10] The Quarterly Journal of Economics,[11] and The Review of Economic Studies.[12]","title":"Academic career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fool.com-13"}],"text":"Andrew Weiss is the Founder and Chief Executive Officer of Weiss Asset Management, a Boston-based investment firm. Weiss and the investment strategies of Weiss Asset Management have been the subject of numerous U.S. and European newspaper and magazine articles, including features in Forbes, Outstanding Investor Digest, Micropal, and The Motley Fool.[13]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oppenheimer Holdings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oppenheimer_Holdings"},{"link_name":"Bruce Greenwald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Greenwald"},{"link_name":"Value Investing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value_Investing"},{"link_name":"The Motley Fool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Motley_Fool"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fool.com-13"},{"link_name":"Robert Solow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Solow"},{"link_name":"Nobel Prize Laureate in Economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/1987/solow-autobio.html"},{"link_name":"MIT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT"},{"link_name":"Laurence Kotlikoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Kotlikoff"},{"link_name":"The Boston Globe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boston_Globe"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"In the Press","text":"During a CNBC program, Michael Metz, the Chief Investment Strategist for Oppenheimer Holdings, proclaimed Weiss to be \"one of the most brilliant money managers that I know.\" Bruce Greenwald, the Robert Heilbrunn Professor of Finance and Asset Management at Columbia University and author of Value Investing, said of Weiss in an interview with The Motley Fool, \"If I had one person to pick and one guy to put the money in, I would pick him.\"[13] Robert Solow, a Nobel Prize Laureate in Economics and an Institute Professor at MIT, said at a press conference on March 15, 2005 \"[Weiss] is a significant person among US economists. I have known him personally for 30 years and I have the highest respect for him.\" Laurence Kotlikoff, Professor of Economics at Boston University, was quoted in The Boston Globe article Nighmare in Prague as saying Weiss is \"a brilliant economist, and he’s an outstanding investor. He's scrupulously honest, and I'd trust him with anything\".[14]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Global Health Equity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Global_Health_Equity"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Child Relief International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.crifoundation.org/"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"In addition to his professional and academic activities, Weiss currently serves on the Advisory Board for the University of Global Health Equity in Rwanda,[15] The Center for Effective Global Action (at UC Berkeley),[16] Last Mile Health,[17] and the UBS Optimus Foundation. He is a senior fellow at the Niskanen Center [18] and is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations. He is also a co-founder of CRI Foundation, Inc.(f/k/a Child Relief International) and a former board member of the American Jewish World Service. The three 2019 Economics Nobel Laureates donated their prize to the Weiss Fund for Research in Development Economics.[19]","title":"Other Involvements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boston, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Weiss lives in Boston, Massachusetts with his wife Bonnie. They have three daughters.[citation needed]","title":"Personal life"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Weiss Asset Management | Internships & Jobs\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.weissasset.com/#_why-weiss","url_text":"\"Weiss Asset Management | Internships & Jobs\""}]},{"reference":"Green, William (October 8, 2008). \"One Financial Doomsayer Sees More Doom Ahead\". Time. Archived from the original on October 13, 2008. Retrieved December 24, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081013044840/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1848337,00.html","url_text":"\"One Financial Doomsayer Sees More Doom Ahead\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)","url_text":"Time"},{"url":"http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1848337,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"List of the Fellows of Econometric Society\". Archived from the original on December 10, 2008. Retrieved April 16, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081210090215/http://www.econometricsociety.org/fellows.asp","url_text":"\"List of the Fellows of Econometric Society\""},{"url":"http://www.econometricsociety.org/fellows.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Andrew Weiss CV\" (PDF). bepress.com. Retrieved April 16, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://works.bepress.com/andrew_weiss/cv.pdf","url_text":"\"Andrew Weiss CV\""}]},{"reference":"Weiss, Andrew (1990). Efficiency Wages: Models of Unemployment, Layoffs, and Wage Dispersion. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691003882.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0691003882","url_text":"0691003882"}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 29, 2017. Retrieved June 13, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170329061654/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economic-sciences/laureates/2001/advanced-economicsciences2001.pdf","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economic-sciences/laureates/2001/advanced-economicsciences2001.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Economist Rankings, Number of Citations | IDEAS/RePEc\". ideas.repec.org. Retrieved April 16, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://ideas.repec.org/top/top.person.nbcites.html","url_text":"\"Economist Rankings, Number of Citations | IDEAS/RePEc\""}]},{"reference":"\"In Journal: Journal of Political Economy : Search\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/action/doSearch?ContribAuthorStored=Weiss%2C+Andrew&startPage=&SeriesKey=jpe","url_text":"\"In Journal: Journal of Political Economy : Search\""}]},{"reference":"Weiss, Andrew (1995). \"Human Capital vs. Signalling Explanations of Wages\". Journal of Economic Perspectives. 9 (4): 133–154. doi:10.1257/jep.9.4.133. S2CID 54091386.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1257%2Fjep.9.4.133","url_text":"\"Human Capital vs. Signalling Explanations of Wages\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1257%2Fjep.9.4.133","url_text":"10.1257/jep.9.4.133"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54091386","url_text":"54091386"}]},{"reference":"\"in Journal: Journal of Labor Economics : Search\". Retrieved April 16, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/action/doSearch?ContribAuthorStored=Weiss%2C+Andrew&pageSize=20&startPage=&SeriesKey=jole","url_text":"\"in Journal: Journal of Labor Economics : Search\""}]},{"reference":"Guasch, J. Luis; Weiss, Andrew (May 1980). \"Adverse Selection by Markets and the Advantage of Being Late\". The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 94 (3): 453–466. doi:10.2307/1884579. JSTOR 1884579.","urls":[{"url":"https://academic.oup.com/qje/article-abstract/94/3/453/1930520","url_text":"\"Adverse Selection by Markets and the Advantage of Being Late\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1884579","url_text":"10.2307/1884579"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1884579","url_text":"1884579"}]},{"reference":"Rosenthal, Robert W.; Weiss, Andrew (April 1984). \"Mixed-Strategy Equilibrium in a Market with Asymmetric Information\". The Review of Economic Studies. 51 (2): 333–342. doi:10.2307/2297696. JSTOR 2297696.","urls":[{"url":"https://academic.oup.com/restud/article-abstract/51/2/333/1605347","url_text":"\"Mixed-Strategy Equilibrium in a Market with Asymmetric Information\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2297696","url_text":"10.2307/2297696"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2297696","url_text":"2297696"}]},{"reference":"\"The One Investor to Bet on\". August 13, 2004.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fool.com/investing/general/2004/08/13/the-one-investor-to-bet-on.aspx","url_text":"\"The One Investor to Bet on\""}]},{"reference":"\"Boston Globe\". Retrieved April 16, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.boston.com/business/globe/articles/2005/04/19/nightmare_in_prague","url_text":"\"Boston Globe\""}]},{"reference":"\"University of Global Health Equity\". UGHE. Retrieved January 9, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://ughe.org/","url_text":"\"University of Global Health Equity\""}]},{"reference":"\"Advisory Board | CEGA | Center for Effective Global Action\". Archived from the original on May 10, 2013. Retrieved September 15, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130510131113/http://cega.berkeley.edu/advisory-board/","url_text":"\"Advisory Board | CEGA | Center for Effective Global Action\""},{"url":"http://cega.berkeley.edu/advisory-board/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Advisory Council\". Advisory Council. Retrieved December 4, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://lastmilehealth.org/team/advisory-council/","url_text":"\"Advisory Council\""}]},{"reference":"\"Andrew Weiss, Author at Niskanen Center\". Niskanen Center. Retrieved December 4, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.niskanencenter.org/author/aweiss/","url_text":"\"Andrew Weiss, Author at Niskanen Center\""}]},{"reference":"\"2019 Economics Laureates to donate Nobel Prize money to next generation of economists - the Boston Globe\". The Boston Globe.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2019/12/07/economics-laureates-donate-nobel-prize-money-next-generation-economists/dFTJ89hemp4cc3x6uiUTKM/story.html","url_text":"\"2019 Economics Laureates to donate Nobel Prize money to next generation of economists - the Boston Globe\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boston_Globe","url_text":"The Boston Globe"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glumiflorae
Glumiflorae
["1 External links"]
The grass Pennisetum villosum Group of flowering plants Glumiflorae (gluma = husk + florae = flowers) is a descriptive botanical name. It was used in the Wettstein system for an order of flowering plants. The order consisted of one family only: order Glumiflorae family Gramineae The APG II system, used here, assigns the grass family to the order Poales. Other names for the order including the grass family are Glumaceae and Graminales. However, this name Glumiflorae was used in the Hutchinson system (first edition, first volume, 1926) for a taxon (above the rank of order) that included the grass family. External links Glumiflorae from UC Berkeley Museum of Paleontology
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null
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cozy_Dell_Formation
Cozy Dell Shale
["1 Type locality and extent","2 Description","3 Paleontology, age and depositional environments","4 Magnetostratigraphy","5 Economic importance","6 References and notes","7 See also"]
Eocene geologic formation in California Cozy Dell ShaleStratigraphic range: EoceneTalus slope on an outcrop of Cozy Dell Shale, Santa Ynez Mountains, California.TypesedimentaryUnderliesColdwater SandstoneOverliesMatilija SandstoneThickness350 to 4,000 feet (107 to 1,219 m)LithologyPrimaryshaleOtherminor sandstone beds, calcareous nodulesLocationRegionCoastal southern CaliforniaCountryUnited StatesType sectionNamed forCozy Dell Canyon, Ventura CountyNamed byKerr and Schenck (1928) Giant shale rip-up clast (bottom of photo) at the base of a high-density turbidite. Cozy Dell formation, Topatopa Mountains. The Cozy Dell Shale is a geologic formation of middle Eocene age that crops out in the Santa Ynez Mountains and Topatopa Mountains of California, extending from north of Fillmore in Ventura County westward to near Point Arguello, north of Santa Barbara. Because the Cozy Dell easily weathers to a clay-rich soil, it crops out infrequently and generally forms dense stands of chaparral in saddles between peaks and ridges of the more resistant Matilija and Coldwater formations. Type locality and extent Close-up of bedding in the Cozy Dell Shale. Scale is about 10 feet (3 m) across. De-watering pipes above a high-density turbidite, Cozy Dell formation, Topatopa Mountains. Flame structures and convolute laminations in a sandy turbidite, Cozy Dell formation, Topatopa Mountains. The Cozy Dell was first described in 1928 as the middle member of the Tejon Formation. However, Dibblee (1966) reclassified it as a formation, along with the underlying Matilija Sandstone and overlying Coldwater Sandstone. He also named the formation after its type locality at Cozy Dell Canyon, which is located on the south side of Nordhoff Ridge, just north of Ojai in Ventura County. The Cozy Dell crops out continuously in the mountains to the north and east of Ojai, where it is exposed along much of the south slope of the Topatopa Mountains in Ventura County, and continues westward along the south slope of Santa Ynez Mountains into Santa Barbara County. Here, it is overlain by younger rocks at San Marcos Pass, on the crest of the Santa Ynez Range, cropping out west of the pass and forming much of the crest north of Goleta. It disappears north of the Santa Ynez Mountains beneath younger formations, and is removed, for the most part, by erosion north of the Santa Ynez River, where it appears at only a few localities. It grades into and is overlain by the Sacate Formation in the western part of its outcrop belt, and dips south beneath the modern California coastal plain in the southern part. Continuing south into the offshore region beneath the Santa Barbara Channel, the Cozy Dell is found in oil wells at Molino field some 13,000 feet (3,962 m) feet below the sea floor. The thickness of the formation increases, more or less, from east to west and averages about 1,700 feet (518 m) in the Santa Ynez Mountains. However, thicknesses vary widely, ranging from a maximum of 4,000 feet (1,219 m) west of San Marcos Pass, to 50 feet (15 m) thick in the subsurface of the offshore Hondo Oil Field, and only 350 feet (107 m) thick in the offshore Molino Gas Field, which is located west of Hondo. Description The Cozy Dell is a gray to dark gray argillaceous to silty shale that weathers to brown and olive. It contains minor sandstone beds at some localities, and some conglomerate at others, most significantly west of San Marcos Pass. When exposed to surface conditions, it breaks down quickly to form a clay-rich soil that supports dense chaparral growth. Because the Cozy Dell is layered between the highly resistant Matilija and Coldwater sandstones, and turned up on end through most of its extent, it erodes to create passes and saddles between peaks and ridges of the adjacent units. Paleontology, age and depositional environments Microfauna in the Cozy Dell, primarily planktonic (i.e., floating) foraminifera, place it in the upper part of the Lutetian stage (middle Eocene) of the geologic timescale - the Lutetian correlating, more or less, to the middle part of a local Californian stage named the Narizian that is based largely on benthic (i.e., bottom-dwelling) foraminifera. Although the formation is rich in microfossils, especially ones indicating deep-marine deposition, no significant larger fossils have been found in southwestern Santa Barbara County. However, some larger fossils have been found in a few localities in the Topatopa Mountains to the east in Ventura County, particularly in the upper Sespe Creek area near Ojai, which contains an unusual shallow-marine assemblage of molluscs, starfish and brittle stars, as well as plant imprints that indicate close proximity to an ancient shoreline. The Cozy Dell represents a time when the Eocene sea covering the California border land region reached its widest extent and maximum water depths. Thus, only the finest-grained sediments, principally a micaceous mud, reached the ocean bottom. A fairly high organic content of up to 3% or more of Total Organic Carbon (TOC) in these sediments indicate that microorganisms flourished and that there were anoxic conditions on the ocean floor conducive to the preservation of organic matter. These observations, together with the fossil evidence, indicate that the Cozy Dell was deposited in an ocean basin with a shoreline on what today would be the east and north side of the basin and gradually deepening to the west to water depths of possibly a thousand feet or more. Magnetostratigraphy Recent magnetostratigraphic dating demonstrates that the Cozy Dell at its type locality was deposited during the chron 20 geomagnetic reversal through the chron 19 reversal - approximately 46 to 42 Ma (million years ago), which is consistent with deposition during Lutetian time. The paleomagnetic data also show that the tectonic block on which the Cozy Dell was deposited with other Eocene formations has rotated clockwise about 100 degrees since the onset of deposition. Thus, modern-day east-west trends indicated within the formation would originally have been oriented north-south. Economic importance The Cozy Dell is grouped with underlying and overlying sandstones as a potential hydrocarbon resource. Where this shale is found in the subsurface of oil and gas fields on the California coast, and offshore in the Santa Barbara Channel, it tends to be impermeable to fluid flow, as with most shales, and represents a cap rock that can trap hydrocarbons in underlying sandstone reservoirs. However, a few offshore oil fields contain sections of Cozy Dell with sufficient porosity to act as petroleum reservoirs, and sufficient permeability to produce hydrocarbons at economic rates. One example is the now-abandoned Cuarta field, located about six miles offshore from Gaviota, where the Cozy Dell is mainly shale but contains minor sandstone interbeds that previously produced oil from 7,000 feet (2,134 m) feet below the ocean floor. Although there is no onshore oil or gas production from the Cozy Dell, its organic content is high enough that some geologists believe it may be a potential source rock for petroleum found in other units. References and notes ^ Kerr, P.F.; Schenk, H.G. (1929). "Significance of the Matilija overturn". Geological Society of America Bulletin. 39 (4): 1087–1102. doi:10.1130/gsab-39-1087. ^ a b Prothero, Donald R.; Britt, Justin R. (1998). "Magnetic stratigraphy and tectonic rotation of the Middle Eocene Matilija Sandstone and Cozy Dell Shale, Ventura County, California: implications for sequence stratigraphic correlations" (PDF). Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 163 (1–4): 261–273. Bibcode:1998E&PSL.163..261P. doi:10.1016/s0012-821x(98)00192-7. ^ a b c d e f Dibblee, Thomas (1966). Geology of the central Santa Ynez Mountains, Santa Barbara County, California. San Francisco: California Division of Mines and Geology. Bulletin 186, p. 28–30. ^ a b Miles, Gregory A.; Rigsby, Catherine A. (1990). "Lithostratigraphy and Depositional Environments of the Vaqueros and Upper Sespe/Alegria Formations, Hondo Field, Santa Barbara Channel, California". SEPM Core Workshop No. 14, San Francisco, June 3, 1990. p. 43. ISBN 0-918985-84-6. ^ a b Hinman, Nancy W.; Schwartz, Daniel E. (1990). "Lithologic and Diagenetic Sequences of the Monterey Formation, Molino Field, Offshore Santa Barbara, California". SEPM Core Workshop No. 14, San Francisco, June 3, 1990. p. 274. ISBN 0-918985-84-6. ^ Dibblee, Thomas W. (1987). Geologic Map of the Lake Cachuma Quadrangle, Santa Barbara County, California. Santa Barbara Museum of natural History. Dibblee Foundation Map DF#10. Archived from the original on 2012-11-05. Retrieved 2013-05-29. ^ Paleontological Resources section from the Lompoc Wind Project Final Environmental Impact Report (PDF). County of Santa Barbara. 3.12–4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-07-05. ^ Squires, Richard L. (1994). "Macropaleontology of Eocene marine rocks, upper Sespe Creek area, Ventura County, Southern California". In Fritsche, A.E. (ed.). Sedimentology and paleontology of Eocene rocks in the Sespe Creek area, Ventura County, California. Pacific Section SEPM. Book 74, p. 39–56. ^ Harden, Deborah R. (1997). California Geology. Prentice Hall. p. 433. ISBN 0-02-350042-5. ^ California Division of Oil, Gas, and Geothermal Resources (1992). "Cuarta Offshore Oil Field (ABD)". California Oil and Gas Fields. California Dept. of Conservation. vol. II, p. 652–653.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) PDF file available on CD from www.consrv.ca.gov. ^ Cordova, Simon (1972). "Cuarta offshore oil field". Summary of Operations. California Div. of Oil and Gas. v. 58, no. 1, p. 5–14. ^ Galloway, James M. (1998). "Santa Barbara-Ventura Basin Province". Structure and Petroleum Geology, Santa Barbara Channel, California (PDF). AAPG Pacific Section. pp. 112–114. See also Rip-up clasts: often found at the base of sandy turbidites, such as the Cozy Dell Lowe sequence: describes a set of sedimentary structures found in some turbidite sandstone beds Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cozy Dell Formation. vtePaleogene PeriodPaleocene EpochEocene EpochOligocene Epoch Danian Selandian Thanetian Ypresian Lutetian Bartonian Priabonian Rupelian Chattian
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giant_shale_rip_up,_Cozy_Dell_Fm.jpg"},{"link_name":"clast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clast"},{"link_name":"turbidite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbidite"},{"link_name":"Topatopa Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topatopa_Mountains"},{"link_name":"geologic formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologic_formation"},{"link_name":"Eocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eocene"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Prothero-2"},{"link_name":"Santa Ynez Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Ynez_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Topatopa Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topatopa_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Fillmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fillmore,_California"},{"link_name":"Ventura County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventura_County"},{"link_name":"Point Arguello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_Arguello"},{"link_name":"Santa Barbara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Barbara,_California"},{"link_name":"chaparral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaparral"},{"link_name":"Matilija","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matilija_Sandstone"},{"link_name":"Coldwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coldwater_Sandstone"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dibblee-3"}],"text":"Giant shale rip-up clast (bottom of photo) at the base of a high-density turbidite. Cozy Dell formation, Topatopa Mountains.The Cozy Dell Shale is a geologic formation of middle Eocene age[2] that crops out in the Santa Ynez Mountains and Topatopa Mountains of California, extending from north of Fillmore in Ventura County westward to near Point Arguello, north of Santa Barbara. Because the Cozy Dell easily weathers to a clay-rich soil, it crops out infrequently and generally forms dense stands of chaparral in saddles between peaks and ridges of the more resistant Matilija and Coldwater formations.[3]","title":"Cozy Dell Shale"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CozyDell2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:De-watering_pipes,_Cozy_Delll_Fm.jpg"},{"link_name":"Topatopa Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topatopa_Mountains"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flame_structures,_Cozy_Dell_Fm.jpg"},{"link_name":"Flame structures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flame_structure"},{"link_name":"convolute laminations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convolute_laminations"},{"link_name":"Topatopa Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topatopa_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Matilija Sandstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matilija_Sandstone"},{"link_name":"Coldwater Sandstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coldwater_Sandstone"},{"link_name":"type locality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_locality_(geology)"},{"link_name":"Cozy Dell Canyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cozy_Dell_Canyon"},{"link_name":"Ojai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ojai,_California"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dibblee-3"},{"link_name":"San Marcos Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Marcos_Pass"},{"link_name":"Sacate Formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sacate_Formation&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dibblee-3"},{"link_name":"Santa Barbara Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Barbara_Channel"},{"link_name":"Molino field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Molino_gas_field&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miles-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dibblee-3"},{"link_name":"Hondo Oil Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hondo_Oil_Field&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hinman-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miles-4"}],"text":"Close-up of bedding in the Cozy Dell Shale. Scale is about 10 feet (3 m) across.De-watering pipes above a high-density turbidite, Cozy Dell formation, Topatopa Mountains.Flame structures and convolute laminations in a sandy turbidite, Cozy Dell formation, Topatopa Mountains.The Cozy Dell was first described in 1928 as the middle member of the Tejon Formation. However, Dibblee (1966) reclassified it as a formation, along with the underlying Matilija Sandstone and overlying Coldwater Sandstone. He also named the formation after its type locality at Cozy Dell Canyon, which is located on the south side of Nordhoff Ridge, just north of Ojai in Ventura County.[3]The Cozy Dell crops out continuously in the mountains to the north and east of Ojai, where it is exposed along much of the south slope of the Topatopa Mountains in Ventura County, and continues westward along the south slope of Santa Ynez Mountains into Santa Barbara County. Here, it is overlain by younger rocks at San Marcos Pass, on the crest of the Santa Ynez Range, cropping out west of the pass and forming much of the crest north of Goleta. It disappears north of the Santa Ynez Mountains beneath younger formations, and is removed, for the most part, by erosion north of the Santa Ynez River, where it appears at only a few localities. It grades into and is overlain by the Sacate Formation in the western part of its outcrop belt, and dips south beneath the modern California coastal plain in the southern part.[3] Continuing south into the offshore region beneath the Santa Barbara Channel, the Cozy Dell is found in oil wells at Molino field some 13,000 feet (3,962 m) feet below the sea floor.[4]The thickness of the formation increases, more or less, from east to west and averages about 1,700 feet (518 m) in the Santa Ynez Mountains. However, thicknesses vary widely, ranging from a maximum of 4,000 feet (1,219 m) west of San Marcos Pass,[3] to 50 feet (15 m) thick in the subsurface of the offshore Hondo Oil Field,[5] and only 350 feet (107 m) thick in the offshore Molino Gas Field, which is located west of Hondo.[4]","title":"Type locality and extent"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"argillaceous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argillaceous"},{"link_name":"conglomerate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conglomerate_(geology)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dibblee-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"chaparral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaparral"}],"text":"The Cozy Dell is a gray to dark gray argillaceous to silty shale that weathers to brown and olive. It contains minor sandstone beds at some localities, and some conglomerate at others, most significantly west of San Marcos Pass.[3][6] When exposed to surface conditions, it breaks down quickly to form a clay-rich soil that supports dense chaparral growth. Because the Cozy Dell is layered between the highly resistant Matilija and Coldwater sandstones, and turned up on end through most of its extent, it erodes to create passes and saddles between peaks and ridges of the adjacent units.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Microfauna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microfauna"},{"link_name":"planktonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planktonic"},{"link_name":"foraminifera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foraminifera"},{"link_name":"Lutetian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutetian"},{"link_name":"stage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stage_(stratigraphy)"},{"link_name":"geologic timescale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologic_timescale"},{"link_name":"benthic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benthic_zone"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EIR-7"},{"link_name":"Sespe Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sespe_Creek"},{"link_name":"Ojai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ojai,_California"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"micaceous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micaceous"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dibblee-3"}],"text":"Microfauna in the Cozy Dell, primarily planktonic (i.e., floating) foraminifera, place it in the upper part of the Lutetian stage (middle Eocene) of the geologic timescale - the Lutetian correlating, more or less, to the middle part of a local Californian stage named the Narizian that is based largely on benthic (i.e., bottom-dwelling) foraminifera. Although the formation is rich in microfossils, especially ones indicating deep-marine deposition, no significant larger fossils have been found in southwestern Santa Barbara County.[7] However, some larger fossils have been found in a few localities in the Topatopa Mountains to the east in Ventura County, particularly in the upper Sespe Creek area near Ojai, which contains an unusual shallow-marine assemblage of molluscs, starfish and brittle stars, as well as plant imprints that indicate close proximity to an ancient shoreline.[8]The Cozy Dell represents a time when the Eocene sea covering the California border land region reached its widest extent and maximum water depths. Thus, only the finest-grained sediments, principally a micaceous mud, reached the ocean bottom. A fairly high organic content of up to 3% or more of Total Organic Carbon (TOC) in these sediments indicate that microorganisms flourished and that there were anoxic conditions on the ocean floor conducive to the preservation of organic matter. These observations, together with the fossil evidence, indicate that the Cozy Dell was deposited in an ocean basin with a shoreline on what today would be the east and north side of the basin and gradually deepening to the west to water depths of possibly a thousand feet or more.[3]","title":"Paleontology, age and depositional environments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"magnetostratigraphic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetostratigraphy"},{"link_name":"chron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarity_chron"},{"link_name":"geomagnetic reversal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geomagnetic_reversal"},{"link_name":"chron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarity_chron"},{"link_name":"Lutetian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutetian"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Prothero-2"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Recent magnetostratigraphic dating demonstrates that the Cozy Dell at its type locality was deposited during the chron 20 geomagnetic reversal through the chron 19 reversal - approximately 46 to 42 Ma (million years ago), which is consistent with deposition during Lutetian time. The paleomagnetic data also show that the tectonic block on which the Cozy Dell was deposited with other Eocene formations has rotated clockwise about 100 degrees since the onset of deposition. Thus, modern-day east-west trends indicated within the formation would originally have been oriented north-south.[2][9]","title":"Magnetostratigraphy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hinman-5"},{"link_name":"Gaviota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaviota,_California"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DOGGR652-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"The Cozy Dell is grouped with underlying and overlying sandstones as a potential hydrocarbon resource. Where this shale is found in the subsurface of oil and gas fields on the California coast, and offshore in the Santa Barbara Channel, it tends to be impermeable to fluid flow, as with most shales, and represents a cap rock that can trap hydrocarbons in underlying sandstone reservoirs.[5] However, a few offshore oil fields contain sections of Cozy Dell with sufficient porosity to act as petroleum reservoirs, and sufficient permeability to produce hydrocarbons at economic rates. One example is the now-abandoned Cuarta field, located about six miles offshore from Gaviota, where the Cozy Dell is mainly shale but contains minor sandstone interbeds that previously produced oil from 7,000 feet (2,134 m) feet below the ocean floor.[10][11] Although there is no onshore oil or gas production from the Cozy Dell, its organic content is high enough that some geologists believe it may be a potential source rock for petroleum found in other units.[12]","title":"Economic importance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1130/gsab-39-1087","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1130%2Fgsab-39-1087"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Prothero_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Prothero_2-1"},{"link_name":"\"Magnetic stratigraphy and tectonic rotation of the Middle Eocene Matilija Sandstone and Cozy Dell Shale, Ventura County, California: implications for sequence stratigraphic correlations\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.donaldprothero.com/files/47440546.pdf"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1998E&PSL.163..261P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998E&PSL.163..261P"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/s0012-821x(98)00192-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0012-821x%2898%2900192-7"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Dibblee_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Dibblee_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Dibblee_3-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Dibblee_3-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Dibblee_3-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Dibblee_3-5"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Miles_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Miles_4-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-918985-84-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-918985-84-6"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hinman_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hinman_5-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-918985-84-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-918985-84-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Geologic Map of the Lake Cachuma Quadrangle, Santa Barbara County, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20121105135309/http://store.sbnature.org/catalog/index.php?cPath=28"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//store.sbnature.org/catalog/index.php?cPath=28"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EIR_7-0"},{"link_name":"Paleontological Resources section from the Lompoc Wind Project Final Environmental Impact Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20100705154848/http://www.countyofsb.org/energy/projects/Wind/LompocFEIR/3.12-Paleontological.pdf"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.countyofsb.org/energy/projects/Wind/LompocFEIR/3.12-Paleontological.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-02-350042-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-350042-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DOGGR652_10-0"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list"},{"link_name":"www.consrv.ca.gov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.consrv.ca.gov"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"Structure and Petroleum Geology, Santa Barbara Channel, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//archives.datapages.com/data/pacific/data/099/099001/pdfs/63.pdf"}],"text":"^ Kerr, P.F.; Schenk, H.G. (1929). \"Significance of the Matilija overturn\". Geological Society of America Bulletin. 39 (4): 1087–1102. doi:10.1130/gsab-39-1087.\n\n^ a b Prothero, Donald R.; Britt, Justin R. (1998). \"Magnetic stratigraphy and tectonic rotation of the Middle Eocene Matilija Sandstone and Cozy Dell Shale, Ventura County, California: implications for sequence stratigraphic correlations\" (PDF). Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 163 (1–4): 261–273. Bibcode:1998E&PSL.163..261P. doi:10.1016/s0012-821x(98)00192-7.\n\n^ a b c d e f Dibblee, Thomas (1966). Geology of the central Santa Ynez Mountains, Santa Barbara County, California. San Francisco: California Division of Mines and Geology. Bulletin 186, p. 28–30.\n\n^ a b Miles, Gregory A.; Rigsby, Catherine A. (1990). \"Lithostratigraphy and Depositional Environments of the Vaqueros and Upper Sespe/Alegria Formations, Hondo Field, Santa Barbara Channel, California\". SEPM Core Workshop No. 14, San Francisco, June 3, 1990. p. 43. ISBN 0-918985-84-6.\n\n^ a b Hinman, Nancy W.; Schwartz, Daniel E. (1990). \"Lithologic and Diagenetic Sequences of the Monterey Formation, Molino Field, Offshore Santa Barbara, California\". SEPM Core Workshop No. 14, San Francisco, June 3, 1990. p. 274. ISBN 0-918985-84-6.\n\n^ Dibblee, Thomas W. (1987). Geologic Map of the Lake Cachuma Quadrangle, Santa Barbara County, California. Santa Barbara Museum of natural History. Dibblee Foundation Map DF#10. Archived from the original on 2012-11-05. Retrieved 2013-05-29.\n\n^ Paleontological Resources section from the Lompoc Wind Project Final Environmental Impact Report (PDF). County of Santa Barbara. 3.12–4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-07-05.\n\n^ Squires, Richard L. (1994). \"Macropaleontology of Eocene marine rocks, upper Sespe Creek area, Ventura County, Southern California\". In Fritsche, A.E. (ed.). Sedimentology and paleontology of Eocene rocks in the Sespe Creek area, Ventura County, California. Pacific Section SEPM. Book 74, p. 39–56.\n\n^ Harden, Deborah R. (1997). California Geology. Prentice Hall. p. 433. ISBN 0-02-350042-5.\n\n^ California Division of Oil, Gas, and Geothermal Resources (1992). \"Cuarta Offshore Oil Field (ABD)\". California Oil and Gas Fields. California Dept. of Conservation. vol. II, p. 652–653.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) PDF file available on CD from www.consrv.ca.gov.\n\n^ Cordova, Simon (1972). \"Cuarta offshore oil field\". Summary of Operations. California Div. of Oil and Gas. v. 58, no. 1, p. 5–14.\n\n^ Galloway, James M. (1998). \"Santa Barbara-Ventura Basin Province\". Structure and Petroleum Geology, Santa Barbara Channel, California (PDF). AAPG Pacific Section. pp. 112–114.","title":"References and notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Giant shale rip-up clast (bottom of photo) at the base of a high-density turbidite. Cozy Dell formation, Topatopa Mountains.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Giant_shale_rip_up%2C_Cozy_Dell_Fm.jpg/220px-Giant_shale_rip_up%2C_Cozy_Dell_Fm.jpg"},{"image_text":"Close-up of bedding in the Cozy Dell Shale. Scale is about 10 feet (3 m) across.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/CozyDell2.jpg/300px-CozyDell2.jpg"},{"image_text":"De-watering pipes above a high-density turbidite, Cozy Dell formation, Topatopa Mountains.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/De-watering_pipes%2C_Cozy_Delll_Fm.jpg/220px-De-watering_pipes%2C_Cozy_Delll_Fm.jpg"},{"image_text":"Flame structures and convolute laminations in a sandy turbidite, Cozy Dell formation, Topatopa Mountains.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flame_structures%2C_Cozy_Dell_Fm.jpg/220px-Flame_structures%2C_Cozy_Dell_Fm.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Rip-up clasts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rip-up_clasts"},{"title":"Lowe sequence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowe_sequence"},{"title":"turbidite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbidite"},{"title":"Cozy Dell Formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cozy_Dell_Formation"},{"title":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Paleogene_footer"},{"title":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Paleogene_footer"},{"title":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Paleogene_footer"},{"title":"Paleogene Period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleogene"},{"title":"Paleocene Epoch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleocene"},{"title":"Eocene Epoch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eocene"},{"title":"Oligocene Epoch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligocene"},{"title":"Danian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danian"},{"title":"Selandian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selandian"},{"title":"Thanetian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanetian"},{"title":"Ypresian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ypresian"},{"title":"Lutetian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutetian"},{"title":"Bartonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartonian"},{"title":"Priabonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priabonian"},{"title":"Rupelian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupelian"},{"title":"Chattian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattian"}]
[{"reference":"Kerr, P.F.; Schenk, H.G. (1929). \"Significance of the Matilija overturn\". Geological Society of America Bulletin. 39 (4): 1087–1102. doi:10.1130/gsab-39-1087.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1130%2Fgsab-39-1087","url_text":"10.1130/gsab-39-1087"}]},{"reference":"Prothero, Donald R.; Britt, Justin R. (1998). \"Magnetic stratigraphy and tectonic rotation of the Middle Eocene Matilija Sandstone and Cozy Dell Shale, Ventura County, California: implications for sequence stratigraphic correlations\" (PDF). Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 163 (1–4): 261–273. Bibcode:1998E&PSL.163..261P. doi:10.1016/s0012-821x(98)00192-7.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.donaldprothero.com/files/47440546.pdf","url_text":"\"Magnetic stratigraphy and tectonic rotation of the Middle Eocene Matilija Sandstone and Cozy Dell Shale, Ventura County, California: implications for sequence stratigraphic correlations\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998E&PSL.163..261P","url_text":"1998E&PSL.163..261P"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0012-821x%2898%2900192-7","url_text":"10.1016/s0012-821x(98)00192-7"}]},{"reference":"Dibblee, Thomas (1966). Geology of the central Santa Ynez Mountains, Santa Barbara County, California. San Francisco: California Division of Mines and Geology. Bulletin 186, p. 28–30.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Miles, Gregory A.; Rigsby, Catherine A. (1990). \"Lithostratigraphy and Depositional Environments of the Vaqueros and Upper Sespe/Alegria Formations, Hondo Field, Santa Barbara Channel, California\". SEPM Core Workshop No. 14, San Francisco, June 3, 1990. p. 43. ISBN 0-918985-84-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-918985-84-6","url_text":"0-918985-84-6"}]},{"reference":"Hinman, Nancy W.; Schwartz, Daniel E. (1990). \"Lithologic and Diagenetic Sequences of the Monterey Formation, Molino Field, Offshore Santa Barbara, California\". SEPM Core Workshop No. 14, San Francisco, June 3, 1990. p. 274. ISBN 0-918985-84-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-918985-84-6","url_text":"0-918985-84-6"}]},{"reference":"Dibblee, Thomas W. (1987). Geologic Map of the Lake Cachuma Quadrangle, Santa Barbara County, California. Santa Barbara Museum of natural History. Dibblee Foundation Map DF#10. Archived from the original on 2012-11-05. Retrieved 2013-05-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121105135309/http://store.sbnature.org/catalog/index.php?cPath=28","url_text":"Geologic Map of the Lake Cachuma Quadrangle, Santa Barbara County, California"},{"url":"http://store.sbnature.org/catalog/index.php?cPath=28","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Paleontological Resources section from the Lompoc Wind Project Final Environmental Impact Report (PDF). County of Santa Barbara. 3.12–4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-07-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100705154848/http://www.countyofsb.org/energy/projects/Wind/LompocFEIR/3.12-Paleontological.pdf","url_text":"Paleontological Resources section from the Lompoc Wind Project Final Environmental Impact Report"},{"url":"http://www.countyofsb.org/energy/projects/Wind/LompocFEIR/3.12-Paleontological.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Squires, Richard L. (1994). \"Macropaleontology of Eocene marine rocks, upper Sespe Creek area, Ventura County, Southern California\". In Fritsche, A.E. (ed.). Sedimentology and paleontology of Eocene rocks in the Sespe Creek area, Ventura County, California. Pacific Section SEPM. Book 74, p. 39–56.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Harden, Deborah R. (1997). California Geology. Prentice Hall. p. 433. ISBN 0-02-350042-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-350042-5","url_text":"0-02-350042-5"}]},{"reference":"California Division of Oil, Gas, and Geothermal Resources (1992). \"Cuarta Offshore Oil Field (ABD)\". California Oil and Gas Fields. California Dept. of Conservation. vol. II, p. 652–653.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Cordova, Simon (1972). \"Cuarta offshore oil field\". Summary of Operations. California Div. of Oil and Gas. v. 58, no. 1, p. 5–14.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Galloway, James M. (1998). \"Santa Barbara-Ventura Basin Province\". Structure and Petroleum Geology, Santa Barbara Channel, California (PDF). AAPG Pacific Section. pp. 112–114.","urls":[{"url":"http://archives.datapages.com/data/pacific/data/099/099001/pdfs/63.pdf","url_text":"Structure and Petroleum Geology, Santa Barbara Channel, California"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Arrow_episodes
List of Arrow episodes
["1 Series overview","2 Episodes","2.1 Season 1 (2012–13)","2.2 Season 2 (2013–14)","2.3 Season 3 (2014–15)","2.4 Season 4 (2015–16)","2.5 Season 5 (2016–17)","2.6 Season 6 (2017–18)","2.7 Season 7 (2018–19)","2.8 Season 8 (2019–20)","3 Specials","4 Home media","5 References","6 External links"]
Series lead Stephen Amell speaking at the 2013 WonderCon. Arrow is an American superhero television series developed by Greg Berlanti, Marc Guggenheim, and Andrew Kreisberg based on the DC Comics character Green Arrow, a costumed crime-fighter created by Mort Weisinger and George Papp, and is set in the Arrowverse, sharing continuity with other related television series. Arrow follows billionaire playboy Oliver Queen (Stephen Amell), who claimed to have spent five years shipwrecked on Lian Yu, a mysterious island in the North China Sea, before returning home to Starling City (later renamed "Star City") to fight crime and corruption as a secret vigilante whose weapon of choice is a bow and arrow. Throughout the series, Oliver is joined by others in his quest, among them former soldier John Diggle (David Ramsey), I.T. expert and skilled hacker Felicity Smoak (Emily Bett Rickards), former assassin Sara Lance (Caity Lotz), aspiring vigilante Roy Harper (Colton Haynes), Oliver's sister Thea (Willa Holland), and attorney-turned-vigilante Laurel Lance (Katie Cassidy). The group also receives support from Laurel and Sara's father, Detective Quentin Lance (Paul Blackthorne). During the first five seasons of the show, characters from Oliver's past appear in a separate story arc based on Oliver's flashbacks, which highlight parallels from Oliver's history that shape events in the main story. Starting with season seven, a series of flash-forwards focus on Oliver's children William (Ben Lewis) and Mia (Katherine McNamara), exploring how present events would affect their future and Green Arrow's legacy. The first season aired from October 10, 2012 through May 15, 2013. On February 11, The CW renewed the series for a second season. The season aired on October 9 and concluded on May 14, 2014. On February 12 the series was renewed for another season. The third season began airing on October 8 and concluded on May 13, 2015. Arrow was renewed for a fourth season on January 11. The season began aired on October 7 and ended on May 25, 2016. On March 11, the series was renewed. The fifth season began airing on October 5 and finished on May 24, 2017. The series was renewed for another season on January 8. The sixth season began airing on October 12, 2017 and concluded on May 17, 2018. Arrow was renewed for a seventh season on April 2, 2018. The season aired from October 15 through May 13, 2019. On March 6, 2019 the series was given a final season order. The eight season began on October 15, 2019 and concluded on January 28, 2020. During the course of the series, 170 episodes of Arrow aired over eight seasons, between October 10, 2012, and January 28, 2020. All eight seasons of the series have also been released on DVD to regions 1, 2 and 4 and on Blu-ray to regions A and B. Series overview Arrow series overviewSeasonEpisodesOriginally airedRankAverage viewers(in millions)First airedLast aired123October 10, 2012 (2012-10-10)May 15, 2013 (2013-05-15)1473.68223October 9, 2013 (2013-10-09)May 14, 2014 (2014-05-14)1813.28323October 8, 2014 (2014-10-08)May 13, 2015 (2015-05-13)1203.52423October 7, 2015 (2015-10-07)May 25, 2016 (2016-05-25)1452.90523October 5, 2016 (2016-10-05)May 24, 2017 (2017-05-24)1282.21623October 12, 2017 (2017-10-12)May 17, 2018 (2018-05-17)1191.76722October 15, 2018 (2018-10-15)May 13, 2019 (2019-05-13)1251.58810October 15, 2019 (2019-10-15)January 28, 2020 (2020-01-28)1721.52 Episodes Season 1 (2012–13) Main article: Arrow season 1 The first season of Arrow aired from October 10, 2012 through May 15, 2013. Arrow, season 1 episodesNo.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.codeU.S. viewers(millions)11"Pilot"David NutterStory by : Greg Berlanti & Marc GuggenheimTeleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Marc GuggenheimOctober 10, 2012 (2012-10-10)2968184.14 22"Honor Thy Father"David BarrettStory by : Greg Berlanti & Marc GuggenheimTeleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Marc GuggenheimOctober 17, 2012 (2012-10-17)2J73023.55 33"Lone Gunmen"Guy BeeStory by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew KreisbergTeleplay by : Marc Guggenheim & Andrew KreisbergOctober 24, 2012 (2012-10-24)2J73033.51 44"An Innocent Man"Vince MisianoMoira Kirland & Lana ChoOctober 31, 2012 (2012-10-31)2J73043.05 55"Damaged"Michael SchultzWendy Mericle & Ben SokolowskiNovember 7, 2012 (2012-11-07)2J73053.75 66"Legacies"John BehringMoira Kirland & Marc GuggenheimNovember 14, 2012 (2012-11-14)2J73063.83 77"Muse of Fire"David GrossmanStory by : Andrew KreisbergTeleplay by : Geoff Johns & Marc GuggenheimNovember 28, 2012 (2012-11-28)2J73073.74 88"Vendetta"Ken FinkBeth Schwartz & Andrew KreisbergDecember 5, 2012 (2012-12-05)2J73083.35 99"Year's End"John DahlStory by : Greg Berlanti & Marc GuggenheimTeleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Marc GuggenheimDecember 12, 2012 (2012-12-12)2J73093.11 1010"Burned"Eagle EgilssonMoira Kirland & Ben SokolowskiJanuary 16, 2013 (2013-01-16)2J73103.06 1111"Trust But Verify"Nick CopusGabrielle StantonJanuary 23, 2013 (2013-01-23)2J73113.14 1212"Vertigo"Wendey StanzlerWendy Mericle & Ben SokolowskiJanuary 30, 2013 (2013-01-30)2J73122.97 1313"Betrayal"Guy BeeLana Cho & Beth SchwartzFebruary 6, 2013 (2013-02-06)2J73132.96 1414"The Odyssey"John BehringStory by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew KreisbergTeleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Marc GuggenheimFebruary 13, 2013 (2013-02-13)2J73143.29 1515"Dodger"Eagle EgilssonBeth SchwartzFebruary 20, 2013 (2013-02-20)2J73153.15 1616"Dead to Rights"Glen WinterGeoff JohnsFebruary 27, 2013 (2013-02-27)2J73163.17 1717"The Huntress Returns"Guy BeeJake Coburn & Lana ChoMarch 20, 2013 (2013-03-20)2J73173.02 1818"Salvation"Nick CopusDrew Z. Greenberg & Wendy MericleMarch 27, 2013 (2013-03-27)2J73182.65 1919"Unfinished Business"Michael OfferBryan Q. Miller & Lindsey AllenApril 3, 2013 (2013-04-03)2J73192.92 2020"Home Invasion"Ken FinkBen Sokolowski & Beth SchwartzApril 24, 2013 (2013-04-24)2J73203.10 2121"The Undertaking"Michael SchultzJake Coburn & Lana ChoMay 1, 2013 (2013-05-01)2J73212.89 2222"Darkness on the Edge of Town"John BehringDrew Z. Greenberg & Wendy MericleMay 8, 2013 (2013-05-08)2J73222.62 2323"Sacrifice"David BarrettStory by : Greg BerlantiTeleplay by : Marc Guggenheim & Andrew KreisbergMay 15, 2013 (2013-05-15)2J73232.77 Season 2 (2013–14) Main article: Arrow season 2 The second season aired on October 9, 2013 and concluded on May 14, 2014. Arrow, season 2 episodesNo.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.codeU.S. viewers(millions)241"City of Heroes"John BehringStory by : Greg BerlantiTeleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Marc GuggenheimOctober 9, 2013 (2013-10-09)2J74512.74 252"Identity"Nick CopusBen Sokolowski & Beth SchwartzOctober 16, 2013 (2013-10-16)2J74523.06 263"Broken Dolls"Glen WinterMarc Guggenheim & Keto ShimizuOctober 23, 2013 (2013-10-23)2J74532.89 274"Crucible"Eagle EgilssonAndrew Kreisberg & Wendy MericleOctober 30, 2013 (2013-10-30)2J74542.37 285"League of Assassins"Wendey StanzlerJake Coburn & Drew Z. GreenbergNovember 6, 2013 (2013-11-06)2J74552.80 296"Keep Your Enemies Closer"Guy BeeBen Sokolowski & Beth SchwartzNovember 13, 2013 (2013-11-13)2J74563.09 307"State v. Queen"Bethany RooneyMarc Guggenheim & Drew Z. GreenbergNovember 20, 2013 (2013-11-20)2J74572.66 318"The Scientist"Michael SchultzStory by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew KreisbergTeleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Geoff JohnsDecember 4, 2013 (2013-12-04)2J74583.24 329"Three Ghosts"John BehringStory by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew KreisbergTeleplay by : Geoff Johns & Ben SokolowskiDecember 11, 2013 (2013-12-11)2J74593.02 3310"Blast Radius"Rob HardyJake Coburn & Keto ShimizuJanuary 15, 2014 (2014-01-15)2J74602.52 3411"Blind Spot"Glen WinterWendy Mericle & Beth SchwartzJanuary 22, 2014 (2014-01-22)2J74612.49 3512"Tremors"Guy BeeMarc Guggenheim & Drew Z. GreenbergJanuary 29, 2014 (2014-01-29)2J74622.95 3613"Heir to the Demon"Wendey StanzlerJake CoburnFebruary 5, 2014 (2014-02-05)2J74632.86 3714"Time of Death"Nick CopusWendy Mericle & Beth SchwartzFebruary 26, 2014 (2014-02-26)2J74642.45 3815"The Promise"Glen WinterJake Coburn & Ben SokolowskiMarch 5, 2014 (2014-03-05)2J74652.21 3916"Suicide Squad"Larry TengKeto Shimizu & Bryan Q. MillerMarch 19, 2014 (2014-03-19)2J74662.42 4017"Birds of Prey"John BehringMark Bemesderfer & A. C. BradleyMarch 26, 2014 (2014-03-26)2J74672.62 4118"Deathstroke"Guy BeeMarc Guggenheim & Drew Z. GreenbergApril 2, 2014 (2014-04-02)2J74682.32 4219"The Man Under the Hood"Jesse WarnStory by : Greg Berlanti & Geoff JohnsTeleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Keto ShimizuApril 16, 2014 (2014-04-16)2J74692.26 4320"Seeing Red"Doug AarniokoskiWendy Mericle & Beth SchwartzApril 23, 2014 (2014-04-23)2J74702.19 4421"City of Blood"Michael SchultzHolly HaroldApril 30, 2014 (2014-04-30)2J74712.31 4522"Streets of Fire"Nick CopusJake Coburn & Ben SokolowskiMay 7, 2014 (2014-05-07)2J74722.33 4623"Unthinkable"John BehringStory by : Greg BerlantiTeleplay by : Marc Guggenheim & Andrew KreisbergMay 14, 2014 (2014-05-14)2J74732.37 Season 3 (2014–15) Main article: Arrow season 3 The third season began airing on October 8 and concluded on May 13, 2015. Arrow, season 3 episodesNo.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.codeU.S. viewers(millions)471"The Calm"Glen WinterStory by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew KreisbergTeleplay by : Marc Guggenheim & Jake CoburnOctober 8, 2014 (2014-10-08)3J51512.83 482"Sara"Wendey StanzlerJake Coburn & Keto ShimizuOctober 15, 2014 (2014-10-15)3J51522.32 493"Corto Maltese"Stephen SurjikErik Oleson & Beth SchwartzOctober 22, 2014 (2014-10-22)3J51532.55 504"The Magician"John BehringMarc Guggenheim & Wendy MericleOctober 29, 2014 (2014-10-29)3J51542.49 515"The Secret Origin of Felicity Smoak"Michael SchultzBen Sokolowski & Brian Ford SullivanNovember 5, 2014 (2014-11-05)3J51552.73 526"Guilty"Peter LetoErik Oleson & Keto ShimizuNovember 12, 2014 (2014-11-12)3J51562.60 537"Draw Back Your Bow"Rob HardyWendy Mericle & Beth SchwartzNovember 19, 2014 (2014-11-19)3J51572.64 548"The Brave and the Bold"Jesse WarnStory by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew KreisbergTeleplay by : Marc Guggenheim & Grainne GodfreeDecember 3, 2014 (2014-12-03)3J51583.92 559"The Climb"Thor FreudenthalJake Coburn & Keto ShimizuDecember 10, 2014 (2014-12-10)3J51593.06 5610"Left Behind"Glen WinterMarc Guggenheim & Erik OlesonJanuary 21, 2015 (2015-01-21)3J51603.06 5711"Midnight City"Nick CopusWendy Mericle & Ben SokolowskiJanuary 28, 2015 (2015-01-28)3J51612.91 5812"Uprising"Jesse WarnBeth Schwartz & Brian Ford SullivanFebruary 4, 2015 (2015-02-04)3J51622.94 5913"Canaries"Michael SchultzJake Coburn & Emilio Ortega AldrichFebruary 11, 2015 (2015-02-11)3J51632.67 6014"The Return"Dermott DownsMarc Guggenheim & Erik OlesonFebruary 18, 2015 (2015-02-18)3J51642.91 6115"Nanda Parbat"Gregory SmithStory by : Wendy Mericle & Ben SokolowskiTeleplay by : Erik Oleson & Ben SokolowskiFebruary 25, 2015 (2015-02-25)3J51653.07 6216"The Offer"Dermott DownsBeth Schwartz & Brian Ford SullivanMarch 18, 2015 (2015-03-18)3J51662.56 6317"Suicidal Tendencies"Jesse WarnKeto ShimizuMarch 25, 2015 (2015-03-25)3J51672.86 6418"Public Enemy"Dwight LittleMarc Guggenheim & Wendy MericleApril 1, 2015 (2015-04-01)3J51682.48 6519"Broken Arrow"Doug AarniokoskiStory by : Jake CoburnTeleplay by : Ben Sokolowski & Brian Ford SullivanApril 15, 2015 (2015-04-15)3J51692.47 6620"The Fallen"Antonio NegretWendy Mericle & Oscar BalderramaApril 22, 2015 (2015-04-22)3J51702.72 6721"Al Sah-him"Thor FreudenthalStory by : Beth SchwartzTeleplay by : Brian Ford Sullivan & Emilio Ortega AldrichApril 29, 2015 (2015-04-29)3J51712.39 6822"This Is Your Sword"Wendey StanzlerStory by : Erik OlesonTeleplay by : Ben Sokolowski & Brian Ford SullivanMay 6, 2015 (2015-05-06)3J51722.54 6923"My Name Is Oliver Queen"John BehringStory by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew KreisbergTeleplay by : Marc Guggenheim & Jake CoburnMay 13, 2015 (2015-05-13)3J51732.83 Season 4 (2015–16) Main article: Arrow season 4 The fourth season began aired on October 7, 2015 and ended on May 25, 2016. Arrow, season 4 episodesNo.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.codeU.S. viewers(millions)701"Green Arrow"Thor FreudenthalStory by : Greg Berlanti & Beth SchwartzTeleplay by : Marc Guggenheim & Wendy MericleOctober 7, 2015 (2015-10-07)3J58012.67 712"The Candidate"John BehringMarc Guggenheim & Keto ShimizuOctober 14, 2015 (2015-10-14)3J58022.50 723"Restoration"Wendey StanzlerWendy Mericle & Speed WeedOctober 21, 2015 (2015-10-21)3J58032.40 734"Beyond Redemption"Lexi AlexanderBeth Schwartz & Ben SokolowskiOctober 28, 2015 (2015-10-28)3J58052.64 745"Haunted"John BadhamBrian Ford Sullivan & Oscar BalderramaNovember 4, 2015 (2015-11-04)3J58042.60 756"Lost Souls"Antonio NegretBeth Schwartz & Emilio Ortega AldrichNovember 11, 2015 (2015-11-11)3J58062.30 767"Brotherhood"James BamfordSpeed Weed & Keto ShimizuNovember 18, 2015 (2015-11-18)3J58072.69 778"Legends of Yesterday"Thor FreudenthalStory by : Greg Berlanti & Marc GuggenheimTeleplay by : Brian Ford Sullivan & Marc GuggenheimDecember 2, 2015 (2015-12-02)3J58083.66 789"Dark Waters"John BehringWendy Mericle & Ben SokolowskiDecember 9, 2015 (2015-12-09)3J58092.82 7910"Blood Debts"Jesse WarnOscar Balderrama & Sarah TarkoffJanuary 20, 2016 (2016-01-20)3J58102.83 8011"A.W.O.L."Charlotte BrandströmBrian Ford Sullivan & Emilio Ortega AldrichJanuary 27, 2016 (2016-01-27)3J58112.78 8112"Unchained"Kevin FairSpeed Weed & Beth SchwartzFebruary 3, 2016 (2016-02-03)3J58122.48 8213"Sins of the Father"Gordon VerheulBen Sokolowski & Keto ShimizuFebruary 10, 2016 (2016-02-10)3J58132.44 8314"Code of Silence"James BamfordWendy Mericle & Oscar BalderramaFebruary 17, 2016 (2016-02-17)3J58142.44 8415"Taken"Gregory SmithStory by : Marc GuggenheimTeleplay by : Keto Shimizu & Brian Ford SullivanFebruary 24, 2016 (2016-02-24)3J58152.70 8516"Broken Hearts"John ShowalterRebecca Bellotto & Nolan DunbarMarch 23, 2016 (2016-03-23)3J58162.09 8617"Beacon of Hope"Michael SchultzBen Sokolowski & Brian Ford SullivanMarch 30, 2016 (2016-03-30)3J58172.34 8718"Eleven-Fifty-Nine"Rob HardyMarc Guggenheim & Keto ShimizuApril 6, 2016 (2016-04-06)3J58182.24 8819"Canary Cry"Laura BelseyWendy Mericle & Beth SchwartzApril 27, 2016 (2016-04-27)3J58192.27 8920"Genesis"Gregory SmithOscar Balderrama & Emilio Ortega AldrichMay 4, 2016 (2016-05-04)3J58202.07 9021"Monument Point"Kevin TancharoenSpeed Weed & Jenny LynnMay 11, 2016 (2016-05-11)3J58212.16 9122"Lost in the Flood"Glen WinterBrian Ford Sullivan & Oscar BalderramaMay 18, 2016 (2016-05-18)3J58221.94 9223"Schism"John BehringStory by : Greg BerlantiTeleplay by : Wendy Mericle & Marc GuggenheimMay 25, 2016 (2016-05-25)3J58232.19 Season 5 (2016–17) Main article: Arrow season 5 The fifth season began airing on October 5, 2016 and finished on May 24, 2017. Arrow season 5 episodesNo.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.codeU.S. viewers(millions)931"Legacy"James BamfordStory by : Greg BerlantiTeleplay by : Marc Guggenheim & Wendy MericleOctober 5, 2016 (2016-10-05)T27.132011.87 942"The Recruits"James BamfordSpeed Weed & Beth SchwartzOctober 12, 2016 (2016-10-12)T27.132021.94 953"A Matter of Trust"Gregory SmithBen Sokolowski & Emilio Ortega AldrichOctober 19, 2016 (2016-10-19)T27.132031.79 964"Penance"Dermott DownsBrian Ford Sullivan & Oscar BalderramaOctober 26, 2016 (2016-10-26)T27.132041.87 975"Human Target"Laura BelseyOscar Balderrama & Sarah TarkoffNovember 2, 2016 (2016-11-02)T27.132051.61 986"So It Begins"John BehringWendy Mericle & Brian Ford SullivanNovember 9, 2016 (2016-11-09)T27.132061.95 997"Vigilante"Gordon VerheulBen Sokolowski & Emilio Ortega AldrichNovember 16, 2016 (2016-11-16)T27.132071.86 1008"Invasion!"James BamfordStory by : Greg BerlantiTeleplay by : Marc Guggenheim & Wendy MericleNovember 30, 2016 (2016-11-30)T27.132083.55 1019"What We Leave Behind"Antonio NegretWendy Mericle & Beth SchwartzDecember 7, 2016 (2016-12-07)T27.132091.94 10210"Who Are You?"Gregory SmithBen Sokolowski & Brian Ford SullivanJanuary 25, 2017 (2017-01-25)T27.132101.68 10311"Second Chances"Mark BuntingSpeed Weed & Sarah TarkoffFebruary 1, 2017 (2017-02-01)T27.132111.91 10412"Bratva"Ben BrayOscar Balderrama & Emilio Ortega AldrichFebruary 8, 2017 (2017-02-08)T27.132121.61 10513"Spectre of the Gun"Kristin WindellMarc GuggenheimFebruary 15, 2017 (2017-02-15)T27.132131.66 10614"The Sin-Eater"Mary LambertBarbara Bloom & Jenny LynnFebruary 22, 2017 (2017-02-22)T27.132141.54 10715"Fighting Fire with Fire"Michael SchultzSpeed Weed & Ben SokolowskiMarch 1, 2017 (2017-03-01)T27.132151.60 10816"Checkmate"Ken ShaneBeth Schwartz & Sarah TarkoffMarch 15, 2017 (2017-03-15)T27.132161.53 10917"Kapiushon"Kevin TancharoenBrian Ford Sullivan & Emilio Ortega AldrichMarch 22, 2017 (2017-03-22)T27.132171.38 11018"Disbanded"JJ MakaroRebecca BellottoMarch 29, 2017 (2017-03-29)T27.132181.55 11119"Dangerous Liaisons"Joel NovoaSpeed Weed & Elizabeth KimApril 26, 2017 (2017-04-26)T27.132191.36 11220"Underneath"Wendey StanzlerWendy Mericle & Beth SchwartzMay 3, 2017 (2017-05-03)T27.132201.36 11321"Honor Thy Fathers"Laura BelseyMarc Guggenheim & Sarah TarkoffMay 10, 2017 (2017-05-10)T27.132211.65 11422"Missing"Mairzee AlmasSpeed Weed & Oscar BalderramaMay 17, 2017 (2017-05-17)T27.132221.44 11523"Lian Yu"Jesse WarnWendy Mericle & Marc GuggenheimMay 24, 2017 (2017-05-24)T27.132231.72 Season 6 (2017–18) Main article: Arrow season 6 The sixth season began airing on October 12, 2017 and concluded on May 17, 2018. Arrow, season 6 episodesNo.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.codeU.S. viewers(millions)1161"Fallout"James BamfordMarc Guggenheim & Wendy MericleOctober 12, 2017 (2017-10-12)T27.134511.52 1172"Tribute"Laura BelseyStory by : Adam SchwartzTeleplay by : Marc Guggenheim & Beth SchwartzOctober 19, 2017 (2017-10-19)T27.134521.51 1183"Next of Kin"Kevin TancharoenSpeed Weed & Oscar BalderramaOctober 26, 2017 (2017-10-26)T27.134531.34 1194"Reversal"Gregory SmithSarah Tarkoff & Emilio Ortega AldrichNovember 2, 2017 (2017-11-02)T27.134541.33 1205"Deathstroke Returns"Joel NovoaBen Sokolowski & Spiro SkentzosNovember 9, 2017 (2017-11-09)T27.134551.29 1216"Promises Kept"Antonio NegretOscar Balderrama & Rebecca BellottoNovember 16, 2017 (2017-11-16)T27.134561.28 1227"Thanksgiving"Gordon VerheulWendy Mericle & Speed WeedNovember 23, 2017 (2017-11-23)T27.134571.09 1238"Crisis on Earth-X, Part 2"James BamfordStory by : Marc Guggenheim & Andrew KreisbergTeleplay by : Wendy Mericle & Ben SokolowskiNovember 27, 2017 (2017-11-27)T27.134582.52 1249"Irreconcilable Differences"Laura BelseyBeth Schwartz & Sarah TarkoffDecember 7, 2017 (2017-12-07)T27.134591.30 12510"Divided"James BamfordBen Sokolowski & Emilio Ortega AldrichJanuary 18, 2018 (2018-01-18)T27.134601.38 12611"We Fall"Wendey StanzlerSpeed Weed & Spiro SkentzosJanuary 25, 2018 (2018-01-25)T27.134611.38 12712"All for Nothing"Mairzee AlmasBeth Schwartz & Oscar BalderramaFebruary 1, 2018 (2018-02-01)T27.134621.24 12813"The Devil's Greatest Trick"JJ MakaroSarah Tarkoff & Emilio Ortega AldrichFebruary 8, 2018 (2018-02-08)T27.134631.30 12914"Collision Course"Ken ShaneOscar Balderrama & Rebecca BellottoMarch 1, 2018 (2018-03-01)T27.134641.11 13015"Doppelganger"Kristin WindellStory by : Christos Gage & Ruth Fletcher GageTeleplay by : Speed WeedMarch 8, 2018 (2018-03-08)T27.134651.28 13116"The Thanatos Guild"Joel NovoaBeth Schwartz & Ben SokolowskiMarch 29, 2018 (2018-03-29)T27.134661.12 13217"Brothers in Arms"Mark BuntingSarah Tarkoff & Jeane WongApril 5, 2018 (2018-04-05)T27.134670.87 13318"Fundamentals"Ben BraySpeed Weed & Emilio Ortega AldrichApril 12, 2018 (2018-04-12)T27.134681.06 13419"The Dragon"Gordon VerheulSpiro Skentzos & Elizabeth KimApril 19, 2018 (2018-04-19)T27.134690.96 13520"Shifting Allegiances"Alexandra La RocheWendy Mericle & Rebecca BellottoApril 26, 2018 (2018-04-26)T27.134700.87 13621"Docket No. 11-19-41-73"Andi ArmaganianStory by : Marc GuggenheimTeleplay by : Ubah Mohamed & Tyron B. CarterMay 3, 2018 (2018-05-03)T27.134711.10 13722"The Ties That Bind"Tara MieleBen Sokolowski & Oscar BalderramaMay 10, 2018 (2018-05-10)T27.134721.00 13823"Life Sentence"James BamfordWendy Mericle & Marc GuggenheimMay 17, 2018 (2018-05-17)T27.134731.35 Season 7 (2018–19) Main article: Arrow season 7 The seventh season aired from October 15, 2018 through May 13, 2019. It had 22 episode instead of 23 which the previous season had. Arrow, season 7 episodesNo.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.codeU.S. viewers(millions)1391"Inmate 4587"James BamfordBeth Schwartz & Oscar BalderramaOctober 15, 2018 (2018-10-15)T27.136511.43 1402"The Longbow Hunters"Laura BelseyJill Blankenship & Rebecca BellottoOctober 22, 2018 (2018-10-22)T27.136521.18 1413"Crossing Lines"Gordon VerheulStory by : Elizabeth KimTeleplay by : Onalee Hunter Hughes & Sarah TarkoffOctober 29, 2018 (2018-10-29)T27.136531.15 1424"Level Two"Ben BrayEmilio Ortega Aldrich & Tonya KongNovember 5, 2018 (2018-11-05)T27.136541.08 1435"The Demon"Mark BuntingBenjamin Raab & Deric A. HughesNovember 12, 2018 (2018-11-12)T27.136551.26 1446"Due Process"Kristin WindellSarah Tarkoff & Tonya KongNovember 19, 2018 (2018-11-19)T27.136561.03 1457"The Slabside Redemption"James BamfordJill Blankenship & Rebecca BellottoNovember 26, 2018 (2018-11-26)T27.136571.31 1468"Unmasked"Alexandra La RocheOscar Balderrama & Beth SchwartzDecember 3, 2018 (2018-12-03)T27.136581.35 1479"Elseworlds, Part 2"James BamfordStory by : Caroline DriesTeleplay by : Marc GuggenheimDecember 10, 2018 (2018-12-10)T27.136592.06 14810"My Name Is Emiko Queen"Andi ArmaganianBenjamin Raab & Deric A. HughesJanuary 21, 2019 (2019-01-21)T27.136601.22 14911"Past Sins"David RamseyOnalee Hunter Hughes & Tonya KongJanuary 28, 2019 (2019-01-28)T27.136611.18 15012"Emerald Archer"Glen WinterMarc Guggenheim & Emilio Ortega AldrichFebruary 4, 2019 (2019-02-04)T27.136621.07 15113"Star City Slayer"Gregory SmithBeth Schwartz & Jill BlankenshipFebruary 11, 2019 (2019-02-11)T27.136631.09 15214"Brothers & Sisters"Marcus StokesRebecca Bellotto & Jeane WongMarch 4, 2019 (2019-03-04)T27.136640.89 15315"Training Day"Ruba NaddaEmilio Ortega Aldrich & Rebecca RosenbergMarch 11, 2019 (2019-03-11)T27.136651.02 15416"Star City 2040"James BamfordBeth Schwartz & Oscar BalderramaMarch 18, 2019 (2019-03-18)T27.136661.00 15517"Inheritance"Patia ProutySarah Tarkoff & Elizabeth KimMarch 25, 2019 (2019-03-25)T27.136671.01 15618"Lost Canary"Kristin WindellJill Blankenship & Elisa DelsonApril 15, 2019 (2019-04-15)T27.136680.71 15719"Spartan"Avi YouabianBenjamin Raab & Deric A. HughesApril 22, 2019 (2019-04-22)T27.136690.71 15820"Confessions"Tara MieleOnalee Hunter Hughes & Emilio Ortega AldrichApril 29, 2019 (2019-04-29)T27.136700.64 15921"Living Proof"Gordon VerheulOscar Balderrama & Sarah TarkoffMay 6, 2019 (2019-05-06)T27.136710.63 16022"You Have Saved This City"James BamfordBeth Schwartz & Rebecca BellottoMay 13, 2019 (2019-05-13)T27.136720.95 Season 8 (2019–20) Main article: Arrow season 8 The eight and final season of Arrow was ordered on March 6, 2019 with a 10 episode order. The season began on October 15, 2019 and concluded on January 28, 2020. Arrow, season 8 episodesNo.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.codeU.S. viewers(millions)1611"Starling City"James BamfordBeth Schwartz & Marc GuggenheimOctober 15, 2019 (2019-10-15)T27.139510.84 1622"Welcome to Hong Kong"Antonio NegretJill Blankenship & Sarah TarkoffOctober 22, 2019 (2019-10-22)T27.139520.77 1633"Leap of Faith"Katie CassidyEmilio Ortega Aldrich & Elizabeth KimOctober 29, 2019 (2019-10-29)T27.139530.76 1644"Present Tense"Kristin WindellOscar Balderrama & Jeane WongNovember 5, 2019 (2019-11-05)T27.139540.62 1655"Prochnost"Laura BelseyBenjamin Raab & Deric A. HughesNovember 19, 2019 (2019-11-19)T27.139550.74 1666"Reset"David RamseyOnalee Hunter Hughes & Maya HoustonNovember 26, 2019 (2019-11-26)T27.139560.79 1677"Purgatory"James BamfordRebecca Bellotto & Rebecca RosenbergDecember 3, 2019 (2019-12-03)T27.139570.83 1688"Crisis on Infinite Earths: Part Four"Glen WinterMarv Wolfman & Marc GuggenheimJanuary 14, 2020 (2020-01-14)T27.139581.41 1699"Green Arrow & The Canaries""Livin' in the Future"Tara MieleBeth Schwartz & Marc Guggenheim & Jill Blankenship & Oscar BalderramaJanuary 21, 2020 (2020-01-21)T27.139590.89 17010"Fadeout"James BamfordMarc Guggenheim & Beth SchwartzJanuary 28, 2020 (2020-01-28)T27.139600.73 Specials Arrow television specialsNo.TitleNarratorAired betweenOriginal air dateU.S. viewers(millions)1"Year One"John Barrowman"Sacrifice" (S01E23)"City of Heroes" (S02E01)October 2, 2013 (2013-10-02)1.74 2"Hitting the Bullseye"TBA"Green Arrow & The Canaries" (S08E09)"Fadeout" (S08E10)January 28, 2020 (2020-01-28)0.63 Home media Arrow home media releases Season DVD release dates Blu-ray release dates Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 Region A Region B 1 September 17, 2013 September 23, 2013 October 2, 2013 September 17, 2013 September 23, 2013 2 September 16, 2014 September 22, 2014 December 3, 2014 September 16, 2014 September 22, 2014 3 September 22, 2015 September 28, 2015 September 23, 2015 September 22, 2015 September 28, 2015 4 August 30, 2016 September 5, 2016 September 7, 2016 August 30, 2016 September 5, 2016 5 September 19, 2017 September 18, 2017 September 9, 2017 September 19, 2017 September 18, 2017 6 August 14, 2018 September 3, 2018 August 14, 2018 August 14, 2018 September 3, 2018 7 August 20, 2019 September 16, 2019 August 21, 2019 August 20, 2019 September 16, 2019 8 April 28, 2020 May 25, 2020 April 29, 2020 April 28, 2020 May 25, 2020 References ^ a b "Arrow Premiered Ten Years Ago Today, Launching a Multiverse of DC Shows". ComicBook.com. Retrieved May 21, 2024. ^ a b Schedeen, Jesse (May 16, 2013). "Arrow: "Sacrifice" Review". IGN. Retrieved May 21, 2024. ^ Villarreal, Yvonne (February 11, 2013). "CW's 'Arrow,' 'Vampire Diaries,' 'Supernatural' get early renewal". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on February 12, 2013. Retrieved May 20, 2024. ^ a b Moore, A. (October 9, 2013). "'Arrow' Season 2 Premiere, Episode 1: 'City of Heroes'". Atlanta Black Star. Retrieved May 21, 2024. ^ a b Dodds, Eric (May 14, 2014). "Arrow Co-Creator Marc Guggenheim on Tonight's Season 2 Finale". TIME. Retrieved May 21, 2024. ^ "'Supernatural' Renewed For 10th Season: The CW Renews 'Reign,' 'The Originals,' 'The Vampire Diaries' And 'Arrow'". The Huffington Post. February 12, 2014. Archived from the original on October 19, 2014. Retrieved May 22, 2024. ^ a b Bucksbuam, Sydney (May 13, 2015). "Um, Why Is the Arrow Boss Calling the Season 3 Finale a Series Finale?!". E! Online. 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"Arrow: "Lian Yu" Review". IGN. Retrieved May 22, 2024. ^ Jayson, Jay (January 8, 2017). "The CW Renews Arrow, Supernatural, Crazy Ex and 4 Others". ComicBook.com. Archived from the original on February 1, 2017. Retrieved May 24, 2024. ^ a b "Does the New 'Arrow' Bunker Tease a Death in the Family?". DC. Retrieved May 24, 2024. ^ a b Mitovich, Matt Webb (May 17, 2018). "Arrow Boss: 'Unconventional' Finale Packs 'Emotional Wallops,' Plus a Big DC Comics Tease for Season 7". TVLine. Retrieved May 24, 2024. ^ Goldberg, Lesley (April 2, 2018). "'Riverdale,' 'Flash,' 'Supernatural' Among 10 CW Renewals". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on April 2, 2018. Retrieved May 24, 2024. ^ a b "'Arrow's Stephen Amell Says Oliver Stays in Prison Longer Than Everybody Expects". ComicBook.com. October 13, 2018. Archived from the original on October 14, 2018. Retrieved May 24, 2024. ^ a b Prudom, Laura (March 6, 2019). "Arrow Ending After Season 8 With Shortened Final Season". IGN. 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"Primetime NFL adjusts up on Thanksgiving: Thursday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on February 20, 2018. Retrieved November 28, 2017. ^ Porter, Rick (November 29, 2017). "'CMA Country Christmas,' 'Good Doctor,' 'Pentatonix Christmas' adjust down: Monday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on December 8, 2017. Retrieved November 29, 2017. ^ Porter, Rick (December 8, 2017). "'Supernatural' and NFL adjust up: Thursday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on February 13, 2018. Retrieved December 8, 2017. ^ Porter, Rick (January 22, 2018). "'Grey's Anatomy' adjusts up, 'The Four,' 'Scandal' and 'Great News' down: Thursday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on January 23, 2018. Retrieved January 22, 2018. ^ Porter, Rick (January 26, 2018). "'Grey's Anatomy' adjusts up, 'Big Bang Theory' rerun adjusts down: Thursday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on January 27, 2018. Retrieved January 26, 2018. ^ Porter, Rick (February 2, 2018). "'Big Bang Theory,' 'The Four' adjust up, 'Mom' and 'AP Bio' adjust down: Thursday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on February 2, 2018. Retrieved February 2, 2018. ^ Porter, Rick (February 9, 2018). "Olympics adjust up: Thursday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on February 9, 2018. Retrieved February 9, 2018. ^ Porter, Rick (March 2, 2018). "'Superstore,' 'SWAT,' 'Scandal' and 'AP Bio' adjust down: Thursday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on March 3, 2018. Retrieved March 2, 2018. ^ Porter, Rick (March 9, 2018). "'Young Sheldon,' 'SWAT,' all NBC shows adjust down: Thursday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on March 10, 2018. Retrieved March 9, 2018. ^ Porter, Rick (March 30, 2018). "'Big Bang Theory,' 'Grey's Anatomy' and 'Chicago Fire' adjust up, 'SWAT' adjusts down: Thursday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on March 31, 2018. Retrieved March 30, 2018. ^ Porter, Rick (April 6, 2018). "'Big Bang Theory,' 'Grey's Anatomy' adjust up, 'Mom,' 'Supernatural,' 'Arrow' down: Thursday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on April 6, 2018. Retrieved April 6, 2018. ^ Porter, Rick (April 13, 2018). "'Big Bang Theory,' 'Grey's Anatomy' and 'Superstore' adjust up: Thursday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on April 14, 2018. Retrieved April 13, 2018. ^ Porter, Rick (April 20, 2018). "'Grey's Anatomy' adjusts up, 'SWAT,' 'Supernatural' & 'Arrow' adjust down: Thursday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on April 21, 2018. Retrieved April 20, 2018. ^ Porter, Rick (April 27, 2018). "'Grey's Anatomy,' 'Big Bang Theory,' 'Young Sheldon' and 'Supernatural' adjust up: Thursday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on April 28, 2018. Retrieved April 28, 2018. ^ Porter, Rick (May 4, 2018). "'Gotham' and 'Big Bang Theory' adjust up, 'Life in Pieces,' 'Showtime at the Apollo' and 'Station 19' adjust down: Thursday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on May 5, 2018. Retrieved May 4, 2018. ^ Porter, Rick (May 11, 2018). "'Grey's Anatomy,' 'Big Bang Theory,' 'Young Sheldon' adjust up, 'Supernatural' & 'Arrow' down: Thursday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on May 12, 2018. Retrieved May 11, 2018. ^ Porter, Rick (May 18, 2018). "'SWAT' and 'Arrow' finales adjust down: Thursday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on May 19, 2018. Retrieved May 18, 2018. ^ Welch, Alex (October 16, 2018). "'Magnum P.I.' and 'Bull' adjust up, 'Dancing with the Stars' adjusts down: Monday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on October 17, 2018. Retrieved October 16, 2018. ^ Welch, Alex (October 23, 2018). "'Happy Together' adjusts up, 'Dancing with the Stars' adjusts down: Monday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on October 24, 2018. Retrieved October 23, 2018. ^ Welch, Alex (October 30, 2018). "'Happy Together' adjusts up, 'Dancing with the Stars' and 'The Good Doctor' adjust down: Monday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on October 31, 2018. Retrieved October 30, 2018. ^ Welch, Alex (November 6, 2018). "'Manifest,' 'The Good Doctor,' and 'Dancing with the Stars' adjust down: Monday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on November 7, 2018. Retrieved November 6, 2018. ^ Welch, Alex (November 14, 2018). "'Arrow' and 'Legends of Tomorrow' adjust down: Monday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on November 14, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018. ^ Welch, Alex (November 20, 2018). "'Dancing with the Stars' and 'The Good Doctor' adjust down: Monday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on November 21, 2018. Retrieved November 20, 2018. ^ Welch, Alex (November 28, 2018). "'Great Christmas Light Fight' and 'The Good Doctor' adjust down: Monday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on November 29, 2018. Retrieved November 28, 2018. ^ Welch, Alex (December 4, 2018). "'Arrow' adjusts up, 'The Neighborhood' adjusts down: Monday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved December 4, 2018. ^ Welch, Alex (December 11, 2018). "'Arrow' adjusts up, 'Magnum P.I.' and 'The Neighborhood' adjust down: Monday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on December 12, 2018. 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TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on March 6, 2019. Retrieved March 5, 2019. ^ Rejent, Joseph (March 12, 2019). "'Man with a Plan' adjusts up, 'The Good Doctor' adjusts down: Monday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on March 27, 2019. Retrieved March 12, 2019. ^ Rejent, Joseph (March 19, 2019). "'American Idol' adjusts up: Monday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on March 27, 2019. Retrieved March 19, 2019. ^ Rejent, Joseph (March 26, 2019). "'The Voice,' 'American Idol,' 'The Neighborhood,' all others hold: Monday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on March 26, 2019. Retrieved March 26, 2019. ^ Rejent, Joseph (April 16, 2019). "'The Resident,' 'Man with a Plan' adjust up, 'The Code' adjusts down: Monday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on April 16, 2019. Retrieved April 16, 2019. ^ Rejent, Joseph (April 23, 2019). "'DC's Legends of Tomorrow' adjusts down: Monday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on April 23, 2019. Retrieved April 23, 2019. ^ Rejent, Joseph (April 30, 2019). "'The Big Bang Theory' rerun adjusts up: Monday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on April 30, 2019. Retrieved April 30, 2019. ^ Rejent, Joseph (May 7, 2019). "'Man with a Plan' adjusts up, 'The Fix' adjusts down: Monday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on May 7, 2019. Retrieved May 7, 2019. ^ Rejent, Joseph (May 14, 2019). "'The Voice' adjusts down: Monday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on May 14, 2019. Retrieved May 14, 2019. ^ Welch, Alex (October 16, 2019). "'Mixed-ish' adjusts down: Tuesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on October 23, 2019. Retrieved October 16, 2019. ^ Welch, Alex (October 23, 2019). "'It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown' and World Series adjust up: Tuesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on October 23, 2019. Retrieved October 23, 2019. ^ Welch, Alex (October 30, 2019). "'Mixed-ish' and 'World Series' adjusts up: Tuesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on October 30, 2019. Retrieved October 30, 2019. ^ Welch, Alex (November 6, 2019). "'NCIS: New Orleans' adjusts down: Tuesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on October 23, 2019. Retrieved November 6, 2019. ^ Welch, Alex (November 20, 2019). "'The Conners,' 'The Voice,' all others hold: Tuesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on November 21, 2019. Retrieved November 20, 2019. ^ Welch, Alex (November 27, 2019). "'The Conners' adjusts up: Tuesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on November 27, 2019. Retrieved November 27, 2019. ^ Welch, Alex (December 5, 2019). "'The Voice,' 'CMA Country Christmas,' all others hold: Tuesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on December 5, 2019. Retrieved December 5, 2019. ^ Welch, Alex (January 15, 2020). "'This is Us' adjusts up: Tuesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on January 17, 2020. Retrieved January 15, 2020. ^ Guggenheim, Marc (November 3, 2019). "Unfortunately, the studio required us to officially title the episode after the planned spinoff, thus demonstrating no respect for tradition. Therefore, I would appreciate it if we could all just agree that the REAL title of 809 is "Livin' In the Future." Thank you all" (Tweet). Retrieved November 3, 2019 – via Twitter. ^ Welch, Alex (January 23, 2020). "'NCIS,' 'The Conners,' all others hold: Tuesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on January 24, 2020. Retrieved January 23, 2020. ^ Welch, Alex (January 29, 2020). "'This is Us' adjusts up, 'Arrow' adjusts down: Tuesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on January 29, 2020. Retrieved January 29, 2020. ^ Bibel, Sara (October 2, 2013). "Wednesday Final Ratings: 'Revolution', 'Survivor', 'The Middle' & 'Back In The Game' Adjusted Up; 'Ironside' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on October 5, 2013. Retrieved October 4, 2013. ^ Welch, Alex (January 29, 2020). "'This is Us' adjusts up, 'Arrow' adjusts down: Tuesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on January 29, 2020. Retrieved January 29, 2020. ^ a b "Arrow: Season 1 (Blu-ray + DVD)". Amazon. Retrieved July 10, 2013. ^ "Arrow – Season 1 (DVD)". Amazon UK. Retrieved January 22, 2015. ^ "Arrow – Season 1 (DVD/Ultraviolet)". JB Hi-Fi. Archived from the original on August 18, 2013. Retrieved August 2, 2013. ^ "Arrow – Season 1 (Blu-ray)". Amazon UK. Retrieved May 16, 2013. ^ a b "Arrow – Season 2 (DVD)". TVShowsonDVD.com. Archived from the original on June 13, 2014. Retrieved June 11, 2014. ^ "Arrow – Season 2 (DVD)". Amazon UK. Retrieved January 22, 2015. ^ "Arrow – Season 2 (DVD/Ultraviolet)". JB Hi-Fi. Archived from the original on January 22, 2015. Retrieved February 5, 2015. ^ "Arrow – Season 2 (Blu-Ray)". Amazon UK. Retrieved April 12, 2014. ^ a b "Arrow – Season 3 (DVD)". TVShowsonDVD.com. Archived from the original on May 21, 2017. Retrieved June 26, 2015. ^ "Arrow – Season 3 ". Amazon UK. April 17, 2019. ^ "Arrow – Season 3". JBHifi.com. Retrieved September 24, 2015. ^ "Arrow – Season 3 ". Amazon UK. September 28, 2015. ^ a b "Arrow – Warner Shoots Out a Press Release for 'The Complete 4th Season'". TVShowsonDVD.com. Archived from the original on March 5, 2017. Retrieved June 1, 2016. ^ "Arrow – Season 4 ". Amazon UK. September 5, 2016. ^ "Arrow – Season 4 ". JB Hi-Fi. ^ "Arrow – Season 4 ". Amazon UK. September 5, 2016. ^ a b "Arrow: The Complete Fifth Season". Amazon.com. September 19, 2017. ^ "Arrow – Season 5 ". Amazon UK. April 17, 2019. ^ "Buy Arrow: Season 5 DVD From EzyDVD.com.au". EzyDVD.com.au. Archived from the original on September 9, 2017. Retrieved August 29, 2017. ^ "Arrow – Season 5 ". Amazon.co.uk. September 18, 2017. Retrieved September 24, 2017. ^ "Arrow: Season 6". Amazon.com. Retrieved August 9, 2018. ^ "Arrow: Season 6 ". Amazon.co.uk. Retrieved August 9, 2018. ^ "Arrow - Season 6 5 DVD". JB Hi-Fi. Retrieved August 9, 2018. ^ "Arrow: The Complete Sixth Season (BD) ". Amazon.com. Retrieved August 9, 2018. ^ "Arrow: Season 6 ". Amazon.co.uk. Retrieved August 9, 2018. ^ Bradley, Dan (May 22, 2019). "'Arrow' Season 7 Blu-ray and DVD Set for August 20th Release Date". The HD Room. Retrieved May 24, 2019. ^ "Arrow: Season 7 ". Amazon.co.uk. Retrieved April 14, 2020. ^ "Arrow - Season 7". JB Hi-Fi. Retrieved April 14, 2020. ^ "Arrow: The Complete Seventh Season (Blu-ray)". Amazon.com. August 20, 2019. Retrieved April 14, 2020. ^ "Arrow: Season 7 ". Amazon.co.uk. September 16, 2019. Retrieved April 14, 2020. ^ "Arrow: The Eighth and Final Season (DVD)". Amazon.com. Retrieved April 14, 2020. ^ "Arrow: Season 8 ". Amazon.co.uk. May 25, 2020. Retrieved September 24, 2020. ^ "Arrow - Season 8". JB Hi-Fi. Retrieved April 14, 2020. ^ "Arrow: The Eighth and Final Season (Blu-ray + Digital & Bonus Disc)". Amazon.com. Retrieved April 14, 2020. ^ "Arrow: Season 8 last=". Amazon.co.uk. May 25, 2020. Retrieved September 24, 2020. External links Wikiquote has quotations related to Arrow. Television portalUnited States portal Official website Arrow at IMDb List of Arrow episodes at The Futon Critic vteArrowEpisodesSeason 1 "Pilot" Season 2 "State v. Queen" "The Scientist" Season 3 "The Secret Origin of Felicity Smoak" "The Brave and the Bold" Season 4 "Green Arrow" "Haunted" "Legends of Yesterday" "Unchained" "Sins of the Father" Season 5 "Legacy" "Invasion!" "Kapiushon" "Lian Yu" Season 6 "Crisis on Earth-X, Part 2" "Doppelganger" "The Dragon" Season 7 "Elseworlds, Part 2" "Emerald Archer" "Star City 2040" Season 8 "Starling City" "Welcome to Hong Kong" "Leap of Faith" "Present Tense" "Prochnost" "Purgatory" "Crisis on Infinite Earths, Part 4" "Green Arrow & The Canaries" "Fadeout" CharactersMain John Diggle Laurel Lance Oliver Queen Thea Queen Felicity Smoak Supporting Sara Lance Ray Palmer Category vteArrowverseArrow Characters main supporting Episodes season 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 The Flash Characters Episodes season 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Accolades Supergirl Characters Episodes season 1 2 3 4 5 6 Legends of Tomorrow Characters Episodes season 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Black Lightning Characters Episodes season 1 2 3 4 Batwoman Characters Episodes season 1 2 3 Animated series Vixen Freedom Fighters: The Ray Characters Barry Allen John Constantine Alex Danvers Kara Danvers John Diggle Kate Kane Laurel Lance Sara Lance Lex Luthor Nia Nal Ray Palmer Jefferson Pierce Oliver Queen Thea Queen Felicity Smoak Zari Tarazi Eobard Thawne Zari Tomaz Harrison Wells Iris West-Allen Joe West Crossovers "Flash vs. Arrow" "Heroes Join Forces" "Worlds Finest" "Invasion!" "Duet" "Crisis on Earth-X" "Elseworlds" "Crisis on Infinite Earths" Related Cast The Flash (1990) Constantine Superman & Lois Category Task force
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stephen_Amell_WonderCon_2013_(Straighten_Crop).jpg"},{"link_name":"Stephen Amell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Amell"},{"link_name":"WonderCon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WonderCon"},{"link_name":"Arrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrow_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"superhero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superhero_fiction"},{"link_name":"Greg Berlanti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Berlanti"},{"link_name":"Marc Guggenheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Guggenheim"},{"link_name":"Andrew Kreisberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Kreisberg"},{"link_name":"DC Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Comics"},{"link_name":"Green Arrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Arrow"},{"link_name":"Mort Weisinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mort_Weisinger"},{"link_name":"George Papp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Papp"},{"link_name":"Arrowverse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrowverse"},{"link_name":"Oliver Queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Queen_(Arrowverse)"},{"link_name":"Stephen Amell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Amell"},{"link_name":"Lian Yu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lian_Yu_(Arrowverse_location)"},{"link_name":"Starling City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starling_City"},{"link_name":"John Diggle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Diggle_(Arrowverse)"},{"link_name":"David Ramsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ramsey"},{"link_name":"Felicity Smoak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felicity_Smoak_(Arrowverse)"},{"link_name":"Emily Bett Rickards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily_Bett_Rickards"},{"link_name":"Sara Lance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara_Lance"},{"link_name":"Caity Lotz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caity_Lotz"},{"link_name":"Roy Harper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Harper_(Arrowverse)"},{"link_name":"Colton Haynes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colton_Haynes"},{"link_name":"Thea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thea_Queen"},{"link_name":"Willa Holland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willa_Holland"},{"link_name":"Laurel Lance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurel_Lance_(Arrowverse)"},{"link_name":"Katie Cassidy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katie_Cassidy"},{"link_name":"Quentin Lance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quentin_Lance"},{"link_name":"Paul Blackthorne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Blackthorne"},{"link_name":"William","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Clayton_(Arrowverse)"},{"link_name":"Ben Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Lewis_(Canadian_actor)"},{"link_name":"Mia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mia_Smoak"},{"link_name":"Katherine McNamara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katherine_McNamara"},{"link_name":"first season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrow_season_1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"second season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrow_season_2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-renewed-6"},{"link_name":"third season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrow_season_3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-8"},{"link_name":"fourth season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrow_season_4"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Renew2-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"sixth season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrow_season_6"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:14-17"},{"link_name":"seventh season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrow_season_7"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:15-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-20"},{"link_name":"eight season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrow_season_8"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-22"}],"text":"Series lead Stephen Amell speaking at the 2013 WonderCon.Arrow is an American superhero television series developed by Greg Berlanti, Marc Guggenheim, and Andrew Kreisberg based on the DC Comics character Green Arrow, a costumed crime-fighter created by Mort Weisinger and George Papp, and is set in the Arrowverse, sharing continuity with other related television series.Arrow follows billionaire playboy Oliver Queen (Stephen Amell), who claimed to have spent five years shipwrecked on Lian Yu, a mysterious island in the North China Sea, before returning home to Starling City (later renamed \"Star City\") to fight crime and corruption as a secret vigilante whose weapon of choice is a bow and arrow. Throughout the series, Oliver is joined by others in his quest, among them former soldier John Diggle (David Ramsey), I.T. expert and skilled hacker Felicity Smoak (Emily Bett Rickards), former assassin Sara Lance (Caity Lotz), aspiring vigilante Roy Harper (Colton Haynes), Oliver's sister Thea (Willa Holland), and attorney-turned-vigilante Laurel Lance (Katie Cassidy). The group also receives support from Laurel and Sara's father, Detective Quentin Lance (Paul Blackthorne). During the first five seasons of the show, characters from Oliver's past appear in a separate story arc based on Oliver's flashbacks, which highlight parallels from Oliver's history that shape events in the main story. Starting with season seven, a series of flash-forwards focus on Oliver's children William (Ben Lewis) and Mia (Katherine McNamara), exploring how present events would affect their future and Green Arrow's legacy.The first season aired from October 10, 2012 through May 15, 2013.[1][2] On February 11, The CW renewed the series for a second season.[3] The season aired on October 9 and concluded on May 14, 2014.[4][5] On February 12 the series was renewed for another season.[6] The third season began airing on October 8 and concluded on May 13, 2015.[7][8] Arrow was renewed for a fourth season on January 11.[9] The season began aired on October 7 and ended on May 25, 2016.[10][11] On March 11, the series was renewed.[12] The fifth season began airing on October 5 and finished on May 24, 2017.[13][14] The series was renewed for another season on January 8.[15] The sixth season began airing on October 12, 2017 and concluded on May 17, 2018.[16][17] Arrow was renewed for a seventh season on April 2, 2018.[18] The season aired from October 15 through May 13, 2019.[19]On March 6, 2019 the series was given a final season order.[20] The eight season began on October 15, 2019 and concluded on January 28, 2020.[21][22]During the course of the series, 170 episodes of Arrow aired over eight seasons, between October 10, 2012, and January 28, 2020. All eight seasons of the series have also been released on DVD to regions 1, 2 and 4 and on Blu-ray to regions A and B.","title":"List of Arrow episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Season_1_(2012%E2%80%9313)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2012-2013AvgRatings-23"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Season_2_(2013%E2%80%9314)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2013-2014AvgViewers-24"},{"link_name":"3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Season_3_(2014%E2%80%9315)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2014-2015AvgRatings-25"},{"link_name":"4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Season_4_(2015%E2%80%9316)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2015-2016AvgRatings-26"},{"link_name":"5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Season_5_(2016%E2%80%9317)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2016-2017AvgRatings-27"},{"link_name":"6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Season_6_(2017%E2%80%9318)"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2017-2018AvgRatings-28"},{"link_name":"7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Season_7_(2018%E2%80%9319)"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2018-2019AvgRatings-29"},{"link_name":"8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Season_8_(2019%E2%80%9320)"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2019-2020AvgRatings-30"}],"text":"Arrow series overviewSeasonEpisodesOriginally airedRankAverage viewers(in millions)First airedLast aired123October 10, 2012 (2012-10-10)May 15, 2013 (2013-05-15)1473.68[23]223October 9, 2013 (2013-10-09)May 14, 2014 (2014-05-14)1813.28[24]323October 8, 2014 (2014-10-08)May 13, 2015 (2015-05-13)1203.52[25]423October 7, 2015 (2015-10-07)May 25, 2016 (2016-05-25)1452.90[26]523October 5, 2016 (2016-10-05)May 24, 2017 (2017-05-24)1282.21[27]623October 12, 2017 (2017-10-12)May 17, 2018 (2018-05-17)1191.76[28]722October 15, 2018 (2018-10-15)May 13, 2019 (2019-05-13)1251.58[29]810October 15, 2019 (2019-10-15)January 28, 2020 (2020-01-28)1721.52[30]","title":"Series overview"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"}],"sub_title":"Season 1 (2012–13)","text":"The first season of Arrow aired from October 10, 2012 through May 15, 2013.[1][2]","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-5"}],"sub_title":"Season 2 (2013–14)","text":"The second season aired on October 9, 2013 and concluded on May 14, 2014.[4][5]","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-8"}],"sub_title":"Season 3 (2014–15)","text":"The third season began airing on October 8 and concluded on May 13, 2015.[7][8]","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-11"}],"sub_title":"Season 4 (2015–16)","text":"The fourth season began aired on October 7, 2015 and ended on May 25, 2016.[10][11]","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-14"}],"sub_title":"Season 5 (2016–17)","text":"The fifth season began airing on October 5, 2016 and finished on May 24, 2017.[13][14]","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:14-17"}],"sub_title":"Season 6 (2017–18)","text":"The sixth season began airing on October 12, 2017 and concluded on May 17, 2018.[16][17]","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:15-19"}],"sub_title":"Season 7 (2018–19)","text":"The seventh season aired from October 15, 2018 through May 13, 2019. It had 22 episode instead of 23 which the previous season had.[19]","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-22"}],"sub_title":"Season 8 (2019–20)","text":"The eight and final season of Arrow was ordered on March 6, 2019 with a 10 episode order.[20] The season began on October 15, 2019 and concluded on January 28, 2020.[21][22]","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Specials"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Home media"}]
[{"image_text":"Series lead Stephen Amell speaking at the 2013 WonderCon.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Stephen_Amell_WonderCon_2013_%28Straighten_Crop%29.jpg/158px-Stephen_Amell_WonderCon_2013_%28Straighten_Crop%29.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Arrow Premiered Ten Years Ago Today, Launching a Multiverse of DC Shows\". ComicBook.com. Retrieved May 21, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://comicbook.com/tv-shows/news/arrow-premiered-ten-years-ago-today-arrowverse/","url_text":"\"Arrow Premiered Ten Years Ago Today, Launching a Multiverse of DC Shows\""}]},{"reference":"Schedeen, Jesse (May 16, 2013). \"Arrow: \"Sacrifice\" Review\". IGN. Retrieved May 21, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ign.com/articles/2013/05/16/arrow-sacrifice-review","url_text":"\"Arrow: \"Sacrifice\" Review\""}]},{"reference":"Villarreal, Yvonne (February 11, 2013). \"CW's 'Arrow,' 'Vampire Diaries,' 'Supernatural' get early renewal\". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on February 12, 2013. 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Retrieved December 12, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160220171406/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2013/12/12/wednesday-final-ratings-the-middle-adjusted-up/222125/","url_text":"\"Wednesday Final Ratings: The Middle Adjusted Up\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_by_the_Numbers","url_text":"TV by the Numbers"},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2013/12/12/wednesday-final-ratings-the-middle-adjusted-up/222125","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kondolojy, Amanda (January 16, 2014). \"Wednesday Final Ratings: American Idol Adjusted Up; Law and Order: SVU, The Tomorrow People & Super Fun Night Adjusted Down\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on March 22, 2014. 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Retrieved February 6, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015531/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2014/02/06/wednesday-final-ratings-super-fun-night-adjusted-down/235004/","url_text":"\"Wednesday Final Ratings: Super Fun Night Adjusted Down\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_by_the_Numbers","url_text":"TV by the Numbers"},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2014/02/06/wednesday-final-ratings-super-fun-night-adjusted-down/235004","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kondolojy, Amanda (February 27, 2014). \"Wednesday Final Ratings: American Idol & Nashville Adjusted Up; Survivor, The Middle, Mixology, Suburgatory & Criminal Minds Adjusted Down\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on March 2, 2014. 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Retrieved April 18, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140418234328/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2014/04/17/wednesday-final-ratings-survivor-adjusted-up-the-100-adjusted-down/254883/","url_text":"\"Wednesday Final Ratings: Survivor Adjusted Up; The 100 Adjusted Down\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_by_the_Numbers","url_text":"TV by the Numbers"},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2014/04/17/wednesday-final-ratings-survivor-adjusted-up-the-100-adjusted-down/254883/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kondolojy, Amanda (April 24, 2014). \"Wednesday Final Ratings: Survivor, The Middle, Suburgatory & Modern Family Adjusted Up\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on June 27, 2014. 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Archived from the original on February 21, 2015. Retrieved February 19, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150221011354/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/02/19/wednesday-final-ratings-empire-arrow-american-idol-the-100-stalker-adjusted-down/365253/","url_text":"\"Wednesday Final Ratings: Empire, Arrow, American Idol & Modern Family Adjusted Up; The 100 & Stalker Adjusted Down\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_by_the_Numbers","url_text":"TV by the Numbers"},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/02/19/wednesday-final-ratings-empire-arrow-american-idol-the-100-stalker-adjusted-down/365253/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kondolojy, Amanda (February 26, 2015). \"Wednesday Final Ratings: Empire, American Idol, Survivor & Arrow Adjusted Up; The 100, black-ish & Nashville Adjusted Down\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on February 27, 2015. 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Retrieved October 8, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151008210328/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/10/08/wednesday-final-ratings-oct-7-2015/477200/","url_text":"\"Wednesday final ratings: 'Empire', 'SVU' and others adjusted up, 'Arrow' holds, 'Nashville' adjusted down\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_by_the_Numbers","url_text":"TV by the Numbers"},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/10/08/wednesday-final-ratings-oct-7-2015/477200/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Porter, Rick (October 15, 2015). \"Wednesday final ratings: Empire, Modern Family and Arrow adjusted up, Nashville adjusted down\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on October 16, 2015. 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Retrieved October 30, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151108220010/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/10/30/wednesday-final-ratings-rosewood-adjusted-up-empire-and-everything-else-hold/","url_text":"\"Wednesday final ratings: Rosewood adjusted up, Empire and everything else hold\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_by_the_Numbers","url_text":"TV by the Numbers"},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/10/30/wednesday-final-ratings-rosewood-adjusted-up-empire-and-everything-else-hold/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Porter, Rick (November 4, 2015). \"Wednesday final ratings: Supernatural adjusts down, The Middle and The Goldbergs adjust up\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on November 7, 2015. Retrieved November 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151107002513/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/11/04/wednesday-final-ratings-supernatural-adjusts-down-the-middle-and-the-goldbergs-adjust-up/","url_text":"\"Wednesday final ratings: Supernatural adjusts down, The Middle and The Goldbergs adjust up\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_by_the_Numbers","url_text":"TV by the Numbers"},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/11/04/wednesday-final-ratings-supernatural-adjusts-down-the-middle-and-the-goldbergs-adjust-up/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Marc Guggenheim [@mguggenheim] (August 17, 2015). \"The next episode of Arrow, written by @briforsul & @ojbalderrama begins production today\" (Tweet). Retrieved August 17, 2015 – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Guggenheim","url_text":"Marc Guggenheim [@mguggenheim]"},{"url":"https://x.com/mguggenheim/status/633380061534547968","url_text":"\"The next episode of Arrow, written by @briforsul & @ojbalderrama begins production today\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"Porter, Rick (November 5, 2015). \"Wednesday final ratings: Arrow adjusts up, Criminal Minds rises but still at series low\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on November 7, 2015. 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Retrieved November 12, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151114021129/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/11/12/wednesday-final-ratings-nov-11-2015/","url_text":"\"Wednesday final ratings: black-ish and Code Black adjust down\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_by_the_Numbers","url_text":"TV by the Numbers"},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/11/12/wednesday-final-ratings-nov-11-2015/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Porter, Rick (November 19, 2015). \"Wednesday final ratings: Arrow, Rosewood, Survivor and The Middle adjust up\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on November 20, 2015. 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Retrieved December 9, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151214144806/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/12/10/wednesday-final-ratings-dec-9-2015/","url_text":"\"Wednesday final ratings: 'Criminal Minds,' 'Modern Family' and all other originals hold\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_by_the_Numbers","url_text":"TV by the Numbers"},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/12/10/wednesday-final-ratings-dec-9-2015/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Porter, Rick (January 21, 2016). \"Wednesday final ratings: 'Mike & Molly' adjusts up\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on January 23, 2016. 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Retrieved February 25, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160226090849/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/02/25/wednesday-final-ratings-feb-24-2016/","url_text":"\"Wednesday final ratings: 'Survivor' adjusts down\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_by_the_Numbers","url_text":"TV by the Numbers"},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/02/25/wednesday-final-ratings-feb-24-2016/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Porter, Rick (March 24, 2016). \"Wednesday final ratings: 'Survivor', 'Goldbergs', 'Criminal Minds' and 'Chicago P.D.' all adjust up\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on March 26, 2016. Retrieved March 24, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160326154043/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/03/24/wednesday-final-ratings-march-23-2016/","url_text":"\"Wednesday final ratings: 'Survivor', 'Goldbergs', 'Criminal Minds' and 'Chicago P.D.' all adjust up\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_by_the_Numbers","url_text":"TV by the Numbers"},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/03/24/wednesday-final-ratings-march-23-2016/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Porter, Rick (March 31, 2016). \"Wednesday final ratings: 'Empire' adjusts up, 'Survivor' and 'Beyond Borders' adjust down\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on April 3, 2016. Retrieved March 31, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160403133648/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/03/31/wednesday-final-ratings-march-30-2016/","url_text":"\"Wednesday final ratings: 'Empire' adjusts up, 'Survivor' and 'Beyond Borders' adjust down\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_by_the_Numbers","url_text":"TV by the Numbers"},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/03/31/wednesday-final-ratings-march-30-2016/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Porter, Rick (April 7, 2016). \"Wednesday final ratings: 'Empire' and 'Modern Family' adjust up, 'Nashville' adjusts down\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on April 8, 2016. Retrieved April 7, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160408082046/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/04/07/wednesday-final-ratings-april-6-2016/","url_text":"\"Wednesday final ratings: 'Empire' and 'Modern Family' adjust up, 'Nashville' adjusts down\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_by_the_Numbers","url_text":"TV by the Numbers"},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/04/07/wednesday-final-ratings-april-6-2016/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Porter, Rick (April 28, 2016). \"Wednesday final ratings: 'The Middle' and 'Empire' adjust up, 'Nashville' adjusts down\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on April 29, 2016. Retrieved April 28, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160429122659/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/04/28/wednesday-final-ratings-april-27-2016/","url_text":"\"Wednesday final ratings: 'The Middle' and 'Empire' adjust up, 'Nashville' adjusts down\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_by_the_Numbers","url_text":"TV by the Numbers"},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/04/28/wednesday-final-ratings-april-27-2016/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Porter, Rick (May 5, 2016). \"Wednesday final ratings: 'Chicago PD' and 'Heartbeat' adjust up, 'Nashville' adjusts down\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on May 6, 2016. Retrieved May 5, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160506012613/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/05/05/wednesday-final-ratings-may-4-2016/","url_text":"\"Wednesday final ratings: 'Chicago PD' and 'Heartbeat' adjust up, 'Nashville' adjusts down\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_by_the_Numbers","url_text":"TV by the Numbers"},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/05/05/wednesday-final-ratings-may-4-2016/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Porter, Rick (May 12, 2016). \"Wednesday final ratings: 'Empire' and 'The Goldbergs' adjust up, 'Black-ish' and 'Nashville' adjust down\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on May 13, 2016. Retrieved May 12, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160513010215/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/05/12/wednesday-final-ratings-may-11-2016/","url_text":"\"Wednesday final ratings: 'Empire' and 'The Goldbergs' adjust up, 'Black-ish' and 'Nashville' adjust down\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_by_the_Numbers","url_text":"TV by the Numbers"},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/05/12/wednesday-final-ratings-may-11-2016/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Porter, Rick (May 19, 2016). \"Wednesday final ratings: 'Empire', 'Goldbergs', 'SVU' adjust up; 'Arrow', 'Supernatural' adjust down\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on May 20, 2016. Retrieved May 19, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160520123521/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/05/19/wednesday-final-ratings-may-18-2016/","url_text":"\"Wednesday final ratings: 'Empire', 'Goldbergs', 'SVU' adjust up; 'Arrow', 'Supernatural' adjust down\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_by_the_Numbers","url_text":"TV by the Numbers"},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/05/19/wednesday-final-ratings-may-18-2016/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Porter, Rick (May 26, 2016). \"Wednesday final ratings: 'SVU' finale adjusts up, 'Supernatural' finale adjusts down\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on May 28, 2016. Retrieved May 26, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160528130310/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/05/26/wednesday-final-ratings-may-25-2016/","url_text":"\"Wednesday final ratings: 'SVU' finale adjusts up, 'Supernatural' finale adjusts down\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_by_the_Numbers","url_text":"TV by the Numbers"},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/05/26/wednesday-final-ratings-may-25-2016/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Porter, Rick (October 6, 2016). \"'Empire', 'Survivor', 'SVU', 'Chicago PD' adjust up, 'Black-ish' adjusts down: Wednesday final ratings\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on November 9, 2016. Retrieved October 6, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161109133928/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/empire-survivor-svu-chicago-pd-adjust-up-black-ish-adjusts-down-wednesday-final-ratings/","url_text":"\"'Empire', 'Survivor', 'SVU', 'Chicago PD' adjust up, 'Black-ish' adjusts down: Wednesday final ratings\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/10/06/empire-survivor-svu-chicago-pd-adjust-up-black-ish-adjusts-down-wednesday-final-ratings/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Porter, Rick (October 13, 2016). \"'Empire' and 'The Goldbergs' adjust up: Wednesday final ratings\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on October 16, 2016. Retrieved October 13, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161016003555/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/wednesday-final-ratings-oct-12-2016/","url_text":"\"'Empire' and 'The Goldbergs' adjust up: Wednesday final ratings\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/wednesday-final-ratings-oct-12-2016/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Porter, Rick (October 20, 2016). \"'Blindspot' and 'Frequency' adjust down, full debate numbers: Wednesday final ratings\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on October 21, 2016. Retrieved October 20, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161021074634/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/wednesday-final-ratings-oct-19-2016/","url_text":"\"'Blindspot' and 'Frequency' adjust down, full debate numbers: Wednesday final ratings\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/wednesday-final-ratings-oct-19-2016/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Porter, Rick (October 27, 2016). \"'Survivor', 'SVU', ABC comedies adjust up, 'Designated Survivor' adjusts down: Wednesday final ratings\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on October 28, 2016. Retrieved October 27, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161028022421/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/wednesday-final-ratings-oct-26-2016/","url_text":"\"'Survivor', 'SVU', ABC comedies adjust up, 'Designated Survivor' adjusts down: Wednesday final ratings\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/wednesday-final-ratings-oct-26-2016/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Porter, Rick (November 3, 2016). \"'Survivor' adjusts up, CMAs hold vs. World Series: Wednesday final ratings\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on November 4, 2016. Retrieved November 3, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161104075728/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/wednesday-final-ratings-nov-2-2016/","url_text":"\"'Survivor' adjusts up, CMAs hold vs. World Series: Wednesday final ratings\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/wednesday-final-ratings-nov-2-2016/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Porter, Rick (November 10, 2016). \"'Black-ish' adjusts down, others hold: Wednesday final ratings\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on November 11, 2016. Retrieved November 10, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161111122731/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/wednesday-final-ratings-nov-9-2016/","url_text":"\"'Black-ish' adjusts down, others hold: Wednesday final ratings\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/wednesday-final-ratings-nov-9-2016/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Porter, Rick (November 17, 2016). \"'Goldbergs' and 'Speechless' adjust up, 'Black-ish' adjusts down: Wednesday final ratings\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on November 18, 2016. Retrieved November 17, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161118040124/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/wednesday-final-ratings-nov-16-16/","url_text":"\"'Goldbergs' and 'Speechless' adjust up, 'Black-ish' adjusts down: Wednesday final ratings\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/wednesday-final-ratings-nov-16-16/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Porter, Rick (December 2, 2016). \"'Empire' adjusts up, 'Black-ish' adjusts down: Wednesday final ratings\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on December 5, 2016. Retrieved December 2, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161205111434/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/wednesday-final-ratings-nov-30-2016/","url_text":"\"'Empire' adjusts up, 'Black-ish' adjusts down: Wednesday final ratings\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/wednesday-final-ratings-nov-30-2016/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Welch, Alex (December 8, 2016). \"'Modern Family' adjusts up: Wednesday final ratings\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on December 9, 2016. Retrieved December 8, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161209153620/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/wednesday-final-ratings-december-7-2016/","url_text":"\"'Modern Family' adjusts up: Wednesday final ratings\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/wednesday-final-ratings-december-7-2016/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Porter, Rick (January 26, 2017). \"'SVU' and 'Modern Family' reruns adjust up: Wednesday final ratings\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on January 26, 2017. Retrieved January 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170126231603/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/wednesday-final-ratings-jan-25-2017/","url_text":"\"'SVU' and 'Modern Family' reruns adjust up: Wednesday final ratings\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/wednesday-final-ratings-jan-25-2017/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Porter, Rick (February 2, 2017). \"'The Goldbergs' rerun adjusts up: Wednesday final ratings\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on February 3, 2017. Retrieved February 2, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170203080650/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/wednesday-final-ratings-feb-1-2017/","url_text":"\"'The Goldbergs' rerun adjusts up: Wednesday final ratings\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/wednesday-final-ratings-feb-1-2017/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Porter, Rick (February 9, 2017). \"'Goldbergs', 'Modern Family', 'Blindspot' adjust up, 'Black-ish' adjusts down: Wednesday final ratings\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on February 10, 2017. Retrieved February 9, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170210114435/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/wednesday-final-ratings-feb-8-2017/","url_text":"\"'Goldbergs', 'Modern Family', 'Blindspot' adjust up, 'Black-ish' adjusts down: Wednesday final ratings\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/wednesday-final-ratings-feb-8-2017/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Porter, Rick (February 16, 2017). \"'Speechless' adjusts up, 'SVU' and 'Blindspot' adjust down: Wednesday final ratings\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on February 17, 2017. Retrieved February 16, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170217062647/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/wednesday-final-ratings-feb-15-2017/","url_text":"\"'Speechless' adjusts up, 'SVU' and 'Blindspot' adjust down: Wednesday final ratings\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/wednesday-final-ratings-feb-15-2017/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Porter, Rick (February 24, 2017). \"'Lethal Weapon', 'The Goldbergs' and 'Speechless' adjust up: Wednesday final ratings\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on February 25, 2017. Retrieved February 24, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170225052550/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/wednesday-final-ratings-feb-22-2017/","url_text":"\"'Lethal Weapon', 'The Goldbergs' and 'Speechless' adjust up: Wednesday final ratings\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/wednesday-final-ratings-feb-22-2017/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Porter, Rick (March 2, 2017). \"'The Goldbergs' and 'Criminal Minds' adjust up: Wednesday final ratings\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on March 3, 2017. Retrieved March 2, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170303030839/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/wednesday-final-ratings-march-1-2017/","url_text":"\"'The Goldbergs' and 'Criminal Minds' adjust up: Wednesday final ratings\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/wednesday-final-ratings-march-1-2017/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Porter, Rick (March 17, 2017). \"'The 100' adjusts down: Wednesday final ratings\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on March 17, 2017. Retrieved March 17, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170317193216/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/wednesday-final-ratings-march-15-2017/","url_text":"\"'The 100' adjusts down: Wednesday final ratings\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/wednesday-final-ratings-march-15-2017/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Porter, Rick (March 23, 2017). \"'Law & Order: SVU' adjusts up: Wednesday final ratings\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on March 24, 2017. Retrieved March 23, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170324173852/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/wednesday-final-ratings-march-22-2017/","url_text":"\"'Law & Order: SVU' adjusts up: Wednesday final ratings\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/wednesday-final-ratings-march-22-2017/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Porter, Rick (March 30, 2017). \"'Modern Family,' 'Survivor' and 'Chicago PD' adjust up: Wednesday final ratings\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on March 31, 2017. Retrieved March 30, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170331012748/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/wednesday-final-ratings-march-29-2017/","url_text":"\"'Modern Family,' 'Survivor' and 'Chicago PD' adjust up: Wednesday final ratings\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/wednesday-final-ratings-march-29-2017/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Porter, Rick (April 27, 2017). \"'Survivor' and 'Black-ish' adjust up: Wednesday final ratings\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on April 28, 2017. Retrieved April 27, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170428001857/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/wednesday-final-ratings-april-26-2017/","url_text":"\"'Survivor' and 'Black-ish' adjust up: Wednesday final ratings\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/wednesday-final-ratings-april-26-2017/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Porter, Rick (May 4, 2017). \"'Empire,' 'Modern Family,' 'Criminal Minds,' 'Chicago PD' adjust up, 'The 100' adjusts down: Wednesday final ratings\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on May 5, 2017. Retrieved May 4, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170505125704/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/wednesday-final-ratings-may-3-2017/","url_text":"\"'Empire,' 'Modern Family,' 'Criminal Minds,' 'Chicago PD' adjust up, 'The 100' adjusts down: Wednesday final ratings\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/wednesday-final-ratings-may-3-2017/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Porter, Rick (May 11, 2017). \"'Empire,' 'Modern Family,' 'Criminal Minds' finale, 'Chicago PD' & 'Speechless' all adjust up: Wednesday final ratings\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on May 11, 2017. Retrieved May 11, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170511223446/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/wednesday-final-ratings-may-10-2017/","url_text":"\"'Empire,' 'Modern Family,' 'Criminal Minds' finale, 'Chicago PD' & 'Speechless' all adjust up: Wednesday final ratings\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/wednesday-final-ratings-may-10-2017/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Porter, Rick (May 18, 2017). \"'Empire,' 'Blindspot' finale adjust up: Wednesday final ratings\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on May 19, 2017. Retrieved May 18, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170519001233/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/wednesday-final-ratings-may-17-2017/","url_text":"\"'Empire,' 'Blindspot' finale adjust up: Wednesday final ratings\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/wednesday-final-ratings-may-17-2017/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Porter, Rick (May 25, 2017). \"'Empire' finale and 'Dirty Dancing' adjust up, 'Survivor' reunion adjusts down: Wednesday final ratings\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on May 25, 2017. Retrieved May 25, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170525215520/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/wednesday-final-ratings-may-24-2017/","url_text":"\"'Empire' finale and 'Dirty Dancing' adjust up, 'Survivor' reunion adjusts down: Wednesday final ratings\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/wednesday-final-ratings-may-24-2017/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Porter, Rick (October 13, 2017). \"'Will & Grace,' 'Grey's Anatomy,' 'Gotham' and NFL adjust up: Thursday final ratings\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on October 15, 2017. Retrieved October 13, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171015051258/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/thursday-final-ratings-oct-12-2017/","url_text":"\"'Will & Grace,' 'Grey's Anatomy,' 'Gotham' and NFL adjust up: Thursday final ratings\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/thursday-final-ratings-oct-12-2017/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Porter, Rick (October 20, 2017). \"'Gotham' and 'Supernatural' adjust up, 'Arrow' adjusts down, final NFL numbers: Thursday final ratings\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on November 19, 2017. Retrieved October 20, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171119094649/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/thursday-final-ratings-oct-19-2017/","url_text":"\"'Gotham' and 'Supernatural' adjust up, 'Arrow' adjusts down, final NFL numbers: Thursday final ratings\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/thursday-final-ratings-oct-19-2017/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Porter, Rick (October 27, 2017). \"NFL adjusts up, scripted shows all unchanged: Thursday final ratings\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on November 3, 2017. Retrieved October 27, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171103053555/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/thursday-final-ratings-oct-26-2017/","url_text":"\"NFL adjusts up, scripted shows all unchanged: Thursday final ratings\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/thursday-final-ratings-oct-26-2017/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Porter, Rick (November 3, 2017). \"'Will & Grace' adjusts up, 'Sheldon' and other CBS shows adjust down: Thursday final ratings\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on November 3, 2017. Retrieved November 3, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171103233449/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/thursday-final-ratings-nov-2-2017/","url_text":"\"'Will & Grace' adjusts up, 'Sheldon' and other CBS shows adjust down: Thursday final ratings\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/thursday-final-ratings-nov-2-2017/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Porter, Rick (November 10, 2017). \"'Big Bang Theory' and 'Thursday Night Football' adjust up: Thursday final ratings\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on November 14, 2017. Retrieved November 11, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171114181810/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/thursday-final-ratings-nov-9-2017/","url_text":"\"'Big Bang Theory' and 'Thursday Night Football' adjust up: Thursday final ratings\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/thursday-final-ratings-nov-9-2017/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Porter, Rick (November 17, 2017). \"'Supernatural' and NFL adjust up, 'Young Sheldon' adjusts down: Thursday final ratings\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on February 20, 2018. Retrieved November 17, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180220053709/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/thursday-final-ratings-nov-16-2017/","url_text":"\"'Supernatural' and NFL adjust up, 'Young Sheldon' adjusts down: Thursday final ratings\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_by_the_Numbers","url_text":"TV by the Numbers"},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/thursday-final-ratings-nov-16-2017/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Porter, Rick (November 28, 2017). \"Primetime NFL adjusts up on Thanksgiving: Thursday final ratings\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on February 20, 2018. Retrieved November 28, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180220132648/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/thursday-final-ratings-nov-23-2017/","url_text":"\"Primetime NFL adjusts up on Thanksgiving: Thursday final ratings\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/thursday-final-ratings-nov-23-2017/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Porter, Rick (November 29, 2017). \"'CMA Country Christmas,' 'Good Doctor,' 'Pentatonix Christmas' adjust down: Monday final ratings\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on December 8, 2017. Retrieved November 29, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171208115831/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/monday-final-ratings-nov-27-2017/","url_text":"\"'CMA Country Christmas,' 'Good Doctor,' 'Pentatonix Christmas' adjust down: Monday final ratings\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_by_the_Numbers","url_text":"TV by the Numbers"},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/monday-final-ratings-nov-27-2017/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Porter, Rick (December 8, 2017). \"'Supernatural' and NFL adjust up: Thursday final ratings\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on February 13, 2018. Retrieved December 8, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180213165403/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/thursday-final-ratings-dec-7-2017/","url_text":"\"'Supernatural' and NFL adjust up: Thursday final ratings\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/thursday-final-ratings-dec-7-2017/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Porter, Rick (January 22, 2018). \"'Grey's Anatomy' adjusts up, 'The Four,' 'Scandal' and 'Great News' down: Thursday final ratings\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on January 23, 2018. Retrieved January 22, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180123072201/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/thursday-final-ratings-jan-18-2018/","url_text":"\"'Grey's Anatomy' adjusts up, 'The Four,' 'Scandal' and 'Great News' down: Thursday final ratings\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/thursday-final-ratings-jan-18-2018/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Porter, Rick (January 26, 2018). \"'Grey's Anatomy' adjusts up, 'Big Bang Theory' rerun adjusts down: Thursday final ratings\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on January 27, 2018. Retrieved January 26, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180127084035/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/thursday-final-ratings-jan-25-2018/","url_text":"\"'Grey's Anatomy' adjusts up, 'Big Bang Theory' rerun adjusts down: Thursday final ratings\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/thursday-final-ratings-jan-25-2018/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Porter, Rick (February 2, 2018). \"'Big Bang Theory,' 'The Four' adjust up, 'Mom' and 'AP Bio' adjust down: Thursday final ratings\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on February 2, 2018. Retrieved February 2, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180202231741/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/thursday-final-ratings-feb-1-2018/","url_text":"\"'Big Bang Theory,' 'The Four' adjust up, 'Mom' and 'AP Bio' adjust down: Thursday final ratings\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/thursday-final-ratings-feb-1-2018/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Porter, Rick (February 9, 2018). \"Olympics adjust up: Thursday final ratings\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on February 9, 2018. Retrieved February 9, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180209205551/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/tv-ratings-thursday-feb-8-2018/","url_text":"\"Olympics adjust up: Thursday final ratings\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_by_the_Numbers","url_text":"TV by the Numbers"},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/tv-ratings-thursday-feb-8-2018/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Porter, Rick (March 2, 2018). \"'Superstore,' 'SWAT,' 'Scandal' and 'AP Bio' adjust down: Thursday final ratings\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on March 3, 2018. Retrieved March 2, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180303105631/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/thursday-final-ratings-march-1-2018/","url_text":"\"'Superstore,' 'SWAT,' 'Scandal' and 'AP Bio' adjust down: Thursday final ratings\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_by_the_Numbers","url_text":"TV by the Numbers"},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/thursday-final-ratings-march-1-2018/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Porter, Rick (March 9, 2018). \"'Young Sheldon,' 'SWAT,' all NBC shows adjust down: Thursday final ratings\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on March 10, 2018. Retrieved March 9, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180310023341/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/thursday-final-ratings-march-8-2018/","url_text":"\"'Young Sheldon,' 'SWAT,' all NBC shows adjust down: Thursday final ratings\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_by_the_Numbers","url_text":"TV by the Numbers"},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/thursday-final-ratings-march-8-2018/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Porter, Rick (March 30, 2018). \"'Big Bang Theory,' 'Grey's Anatomy' and 'Chicago Fire' adjust up, 'SWAT' adjusts down: Thursday final ratings\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on March 31, 2018. Retrieved March 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180331040039/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/thursday-final-ratings-march-29-2018/","url_text":"\"'Big Bang Theory,' 'Grey's Anatomy' and 'Chicago Fire' adjust up, 'SWAT' adjusts down: Thursday final ratings\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_by_the_Numbers","url_text":"TV by the Numbers"},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/thursday-final-ratings-march-29-2018/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Porter, Rick (April 6, 2018). \"'Big Bang Theory,' 'Grey's Anatomy' adjust up, 'Mom,' 'Supernatural,' 'Arrow' down: Thursday final ratings\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on April 6, 2018. Retrieved April 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180406232412/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/thursday-final-ratings-april-5-2018/","url_text":"\"'Big Bang Theory,' 'Grey's Anatomy' adjust up, 'Mom,' 'Supernatural,' 'Arrow' down: Thursday final ratings\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_by_the_Numbers","url_text":"TV by the Numbers"},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/thursday-final-ratings-april-5-2018/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Porter, Rick (April 13, 2018). \"'Big Bang Theory,' 'Grey's Anatomy' and 'Superstore' adjust up: Thursday final ratings\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on April 14, 2018. Retrieved April 13, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180414092131/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/thursday-final-ratings-april-12-2018/","url_text":"\"'Big Bang Theory,' 'Grey's Anatomy' and 'Superstore' adjust up: Thursday final ratings\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/thursday-final-ratings-april-12-2018/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Porter, Rick (April 20, 2018). \"'Grey's Anatomy' adjusts up, 'SWAT,' 'Supernatural' & 'Arrow' adjust down: Thursday final ratings\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on April 21, 2018. Retrieved April 20, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180421031206/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/thursday-final-ratings-april-19-2018/","url_text":"\"'Grey's Anatomy' adjusts up, 'SWAT,' 'Supernatural' & 'Arrow' adjust down: Thursday final ratings\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/thursday-final-ratings-april-19-2018/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Porter, Rick (April 27, 2018). \"'Grey's Anatomy,' 'Big Bang Theory,' 'Young Sheldon' and 'Supernatural' adjust up: Thursday final ratings\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on April 28, 2018. Retrieved April 28, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180428093720/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/thursday-final-ratings-april-26-2018/","url_text":"\"'Grey's Anatomy,' 'Big Bang Theory,' 'Young Sheldon' and 'Supernatural' adjust up: Thursday final ratings\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/thursday-final-ratings-april-26-2018/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Porter, Rick (May 4, 2018). \"'Gotham' and 'Big Bang Theory' adjust up, 'Life in Pieces,' 'Showtime at the Apollo' and 'Station 19' adjust down: Thursday final ratings\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on May 5, 2018. Retrieved May 4, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180505033944/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/thursday-final-ratings-may-3-2018/","url_text":"\"'Gotham' and 'Big Bang Theory' adjust up, 'Life in Pieces,' 'Showtime at the Apollo' and 'Station 19' adjust down: Thursday final ratings\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/thursday-final-ratings-may-3-2018/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Porter, Rick (May 11, 2018). \"'Grey's Anatomy,' 'Big Bang Theory,' 'Young Sheldon' adjust up, 'Supernatural' & 'Arrow' down: Thursday final ratings\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on May 12, 2018. Retrieved May 11, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180512004602/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/thursday-final-ratings-may-10-2018/","url_text":"\"'Grey's Anatomy,' 'Big Bang Theory,' 'Young Sheldon' adjust up, 'Supernatural' & 'Arrow' down: Thursday final ratings\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/thursday-final-ratings-may-10-2018/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Porter, Rick (May 18, 2018). \"'SWAT' and 'Arrow' finales adjust down: Thursday final ratings\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on May 19, 2018. Retrieved May 18, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180519120454/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/thursday-final-ratings-may-17-2018/","url_text":"\"'SWAT' and 'Arrow' finales adjust down: Thursday final ratings\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/thursday-final-ratings-may-17-2018/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Welch, Alex (October 16, 2018). \"'Magnum P.I.' and 'Bull' adjust up, 'Dancing with the Stars' adjusts down: Monday final ratings\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on October 17, 2018. Retrieved October 16, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181017010653/https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/monday-final-ratings-oct-15-2018/","url_text":"\"'Magnum P.I.' and 'Bull' adjust up, 'Dancing with the Stars' adjusts down: Monday final ratings\""},{"url":"https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/monday-final-ratings-oct-15-2018/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Welch, Alex (October 23, 2018). \"'Happy Together' adjusts up, 'Dancing with the Stars' adjusts down: Monday final ratings\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on October 24, 2018. Retrieved October 23, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181024003625/https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/monday-final-ratings-oct-22-2018/","url_text":"\"'Happy Together' adjusts up, 'Dancing with the Stars' adjusts down: Monday final ratings\""},{"url":"https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/monday-final-ratings-oct-22-2018/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Welch, Alex (October 30, 2018). \"'Happy Together' adjusts up, 'Dancing with the Stars' and 'The Good Doctor' adjust down: Monday final ratings\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on October 31, 2018. Retrieved October 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181031005354/https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/monday-final-ratings-oct-29-2018/","url_text":"\"'Happy Together' adjusts up, 'Dancing with the Stars' and 'The Good Doctor' adjust down: Monday final ratings\""},{"url":"https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/monday-final-ratings-oct-29-2018/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Welch, Alex (November 6, 2018). \"'Manifest,' 'The Good Doctor,' and 'Dancing with the Stars' adjust down: Monday final ratings\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on November 7, 2018. Retrieved November 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181107054159/https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/monday-final-ratings-nov-5-2018/","url_text":"\"'Manifest,' 'The Good Doctor,' and 'Dancing with the Stars' adjust down: Monday final ratings\""},{"url":"https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/monday-final-ratings-nov-5-2018/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Welch, Alex (November 14, 2018). \"'Arrow' and 'Legends of Tomorrow' adjust down: Monday final ratings\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on November 14, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224312/https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/monday-final-ratings-nov-12-2018/","url_text":"\"'Arrow' and 'Legends of Tomorrow' adjust down: Monday final ratings\""},{"url":"https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/monday-final-ratings-nov-12-2018/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Welch, Alex (November 20, 2018). \"'Dancing with the Stars' and 'The Good Doctor' adjust down: Monday final ratings\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on November 21, 2018. Retrieved November 20, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181121021931/https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/monday-final-ratings-nov-19-2018/","url_text":"\"'Dancing with the Stars' and 'The Good Doctor' adjust down: Monday final ratings\""},{"url":"https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/monday-final-ratings-nov-19-2018/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Welch, Alex (November 28, 2018). \"'Great Christmas Light Fight' and 'The Good Doctor' adjust down: Monday final ratings\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on November 29, 2018. Retrieved November 28, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181129045850/https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/monday-final-ratings-nov-26-2018/","url_text":"\"'Great Christmas Light Fight' and 'The Good Doctor' adjust down: Monday final ratings\""},{"url":"https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/monday-final-ratings-nov-26-2018/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Welch, Alex (December 4, 2018). \"'Arrow' adjusts up, 'The Neighborhood' adjusts down: Monday final ratings\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved December 4, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181205023258/https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/monday-final-ratings-dec-3-2018/","url_text":"\"'Arrow' adjusts up, 'The Neighborhood' adjusts down: Monday final ratings\""},{"url":"https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/monday-final-ratings-dec-3-2018/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Welch, Alex (December 11, 2018). \"'Arrow' adjusts up, 'Magnum P.I.' and 'The Neighborhood' adjust down: Monday final ratings\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on December 12, 2018. Retrieved December 11, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181212083810/https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/monday-final-ratings-dec-10-2018/","url_text":"\"'Arrow' adjusts up, 'Magnum P.I.' and 'The Neighborhood' adjust down: Monday final ratings\""},{"url":"https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/monday-final-ratings-dec-10-2018/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rejent, Joseph (January 23, 2019). \"'The Bachelor,' 'The Passage,' everything else unchanged: Monday final ratings\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on January 24, 2019. Retrieved January 23, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190124102055/https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/monday-final-ratings-january-21-2019/","url_text":"\"'The Bachelor,' 'The Passage,' everything else unchanged: Monday final ratings\""},{"url":"https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/monday-final-ratings-january-21-2019/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rejent, Joseph (January 29, 2019). \"'Magnum P.I.' adjusts up: Monday final ratings\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on January 30, 2019. Retrieved January 29, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190130053500/https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/monday-final-ratings-january-28-2019/","url_text":"\"'Magnum P.I.' adjusts up: Monday final ratings\""},{"url":"https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/monday-final-ratings-january-28-2019/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rejent, Joseph (February 5, 2019). \"'The Bachelor,' 'The Neighborhood,' 'The Passage,' all other shows hold: Monday final ratings\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on February 6, 2019. Retrieved February 5, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190206063212/https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/monday-final-ratings-february-4-2019/","url_text":"\"'The Bachelor,' 'The Neighborhood,' 'The Passage,' all other shows hold: Monday final ratings\""},{"url":"https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/monday-final-ratings-february-4-2019/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rejent, Joseph (February 12, 2019). \"'The Bachelor' adjusts up, 'Man with a Plan' adjusts down: Monday final ratings\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on April 28, 2019. Retrieved February 12, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190428232118/https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/monday-final-ratings-february-11-2019/","url_text":"\"'The Bachelor' adjusts up, 'Man with a Plan' adjusts down: Monday final ratings\""},{"url":"https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/monday-final-ratings-february-11-2019/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rejent, Joseph (March 5, 2019). \"'The Voice,' 'The Passage' adjust up, 'The Resident' adjusts down: Monday final ratings\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on March 6, 2019. Retrieved March 5, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190306100211/https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/monday-final-ratings-march-4-2019/","url_text":"\"'The Voice,' 'The Passage' adjust up, 'The Resident' adjusts down: Monday final ratings\""},{"url":"https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/monday-final-ratings-march-4-2019/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rejent, Joseph (March 12, 2019). \"'Man with a Plan' adjusts up, 'The Good Doctor' adjusts down: Monday final ratings\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on March 27, 2019. Retrieved March 12, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190327161358/https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/monday-final-ratings-march-11-2019/","url_text":"\"'Man with a Plan' adjusts up, 'The Good Doctor' adjusts down: Monday final ratings\""},{"url":"https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/monday-final-ratings-march-11-2019/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rejent, Joseph (March 19, 2019). \"'American Idol' adjusts up: Monday final ratings\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on March 27, 2019. Retrieved March 19, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190327162048/https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/monday-final-ratings-march-18-2019/","url_text":"\"'American Idol' adjusts up: Monday final ratings\""},{"url":"https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/monday-final-ratings-march-18-2019/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rejent, Joseph (March 26, 2019). \"'The Voice,' 'American Idol,' 'The Neighborhood,' all others hold: Monday final ratings\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on March 26, 2019. Retrieved March 26, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190326213928/https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/monday-final-ratings-march-25-2019/","url_text":"\"'The Voice,' 'American Idol,' 'The Neighborhood,' all others hold: Monday final ratings\""},{"url":"https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/monday-final-ratings-march-25-2019/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rejent, Joseph (April 16, 2019). \"'The Resident,' 'Man with a Plan' adjust up, 'The Code' adjusts down: Monday final ratings\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on April 16, 2019. Retrieved April 16, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190416215745/https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/monday-final-ratings-april-15-2019/","url_text":"\"'The Resident,' 'Man with a Plan' adjust up, 'The Code' adjusts down: Monday final ratings\""},{"url":"https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/monday-final-ratings-april-15-2019/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rejent, Joseph (April 23, 2019). \"'DC's Legends of Tomorrow' adjusts down: Monday final ratings\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on April 23, 2019. Retrieved April 23, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190423220707/https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/monday-final-ratings-april-22-2019/","url_text":"\"'DC's Legends of Tomorrow' adjusts down: Monday final ratings\""},{"url":"https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/monday-final-ratings-april-22-2019/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rejent, Joseph (April 30, 2019). \"'The Big Bang Theory' rerun adjusts up: Monday final ratings\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on April 30, 2019. Retrieved April 30, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190430205239/https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/monday-final-ratings-april-29-2019/","url_text":"\"'The Big Bang Theory' rerun adjusts up: Monday final ratings\""},{"url":"https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/monday-final-ratings-april-29-2019/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rejent, Joseph (May 7, 2019). \"'Man with a Plan' adjusts up, 'The Fix' adjusts down: Monday final ratings\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on May 7, 2019. Retrieved May 7, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190507204807/https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/monday-final-ratings-may-6-2019/","url_text":"\"'Man with a Plan' adjusts up, 'The Fix' adjusts down: Monday final ratings\""},{"url":"https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/monday-final-ratings-may-6-2019/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rejent, Joseph (May 14, 2019). \"'The Voice' adjusts down: Monday final ratings\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on May 14, 2019. Retrieved May 14, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190514213011/https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/monday-final-ratings-may-13-2019/","url_text":"\"'The Voice' adjusts down: Monday final ratings\""},{"url":"https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/monday-final-ratings-may-13-2019/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Welch, Alex (October 16, 2019). \"'Mixed-ish' adjusts down: Tuesday final ratings\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on October 23, 2019. Retrieved October 16, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191023062424/https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/tuesday-final-ratings-oct-15-2019/","url_text":"\"'Mixed-ish' adjusts down: Tuesday final ratings\""},{"url":"https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/tuesday-final-ratings-oct-15-2019/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Welch, Alex (October 23, 2019). \"'It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown' and World Series adjust up: Tuesday final ratings\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on October 23, 2019. Retrieved October 23, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191023220836/https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/tuesday-final-ratings-oct-22-2019/","url_text":"\"'It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown' and World Series adjust up: Tuesday final ratings\""},{"url":"https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/tuesday-final-ratings-oct-22-2019/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Welch, Alex (October 30, 2019). \"'Mixed-ish' and 'World Series' adjusts up: Tuesday final ratings\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on October 30, 2019. 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Heroes'\""},{"Link":"https://time.com/99120/arrow-co-creator-marc-guggenheim-on-tonights-season-2-finale/","external_links_name":"\"Arrow Co-Creator Marc Guggenheim on Tonight's Season 2 Finale\""},{"Link":"https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/02/13/supernatural-renewed_n_4783886.html","external_links_name":"\"'Supernatural' Renewed For 10th Season: The CW Renews 'Reign,' 'The Originals,' 'The Vampire Diaries' And 'Arrow'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141019201401/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/02/13/supernatural-renewed_n_4783886.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.eonline.com/news/656136/um-why-is-the-arrow-boss-calling-the-season-3-finale-a-series-finale","external_links_name":"\"Um, Why Is the Arrow Boss Calling the Season 3 Finale a Series Finale?!\""},{"Link":"https://comicbook.com/news/arrow-premiere-clip-shows-introduction-of-brandon-routh-as-ray-p/","external_links_name":"\"Arrow Premiere Clip Shows Introduction Of Brandon Routh As Ray Palmer\""},{"Link":"https://screencrush.com/arrow-season-4-flash-season-2-supernatural-cw-renewed-2015/","external_links_name":"\"'Arrow,' 'The Flash,' 'Supernatural,' Pretty Much Everything Renewed at The CW\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170706152022/http://screencrush.com/arrow-season-4-flash-season-2-supernatural-cw-renewed-2015/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.cbr.com/arrow-recap-thea-is-swayed-by-h-i-v-e-as-star-city-prepares-to-burn/","external_links_name":"\"\"Arrow\" Recap: Thea is Swayed by H.I.V.E. as Star City Prepares to Burn\""},{"Link":"https://screencrush.com/arrow-season-4-premiere-review-green/","external_links_name":"\"Review: 'Arrow' S4 Goes 'Green' in Sharpest Premiere Yet\""},{"Link":"http://tvline.com/2016/03/11/cw-renewed-shows-2016-new-season-lineup-arrow-the-flash-the-100/","external_links_name":"\"The CW Renews The Flash, Vampire Diaries, The 100, Reign (!) and 7 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egon_Schultz
Egon Schultz
["1 Biography","2 Death","3 Burial","4 Aftermath","5 See also","6 References","7 Further reading","8 External links"]
East German border guard (1943–1964) Egon SchultzBorn(1943-01-04)4 January 1943Groß Jestin, Nazi GermanyDied5 October 1964(1964-10-05) (aged 21)East Berlin, East GermanyCause of deathGunshot wound (friendly fire)Body discoveredCourtyard of Strelitzer Straße 5552°32′10″N 13°23′39″E / 52.536007°N 13.394029°E / 52.536007; 13.394029 (Rostock Neuer Friedhof/ Courtyard of Strelitzer Straße 55, location of where Egon Schultz was shot)Resting placeNeuer Friedhof, Rostock54°04′15″N 12°05′29″E / 54.07086°N 12.091269°E / 54.07086; 12.091269 (Rostock Neuer Friedhof/location of Egon Schultz's grave)MonumentsMemorial plaque on the side of the building at Strelitzer Straße 55, BerlinKnown forKilled in the line of duty as an East German Border Troops while responding to the discovery of "Tunnel 57"Political party(Candidate for the) Socialist Unity Party of Germany (Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands, SED). Memorial service at the scene of Egon Schultz's death, on the tenth anniversary of the Wall (13 August 1971) Memorial plaque at Strelitzer Straße 55, Berlin-Mitte The grave of Egon Schultz (2018 photo) Dethardingstraße 16 (formerly Karl-Marx-Straße 16), Rostock. Last home of Egon Schultz before his death. Egon Schultz (4 January 1943 – 5 October 1964) was a German sergeant of the East German Border Troops who became the fifty-second known person to die at the Berlin Wall. While responding to the discovery of "Tunnel 57," Schultz was killed during a shootout with the tunnelers. Schultz subsequently became a national hero in East Germany, with hundreds of memorials and schools named in his honor. His death caused a public sensation in both East Germany and West Germany. Following the reunification of Germany and the report that Schultz was actually killed as a result of friendly fire, many of the memorials to Schultz were removed, although a new memorial plaque was erected at his death site at Strelitzer Strasse 55, Berlin, in 2004. Biography Egon Schultz was born on 4 January 1943, in Groß Jestin, in Kolberg-Körlin county, Pomerania, Germany (now Gościno, Kołobrzeg County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland), the second of two sons of Alfred Schultz, a truck driver, and his wife Frieda, a waitress. Schultz trained as a school teacher in Putbus and at 19 years old began working as a teacher in Dierkow near Rostock in September 1962, but shortly after beginning his teaching career it would be interrupted with his conscription to the National People's Army. His older brother, Armin, was a painter, and at the time of Schultz's conscription the family resided at Karl-Marx-Straße 16 in Rostock. His final visit home, just days prior to his death, was at the same time that his parents were celebrating their 25th wedding anniversary. By the time of his death, Schultz was two years into his three-year service, and had become a sergeant of the Border Troops of the German Democratic Republic, the border guards of East Germany that guarded the Berlin Wall which had been erected 3 years earlier. Death On 4 October 1964, Schultz was assigned as a reserve to the command post at Arkonaplatz in Berlin-Mitte, East Berlin. Shortly before midnight, a Stasi officer demanded backup support from the border guards, who were to investigate and arrest suspicious individuals at Strelitzer Strasse 55, located very close to the West Berlin border barriers that extended along Bernauer Straße. Schultz and his fellow border guards were not informed of the real purpose of the operation: the Stasi had learned from informants about an escape operation. While investigating the area near the border, the two Stasi agents met two men who were assisting an escape operation in the foyer of the building at Strelitzer Straße 55. The escape helpers mistook the Stasi agents for escapees, and were able to leave the building without raising suspicion by claiming that they had to get a friend who had just been released from custody. The Stasi agents left the escape helpers to await their return while they organized support from the border guards. Taking several months to accomplish, a group of West Berlin students dug a 145-meter (475') long tunnel in secrecy, which began at a closed bakery on Bernauer Straße, and continued eleven meters (36') underground to an outhouse located in the courtyard of the building at Strelitzer Strasse 55. This tunnel later became famous as "Tunnel 57," referring to the number of people who had succeeded in escaping through it on the nights of 3 and 4 October 1964. One of the escape helpers was Reinhard Furrer (the future astronaut), who waited with Christian Zobel and two other escape helpers on the East Berlin side, ready to direct fugitives to the tunnel's opening. At about half past midnight, the two Stasi agents returned with the border guards, including Schultz, who approached Furrer before he recognized much too late that a gun was pointed in his direction. Familiar with the surroundings, Furrer quickly receded into the courtyard and, before disappearing into the tunnel, warned his friends of the incoming guards. As the Stasi agents and border guards entered the courtyard there was an exchange of gunfire with the escape helpers, where Schultz was hit in the shoulder by a bullet from Zobel's gun, causing him to fall to the ground. While attempting to get back up, Schultz was hit again by a larger 7.62x39mm round fired from the Kalashnikov rifle used by a fellow border guard. The shootout ended when the escape helpers were able to use the tunnel to escape themselves at the last minute and enter the safety of West Berlin. Schultz died on the way to the Krankenhaus der Volkspolizei (People's Police Hospital). Burial The East German government gave the highest visibility to Schultz's funeral, which received full military honors in the Friedrich-Engels barracks in East Berlin, and then again in his hometown, Rostock. When the coffin was transferred from East Berlin to Rostock, tens of thousands of workers followed government orders to line the streets and pay their last respects to Schultz, who was then buried in the Neuer Friedhof cemetery in Rostock. On the day of his funeral, the school in Rostock where he had been a teacher was given the honorary name "Egon Schultz Oberschule" (Egon Schultz Secondary School). Eventually, more than a hundred collectives, schools and institutions were named after Egon Schultz. Aftermath Investigations were opened in East Germany and West Berlin against the escape helpers, who admitted to West Berlin investigators that one of them did fire a gun, but there was no proof that Egon Schultz was killed from that particular gunshot. The East German government claimed that Egon Schultz was tragically murdered by Western agents. The East Berlin prosecutor's office refused to cooperate with requests from the West Berlin investigation, and instead demanded the extradition of the "murder suspect" Christian Zobel. East German authorities quickly discovered that Schultz had been accidentally shot by one of his own comrades, and that the fatal shot came from a Kalashnikov, not from an escape helper. The findings of this investigation, to include disappearance of the autopsy files from the Charité Hospital, would remain highly classified until October 1990, when the 1964 East Berlin files were given to the German federal judiciary. In November 1965, the West Berlin public prosecutor closed the case against the escape helpers, after charging them only a fine for illegal possession of a weapon. In December 1964, near the Checkpoint Charlie border crossing, balloons floated over the wall towards the eastern part of the city. An open letter to Frieda Schultz, the mother of Egon Schultz, was attached to each of the balloons; it is not known whether or not Frau Schultz, over 230 kilometers (150 miles) away in Rostock, actually received a copy of this letter. This letter was written by the escape helpers who built the Tunnel 57, but the GDR press incorrectly insisted that these escape helpers were the actual murderers, unsuccessfully demanding their extradition. It would not be until after the reunification of Germany that these false accusations were in fact communist propaganda. A memorial plaque was erected on 4 January 1965, on the house at Strelitzer Straße 55, commemorating Schultz's death and denouncing the West Berlin agents involved in the "assassination". The section of Strelitzer Straße in East Berlin was renamed Egon-Schultz-Straße on 13 August 1966. A popular children's book was written about him, and almost every East German citizen knew his name from school and the media. The Egon Schultz saga drew great attention not only in East Germany, but also in West Germany, because the Stern editor-in-chief Henri Nannen had purchased exclusive rights to Tunnel 57 in advance, essentially co-financing the building of tunnel. This was partially responsible for increased tensions between the East and West German governments. On 1 December 1991, the aforementioned Egon-Schultz-Straße reverted to its original name, Strelitzer Straße. About the same time, the Egon Schultz Oberschule in Rostock was renamed Käthe-Kollwitz-Gymnasium. Throughout the former East Germany, many schools and institutions bearing Egon Schultz's name reverted to their original names. By 1992, prosecutions had begun against former border guards, charging them with murder or manslaughter. A case was opened with regard to Egon Schultz for suspicion of negligent homicide, involving investigation of all the people involved in the incident, including the Stasi agents and the border troops. Neues Deutschland embarked on a major campaign asking for donations to help cover the costs of legal counsel and court fees for the border soldiers who, from the viewpoint of the fundraising initiators, were being unlawfully prosecuted. Almost 200,000 German marks were donated, managed by the "Gesellschaft für rechtliche und humanitäre Hilfe" (Society for Legal and Humanitarian Aid), an association of former Stasi, border troop and Communist Party members. The investigation concluded that Christian Zobel fired the first shot in order to prevent Reinhard Furrer and himself from being arrested. The bullet was lodged in Egon Schultz's lung but did not kill him. The fatal shot came from the Kalashnikov of a border soldier who, on instructions from a Stasi officer, fired shots in the dark courtyard, unintentionally hitting Egon Schultz, who then died from internal bleeding. It was accepted by the court that the border soldier who had fired the deadly shot had acted in self-defense. The case was dismissed since he had been ordered to fire. In response to the investigation against the border guards and Stasi agents, in May 1994, private individuals pressed charges against Reinhard Furrer for supposedly murdering Egon Schultz. Egon Schultz's mother, who had supported the accusation, was represented by a renowned West Berlin law firm. Additional charges were also filed with the Berlin public prosecutor's office. When Reinhard Furrer died in an airplane accident in September 1995 and it became known that Christian Zobel had already died, the lawyers representing Egon Schultz's mother filed charges against the other escape helpers as murder accomplices, charges which were eventually dropped. In 2004 a memorial plaque was erected, replacing the one previously mounted (which subsequently disappeared after 1989) on the house at Strelitzer Straße 55. This was done on the initiative of both former escape helpers and friends of Egon Schultz, on the 40th anniversary of his death. See also List of deaths at the Berlin Wall Berlin Crisis of 1961 References ^ Neues Deutschland Archiv: Ein Sohn unserer Republik, Oktober 10, 1964 (in German) ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Egon Schultz Biography at Chronik der Mauer.de Further reading Michael Baade: Mein Freund Egon. Leben und Sterben von Egon Schultz, die wahre Geschichte. Mit Briefen, Dokumenten und Fotos. Ingo Koch Verlag, Rostock 2012, ISBN 978-3-86436-014-5. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Egon Schultz. Egon's Grave (its location) An open letter to Frieda Schultz (Egon Schultz's mother, from December 1964 vteBerlin WallMain articles Inner German border Iron Curtain Wall of Shame East Berlin West Berlin German reunification Eastern Bloc emigration and defection Republikflucht Berlin Crisis of 1961 Fall of the Berlin Wall Schießbefehl Memorials, museumsand galleries Gedenkstätte Berliner Mauer White Crosses East Side Gallery Checkpoint Charlie Museum Topography of Terror Mauerpark Chapel of Reconciliation Border crossings Bornholmer Straße Checkpoint Charlie Checkpoint Bravo Berlin Friedrichstraße station Glienicke Bridge Invalidenstraße Oberbaum Bridge Sonnenallee Tränenpalast, Friedrichstraße station People who diedbreaching the Wall Klaus Brueske Peter Fechter Winfried Freudenberg Christian-Peter Friese Chris Gueffroy Marienetta Jirkowsky Cengaver Katrancı Erna Kelm Czesław Kukuczka Horst Kutscher Günter Litfin Dorit Schmiel Egon Schultz Olga Segler Ida Siekmann Heinz Sokolowski Hildegard Trabant Rudolf Urban Christel and Eckhard Wehage Others associatedwith the Wall Günter Schabowski Riccardo Ehrman Erich Honecker Konrad Schumann Walter Ulbricht David Hasselhoff Jutta Fleck The Wall in speeches "Ich bin ein Berliner" "Tear down this wall!" In popular cultureFilms and TV series Escape from East Berlin (1962) The Wall (1962) Stop Train 349 (1963) The Spy Who Came In from the Cold (1965) Freiheit (1966) Funeral in Berlin (1966) The Soldier (1982) Octopussy (1983) Gotcha! (1985) Wings of Desire (1987) Judgment in Berlin (1988) Das Versprechen (1995) Sonnenallee (1999) The Tunnel (2001) Buffalo Soldiers (2001) Good Bye, Lenin! (2003) Bornholmer Straße (2014) Bridge of Spies (2015) Atomic Blonde (2017) Deutschland 89 (2020) Documentaries The Road to the Wall (1962) The Tunnel (1962) Rabbit à la Berlin (2009) Novels The Spy Who Came in from the Cold (1963) Funeral in Berlin (1964) Judgment in Berlin (1984) Am kürzeren Ende der Sonnenallee (1999) Edge of Eternity (2014) Songs "West of the Wall" (1962) "Holidays in the Sun" (1977) "Nikita" (1985) Other media The Berlin Wall (1991 video game) The Day the Wall Came Down (1997 sculpture) Other List of Berlin Wall segments Ghost station Steinstücken Grenzgänger (Cross-border commuters) The Shame Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States People Deutsche Biographie Other IdRef
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Last home of Egon Schultz before his death.Egon Schultz (4 January 1943 – 5 October 1964) was a German sergeant of the East German Border Troops who became the fifty-second known person to die at the Berlin Wall. While responding to the discovery of \"Tunnel 57,\" Schultz was killed during a shootout with the tunnelers. Schultz subsequently became a national hero in East Germany, with hundreds of memorials and schools named in his honor. His death caused a public sensation in both East Germany and West Germany. Following the reunification of Germany and the report that Schultz was actually killed as a result of friendly fire, many of the memorials to Schultz were removed, although a new memorial plaque was erected at his death site at Strelitzer Strasse 55, Berlin, in 2004.","title":"Egon Schultz"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Groß Jestin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go%C5%9Bcino"},{"link_name":"Kolberg-Körlin county","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landkreis_Kolberg-K%C3%B6rlin"},{"link_name":"Pomerania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Pomerania_(1815%E2%80%931945)"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Kołobrzeg County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C5%82obrzeg_County"},{"link_name":"West Pomeranian Voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Pomeranian_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"truck driver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck_driver"},{"link_name":"waitress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waitress"},{"link_name":"Putbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putbus"},{"link_name":"Dierkow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dierkow"},{"link_name":"Rostock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostock"},{"link_name":"conscription","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscription"},{"link_name":"National People's Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_People%27s_Army"},{"link_name":"painter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painter"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ND1-1"},{"link_name":"sergeant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergeant"},{"link_name":"Border Troops of the German Democratic Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border_Troops_of_the_German_Democratic_Republic"},{"link_name":"border guards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border_guards"},{"link_name":"Berlin Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Wall"}],"text":"Egon Schultz was born on 4 January 1943, in Groß Jestin, in Kolberg-Körlin county, Pomerania, Germany (now Gościno, Kołobrzeg County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland), the second of two sons of Alfred Schultz, a truck driver, and his wife Frieda, a waitress. Schultz trained as a school teacher in Putbus and at 19 years old began working as a teacher in Dierkow near Rostock in September 1962, but shortly after beginning his teaching career it would be interrupted with his conscription to the National People's Army. His older brother, Armin, was a painter, and at the time of Schultz's conscription the family resided at Karl-Marx-Straße 16 in Rostock. His final visit home, just days prior to his death, was at the same time that his parents were celebrating their 25th wedding anniversary.[1] By the time of his death, Schultz was two years into his three-year service, and had become a sergeant of the Border Troops of the German Democratic Republic, the border guards of East Germany that guarded the Berlin Wall which had been erected 3 years earlier.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arkonaplatz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkonaplatz"},{"link_name":"Berlin-Mitte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin-Mitte"},{"link_name":"East Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Berlin"},{"link_name":"Stasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stasi"},{"link_name":"West Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Berlin"},{"link_name":"Bernauer Straße","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernauer_Stra%C3%9Fe"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CDM-2"},{"link_name":"Tunnel 57","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnel_57"},{"link_name":"Reinhard Furrer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhard_Furrer"},{"link_name":"astronaut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronaut"},{"link_name":"exchange of gunfire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shootout"},{"link_name":"7.62x39mm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7.62x39mm"},{"link_name":"Kalashnikov rifle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalashnikov_rifle"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CDM-2"}],"text":"On 4 October 1964, Schultz was assigned as a reserve to the command post at Arkonaplatz in Berlin-Mitte, East Berlin. Shortly before midnight, a Stasi officer demanded backup support from the border guards, who were to investigate and arrest suspicious individuals at Strelitzer Strasse 55, located very close to the West Berlin border barriers that extended along Bernauer Straße. Schultz and his fellow border guards were not informed of the real purpose of the operation: the Stasi had learned from informants about an escape operation. While investigating the area near the border, the two Stasi agents met two men who were assisting an escape operation in the foyer of the building at Strelitzer Straße 55. The escape helpers mistook the Stasi agents for escapees, and were able to leave the building without raising suspicion by claiming that they had to get a friend who had just been released from custody. The Stasi agents left the escape helpers to await their return while they organized support from the border guards.[2]Taking several months to accomplish, a group of West Berlin students dug a 145-meter (475') long tunnel in secrecy, which began at a closed bakery on Bernauer Straße, and continued eleven meters (36') underground to an outhouse located in the courtyard of the building at Strelitzer Strasse 55. This tunnel later became famous as \"Tunnel 57,\" referring to the number of people who had succeeded in escaping through it on the nights of 3 and 4 October 1964. One of the escape helpers was Reinhard Furrer (the future astronaut), who waited with Christian Zobel and two other escape helpers on the East Berlin side, ready to direct fugitives to the tunnel's opening. At about half past midnight, the two Stasi agents returned with the border guards, including Schultz, who approached Furrer before he recognized much too late that a gun was pointed in his direction. Familiar with the surroundings, Furrer quickly receded into the courtyard and, before disappearing into the tunnel, warned his friends of the incoming guards. As the Stasi agents and border guards entered the courtyard there was an exchange of gunfire with the escape helpers, where Schultz was hit in the shoulder by a bullet from Zobel's gun, causing him to fall to the ground. While attempting to get back up, Schultz was hit again by a larger 7.62x39mm round fired from the Kalashnikov rifle used by a fellow border guard. The shootout ended when the escape helpers were able to use the tunnel to escape themselves at the last minute and enter the safety of West Berlin. Schultz died on the way to the Krankenhaus der Volkspolizei (People's Police Hospital).[2]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"East German government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_German_government"},{"link_name":"coffin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffin"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CDM-2"}],"text":"The East German government gave the highest visibility to Schultz's funeral, which received full military honors in the Friedrich-Engels barracks in East Berlin, and then again in his hometown, Rostock. When the coffin was transferred from East Berlin to Rostock, tens of thousands of workers followed government orders to line the streets and pay their last respects to Schultz, who was then buried in the Neuer Friedhof cemetery in Rostock. On the day of his funeral, the school in Rostock where he had been a teacher was given the honorary name \"Egon Schultz Oberschule\" (Egon Schultz Secondary School). Eventually, more than a hundred collectives, schools and institutions were named after Egon Schultz.[2]","title":"Burial"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"extradition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extradition"},{"link_name":"fine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine_(penalty)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CDM-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CDM-2"},{"link_name":"memorial plaque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorial_plaque"},{"link_name":"assassination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CDM-2"},{"link_name":"West Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Germany_(1949-1990)"},{"link_name":"Stern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stern_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Henri Nannen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Nannen"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CDM-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CDM-2"},{"link_name":"Neues Deutschland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neues_Deutschland"},{"link_name":"German marks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_mark"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CDM-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CDM-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CDM-2"}],"text":"Investigations were opened in East Germany and West Berlin against the escape helpers, who admitted to West Berlin investigators that one of them did fire a gun, but there was no proof that Egon Schultz was killed from that particular gunshot. The East German government claimed that Egon Schultz was tragically murdered by Western agents. The East Berlin prosecutor's office refused to cooperate with requests from the West Berlin investigation, and instead demanded the extradition of the \"murder suspect\" Christian Zobel. East German authorities quickly discovered that Schultz had been accidentally shot by one of his own comrades, and that the fatal shot came from a Kalashnikov, not from an escape helper. The findings of this investigation, to include disappearance of the autopsy files from the Charité Hospital, would remain highly classified until October 1990, when the 1964 East Berlin files were given to the German federal judiciary. In November 1965, the West Berlin public prosecutor closed the case against the escape helpers, after charging them only a fine for illegal possession of a weapon.[2]In December 1964, near the Checkpoint Charlie border crossing, balloons floated over the wall towards the eastern part of the city. An open letter to Frieda Schultz, the mother of Egon Schultz, was attached to each of the balloons; it is not known whether or not Frau Schultz, over 230 kilometers (150 miles) away in Rostock, actually received a copy of this letter. This letter was written by the escape helpers who built the Tunnel 57, but the GDR press incorrectly insisted that these escape helpers were the actual murderers, unsuccessfully demanding their extradition. It would not be until after the reunification of Germany that these false accusations were in fact communist propaganda.[2]A memorial plaque was erected on 4 January 1965, on the house at Strelitzer Straße 55, commemorating Schultz's death and denouncing the West Berlin agents involved in the \"assassination\". The section of Strelitzer Straße in East Berlin was renamed Egon-Schultz-Straße on 13 August 1966. A popular children's book was written about him, and almost every East German citizen knew his name from school and the media.[2]The Egon Schultz saga drew great attention not only in East Germany, but also in West Germany, because the Stern editor-in-chief Henri Nannen had purchased exclusive rights to Tunnel 57 in advance, essentially co-financing the building of tunnel. This was partially responsible for increased tensions between the East and West German governments.[2]On 1 December 1991, the aforementioned Egon-Schultz-Straße reverted to its original name, Strelitzer Straße. About the same time, the Egon Schultz Oberschule in Rostock was renamed Käthe-Kollwitz-Gymnasium. Throughout the former East Germany, many schools and institutions bearing Egon Schultz's name reverted to their original names.[2]By 1992, prosecutions had begun against former border guards, charging them with murder or manslaughter. A case was opened with regard to Egon Schultz for suspicion of negligent homicide, involving investigation of all the people involved in the incident, including the Stasi agents and the border troops. Neues Deutschland embarked on a major campaign asking for donations to help cover the costs of legal counsel and court fees for the border soldiers who, from the viewpoint of the fundraising initiators, were being unlawfully prosecuted. Almost 200,000 German marks were donated, managed by the \"Gesellschaft für rechtliche und humanitäre Hilfe\" (Society for Legal and Humanitarian Aid), an association of former Stasi, border troop and Communist Party members. The investigation concluded that Christian Zobel fired the first shot in order to prevent Reinhard Furrer and himself from being arrested. The bullet was lodged in Egon Schultz's lung but did not kill him. The fatal shot came from the Kalashnikov of a border soldier who, on instructions from a Stasi officer, fired shots in the dark courtyard, unintentionally hitting Egon Schultz, who then died from internal bleeding. It was accepted by the court that the border soldier who had fired the deadly shot had acted in self-defense. The case was dismissed since he had been ordered to fire.[2]In response to the investigation against the border guards and Stasi agents, in May 1994, private individuals pressed charges against Reinhard Furrer for supposedly murdering Egon Schultz. Egon Schultz's mother, who had supported the accusation, was represented by a renowned West Berlin law firm. Additional charges were also filed with the Berlin public prosecutor's office. When Reinhard Furrer died in an airplane accident in September 1995 and it became known that Christian Zobel had already died, the lawyers representing Egon Schultz's mother filed charges against the other escape helpers as murder accomplices, charges which were eventually dropped.[2]In 2004 a memorial plaque was erected, replacing the one previously mounted (which subsequently disappeared after 1989) on the house at Strelitzer Straße 55. This was done on the initiative of both former escape helpers and friends of Egon Schultz, on the 40th anniversary of his death.[2]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-86436-014-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-86436-014-5"}],"text":"Michael Baade: Mein Freund Egon. Leben und Sterben von Egon Schultz, die wahre Geschichte. Mit Briefen, Dokumenten und Fotos. Ingo Koch Verlag, Rostock 2012, ISBN 978-3-86436-014-5.","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Memorial service at the scene of Egon Schultz's death, on the tenth anniversary of the Wall (13 August 1971)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-K0813-0020%2C_Berlin%2C_Ehrung_f%C3%BCr_Egon_Schultz.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-K0813-0020%2C_Berlin%2C_Ehrung_f%C3%BCr_Egon_Schultz.jpg"},{"image_text":"Memorial plaque at Strelitzer Straße 55, Berlin-Mitte","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Gedenktafel_Strelitzer_Str_55_%28Mitte%29_Egon_Schultz.JPG/220px-Gedenktafel_Strelitzer_Str_55_%28Mitte%29_Egon_Schultz.JPG"},{"image_text":"The grave of Egon Schultz (2018 photo)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Egonschultzgrave.jpg/220px-Egonschultzgrave.jpg"},{"image_text":"Dethardingstraße 16 (formerly Karl-Marx-Straße 16), Rostock. Last home of Egon Schultz before his death.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Karl-Marx-Strasse_16_Rostock_portrait.jpg/220px-Karl-Marx-Strasse_16_Rostock_portrait.jpg"}]
[{"title":"List of deaths at the Berlin Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_deaths_at_the_Berlin_Wall"},{"title":"Berlin Crisis of 1961","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Crisis_of_1961"}]
[]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Egon_Schultz&params=52.536007_N_13.394029_E_region:DE-BE_type:landmark&title=Rostock+Neuer+Friedhof%2F+Courtyard+of+Strelitzer+Stra%C3%9Fe+55%2C+location+of+where+Egon+Schultz+was+shot","external_links_name":"52°32′10″N 13°23′39″E / 52.536007°N 13.394029°E / 52.536007; 13.394029 (Rostock Neuer Friedhof/ Courtyard of Strelitzer Straße 55, location of where Egon Schultz was shot)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Egon_Schultz&params=54.07086_N_12.091269_E_region:DE-BE_type:landmark&title=Rostock+Neuer+Friedhof%2Flocation+of+Egon+Schultz%27s+grave","external_links_name":"54°04′15″N 12°05′29″E / 54.07086°N 12.091269°E / 54.07086; 12.091269 (Rostock Neuer Friedhof/location of Egon Schultz's grave)"},{"Link":"https://www.nd-archiv.de/artikel/1419220.unteroffizier-egon-schultz-von-westberliner-agenten-ermordet.html","external_links_name":"Neues Deutschland Archiv: Ein Sohn unserer Republik"},{"Link":"http://www.chronik-der-mauer.de/index.php/de/Start/Detail/id/1453476/page/0","external_links_name":"Egon Schultz Biography"},{"Link":"https://egonsgrave.blogspot.com/","external_links_name":"Egon's Grave (its location)"},{"Link":"https://fraufriedaschultz.blogspot.com/","external_links_name":"An open letter to Frieda Schultz (Egon Schultz's mother, from December 1964"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000016449217","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/40285320","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJcrcgRGGQDP88FpWdRxjC","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/123394856","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2012160246","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd123394856.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/197605745","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Vaughan_(of_Corsygedol)
Richard Vaughan (of Corsygedol)
["1 References","2 Bibliography"]
Plas Cors y Gedol, Wales, frontage Left frontage of Corsygedol Hall, Llanddwywe-is-y-graig, ca. 1875 Richard Vaughan (by 1606 – 19 July 1636) was a Welsh politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1628 to 1629. Vaughan was the son of William Vaughan of Plas Hen and his wife Ann, daughter and heir of Richard Vaughan of Talhenbont, Llanystumdwy, Caernarfonshire. In 1628, he was elected Member of Parliament for Merioneth and sat until 1629 when King Charles decided to rule without parliament for eleven years. Vaughan was so corpulent and bulky that it was necessary to open the large door of the House of Commons to let him in "which was seldom opened except when the Usher of the Black Rod summoned the members to appear before the House of Lords. When the door was opened the Lords used to whisper that Black Rod or the Welsh Mayor was coming." Vaughan died at Corsygedol in 1636 of complications of an operation to reduce his girth. He was aged about 30 at the time and had been serving as Sheriff of Merioneth. He had married, by a settlement dated 12 April 1616, Elizabeth Owen, daughter of Sir John Owen of Clenennau and Brogyntyn. The couple had a son, William, and a daughter, with Elizabeth dying sometime before 25 October 1641. William died relatively young in 1669, with one of his sons, Richard representing Merioneth in 1702. References ^ a b c Healy, Simon (2010), "Vaughan, Richard II (by 1606–1636), of Cors-y-Gedol, Llanddwywe, Merion. and Plas Hên, Llanystumdwy, Caern.", in Thrush, Andrew; Ferris, John P. (eds.), The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1604–1629, Cambridge University Press ^ a b c W R Williams The Parliamentary History of the Principality of Wales Bibliography Vaughan Family of Corsygedol in Dictionary of Welsh Biography Parliament of England Preceded byEdward Vaughan Member of Parliament for Merioneth 1628–1629 Parliament suspended until 1640
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cors_y_Gedol_image1.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Corsygedol,_left_front_of_the_house.jpg"},{"link_name":"House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_England"},{"link_name":"Plas Hen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talhenbont_Hall"},{"link_name":"Llanystumdwy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llanystumdwy"},{"link_name":"Caernarfonshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caernarfonshire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HP-1"},{"link_name":"Member of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Merioneth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merioneth_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"King Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"rule without parliament for eleven years","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_Rule"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williams-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HP-1"},{"link_name":"Sheriff of Merioneth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Merionethshire"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williams-2"},{"link_name":"settlement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage_settlement_(England)"},{"link_name":"Brogyntyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brogyntyn"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williams-2"},{"link_name":"Richard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Vaughan_(died_1734)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HP-1"}],"text":"Plas Cors y Gedol, Wales, frontageLeft frontage of Corsygedol Hall, Llanddwywe-is-y-graig, ca. 1875Richard Vaughan (by 1606 – 19 July 1636) was a Welsh politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1628 to 1629.Vaughan was the son of William Vaughan of Plas Hen and his wife Ann, daughter and heir of Richard Vaughan of Talhenbont, Llanystumdwy, Caernarfonshire.[1] In 1628, he was elected Member of Parliament for Merioneth and sat until 1629 when King Charles decided to rule without parliament for eleven years.Vaughan was so corpulent and bulky that it was necessary to open the large door of the House of Commons to let him in \"which was seldom opened except when the Usher of the Black Rod summoned the members to appear before the House of Lords. When the door was opened the Lords used to whisper that Black Rod or the Welsh Mayor was coming.\"[2]Vaughan died at Corsygedol in 1636 of complications of an operation to reduce his girth.[1] He was aged about 30 at the time and had been serving as Sheriff of Merioneth.[2] He had married, by a settlement dated 12 April 1616, Elizabeth Owen, daughter of Sir John Owen of Clenennau and Brogyntyn.[2] The couple had a son, William, and a daughter, with Elizabeth dying sometime before 25 October 1641. William died relatively young in 1669, with one of his sons, Richard representing Merioneth in 1702.[1]","title":"Richard Vaughan (of Corsygedol)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dictionary of Welsh Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//biography.wales/article/s-VAUG-COR-1250"}],"text":"Vaughan Family of Corsygedol in Dictionary of Welsh Biography","title":"Bibliography"}]
[{"image_text":"Plas Cors y Gedol, Wales, frontage","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Cors_y_Gedol_image1.jpg/250px-Cors_y_Gedol_image1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Left frontage of Corsygedol Hall, Llanddwywe-is-y-graig, ca. 1875","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Corsygedol%2C_left_front_of_the_house.jpg/250px-Corsygedol%2C_left_front_of_the_house.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Healy, Simon (2010), \"Vaughan, Richard II (by 1606–1636), of Cors-y-Gedol, Llanddwywe, Merion. and Plas Hên, Llanystumdwy, Caern.\", in Thrush, Andrew; Ferris, John P. (eds.), The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1604–1629, Cambridge University Press","urls":[{"url":"http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1604-1629/member/vaughan-richard-1606-1636","url_text":"The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1604–1629"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1604-1629/member/vaughan-richard-1606-1636","external_links_name":"The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1604–1629"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/cu31924030498939#page/n137/mode/2up","external_links_name":"W R Williams The Parliamentary History of the Principality of Wales"},{"Link":"https://biography.wales/article/s-VAUG-COR-1250","external_links_name":"Dictionary of Welsh Biography"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franconian_Switzerland_Steam_Railway
Dampfbahn Fränkische Schweiz
["1 Goals","2 Operations","3 See also","4 References","5 Literature","6 External links"]
The museum's DRG Class 64 locomotive, no. 64 491, May 2006 The Dampfbahn Fränkische Schweiz e. V. (Franconian Switzerland Steam Railway Co. Ltd.) or DFS is a German museum railway operated by a registered society (eingetragener Verein) in Ebermannstadt, in a region of northern Bavaria, Germany, known as Franconian Switzerland. Goals Museum railway in the Wiesent Valley The society's goals are the: establishment, operation, and preservation of a museum railway on the former federal railway line from Ebermannstadt to Behringersmühle in the Wiesent Valley; acquisition and preservation of historic railway vehicles, especially those traditionally associated with the Ebermannstadt–Behringersmühle branch line; organisation of presentations, tours, trips, and exhibitions. Operations Since 1980, the society has had a permit to operate a railway and is an authorised railway service and railway infrastructure operator. The Franconian Switzerland Steam Railway is the oldest museum railway in Franconia, northern Bavaria. Between 1 May and 31 October, the museum railway runs scheduled trains on Sundays. For the operation of the museum, the DFS has a fleet comprising three steam locomotives, an accumulator railcar, four diesel locomotives, and a diesel railbus as well as a number of historic passenger coaches. V 60 114 V 60 114 V 36 123 Talbot hopper at Ebermannstadt See also Royal Bavarian State Railways Deutsche Reichsbahn Deutsche Bundesbahn List of Bavarian locomotives and railbuses List of DRG locomotives and railbuses References ^ Kursbuch der deutschen Museums-Eisenbahnen 2008 (Handbook of German Museum Railways), Verlag Uhle und Kleimann, ISBN 978-3-928959-50-6, serial 251 ^ It is a charitable society registered with the Forchheim district court, that was founded on 16 April 1974. Literature Die Museumsbahn Ebermannstadt-Behringersmühle. Hans Falkenberg Verlag, Haßfurt. ISBN 3-927332-24-0. External links Official Homepage of the Franconian Switzerland Steam Railway Society vteHeritage railways in GermanyBaden-Württemberg Dampfbahn Kochertal Killesbergbahn Ulmer Eisenbahnfreunde Interessengemeinschaft 3-Seenbahn Wutachtalbahn Bavaria Bahnpark Augsburg Bayerische Eisenbahnmuseum Bayerischer Localbahnverein Dampfbahn Fränkische Schweiz Deutsches Dampflokomotiv-Museum Eisenbahnfreunde Rodachtalbahn Fränkische Museums Eisenbahn Lokwelt Freilassing Rodachtalbahn Streutalbahn Berlin AG Märkische Kleinbahn Hesse Historische Eisenbahn Frankfurt Lower Bavaria Passauer Eisenbahnfreunde Lower Saxony Deutscher Eisenbahn-Verein Moor Express Verden-Walsroder Eisenbahn Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Mecklenburgische Bäderbahn "Molli" Rügen narrow-gauge railway North Rhine-Westphalia Bergische Museumsbahnen Eisenbahnmuseum Bochum-Dahlhausen Eisenbahnmuseum Dieringhausen Hespertalbahn Museumseisenbahn Minden Sauerländer Kleinbahn Rhineland Palatinate Eisenbahnmuseum Neustadt/Weinstraße Saxony Döllnitzbahn Lößnitzgrundbahn Preßnitztalbahn Weißeritztalbahn Zittauer Schmalspurbahn Saxony-Anhalt Eisenbahnfreunde Traditionsbahnbetriebswerk Staßfurt Harzer Schmalspurbahnen Mansfelder Bergwerksbahn Thuringia Harzer Schmalspurbahnen See also Deutsche Gesellschaft für Eisenbahngeschichte Authority control databases VIAF
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"eingetragener Verein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registered_association_(Germany)"},{"link_name":"Ebermannstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebermannstadt"},{"link_name":"Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavaria"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Franconian Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franconian_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The Dampfbahn Fränkische Schweiz e. V. (Franconian Switzerland Steam Railway Co. Ltd.) or DFS is a German museum railway operated by a registered society (eingetragener Verein) in Ebermannstadt, in a region of northern Bavaria, Germany, known as Franconian Switzerland.[1][2]","title":"Dampfbahn Fränkische Schweiz"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wiesent_Museumseisenbahn.jpg"},{"link_name":"museum railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_railway"},{"link_name":"Wiesent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiesent_(Regnitz)"}],"text":"Museum railway in the Wiesent ValleyThe society's goals are the:establishment, operation, and preservation of a museum railway on the former federal railway line from Ebermannstadt to Behringersmühle in the Wiesent Valley;\nacquisition and preservation of historic railway vehicles, especially those traditionally associated with the Ebermannstadt–Behringersmühle branch line;\norganisation of presentations, tours, trips, and exhibitions.","title":"Goals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Franconia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franconia"},{"link_name":"steam locomotives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_locomotive"},{"link_name":"accumulator railcar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accumulator_railcar"},{"link_name":"diesel locomotives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_locomotive"},{"link_name":"railbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railcar"},{"link_name":"passenger coaches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passenger_coaches"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:V_60_114_a.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:V_60_114_b.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:V_36_123.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Franken_Pictures_2005_022_Talbot_hopper.jpg"},{"link_name":"hopper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopper_car"}],"text":"Since 1980, the society has had a permit to operate a railway and is an authorised railway service and railway infrastructure operator. The Franconian Switzerland Steam Railway is the oldest museum railway in Franconia, northern Bavaria.Between 1 May and 31 October, the museum railway runs scheduled trains on Sundays. For the operation of the museum, the DFS has a fleet comprising three steam locomotives, an accumulator railcar, four diesel locomotives, and a diesel railbus as well as a number of historic passenger coaches.V 60 114\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tV 60 114\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tV 36 123\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTalbot hopper at Ebermannstadt","title":"Operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-927332-24-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-927332-24-0"}],"text":"Die Museumsbahn Ebermannstadt-Behringersmühle. Hans Falkenberg Verlag, Haßfurt. ISBN 3-927332-24-0.","title":"Literature"}]
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[{"title":"Royal Bavarian State Railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Bavarian_State_Railways"},{"title":"Deutsche Reichsbahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Reichsbahn"},{"title":"Deutsche Bundesbahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Bundesbahn"},{"title":"List of Bavarian locomotives and railbuses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Bavarian_locomotives_and_railbuses"},{"title":"List of DRG locomotives and railbuses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_DRG_locomotives_and_railbuses"}]
[]
[{"Link":"http://www.dfs.ebermannstadt.de/","external_links_name":"Official Homepage of the Franconian Switzerland Steam Railway Society"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/244737990","external_links_name":"VIAF"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Didier_Jousselin
Louis Didier Jousselin
["1 Biography","2 Siege of Hamburg","3 France","4 Legacy","5 References"]
Jousselin's tomb Louis Didier Jousselin (1 April 1776 – 3 December 1858) was a French engineer. He built a three-kilometre-long bridge in less than three months during the Siege of Hamburg in 1813. His name is one of the 72 names inscribed on the Eiffel Tower. Biography Louis Didier Jousselin was born at Blois on 1 April 1776. His father was a lawyer who was also interested in politics. Jousselin was successfully admitted as one of the first students at the École Polytechnique, where he graduated two years later. After becoming a qualified engineer he was sent to assist with the Northern Canal near Maastricht in May 1808. Siege of Hamburg The bridge at Hamburg By 1811 the canal had been completed and Jousselin was appointed Chief Engineer for Hamburg; a city that was then under French control. He fortified the town and was recognised for the role he played in securing the city whilst it was under siege by the Russian Army and in containing a population who were not supportive of the French invaders. Jousselin built a bridge which was useful to those defending the siege. Marshal Davout needed to get supplies across the River Elbe. His advisors advised that boats were the only solution. Jousselin was summoned and he said he could build a bridge in three months if he was given every material he would ask for. The Marshal agreed to the commitment. The bridge was not only built, but built well within the time that Jousselin had estimated. The bridge was three kilometres long and linked Hamburg over low ground with Harburg. Marshal Devout wrote to his wife in October 1813 assuring her that Hamburg was now impregnable. The bridge was described as beautiful and prodigious. Jousselin was praised as the Marshal could not believe the amount of work that had been achieved. The bridge was constructed in 1813. Hamburg was particularly important as it was on the supply lines of Napoleon's army. Hamburg was only surrendered when orders came from the French King following the fall of Napoleon. France On 24 April 1814, he was sent as Chief engineer to Orléans. He was there on 20 March 1815 when he heard of Napoleon's return from Elba. Jousselin returned to Paris and contacted Marshal Davout. Davout obviously remembered the skillful engineer from their work at Hamburg and recommended him further. Davout wrote to the Emperor, telling him of his Jousselin's exploits. He told Napoleon that he would be a prisoner of war in Siberia with his 40,000 soldiers if it had not been for this engineer. Jousselin's contribution was recognized and he was made Inspector General of Bridges. However at the end of Napoleon's "Hundred Days", all decrees are recanted and Jousselin returned to Orléans. The bridge he had built at Hamburg was decommissioned in 1817 as it was not maintained by the Germans. However, in Orléans, Chief Engineer Jousselin built quays around the mouth of the Loire. He is credited with saving the inhabitants of Orléans from the floods of 1846, 1856 and 1867; a street was named in his honour. Jousselin's name is one of the 72 names on the Eiffel Tower He was a deputy at Blois from 1831 to 1834. He continued to work as an engineer and did early work on the Canal latéral à la Loire. Jousselin died at Vienne-en-Val on 3 December 1858. Legacy Jousselin was one of the seventy two people whom Gustav Eiffel chose as having made his achievement of building the Eiffel Tower possible. He is number 28 in this list. His name is on the side opposite the Grenelle. A primary school in Vienne-en-Val is named in his honour. Jousselin's elder brother Alexandre Louis Jousselin, who was also a qualified bridge engineer, outlived him. He was the chief engineer for the Seine-et-Marne region and he built a bridge over the River Seine at Paris. Some called Alexandre Jousselin Scared, as he was sickly and timid, to differentiate him from Louis Didier who they nicknamed, Jousselin Scary. Effectively Jousselin was tall and had an imposing physical stature. References ^ a b c d e f Jousselin Didier Louis (1776-1858), souvenir-davout.com, accessed April 2010 ^ a b c Joubert-Bonnaire Jouvenel, assemblee-nationale.fr, p.438, accessed April 2010 ^ Histoire de l'École polytechnique, Ambroise Fourcy, p.395, 1828, accessed April 2010 ^ a b Publipostage de F14 scan 1-Partie1, accessed April 2010 ^ a b c d L’ingénieur_Jousselin L’ingénieur Jousselin, fr.wikisource.org, accessed April 2010 ^ Hydraulic Engineering Legends listed on the Eiffel Tower, Hubert Chanson, docstoc.com, accessed April 2010 ^ Names on the tower Archived 2008-02-15 at the Wayback Machine, tour-eiffel.fr, accessed April 2010 Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National United States People Sycomore
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His name is one of the 72 names inscribed on the Eiffel Tower.[1]","title":"Louis Didier Jousselin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Blois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blois"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-encyc-2"},{"link_name":"École Polytechnique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_Polytechnique"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-list-4"},{"link_name":"Maastricht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maastricht"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-davout-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fr-5"}],"text":"Louis Didier Jousselin was born at Blois on 1 April 1776.[2] His father was a lawyer who was also interested in politics. Jousselin was successfully admitted as one of the first students at the École Polytechnique, where he graduated two years later.[3] After becoming a qualified engineer[4] he was sent to assist with the Northern Canal near Maastricht in May 1808.[1][5]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hamburg_Elbbr%C3%BCcke_1815_by_Suhr.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hamburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg"},{"link_name":"Hamburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg"},{"link_name":"under siege by the Russian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Hamburg"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Marshal Davout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Nicolas_Davout"},{"link_name":"River Elbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Elbe"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-davout-1"},{"link_name":"Harburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harburg,_Hamburg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-davout-1"},{"link_name":"Napoleon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The bridge at HamburgBy 1811 the canal had been completed and Jousselin was appointed Chief Engineer for Hamburg; a city that was then under French control. He fortified the town and was recognised for the role he played in securing the city whilst it was under siege by the Russian Army and in containing a population who were not supportive of the French invaders.[citation needed]Jousselin built a bridge which was useful to those defending the siege. Marshal Davout needed to get supplies across the River Elbe. His advisors advised that boats were the only solution. Jousselin was summoned and he said he could build a bridge in three months if he was given every material he would ask for. The Marshal agreed to the commitment. The bridge was not only built, but built well within the time that Jousselin had estimated.[1] The bridge was three kilometres long and linked Hamburg over low ground with Harburg. Marshal Devout wrote to his wife in October 1813 assuring her that Hamburg was now impregnable. The bridge was described as beautiful and prodigious. Jousselin was praised as the Marshal could not believe the amount of work that had been achieved.[1]The bridge was constructed in 1813. Hamburg was particularly important as it was on the supply lines of Napoleon's army. Hamburg was only surrendered when orders came from the French King following the fall of Napoleon.[citation needed]","title":"Siege of Hamburg"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Orléans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orl%C3%A9ans"},{"link_name":"prisoner of war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_of_war"},{"link_name":"Siberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberia"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fr-5"},{"link_name":"Hundred Days","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Days"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fr-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-davout-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fr-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jousselin_(tour_eiffel).jpg"},{"link_name":"72 names on the Eiffel Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_72_names_on_the_Eiffel_Tower"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-encyc-2"},{"link_name":"Canal latéral à la Loire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal_lat%C3%A9ral_%C3%A0_la_Loire"},{"link_name":"Vienne-en-Val","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienne-en-Val"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-encyc-2"}],"text":"On 24 April 1814, he was sent as Chief engineer to Orléans. He was there on 20 March 1815 when he heard of Napoleon's return from Elba. Jousselin returned to Paris and contacted Marshal Davout. Davout obviously remembered the skillful engineer from their work at Hamburg and recommended him further. Davout wrote to the Emperor, telling him of his Jousselin's exploits. He told Napoleon that he would be a prisoner of war in Siberia with his 40,000 soldiers if it had not been for this engineer.[5]Jousselin's contribution was recognized and he was made Inspector General of Bridges. However at the end of Napoleon's \"Hundred Days\", all decrees are recanted and Jousselin returned to Orléans.[5]The bridge he had built at Hamburg was decommissioned in 1817 as it was not maintained by the Germans.[1] However, in Orléans, Chief Engineer Jousselin built quays around the mouth of the Loire. He is credited with saving the inhabitants of Orléans from the floods of 1846, 1856 and 1867; a street was named in his honour.[5]Jousselin's name is one of the 72 names on the Eiffel TowerHe was a deputy at Blois from 1831 to 1834.[2] He continued to work as an engineer and did early work on the Canal latéral à la Loire. Jousselin died at Vienne-en-Val on 3 December 1858.[2]","title":"France"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"seventy two people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_72_names_on_the_Eiffel_Tower"},{"link_name":"Gustav Eiffel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Eiffel"},{"link_name":"Eiffel Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiffel_Tower"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eiffel-6"},{"link_name":"Grenelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenelle"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Alexandre Louis Jousselin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Louis_Jousselin"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-list-4"},{"link_name":"Seine-et-Marne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seine-et-Marne"},{"link_name":"River Seine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Seine"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-davout-1"}],"text":"Jousselin was one of the seventy two people whom Gustav Eiffel chose as having made his achievement of building the Eiffel Tower possible. He is number 28 in this list.[6] His name is on the side opposite the Grenelle.[7] A primary school in Vienne-en-Val is named in his honour.[citation needed]Jousselin's elder brother Alexandre Louis Jousselin, who was also a qualified bridge engineer, outlived him.[4] He was the chief engineer for the Seine-et-Marne region and he built a bridge over the River Seine at Paris. Some called Alexandre Jousselin Scared, as he was sickly and timid, to differentiate him from Louis Didier who they nicknamed, Jousselin Scary. Effectively Jousselin was tall and had an imposing physical stature.[1]","title":"Legacy"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Patterson_(disambiguation)
Walter Patterson
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Walter Patterson is the name of: Walter Patterson (governor) (1735 or 1742 – 1798), colonial governor Walter Patterson (U.S. politician), U.S. Representative from New York Walt Patterson, environmentalist Topics referred to by the same termThis disambiguation page lists articles about people with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
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[]
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[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere/Walter_Patterson&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Department_of_Mathematics
MIT Department of Mathematics
["1 History","2 References","3 External links"]
Academic department at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology The Department of Mathematics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (also known as Course 18) is one of the premier mathematics departments both in the U.S. and the world. In the 2023 U.S. News & World Report rankings of the U.S. graduate programs for mathematics, MIT's program is ranked in the first place, tied only with that of Princeton University, and thereafter it is a three-way tie between Harvard University, Stanford University, and the University of California, Berkeley. The current faculty of around 50 members includes Wolf Prize winner Michael Artin, Shaw Prize winner George Lusztig, Gödel Prize winner Peter Shor, and numerical analyst Gilbert Strang. History Originally under John Daniel Runkle, mathematics at MIT was regarded as service teaching for engineers. Harry W Tyler succeeded Runkle after his death in 1902, and continued as its head until 1930. Tyler had been exposed to modern European mathematics and was influenced by Felix Klein and Max Noether. Much of the early work was on geometry. Norbert Wiener, famous for his contribution to the mathematics of signal processing, joined the MIT faculty in 1919. By 1920, the department started publishing the Journal of Mathematics and Physics (in 1969 renamed as Studies in Applied Mathematics), a sign of its growing confidence; the first PhD was conferred to James E Taylor in 1925. Among illustrious members of the faculty were Norman Levinson and Gian-Carlo Rota. George B. Thomas wrote the widely used calculus textbook Calculus and Analytical Geometry, known today as Thomas' Calculus. Longtime faculty member Arthur Mattuck received several awards for his teaching of MIT undergraduates. References Joel Segel (editor) (2009) Recountings - Conversations with MIT Mathematicians, AK Peters ISBN 978-1-4398-6541-5 ^ "Vital Statistics on the Numbers Game". Archived from the original on 2003-10-04. Retrieved 2012-05-06.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link), Vital Statistics on the Numbers Game, Science Watch, May 2002. Archived at "Vital Statistics on the Numbers Game". Archived from the original on February 15, 2012. Retrieved 2012-05-06.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) ^ "MIT is second in the US on number of Math PhDs". Archived from the original on 2021-04-22. Retrieved 2008-02-19. ^ "Mathematics Rankings". U.S. News & World Report. ^ Peter L. Duren, Richard Askey, Uta C. Merzbac, A Century of Mathematics in America, 1989, American Mathematical Society, ISBN 0-8218-0124-4 ^ Parshall, Karen; Rowe, David E. (1994). The Emergence of the American Mathematical Research Community 1876–1900: J. J. Sylvester, Felix Klein, and E. H. Moore. AMS/LMS History of Mathematics 8. Providence/London. pp. 229–230. ISBN 9780821809075.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) External links MIT Mathematics Department website MIT OpenCourseWare: Mathematics vteMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyAcademics School of Architecture and Planning Engineering Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences Science Sloan School of Management Schwarzman College of Computing Department of Biology Brain and Cognitive Sciences Economics Mathematics Physics Health Sciences and Technology Research Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab Broad Institute Center for Bits and Atoms Information Systems Research International Studies Theoretical Physics Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory Institute for Medical Engineering and Science Koch Institute Laboratory for Electromagnetic and Electronic Systems Information and Decision Systems Lincoln Laboratory Massachusetts Green High Performance Computing Center McGovern Institute Media Lab MIT Libraries Nuclear Research Reactor Picower Institute Plasma Science and Fusion Center Research Laboratory of Electronics Senseable City Lab Whitehead Institute People Alumni Faculty Institute Professors Presidents William Barton Rogers Culture Brass Rat Caltech rivalry Hacks Lemelson–MIT Prize List Visual Arts Center MIT $100K MIT Press MIT Technology Review MIT Science Fiction Society Mystery Hunt Project Athena Smoot Student Information Processing Board Tech Model Railroad Club Tech Squares The Tech Traditions and activities Campus Building 20 Chapel Dormitories Fraternities and sororities Green Building Infinite Corridor Killian Court Kresge Auditorium Libraries MIT Museum Police Stata Center Sean Collier Memorial Wiesner Building History History of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Round Hill Athletics Engineers Tech Dinghy Notable projects MIT App Inventor MIT OpenCourseWare MITx Scratch Authority control databases International ISNI National Israel United States
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club-winged_manakin
Club-winged manakin
["1 Sound-making mechanism","2 References","3 External links"]
Species of bird Club-winged Manakin Male in NW Ecuador call recorded in Ecuador Conservation status Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Passeriformes Family: Pipridae Genus: Machaeropterus Species: M. deliciosus Binomial name Machaeropterus deliciosus(Sclater, PL, 1860) The club-winged manakin (Machaeropterus deliciosus) is a small passerine bird which is a resident breeding species in the cloud forest on the western slopes of the Andes Mountains of Colombia and northwestern Ecuador. The manakins are a family (Pipridae) of small bird species of subtropical and tropical Central and South America. Sound-making mechanism The structures were first noted by P. L. Sclater in 1860, and the sound production adaptations were discussed by Charles Darwin in 1871 Like several other manakins, the club-winged manakin produces a mechanical sound with its extremely modified secondary remiges, an effect known as sonation. The manakins adapted their wings in this odd way as a result of sexual selection. In manakins, the males have evolved adaptations to suit the females' attraction towards sound. Wing sounds in various manakin lineages have evolved independently. Some species pop like a firecracker, and there are a couple that make whooshing noises in flight. The club-winged manakin has the unique ability to produce musical sounds with its wings. Each wing of the club-winged manakin has one feather with a series of at least seven ridges along its central vane. Next to the strangely ridged feather is another feather with a stiff, curved tip. When the bird raises its wings over its back, it shakes them back and forth over 100 times a second (hummingbirds typically flap their wings only 50 times a second). Each time it hits a ridge, the tip produces a sound. The tip strikes each ridge twice: once as the feathers collide, and once as they move apart again. This raking movement allows a wing to produce 14 sounds during each shake. By shaking its wings 100 times a second, the club-winged manakin can produce around 1,400 single sounds during that time. In order to withstand the repeated beating of its wings together, the club-winged manakin has evolved solid wing bones (by comparison, the bones of most birds are hollow, making flight easier). The solid wing bones, a result of sexual selection, are also present in female manakins, who do not benefit from the trait. While this "spoon-and-washboard" anatomy is a well-known sound-producing apparatus in insects (see stridulation), it had not been well documented in vertebrates (some snakes stridulate too, but they do not have dedicated anatomical features for it). References ^ BirdLife International (2018). "Machaeropterus deliciosus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22701122A130270942. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22701122A130270942.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021. ^ a b Sclater, P. L. (1860). "List of Birds collected by Mr. Fraser in Ecuador, at Nanegal, Calacali, Perucho, and Puellaro, with notes and descriptions of new species". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London: 83–97. ^ Darwin, Charles (1871). The descent of man and selection in relation to sex. Vol. 2. London: John Murray. pp. 65–66. ^ Bostwick, Kimberly. "From Feathers, a Violin". BirdScope. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Archived from the original on 2006-09-12. Retrieved May 4, 2012. ^ a b Zimmer, Carl (August 2, 2005). "A New Kind of Birdsong: Music on the Wing in the Forests of Ecuador". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved May 4, 2012. ^ "How beauty might have evolved for pleasure, not function". The Verge. 19 May 2017. Retrieved 19 May 2017. External links ffrench, Richard; O'Neill, John Patton & Eckelberry, Don R. (1991): A guide to the birds of Trinidad and Tobago (2nd edition). Comstock Publishing, Ithaca, N.Y.. ISBN 0-8014-9792-2 Hilty, Steven L. (2003): Birds of Venezuela. Christopher Helm, London. ISBN 0-7136-6418-5 Stiles, F. Gary & Skutch, Alexander Frank (1989): A guide to the birds of Costa Rica. Comistock, Ithaca. Bio One 2005-07-25 Cornell University News Service Rare South American bird 'sings' with its feathers to attract a mate, Cornell researcher finds Bird "Sings" Through Feathers on National Geographic Taxon identifiersMachaeropterus deliciosus Wikidata: Q1302311 Wikispecies: Machaeropterus deliciosus Avibase: D76775F302E09B7C BirdLife: 22701122 BOLD: 106220 BOW: clwman1 CoL: 732GV eBird: clwman1 EoL: 45513317 GBIF: 2487754 iNaturalist: 14347 IRMNG: 10955673 ITIS: 560909 IUCN: 22701122 NCBI: 265628 Neotropical: clwman1 Open Tree of Life: 232048 Xeno-canto: Machaeropterus-deliciosus
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_for_Ecological_Security
Foundation for Ecological Security
["1 Mission","2 Outreach","3 Networking and collaborations","4 Funding partners","5 Awards","6 References","7 External links"]
Indian nonprofit organization This article contains content that is written like an advertisement. Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view. (April 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Foundation for Ecological SecurityFounded2001LocationTamilnaduArea served TirupurKey peopleMahavishnuEmployees Around 15Websitefes.org.in The Foundation for Ecological Security (FES) is a registered non-profit organization based in Anand, Gujarat, India, working towards the ecological restoration and conservation of land and water resources in ecologically fragile, degraded, and marginalized regions of India through the concentrated and collective efforts of village communities. FES has been involved in assisting in the restoration, management, and governance of common property land resources since 1986. The organization uses a holistic approach to resource management by intertwining principles of nature conservation and local self-governance in order to accelerate ecological restoration, as well as improve the living conditions of the poor. Most of FES's efforts are concentrated in the dryland regions of the country; however, the landscapes worked on are as diverse as scrublands, tidal mudflats, dense forests, ravines, grasslands, farm fields, and water bodies. Mission Registered under the Societies Registration Act XXI 1860, the Foundation for Ecological Security was set up in 2001 to strengthen the "massive and critical task of ecological restoration" and improve the governance of natural resources in India. According to their website, the mission statement of the organization is, "As 'ecological security' is the foundation of sustainable and equitable development, the Foundation for Ecological Security (FES) is committed to strengthening, reviving or restoring, where necessary, the process of ecological succession and the conservation of land, forest and water resources in the country." Outreach As of March 2022, FES and Partner NGOs collaborate with 41,880 village institutions, improving environmental stewardship of 12.52 million acres of common lands, impacting 24.8 million lives across 14 Indian states: Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Odisha, Rajasthan, and Telangana. The central theme of the work done by FES revolves around intertwining principles of nature conservation and strengthening village institutions so as to directly improve the living conditions of the poor and the marginalized. FES support Panchayats and their subcommittees, Village Forest Committees, Gramya Jungle Committees, Water Users Associations, and Watershed Committees. Regardless of the form of the institution, FES strives for a future where local village communities determine and move towards desirable land-use based on principles of conservation and social justice. Networking and collaborations FES collaborates with several practitioners and academic bodies engaged in ecological restoration, community institutions, and rural livelihoods. FES partners with the Dakshin Foundation to publish Common Voices and Current Conservation. With Kalpavriksh, FES brings out the Protected Area Update and Forest Case Update. In collaboration with Collective Action and Property Rights (CAPRI), FES seeks to advance common interests on collective action and property rights of communities through developing effective advocacy, communication, and training materials. FES collaborates with different universities: Washington University in St. Louis, to study subjects related to systems dynamics, energy conservation, coupled human and natural systems; Clemson University, on hydrological studies; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, and University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, on forest resource institutions and climate change. FES anchors the Rain-fed Livestock Network (RLN), a consortium of NGOs which works to highlight issues related to livestock rearers in rain-fed areas of India. FES is also a member of the 'Future of Conservation' consortium, and the Revitalization of the Rain-fed Agricultural Network. FES is currently a member of the International Union for Conservation of Nature International Land Coalition, International Association for the Study on the Commons, International Society of Ecological Economics (ISEE) and its Indian chapter, the Indigenous and Community Conserved Areas (ICCA) Consortium, and the United Nations Economic and Social Council. Funding partners FES has been supported by many funding partners over the years, including Arghyam, Concern Worldwide, The Duleep Matthai Nature Conservation Trust, Fondation Ensemble, Ford Foundation, Department of Rural Development (Government of Andhra Pradesh), Department of Rural Development (Government of Gujarat), Department of Rural Development (Government of Andhra Rajasthan), Grow-Trees, Hilton Foundation, Irrigation, and Command Area Development (I&CAD) Department (Government of Andhra Pradesh), ITC – Sunehra Kal Initiative, National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD), Omidyar Network, Royal Bank of Scotland Foundation, Rufford Small Grant Programme, Sir Dorabji Tata Trust and the Allied Trusts (SDTT), Jamsetji Tata Trust (JTT), Sir Ratan Tata Trust (SRTT), Water and Sanitation Management Organisation (WASMO), UNDP-GEF Small Grants Programme (SGP), and GIZ. Awards FES was a recipient of the Skoll Award for Social Entrepreneurship in 2015, and Jagdeesh Rao was honored during the awards ceremony as part of the Skoll World Forum in Oxford, England on 16 April 2015. In 2013, FES was awarded the Times of India Social Impact Award 2012 in the Environment category. It was jointly shared with Dhan Foundation. On the World Day to Combat Desertification (17 June) the Foundation for Ecological Security was awarded the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) instituted Land for Life Award 2013 for its work on assisting village communities in the sustainable management of common lands in India. The Foundation for Ecological Security (FES) is also the recipient of the prestigious Elinor Ostrom International Award on Collective Governance of the Commons for the year 2013, for outstanding contribution to the practice of Commons governance. References ^ Peterson, Garry. "Foundation for Ecological Security". Seeds of Good Anthropocenes. Retrieved 25 August 2023. ^ "Foundation for Ecological Security - About Us". Fes.org.in. Retrieved 4 January 2013. ^ "Foundation for Ecological Security - Our Mission". Fes.org.in. Retrieved 4 January 2013. ^ "ON | Omidyar Network Commits $2.1M to the Foundation for Ecological Security to Secure Rights to Common Land for India's Poor". Omidyar.com. 15 July 2010. Archived from the original on 31 January 2013. Retrieved 4 January 2013. ^ "Common Voices Newsletter". Dakshin.org. Archived from the original on 3 February 2012. Retrieved 4 January 2013. ^ "Our website is currently being renovated. You can read all our issues online here, but please visit us soon for a more exciting and updated site". Currentconservation.org. Archived from the original on 26 December 2012. Retrieved 4 January 2013. ^ "Kalpavriksh Documentation and Outreach". Kalpavriksh.org. 12 August 2015. ^ "Updates on our Forests". forestcaseindia.org. Archived from the original on 14 April 2013. Retrieved 4 January 2013. ^ "Systems dynamics modeling shows great promise for violence prevention". Brownschool.wustl.edu. 4 October 2010. Archived from the original on 9 October 2010. Retrieved 4 January 2013. ^ "EnergyPoverty". Gwbweb.wustl.edu. Archived from the original on 13 February 2013. Retrieved 4 January 2013. ^ Fighting Health; Environmental Risks in India (7 January 2009). "Fighting Health and Environmental Risks in India". Gwbweb.wustl.edu. Archived from the original on 20 June 2013. Retrieved 4 January 2013. ^ "Highlighted Project : Clemson University". Clemson.edu. Retrieved 4 January 2013. ^ "Faculty Research | Center for South Asian Studies | University of Michigan". Ii.umich.edu. Archived from the original on 25 July 2012. Retrieved 4 January 2013. ^ https://apps.atlas.illinois.edu/CvStorage/documents/users/achhatre ^ "National Workshop on 'Breed Promotion and conservation in rainfed areas'". Sapplpp.org. 21 July 2009. Archived from the original on 13 May 2012. Retrieved 4 January 2013. ^ "Revitalizing Rainfed Agriculture". WASSAN. Retrieved 4 January 2013. ^ "Members in India". IUCN. Archived from the original on 13 November 2012. Retrieved 4 January 2013. ^ "Members: all ILC Members | International Land Coalition". Landcoalition.org. Archived from the original on 1 March 2013. Retrieved 4 January 2013. ^ "Thirteenth Biennial Conference of the International Association for the Study of Commons - IASC". Iasc-Commons. 18 December 2009. Retrieved 4 January 2013. ^ "Life Members of Corporate Bodies". Ecoinsee.org. Retrieved 4 January 2013. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 August 2012. Retrieved 20 December 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ "Omidyar Network commits $2.1 mn to FES". Financialexpress.com. Archived from the original on 23 January 2013. Retrieved 4 January 2013. ^ "Foundation for Ecological Security - Funding". Fes.org.in. Archived from the original on 8 March 2015. Retrieved 4 January 2013. ^ "Skoll | Skoll Awardees". 2015 Skoll Awards. Archived from the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 19 April 2015. ^ "TOI Social Impact Awards: They battled the odds to even the chances - The Times of India". The Times Of India. 10 January 2013. ^ "UNCCD - LandforLifeAward". Archived from the original on 29 June 2013. Retrieved 2 July 2013. ^ "2013 Award Results | Elinor Ostrom Award". Archived from the original on 11 July 2013. Retrieved 14 May 2015. External links Foundation for Ecological Security National Dairy Development Board's article on the Foundation for Ecological Security vteWetlandsTypes and landformsNatural Backswamp Bayou Beach meadow Blackwater river Bofedales Bog Blanket bog Cataract bog Coastal bog Kermi bog Plateau bog Polygonal bog Raised bog String bog Upland bog Callows Carr Alder carr Ciénega Clearwater river Cypress dome Dambo Fen Fen-meadow Poor fen Rich fen Flark Flood-meadow Flooded grasslands and savannas Grass valley Guelta Hamun Igapó Ings Interdunal wetland Intertidal wetland Kettle Lagg Marsh Brackish marsh Freshwater marsh Inland salt marsh Salt marsh Tidal marsh High marsh Low marsh Mere Misse Moorland Mudflat Muskeg Oasis Pakihi Palsa Palustrine wetland Peatland, mire, and quagmire Pocosin Pond Pothole Reed bed Salt pannes and pools Slough Swamp Coniferous swamp Freshwater swamp forest Mangrove forest Myristica swamp Peat swamp forest Shrub swamp Wet meadow Várzea forest Vernal pool Whitewater river Yaéré Artificial Bog garden Constructed wetland Converted wetland Swale Water-meadow Life List of wetland plants List of fen plants Sphagnum Soil mechanics Acrotelm Histosol Peat Sapric or muck Tropical peat Hydric soil Marsh gas Ombrotrophic Processes Halosere Hydrosere Paludification Salt marsh dieback Classifications A Directory of Important Wetlands in Australia National Wetlands Inventory Ramsar Classification System for Wetland Type Conservation Clean Water Act Greenhouse gas emissions from wetlands Marsh organ Ramsar Convention Ramsar site List Salt marsh die-off Wetland indicator status Organizations Bangladesh Haor and Wetland Development Board Delta Waterfowl Foundation Ducks Unlimited Irish Peatland Conservation Council Meadowview Biological Research Station Society of Wetland Scientists Wetlands International Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust Related articles Aquatic ecosystem Bog body Bog butter Bog iron Bog-wood List of bogs Drainage basin Estuary Riparian zone River delta Telmatology Turbary Will-o'-the-wisp Wetlands portal Category Authority control databases International VIAF National United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anand, Gujarat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anand,_Gujarat"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"ecological restoration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_restoration"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"nature conservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_conservation"},{"link_name":"local self-governance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_self-government_in_India"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"ravines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravines"},{"link_name":"grasslands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grasslands"}],"text":"The Foundation for Ecological Security (FES) is a registered non-profit organization based in Anand, Gujarat, India, working towards the ecological restoration and conservation of land and water resources in ecologically fragile, degraded, and marginalized regions of India through the concentrated and collective efforts of village communities.[1]FES has been involved in assisting in the restoration, management, and governance of common property land resources since 1986. The organization uses a holistic approach to resource management by intertwining principles of nature conservation and local self-governance in order to accelerate ecological restoration, as well as improve the living conditions of the poor.[2]Most of FES's efforts are concentrated in the dryland regions of the country; however, the landscapes worked on are as diverse as scrublands, tidal mudflats, dense forests, ravines, grasslands, farm fields, and water bodies.","title":"Foundation for Ecological Security"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"natural resources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_resources"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Registered under the Societies Registration Act XXI 1860, the Foundation for Ecological Security was set up in 2001 to strengthen the \"massive and critical task of ecological restoration\" and improve the governance of natural resources in India.According to their website, the mission statement of the organization is, \"As 'ecological security' is the foundation of sustainable and equitable development, the Foundation for Ecological Security (FES) is committed to strengthening, reviving or restoring, where necessary, the process of ecological succession and the conservation of land, forest and water resources in the country.\"[3]","title":"Mission"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NGOs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGOs"},{"link_name":"Andhra Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"Chhattisgarh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhattisgarh"},{"link_name":"Gujarat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat"},{"link_name":"Himachal Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"Jharkhand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jharkhand"},{"link_name":"Karnataka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka"},{"link_name":"Madhya Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"Maharashtra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtra"},{"link_name":"Manipur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manipur"},{"link_name":"Meghalaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meghalaya"},{"link_name":"Nagaland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagaland"},{"link_name":"Odisha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odisha"},{"link_name":"Rajasthan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasthan"},{"link_name":"Telangana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telangana"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-omidyar1-4"}],"text":"As of March 2022, FES and Partner NGOs collaborate with 41,880 village institutions, improving environmental stewardship of 12.52 million acres of common lands, impacting 24.8 million lives across 14 Indian states: Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Odisha, Rajasthan, and Telangana.The central theme of the work done by FES revolves around intertwining principles of nature conservation and strengthening village institutions so as to directly improve the living conditions of the poor and the marginalized. FES support Panchayats and their subcommittees, Village Forest Committees, Gramya Jungle Committees, Water Users Associations, and Watershed Committees. Regardless of the form of the institution, FES strives for a future where local village communities determine and move towards desirable land-use based on principles of conservation and social justice.[4]","title":"Outreach"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Washington University in St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Clemson University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clemson_University"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"University of Michigan, Ann Arbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Michigan"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Urbana-Champaign"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"climate change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"International Union for Conservation of Nature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"International Land Coalition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Land_Coalition"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"International Association for the Study on the Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_for_the_Study_of_the_Commons"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"United Nations Economic and Social Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Economic_and_Social_Council"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"FES collaborates with several practitioners and academic bodies engaged in ecological restoration, community institutions, and rural livelihoods.FES partners with the Dakshin Foundation to publish Common Voices[5] and Current Conservation.[6] With Kalpavriksh, FES brings out the Protected Area Update[7] and Forest Case Update.[8]In collaboration with Collective Action and Property Rights (CAPRI), FES seeks to advance common interests on collective action and property rights of communities through developing effective advocacy, communication, and training materials.FES collaborates with different universities: Washington University in St. Louis, to study subjects related to systems dynamics,[9] energy conservation,[10] coupled human and natural systems;[11] Clemson University, on hydrological studies;[12] University of Michigan, Ann Arbor,[13] and University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign,[14] on forest resource institutions and climate change.FES anchors the Rain-fed Livestock Network (RLN),[15] a consortium of NGOs which works to highlight issues related to livestock rearers in rain-fed areas of India. FES is also a member of the 'Future of Conservation' consortium, and the Revitalization of the Rain-fed Agricultural Network.[16]FES is currently a member of the International Union for Conservation of Nature[17] International Land Coalition,[18] International Association for the Study on the Commons,[19] International Society of Ecological Economics (ISEE) and its Indian chapter,[20] the Indigenous and Community Conserved Areas (ICCA) Consortium, and the United Nations Economic and Social Council.[21]","title":"Networking and collaborations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ford Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Foundation"},{"link_name":"ITC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Tobacco_Company"},{"link_name":"National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Bank_for_Agriculture_and_Rural_Development"},{"link_name":"Omidyar Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omidyar_Network"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Sir Ratan Tata Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Ratan_Tata_Trust"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"FES has been supported by many funding partners over the years, including Arghyam, Concern Worldwide, The Duleep Matthai Nature Conservation Trust, Fondation Ensemble, Ford Foundation, Department of Rural Development (Government of Andhra Pradesh), Department of Rural Development (Government of Gujarat), Department of Rural Development (Government of Andhra Rajasthan), Grow-Trees, Hilton Foundation, Irrigation, and Command Area Development (I&CAD) Department (Government of Andhra Pradesh), ITC – Sunehra Kal Initiative, National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD), Omidyar Network,[22] Royal Bank of Scotland Foundation, Rufford Small Grant Programme, Sir Dorabji Tata Trust and the Allied Trusts (SDTT), Jamsetji Tata Trust (JTT), Sir Ratan Tata Trust (SRTT), Water and Sanitation Management Organisation (WASMO), UNDP-GEF Small Grants Programme (SGP), and GIZ.[23]","title":"Funding partners"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Skoll Award for Social Entrepreneurship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.skollfoundation.org/about/skoll-awards/"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Skoll_Foundation-24"},{"link_name":"Times of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_of_India"},{"link_name":"Dhan Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.dhan.org/"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_to_Combat_Desertification"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Elinor Ostrom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elinor_Ostrom"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"FES was a recipient of the Skoll Award for Social Entrepreneurship in 2015, and Jagdeesh Rao was honored during the awards ceremony as part of the Skoll World Forum in Oxford, England on 16 April 2015.[24]In 2013, FES was awarded the Times of India Social Impact Award 2012 in the Environment category. It was jointly shared with Dhan Foundation.[25]On the World Day to Combat Desertification (17 June) the Foundation for Ecological Security was awarded the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) instituted Land for Life Award 2013 for its work on assisting village communities in the sustainable management of common lands in India.[26]The Foundation for Ecological Security (FES) is also the recipient of the prestigious Elinor Ostrom International Award on Collective Governance of the Commons for the year 2013, for outstanding contribution to the practice of Commons governance.[27]","title":"Awards"}]
[]
null
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Retrieved 19 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150518092209/http://www.skollfoundation.org/skoll-entrepreneurs/2015-skoll-awardees/","url_text":"\"Skoll | Skoll Awardees\""},{"url":"http://www.skollfoundation.org/skoll-entrepreneurs/2015-skoll-awardees/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"TOI Social Impact Awards: They battled the odds to even the chances - The Times of India\". The Times Of India. 10 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/TOI-Social-Impact-Awards-They-battled-the-odds-to-even-the-chances/articleshow/17960971.cms","url_text":"\"TOI Social Impact Awards: They battled the odds to even the chances - The Times of India\""}]},{"reference":"\"UNCCD - LandforLifeAward\". Archived from the original on 29 June 2013. Retrieved 2 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130629185411/http://www.unccd.int/en/programmes/Event-and-campaigns/LandForLife/Pages/default.aspx","url_text":"\"UNCCD - LandforLifeAward\""},{"url":"http://www.unccd.int/en/programmes/Event-and-campaigns/LandForLife/Pages/default.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"2013 Award Results | Elinor Ostrom Award\". Archived from the original on 11 July 2013. Retrieved 14 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130711053842/http://elinorostromaward.org/2013-Award-Results","url_text":"\"2013 Award Results | Elinor Ostrom Award\""},{"url":"http://elinorostromaward.org/2013-Award-Results","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Kasdan
Jonathan Kasdan
["1 Biography","2 Filmography","2.1 Filmmaking credits","2.2 Acting credits","3 References","4 External links"]
American writer, director and actor This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Jonathan Kasdan" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Jonathan KasdanBornJonathan Peter Kasdan (1979-09-30) September 30, 1979 (age 44)Los Angeles, California, U.S.Occupations Screenwriter director actor Years active1983–presentParentLawrence Kasdan (father)RelativesJake Kasdan (brother)Mark Kasdan (uncle) Jonathan Peter Kasdan (born September 30, 1979) is an American film and television screenwriter, director, producer and actor. Biography Kasdan was born to a Jewish family, the son of Meg (née Goldman), a writer, and film director Lawrence Kasdan. He is the brother of director and actor Jake Kasdan. His directorial debut, In the Land of Women, was released in the United States in 2007. Kasdan also wrote the film, which premiered at the Cannes Film Festival in 2006. Kasdan has worked as a writer for the American television series Freaks and Geeks, and as an actor in Dawson's Creek and Dreamcatcher. He had his acting debut in 1983 in his father's film, The Big Chill. Kasdan was diagnosed with Hodgkin's disease when he was a 17-year-old junior in high school. Filmography Filmmaking credits Title Year(s) Director Writer Producer Notes Freaks and Geeks 2000 No Yes No Television series (Episode: "The Little Things") Dawson's Creek 2000–2002 No Yes No Television series (5 episodes) In the Land of Women 2007 Yes Yes No Directorial debut The First Time 2012 Yes Yes No Roadies 2016 Yes No No Television series (2 episodes) Solo: A Star Wars Story 2018 No Yes Co-producer Willow 2022–2023 No Yes Executive Series for Disney+ Developer and executive producer (8 episodes)Writer (3 episodes) Willow: Behind the Magic 2023 No No Executive Documentary special for Disney+ Also uncredited wrote earlier draft for Indiana Jones and the Dial of Destiny (2023). Acting credits Title Year(s) Role Notes The Big Chill 1983 Harold and Sarah's son Silverado 1985 Boy at Outpost The Accidental Tourist 1988 Boy at Doctor's Office I Love You to Death 1990 Dominic Wyatt Earp 1994 Bar Boy Freaks and Geeks 1999 Tommy Television series (episode "Tricks and Treats") Slackers 2002 Barry Big Trouble Jack Pendick Trainee Dawson's Creek Gawky-Looking Kid Television series (episode "Cigarette Burns") Dreamcatcher 2003 Defuniak Californication 2011–2014 Director Television series (9 episodes) Darling Companion 2012 Offciant Solo: A Star Wars Story 2018 Bink Otauna Deleted scene (uncredited) References ^ Bloom, Nate (May 15, 2018). "Han Solo is a Jew, Michelle Wolf is not". J. The Jewish News of Northern California. ^ "Lawrence Kasdan Biography (1949-)". Film Reference. Retrieved May 31, 2018. ^ Steven Weintraub (April 17, 2007). "Jonathan Kasdan Interviewed – In the Land of Women". Collider. Retrieved May 31, 2018. ^ Mick LaSalle (April 20, 2007). "Finding deep meaning in ... Michigan". San Francisco Chronicle (SFGate.com). Retrieved May 31, 2018. ^ a b Josh Rottenberg (May 26, 2018). "Solo: A Star Wars Story writers Lawrence and Jonathan Kasdan on spoilers, sequels and why Han shot first". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 31, 2018. ^ "Indiana Jones 5". Writers Guild of America West. February 10, 2023. Archived from the original on March 20, 2023. Retrieved May 27, 2023. External links Jonathan Kasdan at IMDb Jonathan Kasdan on X Adam Brody seduces Chicago on "In the Land of Women", MidwestBusiness.com, 4/17/07 Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Spain France BnF data Germany United States Czech Republic Korea Poland Other IdRef This biographical article related to cinema of the United States is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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[{"reference":"Bloom, Nate (May 15, 2018). \"Han Solo is a Jew, Michelle Wolf is not\". J. The Jewish News of Northern California.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jweekly.com/2018/05/15/han-solo-jew-michelle-wolf-not/","url_text":"\"Han Solo is a Jew, Michelle Wolf is not\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._The_Jewish_News_of_Northern_California","url_text":"J. The Jewish News of Northern California"}]},{"reference":"\"Lawrence Kasdan Biography (1949-)\". Film Reference. Retrieved May 31, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.filmreference.com/film/29/Lawrence-Kasdan.html","url_text":"\"Lawrence Kasdan Biography (1949-)\""}]},{"reference":"Steven Weintraub (April 17, 2007). \"Jonathan Kasdan Interviewed – In the Land of Women\". Collider. Retrieved May 31, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://collider.com/jonathan-kasdan-interviewed-in-the-land-of-women/","url_text":"\"Jonathan Kasdan Interviewed – In the Land of Women\""}]},{"reference":"Mick LaSalle (April 20, 2007). \"Finding deep meaning in ... Michigan\". San Francisco Chronicle (SFGate.com). Retrieved May 31, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sfgate.com/movies/article/Finding-deep-meaning-in-Michigan-2564175.php","url_text":"\"Finding deep meaning in ... Michigan\""}]},{"reference":"Josh Rottenberg (May 26, 2018). \"Solo: A Star Wars Story writers Lawrence and Jonathan Kasdan on spoilers, sequels and why Han shot first\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 31, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-et-mn-solo-star-wars-kasdans-maul-jabba-20180526-htmlstory.html","url_text":"\"Solo: A Star Wars Story writers Lawrence and Jonathan Kasdan on spoilers, sequels and why Han shot first\""}]},{"reference":"\"Indiana Jones 5\". Writers Guild of America West. February 10, 2023. Archived from the original on March 20, 2023. Retrieved May 27, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://directories.wga.org/project/1211115/indiana-jones-5/","url_text":"\"Indiana Jones 5\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writers_Guild_of_America_West","url_text":"Writers Guild of America West"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230320025855/https://directories.wga.org/project/1211115/indiana-jones-5/","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_sag
Lens sag
["1 References"]
Not to be confused with Sagitta (optics). This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Lens sag" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Lens sag is a problem that sometimes afflicts very large refracting telescopes. It is the equivalent of mirror sag in reflecting telescopes. It occurs when the physical weight of the glass causes a distortion in the shape of the lens because the lens can only be supported by the edges. A mirror on the other hand can be effectively supported by the entire opposite face, making mirror sag much less of a problem. One expensive solution to lens sag is to place the telescope in orbit around the Earth. The technical limit concerning lens sag was reached at the Yerkes refractor (1897) with an aperture of 40" (102 cm), where the sagging already causes small optical distortions. Hence the 1890s mark the end of the great refractors era. References This optics-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sagitta (optics)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagitta_(optics)"},{"link_name":"refracting telescopes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refracting_telescope#Technical_considerations"},{"link_name":"reflecting telescopes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflecting_telescope"},{"link_name":"lens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_(optics)"},{"link_name":"orbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbit"},{"link_name":"Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth"},{"link_name":"Yerkes refractor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yerkes_refractor"},{"link_name":"great refractors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_refractor"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Sagitta (optics).Lens sag is a problem that sometimes afflicts very large refracting telescopes. It is the equivalent of mirror sag in reflecting telescopes. It occurs when the physical weight of the glass causes a distortion in the shape of the lens because the lens can only be supported by the edges. A mirror on the other hand can be effectively supported by the entire opposite face, making mirror sag much less of a problem. One expensive solution to lens sag is to place the telescope in orbit around the Earth.The technical limit concerning lens sag was reached at the Yerkes refractor (1897) with an aperture of 40\" (102 cm), where the sagging already causes small optical distortions. Hence the 1890s mark the end of the great refractors era.","title":"Lens sag"}]
[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cwmsymlog
Cwmsymlog
["1 Present","2 Stone Age","3 Bronze Age","4 Iron Age","5 Middle Ages and later","6 Chapels","7 Name Derivation","8 TV series","9 See also","10 References","11 External links"]
Coordinates: 52°26′15″N 3°54′54″W / 52.437619°N 3.914903°W / 52.437619; -3.914903Site of Special Scientific Interest in Wales Cwmsymlog Valley and Village Cwmsymlog is a short valley, sheltering a hamlet of the same name, in Ceredigion, in the west of Wales. Once an important mining area, but the mining slowly declined and finally came to an end in 1901. Now it is peaceful, open countryside with a few mining remains, scattered houses and farmland. It is also the name of a Site of Special Scientific Interest at that location. Present Remains of the mine workings with the chapel in the background Nowadays Cwmsymlog lies hidden amongst the trees, surrounded by fields of sheep. The small settlement itself has a chapel (now disused and in private ownership) and a few scattered houses. One of these has a standing stone in front of the house. Another was the grand family home of the mine captain. The mine chimney dominates the landscape but everywhere around are traces of mining. There are many ruined buildings and mine shafts, and the stream has been engineered into adits and leats. Spoil piles from the mine works are slowly being reclaimed by nature with gorse bushes and rare ferns. The mine chimney, nineteenth century, was restored in 2006 with extensive repairs to the top. Smaller stones were used for the top section to show the difference between the old construction and the restored part. The Borth to Devil's Bridge to Pontrhydfendigaid Trail runs through the valley and the mountain bike trails of Bwlch Nant yr Arian skirt around the edge. The valley is also popular with off road drivers and motorcyclists. Stone Age The presence of Palaeolithic and Mesolithic hunters is unlikely, but that of Neolithic farmers cannot entirely be ruled out. Bronze Age Pant y Garreg Hir, by Anneke Ritman In the Bronze Age several standing stones were erected. Dating of these holy places: c.2300-800 BC. Two stones are near Pen-bont Rhydybeddau (Head of the bridge Ford of the graves), one is near the hill-fort Pen y Castell, one in front of a house called Pant y Garreg Hir (Hollow of the Long Stone) and two lie close together with the name Buwch a'r Llo (Cow and Calf) east of the last one. Near-by these paired monoliths is another one. Also built in the Bronze Age are two burial mounds (cairns/piles of stones): Garn-Wen (White Cairn) lies near Pent-bont Rhydybeddau and Carn Dolgau (Cairn of Meadow of hollow) is near Cwmerfyn (cwm/valley). An interesting detail about the standing stone called Garreg Hir is that the stone was tumbling and eventually fell in 2017. That is why the Dutch archaeologist Lex Ritman contacted CADW in 2018 and with the cooperation and initiative of Louise Mees, regional inspector of ancient monuments and archaeology, the project started to re-erect this ancient monument. The reinstatement concerns a scheduled monument. It is legally protected. The reference name is Standing Stone c.500 m SW of Llyn Pendam, reference number CD 230. The procedure was interrupted by the Wuhan coronavirus pandemic, but in 2022 Louise Mees started again with the program to reset the stone. It was on the list of scheduled monuments at risk. Iron Age In the Iron Age several hill-forts were constructed with ramparts and ditches. Banc-y-Darren (banc/hillside) lies south of Pent-bont Rhydybeddau and Pen y Castell (Head of the Castle) north of it. These defended villages are about 2000 years old. Middle Ages and later In medieval times and perhaps earlier Cwmsymlog (East Darren) became a mining district. In the sixteenth and seventeenth century the region is mainly known for silver mining. Smelting was at Furnace (near Talybont) and in Aberystwyth Mint was the locally minted silver. Nantyrarian (Brook of silver) is of course a logical name. Later on lead mining became important. Especially in the eighteenth and nineteenth century. Traces of these activities are everywhere: shafts like Skinner's Shaft, Taylor's Shaft and Pryse's Shaft, a tramway, leats, wheel pits, spoil tips, the reservoir Llyn Pendam (Lake of the Head of the dam) and a recently restored mine chimney. Chapels Graves in Chapel Graveyard Today there is a chapel in the heart of the settlement, first built in 1843 and later rebuilt in 1860. Built from thick, rubble filled stone walls with fine detailing to the quoins and a welsh slate roof. This Tabernacle Welsh Baptist Chapel was established to serve the workers in the Cwmsymlog lead mines. The adjacent graveyard is the last resting place for several miners and their families. One of the more prominent graves is that of the mine captain. The chapel fell into disuse towards the end of the 20th century and the building and graveyard began to decline. The Welsh Baptist Union sold the chapel in 2018. It is now in private ownership and the building and graveyard are undergoing restoration. There is also a ruin near Pant y Garreg Hir with the name Tŷ Mawr (Big House). This ruin was the chapel built for the miners by Sir Hugh Myddleton (1560–1631). Name Derivation The name derivation of the name Cwmsymlog seems lost although one explanation is that it comes from 'cwm' meaning valley, ‘mwsogl’ meaning moss, together with an adjectival ending -og giving 'mossy valley'. Another possibility is 'valley of wild strawberries' TV series The police detective drama Y Gwyll (Hinterland) was first shown in 2013 in the Welsh version, but a year later also in English. It was shot in Ceredigion, especially Aberystwyth and surroundings, including Pontarfynach (Devil's Bridge) and Borth. Cwmsymlog featured in several episodes. The chapel was used for the dramatic conclusion to the first episode and one of the village houses was later dressed to create a pub. See also List of Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Ceredigion 52°26′15″N 3°54′54″W / 52.437619°N 3.914903°W / 52.437619; -3.914903 References ^ Ordnance Survey Map ^ W.F. (William Francis) Grimes: The prehistory of Wales: National Museum of Wales, 2nd edn., 1951: pp.1–47) ^ Christopher Houlder: Wales: an archaeological guide/The prehistoric, Roman and early medieval field monuments: Faber & Faber, London & Boston, copyright 1974, 1978: pp.32–37 and pp.113–116 ^ David Ewart Bick: The old metal mines of Mid-Wales: Pound House, 1993: pp.19, 21, 32 ^ Anthony Jones: Welsh chapels: first published 1984: revised edition, Alan Sutton Publishing Limited, Phoenix Mill-Far Thrupp-Stroud-Gloucestershire, 1996: pp.45–50 ^ Iwan Wmffre: Place-Names of Cardiganshire: Oxford Archaeopress 2004 : pp. 1077-8 ^ Dewi Davies: Welsh place-names and their meanings: printed by The Cambrian News, Aberystwyth, Ltd.: pp.1–47 External links
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cwmsymlog_Valley_and_Village.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ceredigion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceredigion"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"Site of Special Scientific Interest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Site_of_Special_Scientific_Interest"}],"text":"Site of Special Scientific Interest in WalesCwmsymlog Valley and VillageCwmsymlog is a short valley, sheltering a hamlet of the same name, in Ceredigion,[1] in the west of Wales. Once an important mining area, but the mining slowly declined and finally came to an end in 1901. Now it is peaceful, open countryside with a few mining remains, scattered houses and farmland. It is also the name of a Site of Special Scientific Interest at that location.","title":"Cwmsymlog"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cwmsymlog_Mine_and_Village.jpg"},{"link_name":"chapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapel"},{"link_name":"standing stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_stone"},{"link_name":"Borth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borth"},{"link_name":"Devil's Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil%27s_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Pontrhydfendigaid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontrhydfendigaid"}],"text":"Remains of the mine workings with the chapel in the backgroundNowadays Cwmsymlog lies hidden amongst the trees, surrounded by fields of sheep. The small settlement itself has a chapel (now disused and in private ownership) and a few scattered houses. One of these has a standing stone in front of the house. Another was the grand family home of the mine captain.The mine chimney dominates the landscape but everywhere around are traces of mining. There are many ruined buildings and mine shafts, and the stream has been engineered into adits and leats. Spoil piles from the mine works are slowly being reclaimed by nature with gorse bushes and rare ferns. The mine chimney, nineteenth century, was restored in 2006 with extensive repairs to the top. Smaller stones were used for the top section to show the difference between the old construction and the restored part.The Borth to Devil's Bridge to Pontrhydfendigaid Trail runs through the valley and the mountain bike trails of Bwlch Nant yr Arian skirt around the edge. The valley is also popular with off road drivers and motorcyclists.","title":"Present"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Palaeolithic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaeolithic"},{"link_name":"Mesolithic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesolithic"},{"link_name":"Neolithic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The presence of Palaeolithic and Mesolithic hunters is unlikely, but that of Neolithic farmers cannot entirely be ruled out.[2]","title":"Stone Age"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Standing_Stone_in_Cwmsymlog,_Pant_y_Garreg_Hir.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bronze Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Age"},{"link_name":"hill-fort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill-fort"},{"link_name":"monoliths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoliths"},{"link_name":"CADW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CADW"}],"text":"Pant y Garreg Hir, by Anneke RitmanIn the Bronze Age several standing stones were erected. Dating of these holy places: c.2300-800 BC. Two stones are near Pen-bont Rhydybeddau (Head of the bridge Ford of the graves), one is near the hill-fort Pen y Castell, one in front of a house called Pant y Garreg Hir (Hollow of the Long Stone) and two lie close together with the name Buwch a'r Llo (Cow and Calf) east of the last one. Near-by these paired monoliths is another one. Also built in the Bronze Age are two burial mounds (cairns/piles of stones): Garn-Wen (White Cairn) lies near Pent-bont Rhydybeddau and Carn Dolgau (Cairn of Meadow of hollow) is near Cwmerfyn (cwm/valley).An interesting detail about the standing stone called Garreg Hir is that the stone was tumbling and eventually fell in 2017. That is why the Dutch archaeologist Lex Ritman contacted CADW in 2018 and with the cooperation and initiative of Louise Mees, regional inspector of ancient monuments and archaeology, the project started to re-erect this ancient monument. The reinstatement concerns a scheduled monument. It is legally protected. The reference name is Standing Stone c.500 m SW of Llyn Pendam, reference number CD 230. The procedure was interrupted by the Wuhan coronavirus pandemic, but in 2022 Louise Mees started again with the program to reset the stone. It was on the list of scheduled monuments at risk.","title":"Bronze Age"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Iron Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Age"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"In the Iron Age several hill-forts were constructed with ramparts and ditches. Banc-y-Darren (banc/hillside) lies south of Pent-bont Rhydybeddau and Pen y Castell (Head of the Castle) north of it. These defended villages are about 2000 years old.[3]","title":"Iron Age"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"medieval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Smelting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smelting"},{"link_name":"Aberystwyth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberystwyth"},{"link_name":"leats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leat"}],"text":"In medieval times and perhaps earlier Cwmsymlog (East Darren) became a mining district.[4] In the sixteenth and seventeenth century the region is mainly known for silver mining. Smelting was at Furnace (near Talybont) and in Aberystwyth Mint was the locally minted silver.\nNantyrarian (Brook of silver) is of course a logical name. Later on lead mining became important. Especially in the eighteenth and nineteenth century. Traces of these activities are everywhere: shafts like Skinner's Shaft, Taylor's Shaft and Pryse's Shaft, a tramway, leats, wheel pits, spoil tips, the reservoir Llyn Pendam (Lake of the Head of the dam) and a recently restored mine chimney.","title":"Middle Ages and later"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cwmsymlog_Graveyard.jpg"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Sir Hugh Myddleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Hugh_Myddleton"}],"text":"Graves in Chapel GraveyardToday there is a chapel[5] in the heart of the settlement, first built in 1843 and later rebuilt in 1860. Built from thick, rubble filled stone walls with fine detailing to the quoins and a welsh slate roof. This Tabernacle Welsh Baptist Chapel was established to serve the workers in the Cwmsymlog lead mines. The adjacent graveyard is the last resting place for several miners and their families. One of the more prominent graves is that of the mine captain.The chapel fell into disuse towards the end of the 20th century and the building and graveyard began to decline. The Welsh Baptist Union sold the chapel in 2018. It is now in private ownership and the building and graveyard are undergoing restoration.There is also a ruin near Pant y Garreg Hir with the name Tŷ Mawr (Big House). This ruin was the chapel built for the miners by Sir Hugh Myddleton (1560–1631).","title":"Chapels"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The name derivation of the name Cwmsymlog seems lost although one explanation is that it comes from 'cwm' meaning valley, ‘mwsogl’ meaning moss, together with an adjectival ending -og [6] giving 'mossy valley'. Another possibility is 'valley of wild strawberries' [7]","title":"Name Derivation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Y Gwyll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_Gwyll"},{"link_name":"Pontarfynach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontarfynach"},{"link_name":"Devil's Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil%27s_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Borth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borth"}],"text":"The police detective drama Y Gwyll (Hinterland) was first shown in 2013 in the Welsh version, but a year later also in English. It was shot in Ceredigion, especially Aberystwyth and surroundings, including Pontarfynach (Devil's Bridge) and Borth. Cwmsymlog featured in several episodes. The chapel was used for the dramatic conclusion to the first episode and one of the village houses was later dressed to create a pub.","title":"TV series"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noel%27s_House_Party
Noel's House Party
["1 History","1.1 Awards","2 Regular features","2.1 Gotcha","2.2 Wait Till I Get You Home","2.3 The Lyric Game","2.4 Grab a Grand","2.5 NTV","2.6 The Gunge Tank","2.7 The Big Pork Pie","2.8 Number Cruncher","2.9 Beat Your Neighbour","2.10 Hot House","2.11 Cash for Questions","2.12 My Little Friend","2.13 The Secret World of the Teenager","2.14 Crinkley Bottom: The Soap","2.15 Panel Beaters","2.16 Sofa Soccer","2.17 Three to Go","3 Mr Blobby","4 Crinkley Bottom Theme Parks","5 Transmissions","5.1 Series","5.2 Specials","6 International versions and airings","7 References","8 External links"]
British light entertainment TV series This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Noel's House Party" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Noel's House PartyThe logo used from series 4 to 5.GenreEntertainmentWritten by Malcolm Williamson Noel Edmonds Charlie Adams Garry Chambers Richard Lewis Kevin Gill Stuart Silver Louis Robinson Ashley Boroda Nigel Crowle Directed by Guy Freeman Duncan Cooper Michael Leggo Phil Chilvers Penny Ewing Patrick Cowap Presented byNoel EdmondsTheme music composer Ernie Dunstall (1991–1998) Stephen Green (1996–1998) "House of Fun" by Madness (1998–1999) "Having A Party" by The Osmonds (1998–1999) Country of originUnited KingdomOriginal languageEnglishNo. of series9No. of episodes169 (+ 15 specials)ProductionExecutive producerMichael LeggoProducers Mike Brosnan Jonathan Beazley Michael Leggo Guy Freeman John McHugh Philip Kampff Production locationBBC Television CentreEditorJohn SillitoRunning time45–65 minutesOriginal releaseNetworkBBC OneRelease23 November 1991 (1991-11-23) –20 March 1999 (1999-03-20)RelatedThe Noel Edmonds Saturday Roadshow Noel's House Party is a BBC light entertainment series that was hosted by Noel Edmonds. Set in a large house in the fictional village of Crinkley Bottom, leading to much innuendo, it ran from 23 November 1991 to 20 March 1999 on BBC One, and was broadcast live on Saturday evenings for eight series. The show, once described by a senior corporation executive as "the most important show on the BBC", was cancelled in February 1999 due to declining ratings, although two further compilation specials were shown in March 2000. In 2010, Noel's House Party was voted the best Saturday night TV show of all time. In August 2022, an episode of the show, the tenth episode of the first series (originally broadcast on 1 February 1992), was repeated on BBC Four. This marks the first time since 2000 that the show has been broadcast on the BBC. History Noel's House Party was the successor to The Noel Edmonds Saturday Roadshow, carrying over some of its regular features such as the 'Gunge Tank', the 'Gotcha Oscar' and 'Wait Till I Get You Home'. The show had many celebrity guests posing as residents of Crinkley Bottom, including Frank Thornton and Vicki Michelle. It gave birth to Mr Blobby in the Gotcha segment. There was also a contrived rivalry between Edmonds and Tony Blackburn. One-off celebrity appearances included Michael Crawford as Frank Spencer, who came in to find the whole audience dressed as Frank after Troon comedian Stuart Henderson had performed as Frank singing The Beatles' "I Saw Her Standing There" and Ken Dodd in a highwayman's outfit—"going cheap at the Maxwell sale"—as Noel's long-lost 'twin', Berasent Edmonds (a play on Bury St Edmunds). After several changes, the show began to decline in popularity. Its theme tune was changed in 1996, and set redesigns followed. The episode due to be broadcast on 3 January 1998 had to be cancelled after a disagreement between Edmonds and the BBC. The budget had been cut by 10%, with the money saved being used to help fund the BBC digital switchover. Edmonds reportedly walked out, claiming the show was "of a poor standard and cobbled together". The BBC cancelled the show in February 1999 after ratings plummeted from a high of 15 million to 8 million. Edmonds closed the final episode of House Party on 20 March 1999 by saying: It's an overworked expression when people say 'it's the end of an era', but for BBC Television for the entertainment department, for me, and possibly you, it really is the end of an era. I hope your memory will be very kind to us after 169 ... bye. He was then playfully attacked with a fire extinguisher by Freddie Starr. The closing credits were followed by a brief comic skit of Edmonds' 1970s children's show Multi-Coloured Swap Shop, in which a seemingly young Noel wakes from a dream in the Swap Shop studio—recounting the events to Keith Chegwin and John Craven of a typical House Party episode, suggesting that the entire run of House Party never really happened—until Mr Blobby appears in the Swap Shop studio. In a statement, Edmonds said: I am delighted this decision has been made. I feel as though a huge weight has been lifted off my shoulders. History will prove that House Party was one of the most successful entertainment shows of all time. He partly blamed the Ronan Keating talent show Get Your Act Together for poor ratings leading into House Party. Awards In 1993, Noel's House Party won a BAFTA for best light entertainment series. In 1994, the opening titles won a Bronze Rose of Montreux. The stop-motion animation title and credit sequences were made by 3 Peach Animation. Regular features Gotcha Originally called the 'Gotcha Oscars' until the threat of legal action from the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (which also prompted a redesign of the award), where hidden camera practical jokes were played on celebrities (these were pre-recorded during the months the show was off air). Notable victims were Barbara Windsor, Carol Vorderman, Jill Dando, Kriss Akabusi, Lionel Blair, Dave Lee Travis, Richard Whiteley, Eddie Large, Samantha Janus, Yvette Fielding, Status Quo, and the Queens Park Rangers football club. In the final episode of series 5, Dale Winton turned the tables on Edmonds with a surprise challenge that ended with a gunging. Another notable victim was Annabel Giles, the first victim who managed to spot the hidden camera, which had been placed in the back of a car, which meant the prank backfired. This feature originated in The Noel Edmonds Saturday Roadshow. Wait Till I Get You Home Parents watch pre-recorded clips of their children being interviewed by Edmonds, and try to guess the children's answers. In series 5, it was replaced with Wait Till We All Get Home, but was then axed for series 6 and not replaced. It did however make a one-off return in the final episode. This complete segment was pre-recorded some months before each series of the show began, and originated in The Noel Edmonds Saturday Roadshow. The Lyric Game In series 1, celebrity duos competed against one another to complete the lyrics of a song after being given the first line. This feature was originally in The Noel Edmonds Saturday Roadshow. In series 2, members of the public had to guess the name of the song from the lyrics, but this was replaced in series 3 with the panel game. Grab a Grand A phone-in competition where a viewer chose from three currencies (aiming to select the greatest value of money: £1,000 in the first two episodes), and a celebrity (usually a sports star like Graham Gooch, Frank Bruno, Kathy Tayler, Kriss Akabusi, Nick Gillingham, Henry Cooper, Stephen Hendry, Steve Davis, David Gower, Gary Lineker, John Regis, Paul Gascoigne, John Barnes, Lennox Lewis, and others) would climb into a perspex box containing a fan and a large quantity of banknotes selected by the call-in contestant. The celebrity had to grab as many of the notes as possible as they were blown around by the fan. Before the game starts, a chosen player is picked from the call in contestants who got a question correct during the show or from a previous week's show to be picked, there would be three different bundles of money, usually two known countries and one bundle known as the "Crinkley Bottom Groats" which was pegged to a generally random country, all valued within £1,000, sometimes more or sometimes less. Noel would ask the caller three questions based on that week's news. Each correct answer gave the celebrity 20 seconds in the box (up to a total of 60 seconds) accompanied by music and the audience counting down from ten to one. The format was changed slightly in series 4, in which the caller could choose a member of the studio audience to do the "grand grabbing" (the audience member would win the same amount of money the caller won). A few quirks were also added in, including some modified moments: balloons inside the box, the walls falling down, allowing audience members to help, the door jammed, cheating, the machine broken, being flipped for Number Cruncher and inside a woman's house when NTV happened. Then, in the first episode of Series Five, the box was blown up live during the show and the segment was revamped with the entire studio audience now playing grabbing notes that were being blown around by two large industrial fans as the celebrity would run into to collect, rather than having the three currencies, instead it featured the groats as the main currency, mixed within the groats would be "Golden Groats" worth £50 each if collected. There was also an incident when one of the callers had the same name, but it turned out it was not the person who had called in: the real call-in contestant had their Grab a Grand game at the start of the next episode, as this one featured the grab a grand around the grand house track. Towards the end of series 5, variations were introduced: 'Grab a Granny', 'Grab a Grand Piano', and 'Grab a Grand National' etc. The money was quickly counted on stage using a Cashmaster counting machine. The last Grab a Grand was done on the last episode of series 5 (coincidentally, the 100th episode). Grab a Grand was then replaced with Cash for Questions beginning with series 6. NTV A camera was hidden in the home of a member of the public and Edmonds would talk to them through their television. Some would be shocked, other bemused, others would simply try to run away. Whatever the reaction, they would subsequently end up doing some embarrassing performance in their living room or garden. Celebrity victims included Chris Evans, Garry Bushell and Dale Winton. The Gunge Tank Carried over from The Noel Edmonds Saturday Roadshow, the gunge tank was put to various uses, usually gunging celebrities or unpopular members of the public after a phone vote was carried out during the show. Gunging usually took place in the final minutes of the show. The 'gunge' was a food-thickening agent called Natrosol, coloured with various food dyes. The gunge tank got progressively more sophisticated. From series 1 a standard tank was used, with an ornate look to it. Series 2 introduced foam (often coloured) which would rise up from the bottom and cover the victim prior to the gunging. Series 3 introduced the 'Car Wash', where the individual was carried along a lengthier tank getting covered in foam then going through a set of brushes designed to soak the victim, then having the gunge descend from above before being spun out of the contraption. In series 4 and 5, it was developed into the 'Trip Around The Great House', where the victim was placed on a miniature railway that took them on a journey around the set, finishing up in the giant fireplace, where gunge was finally released onto the victim. From series 6, there were changes to the format, and gunge was used less frequently; there was also a rubbish truck with a seat that would release different rotten foods and then as the chair carried on, gunge was released on them. Series 7 did not include any type of gunge due to a refurbishment in the house. For series 8, a member of the audience would be gunged by a tank lowered from the studio rafters, or their chair would be lowered into the undercroft of the seating area (where they were gunged) and came back up again. Edmonds himself often got gunged, usually in the last episode of a series. The Big Pork Pie The Big Pork Pie was a regular feature from series 3 where a member of the audience with an embarrassing secret was seated in a big pork pie, made to wear a lie detector and questioned by Noel. Noel himself was subjected to this on one episode, with Bob Monkhouse taking on the role of question master; it was revealed that Noel's middle name was Ernest. Number Cruncher A regular feature for series 4 and 5, where a phone box modified to contain a gunge tank and a TV screen was placed somewhere in Britain. The code to get into the phone box was broadcast live on air, and the first viewer to reach the phone box got to play a game. Once inside, they had 45 seconds to rearrange a code on the screen to win a prize and get out again. If they ran out of time, they were covered in gunge. If they solved the puzzle, they had an opportunity to gamble their prize. By pulling a handle, they could either double their money, have random objects dropped on them, or be covered in gunge. Beat Your Neighbour One of the main features on series 5, in which two neighbours would run round to each other's house and, in one minute, grab as many belongings as they wanted. Then, following a series of alternate questions, one neighbour would win everything, including their own stuff back. Hot House A pair of top athletes were pitted against each other in a fitness test throughout series 6. Cash for Questions For series 6 only, similar to Grab a Grand. The first part of the game would be a qualifying question or clue this would be supplied by the professor (Portrayed by Brian Blessed). The professor is given a probe camera and sticks it into random objects (ie a loofah). The second part features a Wheel of Fortune being spun. A person from the audience is strapped horizontally to a wheel (normally someone committing an embarrassing thing). The wheel stops spinning and points to one of eight section and phones. The person on the other end of that phone has to get a question correct. If they get it wrong, the wheel is re-spun. However, if they get it correct then they are given a further three current affairs questions. Each correct answer is worth twenty seconds for B-list celeb to go crazy in the Basement. In the third part, The Basement is pitch black and the caller, with infra-red camera at their disposal, tries to guide the person through the basement collecting bags of money along the way. Each one was worth £100, with golden ones worth £500. At the end of the time the lights came on, so there was nothing stopping the celebrity grabbing an extra bag or two on the way out. Named after a political scandal. My Little Friend My Little Friend was a pre-recorded feature used from series 6 to 8. This involved small school children being faced with puppets that start talking to them (one voiced by Noel and another by Barry Killerby). In series 7, it was aliens; in the final series, Phibber the Frog and Waffle the Squirrel spoke to the children and sometimes scared them away. The Secret World of the Teenager For series 7, a teenage version of Wait Till I Get You Home. This segment was pre-recorded. Crinkley Bottom: The Soap In series 7, there was also Crinkley Bottom: The Soap - a short-lived pre-recorded soap opera chronicling village life. Panel Beaters A celebrity panel game from the second half of series 7, in which celebrities had to spot the imposter from three members of the public with apparently bizarre occupations. If they failed, they got gunged. If they guessed correctly, the three members of the public were gunged instead. Sofa Soccer In the final series, a similar idea to Bernie the Bolt in The Golden Shot, a viewer at home would attempt to score goals by directing a machine to fire a huge football. The commands were 'left', 'right' and 'shoot'. Each goal was worth £400, a maximum of £2,000 could be won if five goals were scored. The music used for this game was based on Crazy Horses by The Osmonds. Three to Go A game from towards the end of series 8. Noel would link up with three regional news programmes, who would each bring an improbable-sounding news story from their region. The contestants would have to guess whether the stories were true or false. Mr Blobby Main article: Mr Blobby In 1992, during series 2 of House Party, the character Mr Blobby was introduced as a way for Noel Edmonds to play practical jokes on celebrities. The success of the character resulted in a large amount of merchandise, public appearances and even theme parks based around the character. Mr Blobby was portrayed by Barry Killerby. Mr Blobby was dropped from the show after series 7, but made a surprise reappearance in the final ever episode. During that episode, he ordered Edmonds to confess that dropping him from the show was a mistake, telling Edmonds to say "I wouldn't be in this mess if I hadn't sacked him." Crinkley Bottom Theme Parks Further information: Crinkley Bottom With the House Party set in the fictional village of Crinkley Bottom, Edmonds opened three Crinkley Bottom attractions at pre-existing theme parks in the UK. The first, based at Cricket St Thomas in Somerset, featured many Mr Blobby attractions and was due to include a replica of the Great House from the series. The park closed in 1998 following dwindling attendance figures. In 1994, a Crinkley Bottom theme park opened in Morecambe. It closed 13 weeks after opening. A two-year investigation by the district auditor was started due to the investment of £2 million by Lancaster City Council. It resulted in both the Conservatives and Liberal Democrats withdrawing from the cabinet, leaving four councillors from Morecambe Bay Independents and the Green Party running the authority. A third Crinkley Bottom theme park was based at Pleasurewood Hills in Lowestoft, but has since closed. Transmissions Series Series Start date End date Episodes 1 23 November 1991 28 March 1992 18 2 24 October 1992 13 March 1993 20 3 23 October 1993 26 March 1994 22 4 22 October 1994 25 March 1995 21 5 21 October 1995 30 March 1996 22 6 19 October 1996 29 March 1997 22 7 18 October 1997 21 March 1998 21 8 17 October 1998 20 March 1999 21 Notes ^ Originally to run for 21 episodes. The show scheduled for 6 March 1993 was cancelled due to an IRA bomb scare at BBC Television Centre, instead showing a repeat of the 1991 edition of Noel's Christmas Presents and Tom and Jerry 1944 cartoon, "The Zoot Cat". ^ Originally to run for 22 episodes. The show scheduled for 3 January 1998 was cancelled due to a disagreement between Edmonds and the BBC, a repeat of The Best of Noel's House Party, originally broadcast on 11 October 1997, was shown instead. Specials Title Date The Best of Noel's House Party 31 May 1993 Noel's Garden Party 4 September 1993 The Best of Noel's House Party 29 August 1994 The Gotcha Hall of Fame 3 May 1995 The Gotcha Hall of Fame 17 May 1995 The Gotcha Hall of Fame 30 December 1995 Noel's NTV Stars 18 April 1996 Noel's NTV Stars 25 April 1996 The Best of Noel's House Party 7 September 1996 Gotcha Hall of Fame 28 December 1996 Gotcha Hall of Fame 17 July 1997 Gotcha Hall of Fame 24 July 1997 The Best of Noel's House Party 11 October 1997 Noel's House Party Gotcha Special 13 March 1999 Gullible Travellers - The Best of NTV 19 March 2000 The Best of Noel's House Party 26 March 2000 International versions and airings Country Title Host Channel  Belgium Binnen Zonder Bellen Koen Wauters VTM  Denmark Greven På Hittegodset Eddie Michel TV 2  Germany Gottschalks Haus Party Thomas Gottschalk Sat.1  Netherlands Monte Carlo Carlo Boszhard RTL 4  Spain Vaya Nochecita Pepe Carroll Telecinco Repeats of the series also aired on Channel Nine in Australia and on Network 2 in New Zealand throughout the 1990s. References ^ "BBC TV Centre". Retrieved 1 August 2021. ^ "BBC Lowers the Boom on Noel's House Party". The Guardian. 26 February 1999. ^ "Noel's House Party voted best Saturday night telly show ever". The Mirror. 30 October 2010. ^ McCann, Paul (3 January 1998). "BBC pulls plug on Noel's House Party". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 21 June 2022. Retrieved 12 April 2014. ^ Cozens, Claire (19 August 2003). "Edmonds: I'm guilty of bad TV". The Guardian. Retrieved 12 April 2014. ^ Comet, Alex. "Lola Simone rock". Retrieved 5 August 2022. ^ "Noel Edmonds to leave BBC". BBC News. Retrieved 8 November 2015. ^ Morgan, Kathleen (26 February 1999). "Party over for Noel - Show axed as viewing figures hit all-time low". Scottish Daily Record. Glasgow. ^ "1993 Television Light Entertainment Programme or Series". BAFTA. Retrieved 11 November 2015. ^ Gareth Palmer (2003). Discipline and Liberty: Television and Governance. Manchester University Press. p. 149. ISBN 978-0-7190-6693-1. ^ "Crinkley Bottom Park History". Dunblobbin.com. Retrieved 27 September 2017. ^ Gledhill, Dan (3 September 2000). "Edmonds to testify in Blobby fiasco". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 21 June 2022. Retrieved 22 May 2013. ^ "'Crinkley Bottom' row leads to cabinet walkout". BBC News. 21 February 2003. ^ "Noel's House Party - BBC One London - 23 November 1991". BBC Genome. 23 November 1991. Retrieved 4 December 2014. ^ "Noel's House Party - BBC One London - 28 March 1992". BBC Genome. 28 March 1992. ^ "Noel's House Party - BBC One London - 24 October 1992". BBC Genome. 24 October 1992. ^ "Noel's House Party - BBC One London - 13 March 1993". BBC Genome. 13 March 1993. ^ "Noel's House Party - BBC One London - 23 October 1993". BBC Genome. 23 October 1993. ^ "Noel's House Party - BBC One London - 26 March 1994". BBC Genome. 26 March 1994. ^ "Noel's House Party - BBC One London - 22 October 1994". BBC Genome. 22 October 1994. ^ "Noel's House Party - BBC One London - 25 March 1995". BBC Genome. 25 March 1995. ^ "Noel's House Party - BBC One London - 21 October 1995". BBC Genome. 21 October 1995. ^ "Noel's House Party - BBC One London - 30 March 1996". BBC Genome. 30 March 1996. ^ "Noel's House Party - BBC One London - 19 October 1996". BBC Genome. 19 October 1996. ^ "Noel's House Party - BBC One London - 29 March 1997". BBC Genome. 29 March 1997. ^ "Noel's House Party - BBC One London - 18 October 1997". BBC Genome. 18 October 1997. ^ "Noel's House Party - BBC One London - 21 March 1998". BBC Genome. 21 March 1998. ^ "Noel's House Party - BBC One London - 17 October 1998". BBC Genome. 17 October 1998. ^ "Noel's House Party - BBC One London - 20 March 1999". BBC Genome. 20 March 1999. ^ "The Best of Noel's House Party - BBC One London - 31 May 1993". BBC Genome. 31 May 1993. ^ "Noel's Garden Party - BBC One London - 4 September 1993". BBC Genome. 4 September 1993. ^ "The Best of Noel's House Party - BBC One London - 29 August 1994". BBC Genome. 29 August 1994. ^ "The Gotcha Hall of Fame - BBC One London - 3 May 1995". BBC Genome. 3 May 1995. ^ "The Gotcha Hall of Fame - BBC One London - 17 May 1995". BBC Genome. 17 May 1995. ^ "The Gotcha Hall of Fame - BBC One London - 30 December 1995". BBC Genome. 30 December 1995. ^ "Noel's NTV Stars - BBC One London - 18 April 1996". BBC Genome. 18 April 1996. ^ "Noel's NTV Stars - BBC One London - 25 April 1996". BBC Genome. 25 April 1996. ^ "The Best of Noel's House Party - BBC One London - 7 September 1996". BBC Genome. 7 September 1996. ^ "Gotcha Hall of Fame - BBC One London - 28 December 1996". BBC Genome. 28 December 1996. ^ "Gotcha Hall of Fame - BBC One London - 17 July 1997". BBC Genome. 17 July 1997. ^ "Gotcha Hall of Fame - BBC One London - 24 July 1997". BBC Genome. 24 July 1997. ^ "The Best of Noel's House Party - BBC One London - 11 October 1997". BBC Genome. 11 October 1997. ^ "Noel's House Party Gotcha Special - BBC One London - 13 March 1999". BBC Genome. 13 March 1999. ^ "Gullible Travellers - The Best of NTV - BBC One London - 19 March 2000". BBC Genome. 19 March 2000. ^ "The Best of Noel's House Party - BBC One London - 26 March 2000". BBC Genome. 26 March 2000. ^ a b c "Game On; The Broader Picture". The Independent. London. 27 July 1997. Archived from the original on 21 June 2022. ^ "'Unique' signs Dutch co-production deal for World of the Secret Camera". Broadcast. 17 December 1999. Unique also revealed this week that BBC Worldwide had agreed a format deal with RTL 4 in the Netherlands for Endemol to produce a second series of Noel's House Party which is broadcast under the title Monte Carlo. External links Noel's House Party at BBC Online Noel's House Party at IMDb Noel's House Party at the BFI Noel's House Party at UKGameshows.com
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"light entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_entertainment"},{"link_name":"Noel Edmonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noel_Edmonds"},{"link_name":"innuendo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innuendo"},{"link_name":"BBC One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_One"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"BBC Four","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Four"}],"text":"Noel's House Party is a BBC light entertainment series that was hosted by Noel Edmonds. Set in a large house in the fictional village of Crinkley Bottom, leading to much innuendo, it ran from 23 November 1991 to 20 March 1999 on BBC One, and was broadcast live on Saturday evenings for eight series. The show, once described by a senior corporation executive as \"the most important show on the BBC\", was cancelled in February 1999 due to declining ratings, although two further compilation specials were shown in March 2000.[2]In 2010, Noel's House Party was voted the best Saturday night TV show of all time.[3] In August 2022, an episode of the show, the tenth episode of the first series (originally broadcast on 1 February 1992), was repeated on BBC Four. This marks the first time since 2000 that the show has been broadcast on the BBC.","title":"Noel's House Party"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Noel Edmonds Saturday Roadshow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Noel_Edmonds_Saturday_Roadshow"},{"link_name":"Frank Thornton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Thornton"},{"link_name":"Vicki Michelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicki_Michelle"},{"link_name":"Mr Blobby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr_Blobby"},{"link_name":"Tony Blackburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Blackburn"},{"link_name":"Michael Crawford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Crawford"},{"link_name":"Frank Spencer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Spencer_(Michael_Crawford)"},{"link_name":"The Beatles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatles"},{"link_name":"I Saw Her Standing There","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Saw_Her_Standing_There"},{"link_name":"Ken Dodd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Dodd"},{"link_name":"Maxwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Maxwell"},{"link_name":"Bury St Edmunds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bury_St_Edmunds"},{"link_name":"digital switchover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_terrestrial_television_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"fire extinguisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_extinguisher"},{"link_name":"Freddie Starr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freddie_Starr"},{"link_name":"Multi-Coloured Swap Shop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-Coloured_Swap_Shop"},{"link_name":"Keith Chegwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Chegwin"},{"link_name":"John Craven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Craven"},{"link_name":"Ronan Keating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronan_Keating"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Noel's House Party was the successor to The Noel Edmonds Saturday Roadshow, carrying over some of its regular features such as the 'Gunge Tank', the 'Gotcha Oscar' and 'Wait Till I Get You Home'.The show had many celebrity guests posing as residents of Crinkley Bottom, including Frank Thornton and Vicki Michelle. It gave birth to Mr Blobby in the Gotcha segment. There was also a contrived rivalry between Edmonds and Tony Blackburn. One-off celebrity appearances included Michael Crawford as Frank Spencer, who came in to find the whole audience dressed as Frank after Troon comedian Stuart Henderson had performed as Frank singing The Beatles' \"I Saw Her Standing There\" and Ken Dodd in a highwayman's outfit—\"going cheap at the Maxwell sale\"—as Noel's long-lost 'twin', Berasent Edmonds (a play on Bury St Edmunds).After several changes, the show began to decline in popularity. Its theme tune was changed in 1996, and set redesigns followed. The episode due to be broadcast on 3 January 1998 had to be cancelled after a disagreement between Edmonds and the BBC. The budget had been cut by 10%, with the money saved being used to help fund the BBC digital switchover. Edmonds reportedly walked out, claiming the show was \"of a poor standard and cobbled together\".[4][5][6]The BBC cancelled the show in February 1999 after ratings plummeted from a high of 15 million to 8 million.[7] Edmonds closed the final episode of House Party on 20 March 1999 by saying:It's an overworked expression when people say 'it's the end of an era', but for BBC Television for the entertainment department, for me, and possibly you, it really is the end of an era. I hope your memory will be very kind to us after 169 [episodes]... bye.He was then playfully attacked with a fire extinguisher by Freddie Starr. The closing credits were followed by a brief comic skit of Edmonds' 1970s children's show Multi-Coloured Swap Shop, in which a seemingly young Noel wakes from a dream in the Swap Shop studio—recounting the events to Keith Chegwin and John Craven of a typical House Party episode, suggesting that the entire run of House Party never really happened—until Mr Blobby appears in the Swap Shop studio.In a statement, Edmonds said:I am delighted this decision has been made. I feel as though a huge weight has been lifted off my shoulders. History will prove that House Party was one of the most successful entertainment shows of all time.He partly blamed the Ronan Keating talent show Get Your Act Together for poor ratings leading into House Party.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BAFTA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Academy_Television_Awards"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"stop-motion animation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop-motion_animation"}],"sub_title":"Awards","text":"In 1993, Noel's House Party won a BAFTA for best light entertainment series.[9]In 1994, the opening titles won a Bronze Rose of Montreux.[citation needed] The stop-motion animation title and credit sequences were made by 3 Peach Animation.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Regular features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Motion_Picture_Arts_and_Sciences"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"practical jokes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Practical_joke"},{"link_name":"Barbara Windsor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Windsor"},{"link_name":"Carol Vorderman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Vorderman"},{"link_name":"Jill Dando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jill_Dando"},{"link_name":"Kriss Akabusi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kriss_Akabusi"},{"link_name":"Lionel Blair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Blair"},{"link_name":"Dave Lee Travis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Lee_Travis"},{"link_name":"Richard Whiteley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Whiteley"},{"link_name":"Eddie Large","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Large"},{"link_name":"Samantha Janus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samantha_Janus"},{"link_name":"Yvette Fielding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvette_Fielding"},{"link_name":"Status Quo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Status_Quo_(band)"},{"link_name":"Queens Park Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens_Park_Rangers_F.C."},{"link_name":"Dale Winton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale_Winton"},{"link_name":"gunging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunge"},{"link_name":"Annabel Giles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annabel_Giles"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Gotcha","text":"Originally called the 'Gotcha Oscars' until the threat of legal action from the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (which also prompted a redesign of the award[citation needed]), where hidden camera practical jokes were played on celebrities (these were pre-recorded during the months the show was off air). Notable victims were Barbara Windsor, Carol Vorderman, Jill Dando, Kriss Akabusi, Lionel Blair, Dave Lee Travis, Richard Whiteley, Eddie Large, Samantha Janus, Yvette Fielding, Status Quo, and the Queens Park Rangers football club. In the final episode of series 5, Dale Winton turned the tables on Edmonds with a surprise challenge that ended with a gunging. Another notable victim was Annabel Giles, the first victim who managed to spot the hidden camera, which had been placed in the back of a car, which meant the prank backfired. This feature originated in The Noel Edmonds Saturday Roadshow.[citation needed]","title":"Regular features"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Wait Till I Get You Home","text":"Parents watch pre-recorded clips of their children being interviewed by Edmonds, and try to guess the children's answers. In series 5, it was replaced with Wait Till We All Get Home, but was then axed for series 6 and not replaced. It did however make a one-off return in the final episode. This complete segment was pre-recorded some months before each series of the show began, and originated in The Noel Edmonds Saturday Roadshow.","title":"Regular features"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"The Lyric Game","text":"In series 1, celebrity duos competed against one another to complete the lyrics of a song after being given the first line. This feature was originally in The Noel Edmonds Saturday Roadshow. In series 2, members of the public had to guess the name of the song from the lyrics, but this was replaced in series 3 with the panel game.","title":"Regular features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Graham Gooch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Gooch"},{"link_name":"Frank Bruno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Bruno"},{"link_name":"Kathy Tayler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathy_Tayler"},{"link_name":"Kriss Akabusi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kriss_Akabusi"},{"link_name":"Nick Gillingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Gillingham"},{"link_name":"Henry Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Cooper"},{"link_name":"Stephen Hendry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hendry"},{"link_name":"Steve Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Davis"},{"link_name":"David Gower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Gower"},{"link_name":"Gary Lineker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Lineker"},{"link_name":"John Regis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Regis_(athlete)"},{"link_name":"Paul Gascoigne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gascoigne"},{"link_name":"John Barnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Barnes_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Lennox Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lennox_Lewis"},{"link_name":"Cashmaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cashmaster_International"}],"sub_title":"Grab a Grand","text":"A phone-in competition where a viewer chose from three currencies (aiming to select the greatest value of money: £1,000 in the first two episodes), and a celebrity (usually a sports star like Graham Gooch, Frank Bruno, Kathy Tayler, Kriss Akabusi, Nick Gillingham, Henry Cooper, Stephen Hendry, Steve Davis, David Gower, Gary Lineker, John Regis, Paul Gascoigne, John Barnes, Lennox Lewis, and others) would climb into a perspex box containing a fan and a large quantity of banknotes selected by the call-in contestant. The celebrity had to grab as many of the notes as possible as they were blown around by the fan.Before the game starts, a chosen player is picked from the call in contestants who got a question correct during the show or from a previous week's show to be picked, there would be three different bundles of money, usually two known countries and one bundle known as the \"Crinkley Bottom Groats\" which was pegged to a generally random country, all valued within £1,000, sometimes more or sometimes less. Noel would ask the caller three questions based on that week's news. Each correct answer gave the celebrity 20 seconds in the box (up to a total of 60 seconds) accompanied by music and the audience counting down from ten to one.The format was changed slightly in series 4, in which the caller could choose a member of the studio audience to do the \"grand grabbing\" (the audience member would win the same amount of money the caller won). A few quirks were also added in, including some modified moments: balloons inside the box, the walls falling down, allowing audience members to help, the door jammed, cheating, the machine broken, being flipped for Number Cruncher and inside a woman's house when NTV happened.Then, in the first episode of Series Five, the box was blown up live during the show and the segment was revamped with the entire studio audience now playing grabbing notes that were being blown around by two large industrial fans as the celebrity would run into to collect, rather than having the three currencies, instead it featured the groats as the main currency, mixed within the groats would be \"Golden Groats\" worth £50 each if collected.There was also an incident when one of the callers had the same name, but it turned out it was not the person who had called in: the real call-in contestant had their Grab a Grand game at the start of the next episode, as this one featured the grab a grand around the grand house track. Towards the end of series 5, variations were introduced: 'Grab a Granny', 'Grab a Grand Piano', and 'Grab a Grand National' etc. The money was quickly counted on stage using a Cashmaster counting machine. The last Grab a Grand was done on the last episode of series 5 (coincidentally, the 100th episode).Grab a Grand was then replaced with Cash for Questions beginning with series 6.","title":"Regular features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Palmer2003-10"},{"link_name":"Chris Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Evans_(presenter)"},{"link_name":"Garry Bushell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garry_Bushell"},{"link_name":"Dale Winton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale_Winton"}],"sub_title":"NTV","text":"A camera was hidden in the home of a member of the public and Edmonds would talk to them through their television.[10] Some would be shocked, other bemused, others would simply try to run away. Whatever the reaction, they would subsequently end up doing some embarrassing performance in their living room or garden. Celebrity victims included Chris Evans, Garry Bushell and Dale Winton.","title":"Regular features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gunging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunge"},{"link_name":"undercroft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undercroft"}],"sub_title":"The Gunge Tank","text":"Carried over from The Noel Edmonds Saturday Roadshow, the gunge tank was put to various uses, usually gunging celebrities or unpopular members of the public after a phone vote was carried out during the show. Gunging usually took place in the final minutes of the show.The 'gunge' was a food-thickening agent called Natrosol, coloured with various food dyes. The gunge tank got progressively more sophisticated. From series 1 a standard tank was used, with an ornate look to it. Series 2 introduced foam (often coloured) which would rise up from the bottom and cover the victim prior to the gunging. Series 3 introduced the 'Car Wash', where the individual was carried along a lengthier tank getting covered in foam then going through a set of brushes designed to soak the victim, then having the gunge descend from above before being spun out of the contraption. In series 4 and 5, it was developed into the 'Trip Around The Great House', where the victim was placed on a miniature railway that took them on a journey around the set, finishing up in the giant fireplace, where gunge was finally released onto the victim. From series 6, there were changes to the format, and gunge was used less frequently; there was also a rubbish truck with a seat that would release different rotten foods and then as the chair carried on, gunge was released on them. Series 7 did not include any type of gunge due to a refurbishment in the house. For series 8, a member of the audience would be gunged by a tank lowered from the studio rafters, or their chair would be lowered into the undercroft of the seating area (where they were gunged) and came back up again.Edmonds himself often got gunged, usually in the last episode of a series.","title":"Regular features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bob Monkhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Monkhouse"}],"sub_title":"The Big Pork Pie","text":"The Big Pork Pie was a regular feature from series 3 where a member of the audience with an embarrassing secret was seated in a big pork pie, made to wear a lie detector and questioned by Noel. Noel himself was subjected to this on one episode, with Bob Monkhouse taking on the role of question master; it was revealed that Noel's middle name was Ernest.","title":"Regular features"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Number Cruncher","text":"A regular feature for series 4 and 5, where a phone box modified to contain a gunge tank and a TV screen was placed somewhere in Britain. The code to get into the phone box was broadcast live on air, and the first viewer to reach the phone box got to play a game. Once inside, they had 45 seconds to rearrange a code on the screen to win a prize and get out again. If they ran out of time, they were covered in gunge. If they solved the puzzle, they had an opportunity to gamble their prize. By pulling a handle, they could either double their money, have random objects dropped on them, or be covered in gunge.","title":"Regular features"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Beat Your Neighbour","text":"One of the main features on series 5, in which two neighbours would run round to each other's house and, in one minute, grab as many belongings as they wanted. Then, following a series of alternate questions, one neighbour would win everything, including their own stuff back.","title":"Regular features"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Hot House","text":"A pair of top athletes were pitted against each other in a fitness test throughout series 6.","title":"Regular features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a political scandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash-for-questions_affair"}],"sub_title":"Cash for Questions","text":"For series 6 only, similar to Grab a Grand.The first part of the game would be a qualifying question or clue this would be supplied by the professor (Portrayed by Brian Blessed). The professor is given a probe camera and sticks it into random objects (ie a loofah). The second part features a Wheel of Fortune being spun. A person from the audience is strapped horizontally to a wheel (normally someone committing an embarrassing thing). The wheel stops spinning and points to one of eight section and phones. The person on the other end of that phone has to get a question correct. If they get it wrong, the wheel is re-spun. However, if they get it correct then they are given a further three current affairs questions. Each correct answer is worth twenty seconds for B-list celeb to go crazy in the Basement.In the third part, The Basement is pitch black and the caller, with infra-red camera at their disposal, tries to guide the person through the basement collecting bags of money along the way. Each one was worth £100, with golden ones worth £500. At the end of the time the lights came on, so there was nothing stopping the celebrity grabbing an extra bag or two on the way out. Named after a political scandal.","title":"Regular features"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"My Little Friend","text":"My Little Friend was a pre-recorded feature used from series 6 to 8. This involved small school children being faced with puppets that start talking to them (one voiced by Noel and another by Barry Killerby). In series 7, it was aliens; in the final series, Phibber the Frog and Waffle the Squirrel spoke to the children and sometimes scared them away.","title":"Regular features"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"The Secret World of the Teenager","text":"For series 7, a teenage version of Wait Till I Get You Home. This segment was pre-recorded.","title":"Regular features"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Crinkley Bottom: The Soap","text":"In series 7, there was also Crinkley Bottom: The Soap - a short-lived pre-recorded soap opera chronicling village life.","title":"Regular features"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Panel Beaters","text":"A celebrity panel game from the second half of series 7, in which celebrities had to spot the imposter from three members of the public with apparently bizarre occupations. If they failed, they got gunged. If they guessed correctly, the three members of the public were gunged instead.","title":"Regular features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Golden Shot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Golden_Shot"},{"link_name":"Crazy Horses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crazy_Horses"},{"link_name":"The Osmonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Osmonds"}],"sub_title":"Sofa Soccer","text":"In the final series, a similar idea to Bernie the Bolt in The Golden Shot, a viewer at home would attempt to score goals by directing a machine to fire a huge football. The commands were 'left', 'right' and 'shoot'. Each goal was worth £400, a maximum of £2,000 could be won if five goals were scored. The music used for this game was based on Crazy Horses by The Osmonds.","title":"Regular features"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Three to Go","text":"A game from towards the end of series 8. Noel would link up with three regional news programmes, who would each bring an improbable-sounding news story from their region. The contestants would have to guess whether the stories were true or false.","title":"Regular features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"In 1992, during series 2 of House Party, the character Mr Blobby was introduced as a way for Noel Edmonds to play practical jokes on celebrities. The success of the character resulted in a large amount of merchandise, public appearances and even theme parks based around the character. Mr Blobby was portrayed by Barry Killerby.[citation needed]Mr Blobby was dropped from the show after series 7, but made a surprise reappearance in the final ever episode. During that episode, he ordered Edmonds to confess that dropping him from the show was a mistake, telling Edmonds to say \"I wouldn't be in this mess if I hadn't sacked him.\"","title":"Mr Blobby"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Crinkley Bottom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crinkley_Bottom"},{"link_name":"Cricket St Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket_St_Thomas"},{"link_name":"Mr Blobby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr_Blobby"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dunblobbin-11"},{"link_name":"theme park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theme_park"},{"link_name":"Morecambe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morecambe"},{"link_name":"district auditor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audit_Commission_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Lancaster City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancaster_City_Council"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-indy-12"},{"link_name":"Conservatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Liberal Democrats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)"},{"link_name":"cabinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet-style_council"},{"link_name":"Morecambe Bay Independents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morecambe_Bay_Independents"},{"link_name":"Green Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Party_of_England_and_Wales"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-13"},{"link_name":"Pleasurewood Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleasurewood_Hills"}],"text":"Further information: Crinkley BottomWith the House Party set in the fictional village of Crinkley Bottom, Edmonds opened three Crinkley Bottom attractions at pre-existing theme parks in the UK. The first, based at Cricket St Thomas in Somerset, featured many Mr Blobby attractions and was due to include a replica of the Great House from the series.[11] The park closed in 1998 following dwindling attendance figures.In 1994, a Crinkley Bottom theme park opened in Morecambe. It closed 13 weeks after opening. A two-year investigation by the district auditor was started due to the investment of £2 million by Lancaster City Council.[12] It resulted in both the Conservatives and Liberal Democrats withdrawing from the cabinet, leaving four councillors from Morecambe Bay Independents and the Green Party running the authority.[13] A third Crinkley Bottom theme park was based at Pleasurewood Hills in Lowestoft, but has since closed.","title":"Crinkley Bottom Theme Parks"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Transmissions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"IRA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army"},{"link_name":"BBC Television Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Television_Centre"},{"link_name":"Noel's Christmas Presents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noel%27s_Christmas_Presents"},{"link_name":"Tom and Jerry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_and_Jerry"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-29"}],"sub_title":"Series","text":"Notes^ Originally to run for 21 episodes. The show scheduled for 6 March 1993 was cancelled due to an IRA bomb scare at BBC Television Centre, instead showing a repeat of the 1991 edition of Noel's Christmas Presents and Tom and Jerry 1944 cartoon, \"The Zoot Cat\".\n\n^ Originally to run for 22 episodes. The show scheduled for 3 January 1998 was cancelled due to a disagreement between Edmonds and the BBC, a repeat of The Best of Noel's House Party, originally broadcast on 11 October 1997, was shown instead.","title":"Transmissions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Specials","title":"Transmissions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Channel Nine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_Network"},{"link_name":"Network 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV2_(New_Zealand)"}],"text":"Repeats of the series also aired on Channel Nine in Australia and on Network 2 in New Zealand throughout the 1990s.","title":"International versions and airings"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"BBC TV Centre\". Retrieved 1 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tvstudiohistory.co.uk/tv%20centre%20history.htm","url_text":"\"BBC TV Centre\""}]},{"reference":"\"BBC Lowers the Boom on Noel's House Party\". The Guardian. 26 February 1999.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/uk/1999/feb/26/janinegibson","url_text":"\"BBC Lowers the Boom on Noel's House Party\""}]},{"reference":"\"Noel's House Party voted best Saturday night telly show ever\". The Mirror. 30 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/noels-house-party-voted-best-258320","url_text":"\"Noel's House Party voted best Saturday night telly show ever\""}]},{"reference":"McCann, Paul (3 January 1998). \"BBC pulls plug on Noel's House Party\". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 21 June 2022. Retrieved 12 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/bbc-pulls-plug-on-noels-house-party-cancelled-1136432.html","url_text":"\"BBC pulls plug on Noel's House Party\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220621/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/bbc-pulls-plug-on-noels-house-party-cancelled-1136432.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Cozens, Claire (19 August 2003). \"Edmonds: I'm guilty of bad TV\". The Guardian. Retrieved 12 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/media/2003/aug/19/broadcasting.bbc","url_text":"\"Edmonds: I'm guilty of bad TV\""}]},{"reference":"Comet, Alex. \"Lola Simone rock\". Retrieved 5 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://businesstimenow.com/lola-simone-rock/","url_text":"\"Lola Simone rock\""}]},{"reference":"\"Noel Edmonds to leave BBC\". BBC News. Retrieved 8 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/414837.stm","url_text":"\"Noel Edmonds to leave BBC\""}]},{"reference":"Morgan, Kathleen (26 February 1999). \"Party over for Noel - Show axed as viewing figures hit all-time low\". Scottish Daily Record. Glasgow.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thefreelibrary.com/PARTY+OVER+FOR+NOEL%3B+Show+axed+as+viewing+figures+hit+all-time+low.-a060427542","url_text":"\"Party over for Noel - Show axed as viewing figures hit all-time low\""}]},{"reference":"\"1993 Television Light Entertainment Programme or Series\". BAFTA. Retrieved 11 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://awards.bafta.org/award/1993/television/light-entertainment-programme-or-series","url_text":"\"1993 Television Light Entertainment Programme or Series\""}]},{"reference":"Gareth Palmer (2003). Discipline and Liberty: Television and Governance. Manchester University Press. p. 149. ISBN 978-0-7190-6693-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FpPHu1STIf8C&pg=PA149","url_text":"Discipline and Liberty: Television and Governance"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-6693-1","url_text":"978-0-7190-6693-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Crinkley Bottom Park History\". Dunblobbin.com. Retrieved 27 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dunblobbin.com/parkhistory/","url_text":"\"Crinkley Bottom Park History\""}]},{"reference":"Gledhill, Dan (3 September 2000). \"Edmonds to testify in Blobby fiasco\". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 21 June 2022. Retrieved 22 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/edmonds-to-testify-in-blobby-fiasco-698665.html","url_text":"\"Edmonds to testify in Blobby fiasco\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220621/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/edmonds-to-testify-in-blobby-fiasco-698665.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"'Crinkley Bottom' row leads to cabinet walkout\". BBC News. 21 February 2003.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/2786329.stm","url_text":"\"'Crinkley Bottom' row leads to cabinet walkout\""}]},{"reference":"\"Noel's House Party - BBC One London - 23 November 1991\". BBC Genome. 23 November 1991. Retrieved 4 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/3247e606ad89410caf27c4ff665e213c","url_text":"\"Noel's House Party - BBC One London - 23 November 1991\""}]},{"reference":"\"Noel's House Party - BBC One London - 28 March 1992\". BBC Genome. 28 March 1992.","urls":[{"url":"http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/6338d62149d24ae5a93fc78b37d6d5b2","url_text":"\"Noel's House Party - BBC One London - 28 March 1992\""}]},{"reference":"\"Noel's House Party - BBC One London - 24 October 1992\". BBC Genome. 24 October 1992.","urls":[{"url":"http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/35df3b09d6ab4fe2afbf16fc245c4b0e","url_text":"\"Noel's House Party - BBC One London - 24 October 1992\""}]},{"reference":"\"Noel's House Party - BBC One London - 13 March 1993\". BBC Genome. 13 March 1993.","urls":[{"url":"http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/ba08ff9e11a2423caa34514f2788e94e","url_text":"\"Noel's House Party - BBC One London - 13 March 1993\""}]},{"reference":"\"Noel's House Party - BBC One London - 23 October 1993\". BBC Genome. 23 October 1993.","urls":[{"url":"http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/434b2cf399ba4dd5a3e8ef05d329aab9","url_text":"\"Noel's House Party - BBC One London - 23 October 1993\""}]},{"reference":"\"Noel's House Party - BBC One London - 26 March 1994\". BBC Genome. 26 March 1994.","urls":[{"url":"http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/8fbc2e8e9dd2440ba67e154633032a93","url_text":"\"Noel's House Party - BBC One London - 26 March 1994\""}]},{"reference":"\"Noel's House Party - BBC One London - 22 October 1994\". BBC Genome. 22 October 1994.","urls":[{"url":"http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/5cc8771a74194624b14c4ab2db5133b0","url_text":"\"Noel's House Party - BBC One London - 22 October 1994\""}]},{"reference":"\"Noel's House Party - BBC One London - 25 March 1995\". BBC Genome. 25 March 1995.","urls":[{"url":"http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/211508d9b8f04e98b71b5d4608566753","url_text":"\"Noel's House Party - BBC One London - 25 March 1995\""}]},{"reference":"\"Noel's House Party - BBC One London - 21 October 1995\". BBC Genome. 21 October 1995.","urls":[{"url":"http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/11b45d3e8cef4ff99fe4ba71b5a6c32a","url_text":"\"Noel's House Party - BBC One London - 21 October 1995\""}]},{"reference":"\"Noel's House Party - BBC One London - 30 March 1996\". BBC Genome. 30 March 1996.","urls":[{"url":"http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/a87f013085ad4028b51f839be84d0a1c","url_text":"\"Noel's House Party - BBC One London - 30 March 1996\""}]},{"reference":"\"Noel's House Party - BBC One London - 19 October 1996\". BBC Genome. 19 October 1996.","urls":[{"url":"http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/75dfb5e01c664e2c99eb239a955d8f76","url_text":"\"Noel's House Party - BBC One London - 19 October 1996\""}]},{"reference":"\"Noel's House Party - BBC One London - 29 March 1997\". BBC Genome. 29 March 1997.","urls":[{"url":"http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/53ea28cd33e846849805326d6763b545","url_text":"\"Noel's House Party - BBC One London - 29 March 1997\""}]},{"reference":"\"Noel's House Party - BBC One London - 18 October 1997\". BBC Genome. 18 October 1997.","urls":[{"url":"http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/f3c9a3f026354bee950a20f748f82247","url_text":"\"Noel's House Party - BBC One London - 18 October 1997\""}]},{"reference":"\"Noel's House Party - BBC One London - 21 March 1998\". BBC Genome. 21 March 1998.","urls":[{"url":"http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/ded5b9c1fefb45539c6e11792fb1f041","url_text":"\"Noel's House Party - BBC One London - 21 March 1998\""}]},{"reference":"\"Noel's House Party - BBC One London - 17 October 1998\". BBC Genome. 17 October 1998.","urls":[{"url":"http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/1e28c0c55e8a4c53a7b2c3ac117db075","url_text":"\"Noel's House Party - BBC One London - 17 October 1998\""}]},{"reference":"\"Noel's House Party - BBC One London - 20 March 1999\". BBC Genome. 20 March 1999.","urls":[{"url":"http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/e65713e19f06431c82373655ae5278ee","url_text":"\"Noel's House Party - BBC One London - 20 March 1999\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Best of Noel's House Party - BBC One London - 31 May 1993\". BBC Genome. 31 May 1993.","urls":[{"url":"http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/e8907e27c17b4f90ae210868b5d24cc2","url_text":"\"The Best of Noel's House Party - BBC One London - 31 May 1993\""}]},{"reference":"\"Noel's Garden Party - BBC One London - 4 September 1993\". BBC Genome. 4 September 1993.","urls":[{"url":"http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/93742f079fa840ae80132455ed43d87d","url_text":"\"Noel's Garden Party - BBC One London - 4 September 1993\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Best of Noel's House Party - BBC One London - 29 August 1994\". BBC Genome. 29 August 1994.","urls":[{"url":"http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/49bc4295594f4bf190c81bdee33ca151","url_text":"\"The Best of Noel's House Party - BBC One London - 29 August 1994\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Gotcha Hall of Fame - BBC One London - 3 May 1995\". BBC Genome. 3 May 1995.","urls":[{"url":"https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/a1b9f8cdf5cd4deabb441db44f928be4","url_text":"\"The Gotcha Hall of Fame - BBC One London - 3 May 1995\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Gotcha Hall of Fame - BBC One London - 17 May 1995\". BBC Genome. 17 May 1995.","urls":[{"url":"http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/e4af7e1344f24c8b89534e58e2269bd1","url_text":"\"The Gotcha Hall of Fame - BBC One London - 17 May 1995\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Gotcha Hall of Fame - BBC One London - 30 December 1995\". BBC Genome. 30 December 1995.","urls":[{"url":"http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/c65cf48dc4b24158af07a204a48dd519","url_text":"\"The Gotcha Hall of Fame - BBC One London - 30 December 1995\""}]},{"reference":"\"Noel's NTV Stars - BBC One London - 18 April 1996\". BBC Genome. 18 April 1996.","urls":[{"url":"http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/52744131983241b9816a94ddf0613062","url_text":"\"Noel's NTV Stars - BBC One London - 18 April 1996\""}]},{"reference":"\"Noel's NTV Stars - BBC One London - 25 April 1996\". BBC Genome. 25 April 1996.","urls":[{"url":"http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/7c4dd95aa8564682aec32d66865f3831","url_text":"\"Noel's NTV Stars - BBC One London - 25 April 1996\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Best of Noel's House Party - BBC One London - 7 September 1996\". BBC Genome. 7 September 1996.","urls":[{"url":"http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/a18290de85a44b70bd30c38b4e44b99f","url_text":"\"The Best of Noel's House Party - BBC One London - 7 September 1996\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gotcha Hall of Fame - BBC One London - 28 December 1996\". BBC Genome. 28 December 1996.","urls":[{"url":"http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/506c7fde46824954b8353830af6be04b","url_text":"\"Gotcha Hall of Fame - BBC One London - 28 December 1996\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gotcha Hall of Fame - BBC One London - 17 July 1997\". BBC Genome. 17 July 1997.","urls":[{"url":"http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/e0551fe42d79491cbc1cdfbf3a1528c0","url_text":"\"Gotcha Hall of Fame - BBC One London - 17 July 1997\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gotcha Hall of Fame - BBC One London - 24 July 1997\". BBC Genome. 24 July 1997.","urls":[{"url":"http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/29412ee052ba47acacc1c59f78943b4d","url_text":"\"Gotcha Hall of Fame - BBC One London - 24 July 1997\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Best of Noel's House Party - BBC One London - 11 October 1997\". BBC Genome. 11 October 1997.","urls":[{"url":"http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/cbe41826261043ec8d474add43241674","url_text":"\"The Best of Noel's House Party - BBC One London - 11 October 1997\""}]},{"reference":"\"Noel's House Party Gotcha Special - BBC One London - 13 March 1999\". BBC Genome. 13 March 1999.","urls":[{"url":"http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/a131133bd38646778c315d545a1c2e57","url_text":"\"Noel's House Party Gotcha Special - BBC One London - 13 March 1999\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gullible Travellers - The Best of NTV - BBC One London - 19 March 2000\". BBC Genome. 19 March 2000.","urls":[{"url":"http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/b641a27b8880408a81bab4aaced96e10","url_text":"\"Gullible Travellers - The Best of NTV - BBC One London - 19 March 2000\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Best of Noel's House Party - BBC One London - 26 March 2000\". BBC Genome. 26 March 2000.","urls":[{"url":"http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/f977cc4e2af3449c9df3a4ffe5eec495","url_text":"\"The Best of Noel's House Party - BBC One London - 26 March 2000\""}]},{"reference":"\"Game On; The Broader Picture\". The Independent. London. 27 July 1997. Archived from the original on 21 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/game-on-the-broader-picture-1252893.html","url_text":"\"Game On; The Broader Picture\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220621/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/game-on-the-broader-picture-1252893.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"'Unique' signs Dutch co-production deal for World of the Secret Camera\". Broadcast. 17 December 1999. Unique also revealed this week that BBC Worldwide had agreed a format deal with RTL 4 in the Netherlands for Endemol to produce a second series of Noel's House Party which is broadcast under the title Monte Carlo.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.broadcastnow.co.uk/unique-signs-dutch-co-pro-deal-for-secret-camera/1226168.article","url_text":"\"'Unique' signs Dutch co-production deal for World of the Secret Camera\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast_(magazine)","url_text":"Broadcast"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._B._Stearns
Joseph Barker Stearns
["1 Biography","2 Family","3 Honors","4 Notes","5 References"]
Inventor This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (June 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Joseph Barker StearnsBorn(1831-02-28)February 28, 1831DiedJuly 4, 1895(1895-07-04) (aged 64)Known forInventor of the duplex system of telegraphy Joseph Barker Stearns (1831-1895) was the inventor of the duplex system of telegraphy. Biography Stearns was the son of Edward Ray and Eliza Tyler Barker Stearns of Weld, Maine. As a youth, he worked on a farm. He studied telegraphy at Newburyport, Massachusetts, where he became manager of the office. From 1855 to 1869, he was superintendent of the Fire Alarm Telegraph Company of Boston, Massachusetts and was the first to take out patents on the use of reversed currents in connection with the fire alarm signal system. He was president of Franklin Telegraph Co., from 1869 to 1871, during which time he invented the first practical system of duplex telegraphy which was successfully applied to the English, French and Belgian lines. Two years later this system was used for the Atlantic cables. He sold rights under his duplex patents to the Western Union Telegraph and Cable Companies, receiving large royalties for the use of his inventions from governments in England, France, Italy, Spain, Belgium, Russia and India, and several submarine cable companies. From 1879 to 1880, he was employed as engineer by the Mexican Telegraph Company in making, laying, and putting into operation the cables of that company between Galveston, Texas, and Veracruz, Mexico. In 1881, he performed a similar service for the Central and South American Telegraph Company, whose cables extended from the Isthmus of Tehuantepec in Mexico to Callao, Peru, in all between 4,000 and 5,000 miles. This work he completed in 1882. He retired from active business in 1885 and settled in Camden, Maine. There he had a library of 10,000 volumes, and a collection of Chiriquí Province pottery, which was exhibited at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. He also had a collection of carved ivories which was exhibited at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City. He died in Camden. Family He had eight children. He got married on January 8, 1853, to Lois M. Brooks of Putney, Vermont (born June 4, 1827; died July 29, 1861, in South Boston), then married Frances Amanda Edmonds of Portsmouth, New Hampshire (born January 16, 1838) on June 6, 1866. Honors In 1872, the American Institute of New York awarded him the Great Medal of Honor for the invention of the duplex telegraph. Notes References Van Wagenen, Avis Stearns (1901), Stearns Genealogy and Memoirs, Courier Press Co. Journal of the Franklin Institute, Pergamon Press, 1875 Wilson, J. G.; Fiske, J., eds. (1900). "Stearns, Joseph Barker" . Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. New York: D. Appleton. Authority control databases International FAST VIAF WorldCat National United States Other SNAC
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As a youth, he worked on a farm. He studied telegraphy at Newburyport, Massachusetts, where he became manager of the office. From 1855 to 1869, he was superintendent of the Fire Alarm Telegraph Company of Boston, Massachusetts and was the first to take out patents on the use of reversed currents in connection with the fire alarm signal system.He was president of Franklin Telegraph Co., from 1869 to 1871, during which time he invented the first practical system of duplex telegraphy which was successfully applied to the English, French and Belgian lines. Two years later this system was used for the Atlantic cables. He sold rights under his duplex patents to the Western Union Telegraph and Cable Companies, receiving large royalties for the use of his inventions from governments in England, France, Italy, Spain, Belgium, Russia and India, and several submarine cable companies. From 1879 to 1880, he was employed as engineer by the Mexican Telegraph Company in making, laying, and putting into operation the cables of that company between Galveston, Texas, and Veracruz, Mexico. In 1881, he performed a similar service for the Central and South American Telegraph Company, whose cables extended from the Isthmus of Tehuantepec in Mexico to Callao, Peru, in all between 4,000 and 5,000 miles. This work he completed in 1882.He retired from active business in 1885 and settled in Camden, Maine. There he had a library of 10,000 volumes, and a collection of Chiriquí Province pottery, which was exhibited at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. He also had a collection of carved ivories which was exhibited at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City. He died in Camden.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Putney, Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putney,_Vermont"},{"link_name":"Portsmouth, New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth,_New_Hampshire"}],"text":"He had eight children. He got married on January 8, 1853, to Lois M. Brooks of Putney, Vermont (born June 4, 1827; died July 29, 1861, in South Boston), then married Frances Amanda Edmonds of Portsmouth, New Hampshire (born January 16, 1838) on June 6, 1866.","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Institute_of_the_City_of_New_York"}],"text":"In 1872, the American Institute of New York awarded him the Great Medal of Honor for the invention of the duplex telegraph.","title":"Honors"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notes"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology_of_New_Jersey
Geology of New Jersey
["1 Coastal Plain","2 Piedmont","3 Highlands","4 Ridge and Valley","5 Geologic Features","6 Notable Rock Formations","7 References","8 External links"]
Overview of the geology of the U.S. state of New Jersey Physiographic Provinces of New Jersey New Jersey is a very geologically and geographically diverse region in the United States' Middle Atlantic region, offering variety from the Appalachian Mountains and the Highlands in the state's northwest, to the Atlantic Coastal Plain region that encompasses both the Pine Barrens and the Jersey Shore. The state's geological features have impacted the course of settlement, development, commerce and industry over the past four centuries. New Jersey has four distinct physiographic provinces. They are: (listed from the south to the north) the Atlantic Coastal Plain Province, the Piedmont Province, the Highlands Province, and the Ridge and Valley Province. Coastal Plain View north from the fire tower on Apple Pie Hill in Wharton State Forest, Tabernacle Township, New Jersey The largest province in the state encompasses the southeast part of the state below the fall zone from Trenton to Carteret. It contains a large wedge of unconsolidated sediments that have been deposited since the Cretaceous Period. These sediments continue off-shore as far as the continental shelf edge in the Atlantic Ocean. Topography is relatively flat with a few hills of erosion resistant sediments containing gravel or iron-sedimented sands. The province is divided further into three subprovinces. One is the Lowland section, which comprises flat, frequently inundated areas of tidal marshes, back bays, and barrier islands. This section generally follows the coastline, Delaware Bay, and Delaware River. The intermediate upland section comprises raised areas inland and is best suited for farming and other agriculture. The sands of the coastal plain have been mined for foundry sand and sand used for glass making. Finally, the upland section is home to the New Jersey Pine Barrens and Fort Dix. Glauconite is commonly found in this section, especially around Freehold Township, New Jersey. Piedmont A majority of the rocks in this province are a part of the Newark Supergroup. They include the Passaic Formation, the Lockatong Formation, the Stockton Formation, and the igneous rocks basalt and diabase. In New Jersey, more basalt flows are evident with several named formations including the Hook Mountain Basalt, the Preakness Basalt, and the Orange Mountain Basalt. Diabase is prominently displayed along the Hudson River in the Palisades Sill. These rocks were deposited during the rifting of Pangea during the Triassic and Jurassic Periods. Much of the northern segment of this region was glaciated and the resultant shaping help to form New York and Newark harbors. A small portion of the Pennsylvania Piedmont Highlands called the Trenton Prong extends into New Jersey through Trenton and are mostly Ediacaran and Cambrian aged rocks, that includes the Wissahickon Formation. The Manhattan schist exists in New Jersey, largely below New York harbor and in the vicinity of Bayonne and Jersey City. Highlands The Highland Province consists of the remnants of a billion year old mountain range that stretched from Newfoundland to Mexico on the edge of the North American continent and was created in the Grenville Orogeny. To the east of the Kittatinny Valley is the Highland province. A narrow fault of Hardyston Quartzite separates the Kittatinny Valley from the Highlands. Igneous and metamorphic rock from the Late Precambrian and Early Paleozoic era, make up the Highlands. Kittatinny and Franklin formation, along with Hardyston Quartzite are in the Highlands. The New Jersey Highlands geology is complicated due to complex patterns of folds, faults and intrusions. The Highland Province has the Wawayanda Mountains which has an elevation of 1448 at two peaks; Sparta Mountain, elevation 1232: Pochuck Mountain, elevation 1194, north of Lake Pochung; Hamburg Mountain, elevation 1495 east of Lake Wildwood. This section contains some the oldest rocks in New Jersey and is largely a mix of Pre-Cambrian granites and gneisses and lower Paleozoic clastic and carbonate rocks. The harder granites and gneisses produce steep sided hills and mountains since they are relatively resistant to erosion. There are two small klippes in the southern part of this province, the Jutland klippe south of Musconetcong Mountain and the Peapack klippe in southern Morris County. There are numerous active and abandoned mines in this area because of its rich mineral wealth. Iron, zinc, and marble were all important minerals mined from the New Jersey Highlands. Franklinite is a mineral first described at Sterling Hill Mine. Green Pond Mountain in Northern Passaic County and into western Morris County is a slice of Lower Cambrian to Middle Devonian rocks that are collected in a half graben and are detached from the Valley and Ridge sequence. These rocks have always been described separately from the rocks in the Valley and Ridge, but have been cross-correlated to those rocks. Ridge and Valley Looking east from the ridge of Kittatinny Mountain in Walpack Township The smallest province in the state, it is confined to the northwest corner of the state. The Kittatinny Valley is a part of the Great Appalachian Valley and contain some of the oldest rocks of the province known as the Matinsburg shale created during the Ordovician period. At the edge of this valley is the Kittatinny Ridge which is from 1500 feet to 1800 feet. The ridge goes in a northeast–southwest axis. Beyond this ridge, there are series of rolling hills and small ridges underlain by Silurian and Devonian aged rocks. The Kittatinny Ridge was created about four hundred million years ago when a small continent that was long and thin collided with proto North America. The strike caused folding and faulting which cause the Silurian Shawnagunk conglomerate which is made mostly of quartz, to rise out of a shallow sea. The heat from pressure caused the quartz to bend, and silica melted the quartz granules together along with other stone. Millions of years of erosion from rain, wind, snow, ice shaped the mountain and valley to its present configuration. The Wisconsin glacier which started to form around 21,000 BC and started to melt in 13,000 BC left boulder fields, end moraines and a terminal moraine which starts north of Belvidere and goes east to just south of Great Meadow and continues east to just north of Budd Lake and continues east to Denviile where it goes southeast toward Morristown and goes around the south end of Great Swamp. The Delaware River is deflected by ridges and travels generally southwest, along the strike of the upturned beds of shale sedimentary rock. The Delaware flows in a riverbed of glacial till in the Minisink and Walpack buried valleys, formed from erosion of softer bedrock, then passes through the Delaware Water Gap in Kittatinny Mountain, a continuation of Blue Mountain in Pennsylvania. The buried valleys extend beyond the riverbed and stretch across the state from Pennsylvania to New York. The limestones in this area also exhibit karst topography, including sinkholes and small caves. Geologic Features View of the Delaware Water Gap in Warren County, seen from the west Delaware Water Gap New Jersey Palisades Sterling Hill Notable Rock Formations Lockatong Formation Passaic Formation (former Brunswick Formation) Stockton Formation Marcellus Formation References ^ http://www.state.nj.us/dep/njgs/enviroed/freedwn/psnjmap.pdf ^ a b c Orndorff, R.C., et al., (1998). Bedrock Geologic Map of Central and Southern New Jersey. United States Geological Survey, Scale 1:100,000. ^ a b White, Ron W.; Monteverde, Donald H. (2006-02-01). "Karst in the Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area" (PDF). Unearthing New Jersey Vol. 2, No. 1. New Jersey Geological Survey. Retrieved 2008-06-07. ^ White, I.C.; Chance, H.M. (1882). The geology of Pike and Monroe counties. Second Geol. Surv. of Penna. Vol. Rept. of Progress, G6. Harrisburg. pp. 53–57.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) External links http://www.state.nj.us/dep/njgs/ vteGeology of the United States by political divisionStates Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal districtWashington, D.C.Territories American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:New_Jersey_Physiography.png"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Appalachian Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Highlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York%E2%80%93New_Jersey_Highlands"},{"link_name":"Pine Barrens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine_Barrens_(New_Jersey)"},{"link_name":"Jersey Shore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey_Shore"},{"link_name":"physiographic provinces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiographic_province"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Coastal Plain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_coastal_plain"},{"link_name":"Piedmont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piedmont_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Highlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York%E2%80%93New_Jersey_Highlands"},{"link_name":"Ridge and Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridge-and-Valley_Appalachians"}],"text":"Physiographic Provinces of New JerseyNew Jersey is a very geologically and geographically diverse region in the United States' Middle Atlantic region, offering variety from the Appalachian Mountains and the Highlands in the state's northwest, to the Atlantic Coastal Plain region that encompasses both the Pine Barrens and the Jersey Shore. The state's geological features have impacted the course of settlement, development, commerce and industry over the past four centuries.New Jersey has four distinct physiographic provinces. They are: (listed from the south to the north) the Atlantic Coastal Plain Province, the Piedmont Province, the Highlands Province, and the Ridge and Valley Province.","title":"Geology of New Jersey"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2014-08-29_12_01_24_View_north_from_the_fire_tower_on_Apple_Pie_Hill_in_Wharton_State_Forest,_Tabernacle_Township,_New_Jersey.JPG"},{"link_name":"Apple Pie Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Pie_Hill"},{"link_name":"Wharton State Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wharton_State_Forest"},{"link_name":"Tabernacle Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabernacle_Township,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Trenton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trenton,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Carteret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carteret,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Cretaceous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceous"},{"link_name":"continental shelf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_shelf"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"marshes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshes"},{"link_name":"back bays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Back_bays&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"barrier islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrier_islands"},{"link_name":"Delaware Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Bay"},{"link_name":"Delaware River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_River"},{"link_name":"foundry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundry"},{"link_name":"New Jersey Pine Barrens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Pine_Barrens"},{"link_name":"Fort Dix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Dix"},{"link_name":"Glauconite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glauconite"},{"link_name":"Freehold Township, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freehold_Township,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-multipile-2"}],"text":"View north from the fire tower on Apple Pie Hill in Wharton State Forest, Tabernacle Township, New JerseyThe largest province in the state encompasses the southeast part of the state below the fall zone from Trenton to Carteret. It contains a large wedge of unconsolidated sediments that have been deposited since the Cretaceous Period. These sediments continue off-shore as far as the continental shelf edge in the Atlantic Ocean. Topography is relatively flat with a few hills of erosion resistant sediments containing gravel or iron-sedimented sands.[1] The province is divided further into three subprovinces. One is the Lowland section, which comprises flat, frequently inundated areas of tidal marshes, back bays, and barrier islands. This section generally follows the coastline, Delaware Bay, and Delaware River. The intermediate upland section comprises raised areas inland and is best suited for farming and other agriculture. The sands of the coastal plain have been mined for foundry sand and sand used for glass making. Finally, the upland section is home to the New Jersey Pine Barrens and Fort Dix. Glauconite is commonly found in this section, especially around Freehold Township, New Jersey.[2]","title":"Coastal Plain"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Newark Supergroup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newark_Supergroup"},{"link_name":"Passaic Formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passaic_Formation"},{"link_name":"Lockatong Formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockatong_Formation"},{"link_name":"Stockton Formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockton_Formation"},{"link_name":"igneous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igneous"},{"link_name":"basalt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basalt"},{"link_name":"diabase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabase"},{"link_name":"Hudson River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_River"},{"link_name":"Palisades Sill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palisades_Sill"},{"link_name":"Pangea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangea"},{"link_name":"Triassic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triassic"},{"link_name":"Jurassic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurassic"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Trenton Prong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trenton_Prong"},{"link_name":"Ediacaran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ediacaran"},{"link_name":"Cambrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambrian"},{"link_name":"Wissahickon Formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wissahickon_Formation"},{"link_name":"Manhattan schist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_schist"},{"link_name":"Bayonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayonne,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Jersey City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey_City"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-multipile-2"}],"text":"A majority of the rocks in this province are a part of the Newark Supergroup. They include the Passaic Formation, the Lockatong Formation, the Stockton Formation, and the igneous rocks basalt and diabase. In New Jersey, more basalt flows are evident with several named formations including the Hook Mountain Basalt, the Preakness Basalt, and the Orange Mountain Basalt. Diabase is prominently displayed along the Hudson River in the Palisades Sill. These rocks were deposited during the rifting of Pangea during the Triassic and Jurassic Periods. Much of the northern segment of this region was glaciated and the resultant shaping help to form New York and Newark harbors.A small portion of the Pennsylvania Piedmont Highlands called the Trenton Prong extends into New Jersey through Trenton and are mostly Ediacaran and Cambrian aged rocks, that includes the Wissahickon Formation. The Manhattan schist exists in New Jersey, largely below New York harbor and in the vicinity of Bayonne and Jersey City.[2]","title":"Piedmont"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grenville Orogeny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenville_Orogeny"},{"link_name":"Pre-Cambrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Cambrian"},{"link_name":"granites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granite"},{"link_name":"gneisses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gneiss"},{"link_name":"Paleozoic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleozoic"},{"link_name":"clastic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clastic"},{"link_name":"carbonate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-multipile-2"},{"link_name":"erosion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erosion"},{"link_name":"klippes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klippe"},{"link_name":"Musconetcong Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musconetcong_Mountain"},{"link_name":"Morris County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_County,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Franklinite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklinite"},{"link_name":"Sterling Hill Mine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterling_Hill_Mine"},{"link_name":"Passaic County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passaic_County"},{"link_name":"Morris County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_County,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Cambrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambrian"},{"link_name":"Devonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devonian"},{"link_name":"graben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graben"},{"link_name":"Valley and Ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_and_Ridge"}],"text":"The Highland Province consists of the remnants of a billion year old mountain range that stretched from Newfoundland to Mexico on the edge of the North American continent and was created in the Grenville Orogeny.To the east of the Kittatinny Valley is the Highland province. A narrow fault of Hardyston Quartzite separates the Kittatinny Valley from the Highlands. Igneous and metamorphic rock from the Late Precambrian and Early Paleozoic era, make up the Highlands. Kittatinny and Franklin formation, along with Hardyston Quartzite are in the Highlands. The New Jersey Highlands geology is complicated due to complex patterns of folds, faults and intrusions.The Highland Province has the Wawayanda Mountains which has an elevation of 1448 at two peaks; Sparta Mountain, elevation 1232: Pochuck Mountain, elevation 1194, north of Lake Pochung; Hamburg Mountain, elevation 1495 east of Lake Wildwood.This section contains some the oldest rocks in New Jersey and is largely a mix of Pre-Cambrian granites and gneisses and lower Paleozoic clastic and carbonate rocks.[2] The harder granites and gneisses produce steep sided hills and mountains since they are relatively resistant to erosion. There are two small klippes in the southern part of this province, the Jutland klippe south of Musconetcong Mountain and the Peapack klippe in southern Morris County.There are numerous active and abandoned mines in this area because of its rich mineral wealth. Iron, zinc, and marble were all important minerals mined from the New Jersey Highlands. Franklinite is a mineral first described at Sterling Hill Mine.Green Pond Mountain in Northern Passaic County and into western Morris County is a slice of Lower Cambrian to Middle Devonian rocks that are collected in a half graben and are detached from the Valley and Ridge sequence. These rocks have always been described separately from the rocks in the Valley and Ridge, but have been cross-correlated to those rocks.","title":"Highlands"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:East_from_Kittatinny_Mountain_DWGNRA_Walpack_Twsp_NJ.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kittatinny Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kittatinny_Valley"},{"link_name":"Great Appalachian Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Appalachian_Valley"},{"link_name":"Silurian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silurian"},{"link_name":"Devonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devonian"},{"link_name":"granules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granule_(geology)"},{"link_name":"Delaware River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_River"},{"link_name":"strike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strike_and_dip"},{"link_name":"sedimentary rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentary_rock"},{"link_name":"riverbed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stream_bed"},{"link_name":"glacial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacier"},{"link_name":"till","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Till"},{"link_name":"buried valleys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buried_valley"},{"link_name":"bedrock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedrock"},{"link_name":"Delaware Water Gap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Water_Gap"},{"link_name":"Kittatinny Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kittatinny_Mountain"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-White-3"},{"link_name":"Blue Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Mountain_(Pennsylvania)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-White1882-4"},{"link_name":"karst topography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karst_topography"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-White-3"}],"text":"Looking east from the ridge of Kittatinny Mountain in Walpack TownshipThe smallest province in the state, it is confined to the northwest corner of the state. The Kittatinny Valley is a part of the Great Appalachian Valley and contain some of the oldest rocks of the province known as the Matinsburg shale created during the Ordovician period. At the edge of this valley is the Kittatinny Ridge which is from 1500 feet to 1800 feet. The ridge goes in a northeast–southwest axis. Beyond this ridge, there are series of rolling hills and small ridges underlain by Silurian and Devonian aged rocks.The Kittatinny Ridge was created about four hundred million years ago when a small continent that was long and thin collided with proto North America. The strike caused folding and faulting which cause the Silurian Shawnagunk conglomerate which is made mostly of quartz, to rise out of a shallow sea. The heat from pressure caused the quartz to bend, and silica melted the quartz granules together along with other stone. Millions of years of erosion from rain, wind, snow, ice shaped the mountain and valley to its present configuration. The Wisconsin glacier which started to form around 21,000 BC and started to melt in 13,000 BC left boulder fields, end moraines and a terminal moraine which starts north of Belvidere and goes east to just south of Great Meadow and continues east to just north of Budd Lake and continues east to Denviile where it goes southeast toward Morristown and goes around the south end of Great Swamp.The Delaware River is deflected by ridges and travels generally southwest, along the strike of the upturned beds of shale sedimentary rock. The Delaware flows in a riverbed of glacial till in the Minisink and Walpack buried valleys, formed from erosion of softer bedrock, then passes through the Delaware Water Gap in Kittatinny Mountain,[3]\na continuation of Blue Mountain in Pennsylvania. The buried valleys extend beyond the riverbed and stretch across the state from Pennsylvania to New York.[4]\nThe limestones in this area also exhibit karst topography, including sinkholes and small caves.[3]","title":"Ridge and Valley"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:View_of_the_Delaware_Water_Gap_SE_Dunfield.jpg"},{"link_name":"Delaware Water Gap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Water_Gap"},{"link_name":"New Jersey Palisades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Palisades"}],"text":"View of the Delaware Water Gap in Warren County, seen from the westDelaware Water Gap\nNew Jersey Palisades\nSterling Hill","title":"Geologic Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lockatong Formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockatong_Formation"},{"link_name":"Passaic Formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passaic_Formation"},{"link_name":"Stockton Formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockton_Formation"},{"link_name":"Marcellus Formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcellus_Formation"}],"text":"Lockatong Formation\nPassaic Formation (former Brunswick Formation)\nStockton Formation\nMarcellus Formation","title":"Notable Rock Formations"}]
[{"image_text":"Physiographic Provinces of New Jersey","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/New_Jersey_Physiography.png/220px-New_Jersey_Physiography.png"},{"image_text":"View north from the fire tower on Apple Pie Hill in Wharton State Forest, Tabernacle Township, New Jersey","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/2014-08-29_12_01_24_View_north_from_the_fire_tower_on_Apple_Pie_Hill_in_Wharton_State_Forest%2C_Tabernacle_Township%2C_New_Jersey.JPG/220px-2014-08-29_12_01_24_View_north_from_the_fire_tower_on_Apple_Pie_Hill_in_Wharton_State_Forest%2C_Tabernacle_Township%2C_New_Jersey.JPG"},{"image_text":"Looking east from the ridge of Kittatinny Mountain in Walpack Township","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/East_from_Kittatinny_Mountain_DWGNRA_Walpack_Twsp_NJ.jpg/220px-East_from_Kittatinny_Mountain_DWGNRA_Walpack_Twsp_NJ.jpg"},{"image_text":"View of the Delaware Water Gap in Warren County, seen from the west","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/View_of_the_Delaware_Water_Gap_SE_Dunfield.jpg/220px-View_of_the_Delaware_Water_Gap_SE_Dunfield.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"White, Ron W.; Monteverde, Donald H. (2006-02-01). \"Karst in the Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area\" (PDF). Unearthing New Jersey Vol. 2, No. 1. New Jersey Geological Survey. Retrieved 2008-06-07.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.njgeology.org/enviroed/newsletter/v2n1.pdf","url_text":"\"Karst in the Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area\""}]},{"reference":"White, I.C.; Chance, H.M. (1882). The geology of Pike and Monroe counties. Second Geol. Surv. of Penna. Vol. Rept. of Progress, G6. Harrisburg. pp. 53–57.","urls":[]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theophilus_III_of_Alexandria
Theophilus III of Alexandria
["1 References"]
Greek Patriarch of Alexandria from 1805 to 1825 Theophilus III served as Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Alexandria between 1805 and 1825. References "Theophilos II Pankostas (1805–1825)". Official web site of the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria and All Africa. Retrieved 2011-02-07. Preceded byParthenius II Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Alexandria 1805–1825 Succeeded byHierotheus I vtePatriarchs of AlexandriaPatriarchs prior to theChalcedonian schism(43–451) Mark I the Evangelist (founder) Anianus Avilius Kedronos Primus Justus Eumenius Markianos* Celadion Agrippinus Julian Demetrius I Heraclas Dionysius Maximus Theonas Peter I Achillas Alexander I Athanasius I Peter II Timothy I Theophilus I Cyril I Dioscorus I Coptic Orthodox Popes and Patriarchs(451–present) Timothy II Peter III Athanasius II John I John II Dioscorus II Timothy III Theodosius I Peter IV Damian Anastasius Andronicus Benjamin I Agathon John III Isaac Simeon I Alexander II Cosmas I Theodore I Michael I Mina I John IV Mark II James Simeon II Joseph I Michael II Cosmas II Shenouda I Michael III Gabriel I Cosmas III Macarius I Theophilus II Mina II Abraham Philotheos Zacharias Shenouda II Christodoulos Cyril II Michael IV Macarius II Gabriel II Michael V John V Mark III John VI Cyril III Athanasius III John VII Gabriel III John VII Theodosius III John VIII John IX Benjamin II Peter V Mark IV John X Gabriel IV Matthew I Gabriel V John XI Matthew II Gabriel VI Michael VI John XII John XIII Gabriel VII John XIV Gabriel VIII Mark V John XV Matthew III Mark VI Matthew IV John XVI Peter VI John XVII Mark VII John XVIII Mark VIII Peter VII Cyril IV Demetrius II Cyril V John XIX Macarius III Joseph II Cyril VI Shenouda III Tawadros II (current) Greek Orthodox Popes and Patriarchs(451–present) Proterius Timothy II Timothy III John I Peter III Athanasius II John II John III Dioscorus II Timothy IV Theodosius I Gaianus Paul Zoilus Apollinarius John IV Eulogius Theodore I John V George I Cyrus Peter IV Peter V Peter VI Cosmas I Politianus Eustatius Christopher I Sophronius I Michael I Michael II Christodoulos Eutychius Sophronius II Isaac Job Elias I Arsenius Theophilus II George II Leontius Alexander II John VI Cyril II Sabbas Sophronius III Elias II Eleutherius Mark III* Nicholas I Gregory I Nicholas II Athanasius III Gregory II Gregory III Niphon Mark IV Nicholas III Gregory IV Nicholas IV Athanasius IV Mark V Philotheus Mark VI Gregory V Joachim I Silvester Meletius I Pegas Cyril III Gerasimus I Metrophanes Nicephorus Joannicius Paisius Parthenius I Gerasimus II Samuel Cosmas II Cosmas III Matthew Cyprian Gerasimus III Parthenius II Theophilus III Hierotheus I Artemius Hierotheus II Callinicus Jacob Nicanor Nilus Sophronius IV Photius Meletius II Nicholas V Christopher II Nicholas VI Parthenius III Peter VII Theodore II (current) Latin Catholic(1276–1954) Atanasio (Athanasius) Egidio da Ferrara (Giles) ?Humbert II, Dauphin of Vienne Juan (John) Guillaume de Chanac Arnaud Bernard du Pouget (Arnaldo Bernardi) uncanonical Jean de Cardaillac Pietro Amely di Brunac ? Johannes Walteri von Sinten uncanonical Simon of Cramaud Pietro Amely di Brunac Leonardo Dolfin Ugo Roberti Pietro Amaury di Lordat Lancelotus de Navarra Giovanni Contarini Pietro Vitalis di Mauléon Giovanni Vitelleschi Marco Condulmer Jean d'Harcourt Arnaldo Rogerii de Palas Pedro de Urrea Pedro González de Mendoza Diego Hurtado de Mendoza Alonso de Fonseca y Acevedo Bernardino Carafa Cesare Riario Guido Ascanio Sforza di Santa Fiora Ottaviano Maria Sforza Julius Gonzaga Cristoforo Guidalotti Ciocchi del Monte Jacques Cortès Tommaso Alessandro Riario Enrico Caetani Giovanni Battista Albani Camillo Caetani Séraphin Olivier-Razali Alessandro di Sangro Honoratus Caetani Federico Borromeo Allesandro Crescenzi Aloysius Bevilacqua Petrus Draghi Bartoli Gregorio Giuseppe Gaetani de Aragonia Carlo Ambrosio Mezzabarba Filippo Carlo Spada Girolamo Crispi Giuseppe Antonio Davanzati Lodovico Agnello Anastasi Francisco Mattei Augustus Foscolo Paolo Angelo Ballerini Domenico Marinangeli Paolo de Huyn Luca Ermenegildo Pasetto Melkite Catholic(1724–present) Cyril VI Tanas Athanasius IV Jawhar Maximos II Hakim Theodosius V Dahan Athanasius IV Jawhar Cyril VII Siaj Agapius II Matar Ignatius IV Sarrouf Athanasius V Matar Macarius IV Tawil Ignatius V Qattan Maximos III Mazloum Clement Bahouth Gregory II Youssef-Sayur Peter IV Geraigiry Cyril VIII Geha Demetrius I Qadi Cyril IX Moghabghab Maximos IV Sayegh Maximos V Hakim Gregory III Laham Youssef I Absi Coptic Catholic(1824–present) Maximos Jouwed Kyrillos Makarios Stéphanos I Sidarouss Stéphanos II Ghattas Antonios I Naguib Ibrahim Isaac Sidrak *Markianos is considered Mark II on the Greek side of the subsequent schism, hence this numbering of Mark III. Category Commons This article about an Eastern Orthodox bishop is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Theophilos II Pankostas (1805–1825)\". Official web site of the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria and All Africa. Retrieved 2011-02-07.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.patriarchateofalexandria.com/index.php?module=content&cid=001003&id=188&lang=en","url_text":"\"Theophilos II Pankostas (1805–1825)\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleksa_Dovbush
Oleksa Dovbush
["1 Biography","2 Legacy","3 See also","4 Notes","5 References","6 Further reading"]
Ukrainian outlaw and folk hero This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Oleksa Dovbush" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Portrait of Oleksa Dovbush "Dovbush" redirects here. For other uses, see Dovbush (disambiguation). Oleksa Dovbush (Ukrainian: Олекса Довбуш, Polish: Aleksy Dobosz; 1700 – 24 August 1745) was a famous Ukrainian outlaw in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, leader of the opryshky  movement, who became a folk hero. Biography Oleksa was born in the Hutsul village of Pechenizhyn, Kolomyia Raion, in the Carpathian Mountains in the early 18th century in Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. He became the leader of his own band that consisted of almost 50 members (leheni). Popular tradition portrays him as a protector to the poor people of the region. There are few written references left of him and his activities. The many folk songs and the few prose legends that still survive in Prykarpattia portray him as a local hero who robbed the rich and helped the poor serfs, like the legendary Robin Hood. His residence is believed to be located near the city of Bolekhiv in Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast. It is a rock complex that is called the Rocks of Dovbush which was nominated in the seven historical and seven natural wonders of Ukraine. Dovbush's deeds became so admired that the tales of his acts spread beyond the Hutsul region to the neighboring Pokuttia and Podillia regions of western Ukraine. His portraits were sold at local market places. He was feared by Polish szlachta (landowning nobility). Once, a military expedition of 2,000 soldiers, headed by Polish magnate Józef Potocki, was sent to stop his activities. Nonetheless, he could not be captured. Dovbush was shot and mortally wounded by one Stefan, the husband of his lover Dzvinka, in 1745. According to Hassidic legend, Dovbush at one time hid in the house of Baal Shem Tov and gave him his pipe as a token of friendship. Legacy Vasyl Avramenko doing "Dovbush" dance After his death, his legacy was extended by several of his companions and/or people that idolized him: Vasyl Bayurak (a memorial plate is erected in Ivano-Frankivsk that mentions of his execution), Maksym Zalizniak, Ustym Karmaliuk, and many others. His legend entered Ukrainian folklore and was the subject of various artistic works, by, among others, the writers Ivan Franko and Yuriy Fedkovych. A film was made about him, and there are streets and locations named after him. Ukrainian choreographer Vasyl Avramenko created a dance called "Dovbush". See also Peasant uprising Ukrainian folklore Juraj Janosik Ustym Karmaliuk Notes ^ "Opryshky movement in the Carpathians". Wiki Carpathians. Retrieved 17 May 2015. ^ Orest Subtelny, Ukraine: A History, Toronto Press, 2000, ISBN 0-8020-8390-0, p. 192 ^ "Тексти та акорди пісень - Українські пісні". www.pisni.org.ua. Retrieved 27 March 2024. References Overview Brief mentioning The picture that mentions Bayurak (in Ukrainian) Further reading See references cited by Paul R. Magocsi in Galicia: A Historical Survey and Bibliographic Guide (University of Toronto Press, 1983), ISBN 0-8020-2482-3, p. 91 Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Israel United States Poland vteMedieval and Early Modern European peasant wars Bagaudae Stellinga Rebellions of Basil the Copper Hand Uprising of Ivaylo Peasant revolt in Flanders 1323–28 St. George's Night Uprising Jacquerie Ciompi Revolt Peasants' Revolt in England Harelle Cabochien Revolt Transylvanian peasant revolt Funen and Jutland Peasant rebellions Jack Cade's rebellion John and William Merfold's uprising Carinthian Peasant Revolt Friulian Revolt of 1511 Poor Conrad Dózsa rebellion Slovene peasant revolt of 1515 Arumer Zwarte Hoop German Peasants' War Dalecarlian Rebellions Palatine Peasants' War Skipper Clement's Rebellion Opryshky Peasant's Rebellion in Telemark Dacke War Kett's Rebellion Cudgel War Croatian–Slovene Peasant Revolt Ivan Bolotnikov's Rebellion Peasants' War in Upper Austria Kostka-Napierski Uprising Morning Star Rebellion Swiss peasant war of 1653 Stenka Razin Uprising Bulavin Rebellion Dalecarlian Rebellion (1743) Pugachev's Rebellion Revolt of Horea, Cloșca and Crișan Great Fear Saxon Peasants' Revolt Peasants' War (1798)
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For other uses, see Dovbush (disambiguation).Oleksa Dovbush (Ukrainian: Олекса Довбуш, Polish: Aleksy Dobosz; 1700 – 24 August 1745) was a famous Ukrainian outlaw in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, leader of the opryshky [uk] movement,[1] who became a folk hero.[2]","title":"Oleksa Dovbush"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hutsul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutsul"},{"link_name":"Pechenizhyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pechenizhyn"},{"link_name":"Kolomyia Raion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolomyia_Raion"},{"link_name":"Carpathian Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth"},{"link_name":"Prykarpattia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prykarpattia"},{"link_name":"serfs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serfdom"},{"link_name":"Bolekhiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolekhiv"},{"link_name":"Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivano-Frankivsk_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Rocks of Dovbush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocks_of_Dovbush"},{"link_name":"szlachta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szlachta"},{"link_name":"magnate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnate"},{"link_name":"Józef Potocki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Potocki"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Baal Shem Tov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baal_Shem_Tov"}],"text":"Oleksa was born in the Hutsul village of Pechenizhyn, Kolomyia Raion, in the Carpathian Mountains in the early 18th century in Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. He became the leader of his own band that consisted of almost 50 members (leheni). Popular tradition portrays him as a protector to the poor people of the region. There are few written references left of him and his activities.The many folk songs and the few prose legends that still survive in Prykarpattia portray him as a local hero who robbed the rich and helped the poor serfs, like the legendary Robin Hood. His residence is believed to be located near the city of Bolekhiv in Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast. It is a rock complex that is called the Rocks of Dovbush which was nominated in the seven historical and seven natural wonders of Ukraine. Dovbush's deeds became so admired that the tales of his acts spread beyond the Hutsul region to the neighboring Pokuttia and Podillia regions of western Ukraine. His portraits were sold at local market places. He was feared by Polish szlachta (landowning nobility). Once, a military expedition of 2,000 soldiers, headed by Polish magnate Józef Potocki, was sent to stop his activities. Nonetheless, he could not be captured. Dovbush was shot and mortally wounded by one Stefan, the husband of his lover Dzvinka, in 1745.[3]According to Hassidic legend, Dovbush at one time hid in the house of Baal Shem Tov and gave him his pipe as a token of friendship.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Avramenko_doing_the_%27Dovbush%27_solo_dance.jpg"},{"link_name":"Vasyl Avramenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasyl_Avramenko"},{"link_name":"Ivano-Frankivsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivano-Frankivsk"},{"link_name":"Maksym Zalizniak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maksym_Zalizniak"},{"link_name":"Ustym Karmaliuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ustym_Karmaliuk"},{"link_name":"Ivan Franko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Franko"},{"link_name":"Yuriy Fedkovych","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuriy_Fedkovych"},{"link_name":"Vasyl Avramenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasyl_Avramenko"}],"text":"Vasyl Avramenko doing \"Dovbush\" danceAfter his death, his legacy was extended by several of his companions and/or people that idolized him: Vasyl Bayurak (a memorial plate is erected in Ivano-Frankivsk that mentions of his execution), Maksym Zalizniak, Ustym Karmaliuk, and many others.His legend entered Ukrainian folklore and was the subject of various artistic works, by, among others, the writers Ivan Franko and Yuriy Fedkovych. A film was made about him, and there are streets and locations named after him.Ukrainian choreographer Vasyl Avramenko created a dance called \"Dovbush\".","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Opryshky movement in the Carpathians\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//wiki-carpathians.com/history/opryshky-carpathians/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8020-8390-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-8390-0"},{"link_name":"p. 192","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=HNIs9O3EmtQC&dq=Ivan+Boichuk&pg=PA192"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Тексти та акорди пісень - Українські пісні\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.pisni.org.ua/"}],"text":"^ \"Opryshky movement in the Carpathians\". Wiki Carpathians. Retrieved 17 May 2015.\n\n^ Orest Subtelny, Ukraine: A History, Toronto Press, 2000, ISBN 0-8020-8390-0, p. 192\n\n^ \"Тексти та акорди пісень - Українські пісні\". www.pisni.org.ua. Retrieved 27 March 2024.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8020-2482-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-2482-3"},{"link_name":"p. 91","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=qgTrJm85sDQC&dq=Dovbush&pg=PA91"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q923598#identifiers"},{"link_name":"FAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.worldcat.org/fast/352311/"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000035349019"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/27880510"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJgcXhTvdrJw4kGf3TpVmd"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/11938731X"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007519211105171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n95019408"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810689649905606"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Medieval_and_Early_Modern_European_Peasant_Wars"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Medieval_and_Early_Modern_European_Peasant_Wars"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Medieval_and_Early_Modern_European_Peasant_Wars"},{"link_name":"Medieval and Early Modern European peasant wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_peasant_revolts"},{"link_name":"Bagaudae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagaudae"},{"link_name":"Stellinga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellinga"},{"link_name":"Rebellions of Basil the Copper Hand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil_the_Copper_Hand"},{"link_name":"Uprising of Ivaylo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uprising_of_Ivaylo"},{"link_name":"Peasant revolt in Flanders 1323–28","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasant_revolt_in_Flanders_1323%E2%80%9328"},{"link_name":"St. George's Night Uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._George%27s_Night_Uprising"},{"link_name":"Jacquerie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacquerie"},{"link_name":"Ciompi Revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciompi_Revolt"},{"link_name":"Peasants' Revolt in England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasants%27_Revolt"},{"link_name":"Harelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harelle"},{"link_name":"Cabochien Revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabochien_Revolt"},{"link_name":"Transylvanian peasant revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transylvanian_peasant_revolt"},{"link_name":"Funen and Jutland Peasant rebellions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funen_and_Jutland_Peasant_rebellions"},{"link_name":"Jack Cade's rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Cade%27s_rebellion"},{"link_name":"John and William Merfold's uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_and_William_Merfold%27s_uprising"},{"link_name":"Carinthian Peasant Revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carinthian_Peasant_Revolt"},{"link_name":"Friulian Revolt of 1511","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friulian_Revolt_of_1511"},{"link_name":"Poor Conrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poor_Conrad"},{"link_name":"Dózsa rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B3zsa_rebellion"},{"link_name":"Slovene peasant revolt of 1515","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovene_peasant_revolt_of_1515"},{"link_name":"Arumer Zwarte Hoop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arumer_Zwarte_Hoop"},{"link_name":"German Peasants' War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Peasants%27_War"},{"link_name":"Dalecarlian Rebellions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalecarlian_Rebellions"},{"link_name":"Palatine Peasants' War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatine_Peasants%27_War"},{"link_name":"Skipper Clement's Rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skipper_Clement%27s_Rebellion"},{"link_name":"Opryshky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opryshky"},{"link_name":"Peasant's Rebellion in Telemark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peasant%27s_Rebellion_in_Telemark&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dacke War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacke_War"},{"link_name":"Kett's Rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kett%27s_Rebellion"},{"link_name":"Cudgel War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cudgel_War"},{"link_name":"Croatian–Slovene Peasant Revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian%E2%80%93Slovene_Peasant_Revolt"},{"link_name":"Ivan Bolotnikov's Rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Bolotnikov%27s_Rebellion"},{"link_name":"Peasants' War in Upper Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasants%27_War_in_Upper_Austria"},{"link_name":"Kostka-Napierski Uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kostka-Napierski_Uprising"},{"link_name":"Morning Star Rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morning_Star_Rebellion"},{"link_name":"Swiss peasant war of 1653","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_peasant_war_of_1653"},{"link_name":"Stenka Razin Uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stenka_Razin_Uprising"},{"link_name":"Bulavin Rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulavin_Rebellion"},{"link_name":"Dalecarlian Rebellion (1743)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalecarlian_Rebellion_(1743)"},{"link_name":"Pugachev's Rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pugachev%27s_Rebellion"},{"link_name":"Revolt of Horea, Cloșca and Crișan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolt_of_Horea,_Clo%C8%99ca_and_Cri%C8%99an"},{"link_name":"Great Fear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Fear"},{"link_name":"Saxon Peasants' Revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxon_Peasants%27_Revolt"},{"link_name":"Peasants' War (1798)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasants%27_War_(1798)"}],"text":"See references cited by Paul R. Magocsi in Galicia: A Historical Survey and Bibliographic Guide (University of Toronto Press, 1983), ISBN 0-8020-2482-3, p. 91Authority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nGermany\nIsrael\nUnited States\nPolandvteMedieval and Early Modern European peasant wars\nBagaudae\nStellinga\nRebellions of Basil the Copper Hand\nUprising of Ivaylo\nPeasant revolt in Flanders 1323–28\nSt. George's Night Uprising\nJacquerie\nCiompi Revolt\nPeasants' Revolt in England\nHarelle\nCabochien Revolt\nTransylvanian peasant revolt\nFunen and Jutland Peasant rebellions\nJack Cade's rebellion\nJohn and William Merfold's uprising\nCarinthian Peasant Revolt\nFriulian Revolt of 1511\nPoor Conrad\nDózsa rebellion\nSlovene peasant revolt of 1515\nArumer Zwarte Hoop\nGerman Peasants' War\nDalecarlian Rebellions\nPalatine Peasants' War\nSkipper Clement's Rebellion\nOpryshky\nPeasant's Rebellion in Telemark\nDacke War\nKett's Rebellion\nCudgel War\nCroatian–Slovene Peasant Revolt\nIvan Bolotnikov's Rebellion\nPeasants' War in Upper Austria\nKostka-Napierski Uprising\nMorning Star Rebellion\nSwiss peasant war of 1653\nStenka Razin Uprising\nBulavin Rebellion\nDalecarlian Rebellion (1743)\nPugachev's Rebellion\nRevolt of Horea, Cloșca and Crișan\nGreat Fear\nSaxon Peasants' Revolt\nPeasants' War (1798)","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"title":"Peasant uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasant_uprising"},{"title":"Ukrainian folklore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_folklore"},{"title":"Juraj Janosik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juraj_Janosik"},{"title":"Ustym Karmaliuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ustym_Karmaliuk"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gomal_River
Gomal River
["1 Etymology","2 Course","3 Gomal Zam Dam","4 See also","5 Notes","6 Further reading","7 External links"]
Coordinates: 31°36′53″N 70°50′46″E / 31.61472°N 70.84611°E / 31.61472; 70.84611River in Afghanistan and Pakistan GomalCourse of the GomalLocationCountriesAfghanistan and PakistanProvincesPaktikaBalochistanKhyber PakhtunkhwaPhysical characteristicsSource  • locationKatawaz Region, Gomal District, Paktika Province, Afghanistan • coordinates32°30′11″N 68°54′05″E / 32.502974°N 68.901294°E / 32.502974; 68.901294 MouthIndus River • locationDera Ismail Khan, Dera Ismail Khan District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan • coordinates31°36′53″N 70°50′46″E / 31.61472°N 70.84611°E / 31.61472; 70.84611Length400 km (250 mi)Basin featuresTributaries  • leftWana Khwar • rightZhob River The Gomal (Urdu: دریائے گومل, Pashto: ګومل سیند، ګومل دریاب) is a 400-kilometre-long (250 mi) river in Afghanistan and Pakistan. It rises in northern Afghanistan's Paktika Province and joins the Indus River 20 miles south of Dera Ismail Khan, in Pakistan's Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province. Gomal University in Dera Ismail Khan and Gomal District in Afghanistan's Paktika province are named after the river. Etymology The name Gomal is thought to have derived from the river Gomati, which is mentioned in the Rigveda. Course Gomal River's headwaters are located in the northern part of Paktika Province, southeast of the city of Ghazni. The springs which form the headwaters of the Gomal's main branch emerge above the fort at Babakarkol in Katawaz, a district in Paktika inhabited by Ghilji Pashtuns from the Kharoti and Sulaimankhel clans. The Gomal's other branch, the "Second Gomal", joins the main channel about 14 miles below its source. The Gomal flows southeast through the eastern Ghilji country before entering Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Within Pakistan, the Gomal River forms the boundary between South Waziristan and Balochistan. Approximately 110 miles from its source, it merges with the Zhob River, its major tributary, near Khajuri Kach. It is about 100 miles from the Zhob River to the Indus River. The river enters the Gomal Valley in Tank District at a place known as Girdavi, which is inhabited by the Miani Pashtuns. It is mainly here that the water of Gomal is used to cultivate the lands in the Gomal Valley through Zam System (Rod Kohi). The river passes then through the Damaan plain in Kulachi Tehsil and later on through Dera Ismail Khan Tehsil. It joins the Indus River 20 miles south of the city of Dera Ismail Khan. Gomal Zam Dam The Gomal Zam Dam was inaugurated in 2013. The damming of this river at Khajuri Kachh was envisaged as back as 1898, even after its administrative approval by the Government of Pakistan in 1963. Work on the Gomal Zam Dam was stopped in 1965; not to restart till 2001 during the rule of Pervez Musharraf. while it was opened and inaugurated in 2013. There is also a street in E-7, Islamabad called the "Gomal Road". See also Gomal Zam Dam Gomal Pass Gomal District Gomal University Zhob River South Waziristan Paktika Province Notes ^ Sinha, Ram Nandan Prasad (1990). Environment and Human Response: Selected Essays in Geography. Concept Publishing Company. p. 296. ISBN 978-81-7022-243-9. ^ "Natural Geography of Pakistan: 5- Hydrology: 5-1- Rivers: Gomal River"Archived 22 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine ECO Geoscience Database ^ MacGregor, Charles Metcalfe (1871) Central Asia, pt. 2: A Contribution Toward the Better Knowledge of the Topography, Ethnology, Resources, and History of Afghanistan Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, Calcutta, OCLC 48604589 reprinted by Barbican Publishing Co., Petersfield, England, in 1995, p. 308 ^ a b MacGregor, pp. 308-9 ^ a b c Gazetteer of Afghanistan VI (Farah), fourth ed., Calcutta, 1908, p. 238 ^ The Nation, Lahore, August 28; 2001 and Tareekh i Sarzameen i Gomal ISBN 978-969-37-0270-5; National Book Foundation Islamabad P- 433-34 Further reading Hanifi, Shah Mahmoud, "Gōmal", Encyclopaedia Iranica External links Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Gomal". Gomal River marked on the OpenStreetMap https://web.archive.org/web/20071026033718/http://www.khyber.org/places/2005/TheGomalRiver.shtml 31°36′53″N 70°50′46″E / 31.61472°N 70.84611°E / 31.61472; 70.84611 vteHydrography of PakistanLakesAzad Jammu & Kashmir Baghsar Banjosa Chitta Katha Shounter Subri Balochistan Hanna Gilgit Baltistan Attabad Borith Karambar Lower Kachura Rama Rush Satpara Sheosar Upper Kachura Islamabad Capital Territory Rawal Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Ansoo Dudipatsar Kundol Lulusar Mahodand Payee Pyala Saiful Muluk Siri Punjab Khabikki Namal Uchhali Sindh Chinna Creek Boat Basin Hadero Haleji Keenjhar Manchar Rivers Indus Astore Bara Basol Braldu Bunhar Chenab Dasht Dor Dori Gambila Ghaggar-Hakra Gilgit Gomal Haro Hingol Hispar Hunza Jhelum Jindi Kabul Kech Korang Kunar Lyari Malir Mula Neelum Panjkora Panjnad Poonch Rakshan Ravi Rupal Shaksgam Shigar Shingo Shyok Soan Suru Sutlej Swan Swat Tawi Zhob Coastal Indian Ocean Arabian Sea Gulf of Oman Categories Lakes Rivers vteGhazni ProvinceCapital: GhazniDistricts Ab Band Ajristan Andar Dih Yak Gelan Ghazni Giro Jaghatu Jaghori Khogyani Khwaja Umari Malistan Muqur Nawa Nawur Qarabagh Rashidan Waghaz Zana Khan Populated places Ab Band Almaytu Andar Anguri Binisang Dado Du Abi Espandi 'Olya Gulbawri Haji Khel Janda Jermatu Kakrak Valley Khogyani Khwaja Umari Loman Malistan Mir Adina Miray Muqur Nani Nawa Pana Qarabagh Qolyaqol Qyaq Valley Ramak Sang-e-Masha Sangar Sarab Sardeh Band Shaki Valley Tamaki Turgan Valley Zargari Landforms Arghandab River Gomal River Ab-i Istada Jikhai River Kharkush Tarnak River Other Band-e Sultan Citadel of Ghazni Forward Operating Base Arian Ghazni Airport Muqur Airport Museum of Islamic Art, Ghazni Oqaban Hindukush F.C. Sardeh Band Airport Sardeh Band Dam vtePaktika ProvinceCapital: SharanaDistricts Barmal Dila Gayan Gomal Janikhel Khairkot] Mata Khan Nika Omna Sar Hawza Sharana Surobi Terwa Urgun Wazakhwa Wor Mamay Yahyakhel Yusufkhel Zerok Populated places Angur Ada De Mulla Samandar Sahib Kelay Dila Khairkot Nangar Khel Shkin Urgun Wazakhwa Yahya Kheyl Zerok Other Governors Barmal District Gomal River Sharana Airstrip Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany Israel United States
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It rises in northern Afghanistan's Paktika Province and joins the Indus River 20 miles south of Dera Ismail Khan, in Pakistan's Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province.Gomal University in Dera Ismail Khan and Gomal District in Afghanistan's Paktika province are named after the river.","title":"Gomal River"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rigveda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigveda"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sinha1990-1"}],"text":"The name Gomal is thought to have derived from the river Gomati, which is mentioned in the Rigveda.[1]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paktika Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paktika_Province"},{"link_name":"Ghazni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghazni"},{"link_name":"Katawaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katawaz"},{"link_name":"Ghilji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghilji"},{"link_name":"Kharoti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharoti"},{"link_name":"Sulaimankhel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulaimankhel"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacGregor,_pp._308-9-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Farah-5"},{"link_name":"South Waziristan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Waziristan"},{"link_name":"Balochistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balochistan,_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Zhob River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhob_River"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacGregor,_pp._308-9-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Farah-5"},{"link_name":"Indus River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_River"},{"link_name":"Tank District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank_District"},{"link_name":"Miani Pashtuns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miani_(Pashtun_tribe)"},{"link_name":"Zam System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zam_System"},{"link_name":"Rod Kohi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod_Koh"},{"link_name":"Kulachi Tehsil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulachi_Tehsil"},{"link_name":"Dera Ismail Khan Tehsil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dera_Ismail_Khan_Tehsil"},{"link_name":"Dera Ismail Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dera_Ismail_Khan"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Farah-5"}],"text":"Gomal River's headwaters are located in the northern part of Paktika Province, southeast of the city of Ghazni. The springs which form the headwaters of the Gomal's main branch emerge above the fort at Babakarkol in Katawaz, a district in Paktika inhabited by Ghilji Pashtuns from the Kharoti and Sulaimankhel clans.[2] The Gomal's other branch, the \"Second Gomal\", joins the main channel about 14 miles below its source.[3] The Gomal flows southeast through the eastern Ghilji country before entering Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.[4][5]Within Pakistan, the Gomal River forms the boundary between South Waziristan and Balochistan. Approximately 110 miles from its source, it merges with the Zhob River, its major tributary, near Khajuri Kach.[4][5]It is about 100 miles from the Zhob River to the Indus River. The river enters the Gomal Valley in Tank District at a place known as Girdavi, which is inhabited by the Miani Pashtuns. It is mainly here that the water of Gomal is used to cultivate the lands in the Gomal Valley through Zam System (Rod Kohi). The river passes then through the Damaan plain in Kulachi Tehsil and later on through Dera Ismail Khan Tehsil. It joins the Indus River 20 miles south of the city of Dera Ismail Khan.[5]","title":"Course"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Construction_of_Gomal_Zam_Dam.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gomal Zam Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gomal_Zam_Dam"},{"link_name":"Gomal Zam Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gomal_Zam_Dam"},{"link_name":"Pervez Musharraf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pervez_Musharraf"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Islamabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamabad"}],"text":"The Gomal Zam Dam was inaugurated in 2013.The damming of this river at Khajuri Kachh was envisaged as back as 1898, even after its administrative approval by the Government of Pakistan in 1963. Work on the Gomal Zam Dam was stopped in 1965; not to restart till 2001 during the rule of Pervez Musharraf.[6] while it was opened and inaugurated in 2013.There is also a street in E-7, Islamabad called the \"Gomal Road\".","title":"Gomal Zam Dam"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Sinha1990_1-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-81-7022-243-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7022-243-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Natural Geography of Pakistan: 5- Hydrology: 5-1- Rivers: Gomal River\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ecogeodb.com/ECO_Detail.asp?P=Hydrology&CN=Pakistan&C=PAK"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110722170057/http://www.ecogeodb.com/ECO_Detail.asp?P=Hydrology&CN=Pakistan&C=PAK"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"OCLC 48604589","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//worldcat.org/oclc/48604589"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-MacGregor,_pp._308-9_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-MacGregor,_pp._308-9_4-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Farah_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Farah_5-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Farah_5-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-969-37-0270-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-969-37-0270-5"}],"text":"^ Sinha, Ram Nandan Prasad (1990). Environment and Human Response: Selected Essays in Geography. Concept Publishing Company. p. 296. ISBN 978-81-7022-243-9.\n\n^ \"Natural Geography of Pakistan: 5- Hydrology: 5-1- Rivers: Gomal River\"Archived 22 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine ECO Geoscience Database\n\n^ MacGregor, Charles Metcalfe (1871) Central Asia, pt. 2: A Contribution Toward the Better Knowledge of the Topography, Ethnology, Resources, and History of Afghanistan Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, Calcutta, OCLC 48604589 reprinted by Barbican Publishing Co., Petersfield, England, in 1995, p. 308\n\n^ a b MacGregor, pp. 308-9\n\n^ a b c Gazetteer of Afghanistan VI (Farah), fourth ed., Calcutta, 1908, p. 238\n\n^ The Nation, Lahore, August 28; 2001 and Tareekh i Sarzameen i Gomal ISBN 978-969-37-0270-5; National Book Foundation Islamabad P- 433-34","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Gōmal\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.iranicaonline.org/articles/gomal-gomal"}],"text":"Hanifi, Shah Mahmoud, \"Gōmal\", Encyclopaedia Iranica","title":"Further reading"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Revenge_of_Baccarat
The Revenge of Baccarat
["1 Main cast","2 References","3 Bibliography","4 External links"]
1948 filmThe Revenge of BaccaratDirected byJacques de BaroncelliWritten byAndré-Paul AntoinePierre Alexis Ponson du Terrail (novel)Léon RothProduced byAndré PaulvéStarringPierre BrasseurSophie DesmaretsLucien NatCinematographyLéonce-Henri BurelGiuseppe CaraccioloEdited byClaude IbériaMusic byRenzo RosselliniProductioncompaniesFilms André PaulvéScalera FilmDistributed byDisCinaScalera FilmRelease dates 25 February 1948 (1948-02-25) (Italy) 23 April 1948 (1948-04-23) (France) Running time105 minutesCountriesFranceItalyLanguageFrench The Revenge of Baccarat (French: La revanche de Baccarat) is a 1948 French-Italian historical thriller film directed by Jacques de Baroncelli and starring Pierre Brasseur, Sophie Desmarets and Lucien Nat. It portrays the adventures of the popular character Rocambole. It was a sequel to the film Rocambole (1948). It was the director's final film of a lengthy career. The film was shot at the Scalera Studios in Rome with sets designed by the art directors René Moulaert and Ottavio Scotti. The film's costume were designed by Marcel Escoffier. Main cast Pierre Brasseur as Joseph Flippart dit 'Rocambole' Sophie Desmarets as La comtesse Artoff dite 'Baccarat' Lucien Nat as Andrea Robert Arnoux as Ventura Loredana as Carmen de Montevecchio Roland Armontel as Le comte Artoff Marcel Delaître as Le docteur Blanche / il dottore Blanche Carla Candiani as Fanny Vittorio Sanipoli as Arnaud, comte de Chamery Ernesto Sabbatini as Le marquis de Montevecchio Ginette Roy as Cerise References ^ The A to Z of French Cinema p.39 Bibliography Dayna Oscherwitz & MaryEllen Higgins. The A to Z of French Cinema. Scarecrow Press, 2009. External links The Revenge of Baccarat at IMDb vteFilms directed by Jacques de Baroncelli Ramuntcho (1919) Flipotte (1920) Le Secret du Lone Star (1920) Champi-Tortu (1921) Roger la Honte (1922) Nitchevo (1926) The Duel (1927) The Passenger (1928) The Woman and the Puppet (1929) The Dream (1931) I'll Be Alone After Midnight (1931) The Last Blow (1932) In Old Alsace (1933) Cease Firing (1934) Crainquebille (1934) King of the Camargue (1935) Michel Strogoff (1936) Nitchevo (1936) Beautiful Star (1938) S.O.S. Sahara (1938) False Alarm (1940) The Man from Niger (1940) The Pavilion Burns (1941) Volpone (1941) The Duchess of Langeais (1942) The Honourable Catherine (1943) The Mysteries of Paris (1943) As Long as I Live (1946) The Sea Rose (1946) Rocambole (1948) The Revenge of Baccarat (1948) Rocambole by Pierre Alexis Ponson du TerrailFilms Rocambole (1948) The Revenge of Baccarat TV Rocambole (1964) This article related to a French film of the 1940s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a 1940s thriller film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"historical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_film"},{"link_name":"thriller film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thriller_film"},{"link_name":"Jacques de Baroncelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_de_Baroncelli"},{"link_name":"Pierre Brasseur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Brasseur"},{"link_name":"Sophie Desmarets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_Desmarets"},{"link_name":"Lucien Nat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucien_Nat"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Rocambole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocambole_(character)"},{"link_name":"Rocambole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocambole_(1948_film)"},{"link_name":"Scalera Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scalera_Studios&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"art directors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_director"},{"link_name":"René Moulaert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Moulaert"},{"link_name":"Ottavio Scotti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottavio_Scotti"},{"link_name":"Marcel Escoffier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marcel_Escoffier&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"1948 filmThe Revenge of Baccarat (French: La revanche de Baccarat) is a 1948 French-Italian historical thriller film directed by Jacques de Baroncelli and starring Pierre Brasseur, Sophie Desmarets and Lucien Nat.[1] It portrays the adventures of the popular character Rocambole. It was a sequel to the film Rocambole (1948). It was the director's final film of a lengthy career.The film was shot at the Scalera Studios in Rome with sets designed by the art directors René Moulaert and Ottavio Scotti. The film's costume were designed by Marcel Escoffier.","title":"The Revenge of Baccarat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pierre Brasseur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Brasseur"},{"link_name":"Sophie Desmarets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_Desmarets"},{"link_name":"Lucien Nat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucien_Nat"},{"link_name":"Robert Arnoux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Arnoux"},{"link_name":"Loredana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loredana_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Roland Armontel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_Armontel"},{"link_name":"Marcel Delaître","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Dela%C3%AEtre"},{"link_name":"Carla Candiani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carla_Candiani"},{"link_name":"Vittorio Sanipoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vittorio_Sanipoli"},{"link_name":"Ernesto Sabbatini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernesto_Sabbatini"},{"link_name":"Ginette Roy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ginette_Roy&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Pierre Brasseur as Joseph Flippart dit 'Rocambole'\nSophie Desmarets as La comtesse Artoff dite 'Baccarat'\nLucien Nat as Andrea\nRobert Arnoux as Ventura\nLoredana as Carmen de Montevecchio\nRoland Armontel as Le comte Artoff\nMarcel Delaître as Le docteur Blanche / il dottore Blanche\nCarla Candiani as Fanny\nVittorio Sanipoli as Arnaud, comte de Chamery\nErnesto Sabbatini as Le marquis de Montevecchio\nGinette Roy as Cerise","title":"Main cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Dayna Oscherwitz & MaryEllen Higgins. The A to Z of French Cinema. Scarecrow Press, 2009.","title":"Bibliography"}]
[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Arnold_(disambiguation)
Matthew Arnold (disambiguation)
["1 Other people","2 Schools","3 See also"]
Matthew Arnold (1822–1888) was an English poet and cultural critic. Matthew Arnold may also refer to: Other people Matt Arnold (born 1961), British television reporter Matthew Arnold (director) (born 1974), American film and TV director Matt Arnold (baseball) (born 1980), American baseball executive Matthew Arnold (cricketer) (born 1988), South African cricketer Schools Matthew Arnold School, Oxford, a secondary coeducational school and sixth form in Oxford. Matthew Arnold School, Staines-upon-Thames, a secondary coeducational school in Staines upon Thames, Surrey. See also Arnold Mathew (1852–1919), first Old Catholic bishop in the UK Sir Matthew Arnold Bracy Smith (1879–1959), English painter Matthew Arnold Thiessen (born 1980), Canadian-American musician Wieambilla shootings, a 2022 shooting incident in Australia, in which a police officer named Matthew Arnold was killed. Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Matthew Arnold.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
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[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Didier-la-S%C3%A9auve
Saint-Didier-en-Velay
["1 Population","2 Sights","3 Personalities","4 See also","5 References"]
Coordinates: 45°18′08″N 4°16′30″E / 45.30222°N 4.27500°E / 45.30222; 4.27500 Commune in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, FranceSaint-Didier-en-VelayCommune Coat of armsLocation of Saint-Didier-en-Velay Saint-Didier-en-VelayShow map of FranceSaint-Didier-en-VelayShow map of Auvergne-Rhône-AlpesCoordinates: 45°18′08″N 4°16′30″E / 45.30222°N 4.27500°E / 45.30222; 4.27500CountryFranceRegionAuvergne-Rhône-AlpesDepartmentHaute-LoireArrondissementYssingeauxCantonDeux Rivières et ValléesIntercommunalityLoire-SemèneGovernment • Mayor (2020–2026) Emmanuel SalgadoArea125.56 km2 (9.87 sq mi)Population (2021)3,480 • Density140/km2 (350/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)INSEE/Postal code43177 /43140Elevation640–924 m (2,100–3,031 ft) (avg. 835 m or 2,740 ft)1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. Saint-Didier-en-Velay (French pronunciation: , literally Saint-Didier in Velay; Occitan: Sant Desdèir de La Seuva) is a commune in the Haute-Loire department in south-central France. Population Historical populationYearPop.±% p.a.1793 3,203—    1821 3,540+0.36%1846 4,045+0.53%1872 4,743+0.61%1901 5,891+0.75%1926 3,087−2.55%1946 2,586−0.88%1962 2,603+0.04%YearPop.±% p.a.1968 2,555−0.31%1975 2,422−0.76%1982 2,580+0.91%1990 2,723+0.68%1999 2,891+0.67%2007 3,302+1.68%2012 3,476+1.03%2017 3,403−0.42%Source: EHESS and INSEE (1968-2017) Sights In the church of Saint Didier, there is an impressive Spanish Baroque painting of Mary Magdalene which has been attributed to Murillo or Zurbarán. It is most likely a 17th century copy of a painting by Murillo. Personalities Claude-Jean Allouez Jean-Baptiste Bouchardon (1667–1742), sculptor and architect See also Communes of the Haute-Loire department References ^ "Répertoire national des élus: les maires" (in French). data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises. 13 September 2022. ^ "Populations légales 2021" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023. ^ INSEE commune file ^ Des villages de Cassini aux communes d'aujourd'hui: Commune data sheet Saint-Didier-en-Velay, EHESS (in French). ^ Population en historique depuis 1968, INSEE ^ Saint-Didier-en-Velay : un tableau de Zurbaran ?, La gazette de la Haute-Loire, 8 June 2012 ^ tableau : sainte Madeleine, Palissy database Wikimedia Commons has media related to Saint-Didier-en-Velay. vteCommunes of the Haute-Loire department Agnat Aiguilhe Allègre Alleyrac Alleyras Ally Araules Arlempdes Arlet Arsac-en-Velay Aubazat Aurec-sur-Loire Autrac Auvers Auzon Azérat Bains Barges Bas-en-Basset Beaulieu Beaumont Beaune-sur-Arzon Beaux Beauzac Bellevue-la-Montagne Berbezit Bessamorel La Besseyre-Saint-Mary Blanzac Blassac Blavozy Blesle Boisset Bonneval Borne Le Bouchet-Saint-Nicolas Bournoncle-Saint-Pierre Le Brignon Brioudesubpr Brives-Charensac Cayres Céaux-d'Allègre Cerzat Ceyssac Chadrac Chadron La Chaise-Dieu Chamalières-sur-Loire Chambezon Le Chambon-sur-Lignon Champagnac-le-Vieux Champclause Chanaleilles Chaniat Chanteuges La Chapelle-Bertin La Chapelle-d'Aurec La Chapelle-Geneste Charraix Chaspinhac Chaspuzac Chassagnes Chassignolles Chastel Chaudeyrolles Chavaniac-Lafayette Chazelles Chenereilles Chilhac Chomelix La Chomette Cistrières Cohade Collat Connangles Costaros Coubon Couteuges Craponne-sur-Arzon Cronce Cubelles Cussac-sur-Loire Desges Domeyrat Dunières Espalem Espaly-Saint-Marcel Esplantas-Vazeilles Les Estables Fay-sur-Lignon Félines Ferrussac Fix-Saint-Geneys Fontannes Freycenet-la-Cuche Freycenet-la-Tour Frugerès-les-Mines Frugières-le-Pin Goudet Grazac Grenier-Montgon Grèzes Javaugues Jax Josat Jullianges Lafarre Lamothe Landos Langeac Lantriac Lapte Laussonne Laval-sur-Doulon Lavaudieu Lavoûte-Chilhac Lavoûte-sur-Loire Lempdes-sur-Allagnon Léotoing Lissac Lorlanges Loudes Lubilhac Malrevers Malvalette Malvières Le Mas-de-Tence Mazerat-Aurouze Mazet-Saint-Voy Mazeyrat-d'Allier Mercœur Mézères Le Monastier-sur-Gazeille Monistrol-d'Allier Monistrol-sur-Loire Monlet Montclard Le Monteil Montfaucon-en-Velay Montregard Montusclat Moudeyres Ouides Paulhac Paulhaguet Pébrac Le Pertuis Pinols Polignac Pont-Salomon Pradelles Prades Présailles Le Puy-en-Velaypref Queyrières Raucoules Rauret Retournac Riotord Roche-en-Régnier Rosières Saint-André-de-Chalencon Saint-Arcons-d'Allier Saint-Arcons-de-Barges Saint-Austremoine Saint-Beauzire Saint-Bérain Saint-Bonnet-le-Froid Saint-Christophe-d'Allier Saint-Christophe-sur-Dolaison Saint-Cirgues Saint-Didier-en-Velay Saint-Didier-sur-Doulon Sainte-Eugénie-de-Villeneuve Sainte-Florine Sainte-Marguerite Sainte-Sigolène Saint-Étienne-du-Vigan Saint-Étienne-Lardeyrol Saint-Étienne-sur-Blesle Saint-Ferréol-d'Auroure Saint-Front Saint-Geneys-près-Saint-Paulien Saint-Georges-d'Aurac Saint-Georges-Lagricol Saint-Germain-Laprade Saint-Géron Saint-Haon Saint-Hilaire Saint-Hostien Saint-Ilpize Saint-Jean-d'Aubrigoux Saint-Jean-de-Nay Saint-Jean-Lachalm Saint-Jeures Saint-Julien-Chapteuil Saint-Julien-d'Ance Saint-Julien-des-Chazes Saint-Julien-du-Pinet Saint-Julien-Molhesabate Saint-Just-Malmont Saint-Just-près-Brioude Saint-Laurent-Chabreuges Saint-Martin-de-Fugères Saint-Maurice-de-Lignon Saint-Pal-de-Chalencon Saint-Pal-de-Mons Saint-Pal-de-Senouire Saint-Paul-de-Tartas Saint-Paulien Saint-Pierre-du-Champ Saint-Pierre-Eynac Saint-Préjet-Armandon Saint-Préjet-d'Allier Saint-Privat-d'Allier Saint-Privat-du-Dragon Saint-Romain-Lachalm Saint-Vénérand Saint-Vert Saint-Victor-Malescours Saint-Victor-sur-Arlanc Saint-Vidal Saint-Vincent Salettes Salzuit Sanssac-l'Église Saugues La Séauve-sur-Semène Sembadel Séneujols Siaugues-Sainte-Marie Solignac-sous-Roche Solignac-sur-Loire Tailhac Tence Thoras Tiranges Torsiac Valprivas Vals-le-Chastel Vals-près-le-Puy Varennes-Saint-Honorat Les Vastres Vazeilles-Limandre Venteuges Vergezac Vergongheon Vernassal Le Vernet Vézézoux Vieille-Brioude Vielprat Villeneuve-d'Allier Les Villettes Vissac-Auteyrac Vorey Yssingeauxsubpr pref: prefecture subpr: subprefecture Authority control databases International VIAF National France BnF data Israel United States This Haute-Loire geographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Cortese
Joe Cortese
["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Personal life","4 Filmography","4.1 Film","4.2 Television","5 References","6 External links"]
American actor This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (March 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Joe CorteseBornJoseph Cortese (1948-02-22) February 22, 1948 (age 76)Paterson, New Jersey, U.S.Alma materMidwestern CollegeOccupationActorYears active1973–presentHeight6 ft 2 in (1.88 m)Spouse Kim Delaney ​ ​(m. 1989; div. 1994)​Children1 Joseph Cortese (born February 22, 1948) is an American actor who had major roles in films such as Windows (1980), Evilspeak (1981) and Monsignor (1982). Early life Cortese was born on February 22, 1948, in Paterson, New Jersey. He went to Midwestern College where he earned his BA in theatre. Cortese went to New York City and trained under Milton Katselas. Career Cortese has had major roles in films such as Windows (1980), Evilspeak (1981) and Monsignor (1982). His other film appearances include roles in Arizona Slim (1974), Jessi's Girls (1975), The Death Collector (1976), Deadly Illusion (1987), Ruby (1992), Illicit Dreams (1994), American History X (1998) and Against the Ropes (2004). Personal life Cortese was married to actress Kim Delaney from 1989 until their divorce in 1994. They have a son, Jack, born circa 1990. Filmography Film Year Title Role Notes ref 1974 Arizona Slim Reggie 1975 Jessi's Girls Baldry 1976 The Death Collector Jerry Bolanti 1980 Windows Bob Luffrono 1st Golden Raspberry Award 1981 Evilspeak Reverend Jameson Also known as Evilspeaks 1982 Monsignor Ludovico 'Lodo' Varese 1987 Deadly Illusion Detective Paul Lefferts 1992 Ruby Louis Vitali 1994 Illicit Dreams Daniel Davis 1995 The Last Word Jimmy 1998 American History X Rasmussen 2001 The Shipment Vincent Florio 2004 Against the Ropes Irving Abel 2018 Green Book Gio Loscudo Television Year Title Role Notes ref 1973 Lotsa Luck Mr. Smith Episode: "The Belmont Connection" (S 1: Ep 12) 1980 Visions Architect Episode: "He Wants Her Back" (S 4: Ep 3) 1986 Hunter Marco Brokaw Episode: "Scrap Metal" (S 2: Ep 15) C.A.T. Squad Richard "Doc" Burkholder TV film Tales from the Darkside Nicholas Episode: "The Casavin Curse" (S 2: Ep 24) 1987 Rags to Riches Frankie Episode: "Bad Blood" (S 1: Ep 7) 1988 Something Is Out There Jack Breslin Main cast C.A.T. Squad: Python Wolf Richard "Doc" Burkholder TV film 1991 Murder, She Wrote Carmine Abruzzi Episode: "Family Doctor" (S 7: Ep 11) The Man in the Family Vinnie Episode: "Honor Bound" (S 1: Ep 1 - Pilot) 1994 Beauty and the Bandit Slade TV film The Commish Rosetti Episode: "Who Do You Trust?" (S 4: Ep 5) Renegade Luke Landry Episode:"Thrill Kill" (S 3: Ep 10) 1995 Silk Stalkings Judge Moyne Episode: "Community Service" (S 4: Ep 20) 1996 Renegade Sergeant Jack Winslow Episode:"Self Defense" (S 5: Ep 2) Pacific Blue Gene Savage Episode: "Deja Vu" (S 2: Ep 11) The Sentinel Detective Jack Pendergrast Episode: "Deep Water" (S2: Ep3) 1997 Nash Bridges Jimmy Ryshert Episode: "Shake, Rattle and Roll" (S 3: Ep 3) 2000 18 Wheels of Justice Martin Greenwald (Credited as Joe Cortese) Episodes: "Sleeping Dragons" (S 1: Ep 18) "Legacy of Blood, part 1" (S 1: Ep 20) "Caged, part 2" (S 1: Ep 21) 2003 The Agency Guest Star Episode: "Spy Finance" (S 2: Ep 18) 2005 Las Vegas Calabrini Episode: "Whatever Happened To Seymour Magoon?" (S 3: Ep 4) 2006 Bones Lou Mackey Episode: "The Woman in the Sand" (S 2: Ep 8) 2007 It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia Sal Episode: "The Gang Gets Whacked, part 2" (S 3: Ep 13) 2010 The Good Guys Jimmy Nichols Episode: "Partners" (S 1: Ep 20) 2011 Fairly Legal Danny Sabotino Episode: "Bridges" (S 1: Ep 10) 2014 Perception Paolo Genardi Episode: "Curveball" (S 2: Ep 11) 2015 General Hospital Frank Smith #3 Recurring References ^ "Kim Delaney Biography (1961-)". FilmReference.com. ^ "Actress Kim Delaney loses custody of 15 year old son". People. September 1, 2005. Archived from the original on April 25, 2019. Retrieved May 1, 2018. External links Joe Cortese at IMDb Joe Cortese at TV Guide Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data United States Czech Republic Other IdRef This article about a United States film and television actor born in the 1940s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tender_Lover
Tender Lover
["1 Background","2 Commercial performance","3 Reception","4 Covers","5 In popular culture","6 Track listing","7 Personnel","8 Charts","8.1 Weekly charts","8.2 Year-end charts","8.3 Singles","9 Certifications","10 See also","11 External links","12 References"]
This article is about the album. For the album's title track, see Tender Lover (song). 1989 studio album by BabyfaceTender LoverVinyl edition of standard artworkStudio album by BabyfaceReleasedJuly 7, 1989Recorded1988–1989StudioElumba Recording StudiosGalaxy Sound StudiosM'Bila Studios(Hollywood, California)GenreR&Bnew jack swingLength48:51LabelSOLAREpicProducerL.A. ReidBabyface For LaFace IncBabyface chronology Lovers(1986) Tender Lover(1989) A Closer Look(1991) Singles from Tender Lover "It's No Crime"Released: June 13, 1989 "Tender Lover"Released: October 3, 1989 "Whip Appeal"Released: February 22, 1990 "My Kinda Girl"Released: May 29, 1990 Tender Lover is the second studio album by American R&B singer-songwriter Babyface. The album was released on July 7, 1989. It is the follow-up to his debut Lovers (1986). It was his first album with SOLAR (Sound of Los Angeles Records) after the label entered into a distribution deal with Epic Records. In some regions of Europe, Tender Lover was released with a different cover picture and simply titled Babyface. Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusicChristgau's Record GuideBThe Rolling Stone Album Guide Background Babyface and fellow songwriter/producer Daryl Simmons first met each other as teenagers in Indianapolis, Indiana. The two played in a couple of bands together and later joined the funk outfit Manchild. The band recorded two albums before disbanding in the late 1970s. Cincinnati-based band Midnight Star came to perform in Indianapolis, which became good friends with Babyface and Simmons. Babyface then left Indianapolis for Cincinnati to write songs with Midnight Star - one of which became the song "Slow Jam" from their 1983 album No Parking on the Dance Floor as well as a couple of songs produced by Midnight Star founding member Reggie Calloway on The Whispers' 1984 album So Good. Around that same time, Calloway was producing the debut album for the band The Deele, who had just gotten signed to SOLAR Records. Group members L.A. Reid and Darnell Bristol asked Babyface to join, which led him to ask Simmons to help with songwriting and touring duties. After joining The Deele, Babyface and Simmons tried getting songs to other acts on SOLAR such as Shalamar, Dynasty and Lakeside, but all of the acts turned them down. Although they were signed to a label, Reid, Babyface and Simmons kept paying dues on the production side in order to make something happen for them. They spent three years in Los Angeles working with The Deele and writing songs, as Babyface and Simmons were determined not to go back to Indianapolis. After a few years of trying to gain some recognition, at least one of their songs was accepted and recorded in 1986, "Personality" by Dynasty, from their "Daydreamin'" album, written and produced by L.A. and Babyface. Then in 1987, the team secured another production placement by writing and producing the song "Rock Steady" for The Whispers from their 1987 album Just Gets Better with Time. Simmons went back to Cincinnati, which caused Reid and Babyface to call him for more collaborations, as their production career started taking off. Just as he had done in The Deele, Reid became the driving force of the newly established production team. Under his control, he made the decisions on what songs went to certain artists and who they wanted to work with. They went on to work on albums from Karyn White, Sheena Easton, Johnny Gill and Paula Abdul. Although the production of the album was credited to L.A. Reid & Babyface, Simmons revealed that Babyface actually produced the bulk of it with Reid handling the uptempo songs as he came from a funk background, while he and Babyface were more focused on ballads. They would record the songs with Reid overseeing the production of the music while Babyface concentrated on the aspect of lead and background vocals. According to Simmons, they would work long hours with Reid being in the studio many sleepless nights fine tuning the songs. Tender Lover was mixed by Jim Zumpano, Jon Gass and Barney Perkins, the latter of which worked on Anita Baker's album Rapture as well as DeBarge's In a Special Way. Commercial performance Released on July 23, 1989, Tender Lover contains Babyface's debut Top 10 hit, "It's No Crime", which reached #7 on the U.S. Hot 100 and later single "Whip Appeal", which reached #6 in the same chart. To date, Tender Lover is his highest charting R&B album as it topped that chart for eight nonconsecutive weeks; "Tender Lover" and "It's No Crime" were #1 R&B singles from this album. On June 28, 2001, Tender Lover was certified 3× Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). Reception Tender Lover was a critical and commercial success, reaching number fourteen on the US Billboard 200 and opened at number one on the Top R&B Albums chart. Babyface received numerous nominations for Favorite Soul/R&B New Artist at the 17th American Music Awards and three Grammy nominations, the top-ten US singles "Whip Appeal" received a nomination for Best Male R&B Vocal Performance, "It's No Crime" for Best R&B Instrumental Performance and a nomination for Producer of the Year with L.A. Reid. Also, it won him a Soul Train Music Award for Best R&B/Soul Album, Male in 1990. Covers A couple of songs from this album have been covered by a few artists. Short-lived A&M Records group B.B.O.T.I. covered "Where Will You Go" from their first and only album Bad Boyz of the Industry in 1993. Singer Bobby Valentino covered "Soon As I Get Home" on his second album, 2007's Special Occasion. In popular culture "Soon as I Get Home" appeared in the 2010 film, Our Family Wedding which starred Forest Whitaker and America Ferrera. Track listing No.TitleWriter(s)Length1."It's No Crime" Kenneth "Babyface" Edmonds Antonio "L.A." Reid Daryl Simmons 4:022."Tender Lover" Edmonds Reid Perri "Pebbles" Reid* 4:193."Let's Be Romantic" Edmonds Simmons 5:014."Can't Stop My Heart" Edmonds Reid Simmons 4:315."My Kinda Girl" Edmonds Reid Simmons 4:396."Where Will You Go" (Prelude)Edmonds0:407."Whip Appeal" Edmonds P. Reid 5:498."Soon as I Get Home"Edmonds5:099."Given a Chance"Edmonds4:2110."Sunshine"Edmonds5:1111."Where Will You Go"Edmonds5:09 2001 re-issue bonus tracksNo.TitleWriter(s)Length12."Tender Lover" (Dub L.A.) Edmonds Reid P. Reid 5:5313."My Kinda Girl" (12" Version / Scratch Mix) Edmonds Reid Simmons 7:0614."Whip Appeal" (12" Version / The Ultimate Whip) Edmonds P. Reid 5:31 Note: Perri "Pebbles" Reid is credited as Perri Smith in the original liner notes of Tender Lover. Personnel Babyface – lead vocals, guitars, keyboards Kayo (Kevin Roberson) – bass, keyboards, synthesizer, synthesized bass De'rock (Daryl Simmons) – percussion L.A. Reid – drums, percussion Donald Parks – Fairlight programming, Synclavier programming After 7 – backing vocals Troop – backing vocals Jon Gass – recording and mix engineer David Rideau – engineer Donnell Sullivan – assistant engineer Rich Caughron – assistant engineer Joseph M. Palmaccio – mastering Charts Weekly charts Chart (1989–1990) Peakposition US Billboard 200 14 US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (Billboard) 1 Year-end charts Chart (1989) Position US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (Billboard) 38 Chart (1990) Position US Billboard 200 21 US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (Billboard) 2 Singles Year Single Chart position USPop USR&B 1989 "It's No Crime" 7 1 "Tender Lover" 14 1 1990 "My Kinda Girl" 30 3 "Whip Appeal" 6 2 Certifications Region Certification Certified units/sales United States (RIAA) 3× Platinum 3,000,000^ ^ Shipments figures based on certification alone. See also List of number-one R&B albums of 1989 (U.S.) List of number-one R&B albums of 1990 (U.S.) External links Babyface-Tender Lover at Discogs References ^ "RIAA". ^ "Babyface – Babyface". ^ Wynn, Ron. Babyface: Tender Lover > Review at AllMusic. Retrieved November 3, 2011. ^ Christgau, Robert (1990). "B". Christgau's Record Guide: The '80s. Pantheon Books. ISBN 0-679-73015-X. Retrieved August 16, 2020 – via robertchristgau.com. ^ Brackett, N.; Hoard, C.D. (2004). The New Rolling Stone Album Guide. Simon & Schuster. p. 32. ISBN 9780743201698. Retrieved April 13, 2015. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Williams, Chris. "Key Tracks: Daryl Simmons on Babyface's "Tender Lover"". redbullmusicacademy.com. Red Bull Music Academy Daily. Retrieved June 19, 2016. ^ "WHIP APPEAL by BABYFACE". songfacts.com. Songfacts, LLC. Retrieved June 27, 2016. ^ "Babyface Chart History (Billboard 200)". Billboard. Retrieved January 21, 2021. ^ "Babyface Chart History (Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums)". Billboard. Retrieved January 21, 2021. ^ "Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums – Year-End 1989". Billboard. Retrieved January 21, 2021. ^ "Top Billboard 200 Albums – Year-End 1990". Billboard. Retrieved January 21, 2021. ^ "Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums – Year-End 1990". Billboard. Retrieved January 21, 2021. ^ "Babyface US singles chart history". allmusic.com. Retrieved November 3, 2011. ^ "American album certifications – Babyface – Tender Lover". Recording Industry Association of America. vteBabyface Discography Songs written Studio albums Lovers (1986) Tender Lover (1989) A Closer Look (1991) For the Cool in You (1993) The Day (1996) Face2Face (2001) Grown & Sexy (2005) Playlist (2007) Return of the Tender Lover (2015) Girls Night Out (2022) Christmas albums Christmas with Babyface (1998) Duet albums Love, Marriage & Divorce (2014) Other albums Babyface Unplugged (1997) A Collection of His Greatest Hits (2000) Love Songs (2001) The Essential Babyface (2003) The Other Side of Cool (2005) Singles "I Love You Babe" "It's No Crime" "Tender Lover" "Whip Appeal" "My Kinda Girl" "Love Makes Things Happen" "Give U My Heart" "For the Cool in You" "Never Keeping Secrets" "And Our Feelings" "When Can I See You" "Dream Away" "This Is for the Lover in You" "Every Time I Close My Eyes" "How Come, How Long" "Talk to Me" "There She Goes" "What If" Featured singles "Love Makes Things Happen" "Change the World" "Someone to Love" Tours Toni Braxton & Babyface Live Related articles The Deele Jon B. Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group
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The two played in a couple of bands together and later joined the funk outfit Manchild.[6] The band recorded two albums before disbanding in the late 1970s. Cincinnati-based band Midnight Star came to perform in Indianapolis, which became good friends with Babyface and Simmons.[6] Babyface then left Indianapolis for Cincinnati to write songs with Midnight Star - one of which became the song \"Slow Jam\" from their 1983 album No Parking on the Dance Floor as well as a couple of songs produced by Midnight Star founding member Reggie Calloway on The Whispers' 1984 album So Good. Around that same time, Calloway was producing the debut album for the band The Deele, who had just gotten signed to SOLAR Records. Group members L.A. Reid and Darnell Bristol asked Babyface to join, which led him to ask Simmons to help with songwriting and touring duties.[6]After joining The Deele, Babyface and Simmons tried getting songs to other acts on SOLAR such as Shalamar, Dynasty and Lakeside, but all of the acts turned them down.[6] Although they were signed to a label, Reid, Babyface and Simmons kept paying dues on the production side in order to make something happen for them. They spent three years in Los Angeles working with The Deele and writing songs, as Babyface and Simmons were determined not to go back to Indianapolis.[6] After a few years of trying to gain some recognition, at least one of their songs was accepted and recorded in 1986, \"Personality\" by Dynasty, from their \"Daydreamin'\" album, written and produced by L.A. and Babyface. 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Reid & Babyface, Simmons revealed that Babyface actually produced the bulk of it with Reid handling the uptempo songs as he came from a funk background, while he and Babyface were more focused on ballads.[6] They would record the songs with Reid overseeing the production of the music while Babyface concentrated on the aspect of lead and background vocals.[6] According to Simmons, they would work long hours with Reid being in the studio many sleepless nights fine tuning the songs.[6]Tender Lover was mixed by Jim Zumpano, Jon Gass and Barney Perkins,[6] the latter of which worked on Anita Baker's album Rapture as well as DeBarge's In a Special Way.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Whip Appeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whip_Appeal"},{"link_name":"chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_R%26B/Hip-Hop_Albums"},{"link_name":"Recording Industry Association of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America"}],"text":"Released on July 23, 1989, Tender Lover contains Babyface's debut Top 10 hit, \"It's No Crime\", which reached #7 on the U.S. Hot 100 and later single \"Whip Appeal\", which reached #6 in the same chart. 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Reid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L.A._Reid"},{"link_name":"Soul Train Music Award for Best R&B/Soul Album, Male","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_Train_Music_Award_for_Best_R%26B/Soul_Album,_Male"}],"text":"Tender Lover was a critical and commercial success, reaching number fourteen on the US Billboard 200 and opened at number one on the Top R&B Albums chart. Babyface received numerous nominations for Favorite Soul/R&B New Artist at the 17th American Music Awards and three Grammy nominations, the top-ten US singles \"Whip Appeal\" received a nomination for Best Male R&B Vocal Performance, \"It's No Crime\" for Best R&B Instrumental Performance and a nomination for Producer of the Year with L.A. Reid. Also, it won him a Soul Train Music Award for Best R&B/Soul Album, Male in 1990.","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A&M Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%26M_Records"},{"link_name":"Bobby Valentino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_V"},{"link_name":"Special Occasion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Occasion_(Bobby_Valentino_album)"}],"text":"A couple of songs from this album have been covered by a few artists. Short-lived A&M Records group B.B.O.T.I. covered \"Where Will You Go\" from their first and only album Bad Boyz of the Industry in 1993. Singer Bobby Valentino covered \"Soon As I Get Home\" on his second album, 2007's Special Occasion.","title":"Covers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Our Family Wedding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Family_Wedding"},{"link_name":"Forest Whitaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_Whitaker"},{"link_name":"America Ferrera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_Ferrera"}],"text":"\"Soon as I Get Home\" appeared in the 2010 film, Our Family Wedding which starred Forest Whitaker and America Ferrera.","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"It's No Crime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s_No_Crime"},{"link_name":"Daryl Simmons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daryl_Simmons"},{"link_name":"Tender Lover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tender_Lover_(song)"},{"link_name":"Perri \"Pebbles\" Reid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perri_%22Pebbles%22_Reid"},{"link_name":"My Kinda Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Kinda_Girl_(Babyface_song)"},{"link_name":"Whip Appeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whip_Appeal"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"No.TitleWriter(s)Length1.\"It's No Crime\"\nKenneth \"Babyface\" Edmonds\nAntonio \"L.A.\" Reid\nDaryl Simmons\n4:022.\"Tender Lover\"\nEdmonds\nReid\nPerri \"Pebbles\" Reid*\n4:193.\"Let's Be Romantic\"\nEdmonds\nSimmons\n5:014.\"Can't Stop My Heart\"\nEdmonds\nReid\nSimmons\n4:315.\"My Kinda Girl\"\nEdmonds\nReid\nSimmons\n4:396.\"Where Will You Go\" (Prelude)Edmonds0:407.\"Whip Appeal\"\nEdmonds\nP. Reid\n5:498.\"Soon as I Get Home\"Edmonds5:099.\"Given a Chance\"Edmonds4:2110.\"Sunshine\"Edmonds5:1111.\"Where Will You Go\"Edmonds5:092001 re-issue bonus tracksNo.TitleWriter(s)Length12.\"Tender Lover\" (Dub L.A.)\nEdmonds\nReid\nP. Reid\n5:5313.\"My Kinda Girl\" (12\" Version / Scratch Mix)\nEdmonds\nReid\nSimmons\n7:0614.\"Whip Appeal\" (12\" Version / The Ultimate Whip)\nEdmonds\nP. Reid\n5:31Note: Perri \"Pebbles\" Reid is credited as Perri Smith in the original liner notes of Tender Lover.[7]","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kevin Roberson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Deele"},{"link_name":"Fairlight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairlight_CMI"},{"link_name":"Synclavier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synclavier"},{"link_name":"After 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After_7"},{"link_name":"Troop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troop_(band)"}],"text":"Babyface – lead vocals, guitars, keyboards\nKayo (Kevin Roberson) – bass, keyboards, synthesizer, synthesized bass\nDe'rock (Daryl Simmons) – percussion\nL.A. Reid – drums, percussion\nDonald Parks – Fairlight programming, Synclavier programming\nAfter 7 – backing vocals\nTroop – backing vocals\nJon Gass – recording and mix engineer\nDavid Rideau – engineer\nDonnell Sullivan – assistant engineer\nRich Caughron – assistant engineer\nJoseph M. Palmaccio – mastering","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tender_Lover&action=edit&section=9"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Billboard200_Babyface-8"},{"link_name":"Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_R%26B/Hip-Hop_Albums"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_BillboardRandBHipHop_Babyface-9"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tender_Lover&action=edit&section=10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\n\n\nChart (1989–1990)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nUS Billboard 200[8]\n\n14\n\n\nUS Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (Billboard)[9]\n\n1\n\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\n\n\nChart (1989)\n\nPosition\n\n\nUS Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (Billboard)[10]\n\n38\n\n\nChart (1990)\n\nPosition\n\n\nUS Billboard 200[11]\n\n21\n\n\nUS Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (Billboard)[12]\n\n2","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Singles","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of number-one R&B albums of 1989 (U.S.)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_number-one_R%26B_albums_of_1989_(U.S.)"},{"title":"List of number-one R&B albums of 1990 (U.S.)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_number-one_R%26B_albums_of_1990_(U.S.)"}]
[{"reference":"\"RIAA\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=Babyface&ti=Tender+Lover&format=Album&type=#search_section","url_text":"\"RIAA\""}]},{"reference":"\"Babyface – Babyface\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.discogs.com/Babyface-Babyface/release/4158817","url_text":"\"Babyface – Babyface\""}]},{"reference":"Christgau, Robert (1990). \"B\". Christgau's Record Guide: The '80s. Pantheon Books. ISBN 0-679-73015-X. Retrieved August 16, 2020 – via robertchristgau.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Christgau","url_text":"Christgau, Robert"},{"url":"https://www.robertchristgau.com/get_chap.php?k=B&bk=80","url_text":"\"B\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christgau%27s_Record_Guide:_The_%2780s","url_text":"Christgau's Record Guide: The '80s"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantheon_Books","url_text":"Pantheon Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-73015-X","url_text":"0-679-73015-X"}]},{"reference":"Brackett, N.; Hoard, C.D. (2004). The New Rolling Stone Album Guide. Simon & Schuster. p. 32. ISBN 9780743201698. Retrieved April 13, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/newrollingstonea00brac","url_text":"The New Rolling Stone Album Guide"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/newrollingstonea00brac/page/n44","url_text":"32"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780743201698","url_text":"9780743201698"}]},{"reference":"Williams, Chris. \"Key Tracks: Daryl Simmons on Babyface's \"Tender Lover\"\". redbullmusicacademy.com. Red Bull Music Academy Daily. Retrieved June 19, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://daily.redbullmusicacademy.com/2015/01/key-tracks-babyface-tender-lover","url_text":"\"Key Tracks: Daryl Simmons on Babyface's \"Tender Lover\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"WHIP APPEAL by BABYFACE\". songfacts.com. Songfacts, LLC. Retrieved June 27, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.songfacts.com/detail.php?id=38877","url_text":"\"WHIP APPEAL by BABYFACE\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums – Year-End 1989\". Billboard. Retrieved January 21, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/1989/top-r-and-b-hip-hop-albums","url_text":"\"Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums – Year-End 1989\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top Billboard 200 Albums – Year-End 1990\". Billboard. Retrieved January 21, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/1990/top-billboard-200-albums","url_text":"\"Top Billboard 200 Albums – Year-End 1990\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums – Year-End 1990\". Billboard. Retrieved January 21, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/1990/top-r-and-b-hip-hop-albums","url_text":"\"Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums – Year-End 1990\""}]},{"reference":"\"Babyface US singles chart history\". allmusic.com. Retrieved November 3, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p3602/charts-awards/billboard-singles","url_text":"\"Babyface US singles chart history\""}]},{"reference":"\"American album certifications – Babyface – Tender Lover\". Recording Industry Association of America.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=Babyface&ti=Tender+Lover&format=Album&type=#search_section","url_text":"\"American album certifications – Babyface – Tender Lover\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America","url_text":"Recording Industry Association of America"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ain%27t_No_Shame_in_My_Game
Ain't No Shame in My Game
["1 Track listing","2 Personnel","3 Charts","3.1 Weekly charts","3.2 Year-end charts","4 Certifications","5 References","6 External links"]
1990 studio album by CandymanAin't No Shame in My GameStudio album by CandymanReleasedOctober 2, 1990 (1990-10-02)Recorded1989–1990GenreHip hopLength36:47LabelEpicProducerKen Komisar (exec.)CandymanCharlie MackDetteDJ ScratchJohnny "J"ShatashaTea-FlyCandyman chronology Ain't No Shame in My Game(1990) Playtime Is Over(1991) Singles from Ain't No Shame in My Game "Knockin' Boots"Released: 1990 "Melt in Your Mouth"Released: 1990 "Nightgown"Released: 1991 Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusicRapReviews Ain't No Shame in My Game is the debut studio album by American rapper Candyman. It was released on October 2, 1990 via Epic Records with distribution by CBS Records Inc. Production was handled by the Candyland Band and executive producer Ken Komisar. The album peaked at number 40 on the Billboard 200 and number 18 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart in the United States, and number 65 on the Album Top 100 in the Netherlands. It was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America on December 18, 1990. The album spawned three hit singles: "Knockin' Boots", "Melt in Your Mouth" and "Nightgown". Its lead single, "Knockin' Boots", reached number-one position in the Netherlands, number 9 in Belgium and in the United States, and number 28 in Germany. "Melt in Your Mouth" peaked at number 41 in the Netherlands and number 69 in the United States. "Nightgown" made it to number 91 in the United States. Track listing No.TitleWriter(s)Length1."Ain't No Shame in My Game (Show)"Candyman2:352."Candy Man"CandymanRick James3:233."Don't Leave Home Without It"CandymanChris Kenner4:054."Knockin' Boots"CandymanWillie ClarkeBetty WrightRichard WylieAnthony HamiltonFabian Hamilton3:535."Melt in Your Mouth"CandymanMelvin StealsMervin Steals4:366."Playin' on Me"CandymanBunny DeBarge4:147."Today's Topic"CandymanWanda Hutchinson3:058."The Mack Is Back"CandymanKool & the Gang3:319."Night Gown"CandymanPrinceSeth Justman3:1910."Who Shakes the Best"Candyman3:1111."Keep on Watcha Doin'"CandymanRick James3:3612."5 Verses of Def"CandymanJames Brown4:29Total length:36:47 Personnel Candyman – vocals, producer Charlie W. Mackie – bass, producer Johnny Lee Jackson – producer Shatasha Williams – producer Dette – producer Tea-Fly – producer DJ Scratch – producer Ken Komisar – executive producer Donovan "The Dirt Biker" Sound – engineering Tony Cannella – engineering Brian Gardner – mastering Mary Maurer – art direction Todd Gray – photography Jon Willoughby – management Chris Lawmaster – management Charts Weekly charts Chart (1990–1991) Peakposition Dutch Albums (Album Top 100) 65 US Billboard 200 40 US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (Billboard) 18 Year-end charts Chart (1991) Position US Billboard 200 91 US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (Billboard) 71 Certifications Region Certification Certified units/sales United States (RIAA) Gold 500,000^ ^ Shipments figures based on certification alone. References ^ a b Juon, Steve 'Flash' (January 20, 2009). "Candyman :: Ain't No Shame in My Game :: CBS/Epic Records". www.rapreviews.com. Retrieved November 13, 2018. ^ Henderson, Alex. "Ain't No Shame in My Game - Candyman | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic". AllMusic. Retrieved November 13, 2018. ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Candyman – Ain't No Shame In My Game" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved November 13, 2018. ^ "Candyman Chart History (Billboard 200)". Billboard. Retrieved November 13, 2018. ^ "Candyman Chart History (Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums)". Billboard. Retrieved November 13, 2018. ^ "Top Billboard 200 Albums – Year-End 1991". Billboard. Retrieved February 7, 2021. ^ "Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums – Year-End 1991". Billboard. Retrieved February 7, 2021. ^ "American album certifications – Candyman – Ain't No Shame In My Game". Recording Industry Association of America. External links Ain't No Shame In My Game at Discogs (list of releases) Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group This 1990s pop album–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Candyman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candyman_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"Epic Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_Records"},{"link_name":"CBS Records Inc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Music"},{"link_name":"Production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop_production"},{"link_name":"executive producer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_producer"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_R%26B/Hip-Hop_Albums"},{"link_name":"Album Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Album_Top_100"},{"link_name":"Recording Industry Association of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America"},{"link_name":"hit singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hit_record"},{"link_name":"Knockin' Boots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knockin%27_Boots_(Candyman_song)"},{"link_name":"lead single","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_single"}],"text":"Ain't No Shame in My Game is the debut studio album by American rapper Candyman. It was released on October 2, 1990 via Epic Records with distribution by CBS Records Inc. Production was handled by the Candyland Band and executive producer Ken Komisar. The album peaked at number 40 on the Billboard 200 and number 18 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart in the United States, and number 65 on the Album Top 100 in the Netherlands. It was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America on December 18, 1990.The album spawned three hit singles: \"Knockin' Boots\", \"Melt in Your Mouth\" and \"Nightgown\". Its lead single, \"Knockin' Boots\", reached number-one position in the Netherlands, number 9 in Belgium and in the United States, and number 28 in Germany. \"Melt in Your Mouth\" peaked at number 41 in the Netherlands and number 69 in the United States. \"Nightgown\" made it to number 91 in the United States.","title":"Ain't No Shame in My Game"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Candyman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candyman_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"Rick James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_James"},{"link_name":"Chris Kenner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Kenner"},{"link_name":"Knockin' Boots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knockin%27_Boots_(Candyman_song)"},{"link_name":"Willie Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Clarke_(songwriter)"},{"link_name":"Betty Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty_Wright"},{"link_name":"Richard Wylie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_%22Popcorn%22_Wylie"},{"link_name":"Bunny DeBarge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunny_DeBarge"},{"link_name":"Wanda Hutchinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanda_Hutchinson"},{"link_name":"Kool & the Gang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kool_%26_the_Gang"},{"link_name":"Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Seth Justman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seth_Justman"},{"link_name":"James Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Brown"}],"text":"No.TitleWriter(s)Length1.\"Ain't No Shame in My Game (Show)\"Candyman2:352.\"Candy Man\"CandymanRick James3:233.\"Don't Leave Home Without It\"CandymanChris Kenner4:054.\"Knockin' Boots\"CandymanWillie ClarkeBetty WrightRichard WylieAnthony HamiltonFabian Hamilton3:535.\"Melt in Your Mouth\"CandymanMelvin StealsMervin Steals4:366.\"Playin' on Me\"CandymanBunny DeBarge4:147.\"Today's Topic\"CandymanWanda Hutchinson3:058.\"The Mack Is Back\"CandymanKool & the Gang3:319.\"Night Gown\"CandymanPrinceSeth Justman3:1910.\"Who Shakes the Best\"Candyman3:1111.\"Keep on Watcha Doin'\"CandymanRick James3:3612.\"5 Verses of Def\"CandymanJames Brown4:29Total length:36:47","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Candyman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candyman_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"Johnny Lee Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_%22J%22"},{"link_name":"DJ Scratch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Scratch"},{"link_name":"Brian Gardner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Gardner"},{"link_name":"Todd Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Gray_(artist)"},{"link_name":"Jon Willoughby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_St._James"}],"text":"Candyman – vocals, producer\nCharlie W. Mackie – bass, producer\nJohnny Lee Jackson – producer\nShatasha Williams – producer\nDette – producer\nTea-Fly – producer\nDJ Scratch – producer\nKen Komisar – executive producer\nDonovan \"The Dirt Biker\" Sound – engineering\nTony Cannella – engineering\nBrian Gardner – mastering\nMary Maurer – art direction\nTodd Gray – photography\nJon Willoughby – management\nChris Lawmaster – management","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ain%27t_No_Shame_in_My_Game&action=edit&section=4"},{"link_name":"Album Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Album_Top_100"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Netherlands_Candyman-3"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Billboard200_Candyman-4"},{"link_name":"Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_R%26B/Hip-Hop_Albums"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_BillboardRandBHipHop_Candyman-5"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ain%27t_No_Shame_in_My_Game&action=edit&section=5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\n\nChart (1990–1991)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nDutch Albums (Album Top 100)[3]\n\n65\n\n\nUS Billboard 200[4]\n\n40\n\n\nUS Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (Billboard)[5]\n\n18\n\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\n\n\nChart (1991)\n\nPosition\n\n\nUS Billboard 200[6]\n\n91\n\n\nUS Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (Billboard)[7]\n\n71","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Juon, Steve 'Flash' (January 20, 2009). \"Candyman :: Ain't No Shame in My Game :: CBS/Epic Records\". www.rapreviews.com. Retrieved November 13, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rapreviews.com/archive/BTTL_aintnoshameinmygame.html","url_text":"\"Candyman :: Ain't No Shame in My Game :: CBS/Epic Records\""}]},{"reference":"Henderson, Alex. \"Ain't No Shame in My Game - Candyman | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic\". AllMusic. Retrieved November 13, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/aint-no-shame-in-my-game-mw0000690748","url_text":"\"Ain't No Shame in My Game - Candyman | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"\"Top Billboard 200 Albums – Year-End 1991\". Billboard. Retrieved February 7, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/1991/top-billboard-200-albums","url_text":"\"Top Billboard 200 Albums – Year-End 1991\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums – Year-End 1991\". Billboard. Retrieved February 7, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/1991/top-r-and-b-hip-hop-albums","url_text":"\"Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums – Year-End 1991\""}]},{"reference":"\"American album certifications – Candyman – Ain't No Shame In My Game\". Recording Industry Association of America.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=Candyman&ti=Ain%27t+No+Shame+In+My+Game&format=Album&type=#search_section","url_text":"\"American album certifications – Candyman – Ain't No Shame In My Game\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America","url_text":"Recording Industry Association of America"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constrictor_(character)
Constrictor (character)
["1 Publication history","2 Fictional character biography","2.1 Frank Payne","2.2 Frank Payne's son","3 Powers and abilities","4 Other versions","4.1 House of M","5 In other media","5.1 Television","5.2 Video games","5.3 Merchandise","6 References","7 External links"]
Marvel Comics fictional character This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's general notability guideline. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "Constrictor" character – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: "Constrictor" character – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Comics character ConstrictorConstrictor. Art by Andrea Di Vito.Publication informationPublisherMarvel ComicsFirst appearanceThe Incredible Hulk vol. 2 #212(June 1977)Created byLen WeinJohn Romita Sr.Sal BuscemaIn-story informationAlter egoFrank PayneTeam affiliationsCorporationFrightful FourMasters of EvilInitiativeShadow InitiativeS.H.I.E.L.D.Sinister SyndicateSix-PackNotable aliasesFrank SchlictingAbilitiesSkilled street fighter and unarmed combatantWears cybernetic coils made of vibranium or adamantiumFormerly: Possessed bionic arms with fingers that functioned like his old coils Constrictor is the name of two fictional characters appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The first version seen is Frank Payne. The second version is his unnamed son. Publication history The Frank Payne version of Constrictor made his first appearance in The Incredible Hulk (vol. 2) #212 (1977) and was created by Len Wein and John Romita Sr., then drawn in his first issue by Sal Buscema. The character went on to feature as a supervillain in Captain America #228-229, 231 (1978–1979), Iron Man #126-127 (1979), Power Man & Iron Fist #66 (1980), Captain America Annual #5 (1981), Power Man & Iron Fist #78, 84 (1982), Captain America #281-283 (1983), #309-311 (1985), Fantastic Four #334 (1989), Marvel Comics Presents #74, 86-87. 89-92 (1991), The New Warriors Annual #2 (1992), The Spectacular Spider-Man Annual #12 (1992), Web of Spider-Man Annual #8 (1992), Iron Man #284 (1992), Nick Fury: Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. (vol. 3) #36 (1992), Marvel Comics Presents #119-120 (1993), Alpha Flight #121 (1993), Captain America #412 (1993), Sabretooth #1-3 (1994), Marvel Fanfare (vol. 2) #6 (1997), Thunderbolts #24-25 (1999), Gambit (vol. 3) #12 (1999), #16-19 (2000), Gambit Annual 2000 (2000), The Hood #2-4, 6 (2002), Agent X #6 (2003), Weapon X (vol. 2) #26, 28 (2004), Secret War #3-5 (2004–2005), Marvel Team-Up (vol. 3) #7 (2005) and She-Hulk #9 (2005). Constrictor appeared as a supporting character in Deadpool #35 (1999), 38-45 (2000) and 61 (2002). The character went on to feature in Cable & Deadpool #7-12 (2004–2005) and The Thing (vol. 2) #1-3, 8 (2006) in a more heroic role. Constrictor later appeared as a member of the Initiative in Avengers: The Initiative #1, 4-5, 8, 10, 12-15, 17 (2007–2008) and featured prominently in #20-24, 26-35 (2009–2010) during the Dark Reign and Siege story lines. Fictional character biography Frank Payne Frank Payne was an agent of the international espionage organization S.H.I.E.L.D., and the father of an adult daughter, Mia. When S.H.I.E.L.D. needed a costumed "supervillain" to go undercover in the criminal organization called the Corporation, Frank was given a snake-themed costume and a pair of wrist-mounted electrified metal coils. Using the false identity of "Frank Schlicting" from Racine, Wisconsin, and the codename of "Constrictor", he infiltrated the group, only to suffer a nervous breakdown and become a career criminal in earnest. As a result of his defection, S.H.I.E.L.D. allowed his daughter to believe that he had died. As the Constrictor, "Schlicting" debuted in combat against the Hulk, while attempting to assassinate the Hulk's friend Jim Wilson on behalf of the Corporation. The Corporation next sent him to assassinate Captain America; the Constrictor was trapped in a cave-in of S.H.I.E.L.D. headquarters, and was freed by Captain America. The Constrictor would remain an independent mercenary, criminal, and assassin after the dissolution of the Corporation. He next battled Iron Man as a member of Justin Hammer's criminal army. He next teamed with Sabretooth to safeguard a stolen jade tiger statuette, and battled Power Man and the Daughters of the Dragon. He teamed with Sabretooth again to help Sabretooth get revenge on Misty Knight. They fought Iron Fist, Power Man, El Aguila, and Misty Knight. Working for the Viper, he battled Captain America and Nomad. He wound up turning against the Viper. He next joined with other criminals in an attempt to assassinate the hospitalized Thing. Constrictor was also invited to join the Serpent Society, which he turned down and walked out after the first meeting. He subsequently tried to turn them over to the Avengers, and Anaconda later exacted revenge on him. While in the hospital recuperating from the beating, he was nearly killed by the Scourge of the Underworld disguised as a nurse, but was saved by Captain America. Constrictor eventually took an assignment to kill the Beast in Belgium by Commander Courage who was impersonating the Red Ghost. Finding out that he had been set up, Constrictor teamed up with Beast to defeat Commander Courage. He later had a showdown with his common-law stepfather McAvey, who had murdered his mother. Constrictor has battled numerous heroes over the years, including repeated encounters with Captain America, Iron Fist, Luke Cage, Spider-Man, Thing and even the short-lived character NFL SuperPro. Although Luke Cage and Nick Fury eventually uncovered Payne's former identity, he chose to retain the Schlicting alias and to allow his daughter to believe that her father was dead. During the Acts of Vengeance, Constrictor was one of the many villains that attacked the Fantastic Four. Constrictor appeared as a supporting character in Deadpool wherein he and Titania moved in with him as his roommates. During their uncomfortable living situation, Constrictor was convinced that Titania was actually a man. It would turn out that he was right that she was not what she seemed; but not about her gender as Titania was revealed to actually be the mutant shapeshifter and Deadpool's former lover, Copycat. He was later found to be under the employment of Justin Hammer. When cutbacks forced his supervisor to lay him off, he responded by brutally attacking him. He did join the seventh incarnation of the Masters of Evil led by the Crimson Cowl. During the Deadpool story arc, it was also revealed that Constrictor had been part of a very short-lived rendition of the Wizard's Frightful Four. At one point he was one of the many mercenaries hired to kill Alex Hayden, who was at this time thought to be Wade Wilson. He works with many unnamed mercs and some notable ones, including Crossfire. In the story it was stated that Wilson was a hard-ass, so Hayden could not be Deadpool. Hayden then broke Constrictor's nose. The Constrictor was later seen in the same issue being used, or rather his vibranium coils were used, to drag the Rhino into a river. Somehow both escaped. After a severe beating from Hercules, the Constrictor was awarded several million dollars in a lawsuit. Nighthawk, rich himself, convinces the Constrictor that with all his money there was no need to be a criminal anymore, and he has apparently turned over a new leaf and decided to be a hero. He is currently under the employment of S.H.I.E.L.D. as a member of the new Six-Pack. He was most recently seen at an all-superhuman charity poker tournament hosted by the Thing (who also had a hand in the Constrictor's apparent reformation), where Hercules regains at least a large portion of the money he lost to the Constrictor in a non-tournament side game. Constrictor plays a small role in the "Secret War" crossover event. The Constrictor was identified as one of the 142 registered superheroes who have registered as part of the 50-State Initiative and joined Camp Hammond's staff. The Constrictor was later revealed to be part of the Shadow Initiative, a black ops version of the Initiative under the command of Henry Gyrich. He travels with Trauma and Mutant Zero, two other members of the group, into Madison Square Garden; they rescue Initiative recruits from the invading alien forces called the Warbound. Constrictor saved Gyrich from the clone of MVP known as "KIA"; however, KIA severed Constrictor's forearms in retaliation. Constrictor was quickly ferried away to safety by fellow team member Bengal. He was given bionic hands which functioned like his coils and was also presented with a Purple Heart for his valiant efforts. Following a supervillain ambush outside of Camp Hammond, student hero Butterball washed out the camp, he and fellow instructor Taskmaster give Schaub a photo of himself standing triumphant over the defeated 'villains' as a reward for his efforts. During the "Secret Invasion," Bengal discovers that the Skrulls have taken over Camp Hammond and summons the rest of the Shadow Initiative to deal with them. They decide to assassinate Queen Veranke, but the attempt fails and they are taken captive. During the "Dark Reign" storyline, Quasimodo analyzed Constrictor for Norman Osborn. He states that Constrictor is a team player and be used as a distraction so that the heavy hitters can get the job done. During a conflict with the Initiative and some terrorists, Constrictor helps the Women Warriors, one of the official government hero teams. He stops an out-of-control passenger plane, saving many lives, including that of the hero Diamondback. Constrictor is visibly distressed as civilians thank him for his heroic actions. Soon after, he and Diamondback begin a romantic relationship. Frank later discovers that Diamondback is secretly working for Gauntlet's "Avengers Resistance". He keeps her secret despite knowing the danger this involves for them both; mainly the Initiative head, the Taskmaster, would kill them both. During the Siege of Asgard, Constrictor becomes buried under a pile of falling rubble. Taskmaster digs him out and Constrictor sees Diamondback running towards Captain America. Wrongfully assuming that she has reconciled with and returned to her former lover, Constrictor sorrowfully joins Taskmaster in fleeing the battlefield. The two also begin working as mercenaries and partners in crime. Constrictor was later recruited by Max Fury to join the Shadow Council's incarnation of the Masters of Evil. As part of the "Marvel NOW!" in the pages of Avengers Arena, a flashback experienced by Arcade showed that he had previously acquired the ownership of a bar in Bagalia called the Hole where he catches Constrictor (who previously attended Arcade's birthday party and made fun of him) robbing it. Arcade defeated Constrictor by crushing him with a large hammer-like trap. During the "Infinity" storyline, Constrictor is among the villains recruited by Spymaster to help him attack the almost-defenseless Stark Tower. In the pages of Avengers Undercover, Constrictor was with the Masters of Evil when Baron Helmut Zemo became the new leader following the death of Max Fury. Constrictor becomes the bodyguard of Baron Helmut Zemo. Constrictor is shown to live in a building called the Snakepit in Bagalia which is also the headquarters of the Young Masters. Frank Payne later retired from crime and moved in with Rachael Leighton. When it was discovered that Frank has a terminal illness, Rachael became Diamondback again and joined Serpent Solutions in order to get the money to help with his medical treatment. It was later revealed that Frank Payne had died. Frank Payne's son When Frank Payne had a brief relationship with Sandy and later left him, Sandy gave birth to a son who hated his father for his abandonment. After Frank Payne died, he left his battlesuit for his son in his will and he became the new Constrictor. The son considered this as a way to get back at his late father. Constrictor later went to the restaurant Herbie's and attended a supervillain meeting held by the Wizard who informed them that Victor von Doom has gone straight. The meeting was crashed by Doctor Doom in his version of the Iron Man armor. Liwei later hired Constrictor to break into Danny Rand's apartment so that he can obtain for Chosin the Book of the Iron Fist. When Chosin refused to pay Constrictor double and planned to have him tortured, Constrictor summoned the Serpent Society. The fight was crashed by Iron Fist and Sabretooth. Constrictor was poisoned by Rat of 12 Plagues as Chosin starts to get his hands on the Book of the Iron Fist. To honor Frank Payne, Sabretooth took Constrictor to the hospital. During the "Search for Tony Stark" arc, Constrictor later joined up with the Hood's crime syndicate where they attacked Victor von Doom at Castle Doom. In a prelude to the "Hunted" storyline, Constrictor is among the animal-themed characters that are captured by Kraven the Hunter, Taskmaster, and Black Ant for the upcoming Great Hunt that is sponsored by Arcade's company Arcade Industries. He was watching the fight between Spider-Man and the Scorpion until the Hunter-Bots created by Arcade Industries arrived. When the Great Hunt begins, Constrictor is attacked by one of the Hunter-Bots. Surviving the attack, Constrictor and the surviving animal-themed characters met up with Vulture. Powers and abilities The Constrictor's primary weapon is a pair of cybernetically-controlled, electrified, prehensile, wrist-mounted metal coils provided by Justin Hammer. The coils eject and retract from special appliances running from shoulder to wrist. These cables are able to extend to a maximum length of 30 feet (9.1 m) and can be used as whips, capable of rending steel or lesser metals; or as bonds, capable of entwining an object or human being and constricting. The previous sets of coils were made from an adamantium alloy, then from vibranium. The adamantium coils were traded to Gambit in exchange for a favor and are then subsequently used by Mister Sinister to reinforce an ailing Sabretooth's skeleton. The strength of the coils varies based on their construction, but the adamantium coils were powerful enough to lift and even temporarily restrain the Hulk. The vibranium coils have a contact-based aura that suppresses sound: while the coils are wrapped around a target's throat, the victim's voice cannot be heard. The Constrictor's costume is lightly armored with partial bulletproofing around the chest and head area and the entire costume is electrically insulated, covering his entire body except for his lower face and chin. Although the Constrictor is a skilled unarmed combatant and street fighter, he usually relies exclusively on his coils in a fight. After his encounter with KIA, Constrictor is implanted with cybernetic arms, the fingers of which duplicate the abilities of his old coils. His forearms still had the capacity to discharge coils out of the wrists like previously. Other versions An alternative version of Constrictor appeared in JLA/Avengers #4 (2003), part of the Marvel/DC crossover storyline, as part of Krona's supervillain army. Other versions of the character appear in the What If? storylines What If?: World War Hulk #1 (2010) and What If?: Secret Invasion #1 (2010) in minor and cameo roles. House of M A version of Constrictor appears in the House of M reality. In House of M: Masters of Evil #1-4 (2009–2010), Constrictor is a member of the Hood's incarnation of the Masters of Evil opposing mutants' superior role in society. The character was later killed by Sebastian Shaw during the group's fight with S.H.I.E.L.D. In other media Television The Frank Payne incarnation of Constrictor appears in The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes, voiced by Cam Clarke in his first appearance and by Troy Baker in the second. This version is initially an inmate of the Big House before a technological fault allows the inmates to escape. Constrictor later joins the Serpent Society and battles the Avengers, Ultron-5, and Yellowjacket throughout his appearances. Video games The Frank Payne incarnation of Constrictor appears as a boss and unlockable playable character in Marvel: Avengers Alliance. Merchandise A figure of Constrictor was released as an exclusive foreign release as part of Mattel's Secret Wars toyline. A figure of Constrictor was released in wave 11 of Hasbro's 3 3/4" Marvel Universe toyline. A figure of Constrictor was released in wave 1 of Hasbro's 6" Marvel Legends 2012 toyline. References ^ Rovin, Jeff (1987). The Encyclopedia of Super-Villains. New York: Facts on File. p. 65. ISBN 0-8160-1356-X. ^ Conroy, Mike (2004). 500 Comicbook Villains. Collins & Brown. ISBN 1-84340-205-X. ^ Cassell, Dewey; Various (29 July 2015). The Incredible Herb Trimpe. TwoMorrows Publishing. ISBN 9781605490625 – via Google Books. ^ "Mia Payne (Constrictor's daughter)". www.marvunapp.com. ^ a b The Incredible Hulk (vol. 2) #212 (June 1977). Marvel Comics. ^ Captain America #228. Marvel Comics. ^ Iron Man #127. Marvel Comics. ^ Power Man and Iron Fist #66. Marvel Comics. ^ Power Man and Iron Fist #78. Marvel Comics. ^ Power Man and Iron Fist #84. Marvel Comics. ^ Captain America #281-283. Marvel Comics. ^ Marvel-Two-in-One #96. Marvel Comics. ^ Captain America #310-311. Marvel Comics. ^ Marvel Comics Presents #85-92. Marvel Comics. ^ Marvel Comics Presents #74. Marvel Comics. ^ Nick Fury Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. #36. Marvel Comics. ^ Fantastic Four #334. Marvel Comics. ^ Thunderbolts #24-25. Marvel Comics. ^ Deadpool #35. Marvel Comics. ^ Agent X #6 (Feb. 2003). Marvel Comics. ^ The Thing #8. Marvel Comics. ^ Secret War #3. Marvel Comics. ^ Avengers: The Initiative #1. Marvel Comics. ^ "News - Marvel.com". 26 May 2012. Archived from the original on 26 May 2012. ^ Avengers: The Initiative #4 (2007). Marvel Comics. ^ Avengers: The Initiative #5 (2007). Marvel Comics. ^ Avengers: The Initiative #10. Marvel Comics. ^ a b Avengers: The Initiative #12. Marvel Comics. ^ Avengers: The Initiative #13. Marvel Comics. ^ Avengers: The Initiative #17. Marvel Comics. ^ Dark Reign Files. Marvel Comics. ^ Avengers: The Initiative #29. Marvel Comics. ^ Avengers: The Initiative #30. Marvel Comics. ^ Avengers: The Initiative #31. Marvel Comics. ^ Avengers: The Initiative #35. Marvel Comics. ^ Secret Avengers #29. Marvel Comics. ^ Avengers Arena #7. Marvel Comics. ^ Infinity: Heist #1. Marvel Comics. ^ Avengers Undercover #1. Marvel Comics. ^ Avengers Undercover #5. Marvel Comics. ^ Captain America: Sam Wilson #5. Marvel Comics. ^ a b c Iron Fist #75. Marvel Comics. ^ Infamous Iron Man #7. Marvel Comics. ^ Iron Fist #73. Marvel Comics. ^ Iron Fist #74. Marvel Comics. ^ Invincible Iron Man #597. Marvel Comics. ^ The Amazing Spider-Man (vol. 5) #17. Marvel Comics. ^ The Amazing Spider-Man (vol. 5) #18. Marvel Comics. ^ The Amazing Spider-Man (vol. 5) #19. Marvel Comics. ^ Gambit (vol. 3) #11. Marvel Comics. ^ Gambit (vol. 3) #16-17. Marvel Comics. ^ Avengers: The Initiative #24-29. Marvel Comics. ^ House of M: Masters of Evil #1 (2009) ^ House of M: Masters of Evil #4 (2010) ^ "Constrictor Voice - The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes (TV Show)". Behind The Voice Actors. Retrieved January 27, 2024. A green check mark indicates that a role has been confirmed using a screenshot (or collage of screenshots) of a title's list of voice actors and their respective characters found in its opening and/or closing credits and/or other reliable sources of information. External links Constrictor at Marvel.com Constrictor at Marvel.wikia.com Mia Payne (Constrictor's daughter) at The Appendix to the Handbook of the Marvel Universe In the PoP!-Light: Constrictor Archived 2013-10-13 at the Wayback Machine vteCaptain America charactersIncarnations ofCaptain America Steve Rogers William Nasland Jeffrey Mace William Burnside John Walker Isaiah Bradley Bucky Barnes Sam Wilson SupportingcharactersBucky Bucky Barnes Jack Monroe Rick Jones Lemar Hoskins Rikki Barnes Primary Falcon Peggy Carter Sharon Carter Other Arnie Roth Betsy Ross Demolition Man Diamondback Jack Flag Nick Fury Superhero allies Black Widow Deathlok Fabian Stankowicz Fantastic Four Hawkeye Maria Hill Howling Commandos Hulk Iron Man Robert Maverick Namor Spider-Man Thunderbolt Ross Thor Wolverine X-Men Teams All-Winners Squad Avengers New Uncanny Secret Illuminati Invaders Secret Defenders S.H.I.E.L.D. 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(episodes) FilmsLive action Hulk (2003) The Incredible Hulk (2008) soundtrack Animation Marvel Animated Features Iron Man and Hulk: Heroes United Hulk: Where Monsters Dwell Video games Questprobe featuring The Hulk The Incredible Hulk (1994) The Pantheon Saga Hulk The Incredible Hulk (2003) Ultimate Destruction The Incredible Hulk (2008) Nintendo DS Titles The Incredible Hulk Hulk Comic The End The Manga Tales to Astonish The Rampaging Hulk 5 Ronin Storylines "Planet Hulk" "World War Hulk" "Fall of the Hulks" "World War Hulks" Alternative versions Maestro Ultimate Hulk Marvel Cinematic Universe Hulk 2099 Tyrone Cash Related articles The Incredible Hulk (comic strip) Hulk Hands The Incredible Hulk Coaster The Incredible Hulks Hulk Classics Hysterical strength Monsters Category vteIron Fist Roy Thomas Gil Kane Iron Fists Danny Rand Lin Lie Supporting characters Colleen Wing Daredevil Defenders Jessica Jones Jeryn Hogarth Lei Kung Luke Cage Misty Knight New Avengers Shang-Chi Spider-Man Yu-Ti Enemies Boomerang Bushmaster Constrictor Crane Mother El Aguila Hydra Master Khan Harold Meachum Ward Meachum Nightshade/Nighthawk Sabretooth Scimitar Steel Serpent Wong-Chu Wrecking Crew Bulldozer Piledriver Thunderball Wrecker Zhou Cheng Teams Agents of Atlas Avengers New Defenders Heroes for Hire Thunderbolts Publications Power Man and Iron Fist The Immortal Iron Fist In other media Iron Fist season 1 season 2 characters Related articles Amazing-Man The Deadly Hands of Kung Fu Gang War Immortal Weapons Shou-Lao Category vteFifty State InitiativeCharactersStaff Baron Von Blitzschlag Black Widow Gauntlet Hank Pym Henry Peter Gyrich Hellcat Justice Nighthawk Stingray Taskmaster Thing Tigra War Machine Graduates 3-D Man Ant-Man Batwing Bengal Cloud 9 Constrictor Debrii Geldoff Gorilla Girl Gravity Komodo MVP Mutant Zero Prodigy Rage Slapstick Thor Girl Teams Dark Avengers Mighty Avengers Defenders Force Works Freedom Force Great Lakes Initiative The Order Psionex Rangers U-Foes Publications Avengers: The Initiative Fear Itself: Youth In Revolt See also Superhuman Registration Act Avengers Academy
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The second version is his unnamed son.","title":"Constrictor (character)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Incredible Hulk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulk_(comic_book)"},{"link_name":"Len Wein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Len_Wein"},{"link_name":"John Romita Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Romita_Sr."},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Sal Buscema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sal_Buscema"},{"link_name":"Captain America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_America_(comic_book)"},{"link_name":"Iron Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Man_(comic_book)"},{"link_name":"Power Man & Iron Fist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_Man_and_Iron_Fist"},{"link_name":"Fantastic Four","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantastic_Four_(comic_book)"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics Presents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics_Presents"},{"link_name":"New Warriors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Warriors"},{"link_name":"The Spectacular Spider-Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spectacular_Spider-Man"},{"link_name":"Web of Spider-Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_of_Spider-Man"},{"link_name":"Nick Fury: Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Fury:_Agent_of_S.H.I.E.L.D."},{"link_name":"Alpha Flight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Flight_(comic_book)"},{"link_name":"Sabretooth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabretooth_(character)"},{"link_name":"Marvel Fanfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Fanfare"},{"link_name":"Thunderbolts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderbolts_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Gambit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambit_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"The Hood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hood"},{"link_name":"Agent X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agent_X_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Weapon X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weapon_X"},{"link_name":"Secret War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_War_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Marvel Team-Up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Team-Up"},{"link_name":"She-Hulk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/She-Hulk"},{"link_name":"Deadpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadpool"},{"link_name":"Cable & Deadpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_%26_Deadpool"},{"link_name":"The Thing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Grimm"},{"link_name":"Initiative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifty_State_Initiative"},{"link_name":"Avengers: The Initiative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avengers:_The_Initiative"},{"link_name":"Dark Reign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Reign_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Siege","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_(comics)"}],"text":"The Frank Payne version of Constrictor made his first appearance in The Incredible Hulk (vol. 2) #212 (1977) and was created by Len Wein and John Romita Sr.,[3] then drawn in his first issue by Sal Buscema.The character went on to feature as a supervillain in Captain America #228-229, 231 (1978–1979), Iron Man #126-127 (1979), Power Man & Iron Fist #66 (1980), Captain America Annual #5 (1981), Power Man & Iron Fist #78, 84 (1982), Captain America #281-283 (1983), #309-311 (1985), Fantastic Four #334 (1989), Marvel Comics Presents #74, 86-87. 89-92 (1991), The New Warriors Annual #2 (1992), The Spectacular Spider-Man Annual #12 (1992), Web of Spider-Man Annual #8 (1992), Iron Man #284 (1992), Nick Fury: Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. (vol. 3) #36 (1992), Marvel Comics Presents #119-120 (1993), Alpha Flight #121 (1993), Captain America #412 (1993), Sabretooth #1-3 (1994), Marvel Fanfare (vol. 2) #6 (1997), Thunderbolts #24-25 (1999), Gambit (vol. 3) #12 (1999), #16-19 (2000), Gambit Annual 2000 (2000), The Hood #2-4, 6 (2002), Agent X #6 (2003), Weapon X (vol. 2) #26, 28 (2004), Secret War #3-5 (2004–2005), Marvel Team-Up (vol. 3) #7 (2005) and She-Hulk #9 (2005).Constrictor appeared as a supporting character in Deadpool #35 (1999), 38-45 (2000) and 61 (2002). The character went on to feature in Cable & Deadpool #7-12 (2004–2005) and The Thing (vol. 2) #1-3, 8 (2006) in a more heroic role. Constrictor later appeared as a member of the Initiative in Avengers: The Initiative #1, 4-5, 8, 10, 12-15, 17 (2007–2008) and featured prominently in #20-24, 26-35 (2009–2010) during the Dark Reign and Siege story lines.","title":"Publication history"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Fictional character biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"S.H.I.E.L.D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.H.I.E.L.D."},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporation_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Racine, Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racine,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Hulk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulk"},{"link_name":"Jim Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Wilson_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Incredible_Hulk_#212-5"},{"link_name":"Captain America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_America"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Iron Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Man"},{"link_name":"Justin Hammer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Hammer"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Sabretooth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabretooth_(character)"},{"link_name":"Power Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_Cage"},{"link_name":"Daughters of the Dragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daughters_of_the_Dragon"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Misty Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misty_Knight"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Iron Fist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Fist_(comics)"},{"link_name":"El Aguila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Aguila"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Viper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viper_(Madame_Hydra)"},{"link_name":"Nomad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomad_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Thing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Grimm"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Serpent Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpent_Society"},{"link_name":"Avengers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avengers_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Anaconda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaconda_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Scourge of the Underworld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scourge_of_the_Underworld"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Beast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beast_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Red Ghost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Ghost_(character)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Captain America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_America"},{"link_name":"Iron Fist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Fist_(character)"},{"link_name":"Luke Cage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_Cage"},{"link_name":"Spider-Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider-Man"},{"link_name":"Thing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Grimm"},{"link_name":"NFL SuperPro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFL_SuperPro"},{"link_name":"Nick Fury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Fury"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Deadpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadpool"},{"link_name":"Titania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_MacPherran"},{"link_name":"shapeshifter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shapeshifting"},{"link_name":"Copycat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copycat_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Justin Hammer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Hammer"},{"link_name":"Masters of Evil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masters_of_Evil"},{"link_name":"Crimson Cowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimson_Cowl_(Justine_Hammer)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Wizard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wizard_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Frightful Four","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frightful_Four"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Crossfire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossfire_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Rhino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhino_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Hercules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hercules_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Nighthawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nighthawk_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Six-Pack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_Pack_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Secret War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_War_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Henry Gyrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Peter_Gyrich"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Madison Square Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison_Square_Garden"},{"link_name":"Warbound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warbound"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"MVP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Van_Patrick"},{"link_name":"Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Purple Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purple_Heart"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-28"},{"link_name":"Butterball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterball_(Emery_Schaub)"},{"link_name":"Taskmaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taskmaster_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Secret Invasion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_Invasion"},{"link_name":"Skrulls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skrull"},{"link_name":"Veranke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veranke"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Dark Reign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Reign_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Quasimodo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasimodo_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Norman Osborn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Osborn"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Diamondback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamondback_(Rachel_Leighton)"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Gauntlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauntlet_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Avengers Resistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter_Force_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Siege of Asgard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Shadow Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadow_Council"},{"link_name":"Masters of Evil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masters_of_Evil"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Marvel NOW!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_NOW!"},{"link_name":"Avengers Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avengers_Arena"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Infinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinity_(comic_book)"},{"link_name":"Spymaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spymaster_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Avengers Undercover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avengers_Undercover"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Bagalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagalia"},{"link_name":"Young Masters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Masters"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Iron_Fist_#75-42"}],"sub_title":"Frank Payne","text":"Frank Payne was an agent of the international espionage organization S.H.I.E.L.D., and the father of an adult daughter, Mia.[4] When S.H.I.E.L.D. needed a costumed \"supervillain\" to go undercover in the criminal organization called the Corporation, Frank was given a snake-themed costume and a pair of wrist-mounted electrified metal coils. Using the false identity of \"Frank Schlicting\" from Racine, Wisconsin, and the codename of \"Constrictor\", he infiltrated the group, only to suffer a nervous breakdown and become a career criminal in earnest. As a result of his defection, S.H.I.E.L.D. allowed his daughter to believe that he had died. As the Constrictor, \"Schlicting\" debuted in combat against the Hulk, while attempting to assassinate the Hulk's friend Jim Wilson on behalf of the Corporation.[5] The Corporation next sent him to assassinate Captain America; the Constrictor was trapped in a cave-in of S.H.I.E.L.D. headquarters, and was freed by Captain America.[6]The Constrictor would remain an independent mercenary, criminal, and assassin after the dissolution of the Corporation. He next battled Iron Man as a member of Justin Hammer's criminal army.[7] He next teamed with Sabretooth to safeguard a stolen jade tiger statuette, and battled Power Man and the Daughters of the Dragon.[8] He teamed with Sabretooth again to help Sabretooth get revenge on Misty Knight.[9] They fought Iron Fist, Power Man, El Aguila, and Misty Knight.[10]Working for the Viper, he battled Captain America and Nomad. He wound up turning against the Viper.[11] He next joined with other criminals in an attempt to assassinate the hospitalized Thing.[12]Constrictor was also invited to join the Serpent Society, which he turned down and walked out after the first meeting. He subsequently tried to turn them over to the Avengers, and Anaconda later exacted revenge on him. While in the hospital recuperating from the beating, he was nearly killed by the Scourge of the Underworld disguised as a nurse, but was saved by Captain America.[13]Constrictor eventually took an assignment to kill the Beast in Belgium by Commander Courage who was impersonating the Red Ghost. Finding out that he had been set up, Constrictor teamed up with Beast to defeat Commander Courage.[14]He later had a showdown with his common-law stepfather McAvey, who had murdered his mother.[15]Constrictor has battled numerous heroes over the years, including repeated encounters with Captain America, Iron Fist, Luke Cage, Spider-Man, Thing and even the short-lived character NFL SuperPro. Although Luke Cage and Nick Fury eventually uncovered Payne's former identity, he chose to retain the Schlicting alias and to allow his daughter to believe that her father was dead.[16] During the Acts of Vengeance, Constrictor was one of the many villains that attacked the Fantastic Four.[17]Constrictor appeared as a supporting character in Deadpool wherein he and Titania moved in with him as his roommates. During their uncomfortable living situation, Constrictor was convinced that Titania was actually a man. It would turn out that he was right that she was not what she seemed; but not about her gender as Titania was revealed to actually be the mutant shapeshifter and Deadpool's former lover, Copycat. He was later found to be under the employment of Justin Hammer. When cutbacks forced his supervisor to lay him off, he responded by brutally attacking him.He did join the seventh incarnation of the Masters of Evil led by the Crimson Cowl.[18] During the Deadpool story arc, it was also revealed that Constrictor had been part of a very short-lived rendition of the Wizard's Frightful Four.[19]At one point he was one of the many mercenaries hired to kill Alex Hayden, who was at this time thought to be Wade Wilson. He works with many unnamed mercs and some notable ones, including Crossfire. In the story it was stated that Wilson was a hard-ass, so Hayden could not be Deadpool. Hayden then broke Constrictor's nose. The Constrictor was later seen in the same issue being used, or rather his vibranium coils were used, to drag the Rhino into a river. Somehow both escaped.[20]After a severe beating from Hercules, the Constrictor was awarded several million dollars in a lawsuit. Nighthawk, rich himself, convinces the Constrictor that with all his money there was no need to be a criminal anymore, and he has apparently turned over a new leaf and decided to be a hero. He is currently under the employment of S.H.I.E.L.D. as a member of the new Six-Pack. He was most recently seen at an all-superhuman charity poker tournament hosted by the Thing (who also had a hand in the Constrictor's apparent reformation), where Hercules regains at least a large portion of the money he lost to the Constrictor in a non-tournament side game.[21]Constrictor plays a small role in the \"Secret War\" crossover event.[22]The Constrictor was identified as one of the 142 registered superheroes who have registered as part of the 50-State Initiative and joined Camp Hammond's staff.[23][24] The Constrictor was later revealed to be part of the Shadow Initiative, a black ops version of the Initiative under the command of Henry Gyrich.[25] He travels with Trauma and Mutant Zero, two other members of the group, into Madison Square Garden; they rescue Initiative recruits from the invading alien forces called the Warbound.[26]Constrictor saved Gyrich from the clone of MVP known as \"KIA\"; however, KIA severed Constrictor's forearms in retaliation. Constrictor was quickly ferried away to safety by fellow team member Bengal.[27] He was given bionic hands which functioned like his coils and was also presented with a Purple Heart for his valiant efforts.[28] Following a supervillain ambush outside of Camp Hammond, student hero Butterball washed out the camp, he and fellow instructor Taskmaster give Schaub a photo of himself standing triumphant over the defeated 'villains' as a reward for his efforts.[29]During the \"Secret Invasion,\" Bengal discovers that the Skrulls have taken over Camp Hammond and summons the rest of the Shadow Initiative to deal with them. They decide to assassinate Queen Veranke, but the attempt fails and they are taken captive.[30]During the \"Dark Reign\" storyline, Quasimodo analyzed Constrictor for Norman Osborn. He states that Constrictor is a team player and be used as a distraction so that the heavy hitters can get the job done.[31] During a conflict with the Initiative and some terrorists, Constrictor helps the Women Warriors, one of the official government hero teams. He stops an out-of-control passenger plane, saving many lives, including that of the hero Diamondback. Constrictor is visibly distressed as civilians thank him for his heroic actions. Soon after, he and Diamondback begin a romantic relationship.[32] Frank later discovers that Diamondback is secretly working for Gauntlet's \"Avengers Resistance\".[33] He keeps her secret despite knowing the danger this involves for them both; mainly the Initiative head, the Taskmaster, would kill them both.[34]During the Siege of Asgard, Constrictor becomes buried under a pile of falling rubble. Taskmaster digs him out and Constrictor sees Diamondback running towards Captain America. Wrongfully assuming that she has reconciled with and returned to her former lover, Constrictor sorrowfully joins Taskmaster in fleeing the battlefield. The two also begin working as mercenaries and partners in crime.[35]Constrictor was later recruited by Max Fury to join the Shadow Council's incarnation of the Masters of Evil.[36]As part of the \"Marvel NOW!\" in the pages of Avengers Arena, a flashback experienced by Arcade showed that he had previously acquired the ownership of a bar in Bagalia called the Hole where he catches Constrictor (who previously attended Arcade's birthday party and made fun of him) robbing it. Arcade defeated Constrictor by crushing him with a large hammer-like trap.[37]During the \"Infinity\" storyline, Constrictor is among the villains recruited by Spymaster to help him attack the almost-defenseless Stark Tower.[38]In the pages of Avengers Undercover, Constrictor was with the Masters of Evil when Baron Helmut Zemo became the new leader following the death of Max Fury. Constrictor becomes the bodyguard of Baron Helmut Zemo.[39] Constrictor is shown to live in a building called the Snakepit in Bagalia which is also the headquarters of the Young Masters.[40]Frank Payne later retired from crime and moved in with Rachael Leighton. When it was discovered that Frank has a terminal illness, Rachael became Diamondback again and joined Serpent Solutions in order to get the money to help with his medical treatment.[41] It was later revealed that Frank Payne had died.[42]","title":"Fictional character biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Iron_Fist_#75-42"},{"link_name":"Wizard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wizard_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Victor von Doom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Doom"},{"link_name":"Iron Man armor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Man%27s_armor"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Iron_Fist_#75-42"},{"link_name":"Hood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hood"},{"link_name":"Castle Doom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_Doom"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Hunted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunted_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Black Ant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_O%27Grady#Black_Ant"},{"link_name":"Scorpion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_Gargan"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Vulture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulture_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"}],"sub_title":"Frank Payne's son","text":"When Frank Payne had a brief relationship with Sandy and later left him, Sandy gave birth to a son who hated his father for his abandonment. After Frank Payne died, he left his battlesuit for his son in his will and he became the new Constrictor. The son considered this as a way to get back at his late father.[42]Constrictor later went to the restaurant Herbie's and attended a supervillain meeting held by the Wizard who informed them that Victor von Doom has gone straight. The meeting was crashed by Doctor Doom in his version of the Iron Man armor.[43]Liwei later hired Constrictor to break into Danny Rand's apartment so that he can obtain for Chosin the Book of the Iron Fist.[44] When Chosin refused to pay Constrictor double and planned to have him tortured, Constrictor summoned the Serpent Society. The fight was crashed by Iron Fist and Sabretooth.[45] Constrictor was poisoned by Rat of 12 Plagues as Chosin starts to get his hands on the Book of the Iron Fist. To honor Frank Payne, Sabretooth took Constrictor to the hospital.[42]During the \"Search for Tony Stark\" arc, Constrictor later joined up with the Hood's crime syndicate where they attacked Victor von Doom at Castle Doom.[46]In a prelude to the \"Hunted\" storyline, Constrictor is among the animal-themed characters that are captured by Kraven the Hunter, Taskmaster, and Black Ant for the upcoming Great Hunt that is sponsored by Arcade's company Arcade Industries. He was watching the fight between Spider-Man and the Scorpion until the Hunter-Bots created by Arcade Industries arrived.[47] When the Great Hunt begins, Constrictor is attacked by one of the Hunter-Bots.[48] Surviving the attack, Constrictor and the surviving animal-themed characters met up with Vulture.[49]","title":"Fictional character biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Justin Hammer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Hammer"},{"link_name":"adamantium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adamantium"},{"link_name":"vibranium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibranium"},{"link_name":"Gambit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambit_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Mister Sinister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mister_Sinister"},{"link_name":"Sabretooth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabretooth_(character)"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Incredible_Hulk_#212-5"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-28"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"}],"text":"The Constrictor's primary weapon is a pair of cybernetically-controlled, electrified, prehensile, wrist-mounted metal coils provided by Justin Hammer. The coils eject and retract from special appliances running from shoulder to wrist. These cables are able to extend to a maximum length of 30 feet (9.1 m) and can be used as whips, capable of rending steel or lesser metals; or as bonds, capable of entwining an object or human being and constricting.The previous sets of coils were made from an adamantium alloy, then from vibranium. The adamantium coils were traded to Gambit in exchange for a favor and are then subsequently used by Mister Sinister to reinforce an ailing Sabretooth's skeleton.[50] The strength of the coils varies based on their construction, but the adamantium coils were powerful enough to lift and even temporarily restrain the Hulk.[5] The vibranium coils have a contact-based aura that suppresses sound: while the coils are wrapped around a target's throat, the victim's voice cannot be heard.[51]The Constrictor's costume is lightly armored with partial bulletproofing around the chest and head area and the entire costume is electrically insulated, covering his entire body except for his lower face and chin. Although the Constrictor is a skilled unarmed combatant and street fighter, he usually relies exclusively on his coils in a fight.After his encounter with KIA, Constrictor is implanted with cybernetic arms, the fingers of which duplicate the abilities of his old coils.[28] His forearms still had the capacity to discharge coils out of the wrists like previously.[52]","title":"Powers and abilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"JLA/Avengers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JLA/Avengers"},{"link_name":"Marvel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"DC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Comics"},{"link_name":"Krona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krona_(comics)"},{"link_name":"What If?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_If_(comics)"},{"link_name":"World War Hulk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_Hulk"},{"link_name":"Secret Invasion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_Invasion"}],"text":"An alternative version of Constrictor appeared in JLA/Avengers #4 (2003), part of the Marvel/DC crossover storyline, as part of Krona's supervillain army. Other versions of the character appear in the What If? storylines What If?: World War Hulk #1 (2010) and What If?: Secret Invasion #1 (2010) in minor and cameo roles.","title":"Other versions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"House of M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_M"},{"link_name":"Hood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hood_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Masters of Evil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masters_of_Evil"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Sebastian Shaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian_Shaw_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"}],"sub_title":"House of M","text":"A version of Constrictor appears in the House of M reality. In House of M: Masters of Evil #1-4 (2009–2010), Constrictor is a member of the Hood's incarnation of the Masters of Evil opposing mutants' superior role in society.[53] The character was later killed by Sebastian Shaw during the group's fight with S.H.I.E.L.D.[54]","title":"Other versions"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"In other media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Avengers:_Earth%27s_Mightiest_Heroes"},{"link_name":"Cam Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cam_Clarke"},{"link_name":"Troy Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troy_Baker"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-btva-55"},{"link_name":"Big House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Features_of_the_Marvel_Universe#Lang_Memorial_Penitentiary"},{"link_name":"Serpent Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpent_Society"},{"link_name":"Avengers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avengers_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Ultron-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultron"},{"link_name":"Yellowjacket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hank_Pym"}],"sub_title":"Television","text":"The Frank Payne incarnation of Constrictor appears in The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes, voiced by Cam Clarke in his first appearance and by Troy Baker in the second.[55] This version is initially an inmate of the Big House before a technological fault allows the inmates to escape. Constrictor later joins the Serpent Society and battles the Avengers, Ultron-5, and Yellowjacket throughout his appearances.","title":"In other media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marvel: Avengers Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel:_Avengers_Alliance"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Video games","text":"The Frank Payne incarnation of Constrictor appears as a boss and unlockable playable character in Marvel: Avengers Alliance.[citation needed]","title":"In other media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mattel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mattel"},{"link_name":"Secret Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_Wars_(toyline)"},{"link_name":"Hasbro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasbro"},{"link_name":"Marvel Universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Universe_(toyline)"},{"link_name":"Marvel Legends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Legends"}],"sub_title":"Merchandise","text":"A figure of Constrictor was released as an exclusive foreign release as part of Mattel's Secret Wars toyline.\nA figure of Constrictor was released in wave 11 of Hasbro's 3 3/4\" Marvel Universe toyline.\nA figure of Constrictor was released in wave 1 of Hasbro's 6\" Marvel Legends 2012 toyline.","title":"In other media"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Rovin, Jeff (1987). The Encyclopedia of Super-Villains. New York: Facts on File. p. 65. ISBN 0-8160-1356-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Rovin","url_text":"Rovin, Jeff"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_Super-Villains","url_text":"The Encyclopedia of Super-Villains"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8160-1356-X","url_text":"0-8160-1356-X"}]},{"reference":"Conroy, Mike (2004). 500 Comicbook Villains. Collins & Brown. ISBN 1-84340-205-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Conroy_(writer)","url_text":"Conroy, Mike"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/500comicbookvill0000conr/page/40/mode/2up","url_text":"500 Comicbook Villains"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84340-205-X","url_text":"1-84340-205-X"}]},{"reference":"Cassell, Dewey; Various (29 July 2015). The Incredible Herb Trimpe. TwoMorrows Publishing. ISBN 9781605490625 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=IN_VCQAAQBAJ&q=the+incredible+herb+trimpe+page+58&pg=PA58","url_text":"The Incredible Herb Trimpe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781605490625","url_text":"9781605490625"}]},{"reference":"\"Mia Payne (Constrictor's daughter)\". www.marvunapp.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.marvunapp.com/Appendix3/paynemia.htm","url_text":"\"Mia Payne (Constrictor's daughter)\""}]},{"reference":"\"News - Marvel.com\". 26 May 2012. Archived from the original on 26 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120526061017/http://marvel.com/news/comicstories.947","url_text":"\"News - Marvel.com\""},{"url":"http://marvel.com/news/comicstories.947","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Constrictor Voice - The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes (TV Show)\". Behind The Voice Actors. Retrieved January 27, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.behindthevoiceactors.com/tv-shows/The-Avengers-Earths-Mightiest-Heroes/Constrictor/","url_text":"\"Constrictor Voice - The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes (TV Show)\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Person-centred_psychotherapy
Person-centered therapy
["1 History and influences","2 The necessary and sufficient conditions","3 Processes","4 See also","5 References","6 Bibliography","7 External links"]
Form of psychotherapy developed by psychologist Carl Rogers Person-centered therapyMeSHD009629 Person-centered therapy, also known as person-centered psychotherapy, person-centered counseling, client-centered therapy and Rogerian psychotherapy, is a form of psychotherapy developed by psychologist Carl Rogers and colleagues beginning in the 1940s and extending into the 1980s. Person-centered therapy seeks to facilitate a client's actualizing tendency, "an inbuilt proclivity toward growth and fulfillment", via acceptance (unconditional positive regard), therapist congruence (genuineness), and empathic understanding. History and influences Person-centered therapy was developed by Carl Rogers in the 1940s and 1950s,: 138  and was brought to public awareness largely through his highly influential book Client-centered Therapy, published in 1951. It has been recognized as one of the major types of psychotherapy (theoretical orientations), along with psychodynamic psychotherapy, psychoanalysis, classical Adlerian psychology, cognitive behavioral therapy, existential therapy, and others.: 3  Its underlying theory arose from the results of empirical research; it was the first theory of therapy to be driven by empirical research, with Rogers at pains to reassure other theorists that "the facts are always friendly". Originally called non-directive therapy, it "offered a viable, coherent alternative to Freudian psychotherapy. ... redefined the therapeutic relationship to be different from the Freudian authoritarian pairing." Person-centered therapy is often described as a humanistic therapy, but its main principles appear to have been established before those of humanistic psychology. Some have argued that "it does not in fact have much in common with the other established humanistic therapies" but, by the mid-1960s, Rogers accepted being categorized with other humanistic (or phenomenological-existential) psychologists in contrast to behavioral and psychoanalytic psychologists. Despite the importance of the self to person-centered theory, the theory is fundamentally organismic and holistic in nature, with the individual's unique self-concept at the center of the unique "sum total of the biochemical, physiological, perceptual, cognitive, emotional and interpersonal behavioural subsystems constituting the person". Rogers coined the term counselling in the 1940s because, at that time, psychologists were not legally permitted to provide psychotherapy in the US. Only medical practitioners were allowed to use the term psychotherapy to describe their work. Rogers affirmed individual personal experience as the basis and standard for living and therapeutic effect.: 142–143  This emphasis contrasts with the dispassionate position which may be intended in other therapies, particularly the behavioral therapies. Hallmarks of Rogers's person-centered therapy include: living in the present rather than the past or future; organismic trust; naturalistic faith in one's own thoughts and the accuracy in one's feelings; a responsible acknowledgment of one's freedom; and a view toward participating fully in our world and contributing to other peoples' lives. Rogers also claimed that the therapeutic process is, in essence, composed of the accomplishments made by the client. The client, having already progressed further along in their growth and maturation development, only progresses further with the aid of a psychologically favored environment. Although client-centered therapy has been criticized by behaviorists for lacking structure and by psychoanalysts for actually providing a conditional relationship, it has been shown to be an effective treatment. The necessary and sufficient conditions Rogers (1957; 1959) stated that there are six necessary and sufficient conditions required for therapeutic change:: 142–143  Therapist–client psychological contact: A relationship between client and therapist must exist, and it must be a relationship in which each person's perception of the other is important. Client incongruence: Incongruence (as defined by Carl Rogers; "a lack of alignment between the real self and the ideal self") exists between the client's experience and awareness. Therapist congruence, or genuineness: The therapist is congruent within the therapeutic relationship; the therapist is deeply involved—they are not "acting"—and they can draw on their own experiences (self-disclosure) to facilitate the relationship. Therapist unconditional positive regard: The therapist accepts the client unconditionally, without judgment, disapproval, or approval. This facilitates increased self-regard in the client, as they can begin to become aware of experiences in which their view of self-worth was distorted or denied. Therapist empathic understanding: The therapist experiences an empathic understanding of the client's internal frame of reference. Accurate empathy on the part of the therapist helps the client believe the therapist's unconditional regard for them. Client perception: The client perceives, to at least a minimal degree, the therapist's unconditional positive regard and empathic understanding. The three conditions specific to the therapist/counselor came to be called the core conditions of PCT: therapist congruence, unconditional positive regard or acceptance, and accurate empathic understanding. There is a large body of publications of empirical research on these conditions. Processes Rogers believed that a therapist who embodies the three critical and reflexive attitudes (the three core conditions) will help liberate their client to more confidently express their true feelings without fear of judgement. To achieve this, the client-centered therapist carefully avoids directly challenging their client's way of communicating themselves in the session in order to enable a deeper exploration of the issues most intimate to them and free from external referencing. Rogers was not prescriptive in telling his clients what to do, but believed that the answers to the clients' questions were within the client and not the therapist. Accordingly, the therapist's role was to create a facilitative, empathic environment wherein the client could discover the answers for themselves. See also Humanistic psychology Human Potential Movement ELIZA References ^ Rogers, Carl R. (1942). Counseling and psychotherapy: newer concepts in practice. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-1406760873. OCLC 165705. ^ Rogers, Carl R.; Sanford, R. C. (1985). "Client-centered psychotherapy". Comprehensive textbook of psychiatry. By I., Kaplan, Harold; J., Sadock, Benjamin. Vol. 2. Williams & Wilkins. pp. 1374–1388. ISBN 9780683045116. OCLC 491903721.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ Yalom, Irvin D. (1995). Introduction. A way of being. By Rogers, Carl R. Houghton Mifflin Co. p. xi. ISBN 9780395755303. OCLC 464424214. ^ Rogers 1957. ^ a b Rogers, Carl R. (1966). "Client-centered therapy". In Arieti, S. (ed.). American handbook of psychiatry. Vol. 3. New York City: Basic Books. pp. 183–200. OCLC 2565173. ^ a b c d e Prochaska, James O.; Norcross, John C. (2007). Systems of Psychotherapy: A Transtheoretical Analysis (6th ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson/Brooks/Cole. ISBN 978-0495007777. OCLC 71366401. ^ Rogers 1951. ^ Wilkins, P. (2016). Person-centred therapy: 100 key points and techniques. 2nd ed. London: Routledge. p. 27. ^ Rogers 1961, p. 25. ^ Woolfolk, R. L. (2015) The value of psychotherapy: the talking cure in an age of clinical science. London: Guilford. p. 28. ^ Merry, T. (1998). "Client-centred therapy: origins and influences". Person-Centred Practice 6(2), pp. 96–103. ^ Mearns, D. and Thorne, B. (2000). Person-centred therapy today: new frontiers in theory and practice. London: Sage. p. 27. ^ Rogers, Carl R. (April 1963). "Toward a science of the person". Journal of Humanistic Psychology. 3 (2): 72–92. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.994.8868. doi:10.1177/002216786300300208. S2CID 143631103. I share with Maslow and others the view that there are three broad emphases in American psychology. These resemble three ocean currents flowing side-by-side, mingling, with no clear line of demarcation, yet definitely different none the less. ... And though I consider myself a part of this third trend, I am not attempting to speak for it. It is too diversified, its boundaries too vague, for me to endeavor to be a spokesman. Rather, as a member of this group, I shall be concerned with the meaning that this current has in modern psychological life as I perceive it. ^ Wilkins, P. (ed.) (2016). Person-centred and experiential therapies: contemporary approaches and issues in practice. London: Sage. p. 34. ^ Tudor, K. and Worrall, M. (2006). Person-centred therapy: a clinical philosophy. London: Routledge. pp. 45–84. ^ Wilkins, P. (2016). Person-centred therapy: 100 key points and techniques. 2nd ed. London: Routledge. p. 12. ^ Joseph, S. (2010). Theories of counselling and psychotherapy. London: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 8. ^ Rogers, Carl (1951). Client-Centered Therapy. Cambridge Massachusetts: The Riverside Press. ^ Cooper, M., Watson, J. C., & Hoeldampf, D. (2010). Person-centered and experiential therapies work: A review of the research on counseling, psychotherapy and related practices. Ross-on-Wye, UK: PCCS Books. ^ Ward, E.; King, M.; Lloyd, M.; Bower, P.; Sibbald, B.; Farrelly, S.; Gabbay, M.; Tarrier, N.; Addington-Hall, J. (2000). "Randomised controlled trial of non-directive counselling, cognitive-behaviour therapy, and usual general practitioner care for patients with depression. I: Clinical effectiveness". BMJ. 321 (7273): 1383–8. doi:10.1136/bmj.321.7273.1383. PMC 27542. PMID 11099284. ^ Bower, P.; Byford, S.; Sibbald, B.; Ward, E.; King, M.; Lloyd, M.; Gabbay, M. (2000). "Randomised controlled trial of non-directive counselling, cognitive-behaviour therapy, and usual general practitioner care for patients with depression. II: Cost effectiveness". BMJ. 321 (7273): 1389–92. doi:10.1136/bmj.321.7273.1389. PMC 27543. PMID 11099285. ^ Shechtman, Zipora; Pastor, Ronit (2005). "Cognitive-Behavioral and Humanistic Group Treatment for Children with Learning Disabilities: A Comparison of Outcomes and Process". Journal of Counseling Psychology. 52 (3): 322–336. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.52.3.322. ^ a b Kirschenbaum, Howard; Jourdan, April (2005). "The current status of Carl Rogers and the person-centered approach". Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training. 42 (1): 37–51. doi:10.1037/0033-3204.42.1.37. ^ Yao, Lucy; Kabir, Rian (February 9, 2023). "Person-Centered Therapy (Rogerian Therapy)". U.S. National Center for Biotechnology Information Bookshelf. PMID 36944012. Retrieved November 8, 2023. ^ "Person-centered therapy" on the Encyclopedia of Mental Disorders website ^ Rogers, Carl Ransom; Lyon, Harold C.; Tausch, Reinhard (2013). On Becoming an Effective Teacher: Person-centred Teaching, Psychology, Philosophy, and Dialogues with Carl R. Rogers. Routledge. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-415-81698-4. Bibliography Arnold, Kyle (2014). "Behind the mirror: reflective listening and its tain in the work of Carl Rogers". The Humanistic Psychologist. 42 (4): 354–369. doi:10.1080/08873267.2014.913247. Bruno, Frank Joe (1977). "Client-centered counseling: becoming a person". Human adjustment and personal growth: seven pathways. New York: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 362–370. ISBN 9780471114352. OCLC 2614322. Cooper, Mick; O'Hara, Maureen; Schmid, Peter F.; Wyatt, Gill, eds. (2013) . The handbook of person-centred psychotherapy and counselling (2nd ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 9780230280496. OCLC 937523949. Rogers, Carl R. (1951). Client-centered therapy, its current practice, implications, and theory. The Houghton Mifflin psychological series. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. OCLC 2571303. Rogers, Carl R. (1957). "The necessary and sufficient conditions of therapeutic personality change". Journal of Consulting Psychology. 21 (2): 95–103. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.605.9768. doi:10.1037/h0045357. PMID 13416422. Rogers, Carl R. (1959). "A theory of therapy, personality and interpersonal relationships as developed in the client-centered framework". In Koch, Sigmund (ed.). Psychology: a study of a science. Vol. 3: Formulations of the person and the social context. New York: McGraw Hill. pp. 184-256. OCLC 3731949. Rogers, Carl R. (1961). On becoming a person: a therapist's view of psychotherapy. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 9780395081341. OCLC 172718. Rogers, Carl R. (1980). A way of being. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 9780395299159. OCLC 6602382. Rogers, Carl R.; Lyon, Harold C.; Tausch, Reinhard (2013). On becoming an effective teacher: person-centered teaching, psychology, philosophy, and dialogues with Carl R. Rogers and Harold Lyon. London; New York: Routledge. ISBN 9780415816977. OCLC 820119514. External links Library resources about Person-centered therapy Resources in your library Resources in other libraries World Association for Person-Centered and Experiential Psychotherapy and Counseling vtePsychotherapySchoolsPsychodynamic Adlerian therapy Analytical therapy Mentalization-based treatment Psychoanalysis Transference focused psychotherapy Cognitive and behavioral Clinical behavior analysis Acceptance and commitment therapy Functional analytic psychotherapy Cognitive behavioral therapy Cognitive therapy Dialectical behavior therapy Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy Rational emotive behavior therapy Humanistic Emotionally focused therapy Existential therapy Focusing Gestalt therapy Logotherapy Person-centered therapy Other Art therapy Dance therapy Feminist therapy Music therapy Narrative therapy Play therapy Reality therapy Systemic therapy Transactional analysis List Integrative Eclectic psychotherapy Multimodal therapy Transtheoretical model Approaches Brief psychotherapy Counseling Online counseling Residential treatment Self-help Support groups Research Clinical formulation Clinical pluralism Common factors theory Discontinuation History Practitioner–scholar model TechniquesBehaviour therapy Aversion therapy Chaining Contingency management Shaping Stimulus control Token economy Counterconditioning Desensitization/Exposure therapy Systematic desensitization Other individual therapy Autogenic training Biofeedback Clean language Cognitive restructuring Emotion regulation Affect labeling Free association Homework Hypnotherapy Modeling Group psychotherapy Co-therapy Couples therapy Family therapy Psychodrama Sensitivity training People Philippe Pinel Josef Breuer Sigmund Freud Pierre Janet Alfred Adler Sándor Ferenczi Carl Jung Ludwig Binswanger Melanie Klein Otto Rank Karen Horney Harry Stack Sullivan Fritz Perls Anna Freud Donald Winnicott Wilhelm Reich Milton H. Erickson Jacques Lacan Erik Erikson Carl Rogers Viktor Frankl George Kelly Rollo May Virginia Axline Carl Whitaker Albert Ellis Silvano Arieti James Bugental Joseph Wolpe Virginia Satir Aaron Beck Salvador Minuchin Paul Watzlawick Haim Ginott Ogden Lindsley Paul Watzlawick Arthur Janov Eugene Gendlin R. D. Laing Jean Baker Miller Otto F. Kernberg Nathan Azrin Irvin D. Yalom Arnold Lazarus Lorna Smith Benjamin Marsha M. Linehan Vittorio Guidano Les Greenberg William R. Miller Steven C. Hayes Michael White Jeffrey Young Peter Fonagy Associations Association for the Advancement of Psychotherapy Association for Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies Association for Behavior Analysis International European Association for Psychotherapy Society for Psychotherapy Research World Council for Psychotherapy Authority control databases: National Germany Israel United States Japan
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"psychotherapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychotherapy"},{"link_name":"psychologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychologist"},{"link_name":"Carl Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Rogers"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"client","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Client_(business)"},{"link_name":"actualizing tendency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actualizing_tendency"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"unconditional positive regard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unconditional_positive_regard"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers1957-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rogers1966-5"}],"text":"Person-centered therapy, also known as person-centered psychotherapy, person-centered counseling, client-centered therapy and Rogerian psychotherapy, is a form of psychotherapy developed by psychologist Carl Rogers and colleagues beginning in the 1940s[1] and extending into the 1980s.[2] Person-centered therapy seeks to facilitate a client's actualizing tendency, \"an inbuilt proclivity toward growth and fulfillment\",[3] via acceptance (unconditional positive regard), therapist congruence (genuineness), and empathic understanding.[4][5]","title":"Person-centered therapy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carl Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Rogers"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Prochaska_&_Norcross_2007-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers1951-7"},{"link_name":"types of psychotherapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychotherapy#Types"},{"link_name":"psychodynamic psychotherapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychodynamic_psychotherapy"},{"link_name":"psychoanalysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoanalysis"},{"link_name":"classical Adlerian psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Adlerian_psychology"},{"link_name":"cognitive behavioral therapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy"},{"link_name":"existential therapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existential_therapy"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Prochaska_&_Norcross_2007-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers196125-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Prochaska_&_Norcross_2007-6"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"client","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Client_(business)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rogers-18"},{"link_name":"behaviorists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behaviorists"},{"link_name":"psychoanalysts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoanalysts"},{"link_name":"conditional relationship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unconditional_love"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Prochaska_&_Norcross_2007-6"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"Person-centered therapy was developed by Carl Rogers in the 1940s and 1950s,[6]: 138  and was brought to public awareness largely through his highly influential book Client-centered Therapy, published in 1951.[7] It has been recognized as one of the major types of psychotherapy (theoretical orientations), along with psychodynamic psychotherapy, psychoanalysis, classical Adlerian psychology, cognitive behavioral therapy, existential therapy, and others.[6]: 3  Its underlying theory arose from the results of empirical research; it was the first theory of therapy to be driven by empirical research,[8] with Rogers at pains to reassure other theorists that \"the facts are always friendly\".[9] Originally called non-directive therapy, it \"offered a viable, coherent alternative to Freudian psychotherapy. ... [Rogers] redefined the therapeutic relationship to be different from the Freudian authoritarian pairing.\"[10]Person-centered therapy is often described as a humanistic therapy, but its main principles appear to have been established before those of humanistic psychology.[11] Some have argued that \"it does not in fact have much in common with the other established humanistic therapies\"[12] but, by the mid-1960s, Rogers accepted being categorized with other humanistic (or phenomenological-existential) psychologists in contrast to behavioral and psychoanalytic psychologists.[13] Despite the importance of the self to person-centered theory, the theory is fundamentally organismic and holistic in nature,[14][15] with the individual's unique self-concept at the center of the unique \"sum total of the biochemical, physiological, perceptual, cognitive, emotional and interpersonal behavioural subsystems constituting the person\".[16]Rogers coined the term counselling in the 1940s because, at that time, psychologists were not legally permitted to provide psychotherapy in the US. Only medical practitioners were allowed to use the term psychotherapy to describe their work.[17]Rogers affirmed individual personal experience as the basis and standard for living and therapeutic effect.[6]: 142–143  This emphasis contrasts with the dispassionate position which may be intended in other therapies, particularly the behavioral therapies. Hallmarks of Rogers's person-centered therapy include: living in the present rather than the past or future; organismic trust; naturalistic faith in one's own thoughts and the accuracy in one's feelings; a responsible acknowledgment of one's freedom; and a view toward participating fully in our world and contributing to other peoples' lives.[citation needed] Rogers also claimed that the therapeutic process is, in essence, composed of the accomplishments made by the client. The client, having already progressed further along in their growth and maturation development, only progresses further with the aid of a psychologically favored environment.[18]Although client-centered therapy has been criticized by behaviorists for lacking structure and by psychoanalysts for actually providing a conditional relationship,[6] it has been shown to be an effective[clarification needed] treatment.[19][20][21][22]","title":"History and influences"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Prochaska_&_Norcross_2007-6"},{"link_name":"self-disclosure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-disclosure"},{"link_name":"unconditional positive regard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unconditional_positive_regard"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rogers1966-5"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KirschenbaumHoward2005-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KirschenbaumHoward2005-23"}],"text":"Rogers (1957; 1959) stated that there are six necessary and sufficient conditions required for therapeutic change:[6]: 142–143Therapist–client psychological contact: A relationship between client and therapist must exist, and it must be a relationship in which each person's perception of the other is important.\nClient incongruence: Incongruence (as defined by Carl Rogers; \"a lack of alignment between the real self and the ideal self\") exists between the client's experience and awareness.\nTherapist congruence, or genuineness: The therapist is congruent within the therapeutic relationship; the therapist is deeply involved—they are not \"acting\"—and they can draw on their own experiences (self-disclosure) to facilitate the relationship.\nTherapist unconditional positive regard: The therapist accepts the client unconditionally, without judgment, disapproval, or approval. This facilitates increased self-regard in the client, as they can begin to become aware of experiences in which their view of self-worth was distorted or denied.\nTherapist empathic understanding: The therapist experiences an empathic understanding of the client's internal frame of reference. Accurate empathy on the part of the therapist helps the client believe the therapist's unconditional regard for them.\nClient perception: The client perceives, to at least a minimal degree, the therapist's unconditional positive regard and empathic understanding.The three conditions specific to the therapist/counselor came to be called the core conditions of PCT: therapist congruence, unconditional positive regard or acceptance, and accurate empathic understanding.[5][23][24] There is a large body of publications of empirical research on these conditions.[23]","title":"The necessary and sufficient conditions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"core conditions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Core_conditions"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"Rogers believed that a therapist who embodies the three critical and reflexive attitudes (the three core conditions) will help liberate their client to more confidently express their true feelings without fear of judgement. To achieve this, the client-centered therapist carefully avoids directly challenging their client's way of communicating themselves in the session in order to enable a deeper exploration of the issues most intimate to them and free from external referencing.[25] Rogers was not prescriptive in telling his clients what to do, but believed that the answers to the clients' questions were within the client and not the therapist. Accordingly, the therapist's role was to create a facilitative, empathic environment wherein the client could discover the answers for themselves.[26]","title":"Processes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Behind the mirror: reflective listening and its tain in the work of Carl Rogers\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.academia.edu/8874100"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1080/08873267.2014.913247","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1080%2F08873267.2014.913247"},{"link_name":"\"Client-centered counseling: becoming a person\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/humanadjustmentp00brun/page/362"},{"link_name":"362–370","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/humanadjustmentp00brun/page/362"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780471114352","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780471114352"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2614322","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/2614322"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780230280496","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780230280496"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"937523949","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/937523949"},{"link_name":"Rogers, Carl R.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Rogers"},{"link_name":"Client-centered therapy, its current practice, implications, and theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/clientcenteredth0000roge"},{"link_name":"Houghton Mifflin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2571303","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/2571303"},{"link_name":"Journal of Consulting Psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Consulting_Psychology"},{"link_name":"CiteSeerX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1.1.605.9768","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.605.9768"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1037/h0045357","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1037%2Fh0045357"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"13416422","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13416422"},{"link_name":"\"A theory of therapy, personality and interpersonal relationships as developed in the client-centered framework\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/psychologyastudy017916mbp/page/184"},{"link_name":"184-256","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/psychologyastudy017916mbp/page/184"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3731949","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/3731949"},{"link_name":"On becoming a person: a therapist's view of psychotherapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/onbecomingperson00roge"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780395081341","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780395081341"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"172718","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/172718"},{"link_name":"A way of being","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/wayofbeing0000roge"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780395299159","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780395299159"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"6602382","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/6602382"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780415816977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415816977"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"820119514","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/820119514"}],"text":"Arnold, Kyle (2014). \"Behind the mirror: reflective listening and its tain in the work of Carl Rogers\". The Humanistic Psychologist. 42 (4): 354–369. doi:10.1080/08873267.2014.913247.\nBruno, Frank Joe (1977). \"Client-centered counseling: becoming a person\". Human adjustment and personal growth: seven pathways. New York: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 362–370. ISBN 9780471114352. OCLC 2614322.\nCooper, Mick; O'Hara, Maureen; Schmid, Peter F.; Wyatt, Gill, eds. (2013) [2007]. The handbook of person-centred psychotherapy and counselling (2nd ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 9780230280496. OCLC 937523949.\nRogers, Carl R. (1951). Client-centered therapy, its current practice, implications, and theory. The Houghton Mifflin psychological series. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. OCLC 2571303.\nRogers, Carl R. (1957). \"The necessary and sufficient conditions of therapeutic personality change\". Journal of Consulting Psychology. 21 (2): 95–103. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.605.9768. doi:10.1037/h0045357. PMID 13416422.\nRogers, Carl R. (1959). \"A theory of therapy, personality and interpersonal relationships as developed in the client-centered framework\". In Koch, Sigmund (ed.). Psychology: a study of a science. Vol. 3: Formulations of the person and the social context. New York: McGraw Hill. pp. 184-256. OCLC 3731949.\nRogers, Carl R. (1961). On becoming a person: a therapist's view of psychotherapy. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 9780395081341. OCLC 172718.\nRogers, Carl R. (1980). A way of being. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 9780395299159. OCLC 6602382.\nRogers, Carl R.; Lyon, Harold C.; Tausch, Reinhard (2013). On becoming an effective teacher: person-centered teaching, psychology, philosophy, and dialogues with Carl R. Rogers and Harold Lyon. London; New York: Routledge. ISBN 9780415816977. OCLC 820119514.","title":"Bibliography"}]
[]
[{"title":"Humanistic psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanistic_psychology"},{"title":"Human Potential Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Potential_Movement"},{"title":"ELIZA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ELIZA"}]
[{"reference":"Rogers, Carl R. (1942). Counseling and psychotherapy: newer concepts in practice. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-1406760873. OCLC 165705.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/counselingpsycho0000roge_r2u1","url_text":"Counseling and psychotherapy: newer concepts in practice"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1406760873","url_text":"978-1406760873"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/165705","url_text":"165705"}]},{"reference":"Rogers, Carl R.; Sanford, R. C. (1985). \"Client-centered psychotherapy\". Comprehensive textbook of psychiatry. By I., Kaplan, Harold; J., Sadock, Benjamin. Vol. 2. Williams & Wilkins. pp. 1374–1388. ISBN 9780683045116. OCLC 491903721.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/comprehensivetex00kapl/page/1374","url_text":"\"Client-centered psychotherapy\""},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/comprehensivetex00kapl/page/1374","url_text":"1374–1388"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780683045116","url_text":"9780683045116"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/491903721","url_text":"491903721"}]},{"reference":"Yalom, Irvin D. (1995). Introduction. A way of being. By Rogers, Carl R. Houghton Mifflin Co. p. xi. ISBN 9780395755303. OCLC 464424214.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/wayofbeing00roge","url_text":"A way of being"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780395755303","url_text":"9780395755303"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/464424214","url_text":"464424214"}]},{"reference":"Rogers, Carl R. (1966). \"Client-centered therapy\". In Arieti, S. (ed.). American handbook of psychiatry. Vol. 3. New York City: Basic Books. pp. 183–200. OCLC 2565173.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/americanhandbook0003unse/page/183","url_text":"\"Client-centered therapy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2565173","url_text":"2565173"}]},{"reference":"Prochaska, James O.; Norcross, John C. (2007). Systems of Psychotherapy: A Transtheoretical Analysis (6th ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson/Brooks/Cole. ISBN 978-0495007777. OCLC 71366401.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_O._Prochaska","url_text":"Prochaska, James O."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Norcross","url_text":"Norcross, John C."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/systemsofpsychot0000proc_6ed","url_text":"Systems of Psychotherapy: A Transtheoretical Analysis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0495007777","url_text":"978-0495007777"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/71366401","url_text":"71366401"}]},{"reference":"Rogers, Carl R. (April 1963). \"Toward a science of the person\". Journal of Humanistic Psychology. 3 (2): 72–92. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.994.8868. doi:10.1177/002216786300300208. S2CID 143631103. I share with Maslow and others the view that there are three broad emphases in American psychology. These resemble three ocean currents flowing side-by-side, mingling, with no clear line of demarcation, yet definitely different none the less. ... And though I consider myself a part of this third trend, I am not attempting to speak for it. It is too diversified, its boundaries too vague, for me to endeavor to be a spokesman. Rather, as a member of this group, I shall be concerned with the meaning that this current has in modern psychological life as I perceive it.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Rogers","url_text":"Rogers, Carl R."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Humanistic_Psychology","url_text":"Journal of Humanistic Psychology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)","url_text":"CiteSeerX"},{"url":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.994.8868","url_text":"10.1.1.994.8868"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002216786300300208","url_text":"10.1177/002216786300300208"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143631103","url_text":"143631103"}]},{"reference":"Ward, E.; King, M.; Lloyd, M.; Bower, P.; Sibbald, B.; Farrelly, S.; Gabbay, M.; Tarrier, N.; Addington-Hall, J. (2000). \"Randomised controlled trial of non-directive counselling, cognitive-behaviour therapy, and usual general practitioner care for patients with depression. I: Clinical effectiveness\". BMJ. 321 (7273): 1383–8. doi:10.1136/bmj.321.7273.1383. PMC 27542. PMID 11099284.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC27542","url_text":"\"Randomised controlled trial of non-directive counselling, cognitive-behaviour therapy, and usual general practitioner care for patients with depression. I: Clinical effectiveness\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.321.7273.1383","url_text":"10.1136/bmj.321.7273.1383"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC27542","url_text":"27542"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11099284","url_text":"11099284"}]},{"reference":"Bower, P.; Byford, S.; Sibbald, B.; Ward, E.; King, M.; Lloyd, M.; Gabbay, M. (2000). \"Randomised controlled trial of non-directive counselling, cognitive-behaviour therapy, and usual general practitioner care for patients with depression. II: Cost effectiveness\". BMJ. 321 (7273): 1389–92. doi:10.1136/bmj.321.7273.1389. PMC 27543. PMID 11099285.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC27543","url_text":"\"Randomised controlled trial of non-directive counselling, cognitive-behaviour therapy, and usual general practitioner care for patients with depression. II: Cost effectiveness\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.321.7273.1389","url_text":"10.1136/bmj.321.7273.1389"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC27543","url_text":"27543"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11099285","url_text":"11099285"}]},{"reference":"Shechtman, Zipora; Pastor, Ronit (2005). \"Cognitive-Behavioral and Humanistic Group Treatment for Children with Learning Disabilities: A Comparison of Outcomes and Process\". Journal of Counseling Psychology. 52 (3): 322–336. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.52.3.322.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0022-0167.52.3.322","url_text":"10.1037/0022-0167.52.3.322"}]},{"reference":"Kirschenbaum, Howard; Jourdan, April (2005). \"The current status of Carl Rogers and the person-centered approach\". Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training. 42 (1): 37–51. doi:10.1037/0033-3204.42.1.37.","urls":[{"url":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=80cdfdeb1953dd98d069a623afdcd15dc0e576e9","url_text":"\"The current status of Carl Rogers and the person-centered approach\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychotherapy:_Theory,_Research,_Practice,_Training","url_text":"Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0033-3204.42.1.37","url_text":"10.1037/0033-3204.42.1.37"}]},{"reference":"Yao, Lucy; Kabir, Rian (February 9, 2023). \"Person-Centered Therapy (Rogerian Therapy)\". U.S. National Center for Biotechnology Information Bookshelf. PMID 36944012. Retrieved November 8, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK589708/","url_text":"\"Person-Centered Therapy (Rogerian Therapy)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information","url_text":"National Center for Biotechnology Information"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36944012","url_text":"36944012"}]},{"reference":"Rogers, Carl Ransom; Lyon, Harold C.; Tausch, Reinhard (2013). On Becoming an Effective Teacher: Person-centred Teaching, Psychology, Philosophy, and Dialogues with Carl R. Rogers. Routledge. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-415-81698-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=C5XbNAEACAAJ","url_text":"On Becoming an Effective Teacher: Person-centred Teaching, Psychology, Philosophy, and Dialogues with Carl R. Rogers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-81698-4","url_text":"978-0-415-81698-4"}]},{"reference":"Arnold, Kyle (2014). \"Behind the mirror: reflective listening and its tain in the work of Carl Rogers\". The Humanistic Psychologist. 42 (4): 354–369. doi:10.1080/08873267.2014.913247.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/8874100","url_text":"\"Behind the mirror: reflective listening and its tain in the work of Carl Rogers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F08873267.2014.913247","url_text":"10.1080/08873267.2014.913247"}]},{"reference":"Bruno, Frank Joe (1977). \"Client-centered counseling: becoming a person\". Human adjustment and personal growth: seven pathways. New York: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 362–370. ISBN 9780471114352. OCLC 2614322.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/humanadjustmentp00brun/page/362","url_text":"\"Client-centered counseling: becoming a person\""},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/humanadjustmentp00brun/page/362","url_text":"362–370"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780471114352","url_text":"9780471114352"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2614322","url_text":"2614322"}]},{"reference":"Cooper, Mick; O'Hara, Maureen; Schmid, Peter F.; Wyatt, Gill, eds. (2013) [2007]. The handbook of person-centred psychotherapy and counselling (2nd ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 9780230280496. OCLC 937523949.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780230280496","url_text":"9780230280496"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/937523949","url_text":"937523949"}]},{"reference":"Rogers, Carl R. (1951). Client-centered therapy, its current practice, implications, and theory. The Houghton Mifflin psychological series. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. OCLC 2571303.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Rogers","url_text":"Rogers, Carl R."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/clientcenteredth0000roge","url_text":"Client-centered therapy, its current practice, implications, and theory"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin","url_text":"Houghton Mifflin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2571303","url_text":"2571303"}]},{"reference":"Rogers, Carl R. (1957). \"The necessary and sufficient conditions of therapeutic personality change\". Journal of Consulting Psychology. 21 (2): 95–103. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.605.9768. doi:10.1037/h0045357. PMID 13416422.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Consulting_Psychology","url_text":"Journal of Consulting Psychology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)","url_text":"CiteSeerX"},{"url":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.605.9768","url_text":"10.1.1.605.9768"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fh0045357","url_text":"10.1037/h0045357"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13416422","url_text":"13416422"}]},{"reference":"Rogers, Carl R. (1959). \"A theory of therapy, personality and interpersonal relationships as developed in the client-centered framework\". In Koch, Sigmund (ed.). Psychology: a study of a science. Vol. 3: Formulations of the person and the social context. New York: McGraw Hill. pp. 184-256. OCLC 3731949.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/psychologyastudy017916mbp/page/184","url_text":"\"A theory of therapy, personality and interpersonal relationships as developed in the client-centered framework\""},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/psychologyastudy017916mbp/page/184","url_text":"184-256"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/3731949","url_text":"3731949"}]},{"reference":"Rogers, Carl R. (1961). On becoming a person: a therapist's view of psychotherapy. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 9780395081341. OCLC 172718.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/onbecomingperson00roge","url_text":"On becoming a person: a therapist's view of psychotherapy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780395081341","url_text":"9780395081341"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/172718","url_text":"172718"}]},{"reference":"Rogers, Carl R. (1980). A way of being. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 9780395299159. OCLC 6602382.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/wayofbeing0000roge","url_text":"A way of being"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780395299159","url_text":"9780395299159"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/6602382","url_text":"6602382"}]},{"reference":"Rogers, Carl R.; Lyon, Harold C.; Tausch, Reinhard (2013). On becoming an effective teacher: person-centered teaching, psychology, philosophy, and dialogues with Carl R. Rogers and Harold Lyon. London; New York: Routledge. ISBN 9780415816977. OCLC 820119514.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415816977","url_text":"9780415816977"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/820119514","url_text":"820119514"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitoba_Provincial_Highway_3
Manitoba Highway 3
["1 Route description","2 History","3 Major intersections","4 Related routes","4.1 Provincial Trunk Highway 3A","4.2 Provincial Road 450","4.3 Provincial Road 528","5 References","6 External links"]
Route map: Highway in Manitoba Provincial Trunk Highway 3Boundary Commission TrailRoute informationMaintained by Department of InfrastructureLength396.1 km (246.1 mi)Existed1928–presentMajor junctionsWest end Hwy 18 at Saskatchewan border near PiersonMajor intersections PTH 83 at Melita PTH 21 near Deloraine PTH 10 near Boissevain PTH 5 at Cartwright PTH 34 near Pilot Mound and Crystal City PTH 14 between Morden and Winkler PTH 23 near Roland PTH 13 at Carman PTH 2 at Oak Bluff PTH 100 (TCH) at Oak Bluff East end Route 155 at Winnipeg city limits LocationCountryCanadaProvinceManitobaRural municipalitiesBoissevain – MortonBrenda – WaskadaCartwright – RoblinDeloraine – WinchesterDufferinKillarney – Turtle MountainLouiseMacdonaldPembinaRolandStanleyTwo BordersMajor citiesMordenWinnipegTownsCarmanMelita Highway system Provincial highways in Manitoba Winnipeg City Routes ← PTH 2→ PTH 3A Provincial Trunk Highway 3 (PTH 3) is a major provincial highway located in the Canadian province of Manitoba. It runs from the Saskatchewan boundary (where it meets Highway 18) to the southwest city limits of Winnipeg, where it continues as Winnipeg Route 155 (McGillivray Boulevard). Prior before to the implementation of Winnipeg's City Route System, it extended to Pembina Highway. West of its junction of PTH 14, PTH 3 is designated as the Boundary Commission Trail, commemorating the historic red river cart trail which connected western communities to the North-Western Territory and to British Columbia. Route description Junction between PTH 3 and PTH 10, between Bossevain and the International Peace Garden PTH 3, and the Boundary Commission Trail, begins at the Saskatchewan border, with the road continuing east Saskatchewan Highway 18 (Hwy 18) towards Gainsborough and Estevan. The highway heads east to bypass Pierson to the north, where it has a short concurrency (overlap) with PR 256 and crosses a railroad line. It now leaves Pierson behind and heads for several kilometers, having an intersection with PR 252 near Elva before joining PTH 83 in a concurrency and heading north up the Souris River valley. They enter the town of Melita, where they have a junction with PR 445 before PTH 3 splits off and heads east along the southern edge of town. The highway crosses the Souris River to leave Melita, and the river valley, to head for a few kilometers to cross into the Municipality of Brenda - Waskada at its first intersection PR 452. PR 452 joins PTH 3 in a concurrency for roughly 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) before splitting and heading south towards Waskada. PTH 3 curves to the southeast, after crossing another railroad track, to pass through Medora, where it has a short concurrency with PR 254, before curving back eastward to cross into the Municipality of Deloraine - Winchester. The highway now shares a roughly 8-kilometre-long (5.0 mi) concurrency with PTH 21 before splitting off at Deloraine, though it mainly bypasses the town along its western and southern sides. PTH 3 travels near the southern coastline of Whitewater Lake (as well as just 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) north of Turtle Mountain), where it junctions with PR 450 (which leads to Lake Metigoshe) before crossing into the Municipality of Bossevain - Morton. PTH 3 crosses several streams and creeks as it makes its way to an intersection with PTH 10 (John Bracken Highway), roughly halfway between the town of Bossevain and the recreation areas of Turtle Mountain Provincial Park and the International Peace Garden. The highway crosses into the Municipality of Killarney - Turtle Mountain shortly thereafter, having a junction with PR 346 near Ninga before entering the town of Killarney. It passes through some neighborhoods along the southern edge of town as it travels along the southern coastline of Killarney Lake to come to an intersection with PTH 18. PTH 3 joins PTH 18 and the two head south to leave Killarney and head south for a few kilometers before PTH 3 splits off near Lena, heading east to have a junction with PR 458 near Holmfield before entering the Municipality of Cartwright - Roblin. PTH 3 travels through the town of Cartwright, where it has an intersection with PTH 5 (Parks Route) and crosses Badger Creek , before continuing east to have a junction with PR 442 just south of Mather before entering the Municipality of Louise. It has an intersection with its alternate route, PTH 3A near Clearwater, before crossing Cypress Creek and becoming concurrent with PTH 34. They head north through Crystal City, having another intersection with PTH 3A and PR 423, and Pilot Mound, where it has an intersection with PR 253, before PTH 3 splits off and heads eastward into the Municipality of Pembina. Intersection of PTH 2 and PTH 3 during a construction project in Oak Bluff PTH 3 now goes through some switchbacks as it crosses the Pembina River valley, having a short concurrency with PR 242 in the town of La Rivière. The highway leaves the river valley behind and heads due east to Manitou, where it has an intersection with PR 244 and starts paralleling a railroad. It makes a short jog to the south for a couple kilometers before curving back eastward to have an intersection with PR 528. PTH 3 travels along the southern edge of Darlingford, where it junctions with PTH 31 and PR 240, before traveling into the Rural Municipality of Stanley. PTH 3 travels through the community of Thornhill before entering the city of Morden, passing directly through the city center and having an intersection with PR 432, though it does avoid downtown just a few blocks to the south. The highway widens to a four-lane divided highway as it leaves the city, heading east for 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) to come to an intersection with PTH 14 just outside the city of Winkler, where PTH 3 heads north as a two-lane and Boundary Commission Trail follows PTH 14 eastward to PTH 32. The highway passes by Winkler Bible Camp before entering and traveling through the Rural Municipality of Roland for the next several kilometers, having a junction with PTH 23 near Roland, before crossing Shannon Creek and entering the Rural Municipality of Dufferin. PTH 3 enters the town of Carman and travels through a neighborhood before coming to an intersection between PTH 13 and PR 245 in a business district just south of downtown, with PTH 3 turning right and heading eastward to travel through another neighborhood before leaving Carman and heading eastward through Homewood to cross into the Rural Municipality of Morris. PTH 3 immediately passes through Sperling, where it has an intersection with both PR 205 and PR 336, before curving northeastward, paralleling a railroad line to enter the Rural Municipality of Macdonald and travel through Brunklid, where it has intersections with PR 305 and PR 332. The highway now passes through Sanford, where shares concurrencies with PR 334 and PR 247, as well as crossing the La Salle River. PTH 3 enters Oak Bluff at a roundabout intersection with PTH 2 (Red Coat Trail), continuing northeast along the eastern edge of the community to an intersection with PTH 100 (South Perimeter Highway / Trans-Canada Highway). Winnipeg Route 155 (Route 155) starts here, and the two head northeast concurrent with each other along McGillivray Boulevard to the Winnipeg city limits in the Fort Whyte neighborhood, at an intersection with Brady Road. PTH 3 ends and Route 155 / McGillivray Boulevard continue into the city. The entire length of Manitoba Provincial Trunk Highway 3, with the exception of the short section between Morden and Winkler, is a rural two-lane highway. PTH 3's junction with PTH 100 (South Perimeter Highway / Trans-Canada Highway) and Route 155 (McGillivray Boulevard) in Oak Bluff History PTH 3 formerly extended into the present-day city of Winnipeg. Prior to 1966, PTH 3 followed McGillivray Boulevard to PTH 75 (Pembina Highway) in the then separate municipality of Fort Garry, which was amalgamated into Winnipeg in 1971. When the Winnipeg Metro Routes were established in c. 1966, the section of PTH 3 inside the Perimeter Highway became Winnipeg Route 155. Today, the section of highway between the Perimeter Highway and Winnipeg city limits is cosigned as PTH 3 / Route 155. Major intersections DivisionLocationkmmiDestinationsNotes Two Borders​0.00.0 Hwy 18 west – EstevanContinuation into Saskatchewan; west end of Boundary Commission Trail Pierson10.06.2 PR 256 north – TilstonWest end of PR 256 concurrency ​10.66.6 PR 256 south – Lyleton, MinotEast end of PR 256 concurrency ​13.48.3Road 166 WestFormer PR 456 south ​19.912.4 PR 252 north – Elva ​24.915.5 PTH 83 south – MinotWest end of PTH 83 concurrency Town of Melita36.922.9 PR 445 west 37.423.2 PTH 83 north – VirdenEast end of PTH 83 concurrency Two Borders​40.725.3Road 154 WestFormer PR 458 south ↑ / ↓​47.329.4 PR 452 north – NapinkaWest end of PR 452 concurrency Brenda – Waskada​50.631.4 PR 452 south – WaskadaEast end of PR 452 concurrency Medora58.936.6 PR 254 north – LauderWest end of PR 254 concurrency 59.336.8 PR 254 southEast end of PR 254 concurrency Deloraine – Winchester​72.445.0 PTH 21 north – HartneyWest end of PTH 21 concurrency Deloraine80.650.1 PTH 21 south – BottineauEast end of PTH 21 concurrency ​94.158.5 PR 450 south – Lake Metigoshe Recreation Area Boissevain – Morton​108.767.5Road 119 West – Max LakeFormer PR 446 south ​113.970.8 PTH 10 (John Bracken Highway) – Boissevain, Peace Garden Killarney – Turtle Mountain​127.179.0 PR 346 north – Ninga ​129.980.7Road 106 WestFormer PR 346 south Killarney143.188.9 PTH 18 north – NinetteWest end of PTH 18 concurrency ​152.394.6 PTH 18 south – RollaEast end of PTH 18 concurrency ​165.5102.8 PR 458 north – Holmfieldformer PR 340 north Cartwright – RoblinCartwright175.2108.9 PTH 5 (Parks Route) – Glenboro, JamestownFormer PTH 28 south / PR 258 north ​186.6115.9 PR 442 north – Mather Louise​198.1123.1 PTH 3A east – Clearwater ​204.7127.2 PTH 34 south – Devils LakeWest end of PTH 34 concurrency ​209.6130.2 PTH 3A west / PR 423 east – Clearwater Crystal City211.2131.2 Pilot Mound219.0136.1 PR 253 west – Glenora ​223.2138.7 PTH 34 north – HollandEast end of PTH 34 concurrency Pembina​235.3146.2 PR 242 north – SomersetWest end of PR 242 concurrency La Rivière235.9146.6 PR 242 south – SnowflakeEast end of PR 242 concurrency Manitou264.4164.3 PR 244 north – Notre Dame de Lourdes ​255.6158.8 PR 528 south – Kaleida ​263.4163.7 PTH 31 south / PR 240 north – St. Claude, Langdon Stanley​273.3169.8Road 34 West – Miami, ThornhillFormer PR 338 north City of Morden279.6173.7Colert Road – Colert BeachFormer PR 434 south 281.5174.9 PR 432 (Mountain Street) Stanley​289.7180.0 PTH 14 east (Boundary Commission Trail) – WinklerBoundary Commission Trail follows PTH 14 east Roland​309.4192.3 PTH 23 – Swan Lake, Roland Town of Carman324.2201.4 PR 245 west (4th Avenue S) – Roseisle PTH 13 north (Main Street) – Elm Creek Dufferin​337.2209.5Old 248 RoadFormer PR 248 MorrisSperling345.4214.6 PR 336 south / PR 205 east – Rosenort MacdonaldBrunkild359.2223.2 PR 305 – Ste. Agathe 359.8223.6 PR 332 – Starbuck, Lowe Farm Sanford372.9231.7 PR 247 west / PR 334 – Sanford, DomainWest end of PR 247 concurrency 374.3232.6Mandan Drive / Road 46 NEFormer PR 247 west; PR 247 bridge across La Salle River closed in 2016 ​377234 PR 247 east – La SalleEast end of PR 247 concurrency Oak Bluff386.6240.2 PTH 2 (Red Coat Trail) – Treherne, Kenora 387.7240.9 Perimeter Highway (PTH 100 (TCH)) / Route 155 begins – Brandon, KenoraRoute 155 western terminus; west end of Route 155 concurrency City of Winnipeg396.1246.1 McGillivray Boulevard (Route 155 east) / Brady Road southWinnipeg city limits; PTH 3 eastern terminus; continues as Route 155 401.8249.7 Pembina Highway (Route 42)Former PTH 3 eastern terminus; former PTH 75 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi      Closed/former      Concurrency terminus      Route transition Related routes Provincial Trunk Highway 3A Main article: Manitoba Highway 3A Provincial Trunk Highway 3ALocationClearwater - Crystal CityLength11.2 km (7.0 mi)Existed1960–present Provincial Trunk Highway 3A (PTH 3A) is a 11.2-kilometre-long (7.0 mi) alternate route of PTH 3 in the Municipality of Louise, connecting the towns of Clearwater and Crystal City. Provincial Road 450 Provincial Road 450LocationLake MetigosheLength19.8 km (12.3 mi) Provincial Road 450 (PR 450) is a 19.8-kilometre-long (12.3 mi) north-south spur of PTH 3 in the Municipality of Deloraine-Winchester providing access to the Lake Metigoshe Recreation Area, as well as some other smaller lakes on the western half of Turtle Mountain and the Turtle Mountain Bible Camp, coming within 0.2 kilometres (0.12 mi) of the United States border. The entire length of PR 450 is a paved two-lane highway. DivisionLocationkmmiDestinationsNotes Deloraine-WinchesterLake Metigoshe Recreation Area0.00.0Murray Drive / Hasselfield RoadSouthern terminus ​19.812.3 PTH 3 (Boundary Commission Trail) – Deloraine, KillarneyNorthern terminus 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Provincial Road 528 Provincial Road 528LocationKaleidaLength8.2 km (5.1 mi)Existed1966–present Provincial Road 528 (PR 528) is a 8.2-kilometre-long (5.1 mi) north-south spur of PTH 3 in the Municipality of Pembina, connecting it with the hamlet of Kaleida. It is a paved two-lane highway for its entire length. DivisionLocationkmmiDestinationsNotes PembinaKaleida0.00.0Church Street / Road 45WSouthern terminus; road continues south as Road 45W ​8.25.1 PTH 3 (Boundary Commission Trail) – Manitou, DarlingfordNorthern terminus 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi References ^ a b Google (August 11, 2023). "Manitoba Highway 3" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved August 11, 2023. ^ Trails, truth and tourism: Manitoba’s Red Coat Trail. Lesley Gaudry. Prairie Perspectives: Geographical Essays. University of Winnipeg (2004): p. 35. Retrieved 28 January 2017. ^ "A History of the Boundary Trail Heritage Region" (Map). GUIDE To The Historic Sites Along The Trail. Boundary Trail Heritage Region. Archived from the original on 13 January 2017. Retrieved 12 January 2017. ^ a b Government of Manitoba. "Manitoba Highway map #1" (PDF). Retrieved December 4, 2022. ^ Government of Manitoba. "Manitoba Highway map #2" (PDF). Retrieved December 4, 2022. ^ Google (December 4, 2022). "Map of Manitoba Provincial Trunk Highway 3" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved December 4, 2022. ^ a b Province of Manitoba. Manitoba Official Highway Map (PDF) (Map) (1964-1965 ed.). Winnipeg inset. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 14, 2015. ^ Province of Manitoba. Manitoba Official Highway Map (PDF) (Map) (1966-1967 ed.). Winnipeg inset. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 13, 2016. ^ Geary, Andrea (April 6, 2018). "Local residents support bridge replacement". Winnipeg Free Press. Retrieved August 10, 2023. ^ Google (June 2, 2024). "Map of Manitoba Provincial Road 450" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 2, 2024. ^ Cite error: The named reference Manitoba-Infrasrtucture2 was invoked but never defined (see the help page). ^ Google (June 2, 2024). "Map of Manitoba Provincial Road 528" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 2, 2024. External links KML file (edit • help) Template:Attached KML/Manitoba Highway 3KML is from Wikidata Official Name and Location - Declaration of Provincial Trunk Highways Regulation - The Highways and Transportation Act - Provincial Government of Manitoba Official Highway Map - Published and maintained by the Department of Infrastructure - Provincial Government of Manitoba (see Legend and Maps#1 & 2) Google Maps Search - Provincial Trunk Highway 3 vteRoads in WinnipegCity routes 17 20 23 25 30 37 42 47 52 57 62 70 80 85 90 95 96 105 115 125 135 145 150 155 165 180 Arterial roads Academy Road Broadway Dawson Road Nassau Street St. James Street Tache Avenue Valour Road Provincial Highways 1 3 7 8 9 15 59 75 100 101 190 Provincial Roads 200 204 221 241 300 330 425 427 See also Confusion Corner Portage and Main vteHighways in ManitobaPrimary 1 1A 2 3 3A 4 5 5A 6 7 8 9 9A 10 10A 11 12 13 14 15 16 16A 17 18 19 20 20A 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 30 31 32 34 39 41 42 44 45 49 50 52 57 59 60 67 68 75 77 83 83A 89 100 101 110 190 Former primary 4A 4A 4B 8A 12G 12V 22A 28 29 88 Named Routes Assiniboine Trail Boundary Commission Trail CentrePort Canada Way Dawson Road Historic Highway No. 1 La Vérendrye Trail Lord Selkirk Highway MOM's Way Northern Woods and Water Route Parks Route Perimeter Highway Red Coat Trail River Road Heritage Parkway Trans-Canada Highway Veterans Memorial Highway Yellowhead Highway Manitoba Infrastructure
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canadian province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Manitoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitoba"},{"link_name":"Saskatchewan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saskatchewan"},{"link_name":"Highway 18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saskatchewan_Highway_18"},{"link_name":"Winnipeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg"},{"link_name":"Winnipeg Route 155","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg_Route_155"},{"link_name":"Pembina Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembina_Highway"},{"link_name":"PTH 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitoba_Highway_14"},{"link_name":"Boundary Commission Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boundary_Commission_Trail"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"North-Western Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North-Western_Territory"},{"link_name":"British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boundary-3"}],"text":"Highway in ManitobaProvincial Trunk Highway 3 (PTH 3) is a major provincial highway located in the Canadian province of Manitoba. It runs from the Saskatchewan boundary (where it meets Highway 18) to the southwest city limits of Winnipeg, where it continues as Winnipeg Route 155 (McGillivray Boulevard). Prior before to the implementation of Winnipeg's City Route System, it extended to Pembina Highway.West of its junction of PTH 14, PTH 3 is designated as the Boundary Commission Trail,[2] commemorating the historic red river cart trail which connected western communities to the North-Western Territory and to British Columbia.[3]","title":"Manitoba Highway 3"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Manitoba_Highway_10_Between_the_International_Peace_Garden_and_Boissevain,_Manitoba_(30104967108).jpg"},{"link_name":"Boundary Commission Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boundary_Commission_Trail"},{"link_name":"Saskatchewan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saskatchewan"},{"link_name":"Saskatchewan Highway 18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saskatchewan_Highway_18"},{"link_name":"Gainsborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gainsborough,_Saskatchewan"},{"link_name":"Estevan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estevan,_Saskatchewan"},{"link_name":"Pierson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierson,_Manitoba"},{"link_name":"concurrency (overlap)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrency_(road)"},{"link_name":"PR 256","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitoba_Provincial_Road_256"},{"link_name":"PR 252","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manitoba_Provincial_Road_252&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Elva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elva,_Manitoba"},{"link_name":"PTH 83","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitoba_Highway_83"},{"link_name":"Souris River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souris_River"},{"link_name":"Melita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melita,_Manitoba"},{"link_name":"PR 445","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manitoba_Provincial_Road_445&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Municipality of Brenda - Waskada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipality_of_Brenda_-_Waskada"},{"link_name":"PR 452","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manitoba_Provincial_Road_452&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Waskada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waskada,_Manitoba"},{"link_name":"Medora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medora,_Manitoba"},{"link_name":"PR 254","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manitoba_Provincial_Road_254&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Municipality of Deloraine - Winchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipality_of_Deloraine_-_Winchester"},{"link_name":"PTH 21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitoba_Highway_21"},{"link_name":"Deloraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deloraine,_Manitoba"},{"link_name":"Whitewater Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitewater_Lake,_Manitoba"},{"link_name":"Turtle Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turtle_Mountain_(plateau)"},{"link_name":"PR 450","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitoba_Provincial_Road_450"},{"link_name":"Lake Metigoshe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Metigoshe"},{"link_name":"Municipality of Bossevain - Morton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipality_of_Bossevain_-_Morton"},{"link_name":"PTH 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitoba_Highway_10"},{"link_name":"Bossevain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bossevain,_Manitoba&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Turtle Mountain Provincial Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turtle_Mountain_Provincial_Park"},{"link_name":"International Peace Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Peace_Garden"},{"link_name":"Municipality of Killarney - Turtle Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipality_of_Killarney_-_Turtle_Mountain"},{"link_name":"PR 346","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manitoba_Provincial_Road_346&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ninga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninga,_Manitoba"},{"link_name":"Killarney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killarney,_Manitoba"},{"link_name":"Killarney Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Killarney_Lake_(Manitoba)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"PTH 18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitoba_Highway_18"},{"link_name":"Lena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lena,_Manitoba"},{"link_name":"PR 458","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manitoba_Provincial_Road_458&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Holmfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holmfield,_Manitoba&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Municipality of Cartwright - Roblin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipality_of_Cartwright_-_Roblin"},{"link_name":"Cartwright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartwright,_Manitoba"},{"link_name":"PTH 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitoba_Highway_5"},{"link_name":"Badger Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Badger_Creek_(Manitoba)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"PR 442","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manitoba_Provincial_Road_442&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mather,_Manitoba"},{"link_name":"Municipality of Louise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipality_of_Louise"},{"link_name":"PTH 3A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitoba_Highway_3A"},{"link_name":"Clearwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clearwater,_Manitoba"},{"link_name":"Cypress Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cypress_Creek_(Manitoba)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"PTH 34","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitoba_Highway_34"},{"link_name":"Crystal City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_City,_Manitoba"},{"link_name":"PR 423","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manitoba_Provincial_Road_423&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pilot Mound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot_Mound,_Manitoba"},{"link_name":"PR 253","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manitoba_Provincial_Road_253&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Municipality of Pembina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipality_of_Pembina"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Manitoba-Infrastructure1-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Junction_of_Manitoba_Highways_2_and_3_Near_Winnipeg,_Manitoba_(29035421547).jpg"},{"link_name":"Pembina River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembina_River_(Manitoba_%E2%80%93_North_Dakota)"},{"link_name":"PR 242","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitoba_Provincial_Road_242"},{"link_name":"La Rivière","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Rivi%C3%A8re,_Manitoba"},{"link_name":"Manitou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitou,_Manitoba"},{"link_name":"PR 244","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manitoba_Provincial_Road_244&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"PR 528","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitoba_Provincial_Road_528"},{"link_name":"Darlingford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darlingford,_Manitoba"},{"link_name":"PTH 31","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitoba_Highway_31"},{"link_name":"PR 240","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitoba_Provincial_Road_240"},{"link_name":"Rural Municipality of Stanley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_Municipality_of_Stanley"},{"link_name":"Thornhill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thornhill,_Manitoba&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Morden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morden,_Manitoba"},{"link_name":"PR 432","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manitoba_Provincial_Road_432&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"PTH 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitoba_Highway_14"},{"link_name":"Winkler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winkler,_Manitoba"},{"link_name":"PTH 32","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitoba_Highway_32"},{"link_name":"Winkler Bible Camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Winkler_Bible_Camp&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rural Municipality of Roland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_Municipality_of_Roland"},{"link_name":"PTH 23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitoba_Highway_23"},{"link_name":"Roland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland,_Manitoba"},{"link_name":"Shannon Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shannon_Creek_(Manitoba)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rural Municipality of Dufferin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_Municipality_of_Dufferin"},{"link_name":"Carman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carman,_Manitoba"},{"link_name":"PTH 13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitoba_Highway_13"},{"link_name":"PR 245","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manitoba_Provincial_Road_245&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Homewood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homewood,_Manitoba"},{"link_name":"Rural Municipality of Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_Municipality_of_Morris"},{"link_name":"Sperling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperling,_Manitoba"},{"link_name":"PR 205","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitoba_Provincial_Road_205"},{"link_name":"PR 336","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manitoba_Provincial_Road_336&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rural Municipality of Macdonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_Municipality_of_Macdonald"},{"link_name":"Brunklid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brunklid,_Manitoba&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"PR 305","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitoba_Provincial_Road_305"},{"link_name":"PR 332","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manitoba_Provincial_Road_332&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sanford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanford,_Manitoba"},{"link_name":"PR 334","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manitoba_Provincial_Road_334&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"PR 247","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manitoba_Provincial_Road_247&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"La Salle River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Salle_River"},{"link_name":"Oak Bluff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak_Bluff,_Manitoba"},{"link_name":"PTH 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitoba_Highway_2"},{"link_name":"Red Coat Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Coat_Trail"},{"link_name":"PTH 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitoba_Highway_100"},{"link_name":"Trans-Canada Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Canada_Highway"},{"link_name":"Winnipeg Route 155","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg_Route_155"},{"link_name":"Winnipeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg,_Manitoba"},{"link_name":"Fort Whyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fort_Whyte,_Manitoba&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Manitoba-Infrastructure2-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Google-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Perimeter_Highway,_Winnipeg,_Manitoba_(43973543451).jpg"}],"text":"Junction between PTH 3 and PTH 10, between Bossevain and the International Peace GardenPTH 3, and the Boundary Commission Trail, begins at the Saskatchewan border, with the road continuing east Saskatchewan Highway 18 (Hwy 18) towards Gainsborough and Estevan. The highway heads east to bypass Pierson to the north, where it has a short concurrency (overlap) with PR 256 and crosses a railroad line. It now leaves Pierson behind and heads for several kilometers, having an intersection with PR 252 near Elva before joining PTH 83 in a concurrency and heading north up the Souris River valley. They enter the town of Melita, where they have a junction with PR 445 before PTH 3 splits off and heads east along the southern edge of town. The highway crosses the Souris River to leave Melita, and the river valley, to head for a few kilometers to cross into the Municipality of Brenda - Waskada at its first intersection PR 452.PR 452 joins PTH 3 in a concurrency for roughly 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) before splitting and heading south towards Waskada. PTH 3 curves to the southeast, after crossing another railroad track, to pass through Medora, where it has a short concurrency with PR 254, before curving back eastward to cross into the Municipality of Deloraine - Winchester. The highway now shares a roughly 8-kilometre-long (5.0 mi) concurrency with PTH 21 before splitting off at Deloraine, though it mainly bypasses the town along its western and southern sides. PTH 3 travels near the southern coastline of Whitewater Lake (as well as just 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) north of Turtle Mountain), where it junctions with PR 450 (which leads to Lake Metigoshe) before crossing into the Municipality of Bossevain - Morton.PTH 3 crosses several streams and creeks as it makes its way to an intersection with PTH 10 (John Bracken Highway), roughly halfway between the town of Bossevain and the recreation areas of Turtle Mountain Provincial Park and the International Peace Garden. The highway crosses into the Municipality of Killarney - Turtle Mountain shortly thereafter, having a junction with PR 346 near Ninga before entering the town of Killarney. It passes through some neighborhoods along the southern edge of town as it travels along the southern coastline of Killarney Lake to come to an intersection with PTH 18. PTH 3 joins PTH 18 and the two head south to leave Killarney and head south for a few kilometers before PTH 3 splits off near Lena, heading east to have a junction with PR 458 near Holmfield before entering the Municipality of Cartwright - Roblin.PTH 3 travels through the town of Cartwright, where it has an intersection with PTH 5 (Parks Route) and crosses Badger Creek , before continuing east to have a junction with PR 442 just south of Mather before entering the Municipality of Louise. It has an intersection with its alternate route, PTH 3A near Clearwater, before crossing Cypress Creek and becoming concurrent with PTH 34. They head north through Crystal City, having another intersection with PTH 3A and PR 423, and Pilot Mound, where it has an intersection with PR 253, before PTH 3 splits off and heads eastward into the Municipality of Pembina.[4]Intersection of PTH 2 and PTH 3 during a construction project in Oak BluffPTH 3 now goes through some switchbacks as it crosses the Pembina River valley, having a short concurrency with PR 242 in the town of La Rivière. The highway leaves the river valley behind and heads due east to Manitou, where it has an intersection with PR 244 and starts paralleling a railroad. It makes a short jog to the south for a couple kilometers before curving back eastward to have an intersection with PR 528. PTH 3 travels along the southern edge of Darlingford, where it junctions with PTH 31 and PR 240, before traveling into the Rural Municipality of Stanley.PTH 3 travels through the community of Thornhill before entering the city of Morden, passing directly through the city center and having an intersection with PR 432, though it does avoid downtown just a few blocks to the south. The highway widens to a four-lane divided highway as it leaves the city, heading east for 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) to come to an intersection with PTH 14 just outside the city of Winkler, where PTH 3 heads north as a two-lane and Boundary Commission Trail follows PTH 14 eastward to PTH 32. The highway passes by Winkler Bible Camp before entering and traveling through the Rural Municipality of Roland for the next several kilometers, having a junction with PTH 23 near Roland, before crossing Shannon Creek and entering the Rural Municipality of Dufferin.PTH 3 enters the town of Carman and travels through a neighborhood before coming to an intersection between PTH 13 and PR 245 in a business district just south of downtown, with PTH 3 turning right and heading eastward to travel through another neighborhood before leaving Carman and heading eastward through Homewood to cross into the Rural Municipality of Morris.PTH 3 immediately passes through Sperling, where it has an intersection with both PR 205 and PR 336, before curving northeastward, paralleling a railroad line to enter the Rural Municipality of Macdonald and travel through Brunklid, where it has intersections with PR 305 and PR 332. The highway now passes through Sanford, where shares concurrencies with PR 334 and PR 247, as well as crossing the La Salle River. PTH 3 enters Oak Bluff at a roundabout intersection with PTH 2 (Red Coat Trail), continuing northeast along the eastern edge of the community to an intersection with PTH 100 (South Perimeter Highway / Trans-Canada Highway). Winnipeg Route 155 (Route 155) starts here, and the two head northeast concurrent with each other along McGillivray Boulevard to the Winnipeg city limits in the Fort Whyte neighborhood, at an intersection with Brady Road. PTH 3 ends and Route 155 / McGillivray Boulevard continue into the city.[5]The entire length of Manitoba Provincial Trunk Highway 3, with the exception of the short section between Morden and Winkler, is a rural two-lane highway.[6]PTH 3's junction with PTH 100 (South Perimeter Highway / Trans-Canada Highway) and Route 155 (McGillivray Boulevard) in Oak Bluff","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"PTH 75","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitoba_Highway_75"},{"link_name":"Fort Garry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Garry,_Winnipeg"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1964_65_map-7"},{"link_name":"amalgamated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalgamation_of_Winnipeg"},{"link_name":"Winnipeg Metro Routes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Winnipeg_City_Routes"},{"link_name":"Winnipeg Route 155","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg_Route_155"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1966_67_map-8"},{"link_name":"cosigned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrency_(road)"}],"text":"PTH 3 formerly extended into the present-day city of Winnipeg. Prior to 1966, PTH 3 followed McGillivray Boulevard to PTH 75 (Pembina Highway) in the then separate municipality of Fort Garry,[7] which was amalgamated into Winnipeg in 1971. When the Winnipeg Metro Routes were established in c. 1966, the section of PTH 3 inside the Perimeter Highway became Winnipeg Route 155.[8] Today, the section of highway between the Perimeter Highway and Winnipeg city limits is cosigned as PTH 3 / Route 155.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Major intersections"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Related routes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Municipality of Louise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipality_of_Louise"},{"link_name":"Clearwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clearwater,_Manitoba"},{"link_name":"Crystal City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_City,_Manitoba"}],"sub_title":"Provincial Trunk Highway 3A","text":"Provincial Trunk Highway 3A (PTH 3A) is a 11.2-kilometre-long (7.0 mi) alternate route of PTH 3 in the Municipality of Louise, connecting the towns of Clearwater and Crystal City.","title":"Related routes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Municipality of Deloraine-Winchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipality_of_Deloraine-Winchester"},{"link_name":"Lake Metigoshe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Metigoshe"},{"link_name":"Turtle Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turtle_Mountain_(plateau)"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Manitoba-Infrastructure1-4"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Google450-10"}],"sub_title":"Provincial Road 450","text":"Provincial Road 450 (PR 450) is a 19.8-kilometre-long (12.3 mi) north-south spur of PTH 3 in the Municipality of Deloraine-Winchester providing access to the Lake Metigoshe Recreation Area, as well as some other smaller lakes on the western half of Turtle Mountain and the Turtle Mountain Bible Camp, coming within 0.2 kilometres (0.12 mi) of the United States border. The entire length of PR 450 is a paved two-lane highway.[4][10]","title":"Related routes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Municipality of Pembina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipality_of_Pembina"},{"link_name":"Kaleida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaleida,_Manitoba"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Manitoba-Infrasrtucture2-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Google528-12"}],"sub_title":"Provincial Road 528","text":"Provincial Road 528 (PR 528) is a 8.2-kilometre-long (5.1 mi) north-south spur of PTH 3 in the Municipality of Pembina, connecting it with the hamlet of Kaleida. It is a paved two-lane highway for its entire length.[11][12]","title":"Related routes"}]
[{"image_text":"Junction between PTH 3 and PTH 10, between Bossevain and the International Peace Garden","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Manitoba_Highway_10_Between_the_International_Peace_Garden_and_Boissevain%2C_Manitoba_%2830104967108%29.jpg/220px-Manitoba_Highway_10_Between_the_International_Peace_Garden_and_Boissevain%2C_Manitoba_%2830104967108%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Intersection of PTH 2 and PTH 3 during a construction project in Oak Bluff","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Junction_of_Manitoba_Highways_2_and_3_Near_Winnipeg%2C_Manitoba_%2829035421547%29.jpg/220px-Junction_of_Manitoba_Highways_2_and_3_Near_Winnipeg%2C_Manitoba_%2829035421547%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"PTH 3's junction with PTH 100 (South Perimeter Highway / Trans-Canada Highway) and Route 155 (McGillivray Boulevard) in Oak Bluff","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Perimeter_Highway%2C_Winnipeg%2C_Manitoba_%2843973543451%29.jpg/220px-Perimeter_Highway%2C_Winnipeg%2C_Manitoba_%2843973543451%29.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Google (August 11, 2023). \"Manitoba Highway 3\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved August 11, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/@49.9978967,-98.7809,7.72z","url_text":"\"Manitoba Highway 3\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"\"A History of the Boundary Trail Heritage Region\" (Map). GUIDE To The Historic Sites Along The Trail. Boundary Trail Heritage Region. Archived from the original on 13 January 2017. Retrieved 12 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170113140300/http://bthr.ca/boundarytrail/history-of-our-trail/","url_text":"\"A History of the Boundary Trail Heritage Region\""},{"url":"http://bthr.ca/boundarytrail/history-of-our-trail/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Government of Manitoba. \"Manitoba Highway map #1\" (PDF). Retrieved December 4, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.mb.ca/mit/map/pdf/map1.pdf","url_text":"\"Manitoba Highway map #1\""}]},{"reference":"Government of Manitoba. \"Manitoba Highway map #2\" (PDF). Retrieved December 4, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.mb.ca/mit/map/pdf/map2.pdf","url_text":"\"Manitoba Highway map #2\""}]},{"reference":"Google (December 4, 2022). \"Map of Manitoba Provincial Trunk Highway 3\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved December 4, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps?q=manitoba+highway+3&client=safari&channel=iphone_bm&gs_lcp=ChFtb2JpbGUtZ3dzLXdpei1ocBABGAAyAggpMg4IABCPARDqAhCMAxDlAjIOCAAQjwEQ6gIQjAMQ5QIyDggAEI8BEOoCEIwDEOUCMg4IABCPARDqAhCMAxDlAjIOCAAQjwEQ6gIQjAMQ5QIyDggAEI8BEOoCEIwDEOUCMg4IABCPARDqAhCMAxDlAjIOCAAQjwEQ6gIQjAMQ5QIyDggAEI8BEOoCEIwDEOUCMg4IABCPARDqAhCMAxDlAjIOCAAQjwEQ6gIQjAMQ5QIyDggAEI8BEOoCEIwDEOUCMg4IABCPARDqAhCMAxDlAjIOCAAQjwEQ6gIQjAMQ5QIyDggAEI8BEOoCEIwDEOUCUABYAGCHCmgCcAB4AIABAIgBAJIBAJgBALABEA&um=1&ie=UTF-8&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjgxOCgs-H7AhXvmGoFHWu8D7EQ_AUoAnoECAIQAg","url_text":"\"Map of Manitoba Provincial Trunk Highway 3\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"Province of Manitoba. Manitoba Official Highway Map (PDF) (Map) (1964-1965 ed.). Winnipeg inset. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 14, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150914045954/http://content.gov.mb.ca/mit/maparchive/high/1964_1965_cover.pdf","url_text":"Manitoba Official Highway Map"},{"url":"http://content.gov.mb.ca/mit/maparchive/high/1964_1965_cover.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Province of Manitoba. Manitoba Official Highway Map (PDF) (Map) (1966-1967 ed.). Winnipeg inset. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 13, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160913102937/http://content.gov.mb.ca/mit/maparchive/high/1966_1967_cover.pdf","url_text":"Manitoba Official Highway Map"},{"url":"http://content.gov.mb.ca/mit/maparchive/high/1966_1967_cover.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Geary, Andrea (April 6, 2018). \"Local residents support bridge replacement\". Winnipeg Free Press. Retrieved August 10, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.winnipegfreepress.com/our-communities/headliner/2018/04/06/local-residents-support-bridge-replacement","url_text":"\"Local residents support bridge replacement\""}]},{"reference":"Google (June 2, 2024). \"Map of Manitoba Provincial Road 450\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 2, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps?client=safari&sca_esv=fdebd2c06b7a547d&sca_upv=1&channel=iphone_bm&output=search&q=Manitoba+provincial+road+450&source=lnms&entry=mc&ved=1t:200715&ictx=111","url_text":"\"Map of Manitoba Provincial Road 450\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"Google (June 2, 2024). \"Map of Manitoba Provincial Road 528\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 2, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps?client=safari&sca_esv=a83572289b37c357&sca_upv=1&channel=iphone_bm&output=search&q=manitoba+provincial+road+528&source=lnms&entry=mc&ved=1t:200715&ictx=111","url_text":"\"Map of Manitoba Provincial Road 528\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/maps/@49.9978967,-98.7809,7.72z","external_links_name":"\"Manitoba Highway 3\""},{"Link":"http://pcag.uwinnipeg.ca/Prairie-Perspectives/PP-Vol07/Gaudry.pdf","external_links_name":"Trails, truth and tourism: Manitoba’s Red Coat Trail."},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170113140300/http://bthr.ca/boundarytrail/history-of-our-trail/","external_links_name":"\"A History of the Boundary Trail Heritage Region\""},{"Link":"http://bthr.ca/boundarytrail/history-of-our-trail/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.gov.mb.ca/mit/map/pdf/map1.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Manitoba Highway map #1\""},{"Link":"https://www.gov.mb.ca/mit/map/pdf/map2.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Manitoba Highway map #2\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/maps?q=manitoba+highway+3&client=safari&channel=iphone_bm&gs_lcp=ChFtb2JpbGUtZ3dzLXdpei1ocBABGAAyAggpMg4IABCPARDqAhCMAxDlAjIOCAAQjwEQ6gIQjAMQ5QIyDggAEI8BEOoCEIwDEOUCMg4IABCPARDqAhCMAxDlAjIOCAAQjwEQ6gIQjAMQ5QIyDggAEI8BEOoCEIwDEOUCMg4IABCPARDqAhCMAxDlAjIOCAAQjwEQ6gIQjAMQ5QIyDggAEI8BEOoCEIwDEOUCMg4IABCPARDqAhCMAxDlAjIOCAAQjwEQ6gIQjAMQ5QIyDggAEI8BEOoCEIwDEOUCMg4IABCPARDqAhCMAxDlAjIOCAAQjwEQ6gIQjAMQ5QIyDggAEI8BEOoCEIwDEOUCUABYAGCHCmgCcAB4AIABAIgBAJIBAJgBALABEA&um=1&ie=UTF-8&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjgxOCgs-H7AhXvmGoFHWu8D7EQ_AUoAnoECAIQAg","external_links_name":"\"Map of Manitoba Provincial Trunk Highway 3\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150914045954/http://content.gov.mb.ca/mit/maparchive/high/1964_1965_cover.pdf","external_links_name":"Manitoba Official Highway Map"},{"Link":"http://content.gov.mb.ca/mit/maparchive/high/1964_1965_cover.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160913102937/http://content.gov.mb.ca/mit/maparchive/high/1966_1967_cover.pdf","external_links_name":"Manitoba Official Highway Map"},{"Link":"http://content.gov.mb.ca/mit/maparchive/high/1966_1967_cover.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.winnipegfreepress.com/our-communities/headliner/2018/04/06/local-residents-support-bridge-replacement","external_links_name":"\"Local residents support bridge replacement\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/maps?client=safari&sca_esv=fdebd2c06b7a547d&sca_upv=1&channel=iphone_bm&output=search&q=Manitoba+provincial+road+450&source=lnms&entry=mc&ved=1t:200715&ictx=111","external_links_name":"\"Map of Manitoba Provincial Road 450\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/maps?client=safari&sca_esv=a83572289b37c357&sca_upv=1&channel=iphone_bm&output=search&q=manitoba+provincial+road+528&source=lnms&entry=mc&ved=1t:200715&ictx=111","external_links_name":"\"Map of Manitoba Provincial Road 528\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Manitoba_Highway_3&action=raw","external_links_name":"KML file"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Manitoba_Highway_3&action=edit","external_links_name":"edit"},{"Link":"https://web2.gov.mb.ca/laws/regs/current/_pdf-regs.php?reg=415/88%20R","external_links_name":"Official Name and Location"},{"Link":"https://www.gov.mb.ca/mit/map/index.html","external_links_name":"Official Highway Map"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/maps/place/MB-3,+Manitoba/@49.1924834,-98.4882668,10z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x52dd4efe784e3261:0xf0108efbb61c85c3!8m2!3d49.1923735!4d-98.2080906?hl=en","external_links_name":"Google Maps Search"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Version_Targeting
Version targeting
["1 In Mozilla Firefox","2 Use in Internet Explorer","3 Criticism","4 Positive reception","5 References","6 Bibliography"]
In computing, version targeting is a technique that allows a group of (presumably knowledgeable) users (including software developers) to use some advanced software features that were introduced in a particular software version while allowing users accustomed to the prior versions to still use the same software as if the new features were never added to the software. It is a way to ensure backward compatibility when new software features would otherwise break it. In Mozilla Firefox Version targeting has been used in Mozilla Firefox when it introduced JavaScript 1.6 in Firefox 1.5 and JavaScript 1.7 in Firefox 2.0: developers willing to use the new scripting engine had to explicitly opt-in. Use in Internet Explorer Main article: Internet Explorer 8 § Compatibility mode Version targeting was proposed by Microsoft for use in its Internet Explorer 8 product-in-development, but the idea was later discarded. The proposal came after the release of Internet Explorer 7 which improved its CSS 2.1 support at the cost of causing some websites that were developed for Internet Explorer 6 to be rendered incorrectly when viewed with the new browser version. Microsoft contacted the Web Standards Project and experts on Web standards and asked for assistance in devising a new DOCTYPE-like technique that could work across browsers and let Web developers specify exact browser versions under which their Web sites are known to work correctly, and browsers implementing this form of version targeting would use the correct rendering engine versions to display the site correctly. Members of the WaSP Microsoft Task Force were involved in the proposal, albeit not every member backed it. Some commentators suggested that it would be possible to use Internet Explorer 8's support for new DOCTYPEs in order to avoid using its version targeting meta tag. Criticism The concept of version targeting, especially as proposed by Microsoft, has been criticised for being a new form of browser sniffing and for violating the principle of forward-compatible development where progressive enhancement is preferred. Version targeting has been criticised for not giving incentives to developers to plan ahead for forward compatibility. Positive reception Version targeting has been welcomed by some people as a means to enable browsers to adopt Web standards without breaking compatibility with Web sites depended on old rendering engines for their functionality. References ^ a b "Version Targeting: Threat or Menace?". 19 February 2008. ^ "New in JavaScript 1.6 - Mozilla Developer Center". developer.mozilla.org. Archived from the original on 2008-08-23. ^ "New in JavaScript 1.7 - Mozilla Developer Center". developer.mozilla.org. Archived from the original on 2008-08-22. ^ "IEBlog". 17 July 2020. ^ "Microsoft Backflips on Browser Version Targeting - SitePoint". 4 March 2008. ^ Mielke, Markus; Massy, Dave (2006-01-31). "Cascading Style Sheet Compatibility in Internet Explorer 7". Microsoft Developer Network. Microsoft. Retrieved 2016-12-26. ^ a b "Beyond DOCTYPE: Web Standards, Forward Compatibility, and IE8". 22 January 2008. ^ "IE7: Were they ready?". 2006-10-26. Archived from the original on 2018-01-30. Retrieved 2024-01-03. ^ "Microsoft's Version Targeting Proposal - the Web Standards Project". Archived from the original on October 2, 2008. Retrieved September 2, 2008. ^ "John Resig - HTML5 DOCTYPE". ^ a b "From Switches to Targets: A Standardista's Journey". 23 January 2008. ^ "In defense of version targeting". 22 January 2008. Bibliography WaSP IE8 round table discussion
[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Version targeting"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mozilla Firefox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozilla_Firefox"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-minth-1"},{"link_name":"JavaScript","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript"},{"link_name":"Firefox 1.5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firefox_1.5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Firefox 2.0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozilla_Firefox_2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"scripting engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scripting_engine"},{"link_name":"opt-in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/opt-in"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-minth-1"}],"text":"Version targeting has been used in Mozilla Firefox[1] when it introduced JavaScript 1.6 in Firefox 1.5[2] and JavaScript 1.7 in Firefox 2.0:[3] developers willing to use the new scripting engine had to explicitly opt-in.[1]","title":"In Mozilla Firefox"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Microsoft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft"},{"link_name":"Internet Explorer 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Explorer_8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cancel-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Internet Explorer 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Explorer_7"},{"link_name":"CSS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"websites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Websites"},{"link_name":"Internet Explorer 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Explorer_6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-beydoctyp-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Web Standards Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_Standards_Project"},{"link_name":"Web standards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_standards"},{"link_name":"DOCTYPE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOCTYPE"},{"link_name":"Web developers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_developer"},{"link_name":"Web sites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_site"},{"link_name":"rendering engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendering_engine"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-beydoctyp-7"},{"link_name":"WaSP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WaSP"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Version targeting was proposed by Microsoft for use in its Internet Explorer 8 product-in-development, but the idea was later discarded.[4][5]The proposal came after the release of Internet Explorer 7 which improved its CSS 2.1 support[6] at the cost of causing some websites that were developed for Internet Explorer 6 to be rendered incorrectly when viewed with the new browser version.[7][8]Microsoft contacted the Web Standards Project and experts on Web standards and asked for assistance in devising a new DOCTYPE-like technique that could work across browsers and let Web developers specify exact browser versions under which their Web sites are known to work correctly, and browsers implementing this form of version targeting would use the correct rendering engine versions to display the site correctly.[7] Members of the WaSP Microsoft Task Force were involved in the proposal, albeit not every member backed it.[9]Some commentators suggested that it would be possible to use Internet Explorer 8's support for new DOCTYPEs in order to avoid using its version targeting meta tag.[10]","title":"Use in Internet Explorer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"browser sniffing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Browser_sniffing"},{"link_name":"forward-compatible development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Forward-compatible_development&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"progressive enhancement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_enhancement"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-switarg-11"},{"link_name":"forward compatibility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_compatibility"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-switarg-11"}],"text":"The concept of version targeting, especially as proposed by Microsoft, has been criticised for being a new form of browser sniffing and for violating the principle of forward-compatible development where progressive enhancement is preferred.[11]Version targeting has been criticised for not giving incentives to developers to plan ahead for forward compatibility.[11]","title":"Criticism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Version targeting has been welcomed by some people as a means to enable browsers to adopt Web standards without breaking compatibility with Web sites depended on old rendering engines for their functionality.[12]","title":"Positive reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"WaSP IE8 round table discussion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.glendathegood.com/wasp/transcript.html"}],"text":"WaSP IE8 round table discussion","title":"Bibliography"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontal_lobe_disorder
Frontal lobe disorder
["1 Signs and symptoms","2 Causes","3 Pathogenesis","3.1 Anatomy and functions","4 Diagnosis","5 Treatment","6 History","7 See also","8 References","9 Further reading","10 External links"]
Brain disorder Medical conditionFrontal lobe disorderIllustration of lateral view of the right side of the brain showing the frontal lobe, other lobes of the brain, and the cerebellumSpecialtyNeurology, psychiatrySymptomsTremor, dystoniaCausesClosed head injuriesDiagnostic methodNeuropsychological testTreatmentSpeech therapy, supportive care Frontal lobe disorder, also frontal lobe syndrome, is an impairment of the frontal lobe of the brain due to disease or frontal lobe injury. The frontal lobe plays a key role in executive functions such as motivation, planning, social behaviour, and speech production. Frontal lobe syndrome can be caused by a range of conditions including head trauma, tumours, neurodegenerative diseases, neurodevelopmental disorders, neurosurgery and cerebrovascular disease. Frontal lobe impairment can be detected by recognition of typical signs and symptoms, use of simple screening tests, and specialist neurological testing. Signs and symptoms The signs and symptoms of frontal lobe disorder can be indicated by dysexecutive syndrome which consists of a number of symptoms which tend to occur together. Broadly speaking, these symptoms fall into three main categories; cognitive (movement and speech), emotional or behavioral. Although many of these symptoms regularly co-occur, it is common to encounter patients who have several, but not all of these symptoms. This is one reason why some researchers are beginning to argue that dysexecutive syndrome is not the best term to describe these various symptoms. The fact that many of the dysexecutive syndrome symptoms can occur alone has led some researchers to suggest that the symptoms should not be labelled as a "syndrome" as such. Some of the latest imaging research on frontal cortex areas suggests that executive functions may be more discrete than was previously thought. Signs and symptoms can be divided as follows: Movement Tremor Apraxia Dystonia Gait abnormality Dyspraxia Emotional Difficulty in inhibiting emotions, anger, excitement Depression Difficulty in understanding others' points of view Behavioral Utilization behavior Perseveration behavior Social disinhibition Compulsive eating Language signs Aphasia Expressive aphasia Causes The causes of frontal lobe disorders can be closed head injury. An example of this can be from an accident, which can cause damage to the orbitofrontal cortex area of the brain. Cerebrovascular disease may cause a stroke in the frontal lobe. Tumours such as meningiomas may present with a frontal lobe syndrome. Frontal lobe impairment is also a feature of Alzheimer's disease, and frontotemporal dementia. Pathogenesis The pathogenesis of frontal lobe disorders entails various pathologies, some are as follows: Foster Kennedy syndrome- It is caused due to tumor of frontal lobe and gives rise to ipsilateral optic atrophy and contralateral papilledema. Frontal disinhibition syndrome, Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder, Rett syndrome and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder It is produced from frontal lobe damage due to prenatal exposure to teratogens(like ethanol), head injuries, or tumors. Socially disinhibited and shows severe impairment of judgment, insight and foresight. Antisocial behaviour is a characteristic feature of frontal disinhibition syndrome. Frontal abulic syndrome Loss of initiative, creativity and curiosity Pervasive emotional apathy and blandness Akinetic mutism OFC-Orbitofrontal cortex Anatomy and functions The frontal lobe contains the precentral gyrus and prefrontal cortex and, by some conventions, the orbitofrontal cortex. These three areas are represented in both the left and the right cerebral hemispheres. The precentral gyrus or primary motor cortex is concerned with the planning, initiation and control of fine motor movements dorsolateral to each hemisphere. The dorsolateral part of the frontal lobe is concerned with planning, strategy formation, and other executive functions. The prefrontal cortex in the left hemisphere is involved with verbal memory while the prefrontal cortex in the right hemisphere is involved in spatial memory. The left frontal operculum region of the prefrontal cortex, or Broca's area, is responsible for expressive language, i.e. language production. The orbitofrontal cortex is concerned with response inhibition, impulse control, and social behaviour. Diagnosis Frontotemporal dementia. The diagnosis of frontal lobe disorder can be divided into the following three categories: Clinical history Frontal lobe disorders may be recognized through a sudden and dramatic change in a person's personality, for example with loss of social awareness, disinhibition, emotional instability, irritability or impulsiveness. Alternatively, the disorder may become apparent because of mood changes such as depression, anxiety or apathy. Examination On mental state examination a person with frontal lobe damage may show speech problems, with reduced verbal fluency. Typically the person is lacking in insight and judgment, but does not have marked cognitive abnormalities or memory impairment (as measured for example by the mini-mental state examination). With more severe impairment there may be echolalia or mutism. Neurological examination may show primitive reflexes (also known as frontal release signs) such as the grasp reflex. Akinesia (lack of spontaneous movement) will be present in more severe and advanced cases. Further investigation A range of neuropsychological tests are available for clarifying the nature and extent of frontal lobe dysfunction. For example, concept formation and ability to shift mental sets can be measured with the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, planning can be assessed with the Mazes subtest of the WISC. Frontotemporal dementia shows up as atrophy of the frontal cortex on MRI. Frontal impairment due to head injuries, tumours or cerebrovascular disease will also appear on brain imaging. Treatment In terms of treatment for frontal lobe disorder, there is none, general supportive care is given, also some level of supervision could be needed. The prognosis will depend on the cause of the disorder, of course. A possible complication is that individuals with severe injuries may be disabled, such that, a caregiver may be unrecognizable to the person. Another aspect of treatment of frontal lobe disorder is speech therapy. This type of therapy might help individuals with symptoms that are associated with aphasia and dysarthria. History Phineas Gage, who sustained a severe frontal lobe injury in 1848, has been called a case of dysexecutive syndrome. Gage's psychological changes are almost always exaggerated – of the symptoms listed, the only ones Gage can be said to have exhibited are "anger and frustration", slight memory impairment, and "difficulty in planning". In December 2005, at his Dover Road flat in Singapore, 44-year-old caretaker Mohammad Zam Abdul Rashid attacked and battered his 38-year-old wife Ramona Johari (a production operator) to death after he accused her of getting close to a colleague. Mohammad Zam was originally charged with murder but after he was found to be suffering from frontal lobe syndrome, which went undiagnosed prior to the murder and had affected his mental responsibility at the time of the killing, Mohammad Zam was convicted of a reduced charge of manslaughter and hence sentenced to life imprisonment. The diagnosis of frontal lobe syndrome in this homicide case generated public discussions about the disorder. See also Attention Cognitive neuropsychology Dysexecutive syndrome Executive functions Frontal lobe Gourmand syndrome Klüver–Bucy syndrome Phineas Gage Working memory References ^ a b c d "Frontotemporal Disorders: Information for Patients, Families, and Caregivers". NIH. National Institute on Aging. 2015. Archived from the original on 5 July 2017. Retrieved 30 January 2016. ^ a b Schwarzbold, Marcelo; Diaz, Alexandre; Martins, Evandro Tostes; Rufino, Armanda; Amante, Lúcia Nazareth; Thais, Maria Emília; Quevedo, João; Hohl, Alexandre; Linhares, Marcelo Neves (2008-08-01). "Psychiatric disorders and traumatic brain injury". Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment. 4 (4): 797–816. doi:10.2147/ndt.s2653. ISSN 1176-6328. PMC 2536546. PMID 19043523. ^ a b Eling, Paul; Derckx, Kristianne; Maes, Roald (2008-08-01). "On the historical and conceptual background of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test". Brain and Cognition. 67 (3): 247–253. doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2008.01.006. hdl:2066/73651. PMID 18328609. S2CID 205788199. – via ScienceDirect (Subscription may be required or content may be available in libraries.) ^ a b c d e "Frontal lobe syndromes". eMedicine Specialities. January 11, 2008. Archived from the original on 2008-11-23. Retrieved 2008-07-02. ^ a b "Frontal Lobe Syndrome. FLS information. Frontal Lobe Lesions | Patient". Patient. 6 November 2014. Archived from the original on 2017-11-21. Retrieved 2016-01-30. ^ Davis, Larry E.; Richardson, Sarah Pirio (2015-05-29). Fundamentals of Neurologic Disease. Springer. p. 139. ISBN 9781493923595. ^ Marshall, John (2012-01-12). The Handbook of Clinical Neuropsychology. OUP Oxford. ISBN 9780191625787.Google books does not indicate page ^ Stuss D.T., Alexander M.P. (2007). "Is there a Dysexecutive Syndrome? Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 362 (1481): 901–15. doi:10.1098/rstb.2007.2096. PMC 2430005. PMID 17412679. ^ Gilbert S.J., Burgess P.W. (2008). "Executive Function". Current Biology. 18 (3): 110–114. Bibcode:2008CBio...18.R110G. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2007.12.014. PMID 18269902. S2CID 15536307. ^ Miller, Bruce L.; Cummings, Jeffrey L. (2007-01-01). The Human Frontal Lobes: Functions and Disorders. Guilford Press. p. 19 and 450. ISBN 9781593853297. ^ "Frontotemporal Dementia Information Page: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)". www.ninds.nih.gov. Archived from the original on 2011-03-20. Retrieved 2016-01-30. ^ "Foster Kennedy's Syndrome. FKS information. Patient | Patient". Patient. Archived from the original on 2016-02-02. Retrieved 2016-01-30. ^ Niedermeyer, E (Jan 2001). "Frontal lobe disinhibition, Rett syndrome and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder". Clinical Electroencephalography. 32 (1): 20–3. doi:10.1177/155005940103200106. PMID 11202137. S2CID 35417045. ^ Leadership, Donald T. Stuss Reva James Leeds Chair in Neuroscience and Research; Berkeley, Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute Robert T. Knight Evan Rauch Professor of Neuroscience and Director, Department of Psychology University of California (20 June 2002). Principles of Frontal Lobe Function. Oxford University Press. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-19-803083-6.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ Kalat, James (2007). Biological Psychology (9 ed.). Belmont, CA, USA: Thomas Wadsworth. pp. 100. ISBN 978-0-495-09079-3. ^ Pangman, Verna C.; Sloan, Jeff; Guse, Lorna (2000). "An examination of psychometric properties of the Mini-Mental State Examination and the Standardized Mini-Mental State Examination: Implications for clinical practice". Applied Nursing Research. 13 (4): 209–13. doi:10.1053/apnr.2000.9231. PMID 11078787. ^ "Mutism in the Older Adult". Archived from the original on 2016-03-06. Retrieved 2016-01-30. ^ Schott, J. M.; Rossor, M. N. (2003-05-01). "The grasp and other primitive reflexes". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 74 (5): 558–560. doi:10.1136/jnnp.74.5.558. ISSN 1468-330X. PMC 1738455. PMID 12700289. ^ Bradley, Walter George (2004-01-01). Neurology in Clinical Practice: Principles of diagnosis and management. Taylor & Francis. p. 122. ISBN 9789997625885. ^ Pick Disease~workup at eMedicine ^ Macmillan, M. (2008). "Phineas Gage – Unravelling the myth The Psychologist (British Psychological Society), 21(9): 828-831" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-06-04. Retrieved 2009-07-09.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ "'Unstable' wife-killer escapes the gallows". Today. 12 September 2006. Archived from the original on 12 March 2024. Retrieved 12 March 2024. ^ "Wife-killer case: Questions about syndrome". The Straits Times. 22 September 2006. Further reading Paradiso, S (1999). "Frontal lobe syndrome reassessed: comparison of patients with lateral or medial frontal brain damage". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 67 (5): 664–7. doi:10.1136/jnnp.67.5.664. PMC 1736625. PMID 10519877. Paradiso, Sergio; Chemerinski, Eran; Yazici, Kazim M.; Tartaro, Armando; Robinson, Robert G. (1999-11-01). "Frontal lobe syndrome reassessed: comparison of patients with lateral or medial frontal brain damage". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 67 (5): 664–667. doi:10.1136/jnnp.67.5.664. ISSN 1468-330X. PMC 1736625. PMID 10519877. External links ClassificationDICD-10: F07External resourceseMedicine: article/1135866 Scholia has a topic profile for Frontal lobe disorder. vteAnatomy of the cerebral cortex of the human brainFrontal lobeSuperolateralPrefrontal Superior frontal gyrus 4 6 8 Middle frontal gyrus 9 10 46 Inferior frontal gyrus: 11 47-Pars orbitalis Broca's area 44-Pars opercularis 45-Pars triangularis Superior frontal sulcus Inferior frontal sulcus Precentral Precentral gyrus Precentral sulcus Medial/inferiorPrefrontal Superior frontal gyrus 4 6 Medial frontal gyrus 8 9 Paraterminal gyrus/Paraolfactory area 12 Straight gyrus 11 Orbital gyri/Orbitofrontal cortex 10 11 12 Ventromedial prefrontal cortex 10 Subcallosal area 25 Olfactory sulcus Orbital sulcus Precentral Paracentral lobule 4 Paracentral sulcus Both Primary motor cortex 4 Premotor cortex 6 Supplementary motor area 6 Supplementary eye field 6 Frontal eye fields 8 Parietal lobeSuperolateral Superior parietal lobule 5 7 Inferior parietal lobule 40-Supramarginal gyrus 39-Angular gyrus Parietal operculum 43 Intraparietal sulcus Medial/inferior Paracentral lobule 1 2 3 5 Precuneus 7 Marginal sulcus Both Postcentral gyrus/Primary somatosensory cortex 3, 1 and 2 Secondary somatosensory cortex 5 Posterior parietal cortex 7 Occipital lobeSuperolateral Occipital pole of cerebrum Occipital gyri Lateral occipital gyrus 18 19 Lunate sulcus Transverse occipital sulcus Medial/inferior Visual cortex 17 Cuneus Lingual gyrus Calcarine sulcus Temporal lobeSuperolateral Transverse temporal gyrus/Auditory cortex 41 and 42 Superior temporal gyrus 38 22/Wernicke's area (Planum temporale) Superior temporal sulcus Middle temporal gyrus 21 Medial/inferior Occipitotemporal sulcus Fusiform gyrus 37 Medial temporal lobe 27 28 34 35 36 Inferior temporal sulcus Inferior temporal gyrus 20 Interlobarsulci/fissuresSuperolateral Central (frontal+parietal) Lateral (frontal+parietal+temporal) Parieto-occipital Preoccipital notch Medial/inferior Longitudinal fissure Cingulate (frontal+cingulate) Collateral (temporal+occipital) Callosal sulcus Limbic lobeParahippocampal gyrus anterior Entorhinal cortex Perirhinal cortex Postrhinal cortex Posterior parahippocampal gyrus Prepyriform area Cingulate cortex/gyrus Subgenual area 25 Anterior cingulate 24 32 33 Posterior cingulate 23 31 Isthmus of cingulate gyrus: Retrosplenial cortex 26 29 30 Hippocampal formation Hippocampal sulcus Fimbria of hippocampus Dentate gyrus Rhinal sulcus Other Indusium griseum Uncus Amygdala Insular cortex Insular cortex General Operculum Poles of cerebral hemispheres Some categorizations are approximations, and some Brodmann areas span gyri. vteMedicineSpecialtiesandsubspecialtiesSurgery Cardiac surgery Cardiothoracic surgery Endocrine surgery Eye surgery General surgery Colorectal surgery Digestive system surgery Neurosurgery Oral and maxillofacial surgery Orthopedic surgery Hand surgery Otolaryngology ENT Pediatric surgery Plastic surgery Reproductive surgery Surgical oncology Transplant surgery Trauma surgery Urology Andrology Vascular surgery Internalmedicine Allergy / Immunology Angiology Cardiology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Hepatology Geriatrics Hematology Hospital medicine Infectious diseases Nephrology Oncology Pulmonology Rheumatology Obstetrics andgynaecology Gynaecology Gynecologic oncology Maternal–fetal medicine Obstetrics Reproductive endocrinology and infertility Urogynecology Diagnostic Radiology Interventional radiology Neuroradiology Nuclear medicine Pathology Anatomical Clinical pathology Clinical chemistry Cytopathology Medical microbiology Transfusion medicine Other Addiction medicine Adolescent medicine Anesthesiology Obstetric anesthesiology Neurosurgical anesthesiology Aviation medicine Dermatology Disaster medicine Diving medicine Emergency medicine Mass gathering medicine Evolutionary medicine Family medicine / General practice Hospital medicine Intensive care medicine Medical genetics Narcology Neurology Clinical neurophysiology Occupational medicine Ophthalmology Oral medicine Pain management Palliative care Pediatrics Neonatology Phlebology Physical medicine and rehabilitation (PM&R) Preventive medicine Prison healthcare Psychiatry Addiction psychiatry Radiation oncology Reproductive medicine Sexual medicine Venereology Sleep medicine Sports medicine Transplantation medicine Tropical medicine Travel medicine Medicaleducation Medical school Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery Bachelor of Medical Sciences Master of Medicine Master of Surgery Doctor of Medicine Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine MD–PhD Medical Scientist Training Program Related topics Alternative medicine Allied health Molecular oncology Nanomedicine Personalized medicine Public health Rural health Therapy Traditional medicine Veterinary medicine Physician Chief physician History of medicine Category Commons Wikiproject Portal Outline
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"frontal lobe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontal_lobe"},{"link_name":"brain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain"},{"link_name":"frontal lobe injury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontal_lobe_injury"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pat-5"},{"link_name":"executive functions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_functions"},{"link_name":"neurodegenerative diseases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurodegenerative_disease"},{"link_name":"neurodevelopmental disorders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurodevelopmental_disorders"},{"link_name":"cerebrovascular disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebrovascular_disease"},{"link_name":"signs and symptoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms"},{"link_name":"medical citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)"}],"text":"Medical conditionFrontal lobe disorder, also frontal lobe syndrome, is an impairment of the frontal lobe of the brain due to disease or frontal lobe injury.[5] The frontal lobe plays a key role in executive functions such as motivation, planning, social behaviour, and speech production. Frontal lobe syndrome can be caused by a range of conditions including head trauma, tumours, neurodegenerative diseases, neurodevelopmental disorders, neurosurgery and cerebrovascular disease. Frontal lobe impairment can be detected by recognition of typical signs and symptoms, use of simple screening tests, and specialist neurological testing. [medical citation needed]","title":"Frontal lobe disorder"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dysexecutive syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysexecutive_syndrome"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nih-1"},{"link_name":"Tremor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tremor"},{"link_name":"Apraxia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apraxia"},{"link_name":"Dystonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dystonia"},{"link_name":"Gait abnormality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gait_abnormality"},{"link_name":"Dyspraxia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_coordination_disorder"},{"link_name":"Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depression_(mood)"},{"link_name":"Utilization behavior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilization_behavior"},{"link_name":"Perseveration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perseveration"},{"link_name":"Aphasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphasia"},{"link_name":"Expressive aphasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expressive_aphasia"}],"text":"The signs and symptoms of frontal lobe disorder can be indicated by dysexecutive syndrome[6] which consists of a number of symptoms which tend to occur together.[7] Broadly speaking, these symptoms fall into three main categories; cognitive (movement and speech), emotional or behavioral. Although many of these symptoms regularly co-occur, it is common to encounter patients who have several, but not all of these symptoms. This is one reason why some researchers are beginning to argue that dysexecutive syndrome is not the best term to describe these various symptoms. The fact that many of the dysexecutive syndrome symptoms can occur alone has led some researchers[8] to suggest that the symptoms should not be labelled as a \"syndrome\" as such. Some of the latest imaging research[9] on frontal cortex areas suggests that executive functions may be more discrete than was previously thought. Signs and symptoms can be divided as follows:[1]Movement\nTremor\nApraxia\nDystonia\nGait abnormality\nDyspraxia\nEmotional\n\nDifficulty in inhibiting emotions, anger, excitement\nDepression\nDifficulty in understanding others' points of view\nBehavioral\n\nUtilization behavior\nPerseveration behavior\nSocial disinhibition\nCompulsive eating\nLanguage signs\n\nAphasia\nExpressive aphasia","title":"Signs and symptoms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"closed head injury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed_head_injury"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-head-2"},{"link_name":"Cerebrovascular disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebrovascular_disease"},{"link_name":"stroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroke"},{"link_name":"Tumours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumours"},{"link_name":"meningiomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meningiomas"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Alzheimer's disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease"},{"link_name":"frontotemporal dementia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontotemporal_dementia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nih-1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ninds-11"}],"text":"The causes of frontal lobe disorders can be closed head injury. An example of this can be from an accident, which can cause damage to the orbitofrontal cortex area of the brain.[2]Cerebrovascular disease may cause a stroke in the frontal lobe. Tumours such as meningiomas may present with a frontal lobe syndrome.[10] Frontal lobe impairment is also a feature of Alzheimer's disease, and frontotemporal dementia.[1][11]","title":"Causes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Foster Kennedy syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foster_Kennedy_syndrome"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetal_Alcohol_Spectrum_Disorder"},{"link_name":"Rett syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rett_syndrome"},{"link_name":"attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid11202137-13"},{"link_name":"teratogens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teratogens"},{"link_name":"ethanol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LeadershipBerkeley2002-14"},{"link_name":"Akinetic mutism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akinetic_mutism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MRI_of_orbitofrontal_cortex.jpg"},{"link_name":"Orbitofrontal cortex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbitofrontal_cortex"}],"text":"The pathogenesis of frontal lobe disorders entails various pathologies, some are as follows:Foster Kennedy syndrome[12]- It is caused due to tumor of frontal lobe and gives rise to ipsilateral optic atrophy and contralateral papilledema.\nFrontal disinhibition syndrome, Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder, Rett syndrome and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder[13]\nIt is produced from frontal lobe damage due to prenatal exposure to teratogens(like ethanol), head injuries, or tumors.\nSocially disinhibited and shows severe impairment of judgment, insight and foresight.\nAntisocial behaviour is a characteristic feature of frontal disinhibition syndrome.\nFrontal abulic syndrome[14]\nLoss of initiative, creativity and curiosity\nPervasive emotional apathy and blandness\nAkinetic mutismOFC-Orbitofrontal cortex","title":"Pathogenesis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"precentral gyrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precentral_gyrus"},{"link_name":"primary motor cortex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_motor_cortex"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"executive functions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_functions"},{"link_name":"verbal memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbal_memory"},{"link_name":"spatial memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatial_memory"},{"link_name":"Broca's area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broca%27s_area"},{"link_name":"orbitofrontal cortex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbitofrontal_cortex"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frontal_lobe_syndromes-4"}],"sub_title":"Anatomy and functions","text":"The frontal lobe contains the precentral gyrus and prefrontal cortex and, by some conventions, the orbitofrontal cortex. These three areas are represented in both the left and the right cerebral hemispheres. The precentral gyrus or primary motor cortex is concerned with the planning, initiation and control of fine motor movements dorsolateral to each hemisphere.[15] The dorsolateral part of the frontal lobe is concerned with planning, strategy formation, and other executive functions. The prefrontal cortex in the left hemisphere is involved with verbal memory while the prefrontal cortex in the right hemisphere is involved in spatial memory. The left frontal operculum region of the prefrontal cortex, or Broca's area, is responsible for expressive language, i.e. language production. The orbitofrontal cortex is concerned with response inhibition, impulse control, and social behaviour.[4]","title":"Pathogenesis"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pick%27s_disease.png"},{"link_name":"Frontotemporal dementia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontotemporal_dementia"},{"link_name":"personality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personality_psychology"},{"link_name":"depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depression_(mood)"},{"link_name":"anxiety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nih-1"},{"link_name":"mental state examination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_state_examination"},{"link_name":"frontal lobe damage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontal_lobe_damage"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frontal_lobe_syndromes-4"},{"link_name":"mini-mental state examination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mini-mental_state_examination"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"echolalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echolalia"},{"link_name":"mutism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutism"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Neurological examination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurological_examination"},{"link_name":"primitive reflexes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primitive_reflexes"},{"link_name":"grasp reflex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grasp_reflex"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Akinesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akinesia"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"neuropsychological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuropsychological"},{"link_name":"concept formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concept_formation"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin Card Sorting Test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_Card_Sorting_Test"},{"link_name":"WISC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wechsler_Intelligence_Scale_for_Children"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-test-3"},{"link_name":"Frontotemporal dementia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontotemporal_dementia"},{"link_name":"atrophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrophy"},{"link_name":"MRI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRI"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frontal_lobe_syndromes-4"}],"text":"Frontotemporal dementia.The diagnosis of frontal lobe disorder can be divided into the following three categories:Clinical historyFrontal lobe disorders may be recognized through a sudden and dramatic change in a person's personality, for example with loss of social awareness, disinhibition, emotional instability, irritability or impulsiveness. Alternatively, the disorder may become apparent because of mood changes such as depression, anxiety or apathy.[1]ExaminationOn mental state examination a person with frontal lobe damage may show speech problems, with reduced verbal fluency.[4] Typically the person is lacking in insight and judgment, but does not have marked cognitive abnormalities or memory impairment (as measured for example by the mini-mental state examination).[16] With more severe impairment there may be echolalia or mutism.[17] Neurological examination may show primitive reflexes (also known as frontal release signs) such as the grasp reflex.[18] Akinesia (lack of spontaneous movement) will be present in more severe and advanced cases.[19]Further investigationA range of neuropsychological tests are available for clarifying the nature and extent of frontal lobe dysfunction. For example, concept formation and ability to shift mental sets can be measured with the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, planning can be assessed with the Mazes subtest of the WISC.[3] Frontotemporal dementia shows up as atrophy of the frontal cortex on MRI.[20] Frontal impairment due to head injuries, tumours or cerebrovascular disease will also appear on brain imaging.[4]","title":"Diagnosis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"injuries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injuries"},{"link_name":"caregiver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caregiver"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pat-5"},{"link_name":"speech therapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_therapy"},{"link_name":"aphasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphasia"},{"link_name":"dysarthria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysarthria"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frontal_lobe_syndromes-4"}],"text":"In terms of treatment for frontal lobe disorder, there is none, general supportive care is given, also some level of supervision could be needed. The prognosis will depend on the cause of the disorder, of course. A possible complication is that individuals with severe injuries may be disabled, such that, a caregiver may be unrecognizable to the person.[5] Another aspect of treatment of frontal lobe disorder is speech therapy. This type of therapy might help individuals with symptoms that are associated with aphasia and dysarthria.[4]","title":"Treatment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Phineas Gage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phineas_Gage"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Dover Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dover,_Singapore"},{"link_name":"Mohammad Zam Abdul Rashid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Zam_Abdul_Rashid"},{"link_name":"life imprisonment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_imprisonment_in_Singapore"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"Phineas Gage, who sustained a severe frontal lobe injury in 1848, has been called a case of dysexecutive syndrome. Gage's psychological changes are almost always exaggerated – of the symptoms listed, the only ones Gage can be said to have exhibited are \"anger and frustration\", slight memory impairment, and \"difficulty in planning\".[21]In December 2005, at his Dover Road flat in Singapore, 44-year-old caretaker Mohammad Zam Abdul Rashid attacked and battered his 38-year-old wife Ramona Johari (a production operator) to death after he accused her of getting close to a colleague. Mohammad Zam was originally charged with murder but after he was found to be suffering from frontal lobe syndrome, which went undiagnosed prior to the murder and had affected his mental responsibility at the time of the killing, Mohammad Zam was convicted of a reduced charge of manslaughter and hence sentenced to life imprisonment.[22] The diagnosis of frontal lobe syndrome in this homicide case generated public discussions about the disorder.[23]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Frontal lobe syndrome reassessed: comparison of patients with lateral or medial frontal brain damage\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1736625"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1136/jnnp.67.5.664","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1136%2Fjnnp.67.5.664"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1736625","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1736625"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10519877","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10519877"},{"link_name":"\"Frontal lobe syndrome reassessed: comparison of patients with lateral or medial frontal brain damage\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1736625"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1136/jnnp.67.5.664","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1136%2Fjnnp.67.5.664"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1468-330X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/1468-330X"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1736625","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1736625"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10519877","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10519877"}],"text":"Paradiso, S (1999). \"Frontal lobe syndrome reassessed: comparison of patients with lateral or medial frontal brain damage\". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 67 (5): 664–7. doi:10.1136/jnnp.67.5.664. PMC 1736625. PMID 10519877.\nParadiso, Sergio; Chemerinski, Eran; Yazici, Kazim M.; Tartaro, Armando; Robinson, Robert G. (1999-11-01). \"Frontal lobe syndrome reassessed: comparison of patients with lateral or medial frontal brain damage\". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 67 (5): 664–667. doi:10.1136/jnnp.67.5.664. ISSN 1468-330X. PMC 1736625. PMID 10519877.","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"OFC-Orbitofrontal cortex","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/MRI_of_orbitofrontal_cortex.jpg/220px-MRI_of_orbitofrontal_cortex.jpg"},{"image_text":"Frontotemporal dementia.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Pick%27s_disease.png/350px-Pick%27s_disease.png"}]
[{"title":"Attention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attention"},{"title":"Cognitive neuropsychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_neuropsychology"},{"title":"Dysexecutive syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysexecutive_syndrome"},{"title":"Executive functions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_functions"},{"title":"Frontal lobe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontal_lobe"},{"title":"Gourmand syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gourmand_syndrome"},{"title":"Klüver–Bucy syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kl%C3%BCver%E2%80%93Bucy_syndrome"},{"title":"Phineas Gage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phineas_Gage"},{"title":"Working memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_memory"}]
[{"reference":"\"Frontotemporal Disorders: Information for Patients, Families, and Caregivers\". NIH. National Institute on Aging. 2015. Archived from the original on 5 July 2017. Retrieved 30 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nia.nih.gov/alzheimers/publication/frontotemporal-disorders/basics-frontotemporal-disorders","url_text":"\"Frontotemporal Disorders: Information for Patients, Families, and Caregivers\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170705223044/https://www.nia.nih.gov/alzheimers/publication/frontotemporal-disorders/basics-frontotemporal-disorders","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Schwarzbold, Marcelo; Diaz, Alexandre; Martins, Evandro Tostes; Rufino, Armanda; Amante, Lúcia Nazareth; Thais, Maria Emília; Quevedo, João; Hohl, Alexandre; Linhares, Marcelo Neves (2008-08-01). \"Psychiatric disorders and traumatic brain injury\". Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment. 4 (4): 797–816. doi:10.2147/ndt.s2653. ISSN 1176-6328. PMC 2536546. PMID 19043523.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2536546","url_text":"\"Psychiatric disorders and traumatic brain injury\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2147%2Fndt.s2653","url_text":"10.2147/ndt.s2653"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1176-6328","url_text":"1176-6328"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2536546","url_text":"2536546"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19043523","url_text":"19043523"}]},{"reference":"Eling, Paul; Derckx, Kristianne; Maes, Roald (2008-08-01). \"On the historical and conceptual background of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test\". Brain and Cognition. 67 (3): 247–253. doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2008.01.006. hdl:2066/73651. PMID 18328609. S2CID 205788199.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bandc.2008.01.006","url_text":"10.1016/j.bandc.2008.01.006"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2066%2F73651","url_text":"2066/73651"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18328609","url_text":"18328609"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205788199","url_text":"205788199"}]},{"reference":"\"Frontal lobe syndromes\". eMedicine Specialities. January 11, 2008. Archived from the original on 2008-11-23. Retrieved 2008-07-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.emedicine.com/NEURO/topic436.htm","url_text":"\"Frontal lobe syndromes\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081123080413/http://www.emedicine.com/neuro/TOPIC436.HTM","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Frontal Lobe Syndrome. FLS information. Frontal Lobe Lesions | Patient\". Patient. 6 November 2014. Archived from the original on 2017-11-21. Retrieved 2016-01-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://patient.info/doctor/frontal-lobe-syndrome","url_text":"\"Frontal Lobe Syndrome. FLS information. Frontal Lobe Lesions | Patient\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171121190851/https://patient.info/doctor/frontal-lobe-syndrome","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Davis, Larry E.; Richardson, Sarah Pirio (2015-05-29). Fundamentals of Neurologic Disease. Springer. p. 139. ISBN 9781493923595.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=31jACQAAQBAJ","url_text":"Fundamentals of Neurologic Disease"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781493923595","url_text":"9781493923595"}]},{"reference":"Marshall, John (2012-01-12). The Handbook of Clinical Neuropsychology. OUP Oxford. ISBN 9780191625787.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kbjB6zhQ6xcC","url_text":"The Handbook of Clinical Neuropsychology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191625787","url_text":"9780191625787"}]},{"reference":"Stuss D.T., Alexander M.P. (2007). \"Is there a Dysexecutive Syndrome? Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London\". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 362 (1481): 901–15. doi:10.1098/rstb.2007.2096. PMC 2430005. PMID 17412679.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2430005","url_text":"\"Is there a Dysexecutive Syndrome? Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.2007.2096","url_text":"10.1098/rstb.2007.2096"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2430005","url_text":"2430005"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17412679","url_text":"17412679"}]},{"reference":"Gilbert S.J., Burgess P.W. (2008). \"Executive Function\". Current Biology. 18 (3): 110–114. Bibcode:2008CBio...18.R110G. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2007.12.014. PMID 18269902. S2CID 15536307.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2007.12.014","url_text":"\"Executive Function\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008CBio...18.R110G","url_text":"2008CBio...18.R110G"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2007.12.014","url_text":"10.1016/j.cub.2007.12.014"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18269902","url_text":"18269902"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15536307","url_text":"15536307"}]},{"reference":"Miller, Bruce L.; Cummings, Jeffrey L. (2007-01-01). The Human Frontal Lobes: Functions and Disorders. Guilford Press. p. 19 and 450. ISBN 9781593853297.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hBcPYvqE19QC","url_text":"The Human Frontal Lobes: Functions and Disorders"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781593853297","url_text":"9781593853297"}]},{"reference":"\"Frontotemporal Dementia Information Page: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)\". www.ninds.nih.gov. Archived from the original on 2011-03-20. Retrieved 2016-01-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110320172601/http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/picks/picks.htm","url_text":"\"Frontotemporal Dementia Information Page: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)\""},{"url":"http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/picks/picks.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Foster Kennedy's Syndrome. FKS information. Patient | Patient\". Patient. Archived from the original on 2016-02-02. Retrieved 2016-01-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://patient.info/doctor/Foster-Kennedy-Syndrome.htm","url_text":"\"Foster Kennedy's Syndrome. FKS information. Patient | Patient\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160202184752/http://patient.info/doctor/Foster-Kennedy-Syndrome.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Niedermeyer, E (Jan 2001). \"Frontal lobe disinhibition, Rett syndrome and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder\". Clinical Electroencephalography. 32 (1): 20–3. doi:10.1177/155005940103200106. PMID 11202137. S2CID 35417045.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F155005940103200106","url_text":"10.1177/155005940103200106"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11202137","url_text":"11202137"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:35417045","url_text":"35417045"}]},{"reference":"Leadership, Donald T. Stuss Reva James Leeds Chair in Neuroscience and Research; Berkeley, Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute Robert T. Knight Evan Rauch Professor of Neuroscience and Director, Department of Psychology University of California (20 June 2002). Principles of Frontal Lobe Function. Oxford University Press. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-19-803083-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ntOEPvcGoiYC&pg=PA13","url_text":"Principles of Frontal Lobe Function"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-803083-6","url_text":"978-0-19-803083-6"}]},{"reference":"Kalat, James (2007). Biological Psychology (9 ed.). Belmont, CA, USA: Thomas Wadsworth. pp. 100. 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Retrieved 2009-07-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120604220707/http://www.thepsychologist.org.uk/archive/archive_home.cfm/volumeID_21-editionID_164-ArticleID_1399-getfile_getPDF/thepsychologist/0908look.pdf","url_text":"\"Phineas Gage – Unravelling the myth The Psychologist (British Psychological Society), 21(9): 828-831\""},{"url":"http://www.thepsychologist.org.uk/archive/archive_home.cfm/volumeID_21-editionID_164-ArticleID_1399-getfile_getPDF/thepsychologist%5C0908look.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"'Unstable' wife-killer escapes the gallows\". Today. 12 September 2006. Archived from the original on 12 March 2024. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Leeman
Gary Leeman
["1 Playing career","2 Awards and achievements","3 Career statistics","3.1 Regular season and playoffs","3.2 International","4 References","5 External links"]
Ice hockey player Gary Leeman Leeman in 2008Born (1964-02-19) February 19, 1964 (age 60)Toronto, Ontario, CanadaHeight 5 ft 11 in (180 cm)Weight 175 lb (79 kg; 12 st 7 lb)Position Right wingShot RightPlayed for Toronto Maple LeafsCalgary FlamesMontreal CanadiensVancouver CanucksSt. Louis BluesNHL draft 24th overall, 1982Toronto Maple LeafsPlaying career 1983–1999 Gary Spencer Leeman (born February 19, 1964) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player in the NHL. In 1990, he became the second Toronto Maple Leaf player ever to score 50 goals or more in a single NHL season, after Rick Vaive did it in 1981-82. Playing career As a youth, Leeman played in the 1977 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with a minor ice hockey team from Wexford, Toronto. Leeman played for the Notre Dame Hounds Junior A team in Wilcox, Saskatchewan and was a standout defenceman for two seasons with the WHL's Regina Pats, where he was voted the league's Top Defenceman and a First Team All-Star. Leeman was drafted 24th overall by the Toronto Maple Leafs in the 1982 NHL Entry Draft as a defenceman, and returned to junior for a season, where he scored 86 points in 63 games. He also represented Canada at the World Junior Championships twice, in Leningrad and in Sweden. Leeman converted to a winger in the NHL. He was best known as a speedy, gritty scoring machine and had a 50-goal season to his credit for the Maple Leafs. He formed the "Hound Line" along with Wendel Clark and Russ Courtnall while helping the Leafs come within a game of the semi-finals. Starting in 1986–87, Leeman was a top goal scorer with Toronto and had four straight 20-goal seasons. After nearly nine seasons in Toronto, Leeman was the key player sent to the Calgary Flames in the January 2, 1992 blockbuster trade that brought Doug Gilmour to Toronto. To date, the ten-player deal is the largest in NHL history and, looking back, is seen as lopsided in favour of Toronto. On January 28, 1993, Leeman was traded from the Flames to the Montreal Canadiens in exchange for Brian Skrudland. He won a Stanley Cup in Montreal in that season. He later played for the Vancouver Canucks and the St. Louis Blues. He played a total of 667 regular season games in the NHL, scoring 199 goals and 267 assists for 466 points. Leeman finished his career in Germany's Deutsche Eishockey Liga for the Hannover Scorpions. He retired in 1999. Awards and achievements 1983 — WHL First All-Star Team 1993 — Stanley Cup championship (Montreal) 1989 — Played in NHL All Star Game (Toronto) Career statistics Regular season and playoffs     Regular season   Playoffs Season Team League GP G A Pts PIM GP G A Pts PIM 1981–82 Regina Pats WHL 72 19 41 60 112 3 2 2 4 0 1982–83 Regina Pats WHL 63 24 62 86 88 5 1 5 6 4 1982–83 Toronto Maple Leafs NHL — — — — — 2 0 0 0 0 1983–84 Toronto Maple Leafs NHL 52 4 8 12 31 — — — — — 1984–85 St. Catharines Saints AHL 7 2 2 4 11 — — — — — 1984–85 Toronto Maple Leafs NHL 53 5 26 31 72 — — — — — 1985–86 St. Catharines Saints AHL 25 15 13 28 6 — — — — — 1985–86 Toronto Maple Leafs NHL 53 9 23 32 20 10 2 10 12 2 1986–87 Toronto Maple Leafs NHL 80 21 31 52 66 5 0 1 1 14 1987–88 Toronto Maple Leafs NHL 80 30 31 61 62 2 2 0 2 2 1988–89 Toronto Maple Leafs NHL 61 32 43 75 66 — — — — — 1989–90 Toronto Maple Leafs NHL 80 51 44 95 63 5 3 3 6 16 1990–91 Toronto Maple Leafs NHL 52 17 12 29 39 — — — — — 1991–92 Toronto Maple Leafs NHL 34 7 13 20 44 — — — — — 1991–92 Calgary Flames NHL 29 2 7 9 27 — — — — — 1992–93 Calgary Flames NHL 30 9 5 14 10 — — — — — 1992–93 Montreal Canadiens NHL 20 6 12 18 14 11 1 2 3 2 1993–94 Fredericton Canadiens AHL 23 18 8 26 16 — — — — — 1993–94 Montreal Canadiens NHL 31 4 11 15 17 1 0 0 0 0 1994–95 Vancouver Canucks NHL 10 2 0 2 0 — — — — — 1995–96 HC Gherdëina ITA 20 7 12 19 59 7 2 4 6 12 1996–97 Utah Grizzlies IHL 15 6 1 7 20 4 0 3 3 4 1996–97 Worcester IceCats AHL 24 9 7 16 21 — — — — — 1996–97 St. Louis Blues NHL 2 0 1 1 0 — — — — — 1997–98 Hannover Scorpions DEL 36 11 34 45 12 9 3 4 7 14 1998–99 EHC Biel-Bienne CHE II 8 7 4 11 10 — — — — — 1998–99 HC Sierre CHE II 1 2 1 3 0 — — — — — 1998–99 Hannover Scorpions DEL 10 2 3 5 31 4 2 0 2 12 NHL totals 667 199 267 466 531 36 8 16 24 36 International Year Team Event   GP G A Pts PIM 1983 Canada WJC 7 1 2 3 2 1984 Canada WJC 7 3 8 11 10 Junior totals 14 4 10 14 12 References ^ "Pee-Wee players who have reached NHL or WHA" (PDF). Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament. 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-03-06. Retrieved 2019-01-13. ^ "Flames, Toronto swap 10 players". Eugene Register-Guard. Associated Press. January 3, 1992. Retrieved 12 August 2013. ^ Wilson, Kent (February 8, 2011). "WORST TRADES IN FLAMES HISTORY". Retrieved 12 August 2013. ^ Selley, Chris (April 4, 2008). "On second thought..." Maclean's. Archived from the original on 23 May 2013. Retrieved 12 August 2013. External links Biographical information and career statistics from NHL.com, or Eliteprospects.com, or Hockey-Reference.com, or The Internet Hockey Database
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In 1990, he became the second Toronto Maple Leaf player ever to score 50 goals or more in a single NHL season, after Rick Vaive did it in 1981-82.","title":"Gary Leeman"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_International_Pee-Wee_Hockey_Tournament"},{"link_name":"minor ice hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"Wexford, Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wexford,_Toronto"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Wilcox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilcox,_Saskatchewan"},{"link_name":"Saskatchewan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saskatchewan"},{"link_name":"WHL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"Regina Pats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regina_Pats"},{"link_name":"Toronto Maple Leafs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Maple_Leafs"},{"link_name":"1982 NHL Entry Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_NHL_Entry_Draft"},{"link_name":"World Junior Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IIHF_World_U20_Championship"},{"link_name":"Leningrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leningrad"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"winger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winger_(ice_hockey)"},{"link_name":"NHL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Wendel Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendel_Clark"},{"link_name":"Russ Courtnall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russ_Courtnall"},{"link_name":"1986–87","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986%E2%80%9387_NHL_season"},{"link_name":"Calgary Flames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary_Flames"},{"link_name":"Doug Gilmour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Gilmour"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Montreal Canadiens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Canadiens"},{"link_name":"Brian Skrudland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Skrudland"},{"link_name":"Stanley Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Cup"},{"link_name":"that season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_Stanley_Cup_Finals"},{"link_name":"Vancouver Canucks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver_Canucks"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Blues"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Eishockey Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Eishockey_Liga"},{"link_name":"Hannover Scorpions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannover_Scorpions"}],"text":"As a youth, Leeman played in the 1977 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with a minor ice hockey team from Wexford, Toronto.[1]Leeman played for the Notre Dame Hounds Junior A team in Wilcox, Saskatchewan and was a standout defenceman for two seasons with the WHL's Regina Pats, where he was voted the league's Top Defenceman and a First Team All-Star.Leeman was drafted 24th overall by the Toronto Maple Leafs in the 1982 NHL Entry Draft as a defenceman, and returned to junior for a season, where he scored 86 points in 63 games.He also represented Canada at the World Junior Championships twice, in Leningrad and in Sweden.Leeman converted to a winger in the NHL.[2] He was best known as a speedy, gritty scoring machine and had a 50-goal season to his credit for the Maple Leafs. He formed the \"Hound Line\" along with Wendel Clark and Russ Courtnall while helping the Leafs come within a game of the semi-finals. Starting in 1986–87, Leeman was a top goal scorer with Toronto and had four straight 20-goal seasons.After nearly nine seasons in Toronto, Leeman was the key player sent to the Calgary Flames in the January 2, 1992 blockbuster trade that brought Doug Gilmour to Toronto. To date, the ten-player deal is the largest in NHL history and, looking back, is seen as lopsided in favour of Toronto.[3][4]On January 28, 1993, Leeman was traded from the Flames to the Montreal Canadiens in exchange for Brian Skrudland. He won a Stanley Cup in Montreal in that season. He later played for the Vancouver Canucks and the St. Louis Blues. He played a total of 667 regular season games in the NHL, scoring 199 goals and 267 assists for 466 points.Leeman finished his career in Germany's Deutsche Eishockey Liga for the Hannover Scorpions. He retired in 1999.","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992%E2%80%9393_NHL_season"},{"link_name":"Stanley Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Cup"},{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Canadiens"},{"link_name":"1989","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988%E2%80%9389_NHL_season"},{"link_name":"NHL All Star Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_NHL_All-Star_Game"},{"link_name":"Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Maple_Leafs"}],"text":"1983 — WHL First All-Star Team\n1993 — Stanley Cup championship (Montreal)\n1989 — Played in NHL All Star Game (Toronto)","title":"Awards and achievements"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Regular season and playoffs","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"International","title":"Career statistics"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantrill%27s_raiders
Quantrill's Raiders
["1 Origins","2 Methods and legal status","2.1 Confederate induction","2.2 Lawrence massacre","2.3 Confederate reaction","2.4 John Noland","3 Dissolution and aftermath","3.1 Deaths","4 In popular culture","4.1 Literary fiction and music","5 See also","6 Notes","7 References"]
Pro-Confederate partisan guerrillas in the American Civil War For the film directed by Edward Bernds, see Quantrill's Raiders (film). Quantrill's RaidersWilliam Clarke Quantrill's flagActive1861 – May 1865Allegiance Confederate StatesBranchPartisan RangersTypePartisanRoleDirect actionGuerrilla warfareRaidingReconnaissanceSkirmisherSize~400 (1863)EngagementsAmerican Civil War First Battle of Independence Lawrence Massacre Battle of Baxter Springs CommandersNotablecommandersCaptain William QuantrillMilitary unit Quantrill's Raiders were the best-known of the pro-Confederate partisan guerrillas (also known as "bushwhackers") who fought in the American Civil War. Their leader was William Quantrill and they included Jesse James and his brother Frank. Early in the war Missouri and Kansas were nominally under Union government control and became subject to widespread violence as groups of Confederate bushwhackers and anti-slavery Jayhawkers competed for control. The town of Lawrence, Kansas, was a center of anti-slavery sentiment. In August 1863, Quantrill led an attack on the town, killing more than 180 civilians. The Confederate government, which had granted Quantrill a field commission under the Partisan Ranger Act, was outraged and withdrew support for such irregular forces. By 1864 Quantrill had lost control of the group, which split up into small bands. Some, including Quantrill, were killed in various engagements. Others lived on to hold reunions many years later, when the name Quantrill's Raiders began to be used. The James brothers formed their own gang and conducted robberies for years as a continuing insurgency in the region. Origins Further information: Bleeding Kansas and Missouri in the American Civil War The Missouri-Kansas border area was fertile ground for the outbreak of guerrilla warfare when the Civil War erupted in 1861. The historian Albert Castel wrote: For over six years, ever since Kansas was opened up as a territory by Stephen A. Douglas' Kansas-Nebraska Bill of 1854, its prairies had been the stage for an almost incessant series of political conventions, raids, massacres, pitched battles, and atrocities, all part of a fierce conflict between the Free State and pro-slavery forces that had come to Kansas to settle and to battle. In February 1861, Missouri voters elected delegates to a statewide convention, which rejected secession by a vote of 89–1. Unionists, led by regular US Army commander Nathaniel Lyon and Frank Blair of the politically-powerful Blair family, fought for political and military control across the state against the increasingly pro-secessionist forces, led by Governor Claiborne Jackson and future Confederate General Sterling Price. By June, open warfare occurred between Union forces and troops supporting the Confederacy. Guerrilla warfare erupted throughout the state and intensified in August after the Union defeat at the Battle of Wilson's Creek. One historical work describes the situation in the state after Wilson's Creek: Unlike other border areas in Maryland and Kentucky, local conflicts, bushwhacking, sniping, and guerrilla fighting marked this period of Missouri history. "When regular troops were absent, the improvised war often assumed a deadly guerrilla nature as local citizens took up arms spontaneously against their neighbors. This was a war of stealth and raid without a front, without formal organization, and with almost no division between the civilian and the warrior." By August 1862, with the Union victory at the Battle of Pea Ridge, Missouri was free of significant regular Confederate troops, but the insurgent violence continued. The most notorious guerrilla force was led by William Clarke Quantrill. Methods and legal status Early photo of Captain William Clarke Quantrill Quantrill was not the only Confederate guerrilla operating in Missouri, but he rapidly gained the greatest notoriety. He and his men ambushed Union patrols and supply convoys, seized the mail, and occasionally struck towns on both sides of the Kansas-Missouri border. Reflecting the internecine nature of the guerrilla conflict in Missouri, Quantrill directed much of his effort against pro-Union civilians by attempting to drive them from the territory that he operated. Quantrill's guerrillas attacked Jayhawkers, Missouri State Militia, and Union troops and relied primarily on ambush and raids. Under his direction, Confederate guerrillas perfected military tactics such as disguises, co-ordinated and synchronized attacks, planned dispersal after an attack that used preplanned routes and relays of horses, and technical methods such as the use of multiple .36-cal. Colt revolvers for increased firepower and their improved accuracy over the .44-cal. Confederate induction On 15 August 1862, Quantrill was granted a field commission as a captain in the Confederate army under the Confederate Partisan Ranger Act. Other officers were elected by the men, and Quantrill often referred to himself as a colonel. Despite the legal responsibility assumed by the Confederate government, Quantrill often acted on his own with little concern for his government's policy or orders. His most notable operation was the Lawrence massacre, a revenge raid on Lawrence, Kansas, in August 1863. Lawrence massacre During Quantrill's raid, Quantrill and his men burned 185 buildings in Lawrence, KS and killed 182 men and boys. Lawrence was the historic base of operations for abolitionist and Jayhawker organizations. Pro-slavery forces also operated in the area, as both sides tried to gain power to determine whether Kansas would allow slavery. During the period of border warfare (1855–1861), the region became known as "Bleeding Kansas" in the press. During the Civil War, Jayhawkers continued their raids into western Missouri, where slavery was concentrated in the area known as Little Dixie along the Missouri River. Robberies, theft, arson, and murders of citizens were committed by both sides. In August 1863, Union authorities assigned to the so-called District of the Border were frustrated by the hit-and-run tactics of Quantrill's guerrillas, particularly the aid provided by Confederate sympathizers in western Missouri border counties. Authorities began imprisoning the female members of the known guerrillas' families, with the intent of banishing them. The females, some teenagers, were jailed in Kansas City, Missouri, in makeshift jails, including the house on Grand Street in which local artist George Caleb Bingham kept his studio. The Union soldiers enlarged the space on the first floor by removing supporting beams. As a result, the structure collapsed, maiming and killing several women. The deaths of the women outraged the pro-Southern guerrillas,as they were close, familial, relations to Quantrill and his men. Calling for revenge, Quantrill organized a unified partisan raid on Lawrence although there is evidence that the raid had been planned before the collapse. Co-ordinating across vast distances, small bands of partisans rode across 50 miles (80 km) of open prairie to rendezvous on Mount Oread in the early morning hours before the raid. Quantrill's men burned a quarter of the town's buildings and killed at least 150 men and boys. One of the main targets of the raid, abolitionist U.S. Sen. Jim Lane, escaped by fleeing into corn fields. The Lawrence raid was the most deadly and infamous operation of Missouri's Confederate guerrillas. Confederate reaction The Confederate leadership was appalled by the raid and withdrew even tacit support from the "bushwhackers." After the raid, Quantrill led his men behind Confederate lines down to Sherman, Texas, where they wintered in 1863–1864. Along the way, they attacked Fort Baxter (Kansas), and ambushed and killed near 100 Union troops in the Battle of Baxter Springs. In Texas, they continued to embarrass the Confederate command by their often-lawless actions. In Texas in 1864, two of Quantrill's Raiders, the Calhoun Brothers, were killed in a gunfight with Collin County Sheriff Captain James L. Read. Read was able to escape Quantrill's rage after he went into hiding but was lynched by Quantrill's supporters in Tyler, Texas on May 18, 1864. Some Confederate officers appreciated the effectiveness of these irregulars against Union forces, which rarely gained the upper hand over them, especially Quantrill. Among them was General Joseph O. Shelby, who rode south into Mexico with his troops, rather than surrender at the end of the war. His command was remembered as "The Undefeated." John Noland Among Quantrill's men was an enslaved man, John Noland. John was owned by Francis Asbury Noland. There is no evidence that John was given his freedom before or during war. In the 1999 film Ride with the Devil, which depicts a group of fictionalized Missouri bushwhackers, the character Daniel Holt was inspired by Noland. Dissolution and aftermath Anderson's body several hours after he died October 26, 1864 George Todd From left to right: Arch Clements, Dave Pool, and Bill Hendricks brandishing revolvers in Sherman, Texas, 1863 Reunion of Quantrill's Raiders. The first official reunion occurred in 1898, more than 30 years after Quantrill's death and the end of the Civil War. In late winter 1863, Quantrill lost his hold over his men. In early 1864, the guerrillas returned from Texas to Missouri in separate bands, none being led by Quantrill. Deaths Quantrill's guerrillas, as a group, did not maintain operations in winters along the border. Quantrill took his men to Cedar Mills, Texas, over winter and offered his services to the Confederacy. Their assignments included attacking teamsters who supplied the Union, repelling Union and Jayhawker raids into northern Texas, warding off Indian attacks, and policing and rounding up deserters roaming in Texas and Oklahoma. The guerrillas were rowdy, undisciplined, and dangerous. Quantrill lost his control of the men in the winter of 1863–1864. The men split into bands and were commanded by Lieutenants "Bloody Bill" Anderson and George M. Todd. The guerrillas returned to Missouri in early 1864, and Quantrill took several of his loyal troops east, towards Kentucky. In Kentucky, pro-Union soldiers and hired killers tracked Quantrill and his men. They were cornered in a barn, where a shootout resulted in Quantrill being injured in the spine and left unable to move. He was arrested, but he reportedly died a week later from his wounds. Anderson's splinter group of guerrillas was assigned to duty in 1864 north of the Missouri River, during the General Sterling Price raid. He was to disrupt Union operations north of the Missouri River and draw Union troops toward his cavalry command. Anderson was reportedly shot dead north of Orrick. His body was dragged through the streets of Richmond, Missouri. His gravemarker is in the old Mormon Pioneer cemetery, in the extreme southwest corner, behind some pine trees and near the road. Todd's splinter group was attached to Major General Sterling Price's raid south of the Missouri River. He functioned as a cavalry scout. Todd died after being shot out of his saddle by a Union sniper, north of Independence, Missouri, a day before the Battle of Westport. Captain William H. "Bill" "Stuart" of Quantrill's Raiders was shot and killed November 1864 in Howard County Missouri as he tried to rob a Union cattle drover. Some of the guerrillas continued under the leadership of Archie Clement. He kept a group together after the war and harassed the Missouri state government during 1866. In December 1866, state militiamen killed Clement in Lexington. Several of his men continued as outlaws, emerging in time as the James-Younger Gang. The last survivor of Quantrill's Raiders died in 1940. In popular culture Jesse James Under the Black Flag (1921), a silent film features Quantrill and Jesse James The film Dark Command (1940) deals with the fictional William Cantrell's Raiders, also led by a partisan made an officer by the Confederacy. Fighting Man of the Plains is a 1949 American film directed by Edward L. Marin. Randolph Scott plays Jim Dancer, one of Quantrill's Raiders staging attacks on Kansas on behalf of the fallen Confederacy in the years following the Civil War. The Audie Murphy film, Kansas Raiders (1950), deals with Quantrill's Raiders in the period immediately after the Civil War, As does Arizona Raiders, also starring Audie Murphy. The film Best of the Badmen (1951) is a fictional account of the remnants of Quantrill's Raiders in the western frontier after they had surrendered to Union forces. The film Red Mountain (1951) has a "General" William Quantrill stirring up rebellion in various Indian Nations in 1865. Anthony Mann's film Bend of the River (1952) features James Stewart as Glyn McLyntock, a Missouri-Kansas border raider trying to escape his past and make good by accompanying a wagon train of settlers to Oregon. The film The Stranger Wore a Gun (1953) has Randolph Scott playing Jeff Travis, a former spy for Quantrill's Raiders, who rides to Arizona to start a new life, but finds that his reputation has preceded him. Season 1, episode 20 of Gunsmoke titled "Reunion '78" (1956) shows a survivor of a Quantrill raid ten year earlier seeking revenge on a raider. The Lone Ranger episode "The Twisted Track" (1956) is about a member of Quantrill's Raiders (William Henry) seeking revenge against a Union officer. Though historically inaccurate, Warner Brothers made a B-Western entitled Quantrill’s Raiders (1958), starring Steve Cochran as a fictionalized hero and with Leo Gordon as the title character. In the film Bandolero! (1968), Mace Bishop (James Stewart) compares his riding with Union General Sherman to his brother Dee Bishop's (Dean Martin) riding with Quantrill as "war versus meanness". In the films True Grit, protagonist Rooster Cogburn (John Wayne in the original 1969 version and Jeff Bridges in the 2010 version) prides himself for having been part of Quantrill's Raiders during the Civil War. He has a cat named General Sterling Price after the notable Confederate general from Missouri. The main character of the film The Outlaw Josey Wales (1976) joins Bloody Bill Anderson's unit after his family is murdered by Jayhawkers. Season 4 episode 8 of Little House on the Prairie called "The Aftermath" (1977) was about Jesse James and his brother Frank who holed up in Walnut Grove and references Quantrill's Raiders throughout. In the 1978 movie Goin' South, Jack Nicholson plays Henry Lloyd Moon, a former member of Quantrill's Raiders. Enemy Gold, a 1993 B movie from Andy Sidaris, uses the myth of Quantrill's Gold as fuel for the storyline—though the historical connections are thin at best. The DC Comics, series The Kents (1997) has the protagonist's brother and an ancestor of Superman, Jeb Kent, as a member of the Quantrill's Raiders. Ride with the Devil (1999), starring Tobey Maguire and Jewel, depicts Quantrill's Raiders and the Missouri-Kansas conflict. The movie The Hateful Eight (2015) makes references to the Mannix Marauders, a fictionalized version of Quantrill's Raiders. In the video game, Red Dead Redemption 2 (2018), the town of Lawrence is mentioned in a letter found on a Lemoyne Raider, the in game version of Quantrill's Raiders. In said letter, fights with the Jayhawkers are said to be going on, possibly referring to the massacre in the town. The 36th album of the American Civil War-themed Belgian comic Les Tuniques Bleues is entitled Quantrill and concerns the main (Union Army) characters' encounter with Quantrill and his Raiders. Literary fiction and music In the song "Frank and Jesse James" on his 1976 eponymous album, Warren Zevon sings about young Frank and Jesse James when "they joined up with Quantrill" just after "war broke out between the states". Quantrill's Raiders are a major element in Wildwood Boys (William Morrow, New York; 2000), a biographical novel of "Bloody Bill" Anderson by James Carlos Blake. See also List of Missouri Confederate Civil War units Notes ^ Castel (1997) pp. 1–2 ^ Nevins (1959) pp. 120–129, 310–316 ^ Donald, Baker, and Holt (2001) p. 177. The quote within the larger quote was from Michael Fellman, Inside War: The Guerrilla Conflict in Missouri during the American Civil War, (1989) p. 23. ^ Nichols, Bruce. Guerrilla Warfare in Civil War Missouri, 1862. McFarland and Company, Inc., 2004, pp. 48–49 ^ Charles D. Collins, Jr.. Battlefield Atlas of Price’s Missouri Expedition of 1864. Fort Leavenworth, KS: Combat Studies Institute Press, 2016, p. 21. ISBN 978-1940804279 ^ Schultz (1996) p. 117 ^ Quantrill, William Clarke, by Matthew E. Stanley, Albany State University, Civil War on the Western Border: The Missouri-Kansas Conflict, 1855–1865 ^ Keegan 2009, p. 270. ^ Sutton, Robert K.; Dole, Robert (2017). Stark Mad Abolitionists: Lawrence, Kansas, and the Battle over Slavery in the Civil War Era. New York: Skyhorse. p. 215. ISBN 978-1-5107-1651-3. ^ Casualties are based on the more recent scholarship of Dr. Michael Fellman of Simon Fraser University in Vancouver, Canada. See Fellman (1989) cited above and referenced below, pp. 25, 254. ^ Wellman, 1961. ^ A hard history lesson: ‘A Civil War Tragedy’ details 1864 lynching of Collin County judge, sheriff and sheriff’s brother-in-law, McKinney Courier-Gazette, August 30, 2008 Archived ^ Southern communities : identity, conflict, and memory in the American South. Steven E. Nash, Bruce E. Stewart, John C. Inscoe. Athens, Georgia. 2019. p. 152. ISBN 978-0-8203-5513-9. OCLC 1103320628.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link) ^ Hulbert, Matthew C. (2016). The ghosts of guerrilla memory : how bushwhackers became gunslingers in the American west. Athens: The University of Georgia Press. p. 69. ISBN 978-0-8203-5000-4. OCLC 959830790. ^ Levin, Kevin M. (2019). Searching for black Confederates : the Civil War's most persistent myth. Chapel Hill. p. 143. ISBN 978-1-4696-5328-0. OCLC 1112064862.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ Stewart posthumous portrait ^ "Fighting Man of the Plains", Wikipedia, 2021-10-31, retrieved 2022-02-03 ^ "Red Mountain". IMDb. ^ Frank and Jesse James, by Warren Zevon References Wikisource has original text related to this article: Portal:Quantrill's Raid into Kansas Castel, Albert.Civil War Kansas: Reaping the Whirlwind. (1997) ISBN 0-7006-0872-9. This is a revised version of the 1958 edition, with a new introduction and some text corrections. Donald, David Herbert; Baker, Jean Harvey; and Holt, Michael F. The Civil War and Reconstruction. (2001) ISBN 0-393-97427-8 Fellman, Michael. Inside War: The Guerrilla Conflict in Missouri in the American Civil War. (1989) ISBN 0-19-506471-2 Gilmore, Donald. Civil War on the Missouri-Kansas Border (2006) ISBN 978-158980-329-9 Hulbert, Matthew Christopher. The Ghosts of Guerrilla Memory: How Civil War Bushwhackers Became Gunslingers in the American West. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2016. ISBN 978-0820350028. Keegan, John (2009). The American Civil War: A Military History. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-307-27314-7. Nevins, Allan. The War for the Union: The Improvised War, 1861–1862. (1959) SBN 684-10426-1 Petersen, Paul. Quantrill of Missouri (2003) ISBN 1-58182-359-2 Petersen, Paul. Quantrill in Texas (2007) ISBN 978-1-58182-582-4 Petersen, Paul. Quantrill at Lawrence (2011) ISBN 978-1-58980-909-3 Schultz, Duane. Quantrill's War: The Life and Times of William Clarke Quantrill. (1996) ISBN 0-312-14710-4 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Quantrill's Raiders. vteMissouri in the American Civil WarOrigins Liberty Arsenal Capture of Camp Jackson Harney–Price Convention Combatants Confederacy Union Campaigns Shelby's Raid Price's Missouri Expedition Battles1861 Boonville Cole Camp Carthage Battle of Dug Springs Athens Wilson's Creek Dry Wood Creek 1st Lexington Blue Mills Landing Fredericktown 1st Springfield Belmont Blackwater Creek Mount Zion Church 1862 Roan's Tan Yard New Madrid Moore's Mill Kirksville 1st Independence Lone Jack 1st Newtonia Island Mound Clark's Mill 1863 2nd Springfield Hartville Cape Girardeau Chalk Bluff 1864 Fort Davidson Sedalia Glasgow 2nd Lexington Little Blue 2nd Independence Big Blue Westport Marmiton River 2nd Newtonia Involvement(by city or town) Centralia Osceola St. Louis LeadersConfederate John S. Marmaduke Sterling Price Joseph O. Shelby Union Samuel R. Curtis Thomas Ewing Jr. Nathaniel Lyon AftermathMonuments andmemorials Athens Carthage Fort Davidson Island Mound Lexington Newtonia First Newtonia Second Newtonia Wilson's Creek Cemeteries Confederate Home Related topics General Order 11 Bleeding Kansas Category Commons vteKansas in the American Civil WarOrigins Kansas–Nebraska Act Bleeding Kansas Wakarusa War Lawrence Pottawatomie Spurs Black Jack Franklin Fort Titus Osawatomie Marais des Cygnes Combatants Union Campaigns Missouri Battles1861 Osceola 1863 Lawrence Brooklyn Baxter Springs 1864 Marais des Cygnes Mine Creek Related topics General Order 11 Category vteMissouri Confederate unitsInfantry 1st Regiment 1st and 4th Regiment (Consolidated) 2nd Regiment 2nd and 6th Regiment (Consolidated) 3rd Regiment 4th Regiment 5th Regiment 6th Regiment 8th Regiment 9th Regiment 9th Sharpshooter Battalion 10th Regiment 11th Regiment 12th Regiment 16th Regiment Cavalry 1st Regiment 1st Northeast Regiment 3rd Regiment 13th Regiment Nichols's Regiment Slayback's Regiment Artillery 1st Field Battery 3rd Light Battery Barrett's Battery Hiram Bledsoe's Battery Harris' Battery Landis's Battery Wade's Battery Other First Missouri Brigade Missouri State Guard Quantrill's Raiders Shelby's Iron Brigade
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Quantrill's Raiders (film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantrill%27s_Raiders_(film)"},{"link_name":"Confederate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America"},{"link_name":"guerrillas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerrillas"},{"link_name":"bushwhackers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushwhacker"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"William Quantrill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Quantrill"},{"link_name":"Jesse James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_James"},{"link_name":"Frank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_James"},{"link_name":"Jayhawkers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayhawkers"},{"link_name":"Lawrence, Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Partisan Ranger Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partisan_Ranger_Act"}],"text":"For the film directed by Edward Bernds, see Quantrill's Raiders (film).Military unitQuantrill's Raiders were the best-known of the pro-Confederate partisan guerrillas (also known as \"bushwhackers\") who fought in the American Civil War. Their leader was William Quantrill and they included Jesse James and his brother Frank.Early in the war Missouri and Kansas were nominally under Union government control and became subject to widespread violence as groups of Confederate bushwhackers and anti-slavery Jayhawkers competed for control. The town of Lawrence, Kansas, was a center of anti-slavery sentiment. In August 1863, Quantrill led an attack on the town, killing more than 180 civilians.The Confederate government, which had granted Quantrill a field commission under the Partisan Ranger Act, was outraged and withdrew support for such irregular forces. By 1864 Quantrill had lost control of the group, which split up into small bands. Some, including Quantrill, were killed in various engagements. Others lived on to hold reunions many years later, when the name Quantrill's Raiders began to be used. The James brothers formed their own gang and conducted robberies for years as a continuing insurgency in the region.","title":"Quantrill's Raiders"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bleeding Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Missouri in the American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_in_the_American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri"},{"link_name":"Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas"},{"link_name":"guerrilla warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare"},{"link_name":"Stephen A. Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas"},{"link_name":"Kansas-Nebraska Bill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas-Nebraska_Act"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Nathaniel Lyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_Lyon"},{"link_name":"Frank Blair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Preston_Blair,_Jr."},{"link_name":"Claiborne Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claiborne_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Sterling Price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterling_Price"},{"link_name":"Guerrilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerrilla"},{"link_name":"Battle of Wilson's Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wilson%27s_Creek"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Battle of Pea Ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Pea_Ridge"},{"link_name":"William Clarke Quantrill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Clarke_Quantrill"}],"text":"Further information: Bleeding Kansas and Missouri in the American Civil WarThe Missouri-Kansas border area was fertile ground for the outbreak of guerrilla warfare when the Civil War erupted in 1861. The historian Albert Castel wrote:For over six years, ever since Kansas was opened up as a territory by Stephen A. Douglas' Kansas-Nebraska Bill of 1854, its prairies had been the stage for an almost incessant series of political conventions, raids, massacres, pitched battles, and atrocities, all part of a fierce conflict between the Free State and pro-slavery forces that had come to Kansas to settle and to battle.[1]In February 1861, Missouri voters elected delegates to a statewide convention, which rejected secession by a vote of 89–1. Unionists, led by regular US Army commander Nathaniel Lyon and Frank Blair of the politically-powerful Blair family, fought for political and military control across the state against the increasingly pro-secessionist forces, led by Governor Claiborne Jackson and future Confederate General Sterling Price. By June, open warfare occurred between Union forces and troops supporting the Confederacy. Guerrilla warfare erupted throughout the state and intensified in August after the Union defeat at the Battle of Wilson's Creek.[2]One historical work describes the situation in the state after Wilson's Creek:Unlike other border areas in Maryland and Kentucky, local conflicts, bushwhacking, sniping, and guerrilla fighting marked this period of Missouri history. \"When regular troops were absent, the improvised war often assumed a deadly guerrilla nature as local citizens took up arms spontaneously against their neighbors. This was a war of stealth and raid without a front, without formal organization, and with almost no division between the civilian and the warrior.\"[3]By August 1862, with the Union victory at the Battle of Pea Ridge, Missouri was free of significant regular Confederate troops, but the insurgent violence continued. The most notorious guerrilla force was led by William Clarke Quantrill.","title":"Origins"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Capt_William_Clarke_Quantrill.png"},{"link_name":"Jayhawkers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayhawker"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Early photo of Captain William Clarke QuantrillQuantrill was not the only Confederate guerrilla operating in Missouri, but he rapidly gained the greatest notoriety. He and his men ambushed Union patrols and supply convoys, seized the mail, and occasionally struck towns on both sides of the Kansas-Missouri border. Reflecting the internecine nature of the guerrilla conflict in Missouri, Quantrill directed much of his effort against pro-Union civilians by attempting to drive them from the territory that he operated. Quantrill's guerrillas attacked Jayhawkers, Missouri State Militia, and Union troops and relied primarily on ambush and raids.[4]Under his direction, Confederate guerrillas perfected military tactics such as disguises, co-ordinated and synchronized attacks, planned dispersal after an attack that used preplanned routes and relays of horses, and technical methods such as the use of multiple .36-cal. Colt revolvers for increased firepower and their improved accuracy over the .44-cal.","title":"Methods and legal status"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Partisan Ranger Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partisan_Ranger_Act"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Lawrence massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_massacre"},{"link_name":"Lawrence, Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Confederate induction","text":"On 15 August 1862, Quantrill was granted a field commission as a captain in the Confederate army under the Confederate Partisan Ranger Act.[5] Other officers were elected by the men, and Quantrill often referred to himself as a colonel. Despite the legal responsibility assumed by the Confederate government, Quantrill often acted on his own with little concern for his government's policy or orders.[6] His most notable operation was the Lawrence massacre, a revenge raid on Lawrence, Kansas, in August 1863.[7]","title":"Methods and legal status"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Battle_of_Lawrence.png"},{"link_name":"Quantrill's raid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantrill%27s_raid"},{"link_name":"Lawrence, KS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence,_KS"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeegan2009270-8"},{"link_name":"abolitionist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolitionist"},{"link_name":"Jayhawker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayhawker"},{"link_name":"Bleeding Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Kansas City, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"George Caleb Bingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Caleb_Bingham"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"unified partisan raid on Lawrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_massacre"},{"link_name":"Mount Oread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Oread"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Jim Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Henry_Lane_(Indiana_and_Kansas)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Lawrence massacre","text":"During Quantrill's raid, Quantrill and his men burned 185 buildings in Lawrence, KS and killed 182 men and boys.[8]Lawrence was the historic base of operations for abolitionist and Jayhawker organizations. Pro-slavery forces also operated in the area, as both sides tried to gain power to determine whether Kansas would allow slavery. During the period of border warfare (1855–1861), the region became known as \"Bleeding Kansas\" in the press. During the Civil War, Jayhawkers continued their raids into western Missouri, where slavery was concentrated in the area known as Little Dixie along the Missouri River. Robberies, theft, arson, and murders of citizens were committed by both sides.In August 1863, Union authorities assigned to the so-called District of the Border were frustrated by the hit-and-run tactics of Quantrill's guerrillas, particularly the aid provided by Confederate sympathizers in western Missouri border counties. Authorities began imprisoning the female members of the known guerrillas' families, with the intent of banishing them. The females, some teenagers, were jailed in Kansas City, Missouri, in makeshift jails, including the house on Grand Street in which local artist George Caleb Bingham kept his studio. The Union soldiers enlarged the space on the first floor by removing supporting beams. As a result, the structure collapsed, maiming and killing several women. The deaths of the women outraged the pro-Southern guerrillas,as they were close, familial, relations to Quantrill and his men.[9]Calling for revenge, Quantrill organized a unified partisan raid on Lawrence although there is evidence that the raid had been planned before the collapse. Co-ordinating across vast distances, small bands of partisans rode across 50 miles (80 km) of open prairie to rendezvous on Mount Oread in the early morning hours before the raid. Quantrill's men burned a quarter of the town's buildings and killed at least 150 men and boys.[10] One of the main targets of the raid, abolitionist U.S. Sen. Jim Lane, escaped by fleeing into corn fields.[11] The Lawrence raid was the most deadly and infamous operation of Missouri's Confederate guerrillas.","title":"Methods and legal status"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bushwhackers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushwhacker"},{"link_name":"Sherman, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherman,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Fort Baxter (Kansas)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Baxter_(Kansas)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Baxter Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Baxter_Springs"},{"link_name":"Collin County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collin_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Tyler, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyler,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Joseph O. Shelby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_O._Shelby"}],"sub_title":"Confederate reaction","text":"The Confederate leadership was appalled by the raid and withdrew even tacit support from the \"bushwhackers.\" After the raid, Quantrill led his men behind Confederate lines down to Sherman, Texas, where they wintered in 1863–1864. Along the way, they attacked Fort Baxter (Kansas), and ambushed and killed near 100 Union troops in the Battle of Baxter Springs. In Texas, they continued to embarrass the Confederate command by their often-lawless actions.In Texas in 1864, two of Quantrill's Raiders, the Calhoun Brothers, were killed in a gunfight with Collin County Sheriff Captain James L. Read. Read was able to escape Quantrill's rage after he went into hiding but was lynched by Quantrill's supporters in Tyler, Texas on May 18, 1864.[12]Some Confederate officers appreciated the effectiveness of these irregulars against Union forces, which rarely gained the upper hand over them, especially Quantrill. Among them was General Joseph O. Shelby, who rode south into Mexico with his troops, rather than surrender at the end of the war. His command was remembered as \"The Undefeated.\"","title":"Methods and legal status"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Noland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Noland"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Ride with the Devil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ride_with_the_Devil_(film)"}],"sub_title":"John Noland","text":"Among Quantrill's men was an enslaved man, John Noland. John was owned by Francis Asbury Noland. There is no evidence that John was given his freedom before or during war.[13][14][15]In the 1999 film Ride with the Devil, which depicts a group of fictionalized Missouri bushwhackers, the character Daniel Holt was inspired by Noland.","title":"Methods and legal status"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:William_T_Anderson_dead.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Geotodd1.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arch_Clements,_Dave_Pool,_and_Bill_Hendricks_brandishing_revolvers.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Quantrill%27s_Raiders_Reunion.jpg"}],"text":"Anderson's body several hours after he died October 26, 1864George ToddFrom left to right: Arch Clements, Dave Pool, and Bill Hendricks brandishing revolvers in Sherman, Texas, 1863Reunion of Quantrill's Raiders. The first official reunion occurred in 1898, more than 30 years after Quantrill's death and the end of the Civil War.In late winter 1863, Quantrill lost his hold over his men. In early 1864, the guerrillas returned from Texas to Missouri in separate bands, none being led by Quantrill.","title":"Dissolution and aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cedar Mills, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cedar_Mills,_Texas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"\"Bloody Bill\" Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_T._Anderson"},{"link_name":"George M. Todd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_M._Todd"},{"link_name":"Missouri River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_River"},{"link_name":"Orrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orrick,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Richmond, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Independence, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Battle of Westport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Westport"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Archie Clement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archie_Clement"},{"link_name":"Lexington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexington,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"James-Younger Gang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James-Younger_Gang"}],"sub_title":"Deaths","text":"Quantrill's guerrillas, as a group, did not maintain operations in winters along the border. Quantrill took his men to Cedar Mills, Texas, over winter and offered his services to the Confederacy. Their assignments included attacking teamsters who supplied the Union, repelling Union and Jayhawker raids into northern Texas, warding off Indian attacks, and policing and rounding up deserters roaming in Texas and Oklahoma. The guerrillas were rowdy, undisciplined, and dangerous. Quantrill lost his control of the men in the winter of 1863–1864.The men split into bands and were commanded by Lieutenants \"Bloody Bill\" Anderson and George M. Todd. The guerrillas returned to Missouri in early 1864, and Quantrill took several of his loyal troops east, towards Kentucky. In Kentucky, pro-Union soldiers and hired killers tracked Quantrill and his men. They were cornered in a barn, where a shootout resulted in Quantrill being injured in the spine and left unable to move. He was arrested, but he reportedly died a week later from his wounds.Anderson's splinter group of guerrillas was assigned to duty in 1864 north of the Missouri River, during the General Sterling Price raid. He was to disrupt Union operations north of the Missouri River and draw Union troops toward his cavalry command. Anderson was reportedly shot dead north of Orrick. His body was dragged through the streets of Richmond, Missouri. His gravemarker is in the old Mormon Pioneer cemetery, in the extreme southwest corner, behind some pine trees and near the road.Todd's splinter group was attached to Major General Sterling Price's raid south of the Missouri River. He functioned as a cavalry scout. Todd died after being shot out of his saddle by a Union sniper, north of Independence, Missouri, a day before the Battle of Westport.\nCaptain William H. \"Bill\" \"Stuart\" [Stewart] of Quantrill's Raiders was shot and killed November 1864 in Howard County Missouri as he tried to rob a Union cattle drover.[16]\nSome of the guerrillas continued under the leadership of Archie Clement. He kept a group together after the war and harassed the Missouri state government during 1866. In December 1866, state militiamen killed Clement in Lexington. Several of his men continued as outlaws, emerging in time as the James-Younger Gang. The last survivor of Quantrill's Raiders died in 1940.","title":"Dissolution and aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jesse James Under the Black Flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_James_Under_the_Black_Flag"},{"link_name":"Dark Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Command"},{"link_name":"Fighting Man of the Plains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighting_Man_of_the_Plains"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Randolph Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randolph_Scott"},{"link_name":"Audie Murphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audie_Murphy"},{"link_name":"Kansas Raiders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_Raiders"},{"link_name":"Arizona Raiders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_Raiders"},{"link_name":"Best of the Badmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_of_the_Badmen"},{"link_name":"Red Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Mountain_(film)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Anthony Mann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Mann"},{"link_name":"Bend of the River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bend_of_the_River"},{"link_name":"James Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Stewart"},{"link_name":"The Stranger Wore a Gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Stranger_Wore_a_Gun"},{"link_name":"Randolph Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randolph_Scott"},{"link_name":"Gunsmoke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunsmoke"},{"link_name":"Lone Ranger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lone_Ranger_(TV_Series)"},{"link_name":"William Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henry_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Quantrill’s Raiders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantrill%27s_Raiders_(film)"},{"link_name":"Steve Cochran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Cochran"},{"link_name":"Leo Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Gordon"},{"link_name":"Bandolero!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandolero!"},{"link_name":"James Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Stewart"},{"link_name":"General Sherman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea"},{"link_name":"Dean Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Martin"},{"link_name":"True Grit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_Grit_(1969_film)"},{"link_name":"Rooster Cogburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooster_Cogburn_(character)"},{"link_name":"John Wayne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wayne"},{"link_name":"Jeff Bridges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Bridges"},{"link_name":"Sterling Price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterling_Price"},{"link_name":"The Outlaw Josey Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Outlaw_Josey_Wales"},{"link_name":"Little House on the Prairie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_House_on_the_Prairie_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Jesse James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_James"},{"link_name":"Goin' South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goin%27_South"},{"link_name":"Jack Nicholson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Nicholson"},{"link_name":"DC Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Comics"},{"link_name":"The Kents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kents"},{"link_name":"Superman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superman"},{"link_name":"Ride with the Devil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ride_with_the_Devil_(film)"},{"link_name":"Tobey Maguire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobey_Maguire"},{"link_name":"Jewel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewel_(singer)"},{"link_name":"The Hateful Eight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hateful_Eight"},{"link_name":"Red Dead Redemption 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Dead_Redemption_2"},{"link_name":"Belgian comic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Belgian_comics"},{"link_name":"Les Tuniques Bleues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Tuniques_Bleues"}],"text":"Jesse James Under the Black Flag (1921), a silent film features Quantrill and Jesse James\nThe film Dark Command (1940) deals with the fictional William Cantrell's Raiders, also led by a partisan made an officer by the Confederacy.\nFighting Man of the Plains[17] is a 1949 American film directed by Edward L. Marin. Randolph Scott plays Jim Dancer, one of Quantrill's Raiders staging attacks on Kansas on behalf of the fallen Confederacy in the years following the Civil War.\nThe Audie Murphy film, Kansas Raiders (1950), deals with Quantrill's Raiders in the period immediately after the Civil War, As does Arizona Raiders, also starring Audie Murphy.\nThe film Best of the Badmen (1951) is a fictional account of the remnants of Quantrill's Raiders in the western frontier after they had surrendered to Union forces.\nThe film Red Mountain (1951) has a \"General\" William Quantrill stirring up rebellion in various Indian Nations in 1865.[18]\nAnthony Mann's film Bend of the River (1952) features James Stewart as Glyn McLyntock, a Missouri-Kansas border raider trying to escape his past and make good by accompanying a wagon train of settlers to Oregon.\nThe film The Stranger Wore a Gun (1953) has Randolph Scott playing Jeff Travis, a former spy for Quantrill's Raiders, who rides to Arizona to start a new life, but finds that his reputation has preceded him.\nSeason 1, episode 20 of Gunsmoke titled \"Reunion '78\" (1956) shows a survivor of a Quantrill raid ten year earlier seeking revenge on a raider.\nThe Lone Ranger episode \"The Twisted Track\" (1956) is about a member of Quantrill's Raiders (William Henry) seeking revenge against a Union officer.\nThough historically inaccurate, Warner Brothers made a B-Western entitled Quantrill’s Raiders (1958), starring Steve Cochran as a fictionalized hero and with Leo Gordon as the title character.\nIn the film Bandolero! (1968), Mace Bishop (James Stewart) compares his riding with Union General Sherman to his brother Dee Bishop's (Dean Martin) riding with Quantrill as \"war versus meanness\".\nIn the films True Grit, protagonist Rooster Cogburn (John Wayne in the original 1969 version and Jeff Bridges in the 2010 version) prides himself for having been part of Quantrill's Raiders during the Civil War. He has a cat named General Sterling Price after the notable Confederate general from Missouri.\nThe main character of the film The Outlaw Josey Wales (1976) joins Bloody Bill Anderson's unit after his family is murdered by Jayhawkers.\nSeason 4 episode 8 of Little House on the Prairie called \"The Aftermath\" (1977) was about Jesse James and his brother Frank who holed up in Walnut Grove and references Quantrill's Raiders throughout.\nIn the 1978 movie Goin' South, Jack Nicholson plays Henry Lloyd Moon, a former member of Quantrill's Raiders.\nEnemy Gold, a 1993 B movie from Andy Sidaris, uses the myth of Quantrill's Gold as fuel for the storyline—though the historical connections are thin at best.\nThe DC Comics, series The Kents (1997) has the protagonist's brother and an ancestor of Superman, Jeb Kent, as a member of the Quantrill's Raiders.\nRide with the Devil (1999), starring Tobey Maguire and Jewel, depicts Quantrill's Raiders and the Missouri-Kansas conflict.\nThe movie The Hateful Eight (2015) makes references to the Mannix Marauders, a fictionalized version of Quantrill's Raiders.\nIn the video game, Red Dead Redemption 2 (2018), the town of Lawrence is mentioned in a letter found on a Lemoyne Raider, the in game version of Quantrill's Raiders. In said letter, fights with the Jayhawkers are said to be going on, possibly referring to the massacre in the town.\nThe 36th album of the American Civil War-themed Belgian comic Les Tuniques Bleues is entitled Quantrill and concerns the main (Union Army) characters' encounter with Quantrill and his Raiders.","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Warren Zevon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Zevon_(album)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"biographical novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_novel"},{"link_name":"James Carlos Blake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Carlos_Blake"}],"sub_title":"Literary fiction and music","text":"In the song \"Frank and Jesse James\" on his 1976 eponymous album, Warren Zevon sings about young Frank and Jesse James when \"they joined up with Quantrill\" just after \"war broke out between the states\".[19]\nQuantrill's Raiders are a major element in Wildwood Boys (William Morrow, New York; 2000), a biographical novel of \"Bloody Bill\" Anderson by James Carlos Blake.","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Battlefield Atlas of Price’s Missouri Expedition of 1864","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.armyupress.army.mil/Portals/7/educational-services/staff-rides/StaffRideHB_AtlasofPricesMissouriExpeditionof1864.pdf"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1940804279","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1940804279"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Quantrill, William Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//civilwaronthewesternborder.org/encyclopedia/quantrill-william-clarke"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeegan2009270_8-0"},{"link_name":"Keegan 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFKeegan2009"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"Stark Mad Abolitionists: Lawrence, Kansas, and the Battle over Slavery in the Civil War 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brother-in-law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//starlocalmedia.com/mckinneycouriergazette/news/a-hard-history-lesson-a-civil-war-tragedy-details-1864-lynching-of-collin-county-judge/article_39a85fe8-f705-5cee-b819-397b27049b37.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20200507033946/https://starlocalmedia.com/mckinneycouriergazette/news/a-hard-history-lesson-a-civil-war-tragedy-details-1864-lynching-of-collin-county-judge/article_39a85fe8-f705-5cee-b819-397b27049b37.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"Southern communities : identity, conflict, and memory in the American South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1103320628"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8203-5513-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-5513-9"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1103320628","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1103320628"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"The ghosts of guerrilla memory : how bushwhackers became gunslingers in the American west","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/959830790"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8203-5000-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-5000-4"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"959830790","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/959830790"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"Searching for black Confederates : the Civil War's most persistent myth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1112064862"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4696-5328-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4696-5328-0"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1112064862","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1112064862"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"Stewart posthumous portrait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//civilwarhorror.blogspot.com/2012/09/a-missouri-bushwhacker-meets-bloody-end.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"\"Fighting Man of the Plains\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fighting_Man_of_the_Plains&oldid=1052934673"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"\"Red Mountain\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.imdb.com/title/tt0043962/"},{"link_name":"IMDb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"Frank and Jesse James, by Warren Zevon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.lyrics.com/lyric/1051975/Warren+Zevon/Frank+and+Jesse+James"}],"text":"^ Castel (1997) pp. 1–2\n\n^ Nevins (1959) pp. 120–129, 310–316\n\n^ Donald, Baker, and Holt (2001) p. 177. The quote within the larger quote was from Michael Fellman, Inside War: The Guerrilla Conflict in Missouri during the American Civil War, (1989) p. 23.\n\n^ Nichols, Bruce. Guerrilla Warfare in Civil War Missouri, 1862. McFarland and Company, Inc., 2004, pp. 48–49\n\n^ Charles D. Collins, Jr.. Battlefield Atlas of Price’s Missouri Expedition of 1864. Fort Leavenworth, KS: Combat Studies Institute Press, 2016, p. 21. ISBN 978-1940804279\n\n^ Schultz (1996) p. 117\n\n^ \nQuantrill, William Clarke, by Matthew E. Stanley, Albany State University, Civil War on the Western Border: The Missouri-Kansas Conflict, 1855–1865\n\n^ Keegan 2009, p. 270.\n\n^ Sutton, Robert K.; Dole, Robert (2017). Stark Mad Abolitionists: Lawrence, Kansas, and the Battle over Slavery in the Civil War Era. New York: Skyhorse. p. 215. ISBN 978-1-5107-1651-3.\n\n^ Casualties are based on the more recent scholarship of Dr. Michael Fellman of Simon Fraser University in Vancouver, Canada. See Fellman (1989) cited above and referenced below, pp. 25, 254.\n\n^ Wellman, 1961.\n\n^ A hard history lesson: ‘A Civil War Tragedy’ details 1864 lynching of Collin County judge, sheriff and sheriff’s brother-in-law, McKinney Courier-Gazette, August 30, 2008 Archived\n\n^ Southern communities : identity, conflict, and memory in the American South. Steven E. Nash, Bruce E. Stewart, John C. Inscoe. Athens, Georgia. 2019. p. 152. ISBN 978-0-8203-5513-9. OCLC 1103320628.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link)\n\n^ Hulbert, Matthew C. (2016). The ghosts of guerrilla memory : how bushwhackers became gunslingers in the American west. Athens: The University of Georgia Press. p. 69. ISBN 978-0-8203-5000-4. OCLC 959830790.\n\n^ Levin, Kevin M. (2019). Searching for black Confederates : the Civil War's most persistent myth. Chapel Hill. p. 143. ISBN 978-1-4696-5328-0. OCLC 1112064862.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)\n\n^ Stewart posthumous portrait\n\n^ \"Fighting Man of the Plains\", Wikipedia, 2021-10-31, retrieved 2022-02-03\n\n^ \"Red Mountain\". IMDb.\n\n^ Frank and Jesse James, by Warren Zevon","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Early photo of Captain William Clarke Quantrill","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Capt_William_Clarke_Quantrill.png/220px-Capt_William_Clarke_Quantrill.png"},{"image_text":"During Quantrill's raid, Quantrill and his men burned 185 buildings in Lawrence, KS and killed 182 men and boys.[8]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Battle_of_Lawrence.png/220px-Battle_of_Lawrence.png"},{"image_text":"Anderson's body several hours after he died October 26, 1864","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/William_T_Anderson_dead.jpg/220px-William_T_Anderson_dead.jpg"},{"image_text":"George Todd","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Geotodd1.jpg/220px-Geotodd1.jpg"},{"image_text":"From left to right: Arch Clements, Dave Pool, and Bill Hendricks brandishing revolvers in Sherman, Texas, 1863","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Arch_Clements%2C_Dave_Pool%2C_and_Bill_Hendricks_brandishing_revolvers.jpg/220px-Arch_Clements%2C_Dave_Pool%2C_and_Bill_Hendricks_brandishing_revolvers.jpg"},{"image_text":"Reunion of Quantrill's Raiders. The first official reunion occurred in 1898, more than 30 years after Quantrill's death and the end of the Civil War.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Quantrill%27s_Raiders_Reunion.jpg/220px-Quantrill%27s_Raiders_Reunion.jpg"}]
[{"title":"List of Missouri Confederate Civil War units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Missouri_Confederate_Civil_War_units"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen_Moxon
Owen Moxon
["1 Career","1.1 Queen of the South","1.2 Annan Athletic","1.3 Return to Carlisle United","1.4 Portsmouth","2 Career statistics","3 Honours","4 References","5 External links"]
English footballer Owen MoxonPersonal informationFull name Owen James MoxonDate of birth (1998-01-17) 17 January 1998 (age 26)Place of birth Carlisle, EnglandPosition(s) MidfielderTeam informationCurrent team PortsmouthYouth career0000–2014 Carlisle United2014–2015 Queen of the SouthSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)2015–2017 Queen of the South 6 (0)2016–2017 → Gretna 2008 (loan) 8 (2)2017–2022 Annan Athletic 115 (12)2022–2024 Carlisle United 70 (9)2024– Portsmouth 11 (1) *Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 09:54, 3 April 2024 (UTC) Owen James Moxon (born 17 January 1998) is an English footballer who plays as a midfielder for EFL Championship club Portsmouth. Moxon has previously played for Queen of the South, Gretna 2008, Annan Athletic and Carlisle United. Career Born in Carlisle, Cumbria, Moxon played in Carlisle United's academy, before being released in 2014. Queen of the South Moxon began his senior career at Queen of the South. Moxon was first included in a senior match-day squad on 1 August 2015, remaining an unused substitute for their 4–3 extra-time win over Annan Athletic in the first round of the Scottish League Cup. In the next round, on 25 August 2015, Moxon made his debut, replacing Kyle Hutton for the final 14 minutes of a 1–0 defeat to Greenock Morton at Palmerston Park. Moxon played his first league game on 5 September 2015, appearing for the final 7 minutes, replacing Mark Millar as Queens lost 2–0 at Palmerston versus St Mirren in the Scottish Championship. On 30 January 2017, Moxon moved on loan to Lowland League club Gretna 2008, for the remainder of the season. Moxon's contract was not renewed by Queen of the South, so after two seasons he was released by the club in May 2017. Annan Athletic On 22 June 2017, Moxon signed for Scottish League Two club Annan Athletic. Return to Carlisle United Moxon signed for Carlisle United in 2022, and was named in the EFL League Two Team of the Season in his first season with the club. He also received the Carlisle United player of the season award. Following promotion, the club confirmed that they had received a transfer offer for the midfielder which they had rejected. In January 2024, Moxon was subject to transfer speculation following manager Paul Simpson's admission that the midfielder had rejected the offer of a new contract. Portsmouth On 1 February 2024, Moxon signed for League One leaders Portsmouth on a three-and-a-half year deal for an undisclosed fee. Career statistics As of match played 16 January 2024 Appearances and goals by club, season and competition Club Season League National Cup League Cup Other Total Division Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Queen of the South 2015–16 Scottish Championship 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 2016–17 Scottish Championship 5 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 8 0 Total 6 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 10 0 Gretna 2008 (loan) 2016–17 Lowland Football League 8 2 0 0 — 2 1 10 3 Annan Athletic 2017–18 Scottish League Two 32 1 1 0 3 0 1 0 37 1 2018–19 Scottish League Two 32 4 3 0 3 0 6 0 44 4 2019–20 Scottish League Two 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2020–21 Scottish League Two 17 1 1 0 3 1 1 0 22 2 2021–22 Scottish League Two 34 6 4 2 3 0 5 0 46 8 Total 115 12 9 2 12 1 13 0 149 15 Carlisle United 2022–23 EFL League Two 45 6 2 0 1 0 6 0 54 6 2023–24 EFL League One 25 3 1 0 0 0 1 0 27 3 Total 70 9 3 0 1 0 7 0 81 9 Career total 199 23 11 2 15 1 24 1 250 27 ^ a b Appearance(s) in the Scottish Challenge Cup ^ Appearance(s) in the Lowland League Cup ^ Two appearances in the Scottish Challenge Cup and four appearances in the Scottish League One play-offs ^ 3 appearances in the EFL Trophy and 3 appearances in the play-offs Honours Carlisle United EFL League Two play-offs: 2023 Individual PFA Scotland Team of the Year: 2021–22 Scottish League Two PFA Team of the Year: 2022–23 League Two EFL League Two Team of the Season: 2022–23 Carlisle United Player of the Year: 2022–23 References ^ "Club List of Registered Players" (PDF). English Football League. Retrieved 15 July 2023. ^ "Owen Moxon: From delivery driver to Wembley winner". English Football League. Retrieved 2 January 2024. ^ "Annan 3–4 Queen of Sth". BBC Sport. 1 August 2015. Retrieved 11 September 2015. ^ "Queen of Sth 0–1 Morton". BBC Sport. 25 August 2015. Retrieved 11 September 2015. ^ "Queen of Sth 0–2 St Mirren". BBC Sport. 5 September 2015. Retrieved 11 September 2015. ^ "Moxon joins Gretna on loan". Queen of the South FC. 20 January 2017. Retrieved 30 January 2017. ^ "QosFC: Squad Upate". ^ "Orsi and Moxen sign up". Annan Athletic FC. 22 June 2017. Retrieved 22 June 2017. ^ Colman, Jon (29 April 2023). "Owen Moxon is News & Star readers' Carlisle United player of season". News and Star. Retrieved 19 May 2023. ^ a b Jon Colman (30 April 2023). "Owen Moxon sweeps the board at Carlisle United awards night". News and Star. Retrieved 28 May 2023. ^ "CLUB STATEMENT: Owen Moxon". www.carlisleunited.co.uk. 26 July 2023. Retrieved 1 February 2024. ^ Colman, Jon (25 January 2024). "Carlisle United's Owen Moxon makes contract decision". News and Star. Retrieved 1 February 2024. ^ "Blues Bring In Moxon". www.portsmouthfc.co.uk. 1 February 2024. Retrieved 1 February 2024. ^ "Games played by Owen Moxon in 2015/2016". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 22 October 2017. ^ "Games played by Owen Moxon in 2016/2017". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 22 October 2017. ^ "Matches for Owen Moxon". Gretna F.C. 2008. Retrieved 28 October 2021. ^ "Games played by Owen Moxon in 2017/2018". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 22 October 2017. ^ "Games played by Owen Moxon in 2018/2019". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 28 October 2021. ^ "Games played by Owen Moxon in 2020/2021". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 3 August 2022. ^ "Games played by Owen Moxon in 2021/2022". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 3 August 2022. ^ "Games played by Owen Moxon in 2022/2023". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 3 August 2022. ^ "Games played by Owen Moxon in 2023/2024". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 3 August 2023. ^ "Carlisle United 1–1 Stockport County (5–4 pens)". BBC Sport. 28 May 2023. Retrieved 28 May 2023. ^ "Owen Moxon - First Team profile". Carlisle United FC. Retrieved 28 May 2023. ^ "Erling Haaland: Manchester City forward wins PFA men's Player of the Year award". BBC Sport. 29 August 2023. Retrieved 29 August 2023. ^ "EFL Team of the Season line-ups revealed". English Football League. 23 April 2023. Retrieved 24 April 2023. External links Owen Moxon at Soccerbase Owen Moxon at Soccerway vtePortsmouth F.C. – current squad 1 Norris 2 Swanson 4 Towler 5 Poole 6 Ogilvie 7 Pack 8 Robertson 9 Bishop 10 Scully 11 Whyte 13 Macey 14 Stevenson 15 Saydee 16 Morrell 17 Rafferty 18 Shaughnessy 19 Yengi 20 Raggett 21 Sparkes 22 Vincent 23 Moxon 24 Devlin 25 Kamara 26 Lowery 29 Martin 31 Schofield 32 Lane 34 Dockerill 35 Mottoh 36 Smith 37 Folarin 38 Quarm 39 Aston 45 Evans 46 McIntyre 49 Lang Manager: Mousinho Awards vte2021–22 PFA Scotland Scottish League Two Team of the Year GK: Jamieson DF: Meechan DF: Munro DF: O'Ware DF: Forster MF: Barjonas MF: Moxon MF: Cardle FW: Orr FW: Austin FW: Hester vte2022–23 EFL League Two Team of the Season GK: Vigouroux DF: Tchamadeu DF: Touray DF: Piergianni DF: Beckles MF: Watt MF: Moxon MF: El Mizouni FW: Hoskins FW: Cook FW: Pinnock Manager: Wellens vte2022–23 EFL League Two PFA Team of the Year GK: Vigouroux DF: Touray DF: Tchamadeu DF: Beckles DF: Piergianni MF: El Mizouni MF: Watt MF: Moxon FW: Smyth FW: Hoskins FW: Cook vteCarlisle United F.C. – Player of the Year 1989: McKellar 2002: Andrews 2005: Lumsdon 2008: Westwood 2009: Taylor 2010: Keogh 2011: Berrett 2012: Miller 2013: Robson 2014: Amoo 2015: Dempsey 2016: Grainger 2017: Adams 2018: Hill 2019: Collin 2020: N/A 2021: Guy 2022: Howard 2023: Moxon
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"midfielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midfielder"},{"link_name":"EFL Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFL_Championship"},{"link_name":"Portsmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth_F.C."},{"link_name":"Queen of the South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_of_the_South_F.C."},{"link_name":"Gretna 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gretna_F.C._2008"},{"link_name":"Annan Athletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annan_Athletic_F.C."},{"link_name":"Carlisle United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlisle_United_F.C."}],"text":"Owen James Moxon (born 17 January 1998) is an English footballer who plays as a midfielder for EFL Championship club Portsmouth.Moxon has previously played for Queen of the South, Gretna 2008, Annan Athletic and Carlisle United.","title":"Owen Moxon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carlisle, Cumbria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlisle,_Cumbria"},{"link_name":"Carlisle United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlisle_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Born in Carlisle, Cumbria, Moxon played in Carlisle United's academy, before being released in 2014.[2]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Queen of the South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_of_the_South_F.C."},{"link_name":"Annan Athletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annan_Athletic_F.C."},{"link_name":"Scottish League Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_League_Cup"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Kyle Hutton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle_Hutton"},{"link_name":"Greenock Morton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenock_Morton_F.C."},{"link_name":"Palmerston Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmerston_Park"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Mark Millar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Millar_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"St Mirren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mirren_F.C."},{"link_name":"Scottish Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Championship"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Lowland League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowland_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Gretna 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gretna_F.C._2008"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Queen of the South","text":"Moxon began his senior career at Queen of the South. Moxon was first included in a senior match-day squad on 1 August 2015, remaining an unused substitute for their 4–3 extra-time win over Annan Athletic in the first round of the Scottish League Cup.[3] In the next round, on 25 August 2015, Moxon made his debut, replacing Kyle Hutton for the final 14 minutes of a 1–0 defeat to Greenock Morton at Palmerston Park.[4] Moxon played his first league game on 5 September 2015, appearing for the final 7 minutes, replacing Mark Millar as Queens lost 2–0 at Palmerston versus St Mirren in the Scottish Championship.[5]On 30 January 2017, Moxon moved on loan to Lowland League club Gretna 2008, for the remainder of the season.[6] Moxon's contract was not renewed by Queen of the South, so after two seasons he was released by the club in May 2017.[7]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scottish League Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_League_Two"},{"link_name":"Annan Athletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annan_Athletic_F.C."},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Annan Athletic","text":"On 22 June 2017, Moxon signed for Scottish League Two club Annan Athletic.[8]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"EFL League Two Team of the Season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFL_Awards#2023_Awards"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CUPOTY2223-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Paul Simpson's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Simpson_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Return to Carlisle United","text":"Moxon signed for Carlisle United in 2022, and was named in the EFL League Two Team of the Season in his first season with the club.[9] He also received the Carlisle United player of the season award.[10] Following promotion, the club confirmed that they had received a transfer offer for the midfielder which they had rejected.[11]In January 2024, Moxon was subject to transfer speculation following manager Paul Simpson's admission that the midfielder had rejected the offer of a new contract.[12]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"League One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFL_League_One"},{"link_name":"Portsmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth_F.C."},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Portsmouth","text":"On 1 February 2024, Moxon signed for League One leaders Portsmouth on a three-and-a-half year deal for an undisclosed fee.[13]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SCC_16-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SCC_16-1"},{"link_name":"Scottish Challenge Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Challenge_Cup"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-LLC_18-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"Scottish Challenge Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Challenge_Cup"},{"link_name":"Scottish League One play-offs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018-19_Scottish_League_One#Scottish_League_One_play-offs"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"EFL Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFL_Trophy"}],"text":"As of match played 16 January 2024^ a b Appearance(s) in the Scottish Challenge Cup\n\n^ Appearance(s) in the Lowland League Cup\n\n^ Two appearances in the Scottish Challenge Cup and four appearances in the Scottish League One play-offs\n\n^ 3 appearances in the EFL Trophy and 3 appearances in the play-offs","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"EFL League Two play-offs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFL_League_Two_play-offs"},{"link_name":"2023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_EFL_League_Two_play-off_final"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"PFA Scotland Team of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PFA_Scotland_Team_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"2021–22 Scottish League Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_Scottish_League_Two"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"PFA Team of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PFA_Team_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"2022–23 League Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_EFL_League_Two"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"EFL League Two Team of the Season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFL_Awards"},{"link_name":"2022–23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_EFL_League_Two"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Carlisle United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlisle_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"2022–23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_Carlisle_United_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CUPOTY2223-10"}],"text":"Carlisle UnitedEFL League Two play-offs: 2023[23]IndividualPFA Scotland Team of the Year: 2021–22 Scottish League Two[24]\nPFA Team of the Year: 2022–23 League Two[25]\nEFL League Two Team of the Season: 2022–23[26]\nCarlisle United Player of the Year: 2022–23[10]","title":"Honours"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Club List of Registered Players\" (PDF). English Football League. Retrieved 15 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.efl.com/contentassets/c02ddd0e1d174a679c4cce8983aef204/efl-professional-retain-list---2022-23.pdf","url_text":"\"Club List of Registered Players\""}]},{"reference":"\"Owen Moxon: From delivery driver to Wembley winner\". English Football League. Retrieved 2 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.efl.com/news/2023/june/owen-moxon-from-delivery-driving-to-wembley-success/","url_text":"\"Owen Moxon: From delivery driver to Wembley winner\""}]},{"reference":"\"Annan 3–4 Queen of Sth\". BBC Sport. 1 August 2015. Retrieved 11 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/33662389","url_text":"\"Annan 3–4 Queen of Sth\""}]},{"reference":"\"Queen of Sth 0–1 Morton\". BBC Sport. 25 August 2015. Retrieved 11 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/33969713","url_text":"\"Queen of Sth 0–1 Morton\""}]},{"reference":"\"Queen of Sth 0–2 St Mirren\". BBC Sport. 5 September 2015. Retrieved 11 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/34094176","url_text":"\"Queen of Sth 0–2 St Mirren\""}]},{"reference":"\"Moxon joins Gretna on loan\". Queen of the South FC. 20 January 2017. Retrieved 30 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.qosfc.com/news-3467","url_text":"\"Moxon joins Gretna on loan\""}]},{"reference":"\"QosFC: Squad Upate\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.qosfc.com/news-3577","url_text":"\"QosFC: Squad Upate\""}]},{"reference":"\"Orsi and Moxen sign up\". Annan Athletic FC. 22 June 2017. Retrieved 22 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.annanathleticfc.com/orsi-and-moxen-sign-up/","url_text":"\"Orsi and Moxen sign up\""}]},{"reference":"Colman, Jon (29 April 2023). \"Owen Moxon is News & Star readers' Carlisle United player of season\". News and Star. Retrieved 19 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newsandstar.co.uk/sport/23485626.owen-moxon-news-star-readers-carlisle-united-player-season/","url_text":"\"Owen Moxon is News & Star readers' Carlisle United player of season\""}]},{"reference":"Jon Colman (30 April 2023). \"Owen Moxon sweeps the board at Carlisle United awards night\". News and Star. Retrieved 28 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newsandstar.co.uk/sport/23491866.owen-moxon-sweeps-board-carlisle-united-awards-night/","url_text":"\"Owen Moxon sweeps the board at Carlisle United awards night\""}]},{"reference":"\"CLUB STATEMENT: Owen Moxon\". www.carlisleunited.co.uk. 26 July 2023. Retrieved 1 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.carlisleunited.co.uk/news/2023/july/club-statement-owen-moxon/","url_text":"\"CLUB STATEMENT: Owen Moxon\""}]},{"reference":"Colman, Jon (25 January 2024). \"Carlisle United's Owen Moxon makes contract decision\". News and Star. Retrieved 1 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newsandstar.co.uk/sport/24075013.carlisle-uniteds-owen-moxon-makes-contract-decision/","url_text":"\"Carlisle United's Owen Moxon makes contract decision\""}]},{"reference":"\"Blues Bring In Moxon\". www.portsmouthfc.co.uk. 1 February 2024. Retrieved 1 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.portsmouthfc.co.uk/news/2024/february/blues-bring-in-moxon/","url_text":"\"Blues Bring In Moxon\""}]},{"reference":"\"Games played by Owen Moxon in 2015/2016\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 22 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=80983&season_id=145","url_text":"\"Games played by Owen Moxon in 2015/2016\""}]},{"reference":"\"Games played by Owen Moxon in 2016/2017\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 22 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=80983&season_id=149","url_text":"\"Games played by Owen Moxon in 2016/2017\""}]},{"reference":"\"Matches for Owen Moxon\". Gretna F.C. 2008. Retrieved 28 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gretnafc2008.co.uk/matchesplayed/1009/47","url_text":"\"Matches for Owen Moxon\""}]},{"reference":"\"Games played by Owen Moxon in 2017/2018\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 22 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=80983&season_id=150","url_text":"\"Games played by Owen Moxon in 2017/2018\""}]},{"reference":"\"Games played by Owen Moxon in 2018/2019\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 28 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=80983&season_id=151","url_text":"\"Games played by Owen Moxon in 2018/2019\""}]},{"reference":"\"Games played by Owen Moxon in 2020/2021\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 3 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=80983&season_id=153","url_text":"\"Games played by Owen Moxon in 2020/2021\""}]},{"reference":"\"Games played by Owen Moxon in 2021/2022\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 3 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=80983&season_id=154","url_text":"\"Games played by Owen Moxon in 2021/2022\""}]},{"reference":"\"Games played by Owen Moxon in 2022/2023\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 3 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=80983&season_id=155","url_text":"\"Games played by Owen Moxon in 2022/2023\""}]},{"reference":"\"Games played by Owen Moxon in 2023/2024\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 3 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=80983&season_id=156","url_text":"\"Games played by Owen Moxon in 2023/2024\""}]},{"reference":"\"Carlisle United 1–1 Stockport County (5–4 pens)\". BBC Sport. 28 May 2023. Retrieved 28 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/65661750","url_text":"\"Carlisle United 1–1 Stockport County (5–4 pens)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Owen Moxon - First Team profile\". Carlisle United FC. Retrieved 28 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.carlisleunited.co.uk/teams/first-team/midfielder/owen-moxon/","url_text":"\"Owen Moxon - First Team profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"Erling Haaland: Manchester City forward wins PFA men's Player of the Year award\". BBC Sport. 29 August 2023. Retrieved 29 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/66650723","url_text":"\"Erling Haaland: Manchester City forward wins PFA men's Player of the Year award\""}]},{"reference":"\"EFL Team of the Season line-ups revealed\". English Football League. 23 April 2023. Retrieved 24 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.efl.com/news/2023/april/efl-team-of-the-season-line-ups-revealed/","url_text":"\"EFL Team of the Season line-ups revealed\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbora_Wrzesi%C5%84ski
Barbora Wrzesiński
["1 Biography","2 Basketball career","2.1 National Team","3 References"]
Slovak basketball player Barbora WrzesińskiNo. 11 – Arka GdyniaPositionPoint guardLeaguePolish Women's Basketball LeaguePersonal informationBorn (1994-12-15) 15 December 1994 (age 29)Košice, SlovakiaListed height5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)Career history2011-2012DANNAX Šport Košice2012-2018Good Angels Košice2021-2023USK Praha2018-20212023-Arka Gdynia Barbora Wrzesiński (née Bálintová; born 15 December 1994) is a Slovak basketball player for Arka Gdynia and the Slovak national team. She was named Female Slovak Basketball Player of the Year four times in a row from 2018 to 2021. Biography Wrzesiński was born in Košice on 15 December 1994. She started playing basketball at the age of five. She studied finance at the Technical University of Košice, graduating in 2016. In July 2022 she married Arka Gdynia physio Norbert Wrzesiński. Basketball career Wrzesiński started her career with the team DANNAX Šport Košice in 2010. After the club dissolution in 2016, she joined the other Košice club Good Angels Košice, where she remained until 2018. While Wrzesiński was at Good Angles, the team dominated the Slovak league, winning the championship every session. In 2018, she joined Arka Gdynia, initially with a one year contract, that was extended to three years. In 2021 she missed many games due to harsh complications from COVID-19 infection. At the end of the session, she joined USK Praha In March 2023, she announced her return to Arka Gdynia. National Team Wrzesiński has been playing with the Slovak Women's National team since 2014, having played with the junior team in the previous year. She was fourth best player at the EuroBasket Women 2017. Since 2020, she has been the captain on the Slovak national team. References ^ FIBA profile ^ "Trápilo ju zdravie. Bálintová je najlepšou basketbalistkou roka". sportnet.sme.sk (in Slovak). Retrieved 17 July 2023. ^ "Barbora Bálintová : "Mojím cieľom je hrať v zahraničí a najlepšie v Rusku" | BasketPortal.sk". www.basketportal.tv. Retrieved 23 June 2023. ^ "Wrzesiński thesis". opac.crzp.sk. ^ Lange, Oskar (23 March 2023). "Barbora Balintova wraca do VBW Arki. Jednak z innym nazwiskiem na koszulce". Radio Gdańsk (in Polish). ^ ""Dvacka" pred ME: Tvrdý, no férový boj". Basket.sk (in Slovak). Retrieved 23 June 2023. ^ "Bálintová žiari v Eurolige, ako famózny označila jej výkon aj stránka súťaže". Basket.sk (in Slovak). Retrieved 23 June 2023. ^ "Bálintová po přestupu do USK: Pravda se ukáže v Eurolize. Trápil ji covid". iSport.cz (in Czech). Retrieved 23 June 2023. ^ "Podceňovali nás predtým, robia to aj teraz. Slovenky ukázali, že nie sú z cukru. Dozvie sa to aj Nemecko". Športweb.sk (in Slovak). 19 June 2023. Retrieved 23 June 2023. ^ "Basketbal: Nemecko - SR 52:69 na VC Slovenska - hlasy (2)". Šport7.sk (in Slovak). 31 May 2014. Retrieved 23 June 2023. ^ EuroBasket 2017 profile ^ "Bálintová sa dostala do prestížnej spoločnosti najlepších Slovákov". Basket.sk (in Slovak). Retrieved 23 June 2023.
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Cypher
Jon Cypher
["1 Early life and education","2 Career","3 Personal life","4 Credits","4.1 Film","4.2 Television","4.3 Theatre","5 References","6 External links"]
American actor Not to be confused with Jon Cryer. Jon CypherBorn (1932-01-13) January 13, 1932 (age 92)New York CityEducationErasmus Hall High SchoolAlma materBrooklyn CollegeOccupation(s)Actor, singerYears active1957–presentSpouse(s)Ruth Wagner(m. 1965; div. 1975)Carol Rosin Jon Cypher (born January 13, 1932) is an American actor and singer. He is best known as playing Chief of Police Fletcher Daniels in Hill Street Blues throughout the series' run. He is also known for his work in Cinderella, As the World Turns, Major Dad, Probe, Law & Order, and Santa Barbara. He has also performed several times on Broadway, particularly in musical theatre. Early life and education Born in New York City, Cypher graduated from Erasmus Hall High School (1949) and Brooklyn College (1953). Cypher later received a master's degree in marriage and family counseling from the University of Vermont. Career Cypher made his television debut as the Prince in the original 1957 production of Rodgers and Hammerstein's Cinderella opposite Julie Andrews in the title role. He is particularly remembered as Chief of Police Fletcher Daniels in Hill Street Blues, a role he played throughout the run of the series (1981–87). He played Commanding General Marcus Craig on Major Dad, alongside Gerald McRaney and Beverly Archer, and appeared as Howard Millhouse in the short-lived television series Probe. He played Dr. Alex Keith on As the World Turns (1977–79) and Dr. Arthur Donnelly on Santa Barbara (1988–89). Other television credits include the recurring roles of Belson in The F.B.I., Dirk Maurier in Dynasty, Eric Brandon in Marcus Welby, M.D., and Jeff Munson in Knots Landing. He also provided the voice of comic villain Spellbinder in the animated television series Batman Beyond. Cypher made his first film appearance as the villain Frank Tanner in the 1971 Western Valdez Is Coming opposite Burt Lancaster and Susan Clark. He took on the role of the heroic Man-At-Arms in the 1987 film Masters of the Universe. He also starred in an episode of Barnaby Jones entitled "Dangerous Gambit" which originally aired on February 26, 1976. Cypher has since appeared periodically in films up through the late 1990s in mostly featured character parts. Cypher had an active career on the stage in both musicals and plays. In 1956 he appeared at Denver's Elitch Theatre, as the leading man for the summer stock cast, where productions included The Rainmaker, Noël Coward's Tonight at 8.30, and The Chalk Garden. He made his Broadway debut as Wister LaSalle in the original 1959 production of Harvey Breit's The Disenchanted. He returned to Broadway in 1962 to replace Patrick O'Neal as the Reverend T. Lawrence Shannon in the original production of Tennessee Williams's The Night of the Iguana. He portrayed the role of Dr. Carrasco in the original 1965 cast of Man of La Mancha, later taking over the role of Don Quixote. In 1967, he performed the role of Bert Jefferson in the original musical Sherry! by James Lipton and Laurence Rosenthal. His other Broadway credits include The Great White Hope, 1776, Coco, and Big: The Musical. Between 1990 and 1993 he appeared in 69 episodes in the CBS hit comedy TV show Major Dad, where he played Brigadier General Marcus C. Craig On July 20, 1992 Cypher suffered an injury during a dress rehearsal at the Benedum Center in Pittsburgh. He was preparing for an appearance as Fagin in the Civic Light Opera production of Oliver! when he fell down a darkened stairway at the theater, breaking his leg in two places and damaging cartilage and ligaments. The incident left Cypher playing the character while seated in a wheelchair. He sued the theater and a performance company in Pittsburgh for $20,000. In a 2013 interview, Cypher revealed he still walked with a cane. In a 2014 interview, he stated that poverty was the secret to his 47-year-long career. Personal life Cypher was married to Ruth Wagner from 1965 to 1975. After they divorced, he married scientist Carol Rosin. Credits Film Year Title Role Notes 1971 Valdez Is Coming Frank Tanner Believe in Me Alan 1973 Lady Ice Eddie Stell Blade Petersen 1974 The Memory of Us Brad The Kid and the Killers Roper 1975 The Kingfisher Caper Johnny Lance 1976 The Food of the Gods Brian 1987 Masters of the Universe Duncan/Man-At-Arms Off the Mark John C. Roosevelt 1989 Accidents James Hughs 1990 Spontaneous Combustion Dr. Marsh The Sandgrass People Walter Carter 1991 Strictly Business Drake 1998 Walking to the Waterline Fred Blumquist Television Year Title Role Notes 1957 Roger's and Hammerstein's Cinderella Prince Christopher Television film The United States Steel Hour Episode: "Upbeat" Armstrong Circle Theatre Richie Braman/Miklos 2 episodes 1962 Our Five Daughters Driscoll 1964 NBC Children's Theatre King Richard Episode: "Robin Hood" Flipper Jim Lorman Episode: "Countdown for Flipper" 1967 Coronet Blue Ewan McBurney Episode: "A Time to be Born" 1970 Nanny and the Professor Professor Englund Episode: "E.S. Putt" 1971-73 The Doris Day Show Sir Robert Kingsley 2 episodes 1972 McMillan & Wife John Thomas Clark Episode: "The Face of Murder" Mission: Impossible Art Stafford Episode: "Trapped" Bonanza Col. Cody Ransom Episode: "A Place to Hide" Mannix Wallace Hunter/Phillip Lomax 2 episodes 1973 Circle of Fear Keith Episode: "Legion of Demons" 1974 Cannon Lt. Lou Hayes Episode: "Bobby Loved Me" Night Games Dale Hannigan Television film The F.B.I. Belson Episode: "Survival" The Rookies Dr. Stafford Episode: "Key Witness" 1975 Marcus Welby, M.D. Eric Brandon 4 episodes 1976 Barnaby Jones Frank Dunlap Episode: "Dangerous Gambit" Bronk Lundeen Episode: "The Vigilante" 1977 Police Woman Skip Arnold Episode: "The Disco Killer" The Feather and Father Gang Cal Cooper Episode: "Sun, Sand, and Death" The Rockford Files Michael Kelly 2 episodes 1978-79 As the World Turns Dr. Alexander Keith 2 episodes 1979 The Love Boat Russell Evans Episode: "Not Now, I'm Dying/Too Young to Love/Eleanor's Return" 1980 Freebie and the Bean Dwight Rollins Episode: "Flying Aces" 1981 Evita Peron Col. Imbert Television film General Hospital Max Van Stadt Episode #1.4687 1981-83 Trapper John, M.D. Marshall Randolph/Andrew Forsyte 2 episodes 1981-87 Hill Street Blues Chief Fletcher Daniels Main Role; 71 episodes 1982 Today's F.B.I. Le Duc Episode: "Spy" House Calls Episode: "Man for All Surgeons" The Greatest American Hero Richard Beller Episode: "Now You See it" The Devlin Connection Episode: "The Lady on the Billboard" Dallas Episode: "Post Nuptial" 1982-83 Knots Landing Jeff Munson 12 episodes 1983 Knight Rider George Atherton Episode: "Soul Survivor" 1983-87 Dynasty Dirk E. Maurier 10 episodes 1984 Lottery! Episode: "Chicago: Another Chance" 1985 Half Nelson Episode: "Nose Job" Malice in Wonderland Dr. Harry 'Docky' Martin Television film Lime Street Kyle Stoddard Episode: "Odd Pilots Never Die" 1986 Hotel Richard Copeland Episode: "Triangles" Perry Mason: The Case of the Notorious Nun Dr. Peter Lattimore Television film True Confessions Episode: "The Decision" 1986-93 Murder, She Wrote Capt. Rory O'Neil/Nathan Swarthmore/Defense Atty. Max Flynn 3 episodes 1987 The Law & Harry McGraw Sam Wallace Episode: "Angela's Secret" Hunter Alan Shadwell Episode: "Turning Point" 1988 Elvis and Me Captain Joseph Paul Beaulieu Television film Probe Howard Millhouse 2 episodes Lady Mobster Alfred Mallory Television film Favorite Son Bartholomew Scott Episode: "Part One" 1988-89 Santa Barbara Dr. Arthur Donnelly Recurring role; 57 episodes 1988-89 Tour of Duty Major General Goldman 2 episodes 1989 Duet John Episode: "The Birth of a Saleswoman" Open House John Green 2 episodes 1990 B.L. Stryker Felix Renza Episode: "High Rise" Valerie Mr. Edwards Episode: "A Matter of Principal" Snow Kill Reid Television film 1990-93 Major Dad General Marcus C. Craig Main Role; 69 episodes 1994 Love & War Anthony Episode: "I've Got a Crush on You" The Commish Bill Kelton Episode: "Dead Drunk" RoboCop General Eugene Omar Episode: "Ghosts of War" 1995 Burke's Law Ben Fletcher Episode: "Who Killed the Motor Car Maverick?" The Invaders Sen. Alex Feinman 2 episodes 1995-2000 Law & Order Jerome Kamen/Harlan Graham 2 episodes 1996 Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman Preston A. Lodge II Episode: "The Tempest" 1997 Pinky and the Brain Administrator Voice, episode: "The Tailor and the Mice/Bah, Wilderness" Profiler Judge Neil MacGruder Episode: "Power Corrupts" 1998 JAG Frank Burnett Episode: "To Russia with Love" 1999 Rescue 77 Charles Bell 2 episodes Walker, Texas Ranger Waylon Cox Episode: "Full Recovery" 1999-2000 Batman Beyond Ira Billings/Spellbinder Voice, 3 episodes 2000 Honey, I Shrunk the Kids: The TV Show Colonel Coleman Episode: "Honey, It's an Interplanetary, Extraordinary Life" 2001 The Lot 2 episodes 2004 Great Performances Prince Christopher/Self Episode: "Roger's and Hammerstein's Cinderella Theatre Year Title Role Venue Type Notes 1958 The Disenchanted Wister LaSalle Coronet Theatre Broadway 1961 The Night of the Iguana The Reverend T. Lawrence Shannon Royale Theatre U/s 1963 Jennie Randolph of the Royal Mounted/Others Majestic Theatre Standby 1964 As You Like It Lucille Lortel Theatre Off-Broadway 1965 Man of La Mancha Dr. Carrasco Martin Beck Theatre Broadway The Wives Herakles Stage 73 Off-Broadway The Great Western Union Robert Bouwerie Lane Theatre 1967 Sherry! Bert Jefferson Alvin Theatre Broadway 1968 The Great White Hope Mr. Cameron/Others 1969 1776 Thomas Jefferson 46th Street Theatre Replacement Coco Papa Mark Hellinger Theatre 1970-72 1776 Thomas Jefferson Touring production 1971 Coco Julian Lesage 1973 Oliver! Bill Sikes 1980-82 Evita Perón 1984 42nd Street Julian Marsh 1996 Big MacMillan Shubert Theatre Broadway References ^ "Soap Star of the Week", Charleston News and Courier, August 26, 1988. ^ Biography of Jon Cypher, filmreference.com; accessed March 5, 2017. ^ "Major Dad (TV Series 1989–1993) - IMDb". IMDb. ^ "Jon Cypher of "Major Dad' Sues Theater, Troupe". Tulsa World. Retrieved 2017-03-06. ^ Sawyer, James (2013-10-13). "Masters Of The Universe (The 1987 Film): Q & A With Actor Jon Cypher (Man-At-Arms)!". Motumovie.com. Retrieved 2017-03-06. ^ Hansen, Evalyn. "Backstage: An interview with Jon Cypher". DailyTidings.com. Archived from the original on 2017-09-02. Retrieved 2017-03-06. External links Jon Cypher at IMDb Jon Cypher at the Internet Broadway Database Jon Cypher at the Internet Off-Broadway Database Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain France BnF data Germany United States Korea Artists MusicBrainz
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He is best known as playing Chief of Police Fletcher Daniels in Hill Street Blues throughout the series' run. He is also known for his work in Cinderella, As the World Turns, Major Dad, Probe, Law & Order, and Santa Barbara. He has also performed several times on Broadway, particularly in musical theatre.","title":"Jon Cypher"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Erasmus Hall High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasmus_Hall_High_School"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_College"},{"link_name":"master's degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master%27s_degree"},{"link_name":"University of Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Vermont"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Born in New York City, Cypher graduated from Erasmus Hall High School (1949) and Brooklyn College (1953).Cypher later received a master's degree in marriage and family counseling from the University of Vermont.[1]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rodgers and Hammerstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodgers_and_Hammerstein"},{"link_name":"Cinderella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinderella_(Rodgers_and_Hammerstein_musical)"},{"link_name":"Julie Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie_Andrews"},{"link_name":"Hill Street Blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill_Street_Blues"},{"link_name":"Major Dad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_Dad"},{"link_name":"Gerald McRaney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_McRaney"},{"link_name":"Beverly Archer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverly_Archer"},{"link_name":"Probe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probe_(1988_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"As the World Turns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As_the_World_Turns"},{"link_name":"Santa Barbara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Barbara_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The F.B.I.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_F.B.I._(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynasty_(1981_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Marcus Welby, M.D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Welby,_M.D."},{"link_name":"Knots Landing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knots_Landing"},{"link_name":"Spellbinder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spellbinder_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Batman Beyond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman_Beyond"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Valdez Is Coming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdez_Is_Coming"},{"link_name":"Burt Lancaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burt_Lancaster"},{"link_name":"Susan Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Clark"},{"link_name":"Masters of the Universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masters_of_the_Universe_(film)"},{"link_name":"Barnaby Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnaby_Jones"},{"link_name":"musicals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_theatre"},{"link_name":"plays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Play_(theatre)"},{"link_name":"Elitch Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elitch_Theatre"},{"link_name":"The Rainmaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rainmaker_(play)"},{"link_name":"Noël Coward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Coward"},{"link_name":"Tonight at 8.30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonight_at_8.30"},{"link_name":"The Chalk Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chalk_Garden"},{"link_name":"Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_(theatre)"},{"link_name":"Harvey Breit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_Breit"},{"link_name":"The Disenchanted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Disenchanted"},{"link_name":"Patrick O'Neal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_O%27Neal_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Tennessee Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Williams"},{"link_name":"The Night of the Iguana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Night_of_the_Iguana"},{"link_name":"Man of La Mancha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_of_La_Mancha"},{"link_name":"Don Quixote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Quixote"},{"link_name":"Sherry!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherry!"},{"link_name":"James Lipton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Lipton"},{"link_name":"Laurence Rosenthal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Rosenthal"},{"link_name":"The Great White Hope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_White_Hope"},{"link_name":"1776","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1776_(musical)"},{"link_name":"Coco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coco_(musical)"},{"link_name":"Big: The Musical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big:_The_Musical"},{"link_name":"Major Dad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_Dad"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Benedum Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedum_Center"},{"link_name":"Fagin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fagin"},{"link_name":"Civic Light Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_Civic_Light_Opera"},{"link_name":"Oliver!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver!"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"cane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walking_stick"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Cypher made his television debut as the Prince in the original 1957 production of Rodgers and Hammerstein's Cinderella opposite Julie Andrews in the title role. He is particularly remembered as Chief of Police Fletcher Daniels in Hill Street Blues, a role he played throughout the run of the series (1981–87). He played Commanding General Marcus Craig on Major Dad, alongside Gerald McRaney and Beverly Archer, and appeared as Howard Millhouse in the short-lived television series Probe. He played Dr. Alex Keith on As the World Turns (1977–79) and Dr. Arthur Donnelly on Santa Barbara (1988–89).Other television credits include the recurring roles of Belson in The F.B.I., Dirk Maurier in Dynasty, Eric Brandon in Marcus Welby, M.D., and Jeff Munson in Knots Landing. He also provided the voice of comic villain Spellbinder in the animated television series Batman Beyond.[2]Cypher made his first film appearance as the villain Frank Tanner in the 1971 Western Valdez Is Coming opposite Burt Lancaster and Susan Clark. He took on the role of the heroic Man-At-Arms in the 1987 film Masters of the Universe. He also starred in an episode of Barnaby Jones entitled \"Dangerous Gambit\" which originally aired on February 26, 1976. Cypher has since appeared periodically in films up through the late 1990s in mostly featured character parts.Cypher had an active career on the stage in both musicals and plays. In 1956 he appeared at Denver's Elitch Theatre, as the leading man for the summer stock cast, where productions included The Rainmaker, Noël Coward's Tonight at 8.30, and The Chalk Garden.He made his Broadway debut as Wister LaSalle in the original 1959 production of Harvey Breit's The Disenchanted. He returned to Broadway in 1962 to replace Patrick O'Neal as the Reverend T. Lawrence Shannon in the original production of Tennessee Williams's The Night of the Iguana. He portrayed the role of Dr. Carrasco in the original 1965 cast of Man of La Mancha, later taking over the role of Don Quixote.In 1967, he performed the role of Bert Jefferson in the original musical Sherry! by James Lipton and Laurence Rosenthal. His other Broadway credits include The Great White Hope, 1776, Coco, and Big: The Musical.Between 1990 and 1993 he appeared in 69 episodes in the CBS hit comedy TV show Major Dad, where he played Brigadier General Marcus C. Craig [3]On July 20, 1992 Cypher suffered an injury during a dress rehearsal at the Benedum Center in Pittsburgh. He was preparing for an appearance as Fagin in the Civic Light Opera production of Oliver! when he fell down a darkened stairway at the theater, breaking his leg in two places and damaging cartilage and ligaments. The incident left Cypher playing the character while seated in a wheelchair. He sued the theater and a performance company in Pittsburgh for $20,000.[4] In a 2013 interview, Cypher revealed he still walked with a cane.[5]In a 2014 interview, he stated that poverty was the secret to his 47-year-long career.[6]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carol Rosin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Rosin"}],"text":"Cypher was married to Ruth Wagner from 1965 to 1975. After they divorced, he married scientist Carol Rosin.","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Credits"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Film","title":"Credits"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","title":"Credits"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Theatre","title":"Credits"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_fort
Snow fort
["1 Variations","1.1 Finland","1.2 Canada","2 Deaths and injuries","3 In popular culture","4 References","5 Further reading","6 External links"]
Structure made of snow This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Snow fort" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) A large snow fort in Grand Rapids, Michigan A snow fort or snow castle is a usually open-topped temporary structure made of snow walls that is usually used for recreational purposes. Snow forts are generally built by children as a playground game or winter pastime and are used as defensive structures in snowball fights. They are also built and used for make-believe games such as "house", "store", or "community", a game where multiple forts are built in a group. Along with the snowman, it is one of the two structures commonly built by children out of snow. Snow structures made for sleeping are called igloos when made from snow blocks and quinzhees when made by hollowing out a pile of snow. Little snow fort built with a plastic tub (Moscow, Russia) Variations A snow fort in Washington, D.C., United States A snow fort consists of walls of piled and compacted snow. They may be "open" or "closed", that is, a person in the snow fort may be completely surrounded by the walls on all sides, there may be a "door", or the person may be completely exposed on one side. The latter variation is used for snowball fights, in which opponents have forts facing each other and attack exclusively from their own fort. Existing structures such as the walls or concave corners of a building can be used as part of the snow fort, allowing for faster and easier construction. A snow fort can also be a tunneled-out burrow built in a large snowdrift. Although the most common way to pack snow for a fort is by piling, pressing, and/or carving out snow by hand, possibly with the aid of a snow shovel, other ways exist. One way is to roll out large balls of snow as if making a snowman, line them up in a protective barrier, and use loose snow as mortar to hold them together. Another way is to create cylindrical snow blocks by shovelling snow into a five-gallon bucket and then compacting it. If made out of wet snow and left to freeze overnight, these blocks become almost indestructible. They can be difficult to stack into a stable defensive structure, but they can double as unwieldy yet powerful missiles capable of punching holes in enemy snow forts, knocking over a grown man, etc. Snow forts are usually at least knee-height and one-roomed. Forts built for snowball fights may be higher, and ones built for "house" may have lower walls and multiple rooms. When used for snowball fights, snow forts often have sections where the wall is lower, through which the occupants throw snowballs. Finland The SnowCastle of Kemi is claimed to be the biggest snow castle in the world, first built in Kemi in 1996. Since then the world's largest snow castle has been rebuilt annually. The area has varied from 13,000 to over 20,000 square meters. Its highest towers have been over 20 meters high and its longest walls over 1,000 meters long. Sometimes there have been three-story buildings there. The SnowRestaurant has ice tables and seats covered with reindeer fur. The ecumenical SnowChapel, decorated with ice sculptures, has seen numerous weddings, with some couples coming from Japan and Hong Kong. There is also a SnowHotel in the snow castle. The hotel has double rooms and a honeymoon suite with ice decorations. There are also ice decorations in Lainio Snow Hotel (near Ylläs and Levi, Finland). Canada The Snowking Winter Festival castle under construction In Kingston, Ontario, the annual FebFest snow sculpture competition in Confederation Park features snow forts by the Royal Military College of Canada and Queen's University. The snow forts must not only be pleasing to look at but also safe for children to play on. In 2008, the RMC's snow fort was modelled after Ottawa's Mackenzie Building, featuring a central tower with working clock, flanked by projecting end towers and a slide. Both teams worked through the night, filling rectangular recycling bins with snow. The Snowking Winter Festival is an annual festival held each March in Yellowknife, Northwest Territories. The festival is a major winter tourist draw to Yellowknife. It features a huge snow castle with window panes of ice built on Yellowknife Bay, on Great Slave Lake. The castle is designed and the construction is supervised by Snowking, Anthony Foliot. The design evolves every year and the castle has grown to include an auditorium, cafe, courtyard, traditional igloo, slide, parapets and turrets. Once the castle is completed, it becomes the center of winter arts activity in Yellowknife. This month-long festival includes concerts, art shows, children's theatre, and fireworks shows. Carvers augment the castle with snow and ice sculptures. Deaths and injuries Deaths and injuries have occurred relating to the collapse of a snow fort. A 12-year-old girl died in 2019 whilst building a snow fort in Chicago. A 10-year-old boy died in 2016 when a snow fort collapsed on him. In 2017, 3 people were trapped by a collapsed snow fort and were saved by a dog. In popular culture The Backyardigans episode "The Snow Fort" has the Royal Canadian Mounted Police defending an elaborate version of such a fort while members of the ski patrol try to get in. The Dog Who Stopped the War (1984) is a cult movie and box-office hit in Quebec. Half of this movie revolves around a very elaborate snow fort. The painting (1891) by Vasily Surikov The Capture of Snow Town (″Взятие снежного городка″) References ^ "Pictures of the day: 4 February 2011". The Telegraph. February 4, 2011. Retrieved 25 March 2018. ^ "Girl, 12, dies after snow fort collapses on her in suburban Chicago". NBC News. Retrieved 2019-01-22. ^ "Benjamin Wasick, 10-Year-Old Pendleton, N.Y. Boy, Dies After Being Trapped By Collapsed Snow Fort". HuffPost Canada. 2017-03-16. Retrieved 2019-01-22. ^ Mr.Dog (2017-02-25). "Heroic Dog Saves Three People from Being Crushed to Death in a Snow Fort Collapse". ILoveDogsAndPuppies. Retrieved 2019-01-22. Further reading Champlin, John Denison; Bostwick, Arthur Elmore (1890). The young folk's cyclopædia of games and sports. H. Holt and Company. p. 660. Retrieved 4 March 2013. Snow fort. Ward, Jennifer (2009). Let's Go Outside!. Shambhala Publications. p. 29. ISBN 978-0834822504. Retrieved 4 March 2013. External links Building a snow fort with a plastic tub
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_large_snow_fort_in_Grand_Rapids,_Michigan.jpg"},{"link_name":"Grand Rapids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Rapids"},{"link_name":"snow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow"},{"link_name":"playground game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playground_game"},{"link_name":"pastime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobby"},{"link_name":"snowball fights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowball_fight"},{"link_name":"make-believe games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_games_(role_play)"},{"link_name":"snowman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowman"},{"link_name":"igloos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igloo"},{"link_name":"quinzhees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinzhee"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Snow_castle.jpg"},{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow"}],"text":"A large snow fort in Grand Rapids, MichiganA snow fort or snow castle is a usually open-topped temporary structure made of snow walls that is usually used for recreational purposes. Snow forts are generally built by children as a playground game or winter pastime and are used as defensive structures in snowball fights. They are also built and used for make-believe games such as \"house\", \"store\", or \"community\", a game where multiple forts are built in a group. Along with the snowman, it is one of the two structures commonly built by children out of snow.Snow structures made for sleeping are called igloos when made from snow blocks and quinzhees when made by hollowing out a pile of snow.Little snow fort built with a plastic tub (Moscow, Russia)","title":"Snow fort"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Snow_Fort_2009.jpg"},{"link_name":"snowball fights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowball_fight"},{"link_name":"snowdrift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowdrift"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"five-gallon bucket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five-gallon_bucket"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"A snow fort in Washington, D.C., United StatesA snow fort consists of walls of piled and compacted snow. They may be \"open\" or \"closed\", that is, a person in the snow fort may be completely surrounded by the walls on all sides, there may be a \"door\", or the person may be completely exposed on one side. The latter variation is used for snowball fights, in which opponents have forts facing each other and attack exclusively from their own fort. Existing structures such as the walls or concave corners of a building can be used as part of the snow fort, allowing for faster and easier construction. A snow fort can also be a tunneled-out burrow built in a large snowdrift.Although the most common[citation needed] way to pack snow for a fort is by piling, pressing, and/or carving out snow by hand, possibly with the aid of a snow shovel, other ways exist. One way is to roll out large balls of snow as if making a snowman, line them up in a protective barrier, and use loose snow as mortar to hold them together. Another way is to create cylindrical snow blocks by shovelling snow into a five-gallon bucket and then compacting it. If made out of wet snow and left to freeze overnight, these blocks become almost indestructible.[citation needed] They can be difficult to stack into a stable defensive structure, but they can double as unwieldy yet powerful missiles capable of punching holes in enemy snow forts, knocking over a grown man, etc.Snow forts are usually at least knee-height and one-roomed. Forts built for snowball fights may be higher, and ones built for \"house\" may have lower walls and multiple rooms. When used for snowball fights, snow forts often have sections where the wall is lower, through which the occupants throw snowballs.","title":"Variations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SnowCastle of Kemi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SnowCastle_of_Kemi"},{"link_name":"Kemi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemi"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"reindeer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reindeer"},{"link_name":"ecumenical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecumenism"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Levi, Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levi,_Finland"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Finland","text":"The SnowCastle of Kemi is claimed to be the biggest snow castle in the world, first built in Kemi in 1996.[1] Since then the world's largest snow castle has been rebuilt annually. The area has varied from 13,000 to over 20,000 square meters. Its highest towers have been over 20 meters high and its longest walls over 1,000 meters long. Sometimes there have been three-story buildings there. The SnowRestaurant has ice tables and seats covered with reindeer fur. The ecumenical SnowChapel, decorated with ice sculptures, has seen numerous weddings, with some couples coming from Japan and Hong Kong.[citation needed] There is also a SnowHotel in the snow castle. The hotel has double rooms and a honeymoon suite with ice decorations.[citation needed]There are also ice decorations in Lainio Snow Hotel (near Ylläs and Levi, Finland).[citation needed]","title":"Variations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Snowcastle_under_construction_in_Yellowknife_01.JPG"},{"link_name":"Snowking Winter Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowking_Winter_Festival"},{"link_name":"Kingston, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"snow sculpture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_sculpture"},{"link_name":"Royal Military College of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Military_College_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Queen's University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_University_at_Kingston"},{"link_name":"Snowking Winter Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowking_Winter_Festival"},{"link_name":"Yellowknife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellowknife"},{"link_name":"Northwest Territories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Territories"},{"link_name":"Great Slave Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Slave_Lake"},{"link_name":"igloo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igloo"}],"sub_title":"Canada","text":"The Snowking Winter Festival castle under constructionIn Kingston, Ontario, the annual FebFest snow sculpture competition in Confederation Park features snow forts by the Royal Military College of Canada and Queen's University. The snow forts must not only be pleasing to look at but also safe for children to play on. In 2008, the RMC's snow fort was modelled after Ottawa's Mackenzie Building, featuring a central tower with working clock, flanked by projecting end towers and a slide. Both teams worked through the night, filling rectangular recycling bins with snow.The Snowking Winter Festival is an annual festival held each March in Yellowknife, Northwest Territories. The festival is a major winter tourist draw to Yellowknife. It features a huge snow castle with window panes of ice built on Yellowknife Bay, on Great Slave Lake. The castle is designed and the construction is supervised by Snowking, Anthony Foliot. The design evolves every year and the castle has grown to include an auditorium, cafe, courtyard, traditional igloo, slide, parapets and turrets. Once the castle is completed, it becomes the center of winter arts activity in Yellowknife. This month-long festival includes concerts, art shows, children's theatre, and fireworks shows. Carvers augment the castle with snow and ice sculptures.","title":"Variations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Deaths and injuries have occurred relating to the collapse of a snow fort.A 12-year-old girl died in 2019 whilst building a snow fort in Chicago.[2]\nA 10-year-old boy died in 2016 when a snow fort collapsed on him.[3]\nIn 2017, 3 people were trapped by a collapsed snow fort and were saved by a dog.[4]","title":"Deaths and injuries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Backyardigans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Backyardigans"},{"link_name":"Royal Canadian Mounted Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police"},{"link_name":"ski patrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_patrol"},{"link_name":"The Dog Who Stopped the War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dog_Who_Stopped_the_War"},{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec"},{"link_name":"Vasily Surikov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasily_Surikov"},{"link_name":"Взятие снежного городка","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B7%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0)"}],"text":"The Backyardigans episode \"The Snow Fort\" has the Royal Canadian Mounted Police defending an elaborate version of such a fort while members of the ski patrol try to get in.The Dog Who Stopped the War (1984) is a cult movie and box-office hit in Quebec. Half of this movie revolves around a very elaborate snow fort.The painting (1891) by Vasily Surikov The Capture of Snow Town (″Взятие снежного городка″)","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The young folk's cyclopædia of games and sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/youngfolkscyclo01bostgoog"},{"link_name":"660","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/youngfolkscyclo01bostgoog/page/n670"},{"link_name":"Let's Go Outside!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=UjHI-paiV9EC&q=Snow+fort&pg=PA29"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0834822504","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0834822504"}],"text":"Champlin, John Denison; Bostwick, Arthur Elmore (1890). The young folk's cyclopædia of games and sports. H. Holt and Company. p. 660. Retrieved 4 March 2013. Snow fort.\nWard, Jennifer (2009). Let's Go Outside!. Shambhala Publications. p. 29. ISBN 978-0834822504. Retrieved 4 March 2013.","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"A large snow fort in Grand Rapids, Michigan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/A_large_snow_fort_in_Grand_Rapids%2C_Michigan.jpg/220px-A_large_snow_fort_in_Grand_Rapids%2C_Michigan.jpg"},{"image_text":"Little snow fort built with a plastic tub (Moscow, Russia)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Snow_castle.jpg/220px-Snow_castle.jpg"},{"image_text":"A snow fort in Washington, D.C., United States","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Snow_Fort_2009.jpg/220px-Snow_Fort_2009.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Snowking Winter Festival castle under construction","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Snowcastle_under_construction_in_Yellowknife_01.JPG/220px-Snowcastle_under_construction_in_Yellowknife_01.JPG"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Pictures of the day: 4 February 2011\". The Telegraph. February 4, 2011. Retrieved 25 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/picturegalleries/picturesoftheday/8303080/Pictures-of-the-day-4-February-2011.html?image=4","url_text":"\"Pictures of the day: 4 February 2011\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraph_Media_Group","url_text":"The Telegraph"}]},{"reference":"\"Girl, 12, dies after snow fort collapses on her in suburban Chicago\". NBC News. Retrieved 2019-01-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/girl-12-dies-after-snow-fort-collapses-her-friend-suburban-n960976","url_text":"\"Girl, 12, dies after snow fort collapses on her in suburban Chicago\""}]},{"reference":"\"Benjamin Wasick, 10-Year-Old Pendleton, N.Y. Boy, Dies After Being Trapped By Collapsed Snow Fort\". HuffPost Canada. 2017-03-16. Retrieved 2019-01-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2017/03/16/pendleton-boy-dies-snow-fort_n_15408994.html","url_text":"\"Benjamin Wasick, 10-Year-Old Pendleton, N.Y. Boy, Dies After Being Trapped By Collapsed Snow Fort\""}]},{"reference":"Mr.Dog (2017-02-25). \"Heroic Dog Saves Three People from Being Crushed to Death in a Snow Fort Collapse\". ILoveDogsAndPuppies. Retrieved 2019-01-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ilovedogsandpuppies.com/heroic-dog-saves-three-people-crushed-death-snow-fort-collapse/","url_text":"\"Heroic Dog Saves Three People from Being Crushed to Death in a Snow Fort Collapse\""}]},{"reference":"Champlin, John Denison; Bostwick, Arthur Elmore (1890). The young folk's cyclopædia of games and sports. H. Holt and Company. p. 660. Retrieved 4 March 2013. Snow fort.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/youngfolkscyclo01bostgoog","url_text":"The young folk's cyclopædia of games and sports"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/youngfolkscyclo01bostgoog/page/n670","url_text":"660"}]},{"reference":"Ward, Jennifer (2009). Let's Go Outside!. Shambhala Publications. p. 29. ISBN 978-0834822504. Retrieved 4 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UjHI-paiV9EC&q=Snow+fort&pg=PA29","url_text":"Let's Go Outside!"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0834822504","url_text":"978-0834822504"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forged_in_Fury
Forged in Fury
["1 Track listing","2 Personnel","3 References"]
2015 studio album by KrisiunForged in FuryStudio album by KrisiunReleased7 August 2015GenreDeath metalLength51:29LabelCentury MediaProducerErik Rutan and KrisiunKrisiun chronology The Great Execution(2011) Forged in Fury(2015) Scourge of the Enthroned(2018) Forged in Fury is the ninth studio album by Brazilian death metal band Krisiun. It was released on 7 August 2015 by Century Media Records and produced by Erik Rutan. Track listing No.TitleLength1."Scars of the Hatred"5:422."Ways of Barbarism"6:323."Dogma of Submission"4:554."Strength Forged in Fury"6:075."Soulless Impaler"6:116."Burning of the Heretic"6:217."The Isolated Truth"4:098."Oracle of the Ungod"4:439."Timeless Starvation"5:5610."Milonga de la Muerte"0:53 Personnel Krisiun Alex Camargo – bass, vocals Moyses Kolesne – guitar Max Kolesne – drums Production and artwork Erik Rutan – production, recording, mixing, and mastering Joe Petagno – artwork Krisiun – production References ^ "Krisiun To Release 'Forged In Fury' Album In August - Blabbermouth.net". BLABBERMOUTH.NET. Retrieved 4 August 2015. ^ "Krisiun - Forged in Fury - Encyclopaedia Metallum: The Metal Archives". metal-archives.com. Retrieved 4 August 2015. vteKrisiun Max Kolesne Alex Camargo Moyses Kolesne Altemir Souza Mauricio Nogueira Studio albums Black Force Domain (1995) Apocalyptic Revelation (1998) Conquerors of Armageddon (2000) Ageless Venomous (2001) Works of Carnage (2003) AssassiNation (2006) Southern Storm (2008) The Great Execution (2011) Forged in Fury (2015) Scourge of the Enthroned (2018) Live albums Live Armageddon (2006) Other albums Bloodshed (2004) Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"death metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_metal"},{"link_name":"Krisiun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krisiun"},{"link_name":"Century Media Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Century_Media_Records"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"2015 studio album by KrisiunForged in Fury is the ninth studio album by Brazilian death metal band Krisiun. It was released on 7 August 2015 by Century Media Records and produced by Erik Rutan.[1][2]","title":"Forged in Fury"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"No.TitleLength1.\"Scars of the Hatred\"5:422.\"Ways of Barbarism\"6:323.\"Dogma of Submission\"4:554.\"Strength Forged in Fury\"6:075.\"Soulless Impaler\"6:116.\"Burning of the Heretic\"6:217.\"The Isolated Truth\"4:098.\"Oracle of the Ungod\"4:439.\"Timeless Starvation\"5:5610.\"Milonga de la Muerte\"0:53","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Max Kolesne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Kolesne"},{"link_name":"Joe Petagno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Petagno"}],"text":"KrisiunAlex Camargo – bass, vocals\nMoyses Kolesne – guitar\nMax Kolesne – drumsProduction and artworkErik Rutan – production, recording, mixing, and mastering\nJoe Petagno – artwork\nKrisiun – production","title":"Personnel"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Krisiun To Release 'Forged In Fury' Album In August - Blabbermouth.net\". BLABBERMOUTH.NET. Retrieved 4 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/krisiun-to-release-forged-in-fury-album-in-august/","url_text":"\"Krisiun To Release 'Forged In Fury' Album In August - Blabbermouth.net\""}]},{"reference":"\"Krisiun - Forged in Fury - Encyclopaedia Metallum: The Metal Archives\". metal-archives.com. Retrieved 4 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.metal-archives.com/albums/Krisiun/Forged_in_Fury/519994","url_text":"\"Krisiun - Forged in Fury - Encyclopaedia Metallum: The Metal Archives\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_UEC_European_Track_Championships_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_points_race
2016 UEC European Track Championships – Men's points race
["1 Results","2 References"]
Men's points race at the 2016 UEC European Track ChampionshipsUEC European Champion jerseyVenueVélodrome de Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, YvelinesDate22 OctoberCompetitors23 from 23 nationsMedalists  Niklas Larsen   Denmark Kenny De Ketele   Belgium Raman Ramanau   Belarus← 20152017 → 2016 UEC European Track ChampionshipsSprintmenwomenTeam sprintmenwomenTeam pursuitmenwomenKeirinmenwomenOmniummenwomenTime trialmenwomenIndividual pursuitmenwomenPoints racemenwomenScratchmenwomenElimination racemenwomenMadisonmenwomenvte The Men's points race was held on 22 October 2016. 23 riders participated over a distance of 40 km (160 laps), with sprints every 10 laps awarding 5, 3, 2 or 1 point to the first four (double in the final sprint); 20 points are also awarded/withdrawn for each lap gained/lost respectively. Results Rank Name Nation Sprint Points Lap Points Finish Order Total Points Niklas Larsen  Denmark 23 60 4 83 Kenny De Ketele  Belgium 13 40 20 53 Raman Ramanau  Belarus 16 20 1 36 4 Oliver Wood  Great Britain 13 20 5 33 5 Andreas Graf  Austria 12 20 11 32 6 Jan-Willem van Schip  Netherlands 11 20 6 31 7 Wojciech Pszczolarski  Poland 11 20 10 31 8 Michele Scartezzini  Italy 7 20 9 27 9 Dmitry Strakhov  Russia 6 20 13 26 10 Lucas Liss  Germany 3 20 7 23 11 Krisztián Lovassy  Hungary 1 20 8 21 12 Marc Potts  Ireland 11 0 2 11 13 Julio Amores  Spain 11 0 18 11 14 Thomas Denis  France 10 0 3 10 15 Vitaliy Hryniv  Ukraine 10 0 17 10 16 Anders Oddli  Norway 10 0 19 10 17 Claudio Imhof  Switzerland 6 0 12 6 18 Filip Taragel  Slovakia 6 0 14 6 19 Martin Bláha  Czech Republic 3 0 16 3 20 Rafael Silva  Portugal 1 0 15 1 – Mher Mkrtchyan  Armenia 3 0 – DNF – Sotirios Bretas  Greece 0 0 – DNF – Nikolay Genov  Bulgaria 0 −20 – DNF References ^ "Results" (PDF). UEC. 22 October 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 November 2016. Retrieved 30 October 2016. vteUEC European Track Championships – Men's points race 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The Men's points race was held on 22 October 2016. 23 riders participated over a distance of 40 km (160 laps), with sprints every 10 laps awarding 5, 3, 2 or 1 point to the first four (double in the final sprint); 20 points are also awarded/withdrawn for each lap gained/lost respectively.[1]","title":"2016 UEC European Track Championships – Men's points race"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Results"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Results\" (PDF). UEC. 22 October 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 November 2016. Retrieved 30 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161101164723/http://europeantrack2016.veloresults.com/pdf/mpr6.pdf","url_text":"\"Results\""},{"url":"http://europeantrack2016.veloresults.com/pdf/mpr6.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Toronto_Maple_Leafs_broadcasters
List of Toronto Maple Leafs broadcasters
["1 Television","2 Radio","3 References"]
As a result of both Bell Canada and Rogers Communications having an ownership stake in MLSE, Maple Leafs broadcasts are split between the two media companies; with regional TV broadcasts split between Rogers' Sportsnet Ontario and Bell's TSN4. Colour commentary for Bell's television broadcasts is performed by Mike Johnson, while play-by-play is provided by Gord Miller. Colour commentary for Rogers' television broadcasts is performed by Craig Simpson, while play-by-play is provided by Chris Cuthbert. See also: List of current National Hockey League broadcasters Television On Saturday nights, the Toronto Maple Leafs have always been on CBC's Hockey Night in Canada. Bill Hewitt did the play-by-play on most, but not all games through 1980–81. Bob Cole did numerous Maple Leafs games starting in 1973–74, and most Maple Leafs games starting in 1981–82. Maple Leafs road games were televised on the Telemeter pay TV service for four years starting on February 28, 1960, when Bill Hewitt and Bob Wolff did the inaugural telecast from New York's Madison Square Garden. Until 1961, only Sunday games were shown and in 1961–62 and 1962–63, Bill Hewitt did play-by-play on all road games played in the United States. The Maple Leafs appeared on television on Wednesdays starting in 1960, with Bill Hewitt on play-by-play. CFTO aired midweek Maple Leafs games, either independently or as part of CTV's Wednesday night Hockey Night in Canada broadcasts, starting from the station's inception in 1960 all the way to 1976–77. Then CHCH in Hamilton broadcast them from 1977–78 to 1987–88. Then the Global Television Network, which operated solely in Ontario at the time, broadcast midweek Leafs games into the late 1990s. In 1981–82, following Bill Hewitt's sudden retirement, various combinations worked these games. Normally, either Mickey Redmond or Gary Dornhoefer served on colour commentary with play-by-play provided from Dave Hodge, Danny Gallivan, or Dan Kelly. Jim Hughson did play-by-play for the Wednesday games from 1982–86, with Redmond, Dornhoefer, or Gary Green, and Brad Selwood joins the crew on the fourth. In 1986–87, Harry Neale joined Selwood became the mid-week color commentator, and play-by-play was done by either Peter Maher, Bruce Buchanan, or Erik Tomas. Scotty Bowman and Selwood also fill-in for Neale when needed. In 1988–89, Joe Bowen did play-by-play on midweek TV games thru 1994–95. From 1995–97, Jiggs McDonald did play-by-play before Bowen's return to TV the following season. When Bowen was doing TV, radio play-by-play was done by Ken Daniels thru 1994–95 and Dennis Beyak starting in 1997–98. Through the 2000s, select games were aired on team owned Leafs TV. The Leafs TV package of games ended when MLSE was bought by Bell Canada and Rogers Communications moving the games to Sportsnet Ontario and TSN. See also: Historical NHL over-the-air television broadcasters Foster Hewitt: Lead Play-by-play: (1952–58); Colour commentator (1958–61) Bill Hewitt: Lead Play-by-play (1958–81) Brian McFarlane: Color commentator (1965–69, 1973–80) Bob Goldham: Color commentator (1969–77) Danny Gallivan: Rotating play-by-play (1981–82) Dave Hodge: Rotating play-by-play (1981–82) Dan Kelly: Rotating play-by-play (1981–82) Jim Hughson: Lead play-by-play (1982–86) Bruce Buchanan: Play-by-play (1986–87) Peter Maher: Play-by-play (1986–1988 ) Erik Tomas: Play-by-play (1987–89) Brad Selwood: Colour commentator (1985–88) Harry Neale: Lead colour commentator (1986–2007); Color commentator (2013–14) Scotty Bowman: Colour commentator (1987–90) Ken Daniels (Play-by-play, 1988–91) Mickey Redmond: Colour commentator (1982–86) Gary Dornhoefer: Colour commentator (1982–86) Gary Green: Lead colour commentator (1982–86) Joe Bowen: Lead play-by-play (1989–95, 1998–2014) Paul Romanuk: Play-by-play (2014–18) Dave Randorf: Play-by-play (2014–20) Greg Millen: Color commentator (2007–2020) Gord Miller: TSN lead play-by-play (2014–present) Chris Cuthbert: Play-by-play (2014–present; TSN 2014–20; Sportsnet 2021–present) Ray Ferraro: Lead colour commentator (2014–22) Jamie McLennan: Colour commentator (2014–present) John Bartlett: Play-by-play (2018–20) Craig Simpson: Sportsnet lead colour commentator (2021–present) Mike Johnson: TSN Lead colour commentator (2022–present) Radio Like the Maple Leafs television broadcasts, radio broadcasts are split evenly between Rogers' CJCL (Sportsnet 590, The Fan) and Bell's CHUM (TSN Radio 1050). Both Bell and Rogers' radio broadcasts have their colour commentary provided by Jim Ralph, with play-by-play provided by Joe Bowen. Foster Hewitt was the Leafs' first play-by-play broadcaster, providing radio play-by-play from 1927 to 1968. In addition, he provided play-by-play for television from 1952 to 1958, and colour commentary from 1958 to 1961. Originally aired over CFCA, Hewitt's broadcast was picked up by the Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission (the CRBC) in 1933, moving to CBC Radio (the CRBC's successor) three years later. As the show was aired on Canadian national radio, Hewitt became famous for the phrase "He shoots, he scores!" as well as his sign-on at the beginning of each broadcast, "Hello, Canada, and hockey fans in the United States and Newfoundland." Foster Hewitt: Play-by-play (1923–68) Bill Hewitt: Colour commentator (1958–61) Ron Hewat: Colour commentator (1966–68); Play-by-play (1968–77, 1980–82) Peter Maher: Play-by-play (1977–80) Red Storey: Colour commentator (1979–80) Mike Nykoluk: Colour commentator (1980–81) Joe Bowen: Play-by-play (1982–present) Bill Watters: Colour commentator (1985–91) Gord Stellick: Colour commentator (1991–95) Mark Hebscher: Colour commentator (1995–97) Dennis Hull: Colour commentator (1996–98) Dennis Beyak: Play-by-play (1998–2011) Jim Ralph: Colour commentator (1998–present) Dan Dunleavy: Play-by-play (2011–13) Jon Abbott: Play-by-play (2013–14) References ^ The Dominion of Newfoundland did not join Canadian Confederation until March 31, 1949. Newfoundland was a separate Dominion of the British Empire from 1907 to 1949. ^ "Leafs Announce 2014–15 TV & Radio Broadcast Schedule". Toronto Maple Leafs. Archived from the original on October 18, 2014. Retrieved October 11, 2014. ^ "Sep 12, 2019 TSN Delivers 26 Regular Season Toronto Maple Leafs Games as Part of 2019-20 Regional NHL Broadcast". TSN. BellMedia. September 19, 2019. Retrieved October 20, 2019. ^ "Sportsnet releases 2019-20 Toronto Maple Leafs broadcast schedule". Sportsnet. Rogers Digital Media. September 12, 2019. Retrieved October 20, 2019. ^ a b "Flames' broadcaster joins Leafs' TV crew". Canadian Press. October 5, 1986. Retrieved 12 April 2012. ^ a b c McKee, Ken (October 16, 1987). "Hockey telecasts not place for re-invention of the wheel". Toronto Star. ^ Leonetti, Michael (2014). 100 Things Maple Leafs Fans Should Know & Do Before They Die. Triumph Books. pp. 160–161. ISBN 978-1-60078-935-9. ^ Kevin Shea, ed. (November 9, 2007). "One on One with Foster Hewitt". Hockey Hall of Fame and Museum. Archived from the original on June 30, 2016. Retrieved July 7, 2017. ^ Lennox, Doug (2009). Now You Know Big Book of Sports. Dundurn. p. 18. ISBN 978-1-7707-0587-6. vteToronto Maple Leafs Founded in 1917 Based in Toronto, Ontario Franchise Franchise General managers Coaches Players Captains Draft picks Seasons Current season History History Toronto Arenas Toronto St. Patricks Original Six Award winners Records Retired numbers Broadcasters Personnel Owner(s) Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment (Larry Tanenbaum, chairman) General manager Brad Treliving Head coach Craig Berube Team captain John Tavares Current roster Arenas Arena Gardens Maple Leaf Gardens Scotiabank Arena Rivalries Boston Bruins Detroit Red Wings Montreal Canadiens Ottawa Senators Affiliates AHL Toronto Marlies Media TV Sportsnet Ontario TSN4 Radio Sportsnet 590 The Fan TSN Radio 1050 Choq FM 105,1 Culture and lore 2014 NHL Winter Classic NHL Centennial Classic 2018 NHL Stadium Series 2022 Heritage Classic Carlton the Bear In popular culture Face-Off "Fifty Mission Cap" Hockey Knights in Canada The Hockey Sweater The Love Guru J. P. Bickell Memorial Award Maple Leaf Square Ford Performance Centre The Kid Line Toronto Blueshirts Leafs Nation Network Category Commons vteList of local National Hockey League broadcastersWestern ConferencePacific Division Anaheim Ducks Arizona Coyotes Calgary Flames Atlanta Flames Edmonton Oilers Los Angeles Kings San Jose Sharks Vancouver Canucks Vegas Golden Knights Central Division Chicago Blackhawks Colorado Avalanche Quebec Nordiques Dallas Stars Minnesota North Stars Minnesota Wild Nashville Predators St. Louis Blues Winnipeg Jets Atlanta Thrashers Eastern ConferenceAtlantic Division Boston Bruins Buffalo Sabres Detroit Red Wings Florida Panthers Montreal Canadiens Ottawa Senators Tampa Bay Lightning Toronto Maple Leafs Metropolitan Division Carolina Hurricanes Hartford Whalers Columbus Blue Jackets New Jersey Devils New York Islanders New York Rangers Philadelphia Flyers Pittsburgh Penguins Washington Capitals Miscellaneous Over-the-air broadcasters
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of current National Hockey League broadcasters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_National_Hockey_League_broadcasters"}],"text":"See also: List of current National Hockey League broadcasters","title":"List of Toronto Maple Leafs broadcasters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Toronto Maple Leafs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Maple_Leafs"},{"link_name":"CBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBC_Television"},{"link_name":"Hockey Night in Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hockey_Night_in_Canada"},{"link_name":"Bill Hewitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Hewitt_(sportscaster)"},{"link_name":"1980–81","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980%E2%80%9381_Toronto_Maple_Leafs_season"},{"link_name":"Bob Cole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Cole_(sportscaster)"},{"link_name":"1973–74","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973%E2%80%9374_Toronto_Maple_Leafs_season"},{"link_name":"1981–82","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981%E2%80%9382_Toronto_Maple_Leafs_season"},{"link_name":"Telemeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telemeter_(pay_television)"},{"link_name":"1960","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1959%E2%80%9360_Toronto_Maple_Leafs_season"},{"link_name":"Bob Wolff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Wolff"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Madison Square Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison_Square_Garden_(1925)"},{"link_name":"1961","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960%E2%80%9361_Toronto_Maple_Leafs_season"},{"link_name":"1961–62","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1961%E2%80%9362_Toronto_Maple_Leafs_season"},{"link_name":"1962–63","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962%E2%80%9363_Toronto_Maple_Leafs_season"},{"link_name":"1960","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960%E2%80%9361_Toronto_Maple_Leafs_season"},{"link_name":"CFTO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CFTO"},{"link_name":"CTV's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CTV_Television_Network"},{"link_name":"Hockey Night in Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hockey_Night_in_Canada"},{"link_name":"1976–77","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976%E2%80%9377_Toronto_Maple_Leafs_season"},{"link_name":"CHCH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHCH"},{"link_name":"1977–78","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977%E2%80%9378_Toronto_Maple_Leafs_season"},{"link_name":"1987–88","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987%E2%80%9388_Toronto_Maple_Leafs_season"},{"link_name":"Global Television Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Television_Network"},{"link_name":"1981–82","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981%E2%80%9382_Toronto_Maple_Leafs_season"},{"link_name":"Mickey Redmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickey_Redmond"},{"link_name":"Gary Dornhoefer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Dornhoefer"},{"link_name":"Dave Hodge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Hodge"},{"link_name":"Danny Gallivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Gallivan"},{"link_name":"Dan Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Kelly_(sportscaster)"},{"link_name":"Jim Hughson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Hughson"},{"link_name":"1982","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982%E2%80%9383_Toronto_Maple_Leafs_season"},{"link_name":"86","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985%E2%80%9386_Toronto_Maple_Leafs_season"},{"link_name":"Gary Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Green_(ice_hockey)"},{"link_name":"Brad Selwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Selwood"},{"link_name":"1986–87","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986%E2%80%9387_Toronto_Maple_Leafs_season"},{"link_name":"Harry Neale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Neale"},{"link_name":"Peter Maher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Maher_(sportscaster)"},{"link_name":"Bruce Buchanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Buchanan_(sportscaster)"},{"link_name":"Scotty Bowman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotty_Bowman"},{"link_name":"1988–89","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988%E2%80%9389_Toronto_Maple_Leafs_season"},{"link_name":"Joe Bowen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Bowen"},{"link_name":"1994–95","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994%E2%80%9395_Toronto_Maple_Leafs_season"},{"link_name":"1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995%E2%80%9396_Toronto_Maple_Leafs_season"},{"link_name":"97","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996%E2%80%9397_Toronto_Maple_Leafs_season"},{"link_name":"Jiggs McDonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiggs_McDonald"},{"link_name":"following season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997%E2%80%9398_Toronto_Maple_Leafs_season"},{"link_name":"Ken Daniels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Daniels"},{"link_name":"1994–95","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994%E2%80%9395_Toronto_Maple_Leafs_season"},{"link_name":"Dennis Beyak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Beyak"},{"link_name":"1997–98","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997%E2%80%9398_Toronto_Maple_Leafs_season"},{"link_name":"Leafs TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leafs_TV"},{"link_name":"Bell Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Canada"},{"link_name":"Rogers Communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogers_Communications"},{"link_name":"Historical NHL over-the-air television broadcasters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_NHL_over-the-air_television_broadcasters"},{"link_name":"Foster Hewitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foster_Hewitt"},{"link_name":"Play-by-play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_commentator"},{"link_name":"Colour commentator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colour_commentator"},{"link_name":"Bill Hewitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Hewitt_(sportscaster)"},{"link_name":"Brian McFarlane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_McFarlane"},{"link_name":"Bob Goldham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Goldham"},{"link_name":"Danny Gallivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Gallivan"},{"link_name":"Dave Hodge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Hodge"},{"link_name":"Dan Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Kelly_(sportscaster)"},{"link_name":"Jim Hughson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Hughson"},{"link_name":"Bruce Buchanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Buchanan_(sportscaster)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Flames-4"},{"link_name":"Peter Maher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Maher_(sportscaster)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Flames-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McKee-5"},{"link_name":"Erik Tomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erik_Tomas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McKee-5"},{"link_name":"Brad Selwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Selwood"},{"link_name":"Harry Neale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Neale"},{"link_name":"Scotty Bowman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotty_Bowman"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McKee-5"},{"link_name":"Ken Daniels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Daniels"},{"link_name":"Mickey Redmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickey_Redmond"},{"link_name":"Gary Dornhoefer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Dornhoefer"},{"link_name":"Gary Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Green_(ice_hockey)"},{"link_name":"Joe Bowen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Bowen"},{"link_name":"Paul Romanuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Romanuk"},{"link_name":"Dave Randorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Randorf"},{"link_name":"Greg Millen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Millen"},{"link_name":"Gord Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gord_Miller_(sportscaster)"},{"link_name":"Chris Cuthbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Cuthbert"},{"link_name":"TSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TSN_Hockey"},{"link_name":"Sportsnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHL_on_Sportsnet"},{"link_name":"Ray Ferraro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Ferraro"},{"link_name":"Jamie McLennan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_McLennan"},{"link_name":"John Bartlett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bartlett_(sportscaster)"},{"link_name":"Craig Simpson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Simpson"},{"link_name":"Mike Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Johnson_(ice_hockey)"}],"text":"On Saturday nights, the Toronto Maple Leafs have always been on CBC's Hockey Night in Canada. Bill Hewitt did the play-by-play on most, but not all games through 1980–81. Bob Cole did numerous Maple Leafs games starting in 1973–74, and most Maple Leafs games starting in 1981–82. Maple Leafs road games were televised on the Telemeter pay TV service for four years starting on February 28, 1960, when Bill Hewitt and Bob Wolff did the inaugural telecast from New York's Madison Square Garden. Until 1961, only Sunday games were shown and in 1961–62 and 1962–63, Bill Hewitt did play-by-play on all road games played in the United States.The Maple Leafs appeared on television on Wednesdays starting in 1960, with Bill Hewitt on play-by-play. CFTO aired midweek Maple Leafs games, either independently or as part of CTV's Wednesday night Hockey Night in Canada broadcasts, starting from the station's inception in 1960 all the way to 1976–77. Then CHCH in Hamilton broadcast them from 1977–78 to 1987–88. Then the Global Television Network, which operated solely in Ontario at the time, broadcast midweek Leafs games into the late 1990s.In 1981–82, following Bill Hewitt's sudden retirement, various combinations worked these games. Normally, either Mickey Redmond or Gary Dornhoefer served on colour commentary with play-by-play provided from Dave Hodge, Danny Gallivan, or Dan Kelly. Jim Hughson did play-by-play for the Wednesday games from 1982–86, with Redmond, Dornhoefer, or Gary Green, and Brad Selwood joins the crew on the fourth. In 1986–87, Harry Neale joined Selwood became the mid-week color commentator, and play-by-play was done by either Peter Maher, Bruce Buchanan, or Erik Tomas. Scotty Bowman and Selwood also fill-in for Neale when needed. In 1988–89, Joe Bowen did play-by-play on midweek TV games thru 1994–95. From 1995–97, Jiggs McDonald did play-by-play before Bowen's return to TV the following season. When Bowen was doing TV, radio play-by-play was done by Ken Daniels thru 1994–95 and Dennis Beyak starting in 1997–98.Through the 2000s, select games were aired on team owned Leafs TV. The Leafs TV package of games ended when MLSE was bought by Bell Canada and Rogers Communications moving the games to Sportsnet Ontario and TSN.See also: Historical NHL over-the-air television broadcastersFoster Hewitt: Lead Play-by-play: (1952–58); Colour commentator (1958–61)\nBill Hewitt: Lead Play-by-play (1958–81)\nBrian McFarlane: Color commentator (1965–69, 1973–80)\nBob Goldham: Color commentator (1969–77)\nDanny Gallivan: Rotating play-by-play (1981–82)\nDave Hodge: Rotating play-by-play (1981–82)\nDan Kelly: Rotating play-by-play (1981–82)\nJim Hughson: Lead play-by-play (1982–86)\nBruce Buchanan: Play-by-play (1986–87)[4]\nPeter Maher: Play-by-play (1986[4]–1988[5] )\nErik Tomas: Play-by-play (1987–89)[5]\nBrad Selwood: Colour commentator (1985–88)\nHarry Neale: Lead colour commentator (1986–2007); Color commentator (2013–14)\nScotty Bowman: Colour commentator (1987–90)[5]\nKen Daniels (Play-by-play, 1988–91)\nMickey Redmond: Colour commentator (1982–86)\nGary Dornhoefer: Colour commentator (1982–86)\nGary Green: Lead colour commentator (1982–86)\nJoe Bowen: Lead play-by-play (1989–95, 1998–2014)\nPaul Romanuk: Play-by-play (2014–18)\nDave Randorf: Play-by-play (2014–20)\nGreg Millen: Color commentator (2007–2020)\nGord Miller: TSN lead play-by-play (2014–present)\nChris Cuthbert: Play-by-play (2014–present; TSN 2014–20; Sportsnet 2021–present)\nRay Ferraro: Lead colour commentator (2014–22)\nJamie McLennan: Colour commentator (2014–present)\nJohn Bartlett: Play-by-play (2018–20)\nCraig Simpson: Sportsnet lead colour commentator (2021–present)\nMike Johnson: TSN Lead colour commentator (2022–present)","title":"Television"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CJCL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CJCL"},{"link_name":"CHUM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHUM_(AM)"},{"link_name":"Jim Ralph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Ralph"},{"link_name":"Joe Bowen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Bowen"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"CFCA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CFCA_(AM)"},{"link_name":"Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Radio_Broadcasting_Commission"},{"link_name":"CBC Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBC_Radio"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FosHew-7"},{"link_name":"[note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Foster Hewitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foster_Hewitt"},{"link_name":"Bill Hewitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Hewitt_(sportscaster)"},{"link_name":"Ron Hewat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Hewat"},{"link_name":"Peter Maher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Maher_(sportscaster)"},{"link_name":"Red Storey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Storey"},{"link_name":"Mike Nykoluk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Nykoluk"},{"link_name":"Joe Bowen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Bowen"},{"link_name":"Bill Watters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Watters"},{"link_name":"Gord Stellick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gord_Stellick"},{"link_name":"Mark Hebscher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Hebscher"},{"link_name":"Dennis Hull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Hull"},{"link_name":"Dennis Beyak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Beyak"},{"link_name":"Jim Ralph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Ralph"},{"link_name":"Dan Dunleavy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Dunleavy"}],"text":"Like the Maple Leafs television broadcasts, radio broadcasts are split evenly between Rogers' CJCL (Sportsnet 590, The Fan) and Bell's CHUM (TSN Radio 1050). Both Bell and Rogers' radio broadcasts have their colour commentary provided by Jim Ralph, with play-by-play provided by Joe Bowen. Foster Hewitt was the Leafs' first play-by-play broadcaster, providing radio play-by-play from 1927 to 1968. In addition, he provided play-by-play for television from 1952 to 1958, and colour commentary from 1958 to 1961.[6] Originally aired over CFCA, Hewitt's broadcast was picked up by the Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission (the CRBC) in 1933, moving to CBC Radio (the CRBC's successor) three years later.[7] As the show was aired on Canadian national radio, Hewitt became famous for the phrase \"He shoots, he scores!\" as well as his sign-on at the beginning of each broadcast, \"Hello, Canada, and hockey fans in the United States and Newfoundland.\"[note 1][8]Foster Hewitt: Play-by-play (1923–68)\nBill Hewitt: Colour commentator (1958–61)\nRon Hewat: Colour commentator (1966–68); Play-by-play (1968–77, 1980–82)\nPeter Maher: Play-by-play (1977–80)\nRed Storey: Colour commentator (1979–80)\nMike Nykoluk: Colour commentator (1980–81)\nJoe Bowen: Play-by-play (1982–present)\nBill Watters: Colour commentator (1985–91)\nGord Stellick: Colour commentator (1991–95)\nMark Hebscher: Colour commentator (1995–97)\nDennis Hull: Colour commentator (1996–98)\nDennis Beyak: Play-by-play (1998–2011)\nJim Ralph: Colour commentator (1998–present)\nDan Dunleavy: Play-by-play (2011–13)\nJon Abbott: Play-by-play (2013–14)","title":"Radio"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Leafs Announce 2014–15 TV & Radio Broadcast Schedule\". Toronto Maple Leafs. Archived from the original on October 18, 2014. Retrieved October 11, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://mapleleafs.nhl.com/club/news.htm?id=728571","url_text":"\"Leafs Announce 2014–15 TV & Radio Broadcast Schedule\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141018132551/http://mapleleafs.nhl.com/club/news.htm?id=728571","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Sep 12, 2019 TSN Delivers 26 Regular Season Toronto Maple Leafs Games as Part of 2019-20 Regional NHL Broadcast\". TSN. BellMedia. September 19, 2019. Retrieved October 20, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tsn.ca/tsn-delivers-26-regular-season-toronto-maple-leafs-games-as-part-of-2019-20-regional-nhl-broadcast-1.1364325","url_text":"\"Sep 12, 2019 TSN Delivers 26 Regular Season Toronto Maple Leafs Games as Part of 2019-20 Regional NHL Broadcast\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sportsnet releases 2019-20 Toronto Maple Leafs broadcast schedule\". Sportsnet. Rogers Digital Media. September 12, 2019. Retrieved October 20, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sportsnet.ca/hockey/nhl/sportsnet-releases-2019-20-toronto-maple-leafs-broadcast-schedule/","url_text":"\"Sportsnet releases 2019-20 Toronto Maple Leafs broadcast schedule\""}]},{"reference":"\"Flames' broadcaster joins Leafs' TV crew\". Canadian Press. October 5, 1986. Retrieved 12 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=_wxlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=TX8NAAAAIBAJ&pg=5179,2971194&dq","url_text":"\"Flames' broadcaster joins Leafs' TV crew\""}]},{"reference":"McKee, Ken (October 16, 1987). \"Hockey telecasts not place for re-invention of the wheel\". Toronto Star.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Leonetti, Michael (2014). 100 Things Maple Leafs Fans Should Know & Do Before They Die. Triumph Books. pp. 160–161. ISBN 978-1-60078-935-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60078-935-9","url_text":"978-1-60078-935-9"}]},{"reference":"Kevin Shea, ed. (November 9, 2007). \"One on One with Foster Hewitt\". Hockey Hall of Fame and Museum. Archived from the original on June 30, 2016. Retrieved July 7, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hhof.com/htmlSpotlight/spot_oneononeb196501.shtml","url_text":"\"One on One with Foster Hewitt\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160630113156/http://hhof.com/htmlSpotlight/spot_oneononeb196501.shtml","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Lennox, Doug (2009). Now You Know Big Book of Sports. Dundurn. p. 18. ISBN 978-1-7707-0587-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/nowyouknowbigboo0000lenn_j6r9","url_text":"Now You Know Big Book of Sports"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/nowyouknowbigboo0000lenn_j6r9/page/18","url_text":"18"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7707-0587-6","url_text":"978-1-7707-0587-6"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://mapleleafs.nhl.com/club/news.htm?id=728571","external_links_name":"\"Leafs Announce 2014–15 TV & Radio Broadcast Schedule\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141018132551/http://mapleleafs.nhl.com/club/news.htm?id=728571","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.tsn.ca/tsn-delivers-26-regular-season-toronto-maple-leafs-games-as-part-of-2019-20-regional-nhl-broadcast-1.1364325","external_links_name":"\"Sep 12, 2019 TSN Delivers 26 Regular Season Toronto Maple Leafs Games as Part of 2019-20 Regional NHL Broadcast\""},{"Link":"https://www.sportsnet.ca/hockey/nhl/sportsnet-releases-2019-20-toronto-maple-leafs-broadcast-schedule/","external_links_name":"\"Sportsnet releases 2019-20 Toronto Maple Leafs broadcast schedule\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=_wxlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=TX8NAAAAIBAJ&pg=5179,2971194&dq","external_links_name":"\"Flames' broadcaster joins Leafs' TV crew\""},{"Link":"https://www.hhof.com/htmlSpotlight/spot_oneononeb196501.shtml","external_links_name":"\"One on One with Foster Hewitt\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160630113156/http://hhof.com/htmlSpotlight/spot_oneononeb196501.shtml","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/nowyouknowbigboo0000lenn_j6r9","external_links_name":"Now You Know Big Book of Sports"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/nowyouknowbigboo0000lenn_j6r9/page/18","external_links_name":"18"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Review_aggregators
Review aggregator
["1 See also","2 References","2.1 Bibliography"]
System that collects reviews of products and services This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Review aggregator" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) A review aggregator is a system that collects reviews and ratings of products and services such as films, books, video games, music, software, hardware, and cars. This system stores the reviews and uses them for purposes such as supporting a website where users can view the reviews, selling information to third parties about consumer tendencies, and creating databases for companies to learn about their actual and potential customers. The system enables users to easily compare many different reviews of the same work. Many of these systems calculate an approximate average assessment, usually based on assigning a numeric value to each review related to its degree of positive rating of the work. Review aggregation sites have begun to have economic effects on the companies that create or manufacture items under review, especially in certain categories such as electronic games, which are expensive to purchase. Some companies have tied royalty payment rates and employee bonuses to aggregate scores, and stock prices have been seen to reflect ratings, as related to potential sales. It is widely accepted in the literature that there is a strong correlation between sales and aggregated scores. Due to the influence reviews have over sales decisions, manufacturers are often interested in measuring these reviews for their own products. This is often done using a business-facing product review aggregator. In the film industry, according to Reuters, big studios pay attention to aggregators but "they don't always like to assign much importance to them". The Movie Review Intelligence was a review aggregator website, which collated and analyzed movie reviews. See also Rating site Review site References ^ Nick Wingfield (20 September 2007). "High Scores Matter To Game Makers, Too". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 15 February 2008. ^ Liam Lacey (26 August 2011). "The studios wake up to the power of Rotten Tomatoes". The Globe and Mail. Archived from the original on 26 August 2011. Retrieved 24 September 2011. ^ Greenwood-Ericksen, Adams; Poorman, Scott R.; Papp, Roy (2013). "On the Validity of Metacritic in Assessing Game Value". Eludamos. Journal for Computer Game Culture. 7 (1): 101–127. doi:10.7557/23.6150. S2CID 59385017. ^ e-Pedia: Captain America: Civil War: Captain America: Civil War is a 2016 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character Captain America, produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. e-artnow. 11 February 2017. ISBN 978-80-268-6088-4. ^ "Movie review aggregators popular, but do they matter?". Reuters. 17 February 2012. Retrieved 8 January 2019. ^ Williams, Joe (10 August 2010). "While 3-d falls flat, arthouse movies soar". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Retrieved 20 August 2010. Bibliography Needleman, Rafe (20 September 2006). "Wize: tallies user feedback". cnet.com. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on 17 August 2010. Retrieved 18 July 2010. Needleman, Rafe (19 October 2006). "Still more reviews aggregators: Retrevo, DigitalAdvisor, and TheFind". cnet.com. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on 16 August 2010. Retrieved 18 July 2010. vteWeb syndication History Blogging Podcasting Vlogging Web syndication technology Types Art Bloggernacle Classical music Corporate Dream diary Edublog Electronic journal Fake Family Fashion Food Health Law Lifelog MP3 News Photoblog Police Political Project Reverse Travel Warblog TechnologyGeneral BitTorrent Feed URI scheme Features Linkback Permalink Ping Pingback Reblogging Refback Rollback Trackback Mechanism Thread Geotagging RSS enclosure Synchronization Memetics Atom feed Data feed Photofeed Product feed RDF feed Web feed RSS GeoRSS MRSS RSS TV Social Inter-process communication Livemark Mashup Referencing RSS editor RSS tracking Streaming media Standard OPML RSS Advisory Board Usenet World Wide Web XBEL XOXO Form Audio podcast Enhanced podcast Mobilecast Narrowcasting Peercasting Screencast Slidecasting Videocast Webcomic Webtoon Web series Anonymous blogging Collaborative blog Columnist Instant messaging Liveblogging Microblog Mobile blogging Spam blog Video blogging Motovlogging MediaAlternative media Carnivals Fiction Journalism Citizen Database Online diary Search engines Sideblog Software Web directory Micromedia Aggregation News Poll Review Search Video Atom AtomPub Broadcatching Hashtag NewsML 1 G2 Social communication Social software Web Slice Related Blogosphere Escribitionist Glossary of blogging Pay per click Posting style Slashdot effect Spam in blogs Uses of podcasting
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[]
[{"title":"Rating site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Review_site#Rating_site"},{"title":"Review site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Review_site"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Coats
James Coats
["1 References"]
British skeleton racer For other people named James Coats, see James Coats (disambiguation). This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (March 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Lieutenant colonel Sir James Stuart Coats, 3rd Baronet MC (13 April 1894 – 26 October 1966) was a British skeleton racer who competed in the late 1940s. He finished seventh in the men's skeleton event at the 1948 Winter Olympics in St. Moritz. He served as President of the St. Moritz Tobogganing Club from 1954 to 1956. Coats was awarded the Military Cross in 1918. Coats was a retired lieutenant colonel of the British Army at the time of the 1948 Winter Olympics. During World War II he commanded the Coats Mission charged with evacuating the royal family in the event of a German invasion. References ^ "No. 30450". The London Gazette (Supplement). 1 January 1918. p. 33. 1948 men's skeleton results BBC.co.uk factoid featuring Coates prior to the 2002 Winter Olympics. Gibbs, Roger (1985). The Cresta Run 1885-1985. London: Henry Melland Limited. ISBN 0-907929-10-9 Wallechinsky, David (1984). "Skeleton (Cresta Run)". In The Complete Book of the Olympics: 1896 – 1980. New York: Penguin Books. p. 577. James Coats' profile at Sports Reference.com Baronetage of the United Kingdom Preceded byStuart Coats Baronet(of Auchendrane) 1959–1966 Succeeded byAlastair Coats This biographical article related to the British Army is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This biographical article relating to winter sports in the United Kingdom is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This biographical article relating to skeleton racing is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Tavares
Tony Tavares
["1 Career","2 Personal life","3 References"]
American accountant and sports executive Tony Tavares is an American accountant and sports executive. He has served as the team president for the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim and Dallas Stars of the National Hockey League, and for the Anaheim Angels and Montreal Expos / Washington Nationals of Major League Baseball. Career Tavares received a Bachelor of Science degree in accounting from Roger Williams University. He became involved in arena management when he was hired as controller of the Providence Civic Center. He served as president of the Spectacor Management Group. In 1993, Tavares became the team president of the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim, an expansion team in the National Hockey League (NHL). He negotiated The Walt Disney Company's purchase of the Anaheim Angels of Major League Baseball, and became the head of Disney Sports Enterprises, running the Ducks and the Angels simultaneously. When MLB took control of the Montreal Expos, Tavares was hired as team president to facilitate the sale of the franchise to new ownership. He remained with the franchise as they relocated to Washington, D.C., becoming the Washington Nationals. He stayed on as president until the team was sold to Ted Lerner in 2006. Tavares became the president and chief executive officer of the Sports Properties Acquisition Corporation. In 2011, Tavares was named the interim president of the Dallas Stars of the NHL, when they were in the process of being sold. Later that year, he joined with Jerry Reinsdorf to form a group that explored purchasing the Phoenix Coyotes of the NHL during their bankruptcy. In 2015, the city of Glendale, Arizona, hired Tavares to perform an audit on the finances of the Coyotes. Personal life Tavares and his wife, Elizabeth, have three children. References ^ a b c Heika, Mike. "Stars interim president Tony Tavares has job, no security". The Dallas Morning News. Retrieved April 23, 2015. ^ a b c "It's Not Easy Being The. . .Big Cheese". latimes. Retrieved April 23, 2015. ^ "Ducks to Go With Youth, Build Slowly : Hockey: Anaheim club's president, Tony Tavares, plans to name a general manager, then search out young talent in drafts". latimes. Retrieved April 23, 2015. ^ "Q&A with Tony Tavares". Major League Baseball. Retrieved April 23, 2015. ^ "Dallas Stars name Tony Tavares interim president". ESPN. Retrieved April 23, 2015. ^ "So who is Tony Tavares, and how could he help the Stars?". The Dallas Morning News. Retrieved April 23, 2015. ^ Halverstadt, Lisa (September 22, 2011). "Group in talks with Glendale to purchase Phoenix Coyotes". Arizona Republic. Retrieved April 23, 2015. ^ "Glendale hires ex-NHL exec to audit Coyotes". azcentral. February 13, 2015. Retrieved April 23, 2015. vteMontreal Expos/Washington Nationals presidentsMontreal Expos (1969–2004) John McHale Claude Brochu Jeffrey Loria (de facto) Tony Tavares Washington Nationals (2005–present) Tony Tavares Stan Kasten
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He has served as the team president for the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim and Dallas Stars of the National Hockey League, and for the Anaheim Angels and Montreal Expos / Washington Nationals of Major League Baseball.","title":"Tony Tavares"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bachelor of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science"},{"link_name":"accounting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accounting"},{"link_name":"Roger Williams University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Williams_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-security-1"},{"link_name":"Providence Civic Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Providence_Civic_Center"},{"link_name":"Spectacor Management Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectacor_Management_Group"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-noteasy-2"},{"link_name":"Mighty Ducks of Anaheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mighty_Ducks_of_Anaheim"},{"link_name":"expansion team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expansion_team"},{"link_name":"National Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"The Walt Disney Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company"},{"link_name":"Anaheim Angels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaheim_Angels"},{"link_name":"Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"Disney Sports Enterprises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaheim_Sports"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-noteasy-2"},{"link_name":"Montreal Expos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Expos"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-security-1"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Washington Nationals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Nationals"},{"link_name":"Ted Lerner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Lerner"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"chief executive officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_executive_officer"},{"link_name":"Sports Properties Acquisition Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Properties_Acquisition_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Dallas Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_Stars"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-security-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Jerry Reinsdorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Reinsdorf"},{"link_name":"Phoenix Coyotes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_Coyotes"},{"link_name":"bankruptcy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_Coyotes_bankruptcy_and_sale"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Glendale, Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glendale,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Tavares received a Bachelor of Science degree in accounting from Roger Williams University.[1] He became involved in arena management when he was hired as controller of the Providence Civic Center. He served as president of the Spectacor Management Group.[2]In 1993, Tavares became the team president of the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim, an expansion team in the National Hockey League (NHL).[3] He negotiated The Walt Disney Company's purchase of the Anaheim Angels of Major League Baseball, and became the head of Disney Sports Enterprises, running the Ducks and the Angels simultaneously.[2] When MLB took control of the Montreal Expos, Tavares was hired as team president to facilitate the sale of the franchise to new ownership.[1] He remained with the franchise as they relocated to Washington, D.C., becoming the Washington Nationals. He stayed on as president until the team was sold to Ted Lerner in 2006.[4]Tavares became the president and chief executive officer of the Sports Properties Acquisition Corporation. In 2011, Tavares was named the interim president of the Dallas Stars of the NHL, when they were in the process of being sold.[1][5][6] Later that year, he joined with Jerry Reinsdorf to form a group that explored purchasing the Phoenix Coyotes of the NHL during their bankruptcy.[7] In 2015, the city of Glendale, Arizona, hired Tavares to perform an audit on the finances of the Coyotes.[8]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-noteasy-2"}],"text":"Tavares and his wife, Elizabeth, have three children.[2]","title":"Personal life"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Heika, Mike. \"Stars interim president Tony Tavares has job, no security\". The Dallas Morning News. Retrieved April 23, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dallasnews.com/sports/dallas-stars/headlines/20110119-stars-interim-president-tony-tavares-has-job-no-security.ece","url_text":"\"Stars interim president Tony Tavares has job, no security\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dallas_Morning_News","url_text":"The Dallas Morning News"}]},{"reference":"\"It's Not Easy Being The. . .Big Cheese\". latimes. Retrieved April 23, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/1998/aug/04/sports/sp-9909","url_text":"\"It's Not Easy Being The. . .Big Cheese\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ducks to Go With Youth, Build Slowly : Hockey: Anaheim club's president, Tony Tavares, plans to name a general manager, then search out young talent in drafts\". latimes. Retrieved April 23, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/1993-03-02/sports/sp-290_1_general-manager","url_text":"\"Ducks to Go With Youth, Build Slowly : Hockey: Anaheim club's president, Tony Tavares, plans to name a general manager, then search out young talent in drafts\""}]},{"reference":"\"Q&A with Tony Tavares\". Major League Baseball. Retrieved April 23, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://m.mlb.com/news/article/1548491/","url_text":"\"Q&A with Tony Tavares\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dallas Stars name Tony Tavares interim president\". ESPN. Retrieved April 23, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://sports.espn.go.com/dallas/nhl/news/story?id=6034420","url_text":"\"Dallas Stars name Tony Tavares interim president\""}]},{"reference":"\"So who is Tony Tavares, and how could he help the Stars?\". The Dallas Morning News. Retrieved April 23, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://starsblog.dallasnews.com/2010/12/so-who-is-tony-tavares-and-how-could-he.html/","url_text":"\"So who is Tony Tavares, and how could he help the Stars?\""}]},{"reference":"Halverstadt, Lisa (September 22, 2011). \"Group in talks with Glendale to purchase Phoenix Coyotes\". Arizona Republic. Retrieved April 23, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.azcentral.com/sports/coyotes/articles/2011/09/22/20110922phoenix-coyotes-group-talks-purchase.html","url_text":"\"Group in talks with Glendale to purchase Phoenix Coyotes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_Republic","url_text":"Arizona Republic"}]},{"reference":"\"Glendale hires ex-NHL exec to audit Coyotes\". azcentral. February 13, 2015. Retrieved April 23, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/glendale/2015/02/13/glendale-hires-ex-nhl-exec-audit-coyotes/23359185/","url_text":"\"Glendale hires ex-NHL exec to audit Coyotes\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_von_Orel
Stereoautograph
["1 References"]
Optical device Stereoautograph Wild A5 The stereoautograph is a complex opto-mechanical measurement instrument for the evaluation of analog or digital photograms. It is based on the stereoscopy effect by using two aero photos or two photograms of the topography or of buildings from different standpoints. It was invented by Eduard von Orel in 1907. The photograms or photographic plates are oriented by measured passpoints in the field or on the building. This procedure can be carried out digitally (by methods of triangulation and projective geometry or iteratively (repeated angle corrections by congruent rays). The accuracy of modern autographs is about 0.001 mm. Well known are the instruments of the companies Wild Heerbrugg (Leica), e.g. analog A7, B8 of the 1980s and the digital autographs beginning in the 1990s, or special instruments of Zeiss and Contraves. References ^ "Orel Eduard von". In: Österreichisches Biographisches Lexikon 1815–1950 (ÖBL). Vol. 7, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1978, ISBN 3-7001-0187-2, p. 243 f. (Direct links to "p. 243", "p. 244") Gilbert Willy U.S. patent 1,477,082 Military Topography and Photography by Floyd D. Carlock, U.S. Army, 1916, p.104 ff, with photos (Available online at Google Books) vteStereoscopy and 3D displayPerception 3D stereo view Binocular rivalry Binocular vision Chromostereopsis Convergence insufficiency Correspondence problem Peripheral vision Depth perception Epipolar geometry Kinetic depth effect Stereoblindness Stereopsis Stereopsis recovery Stereoscopic acuity Vergence-accommodation conflict Displaytechnologies Active shutter 3D system Anaglyph 3D Autostereogram Autostereoscopy Bubblegram Head-mounted display Holography Integral imaging Lenticular lens Multiscopy Parallax barrier Parallax scrolling Polarized 3D system Specular holography Stereo display Stereoscope Vectograph Virtual retinal display Volumetric display Wiggle stereoscopy Othertechnologies 2D to 3D conversion 2D plus Delta 2D-plus-depth Computer stereo vision Multiview Video Coding Parallax scanning Pseudoscope Stereo photography techniques Stereoautograph Stereoscopic depth rendition Stereoscopic rangefinder Stereoscopic spectroscopy Stereoscopic video coding Producttypes 3D camcorder 3D film 3D television 3D-enabled mobile phones 4D film Blu-ray 3D Digital 3D Stereo camera Stereo microscope Stereoscopic video game Virtual reality headset Notableproducts AMD HD3D Dolby 3D Fujifilm FinePix Real 3D Infitec MasterImage 3D Nintendo 3DS New 3DS Nvidia 3D Vision Panavision 3D RealD 3D Sharp Actius RD3D View-Master XpanD 3D Miscellany Stereographer Stereoscopic Displays and Applications
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_Air_Force-_Central_Interpretation_Unit_-_Allied_Central_Interpretation_Unit,_1941-1945._CH16105.jpg"},{"link_name":"measurement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measurement"},{"link_name":"photograms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photogram"},{"link_name":"stereoscopy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereoscopy"},{"link_name":"aero photos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerial_photography"},{"link_name":"Eduard von Orel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_von_Orel"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"photographic plates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic_plate"},{"link_name":"passpoints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passpoint"},{"link_name":"projective geometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projective_geometry"},{"link_name":"Wild Heerbrugg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_Heerbrugg"},{"link_name":"A7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wild_Heerbrugg_A7&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"B8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wild_Heerbrugg_B8&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Zeiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Zeiss_AG"}],"text":"Stereoautograph Wild A5The stereoautograph is a complex opto-mechanical measurement instrument for the evaluation of analog or digital photograms. It is based on the stereoscopy effect by using two aero photos or two photograms of the topography or of buildings from different standpoints.It was invented by Eduard von Orel in 1907.[1]The photograms or photographic plates are oriented by measured passpoints in the field or on the building. This procedure can be carried out digitally (by methods of triangulation and projective geometry or iteratively (repeated angle corrections by congruent rays). The accuracy of modern autographs is about 0.001 mm.Well known are the instruments of the companies Wild Heerbrugg (Leica), e.g. analog A7, B8 of the 1980s and the digital autographs beginning in the 1990s, or special instruments of Zeiss and Contraves.","title":"Stereoautograph"}]
[{"image_text":"Stereoautograph Wild A5","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Royal_Air_Force-_Central_Interpretation_Unit_-_Allied_Central_Interpretation_Unit%2C_1941-1945._CH16105.jpg/220px-Royal_Air_Force-_Central_Interpretation_Unit_-_Allied_Central_Interpretation_Unit%2C_1941-1945._CH16105.jpg"}]
null
[]
[{"Link":"http://www.biographien.ac.at/oebl_7/243.pdf","external_links_name":"Orel Eduard von"},{"Link":"http://www.biographien.ac.at/oebl_7/243.pdf","external_links_name":"p. 243"},{"Link":"http://www.biographien.ac.at/oebl_7/244.pdf","external_links_name":"p. 244"},{"Link":"https://patents.google.com/patent/US1477082","external_links_name":"U.S. patent 1,477,082"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadnall_railway_station
Hadnall railway station
["1 References","2 Further reading"]
Coordinates: 52°46′26″N 2°42′57″W / 52.7738°N 2.7159°W / 52.7738; -2.7159Disused railway station in Shropshire, England HadnallGeneral informationLocationHadnall, ShropshireEnglandCoordinates52°46′26″N 2°42′57″W / 52.7738°N 2.7159°W / 52.7738; -2.7159Grid referenceSJ518198Platforms2Other informationStatusDisusedHistoryOriginal companyCrewe and Shrewsbury RailwayPre-groupingLondon and North Western RailwayPost-groupingLondon, Midland and Scottish RailwayKey dates1 September 1858Opened2 May 1960Closed Hadnall railway station was a station in Hadnall, Shropshire, England. The station was opened in 1858 and closed in 1960. References ^ a b c "Stations". Shropshire History. Archived from the original on 6 September 2017. Retrieved 19 March 2017. ^ Quick, M E (2002). Railway passenger stations in England, Scotland and Wales – a chronology. Richmond: Railway and Canal Historical Society. p. 210. OCLC 931112387. Further reading Mitchell, Vic; Smith, Keith (2013). Shrewsbury to Crewe. Middleton Press. figs. 21-25. ISBN 9781908174482. OCLC 880765045. Preceding station   Disused railways   Following station YortonLine and station open   London, Midland and Scottish RailwayCrewe and Shrewsbury Railway   ShrewsburyLine and station open vteClosed railway stations in ShropshireBishops Castle Railway Bishop's Castle Eaton Horderley Lydham Heath Plowden Stretford Bridge Halt Cleobury Mortimer and Ditton PriorsLight Railway Aston Botterell Siding Burwarton Halt Chilton Halt Cleobury North Crossing Cleobury Town Halt Detton Ford Siding Ditton Priors Halt Prescott Spring Stottesdon Halt Coalport branch line Coalport East Dawley and Stirchley Madeley Market Malins Lee Oakengates Market Street Minsterley branch line Minsterley Plealey Road Pontesbury Much Wenlock and Severn Junction Railway Easthope Halt Farley Halt Harton Road Longville Much Wenlock Presthope Rushbury Westwood Halt Oswestry, Ellesmere and Whitchurch Railway Ellesmere Frankton Tinkers Green Halt Welshampton Whittington High Level Oswestry and Newtown Railway Llynclys Pant Severn Valley Railway Alveley Halt Berrington Buildwas Coalport West Cound Halt Cressage Eardington Halt Ironbridge and Broseley Jackfield Halt Linley Halt Shrewsbury and Birmingham Railway Abbey Foregate Admaston Upton Magna Walcot Shrewsbury and Chester Railway Baschurch Haughton Halt Leaton Oldwoods Halt Rednal and West Felton Stanwardine Halt Trehowell Halt Weston Rhyn Whittington Low Level Shrewsbury and Hereford Railway All Stretton Halt Ashford Bowdler Bromfield Condover Dorrington Leebotwood Little Stretton Halt Marshbrook Onibury Wistanstow Halt Woofferton Shrewsbury and Welshpool Railway Hanwood Plas-y-Court Halt Westbury Yockleton Shropshire and Montgomeryshire Railway Chapel Lane Cruckton Edgebold Edgerley Halt Ford and Crossgates Hookagate and Redhill Kinnerley Junction Maesbrook Melverley Meole Brace Nesscliffe and Pentre Shoot Hill Shrawardine Shrewsbury West Shrewsbury Abbey Wern Las Shropshire Union Railways Donnington Hadley Newport Trench Crossing Tanat Valley Light Railway Porthywaen Halt Blodwell Junction Llanyblodwel Halt Glanyrafon Halt Tenbury and Bewdley Railway Cleobury Mortimer Neen Sollars Tenbury Wells Wellington and Drayton Railway Crudgington Ellerdine Halt Hodnet Little Drayton Halt Longdon Halt Peplow Rowton Halt Tern Hill Wollerton Halt Wellington and Severn Junction Railway Coalbrookdale Doseley Halt Green Bank Halt Horsehay and Dawley Iron Bridge Gorge Ketley Ketley Town Halt Lawley Bank Lightmoor Platform New Dale Halt Wrexham and Ellesmere Railway Elson Halt Trench Halt Other Hadnall Madeley Market Drayton New Hadley Halt Norton-in-Hales Park Hall Halt Rhydmeredydd Goods This article on a railway station in the West Midlands region is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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Halt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveley_Halt_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Berrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berrington_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Buildwas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buildwas_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Coalport West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalport_West_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Cound Halt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cound_Halt_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Cressage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cressage_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Eardington Halt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eardington_Halt_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Ironbridge and Broseley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironbridge_and_Broseley_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Jackfield Halt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackfield_Halt_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Linley Halt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linley_Halt_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Shrewsbury and Birmingham 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Felton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rednal_and_West_Felton_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Stanwardine Halt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanwardine_Halt_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Trehowell Halt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trehowell_Halt_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Weston Rhyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weston_Rhyn_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Whittington Low Level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whittington_Low_Level_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Shrewsbury and Hereford Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrewsbury_and_Hereford_Railway"},{"link_name":"All Stretton Halt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Stretton_Halt_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Ashford 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Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrewsbury_and_Welshpool_Railway"},{"link_name":"Hanwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanwood_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Plas-y-Court Halt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plas-y-Court_Halt_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Westbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westbury_(Salop)_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Yockleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yockleton_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Shropshire and Montgomeryshire Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shropshire_and_Montgomeryshire_Railway"},{"link_name":"Chapel Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapel_Lane_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Cruckton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruckton_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Edgebold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgebold_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Edgerley Halt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgerley_Halt_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Ford and Crossgates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_and_Crossgates_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Hookagate and Redhill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookagate_and_Redhill_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Kinnerley Junction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinnerley_Junction_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Maesbrook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maesbrook_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Melverley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melverley_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Meole Brace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meole_Brace_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Nesscliffe and Pentre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nesscliffe_and_Pentre_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Shoot Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoot_Hill_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Shrawardine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrawardine_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Shrewsbury West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrewsbury_West_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Shrewsbury Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrewsbury_Abbey_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Wern Las","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wern_Las_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Shropshire Union Railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stafford%E2%80%93Shrewsbury_line"},{"link_name":"Donnington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donnington_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Hadley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadley_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Newport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport_railway_station_(Shropshire)"},{"link_name":"Trench Crossing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trench_Crossing_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Tanat Valley Light Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanat_Valley_Light_Railway"},{"link_name":"Porthywaen Halt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porthywaen_Halt_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Blodwell Junction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blodwell_Junction_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Llanyblodwel Halt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llanyblodwel_Halt_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Glanyrafon Halt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glanyrafon_Halt_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Tenbury and Bewdley Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenbury_and_Bewdley_Railway"},{"link_name":"Cleobury Mortimer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleobury_Mortimer_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Neen Sollars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neen_Sollars_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Tenbury Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenbury_Wells_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Wellington and Drayton Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington_and_Drayton_Railway"},{"link_name":"Crudgington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crudgington_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Ellerdine Halt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellerdine_Halt_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Hodnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodnet_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Little Drayton Halt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Drayton_Halt_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Longdon Halt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longdon_Halt_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Peplow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peplow_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Rowton Halt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowton_Halt_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Tern Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tern_Hill_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Wollerton Halt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wollerton_Halt_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Wellington and Severn Junction Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington_and_Severn_Junction_Railway"},{"link_name":"Coalbrookdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalbrookdale_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Doseley Halt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doseley_Halt_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Green Bank Halt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Bank_Halt_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Horsehay and Dawley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsehay_and_Dawley_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Iron Bridge Gorge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Bridge_Gorge_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Ketley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketley_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Ketley Town Halt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketley_Town_Halt_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Lawley Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawley_Bank_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Lightmoor Platform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightmoor_Platform_railway_station"},{"link_name":"New Dale Halt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Dale_Halt_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Wrexham and Ellesmere Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrexham_and_Ellesmere_Railway"},{"link_name":"Elson Halt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elson_Halt_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Trench Halt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trench_Halt_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Hadnall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Madeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeley_railway_station_(Shropshire)"},{"link_name":"Market Drayton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_Drayton_railway_station"},{"link_name":"New Hadley Halt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hadley_Halt_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Norton-in-Hales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norton-in-Hales_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Park Hall Halt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Hall_Halt_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Rhydmeredydd Goods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rhydmeredydd_Goods_railway_station&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tile_Hill_train_727.jpg"},{"link_name":"West Midlands region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Midlands_(region)"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hadnall_railway_station&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:WestMidlands-railstation-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:WestMidlands-railstation-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:WestMidlands-railstation-stub"}],"text":"Mitchell, Vic; Smith, Keith (2013). Shrewsbury to Crewe. Middleton Press. figs. 21-25. ISBN 9781908174482. OCLC 880765045.vteClosed railway stations in ShropshireBishops Castle Railway\nBishop's Castle\nEaton\nHorderley\nLydham Heath\nPlowden\nStretford Bridge Halt\nCleobury Mortimer and Ditton PriorsLight Railway\nAston Botterell Siding\nBurwarton Halt\nChilton Halt\nCleobury North Crossing\nCleobury Town Halt\nDetton Ford Siding\nDitton Priors Halt\nPrescott Spring\nStottesdon Halt\nCoalport branch line\nCoalport East\nDawley and Stirchley\nMadeley Market\nMalins Lee\nOakengates Market Street\nMinsterley branch line\nMinsterley\nPlealey Road\nPontesbury\nMuch Wenlock and Severn Junction Railway\nEasthope Halt\nFarley Halt\nHarton Road\nLongville\nMuch Wenlock\nPresthope\nRushbury\nWestwood Halt\nOswestry, Ellesmere and Whitchurch Railway\nEllesmere\nFrankton\nTinkers Green Halt\nWelshampton\nWhittington High Level\nOswestry and Newtown Railway\nLlynclys\nPant\nSevern Valley Railway\nAlveley Halt\nBerrington\nBuildwas\nCoalport West\nCound Halt\nCressage\nEardington Halt\nIronbridge and Broseley\nJackfield Halt\nLinley Halt\nShrewsbury and Birmingham Railway\nAbbey Foregate\nAdmaston\nUpton Magna\nWalcot\nShrewsbury and Chester Railway\nBaschurch\nHaughton Halt\nLeaton\nOldwoods Halt\nRednal and West Felton\nStanwardine Halt\nTrehowell Halt\nWeston Rhyn\nWhittington Low Level\nShrewsbury and Hereford Railway\nAll Stretton Halt\nAshford Bowdler\nBromfield\nCondover\nDorrington\nLeebotwood\nLittle Stretton Halt\nMarshbrook\nOnibury\nWistanstow Halt\nWoofferton\nShrewsbury and Welshpool Railway\nHanwood\nPlas-y-Court Halt\nWestbury\nYockleton\nShropshire and Montgomeryshire Railway\nChapel Lane\nCruckton\nEdgebold\nEdgerley Halt\nFord and Crossgates\nHookagate and Redhill\nKinnerley Junction\nMaesbrook\nMelverley\nMeole Brace\nNesscliffe and Pentre\nShoot Hill\nShrawardine\nShrewsbury West\nShrewsbury Abbey\nWern Las\nShropshire Union Railways\nDonnington\nHadley\nNewport\nTrench Crossing\nTanat Valley Light Railway\nPorthywaen Halt\nBlodwell Junction\nLlanyblodwel Halt\nGlanyrafon Halt\nTenbury and Bewdley Railway\nCleobury Mortimer\nNeen Sollars\nTenbury Wells\nWellington and Drayton Railway\nCrudgington\nEllerdine Halt\nHodnet\nLittle Drayton Halt\nLongdon Halt\nPeplow\nRowton Halt\nTern Hill\nWollerton Halt\nWellington and Severn Junction Railway\nCoalbrookdale\nDoseley Halt\nGreen Bank Halt\nHorsehay and Dawley\nIron Bridge Gorge\nKetley\nKetley Town Halt\nLawley Bank\nLightmoor Platform\nNew Dale Halt\nWrexham and Ellesmere Railway\nElson Halt\nTrench Halt\nOther\nHadnall\nMadeley\nMarket Drayton\nNew Hadley Halt\nNorton-in-Hales\nPark Hall Halt\nRhydmeredydd GoodsThis article on a railway station in the West Midlands region is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"\"Stations\". Shropshire History. Archived from the original on 6 September 2017. Retrieved 19 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170906133752/http://shropshirehistory.com/railways/stations.htm","url_text":"\"Stations\""},{"url":"http://shropshirehistory.com/railways/stations.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Quick, M E (2002). Railway passenger stations in England, Scotland and Wales – a chronology. Richmond: Railway and Canal Historical Society. p. 210. OCLC 931112387.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/931112387","url_text":"931112387"}]},{"reference":"Mitchell, Vic; Smith, Keith (2013). Shrewsbury to Crewe. Middleton Press. figs. 21-25. ISBN 9781908174482. OCLC 880765045.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781908174482","url_text":"9781908174482"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/880765045","url_text":"880765045"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hadnall_railway_station&params=52.7738_N_2.7159_W_type:railwaystation_region:GB","external_links_name":"52°46′26″N 2°42′57″W / 52.7738°N 2.7159°W / 52.7738; -2.7159"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hadnall_railway_station&params=52.7738_N_2.7159_W_type:railwaystation_region:GB","external_links_name":"52°46′26″N 2°42′57″W / 52.7738°N 2.7159°W / 52.7738; -2.7159"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hadnall_railway_station&params=52.773626_N_2.715912_W_region:GB_scale:25000&title=SJ518198","external_links_name":"SJ518198"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170906133752/http://shropshirehistory.com/railways/stations.htm","external_links_name":"\"Stations\""},{"Link":"http://shropshirehistory.com/railways/stations.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/931112387","external_links_name":"931112387"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/880765045","external_links_name":"880765045"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hadnall_railway_station&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_Worrall
Mick Worrall
["1 Playing career","1.1 Oldham","1.2 Salford","1.3 Later career","1.4 International honours","2 Coaching career","3 Personal life","4 References","5 External links"]
GB international rugby league footballer Mick WorrallPersonal informationFull nameMichael WorrallBorn (1962-03-22) 22 March 1962 (age 62)Warrington, EnglandPlaying informationPositionSecond-row, Loose forward Club Years Team Pld T G FG P 1980–87 Oldham 173 31 61 237 1987–92 Salford 1992–93 Leeds 1993–94 Rochdale Hornets Total 173 31 61 0 237 Representative Years Team Pld T G FG P 1983 Great Britain U24 3 0 0 0 0 1984 Great Britain 3 0 0 0 0 Source: Michael Worrall (born 22 March 1962) is a former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s. He played at representative level for Great Britain, and at club level for Oldham, Salford and Leeds, as a second-row, or loose forward. Playing career Oldham Born in Warrington, Worrall was signed by Oldham from amateur club Crosfields, and made his senior debut in April 1980 against Bramley. He played second-row in Oldham's 6–27 defeat by Wigan in the 1986 Lancashire Cup Final during the 1986–87 season at Knowsley Road, St Helens on Sunday 19 October 1986. Salford In October 1987, Worrall was signed by Salford for £55,000. He played second-row and scored a drop goal in Salford's 17–22 defeat by Wigan in the 1988 Lancashire Cup Final during the 1988–89 season at Knowsley Road, St. Helens on Sunday 23 October 1988. At the end of the 1990–91 season, Worrall played for Salford in their 27–20 win against Halifax at Old Trafford in the 1990–91 Second Division Premiership final. Later career In August 1992, Worrall was transferred to Leeds in exchange for Phil Ford. In March 1993, he was signed by Rochdale Hornets for a fee of £10,000. He brought his playing career to an end in 1994 after turning down a new contract with Rochdale. International honours Worrall won his first caps for Great Britain while at Oldham in January 1984 against France. He was selected for the 1984 Lions tour, and appeared in the first two Tests against Australia, but missed the third Test due to requiring knee surgery. Coaching career In 1995, Worrall was appointed as coach at Saddleworth Rangers. He has also previously coached the academy at Oldham. In 2015, Worrall coached at amateur club Oldham St Annes. Personal life Mick Worrall's brother, Tony Worrall, played rugby league for Warrington. References ^ "Statistics at rugbyleagueproject.org". rugbyleagueproject.org. 31 December 2017. Retrieved 1 January 2018. ^ "Player Summary: Mick Worrall". Rugby League Records. Rugby League Record Keepers Club. Retrieved 18 January 2024. ^ "Mick Worrall". Oldham Rugby League Heritage Trust. Retrieved 20 February 2024. ^ "1986–1987 Lancashire Cup Final". wigan.rlfans.com. 31 December 2011. Archived from the original on 28 December 2013. Retrieved 1 January 2012. ^ "Sport In Brief". The Guardian. London. 15 October 1987. p. 30. ProQuest 186797551. ^ "1988–1989 Lancashire Cup Final". wigan.rlfans.com. 31 December 2011. Retrieved 1 January 2012. ^ "Rugby League: Leeds agree to sign Goodway". The Independent. 28 August 1992. Retrieved 20 February 2024. ^ "Worrall signs up". Manchester Evening News. 27 March 1993. p. 50 – via British Newspaper Archive. ^ "Donohue is given free by Leigh". Manchester Evening News. 19 July 1994. p. 51 – via British Newspaper Archive. ^ Fitzpatrick, Paul (4 July 1984). "Myler quandary as Worrall drops out". The Guardian. London. p. 25. ProQuest 186453094. ^ "Worrall is new Rangers coach". Oldham Advertiser. 14 September 1995. p. 35 – via British Newspaper Archive. ^ "Mick making his return". Manchester Evening News. 19 June 2005. Retrieved 13 August 2023. ^ "Worrall happy to pin faith in Saints youths". Oldham Chronicle. 8 May 2015. Retrieved 13 August 2023. ^ "Lean Time Is Over For Mick". Manchester Evening News. 19 April 1983. p. 36 – via British Newspaper Archive. External links Statistics at orl-heritagetrust.org.uk Photograph "Mick Worrall Salford RL 1991 – Salford £55,000 Record Signing 1987" at flickr.com Mick Worrall try at youtube.com vte Great Britain squad – 1984 Tour Brian Noble (c) Mick Adams Ray Ashton John Basnett Kevin Beardmore Mick Burke Chris Burton Brian Case Garry Clark Lee Crooks Steve Donlan Des Drummond Ronnie Duane Terry Flanagan Des Foy Andy Goodway Andy Gregory Ellery Hanley David Hobbs Neil Holding John Joyner Joe Lydon Keith Mumby Tony Myler Mike O'Neill Harry Pinner Wayne Proctor Keith Rayne Garry Schofield Mike Smith Mick Worrall Frank Myler (coach) Dick Gemmell (tour manager)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rugby league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league"},{"link_name":"Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain_national_rugby_league_team"},{"link_name":"Oldham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldham_R.L.F.C."},{"link_name":"Salford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salford_Red_Devils"},{"link_name":"Leeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_Rhinos"},{"link_name":"second-row","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league_positions#Second-row_forward"},{"link_name":"loose forward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league_positions#Loose_forward_/_Lock_forward"}],"text":"Michael Worrall (born 22 March 1962) is a former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s. He played at representative level for Great Britain, and at club level for Oldham, Salford and Leeds, as a second-row, or loose forward.","title":"Mick Worrall"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Warrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrington"},{"link_name":"Oldham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldham_R.L.F.C."},{"link_name":"Bramley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bramley_R.L.F.C."},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"second-row","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league_positions#Second-row_forward"},{"link_name":"Oldham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldham_R.L.F.C."},{"link_name":"Wigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wigan_Warriors"},{"link_name":"1986 Lancashire Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_Lancashire_Cup"},{"link_name":"1986–87 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986%E2%80%9387_Rugby_Football_League_season"},{"link_name":"Knowsley Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowsley_Road"},{"link_name":"St Helens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Helens,_Merseyside"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1986-1987_Lancashire_Cup_Final-4"}],"sub_title":"Oldham","text":"Born in Warrington, Worrall was signed by Oldham from amateur club Crosfields, and made his senior debut in April 1980 against Bramley.[3] He played second-row in Oldham's 6–27 defeat by Wigan in the 1986 Lancashire Cup Final during the 1986–87 season at Knowsley Road, St Helens on Sunday 19 October 1986.[4]","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Salford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salford_Red_Devils"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"second-row","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league_positions#Second-row_forward"},{"link_name":"drop goal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drop_goal"},{"link_name":"Wigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wigan_Warriors"},{"link_name":"1988 Lancashire Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_Lancashire_Cup"},{"link_name":"1988–89 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988%E2%80%9389_Rugby_Football_League_season"},{"link_name":"Knowsley Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowsley_Road"},{"link_name":"St. Helens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Helens,_Merseyside"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1988-1989_Lancashire_Cup_Final-6"},{"link_name":"1990–91 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990%E2%80%9391_Rugby_Football_League_season"},{"link_name":"Halifax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halifax_Panthers"},{"link_name":"Old Trafford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Trafford"},{"link_name":"1990–91 Second Division Premiership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990%E2%80%9391_Rugby_League_Divisional_Premiership"}],"sub_title":"Salford","text":"In October 1987, Worrall was signed by Salford for £55,000.[5]He played second-row and scored a drop goal in Salford's 17–22 defeat by Wigan in the 1988 Lancashire Cup Final during the 1988–89 season at Knowsley Road, St. Helens on Sunday 23 October 1988.[6]At the end of the 1990–91 season, Worrall played for Salford in their 27–20 win against Halifax at Old Trafford in the 1990–91 Second Division Premiership final.","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_Rhinos"},{"link_name":"Phil Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Ford_(rugby)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Rochdale Hornets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochdale_Hornets"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Later career","text":"In August 1992, Worrall was transferred to Leeds in exchange for Phil Ford.[7] In March 1993, he was signed by Rochdale Hornets for a fee of £10,000.[8] He brought his playing career to an end in 1994 after turning down a new contract with Rochdale.[9]","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"caps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cap_(sport)"},{"link_name":"Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain_national_rugby_league_team"},{"link_name":"1984 Lions tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_Great_Britain_Lions_tour"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"International honours","text":"Worrall won his first caps for Great Britain while at Oldham in January 1984 against France. He was selected for the 1984 Lions tour, and appeared in the first two Tests against Australia, but missed the third Test due to requiring knee surgery.[10]","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saddleworth Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddleworth_Rangers"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Oldham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldham_R.L.F.C."},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"In 1995, Worrall was appointed as coach at Saddleworth Rangers.[11] He has also previously coached the academy at Oldham.[12]In 2015, Worrall coached at amateur club Oldham St Annes.[13]","title":"Coaching career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tony Worrall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tony_Worrall&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"rugby league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league"},{"link_name":"Warrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrington_Wolves"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Mick Worrall's brother, Tony Worrall, played rugby league for Warrington.[14]","title":"Personal life"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Holt_(judge)
John Holt (Lord Chief Justice)
["1 Biography","2 Witchcraft trials","3 Cases","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
Lord Chief Justice of England 1689-1710 The Right HonourableSir John HoltPortrait by Richard van Bleeck, c. 1700Born(1642-12-23)23 December 1642Abingdon-on-ThamesDied5 March 1710(1710-03-05) (aged 67)London Monument to Sir John Holt in Redgrave Church, Suffolk Sir John Holt (23 December 1642 – 5 March 1710) was an English lawyer who served as Lord Chief Justice of England from 17 April 1689 to his death. He is frequently credited with playing a major role in ending the prosecution of witches in English law. Biography Holt was born in Abingdon in Berkshire (now Oxfordshire), the son of Sir Thomas Holt, MP for that town, and his wife, Susan, the daughter of John Peacock of Chieveley, also in Berkshire. He was educated at John Roysse's Free School in Abingdon (now Abingdon School) from 1652 to 1658, Gray's Inn and Oriel College, Oxford. He purchased Redgrave Manor in Suffolk, which had been the seat of the Bacon family in 1702, when debts forced the fifth baronet, Sir Robert Bacon, to sell the estate. A letter in the Bodleian Library reads: "The celebrated Dr Radcliffe, the physician ... took special pains to preserve the life of LCJ Holt's wife, whom he attended out of spite to her husband, who wished her dead." Sir John Holt's sister Susan was married to Francis Levett, Esq., tobacco merchant and brother of Sir Richard Levett, Lord Mayor of London. Holt's father, Sir Thomas Holt, possessed a small patrimonial estate, but in order to supplement his income had adopted the profession of law, in which he was not very successful, although he was appointed serjeant-at-law in 1677, and afterwards for his political services to the Tories was rewarded with a knighthood. Sir Thomas Holt's father was Rowland Holt (d. 1634 according to the Berkshire herald's visitation of 1664–66), who was probably identical to the merchant Rowland Holt who was murdered by muggers in Clerkenwell Fields in January 1635 (1634 OS). The crime was particularly notorious in the ballads and broadsheets of the time. After attending for some years the free school of the town of Abingdon, of which his father was recorder, young Holt in his sixteenth year entered Oriel College, Oxford. He is said to have spent a very dissipated youth, and even to have been in the habit of taking purses on the highway, but after entering Gray's Inn about 1660 he applied himself with exemplary diligence to the study of law. He was called to the bar in 1663. A supporter of civil and religious liberty, he distinguished himself in state trials by the manner in which he supported the pleas of the defendants. In 1675 he married Ann Cropley, a daughter of Sir John Cropley, 1st Baronet, of Clerkenwell, Middlesex, but the marriage was without issue. In 1685–1686 Holt was appointed recorder of London, and about the same time he was made king's serjeant and received the honour of knighthood. His giving a decision adverse to the pretensions of the king to exercise martial law in time of peace led to his dismissal from the office of recorder, but he was continued in the office of king's serjeant in order to prevent him from becoming counsel for accused persons. Having been one of the judges who acted as assessors to the peers in the Convention parliament, he took a leading part in arranging the constitutional change by which William III was called to the throne, and after his accession he was appointed Lord Chief Justice of the King's Bench. He is best known for the firmness with which he upheld his own prerogatives in opposition to the authority of the Houses of Parliament. While in sympathy with the Whig party, Holt maintained on the bench political impartiality, and held himself aloof from political intrigue. On the retirement of Somers from the chancellorship in 1700 Holt was offered the Great Seal, but declined it. He died in London on 5 March 1710 and was buried in the chancel of Redgrave church. His magnificent monument was sculpted by Thomas Green. Witchcraft trials Historian John Callow argues in his 2022 book, The Last Witches of England, that sceptical judges, especially Holt, had already largely stopped convictions for witchcraft under English law even before the Witchcraft Act 1735 finally concluded such prosecutions. Callow particularly credits Holt with great courage in doing so in the face of religious pressure, mob violence, and popular superstitious belief in witchcraft. Wallace Notestein was of the same opinion, that by "the decisions of Powell and Parker, and most of all by those of Holt, the statute of the first year of James I was practically made obsolete twenty-five or fifty years before its actual repeal in 1736".: 314  For Notestein, "Holt did more than any other man in English history to end the prosecution of witches".: 320  According to Callow, judges like Holt found "creative and practical ways around the statute book in order to prevent the execution of witches", with Holt "skilfully combining directions to jurymen that permitted religious faith and even the law's acceptance of the validity of witchbelief with measures to seek acquittals through the raising of questions of reasonable doubt and the unmasking of fraudulent cases of possession".: 209–210  At the end of one trial, that of Sarah Moordike, accused of witchcraft by Richard Hathaway, Holt ruled that Moordike's fees should be paid by Hathaway and that he should be arrested and imprisoned on charges of perjury for bringing false accusations about Moordike and for pretending to be bewtiched. Hathaway was convicted at his own trial and, according to Callow, "the two trials of July 1701 and March 1702 registered highly significant verdicts in the history of witch persecution as they registered, respectively, not just the acquittal of an accused witch but the prosecution and punishment of her persecutor as a deterrent to others who might have been tempted to levy similar charges in the future".: 236–239  George Lyman Kittredge wrote Holt "has a highly honorable name in the annals of English witchcraft" because all of the dozen to twenty trials he presided over resulted in acquittal.: 365  Contemporary with Holt, Lancelot Blackburne, Archdeacon of Cornwall, somewhat disturbed by Holt's actions in a trial, wrote to the Bishop of Exeter that the "Lord Chief Justice by his questions and manner of summing up the Evidence seem'd to me to believe nothing of witchery at all".: 364  Jonathan Barry, Professor of History at the University of Exeter, wrote that Holt, along with other sceptics like Francis Hutchinson and Francis North, "clearly regarded the witchcraft statute, and the uses to which it could be put by factious politicians feeding on the passions of the people, as the real danger to the establishment in state and church". Cases Main article: List of Sir John Holt's cases Crosse v Gardner (1689) Cart. 90, Lord Holt CJ held that 'An affirmation at the time of a sale is a warranty, provided it appears on evidence to be so intended.' Robert Charnock The tryal and condemnation of Capt. Thomas Vaughan for high treason (1696) Turberville v Stampe (1697) 91 ER 1072 (nuisance and vicarious liability) Medina v Staughton (1699) 1 Salk. 210, again on affirmations and warranties. Moordike v Hathaway (1701) and King v Hathaway (1702) Rose case (1701–1703) Coggs v Bernard (1703) 2 Ld Raym 909 (bailment) Ashby v White (1703) 2 Ld Raym 938 (the right to vote) Cole v Turner (1704) 87 ER 907 (definition of battery) Walden v Holman (1704) 6 Mod 115, Ld Raym. 1015, 1 Salk. 6 (pleading in abatement; the legal name of a person) Cockcroft v Smith (1705) 11 Mod 43, self-defence Smith v Gould (1705–07) 2 Salk 666 (antagonism to slavery), but see 91 ER 566 Keeble v Hickeringill (1707) 11 East 574, Holt 19 (interference with property rights, "the duck pond case") See also List of Old Abingdonians References ^ Preston, Arthur Edwin (1929). St.Nicholas Abingdon and Other Papers, pre isbn. Oxford University Press. ^ Hinde/St John Parker, Thomas/Michael (1977). The Martlet and the Griffen. James and James Publishers Ltd. ISBN 0-907-383-777. ^ Holt named his two Levett nephews, Richard and John, in his 1708 will. ^ Pedigree of Sir John Holt, LeNeve's Pedigrees of the Knights Made by King Charles II, Peter LeNeve, George Marshall, 1873. ^ A Pepysian garland: black-letter broadside ballads of the years 1595–1639, Samuel Pepys and Hyder Edward Rollins, Cambridge University Press, 1922, p. 431. ^ HOLT, Sir John (1642-1710), of Bedford Row, Mdx. and Redgrave, Suff. Published in The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1660-1690, ed. B.D. Henning, 1983 . ^ Dictionary of British Sculptors 1660-1851 by Rupert Gunnis p. 179. ^ Callow, John (2022). "Chapter 8, The politics of death, and Chapter 9, Disenchantment". The Last Witches of England: A Tragedy of Sorcery and Superstition. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-1-7883-1439-8. ^ a b Notestein, Wallace (1911). A History of Witchcraft in England from 1558 to 1718. The American historical association. Retrieved 21 December 2023. ^ a b Callow, John (2022). The last witches of England: a tragedy of sorcery and superstition. London: Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-1-7883-1439-8. Retrieved 21 December 2023. ^ a b Kittredge, George Lyman (1929). Witchcraft in Old and New England. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 365. Retrieved 21 December 2023. ^ a b Barry, Jonathan (2012). "The Politics of Pandaemonium". Witchcraft and Demonology in South-West England, 1640–1789. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 103–123. doi:10.1057/9780230361386_4. ISBN 978-0-230-36138-6. ^ Elmer, Peter; Grell, Ole Peter (2004). "131. Challenging the physicians monopoly in London; The Rose Case of 1704". Health, Disease and Society in Europe, 1500-1800: A Sourcebook. Manchester University Press. p. 347. ISBN 9780719067372. Reports of Cases determined by Sir John Holt (1681–1710) appeared at London in 1738; John Paty and others, printed from original MSS., at London (1837). See Burnet's Own Times; Tatter, No. xiv.; a Life, published in 1764; Welsby, Lives of Eminent English Judges of the 17th and 18th Centuries (1846); Campbell's Lives of the Lord Chief Justices; and Foss, Lives of the Judges. External links Wikiquote has quotations related to John Holt (Lord Chief Justice). Will of Sir John Holt, The Life of the Right Honourable Sir John Holt, Knight, Lord Chief justice of the Court of King's-Bench, J. R. (A Gentleman of the Inner Temple), Printed for the Author and Sold by J. Worrall, 1764 Sir John Holt (1642–1710): a biographical sketch, with especial reference to his witchcraft trials Archived 4 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine Sir John Holt, in: Welsby, W.N. (ed): Lives of eminent English judges of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries (London, 1846) Parliament of England Preceded bySir John MaynardJohn Elwill Member of Parliament for Bere Alston 1689 With: John Elwill Succeeded byJohn ElwillSir John Trevor Legal offices Preceded bySir Robert Wright Lord Chief Justice 1689–1710 Succeeded bySir John Parker vteEnglish Lord Chancellors under the House of Stuart and the Interregnum (1603–1714)James I(1603–1625) 1st Viscount Brackley (1603–1617) Francis Bacon (1617–1621) Julius Caesar 1st Earl of Marlborough 1st Earl of Manchester 2nd Duke of Lennox 21st Earl of Arundel (1621) John Williams (1621–1625) Charles I(1625–1649) 1st Baron Coventry (1625–1640) 1st Baron Finch (1640–1641) 1st Baron Lyttelton (1641–1645) Richard Lane (1645–1649) Council of State(1649–1653) Bulstrode Whitelocke John Lisle Richard Keble (1649–1653) Oliver Cromwell(1653–1658) Bulstrode Whitelocke John Lisle Richard Keble (1653–1654) Bulstrode Whitelocke John Lisle Thomas Widdrington (1654–1656) Nathaniel Fiennes John Lisle (1656–1658) Richard Cromwell(1658–1659) Nathaniel Fiennes John Lisle (1658–1659) Council of State(1659–1660) Nathaniel Fiennes/John Lisle/Bulstrode Whitelocke (January–June 1659) John Bradshaw/Thomas Tyrrell/John Fountaine (June 1659–1660) William Lenthall/Thomas Widdrington/Thomas Tyrrell/John Fountaine/2nd Earl of Manchester (1660) Charles II(1660–1685) 1st Earl of Clarendon (1660–1667) Sir Orlando Bridgeman (1667–1672) 1st Earl of Shaftesbury (1672–1673) 1st Earl of Nottingham (1673–1682) 1st Baron Guilford (1682–1685) James II(1685–1688) 1st Baron Jeffreys (1685–1688) William & Mary(1689–1694) John Maynard/Anthony Keck/William Rawlinson (1689–1690) John Trevor/William Rawlinson/George Hutchins (1690–1693) 1st Baron Somers (1693–1694) William III(1694–1702) 1st Baron Somers (1693–1700) John Holt/George Treby/Edward Ward (1700) Nathan Wright (1700–1702) Anne(1702–1714) Nathan Wright (1702–1705) 1st Earl Cowper (1705–1710) 1st Baron Trevor/Robert Tracy/John Scrope (1710) 1st Viscount Harcourt (1710–1714) Italics indicate service when the Greal Seal was held in Commission Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Israel United States Poland Vatican Other SNAC
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He is frequently credited with playing a major role in ending the prosecution of witches in English law.","title":"John Holt (Lord Chief Justice)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Abingdon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abingdon,_Oxfordshire"},{"link_name":"Oxfordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxfordshire"},{"link_name":"Thomas Holt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Holt_(Serjeant-at-Law)"},{"link_name":"Chieveley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chieveley"},{"link_name":"John Roysse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Roysse"},{"link_name":"Free School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_school_(England)"},{"link_name":"Abingdon School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abingdon_School"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Gray's Inn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray%27s_Inn"},{"link_name":"Oriel College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriel_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Redgrave Manor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redgrave,_Suffolk"},{"link_name":"Bacon family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacon_baronets"},{"link_name":"Sir Robert Bacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sir_Robert_Bacon,_5th_Baronet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bodleian Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodleian_Library"},{"link_name":"Francis Levett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Levett_(merchant)"},{"link_name":"Richard Levett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Levett"},{"link_name":"Lord Mayor of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Mayor_of_London"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"serjeant-at-law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serjeant-at-law"},{"link_name":"Tories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tories_(British_political_party)"},{"link_name":"knighthood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knighthood"},{"link_name":"Berkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkshire"},{"link_name":"herald's visitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herald%27s_visitation"},{"link_name":"Clerkenwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clerkenwell"},{"link_name":"OS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Style"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Abingdon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abingdon,_Oxfordshire"},{"link_name":"recorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorder_(judge)"},{"link_name":"Oriel College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriel_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"called to the bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Called_to_the_bar"},{"link_name":"state trials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_trials"},{"link_name":"Sir John Cropley, 1st Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cropley_baronets"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"recorder of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorder_of_London"},{"link_name":"martial law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial_Law"},{"link_name":"counsel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counsel"},{"link_name":"William III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_III_of_England"},{"link_name":"King's Bench","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_King%27s_Bench_(England)"},{"link_name":"Houses of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houses_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Whig party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whig_(British_political_faction)"},{"link_name":"Somers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Somers,_1st_Baron_Somers"},{"link_name":"chancellorship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Chancellor"},{"link_name":"Great Seal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Seal_of_the_Realm"},{"link_name":"chancel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancel"},{"link_name":"Redgrave church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Church,_Redgrave"},{"link_name":"Thomas Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Green_(sculptor)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Holt was born in Abingdon in Berkshire (now Oxfordshire), the son of Sir Thomas Holt, MP for that town, and his wife, Susan, the daughter of John Peacock of Chieveley, also in Berkshire. He was educated at John Roysse's Free School in Abingdon (now Abingdon School) from 1652 to 1658,[1][2] Gray's Inn and Oriel College, Oxford.He purchased Redgrave Manor in Suffolk, which had been the seat of the Bacon family in 1702, when debts forced the fifth baronet, Sir Robert Bacon, to sell the estate. A letter in the Bodleian Library reads: \"The celebrated Dr Radcliffe, the physician ... took special pains to preserve the life of LCJ Holt's wife, whom he attended out of spite to her husband, who wished her dead.\" Sir John Holt's sister Susan was married to Francis Levett, Esq., tobacco merchant and brother of Sir Richard Levett, Lord Mayor of London.[3][4]Holt's father, Sir Thomas Holt, possessed a small patrimonial estate, but in order to supplement his income had adopted the profession of law, in which he was not very successful, although he was appointed serjeant-at-law in 1677, and afterwards for his political services to the Tories was rewarded with a knighthood. Sir Thomas Holt's father was Rowland Holt (d. 1634 according to the Berkshire herald's visitation of 1664–66), who was probably identical to the merchant Rowland Holt who was murdered by muggers in Clerkenwell Fields in January 1635 (1634 OS). The crime was particularly notorious in the ballads and broadsheets of the time.[5]After attending for some years the free school of the town of Abingdon, of which his father was recorder, young Holt in his sixteenth year entered Oriel College, Oxford. He is said to have spent a very dissipated youth, and even to have been in the habit of taking purses on the highway,[citation needed] but after entering Gray's Inn about 1660 he applied himself with exemplary diligence to the study of law. He was called to the bar in 1663. A supporter of civil and religious liberty, he distinguished himself in state trials by the manner in which he supported the pleas of the defendants.In 1675 he married Ann Cropley, a daughter of Sir John Cropley, 1st Baronet, of Clerkenwell, Middlesex, but the marriage was without issue.[6]In 1685–1686 Holt was appointed recorder of London, and about the same time he was made king's serjeant and received the honour of knighthood. His giving a decision adverse to the pretensions of the king to exercise martial law in time of peace led to his dismissal from the office of recorder, but he was continued in the office of king's serjeant in order to prevent him from becoming counsel for accused persons. Having been one of the judges who acted as assessors to the peers in the Convention parliament, he took a leading part in arranging the constitutional change by which William III was called to the throne, and after his accession he was appointed Lord Chief Justice of the King's Bench. He is best known for the firmness with which he upheld his own prerogatives in opposition to the authority of the Houses of Parliament. While in sympathy with the Whig party, Holt maintained on the bench political impartiality, and held himself aloof from political intrigue.On the retirement of Somers from the chancellorship in 1700 Holt was offered the Great Seal, but declined it.He died in London on 5 March 1710 and was buried in the chancel of Redgrave church. His magnificent monument was sculpted by Thomas Green.[7]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"witchcraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witchcraft"},{"link_name":"Witchcraft Act 1735","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witchcraft_Act_1735"},{"link_name":"superstitious belief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superstition"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Wallace Notestein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallace_Notestein"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WN-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WN-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JC-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JC-10"},{"link_name":"George Lyman Kittredge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Lyman_Kittredge"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GLK-11"},{"link_name":"Lancelot Blackburne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancelot_Blackburne"},{"link_name":"Archdeacon of Cornwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archdeacon_of_Cornwall"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Exeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Exeter"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JB-12"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GLK-11"},{"link_name":"University of Exeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Exeter"},{"link_name":"Francis Hutchinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Hutchinson"},{"link_name":"Francis North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_North,_1st_Baron_Guilford"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JB-12"}],"text":"Historian John Callow argues in his 2022 book, The Last Witches of England, that sceptical judges, especially Holt, had already largely stopped convictions for witchcraft under English law even before the Witchcraft Act 1735 finally concluded such prosecutions. Callow particularly credits Holt with great courage in doing so in the face of religious pressure, mob violence, and popular superstitious belief in witchcraft.[8] Wallace Notestein was of the same opinion, that by \"the decisions of Powell and Parker, and most of all by those of Holt, the statute of the first year of James I was practically made obsolete twenty-five or fifty years before its actual repeal in 1736\".[9]: 314  For Notestein, \"Holt did more than any other man in English history to end the prosecution of witches\".[9]: 320According to Callow, judges like Holt found \"creative and practical ways around the statute book in order to prevent the execution of witches\", with Holt \"skilfully combining directions to jurymen that permitted religious faith and even the law's acceptance of the validity of witchbelief with measures to seek acquittals through the raising of questions of reasonable doubt and the unmasking of fraudulent cases of possession\".[10]: 209–210  At the end of one trial, that of Sarah Moordike, accused of witchcraft by Richard Hathaway, Holt ruled that Moordike's fees should be paid by Hathaway and that he should be arrested and imprisoned on charges of perjury for bringing false accusations about Moordike and for pretending to be bewtiched. Hathaway was convicted at his own trial and, according to Callow, \"the two trials of July 1701 and March 1702 registered highly significant verdicts in the history of witch persecution as they registered, respectively, not just the acquittal of an accused witch but the prosecution and punishment of her persecutor as a deterrent to others who might have been tempted to levy similar charges in the future\".[10]: 236–239George Lyman Kittredge wrote Holt \"has a highly honorable name in the annals of English witchcraft\" because all of the dozen to twenty trials he presided over resulted in acquittal.[11]: 365  Contemporary with Holt, Lancelot Blackburne, Archdeacon of Cornwall, somewhat disturbed by Holt's actions in a trial, wrote to the Bishop of Exeter[12] that the \"Lord Chief Justice by his questions and manner of summing up the Evidence seem'd to me to believe nothing of witchery at all\".[11]: 364  Jonathan Barry, Professor of History at the University of Exeter, wrote that Holt, along with other sceptics like Francis Hutchinson and Francis North, \"clearly regarded the witchcraft statute, and the uses to which it could be put by factious politicians feeding on the passions of the people, as the real danger to the establishment in state and church\".[12]","title":"Witchcraft trials"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Crosse v Gardner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crosse_v_Gardner&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Robert Charnock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Charnock"},{"link_name":"The tryal and condemnation of Capt. Thomas Vaughan for high treason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Vaughan_(pirate)"},{"link_name":"Turberville v Stampe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turberville_v_Stampe"},{"link_name":"Medina v Staughton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Medina_v_Staughton&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Moordike v Hathaway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moordike_v_Hathaway&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"King v Hathaway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=King_v_Hathaway&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rose case","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_case"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:Elmer2004-13"},{"link_name":"Coggs v Bernard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coggs_v_Bernard"},{"link_name":"Ashby v White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashby_v_White"},{"link_name":"Cole v Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cole_v_Turner&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Walden v Holman (1704) 6 Mod 115, Ld Raym. 1015, 1 Salk. 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//deedpolloffice.com/change-name/law/case-law/Walden-v-Holman-1704"},{"link_name":"pleading in abatement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abatement_in_pleading"},{"link_name":"Cockcroft v Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cockcroft_v_Smith"},{"link_name":"Smith v Gould","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_v_Gould"},{"link_name":"Keeble v Hickeringill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keeble_v_Hickeringill"}],"text":"Crosse v Gardner (1689) Cart. 90, Lord Holt CJ held that 'An affirmation at the time of a sale is a warranty, provided it appears on evidence to be so intended.'\nRobert Charnock\nThe tryal and condemnation of Capt. Thomas Vaughan for high treason (1696)\nTurberville v Stampe (1697) 91 ER 1072 (nuisance and vicarious liability)\nMedina v Staughton (1699) 1 Salk. 210, again on affirmations and warranties.\nMoordike v Hathaway (1701) and King v Hathaway (1702)\nRose case (1701–1703)[13]\nCoggs v Bernard (1703) 2 Ld Raym 909 (bailment)\nAshby v White (1703) 2 Ld Raym 938 (the right to vote)\nCole v Turner (1704) 87 ER 907 (definition of battery)\nWalden v Holman (1704) 6 Mod 115, Ld Raym. 1015, 1 Salk. 6 (pleading in abatement; the legal name of a person)\nCockcroft v Smith (1705) 11 Mod 43, self-defence\nSmith v Gould (1705–07) 2 Salk 666 (antagonism to slavery), but see 91 ER 566\nKeeble v Hickeringill (1707) 11 East 574, Holt 19 (interference with property rights, \"the duck pond case\")","title":"Cases"}]
[{"image_text":"Monument to Sir John Holt in Redgrave Church, Suffolk","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/St_Mary%27s_church_in_Redgrave_-_C18_monument_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2049288.jpg/220px-St_Mary%27s_church_in_Redgrave_-_C18_monument_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2049288.jpg"}]
[{"title":"List of Old Abingdonians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Old_Abingdonians"}]
[{"reference":"Preston, Arthur Edwin (1929). St.Nicholas Abingdon and Other Papers, pre isbn. Oxford University Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hinde/St John Parker, Thomas/Michael (1977). The Martlet and the Griffen. James and James Publishers Ltd. ISBN 0-907-383-777.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-907-383-777","url_text":"0-907-383-777"}]},{"reference":"Callow, John (2022). \"Chapter 8, The politics of death, and Chapter 9, Disenchantment\". The Last Witches of England: A Tragedy of Sorcery and Superstition. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-1-7883-1439-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7883-1439-8","url_text":"978-1-7883-1439-8"}]},{"reference":"Notestein, Wallace (1911). A History of Witchcraft in England from 1558 to 1718. The American historical association. Retrieved 21 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/ahistorywitchcr00notegoog","url_text":"A History of Witchcraft in England from 1558 to 1718"}]},{"reference":"Callow, John (2022). The last witches of England: a tragedy of sorcery and superstition. London: Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-1-7883-1439-8. Retrieved 21 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LiNLEAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1","url_text":"The last witches of England: a tragedy of sorcery and superstition"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7883-1439-8","url_text":"978-1-7883-1439-8"}]},{"reference":"Kittredge, George Lyman (1929). Witchcraft in Old and New England. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 365. Retrieved 21 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/witchcraftinoldn00kitt_0","url_text":"Witchcraft in Old and New England"}]},{"reference":"Barry, Jonathan (2012). \"The Politics of Pandaemonium\". Witchcraft and Demonology in South-West England, 1640–1789. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 103–123. doi:10.1057/9780230361386_4. ISBN 978-0-230-36138-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9780230361386_4","url_text":"\"The Politics of Pandaemonium\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9780230361386_4","url_text":"10.1057/9780230361386_4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-36138-6","url_text":"978-0-230-36138-6"}]},{"reference":"Elmer, Peter; Grell, Ole Peter (2004). \"131. Challenging the physicians monopoly in London; The Rose Case of 1704\". Health, Disease and Society in Europe, 1500-1800: A Sourcebook. Manchester University Press. p. 347. ISBN 9780719067372.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vPpvlIrVSMkC&q=william+rose+apothecary&pg=PA347","url_text":"\"131. Challenging the physicians monopoly in London; The Rose Case of 1704\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_University_Press","url_text":"Manchester University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780719067372","url_text":"9780719067372"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://deedpolloffice.com/change-name/law/case-law/Walden-v-Holman-1704","external_links_name":"Walden v Holman (1704) 6 Mod 115, Ld Raym. 1015, 1 Salk. 6"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ozMEAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA337","external_links_name":"Pedigree of Sir John Holt, LeNeve's Pedigrees of the Knights Made by King Charles II, Peter LeNeve, George Marshall, 1873"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mh2oAAAAIAAJ&q=%22Rowland+holt%22&pg=PA431","external_links_name":"A Pepysian garland: black-letter broadside ballads of the years 1595–1639"},{"Link":"https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1660-1690/member/holt-sir-john-1642-1710","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/ahistorywitchcr00notegoog","external_links_name":"A History of Witchcraft in England from 1558 to 1718"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LiNLEAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1","external_links_name":"The last witches of England: a tragedy of sorcery and superstition"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/witchcraftinoldn00kitt_0","external_links_name":"Witchcraft in Old and New England"},{"Link":"https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9780230361386_4","external_links_name":"\"The Politics of Pandaemonium\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9780230361386_4","external_links_name":"10.1057/9780230361386_4"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vPpvlIrVSMkC&q=william+rose+apothecary&pg=PA347","external_links_name":"\"131. Challenging the physicians monopoly in London; The Rose Case of 1704\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7nRbAAAAQAAJ&dq=%22richard+levett%22&pg=PA121","external_links_name":"Will of Sir John Holt, The Life of the Right Honourable Sir John Holt, Knight, Lord Chief justice of the Court of King's-Bench, J. R. (A Gentleman of the Inner Temple), Printed for the Author and Sold by J. Worrall, 1764"},{"Link":"http://myweb.tiscali.co.uk/redgravehistory/holt/johnholt.htm","external_links_name":"Sir John Holt (1642–1710): a biographical sketch, with especial reference to his witchcraft trials"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180704220348/http://myweb.tiscali.co.uk/redgravehistory/holt/johnholt.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/liveseminenteng00welsgoog/page/n103","external_links_name":"Sir John Holt, in: Welsby, W.N. (ed): Lives of eminent English judges of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries (London, 1846)"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/141016/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000035076890","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/18633061","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJgMxhjjPRrrwJCjkqrDv3","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007271214805171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n84184667","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810557188505606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/340691","external_links_name":"Vatican"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6dv66g6","external_links_name":"SNAC"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiushinai_Station
Hiushinai Station
["1 Station structure","2 Station environs","3 Adjacent stations","4 History","4.1 Future plans","5 References"]
Coordinates: 43°52′51″N 144°00′00″E / 43.8808°N 144.0000°E / 43.8808; 144.0000Railway station in Kitami, Hokkaido, Japan Hiushinai Station緋牛内駅Station buildingGeneral informationLocationHiushinai, Tanno-machi, Kitami, Hokkaido（北海道北見市端野町緋牛内）JapanOperated byJR HokkaidoLine(s)Sekihoku Main LineOther informationStation codeA64HistoryOpened1912 Hiushinai Station (緋牛内駅, Hiushinai-eki) is a railway station located in Hiushinai in the Tanno-chō district of Kitami-shi city in Hokkaidō, Japan and is served by trains running on the Sekihoku Main Line, operated by JR Hokkaido. The station is located in one of the "coldest and remotest areas in Japan." Platform Station structure Hiushinai is an unmanned station with two side platforms alongside two railway tracks. It has a toilet and a waiting room. Station environs Hiushinai elementary school Hokkaidō highway 556 National highway 39 Adjacent stations « Service » Sekihoku Main Line Limited Express Okhotsk: Does not stop at this station Limited Express Taisetsu: Does not stop at this station Tanno   Local   Bihoro History October 5, 1911: Station opened January 10, 1983: Station became unmanned on completion of CTC system Future plans In June 2023, this station was selected to be among 42 stations on the JR Hokkaido network to be slated for abolition owing to low ridership. References ^ a b "Hiushinai Station unmanned Station information (in Japanese)". 2007. Retrieved 25 May 2015. ^ "Japanese Railway Scenery 30" (PDF). Japan Railway 7 Transport Review. 37. 2004. ISSN 1342-7512. Retrieved 2 July 2015. ^ Sugiyama, Junichi (26 June 2023). "「JR北海道が42駅廃止検討」報道、宗谷本線の駅がごっそり消える?" . MyNavi Corporation (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 27 June 2023. Retrieved 4 July 2023. vteStations of the JR Sekihoku Main Line Asahikawa Asahikawa-Yojō Shin-Asahikawa Minami-Nagayama Higashi-Asahikawa Kita-Hinode Sakuraoka Tōma Shōgunzan Ikaushi Aibetsu Naka-Aibetsu Aizan Antaroma Tōun Kamikawa Kami-Shirataki Shirataki Kyū-Shirataki Shimo-Shirataki Maruseppu Setose Engaru Yasukuni Ikuno Ikutahara Kanehana Nishi-Rubeshibe Rubeshibe Ainonai Higashi-Ainonai Nishi-Kitami Kitami Hakuyō Itoshino Tanno Hiushinai Bihoro Nishi-Memambetsu Memambetsu Yobito Abashiri Station Name: Closed stations 43°52′51″N 144°00′00″E / 43.8808°N 144.0000°E / 43.8808; 144.0000 This Hokkaido rail station-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_station"},{"link_name":"Hiushinai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hiushinai&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hokkaidō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokkaid%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Sekihoku Main Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekihoku_Main_Line"},{"link_name":"JR Hokkaido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JR_Hokkaido"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jrasahi-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hiushinai_station02.JPG"}],"text":"Railway station in Kitami, Hokkaido, JapanHiushinai Station (緋牛内駅, Hiushinai-eki) is a railway station located in Hiushinai in the Tanno-chō district of Kitami-shi city in Hokkaidō, Japan and is served by trains running on the Sekihoku Main Line, operated by JR Hokkaido.[1] The station is located in one of the \"coldest and remotest areas in Japan.\"[2]Platform","title":"Hiushinai Station"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"side platforms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side_platforms"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jrasahi-1"}],"text":"Hiushinai is an unmanned station with two side platforms alongside two railway tracks. It has a toilet and a waiting room.[1]","title":"Station structure"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Hiushinai elementary school\nHokkaidō highway 556\nNational highway 39","title":"Station environs"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Adjacent stations"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"October 5, 1911: Station opened\nJanuary 10, 1983: Station became unmanned on completion of CTC system","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Future plans","text":"In June 2023, this station was selected to be among 42 stations on the JR Hokkaido network to be slated for abolition owing to low ridership.[3]","title":"History"}]
[{"image_text":"Platform","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Hiushinai_station02.JPG/220px-Hiushinai_station02.JPG"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Hiushinai Station unmanned Station information (in Japanese)\". 2007. Retrieved 25 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jrasahi.co.jp/contents/facilities/station/a64_hiushinai.html","url_text":"\"Hiushinai Station unmanned Station information (in Japanese)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Japanese Railway Scenery 30\" (PDF). Japan Railway 7 Transport Review. 37. 2004. ISSN 1342-7512. Retrieved 2 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jrtr.net/jrtr37/pdf/back.pdf","url_text":"\"Japanese Railway Scenery 30\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1342-7512","url_text":"1342-7512"}]},{"reference":"Sugiyama, Junichi (26 June 2023). \"「JR北海道が42駅廃止検討」報道、宗谷本線の駅がごっそり消える?\" [Report of JR Hokkaido regarding abolition of 42 Stations, majority of which are on the Soya Main Line]. MyNavi Corporation (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 27 June 2023. Retrieved 4 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.mynavi.jp/article/20230626-jrhokkaido/","url_text":"\"「JR北海道が42駅廃止検討」報道、宗谷本線の駅がごっそり消える?\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230627012656/https://news.mynavi.jp/article/20230626-jrhokkaido/","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enumclaw_School_District
Enumclaw School District
["1 Boundary","2 Schools","2.1 High schools","2.2 Middle schools","2.3 Elementary schools","3 Demographics","3.1 Student demographics","3.2 Classroom teacher demographics","4 References","5 External links"]
Coordinates: 47°11′19″N 122°00′32″W / 47.1885031°N 122.0087743°W / 47.1885031; -122.0087743School district in Washington, United States Enumclaw School DistrictLocation2929 McDougall Avenue Enumclaw, Washington, 98022United StatesCoordinates47°11′19″N 122°00′32″W / 47.1885031°N 122.0087743°W / 47.1885031; -122.0087743District informationTypePublicMottoesInspiring students to learn, lead and impact their community and the world.All students achieving at high levels.Serving the students of Enumclaw and Black Diamond.GradesK-12Established1887; 137 years ago (1887)SuperintendentDr. Shaun V. CareyDeputy superintendent(s)Jill BurnesBudget$64,963,375 (2020 - 2021 School Year)NCES District ID5300001Students and staffStudents4,250 (2021-2022)Athletic conferenceKingco Athletic ConferenceOther informationWebsitewww.enumclaw.wednet.edu Enumclaw School District No. 216 is a public school district located in southern King County, Washington, headquartered in Enumclaw. Boundary The district's boundary includes all of Enumclaw, the vast majority of Black Diamond, areas with Ravensdale postal addresses, and several unincorporated areas. The district is bordered by the Tahoma School District to the north and to its northwest sits the fourth most populous school district in Washington state, the Kent School District. To its west lies the Auburn School District and below it in the south is the White River School District, which is in Pierce County. Schools The Enumclaw School District has eight active schools in total, five elementary schools, two middle schools, and one high school. High schools Enumclaw High School - Students: 1,325 (2021 - 2022) - Teachers: 73 (2020 - 2021) - Mascot: Hornets - School Colors: Maroon + Gold Middle schools Enumclaw Middle School - Students: 489 (2021 - 2022) - Teachers: 33 (2020 - 2021) Thunder Mountain Middle School - Students: 492 (2021 - 2022) - Teachers: 28 (2020 - 2021) Elementary schools Black Diamond Elementary School - Students: 393 (2021 - 2022) - Teachers: 30 (2020 - 2021) Byron Kibler Elementary School - Students: 410 (2021 - 2022) - Teachers: 37 (2020 - 2021) Southwood Elementary School - Students: 300 (2021 - 2022) - Teachers: 29 (2020 - 2021) Sunrise Elementary School - Students: 392 (2021 - 2022) - Teachers: 32 (2020 - 2021) Westwood Elementary School - Students: 288 (2021 - 2022) - Teachers: 32 (2020 - 2021) Demographics Student demographics Students enrolled per school year School Year Amount of Students Enrolled in ESD 2009 - 2010 4,772 2010 - 2011 4,654 2011 - 2012 4,272 2012 - 2013 4,554 2013 - 2014 4,461 2014 - 2015 4,106 2015 - 2016 4,103 2016 - 2017 4,077 2017 - 2018 4,145 2018 - 2019 4,155 2019 - 2020 4,301 2020 - 2021 4,145 2021 - 2022 4,250 Enrollment by gender per school year Gender 2015 - 2016 2016 - 2017 2017 - 2018 2018 - 2019 2019 - 2020 2020 - 2021 2021 - 2022 Male 2146 (52.3%) 2018 (51.7%) 2186 (52.7%) 2176 (52.4%) 2242 (52.1%) 2163 (52.2%) 2242 (52.8%) Female 1957 (47.7%) 1969 (48.3%) 1959 (47.3%) 1978 (47.6%) 2058 (47.8%) 1981 (47.8%) 2007 (47.2%) Gender X 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 1 (0.02%) 1 (0.02%) 1 (0.02%) 1 (0.02%) Enrollment by ethnicity per school year Race / Ethnicity 2015 - 2016 2016 - 2017 2017 - 2018 2018 - 2019 2019 - 2020 2020 - 2021 2021 - 2022 White 3213 (78.3%) 3175 (77.9%) 3221 (77.7%) 3197 (76.9%) 3263 (75.9%) 3072 (74.1%) 3087 (72.6%) Hispanic / Latino of any race(s) 606 (14.8%) 619 (15.2%) 642 (15.5%) 677 (16.3%) 728 (16.9%) 739 (17.8%) 770 (18.1%) Two or More Races 162 (3.9%) 168 (4.1%) 176 (4.2%) 173 (4.2%) 190 (4.4%) 204 (4.9%) 229 (5.4%) American Indian / Alaska Native 53 (1.9%) 47 (1.15%) 43 (1.03%) 49 (1.17%) 48 (1.11%) 43 (1.03%) 34 (0.8%) Asian 23 (0.56%) 24 (0.58%) 27 (0.65%) 22 (0.52%) 28 (0.65%) 39 (0.94%) 75 (1.8%) Black / African American 30 (0.73%) 29 (0.71%) 22 (0.53%) 28 (0.67%) 33 (0.76%) 34 (0.82%) 42 (1.0%) Native Hawaiian / Other Pacific Islander 16 (0.38%) 15 (0.36%) 14 (0.33%) 9 (0.21%) 11 (0.25%) 14 (0.33%) 13 (0.3%) Total Minorities 890 (21.7%) 902 (22.1%) 924 (22.3%) 958 (23.1%) 1038 (24.1%) 1073 (25.9%) 1163 (27.4%) Classroom teacher demographics Amount of classroom teachers per school year School Year Amount of Classroom Teachers at ESD 2017 - 2018 227 2018 - 2019 234 2019 - 2020 240 2020 - 2021 254 2021 - 2022 Unknown Number of classroom teachers by gender per school year Gender 2017 - 2018 2018 - 2019 2019 - 2020 2020 - 2021 2021 - 2022 Female 167 (73.6%) 177 (75.6%) 181 (75.4%) 190 (74.8%) Unknown Male 60 (26.4%) 57 (24.4%) 59 (24.6%) 64 (25.2%) Unknown Gender X 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) Unknown Number of classroom teachers by race / ethnicity per school year Race / Ethnicity 2017 - 2018 2018 - 2019 2019 - 2020 2020 - 2021 2021 - 2022 White 220 (96.9%) 228 (97.4%) 233 (97.1%) 246 (96.9%) Unknown Hispanic / Latino of any race(s) 3 (1.3%) 3 (1.3%) 4 (1.7%) 4 (1.6%) Unknown Two or More Races 1 (0.4%) 1 (0.4%) 1 (0.4%) 1 (0.4%) Unknown American Indian / Alaksa Native 1 (0.4%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) Unknown Asian 0 (0.0%) 1 (0.4%) 1 (0.4%) 1 (0.4%) Unknown Black / African American 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) Unknown Native Hawaiian / Other Pacific Islander 1 (0.4%) 1 (0.4%) 1 (0.4%) 1 (0.4%) Unknown Not Provided 1 (0.4%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 1 (0.4%) Unknown Total Minorities 7 (3.0%) 6 (2.5%) 7 (2.9%) 6 (2.4%) Unknown References ^ School District webpage ^ a b "Search for Public School Districts – District Detail for Enumclaw School District". National Center for Education Statistics. Institute of Education Sciences. ^ a b "2020 CENSUS - SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: King County, WA" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. p. 3 (PDF p. 4/5). Retrieved August 3, 2022. ^ "Report Card - Washington State Report Card". washingtonstatereportcard.ospi.k12.wa.us. Retrieved February 26, 2021. ^ "Report Card - Washington State Report Card". washingtonstatereportcard.ospi.k12.wa.us. Retrieved February 26, 2021. ^ a b "Report Card - Washington State Report Card". washingtonstatereportcard.ospi.k12.wa.us. Retrieved February 26, 2021. ^ a b "Report Card - Washington State Report Card". washingtonstatereportcard.ospi.k12.wa.us. Retrieved February 26, 2021. ^ a b "Report Card - Washington State Report Card". washingtonstatereportcard.ospi.k12.wa.us. Retrieved February 26, 2021. ^ a b "Report Card - Washington State Report Card". washingtonstatereportcard.ospi.k12.wa.us. Retrieved February 26, 2021. ^ "Report Card - Washington State Report Card". washingtonstatereportcard.ospi.k12.wa.us. Retrieved February 25, 2021. ^ "Report Card - Washington State Report Card". washingtonstatereportcard.ospi.k12.wa.us. Retrieved February 26, 2021. ^ "Report Card - Washington State Report Card". washingtonstatereportcard.ospi.k12.wa.us. Retrieved February 25, 2021. ^ "Report Card - Washington State Report Card". washingtonstatereportcard.ospi.k12.wa.us. Retrieved February 26, 2021. ^ "Report Card - Washington State Report Card". washingtonstatereportcard.ospi.k12.wa.us. Retrieved February 25, 2021. ^ "Report Card - Washington State Report Card". washingtonstatereportcard.ospi.k12.wa.us. Retrieved February 26, 2021. ^ a b "Enrollment Trend Demographics Dashboard" (CSV). ^ a b "Report Card - Washington State Report Card". washingtonstatereportcard.ospi.k12.wa.us. Retrieved October 30, 2021. ^ a b "Report Card - Washington State Report Card". ^ "Teacher Demographics Trends Dashboard". Archived from the original on February 14, 2022. Retrieved April 14, 2024. External links Schools portal Official website OSPI District Report Card, 2010-11
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"public school district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_School_District"},{"link_name":"King County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_County,_Washington"},{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_(state)"},{"link_name":"Enumclaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enumclaw,_Washington"}],"text":"School district in Washington, United StatesEnumclaw School District No. 216 is a public school district located in southern King County, Washington, headquartered in Enumclaw.","title":"Enumclaw School District"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Black Diamond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Diamond,_Washington"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KingCoSDMap-3"},{"link_name":"Ravensdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravensdale,_Washington"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"unincorporated areas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unincorporated_area"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KingCoSDMap-3"},{"link_name":"Tahoma School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahoma_School_District"},{"link_name":"Washington state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_(state)"},{"link_name":"Kent School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_School_District"},{"link_name":"Auburn School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auburn_School_District"},{"link_name":"White River School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=White_River_School_District&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pierce County.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierce_County,_Washington"}],"text":"The district's boundary includes all of Enumclaw, the vast majority of Black Diamond,[3] areas with Ravensdale postal addresses,[citation needed] and several unincorporated areas.[3]The district is bordered by the Tahoma School District to the north and to its northwest sits the fourth most populous school district in Washington state, the Kent School District. To its west lies the Auburn School District and below it in the south is the White River School District, which is in Pierce County.","title":"Boundary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"elementary schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_schools_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"middle schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_school_student_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"high school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_school"}],"text":"The Enumclaw School District has eight active schools in total, five elementary schools, two middle schools, and one high school.","title":"Schools"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Enumclaw High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enumclaw_High_School"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"High schools","text":"Enumclaw High School - Students: 1,325 (2021 - 2022)[4] - Teachers: 73 (2020 - 2021)[5] - Mascot: Hornets - School Colors: Maroon + Gold","title":"Schools"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Enumclaw Middle School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Enumclaw_Middle_SchoolThunder_Mountain_Middle_School&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-washingtonstatereportcard.ospi.k12.wa.us-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-washingtonstatereportcard.ospi.k12.wa.us-6"},{"link_name":"Thunder Mountain Middle School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Enumclaw_Middle_SchoolThunder_Mountain_Middle_School&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-7"}],"sub_title":"Middle schools","text":"Enumclaw Middle School - Students: 489 (2021 - 2022)[6] - Teachers: 33 (2020 - 2021)[6]\nThunder Mountain Middle School - Students: 492 (2021 - 2022)[7] - Teachers: 28 (2020 - 2021)[7]","title":"Schools"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Black Diamond Elementary School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Diamond_Elementary_SchoolByron_Kibler_Elementary_SchoolSouthwood_Elementary_SchoolSunrise_Elementary_SchoolWestwood_Elementary_School&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceB-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceB-8"},{"link_name":"Byron Kibler Elementary School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Diamond_Elementary_SchoolByron_Kibler_Elementary_SchoolSouthwood_Elementary_SchoolSunrise_Elementary_SchoolWestwood_Elementary_School&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceC-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceC-9"},{"link_name":"Southwood Elementary School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Diamond_Elementary_SchoolByron_Kibler_Elementary_SchoolSouthwood_Elementary_SchoolSunrise_Elementary_SchoolWestwood_Elementary_School&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Sunrise Elementary School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Diamond_Elementary_SchoolByron_Kibler_Elementary_SchoolSouthwood_Elementary_SchoolSunrise_Elementary_SchoolWestwood_Elementary_School&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Westwood Elementary School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Diamond_Elementary_SchoolByron_Kibler_Elementary_SchoolSouthwood_Elementary_SchoolSunrise_Elementary_SchoolWestwood_Elementary_School&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Elementary schools","text":"Black Diamond Elementary School - Students: 393 (2021 - 2022)[8] - Teachers: 30 (2020 - 2021)[8]\nByron Kibler Elementary School - Students: 410 (2021 - 2022)[9] - Teachers: 37 (2020 - 2021)[9]\nSouthwood Elementary School - Students: 300 (2021 - 2022)[10] - Teachers: 29 (2020 - 2021)[11]\nSunrise Elementary School - Students: 392 (2021 - 2022)[12] - Teachers: 32 (2020 - 2021)[13]\nWestwood Elementary School - Students: 288 (2021 - 2022)[14] - Teachers: 32 (2020 - 2021)[15]","title":"Schools"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Student demographics","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Classroom teacher demographics","title":"Demographics"}]
[]
null
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Retrieved August 3, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st53_wa/schooldistrict_maps/c53033_king/DC20SD_C53033.pdf","url_text":"\"2020 CENSUS - SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: King County, WA\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Census_Bureau","url_text":"U.S. Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Report Card - Washington State Report Card\". washingtonstatereportcard.ospi.k12.wa.us. Retrieved February 26, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://washingtonstatereportcard.ospi.k12.wa.us/ReportCard/ViewSchoolOrDistrict/101231","url_text":"\"Report Card - Washington State Report Card\""}]},{"reference":"\"Report Card - Washington State Report Card\". washingtonstatereportcard.ospi.k12.wa.us. Retrieved February 26, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://washingtonstatereportcard.ospi.k12.wa.us/ReportCard/ViewSchoolOrDistrict/101231","url_text":"\"Report Card - Washington State Report Card\""}]},{"reference":"\"Report Card - Washington State Report Card\". washingtonstatereportcard.ospi.k12.wa.us. Retrieved February 26, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://washingtonstatereportcard.ospi.k12.wa.us/ReportCard/ViewSchoolOrDistrict/101236","url_text":"\"Report Card - Washington State Report Card\""}]},{"reference":"\"Report Card - Washington State Report Card\". washingtonstatereportcard.ospi.k12.wa.us. Retrieved February 26, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://washingtonstatereportcard.ospi.k12.wa.us/ReportCard/ViewSchoolOrDistrict/101238","url_text":"\"Report Card - Washington State Report Card\""}]},{"reference":"\"Report Card - Washington State Report Card\". washingtonstatereportcard.ospi.k12.wa.us. Retrieved February 26, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://washingtonstatereportcard.ospi.k12.wa.us/ReportCard/ViewSchoolOrDistrict/101232","url_text":"\"Report Card - Washington State Report Card\""}]},{"reference":"\"Report Card - Washington State Report Card\". washingtonstatereportcard.ospi.k12.wa.us. Retrieved February 26, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://washingtonstatereportcard.ospi.k12.wa.us/ReportCard/ViewSchoolOrDistrict/101229","url_text":"\"Report Card - Washington State Report Card\""}]},{"reference":"\"Report Card - Washington State Report Card\". washingtonstatereportcard.ospi.k12.wa.us. Retrieved February 25, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://washingtonstatereportcard.ospi.k12.wa.us/ReportCard/ViewSchoolOrDistrict/101234","url_text":"\"Report Card - Washington State Report Card\""}]},{"reference":"\"Report Card - Washington State Report Card\". washingtonstatereportcard.ospi.k12.wa.us. Retrieved February 26, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://washingtonstatereportcard.ospi.k12.wa.us/ReportCard/ViewSchoolOrDistrict/101234","url_text":"\"Report Card - Washington State Report Card\""}]},{"reference":"\"Report Card - Washington State Report Card\". washingtonstatereportcard.ospi.k12.wa.us. Retrieved February 25, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://washingtonstatereportcard.ospi.k12.wa.us/ReportCard/ViewSchoolOrDistrict/101237","url_text":"\"Report Card - Washington State Report Card\""}]},{"reference":"\"Report Card - Washington State Report Card\". washingtonstatereportcard.ospi.k12.wa.us. Retrieved February 26, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://washingtonstatereportcard.ospi.k12.wa.us/ReportCard/ViewSchoolOrDistrict/101237","url_text":"\"Report Card - Washington State Report Card\""}]},{"reference":"\"Report Card - Washington State Report Card\". washingtonstatereportcard.ospi.k12.wa.us. Retrieved February 25, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://washingtonstatereportcard.ospi.k12.wa.us/ReportCard/ViewSchoolOrDistrict/101233","url_text":"\"Report Card - Washington State Report Card\""}]},{"reference":"\"Report Card - Washington State Report Card\". washingtonstatereportcard.ospi.k12.wa.us. Retrieved February 26, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://washingtonstatereportcard.ospi.k12.wa.us/ReportCard/ViewSchoolOrDistrict/101233","url_text":"\"Report Card - Washington State Report Card\""}]},{"reference":"\"Enrollment Trend Demographics Dashboard\" (CSV).","urls":[{"url":"https://tableau.ospi.k12.wa.us/t/Public/views/ReportCard_Enrollment/Enrollment_Trend_Demographics_Dashboard?iframeSizedToWindow=true&:embed=y&:showAppBanner=false&:display_count=no&:showVizHome=no&:toolbar=no&format=csv&organizationid=100080","url_text":"\"Enrollment Trend Demographics Dashboard\""}]},{"reference":"\"Report Card - Washington State Report Card\". washingtonstatereportcard.ospi.k12.wa.us. Retrieved October 30, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://washingtonstatereportcard.ospi.k12.wa.us/ReportCard/ViewSchoolOrDistrict/100080","url_text":"\"Report Card - Washington State Report Card\""}]},{"reference":"\"Report Card - Washington State Report Card\".","urls":[{"url":"https://washingtonstatereportcard.ospi.k12.wa.us/ReportCard/ViewSchoolOrDistrict/100080","url_text":"\"Report Card - Washington State Report Card\""}]},{"reference":"\"Teacher Demographics Trends Dashboard\". Archived from the original on February 14, 2022. Retrieved April 14, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220214234953/https://tableau.ospi.k12.wa.us/t/Public/views/ReportCard_EducatorsDiversityReport/TeacherDemographics_Trend_Dashboard?iframeSizedToWindow=true&:embed=y&:showAppBanner=false&:display_count=no&:showVizHome=no&:toolbar=no&format=csv&organizationid=100080","url_text":"\"Teacher Demographics Trends Dashboard\""},{"url":"https://tableau.ospi.k12.wa.us/t/Public/views/ReportCard_EducatorsDiversityReport/TeacherDemographics_Trend_Dashboard?iframeSizedToWindow=true&:embed=y&:showAppBanner=false&:display_count=no&:showVizHome=no&:toolbar=no&format=csv&organizationid=100080","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Weekly_Magazine
Boston Weekly Magazine
["1 References","2 Further reading"]
Boston Weekly Magazine no.1, October 30, 1802 The Boston Weekly Magazine (1802–1808) of Boston, Massachusetts, was established by Gilbert & Dean in 1802, "devoted to morality, literature, biography, history, the fine arts, agriculture, &c. &c.". Joshua Belcher, Samuel T. Armstrong, Oliver C. Greenleaf, and Susanna Rowson were also affiliated with its production. The magazine ceased in 1808. The magazine was later published under the same name by David H. Ela and John B. Hall in 1840–41. References ^ Boston Weekly Magazine, no.1, Oct. 30, 1802 ^ Mott, Frank Luther (1930). A History of American Magazines. Vol. I, 1741–1850. Harvard University Press. p. 247+. ISBN 9780674395503. Further reading Wikimedia Commons has media related to Boston Weekly Magazine. Boston Weekly Magazine. Boston: Gilbert & Dean. v.1 (1802–1803); v.2 (1803–1804); v.3 (1804–1805). Rollo G. Silver. Belcher & Armstrong Set up Shop: 1805. Studies in Bibliography, Vol. 4, (1951/1952), pp. 201–204 This article about a literary magazine published in the US is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.See tips for writing articles about magazines. Further suggestions might be found on the article's talk page.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4te-d%27Or%27s_3rd_constituency
Côte-d'Or's 3rd constituency
["1 Description","2 Historic Representation","3 Election results","3.1 2022","3.2 2017","3.3 2012","3.4 2007","3.5 2002","3.6 1997","4 References"]
Constituency of the National Assembly of France 3rd constituency of the Côte-d'OrinlineConstituency of the National Assembly of FranceCôte-d'Or's 3rd Constituency shown within BurgundyDeputyFadila KhattabiREDepartmentCôte-d'OrCantonsChenôve, Dijon-II, Dijon-IV, GenlisRegistered voters69,194 Politics of France Political parties Elections Previous Next The 3rd constituency of the Côte-d'Or is a French legislative constituency in the Côte-d'Or département. Like the other 576 French constituencies, it elects one MP using the two-round system. Description Côte-d'Or's 3rd constituency is largely urban as it is based around the southern parts of Dijon. It also includes the town of Chenôve, which today forms Dijon's largest suburb. The seat is the more left leaning of the three constituencies in Côte-d'Or that include parts of Dijon within them. Historic Representation Election Member Party 1986 Proportional representation – no election by constituency 1988 Roland Carraz PS 1993 Lucien Brenot CNIP 1997 Claude Darciaux PS 2002 2007 2012 Kheira Bouziane 2017 Fadila Khattabi LREM 2022 RE Election results 2022 Legislative Election 2022: Côte-d'Or's 3rd constituency Party Candidate Votes % ±% LREM (Ensemble) Fadila Khattabi 8,701 25.65 -6.36 LFI (NUPÉS) Patricia Marc 8,610 25.38 +1.86 RN Dominique-Alexandre Bourgois 7,704 22.71 +5.48 LR (UDC) Valérie Grandet 2,853 8.41 -6.27 PS Xavier Richard* 1,539 4.54 N/A REC Solène Lacroix-Samper 1,419 4.18 N/A ECO Bruno Louis 904 2.66 N/A FGR Clément Van Melckebeke 839 2.47 N/A Others N/A 1,354 - - Turnout 33,923 47.79 -0.93 2nd round result LREM (Ensemble) Fadila Khattabi 14,900 50.11 -15.20 LFI (NUPÉS) Patricia Marc 14,834 49.89 N/A Turnout 29,734 45.36 +2.20 LREM hold * Richard stood as a PS dissident, without the support of the party or the NUPES alliance. 2017 Candidate Label First round Second round Votes % Votes % Fadila Khattabi REM 10,766 32.01 17,553 65.31 Jean-François Bathelier FN 5,795 17.23 9,323 34.69 Pascale Caravel LR 4,936 14.68 Boris Obama FI 4,238 12.60 Kheira Bouziane-Laroussi DVG 3,032 9.01 Anne Dillenseger-Sebti PS 2,016 5.99 Michel Procureur ECO 1,088 3.23 Isabelle de Almeida PCF 571 1.70 Dominique Mauri ECO 415 1.23 Christine Schenk DIV 268 0.80 Stéphane Pournin EXG 260 0.77 Dominique Gros EXG 124 0.37 Yilmaz Çelik DIV 87 0.26 Khaled Ben Letaïef DIV 37 0.11 Lucas Maitrot DVG 0 0.00 Votes 33,633 100.00 26,876 100.00 Valid votes 33,633 98.01 26,876 88.40 Blank votes 533 1.55 2,726 8.97 Null votes 150 0.44 800 2.63 Turnout 34,316 48.72 30,402 43.16 Abstentions 36,125 51.28 40,039 56.84 Registered voters 70,441 70,441 Source: Ministry of the Interior 2012 2012 legislative election in Cote-D'Or's 3rd constituency Candidate Party First round Second round Votes % Votes % Kheira Bouziane PS 15,058 37.98% 19,944 53.05% Pascale Caravel UMP 10,788 27.21% 17,654 46.95% Sylvie Ruelloux FN 6,402 16.15% Isabelle De Almeida FG 2,620 6.61% Jean-Philippe Morel PR 1,481 3.74% Isabelle Loos-Maillard MoDem 1,240 3.13% Bruno Louis EELV 1,140 2.88% Dominique Mauri AEI 355 0.90% Stéphane Pournin LO 252 0.64% Danièle Patinet-Hollinger NPA 179 0.45% Jean Trebuchet SP 135 0.34% Valid votes 39,650 98.73% 37,598 96.73% Spoilt and null votes 511 1.27% 1,272 3.27% Votes cast / turnout 40,161 58.04% 38,870 56.18% Abstentions 29,029 41.96% 30,313 43.82% Registered voters 69,190 100.00% 69,183 100.00% 2007 Legislative Election 2007: Côte-d'Or's 3rd constituency Party Candidate Votes % ±% UMP Anne-Marie Beaudouvi 15,192 38.78 +2.14 PS Claude Darciaux 13,728 35.04 +1.24 MoDem François Deseille 2,794 7.13 N/A FN Rémy Boursot 1,906 4.87 -9.27 LV Stéphanie Modde 1,428 3.65 +0.61 EXG Danièle Patinet 921 2.35 N/A PCF Isabelle De Almeida 918 2.34 N/A Others N/A 2,288 - - Turnout 39,827 58.01 -5.65 2nd round result PS Claude Darciaux 21,250 53.26 +2.58 UMP Anne-Marie Beaudouvi 18,646 46.74 -2.58 Turnout 40,851 59.51 +1.12 PS hold 2002 Legislative Election 2002: Côte-d'Or's 3rd constituency Party Candidate Votes % ±% UMP Lucien Brenot 14,499 36.64 N/A PS Claude Darciaux 13,375 33.80 N/A FN Charles Cavin 5,597 14.14 -8.50 PR Thierry Falconnet 1,800 4.55 -26.68 LV Patrick Saunié 1,203 3.04 -2.42 Others N/A 3,097 - - Turnout 40,323 63.66 -4.29 2nd round result PS Claude Darciaux 18,096 50.68 N/A UMP Lucien Brenot 17,612 49.32 N/A Turnout 36,966 58.39 -13.65 PS gain from MDC 1997 Legislative Election 1997: Côte-d'Or's 3rd constituency Party Candidate Votes % ±% MDC Roland Carraz 12,389 31.23 LDI Lucien Brenot 10,636 26.81 FN Charles Cavin 8,980 22.64 PCF Isabelle De Almeida 2,488 6.27 LV Patrick Saunie 2,167 5.46 MEI Alexandre Jurado 997 2.51 LO Monique Nyang 964 2.43 LCR Danielle Patinet 580 1.46 PT Alain Bony 471 1.19 Turnout 41,581 67.95 2nd round result MDC Roland Carraz 22,046 53.64 LDI Lucien Brenot 19,053 46.36 Turnout 44,080 72.04 MDC gain from LDI References ^ "Factbox: Rough guide to France's parliamentary elections after Macron". Reuters. 12 May 2017. Retrieved 31 January 2018. ^ "Résultats électoraux officiels en France" (in French). ^ "Résultats des élections législatives 2022 en Côte-d'Or". Le Monde.fr (in French). Retrieved 28 June 2022. ^ "Résultats des élections législatives 2017" (in French). Ministry of the Interior. ^ "Résultats des élections législatives 2012" (in French). Ministry of the Interior. vteConstituencies of the French National Assembly (2012–present)Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes Ain 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Allier 1st 2nd 3rd Ardèche 1st 2nd 3rd Cantal 1st 2nd Drôme 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Haute-Loire 1st 2nd Haute-Savoie 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th Isère 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th Loire 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th Puy-de-Dôme 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Rhône 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th Savoie 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Bourgogne-Franche-Comté Côte-d'Or 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Doubs 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Haute-Saône 1st 2nd Jura 1st 2nd 3rd Nièvre 1st 2nd Saône-et-Loire 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Territoire de Belfort 1st 2nd Yonne 1st 2nd 3rd Brittany Cotes-d'Armor 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Finistère 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th Ille-et-Vilaine 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th Morbihan 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th Centre-Val de Loire Cher 1st 2nd 3rd Eure-et-Loir 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Indre 1st 2nd Indre-et-Loire 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Loir-et-Cher 1st 2nd 3rd Loiret 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th Corsica Corse-du-Sud 1st 2nd Haute-Corse 1st 2nd Grand Est Ardennes 1st 2nd 3rd Aube 1st 2nd 3rd Bas-Rhin 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th Haute-Marne 1st 2nd Haut-Rhin 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th Marne 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Meurthe-et-Moselle 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th Meuse 1st 2nd Moselle 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th Vosges 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Hauts-de-France Aisne 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Nord 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st Oise 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th Pas-de-Calais 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th Somme 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Île-de-France Essonne 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th Hauts-de-Seine 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th Paris 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th Seine-et-Marne 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th Seine-Saint-Denis 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th Val-d'Oise 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th Val-de-Marne 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th Yvelines 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th Normandy Eure 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Calvados 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th Manche 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Orne 1st 2nd 3rd Seine-Maritime 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th Nouvelle-Aquitaine Charente 1st 2nd 3rd Charente-Maritime 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Corrèze 1st 2nd Creuse Deux-Sèvres 1st 2nd 3rd Dordogne 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Gironde 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th Haute-Vienne 1st 2nd 3rd Landes 1st 2nd 3rd Lot-et-Garonne 1st 2nd 3rd Pyrénées-Atlantiques 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th Vienne 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Occitanie‎ Ariège 1st 2nd Aude 1st 2nd 3rd Aveyron 1st 2nd 3rd Gard 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th Gers 1st 2nd Haute-Garonne 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th Hautes-Pyrénées 1st 2nd Hérault 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th Lot 1st 2nd Lozère Pyrénées-Orientales 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Tarn 1st 2nd 3rd Tarn-et-Garonne 1st 2nd Pays de la Loire Loire-Atlantique 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th Maine-et-Loire 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th Mayenne 1st 2nd 3rd Sarthe 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Vendée 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur Alpes-de-Haute-Provence 1st 2nd Alpes-Maritimes 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th Bouches-du-Rhône 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th Hautes-Alpes 1st 2nd Var 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th Vaucluse 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Overseas French Guiana 1st 2nd French Polynesia 1st 2nd 3rd Guadeloupe 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Martinique 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Mayotte 1st 2nd New Caledonia 1st 2nd Réunion 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th Saint Barthélemy and Saint-Martin 1st Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon 1st Wallis and Futuna 1st Overseas citizens 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th Abolished constituencies (2010 redistricting) Allier 4th Charente 4th Creuse 1st 2nd Deux-Sèvres 4th Haute-Saône 3rd Hautes-Pyrénées 3rd Haute-Vienne 4th Haut-Rhin 7th Indre 3rd Loire 7th Lozère 1st 2nd Manche 5th Marne 6th Meurthe-et-Moselle 7th Moselle 10th Nièvre 3rd Nord 22nd 23rd 24th Paris 19th 20th 21st Pas-de-Calais 13th 14th Puy-de-Dôme 6th Saône-et-Loire 6th Seine-Maritime 11th 12th Seine-Saint-Denis 13th Somme 6th Tarn 4th Val-de-Marne 12th
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